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when does it start getting cold in east texas | Climate of Texas - wikipedia
Texas ' weather varies widely, from arid in the west to humid in the east. The huge expanse of Texas encompasses several regions with distinctly different climates: Northern Plains, Trans - Pecos Region, Texas Hill Country, Piney Woods, and South Texas. Generally speaking, the part of Texas that lies to the east of Interstate 35 is subtropical, while the portion that lies to the west of Interstate 35 is arid desert.
Texas ranks first in tornado occurrence with an average of 139 per year. Tropical cyclones can affect the state, either from the Gulf of Mexico or from an overland trajectory originating in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Those originating from the Gulf of Mexico are more likely to strike the upper Texas coast than elsewhere. Significant floods have occurred across the state throughout history, both from tropical cyclones and from stalled weather fronts.
The Northern Plains ' climate is semi-arid and is prone to drought, annually receiving between 16 and 32 inches (810 mm) of precipitation, and average annual snowfall ranging between 15 and 30 inches, with the greatest snowfall amounts occurring in the Texas panhandle and areas near the border with New Mexico. During the summer, this area of state sees the most clear days. Winter nights commonly see temperatures fall below the freezing mark, or 32 ° F (0 ° C). The wettest months of the year are April and May. Tornadoes, caused by the convergence of westerly and southerly prevailing winds during the late spring, are common, making the region part of Tornado Alley. Poor land management, drought, and high wind speeds can cause large dust storms, minimized in modern times by improved land - management practices, but most troublesome in the 1930s during the Dust Bowl period. The panhandle region, farthest from the Gulf of Mexico, experiences colder winters than the other regions of Texas, where occasional wintertime Arctic blasts can cause temperatures to plunge to well below freezing and bring snowy conditions.
The Trans - Pecos region, also known as Big Bend Country, is in the west - central and western parts of the state, consisting of the Chihuahuan Desert and isolated mountain ranges. During fall, winter, and spring, it experiences the most clear days statewide. It is also the driest receiving an average annual rainfall of only 16 inches (410 mm) or less. Snowfall is rare at lower elevations, although the highest mountain peaks are prone to heavy snowfalls during winter. The arid climate is the main reason for desertification of the land, but overgrazing is slowly widening the land area of that desert. In the mountain areas one can see coniferous forests in a wetter and more temperate environment. The wettest months in this region occur during the summer. Winds are strengthened as they are forced to push through canyons and valleys. In the flatter areas these winds are harvested into usable electricity.
The Texas Hill Country, or central Texas is shaped by its many rivers and hills. The climate is semi-arid, with cool winters and hot summers. The vegetation is both deciduous in the river valleys, and coniferous where there is greater elevation. In a single year the region can receive up to 48 inches (1,200 mm) of rain, and flooding is common near rivers and in low - lying areas. The wettest months of the year are April and May.
The Piney Woods is the eastern region of Texas and is within the humid subtropical climate zone. It receives the most rainfall; more than 60 inches (1,500 mm) annually in the far east. (1) This is due to the gulf currents that carry humid air to the region, where it condenses and precipitates out in the vicinity of sea breeze fronts as well as when extratropical cyclones move by. While coastal sections see the most cloudy days statewide and year - round, northern sections see the most clear days during the summer. The wettest months of the year are April and May. The area is prone to severe thunderstorms and tornadoes when the proper conditions exist, generally in the springtime. Hurricanes also strike the region, the most disastrous of which was the Galveston Hurricane of 1900. More recently Hurricane Rita pummeled the Golden Triangle of southeast Texas. The higher humidity of the region amplifies the feeling of heat during the summer. During winter and spring along the immediate coast, temperatures are kept cool by relatively cool gulf waters. Dense advection fog can form when warm air moves over the cool shelf waters during February and March, stopping ship traffic for days.
The region of South Texas includes the semiarid ranch country and the wetter Rio Grande Valley. Considered to be the southernmost tip of the American Great Plains region, the inland region has rainfall that is similar to that of the Northern Plains. The coastal areas are nearly warm most of the year due to currents of the Gulf of Mexico, but can get cold in winter if a strong front comes in, and sometimes even causing snow at sea level. Summers are hot and humid. Rain in the coastal region is more abundant than in the inland region, and subtropical forests line the Rio Grande. The wettest months of the year are April and May in western areas, but approaching the Gulf Coast, September becomes the year 's wettest month on average. This owes to the threat from tropical weather systems, including hurricanes, which can bring torrential rains of 5 - 10 + inches in one or two days. The resulting September monthly rainfall maximum prevails, for example, at Corpus Christi, South Padre Island and Brownsville. Inland, where it is drier, ranches dominate the landscape, characterized by thick spiny brush and grasslands. The winters in the inland region are variable, but usually mild, but are subject to Arctic air outbreaks from Canada, Snow is a rare occurrence due to the lack of humidity in winter, and the summers are for the most part hot and dry, but at times can be humid when winds come off the Gulf of Mexico. Tornadoes can occur in this region, but are less frequent than in other parts of the state.
The southernmost part of the state falls just within the tropical climate classification. Occasional years of above average temperatures result in an abundance of tropical flora in the lower Rio Grande Valley, typical of a Tropical savanna climat.
Northern and western sections of the state average snowfall annually due to their colder average readings each winter. For one week in February 1956, a snow storm of historic proportions struck northern Texas. The maximum amount measured was 61 inches (150 cm) at Vega with Plainview receiving 24 inches (61 cm) in one day. El Paso, in Far West Texas, received 22.4 in (57 cm) of snow during a 24 - hour period December 13 -- 14, 1987. For central and southern sections, snowfall is considerably more unusual. In February 1895, a large area of southeastern Texas received over 12 inches (30 cm) of snow, with peak amounts near 30 inches (76 cm) at Port Arthur. More recently around Christmas of 2004, up to 13 inches (33 cm) of snow fell along the middle coast, with the maximum occurring at Victoria.
The worst cold snap to occur statewide occurred during the last half of December in 1983. Four stations recorded their longest continuous readings at or below 32 ° F (0 ° C) on record. At Austin, the temperature remained at or below freezing for 139 hours. At Abilene, the period at or below freezing totaled 202 hours. Lubbock saw temperatures at or below freezing for 207 hours. The Dallas - Fort Worth airport measured temperatures at or below freezing for a total of 296 consecutive hours. Snow which fell on December 14 and 15 across northern Texas stayed on the ground until New Year 's Day of 1984.
Thunderstorms are very common in Texas, especially the eastern and northern portion. Texas is part of the Tornado Alley section of the country. The state experiences the most tornadoes in the Union, an average of 139 a year. These strike most frequently in North Texas and the Panhandle. Tornadoes in Texas generally occur in April, May, and June.
Texas 's position at the northwestern end of the Gulf of Mexico makes it vulnerable to hurricanes. Some of the most destructive hurricanes in U.S. history have impacted Texas. A hurricane in 1875 killed approximately 400 people in Indianola, followed by another hurricane in 1886 that destroyed the town, which was at the time the most important port city in the state. This allowed Galveston to take over as the chief port city, but it was subsequently devastated by a hurricane in 1900 that killed approximately 8,000 people (possibly as many as 12,000), making it the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history. Other devastating Texan hurricanes include the 1915 Galveston Hurricane, Hurricane Carla in 1961, Hurricane Beulah in 1967, Hurricane Alicia in 1983, Hurricane Rita in 2005, and Hurricane Ike in 2008.
The climatology of where tropical cyclone strikes are most likely within the state appears to be changing. In the early 1980s, the most favored region during the previous century was the middle coast. However, that region of the coastline has been rarely impacted since the 1960s, and a recent study indicates that the most vulnerable location to a tropical cyclone strike since 1851 is the upper coast, which has received 56 percent of all tropical cyclone landfalls, of which 66 percent originate from the Gulf of Mexico. This is in contrast with Louisiana and the lower Texan coast, where only 39 percent of the landfalls are from tropical cyclones of Gulf of Mexico origin.
The most serious threat from tropical cyclones for Texans is from flooding. The worst aspect about tropical cyclones is that the weaker they are, the more efficient they can be at producing heavy rains and catastrophic flooding. Systems with sprawling circulations, such as Hurricane Beulah, also tend to make good rainmakers. Slow moving systems, such as Tropical Storm Amelia (1978) and Hurricane Harvey (2017) can produce significant rainfall. Tropical cyclones from the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Basins can impact the Lone Star State. In general, flooding across Texas is more common during the spring and early autumn months, and it can also be due to nearby stationary fronts interacting with strong upper level cyclones. The most likely location for floods statewide is the Balcones Escarpment, an area of steep elevation gradient in central Texas at the boundary between the Edwards Plateau and the coastal plain.
The highest temperature ever measured in Texas was 120 ° F (48.9 ° C), recorded on August 12, 1936 in Seymour, during the 1936 North American Heatwave, and again on June 28, 1994 in Monahans. The lowest temperature ever measured in Texas was − 23 ° F (− 30.6 ° C), recorded on February 8, 1933 in Seminole.
The El Niño -- Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle is a huge impact on the weather in Texas. During the El Niño phase, the jet stream is located west - to - east across the southern portion of the United States. Therefore, winters in Texas are colder and receive more snowfall than normal. Texas is also less likely to get impacted by hurricanes due to the increased wind shear across the Atlantic. Spring to early summer yields increased rainfall especially where a low pressure system is located over the Four Corners region or northern Mexico which yields monsoon - like climate (which was exacerbated during the 2015 and 2016 spring season where the City of Houston was the hardest hit as if the climate was similar to Mumbai or Kolkata, India with heavy rainfall usually from moisture from the Gulf of Mexico). During the opposite phase, La Niña, the jet stream is much further north, therefore winter is milder and drier than normal. Hurricanes are more likely to impact Texas during La Niña due to decreased wind shear in the Atlantic. Droughts in Texas are much more likely during La Niña. The 2010 - 11 La Niña is mostly to blame for one of the worst droughts in Texas history.
Texas emits the most greenhouse gases in the US. The state 's annual carbon dioxide emissions are nearly 1.5 trillion pounds (680 billion kg). Texas would be the world 's seventh - largest producer of greenhouse gases if it were an independent nation. The primary factors in Texas ' greenhouse gas emissions are the state 's large number of coal power plants and the state 's refining and manufacturing industries which provides the bulk of the United States ' petroleum products.
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the vienna convention on international sale of goods 1980 | United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods - wikipedia
The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG; the Vienna Convention) is a treaty that is a uniform international sales law. It has been ratified by 89 states that account for a significant proportion of world trade, making it one of the most successful international uniform laws. The State of Palestine is the most recent state to ratify the Convention, having acceded to it on 29 December 2017.
The CISG was developed by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), and was signed in Vienna in 1980. The CISG is sometimes referred to as the Vienna Convention (but is not to be confused with other treaties signed in Vienna). It came into force as a multilateral treaty on 1 January 1988, after being ratified by 11 countries.
The CISG allows exporters to avoid choice of law issues, as the CISG offers "accepted substantive rules on which contracting parties, courts, and arbitrators may rely ''. Unless excluded by the express terms of a contract, the CISG is deemed to be incorporated into (and supplant) any otherwise applicable domestic law (s) with respect to a transaction in goods between parties from different Contracting States.
The CISG has been regarded as a success for the UNCITRAL, as the Convention has been accepted by states from "every geographical region, every stage of economic development and every major legal, social and economic system ''. Countries that have ratified the CISG are referred to within the treaty as "Contracting States ''. Of the uniform law conventions, the CISG has been described as having "the greatest influence on the law of worldwide trans - border commerce ''. It has been described as a great legislative achievement, and the "most successful international document so far '' in unified international sales law, in part due to its flexibility in allowing Contracting States the option of taking exception to certain specified articles. This flexibility was instrumental in convincing states with disparate legal traditions to subscribe to an otherwise uniform code. While certain State parties to the CISG have lodged declarations, the vast majority -- 68 of the current 89 Contracting States -- have chosen to accede to the Convention without any declaration.
The CISG is the basis of the annual Willem C. Vis International Commercial Arbitration Moot held in Vienna in the week before Easter (and now also in Hong Kong). Teams from law schools around the world take part. The Moot is organised by Pace University, which keeps a definitive source of information on the CISG.
As of May 2016, the following 89 states have ratified, acceded to, approved, accepted, or succeeded to the Convention:
The Convention has been signed, but not ratified, by Ghana and Venezuela.
The CISG allows contracting States to lodge reservations (called "declarations '' in the CISG own language). About one fourth of the CISG contracting States have done so.
Declarations may refer to:
Some existing declarations have been reviewed and withdrawn by States. Nordic countries (i.e., members of the Nordic Council) (except Iceland) had originally opted out of the application of Part II under article 92 CISG. However, they recently withdrew their Article 92 CISG reservations and became a party to Part II CISG, except for trade among themselves, to which the CISG is not applied as a whole due to a declaration lodged under article 94.
Likewise, China, Latvia, Lithuania and Hungary withdrew their written form declaration.
Some countries have expanded rather than restricted CISG application by removing one of the cumulative conditions for application within the CISG. Thus, Israeli law stipulates that the CISG will apply equally to a party whose place of business is in a State that is not a Contracting State. This is in conformity with Article 97 CISG as it is not a "reservation ''; it widens the scope of the CISG 's application, rather than limits it.
Hong Kong, India, South Africa, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom are the only major trading countries that have not yet ratified the CISG.
The absence of the United Kingdom, a leading jurisdiction for the choice of law in international commercial contracts, has been attributed variously to: the government not viewing its ratification as a legislative priority, a lack of interest from business in supporting ratification, opposition from a number of large and influential organisations, a lack of public service resources, and a danger that London would lose its edge in international arbitration and litigation.
Taiwan currently may not become a party to treaties deposited with the Secretary - General of the United Nations.
Rwanda has concluded the domestic procedure of consideration of the CISG and adopted laws authorising its adoption; the CISG will enter into force for it once the instrument of accession is deposited with the Secretary - General of the United Nations. A number of other countries, including Guatemala, have made progress in the adoption process.
The CISG is written using "plain language that refers to things and events for which there are words of common content ''. This was a conscious intent to allow national legal systems to be transcended through the use of a common legal lingua franca and avoids the "words associated with specific domestic legal nuances ''. Further, it facilitated the translation into the UN 's six official languages. As is customary in UN conventions all 6 languages are equally authentic.
The CISG is divided into four parts:
The CISG applies to contracts of the sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different States, when the States are Contracting States (Article 1 (1) (a)). Given the significant number of Contracting States, this is the usual path to the CISG 's applicability.
The CISG also applies if the parties are situated in different countries (which need not be Contracting States) and the conflict of law rules lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State. For example, a contract between a Japanese trader and a Brazilian trader may contain a clause that arbitration will be in Sydney under Australian law with the consequence that the CISG would apply. A number of States have declared they will not be bound by this condition.
The CISG is intended to apply to commercial goods and products only. With some limited exceptions, the CISG does not apply to personal, family, or household goods, nor does it apply to auctions, ships, aircraft, or intangibles and services. The position of computer software is ' controversial ' and will depend upon various conditions and situations.
Importantly, parties to a contract may exclude or vary the application of the CISG.
Interpretation of the CISG is to take account of the ' international character ' of the Convention, the need for uniform application, and the need for good faith in international trade. Disputes over interpretation of the CISG are to be resolved by applying the ' general principles ' of the CISG, or where there are no such principles but the matters are governed by the CISG (a gap praeter legem) by applying the rules of private international law.
A key point of controversy was whether or not a contract requires a written memorial to be binding. The CISG allows for a sale to be oral or unsigned, but in some countries, contracts are not valid unless written. In many nations, however, oral contracts are accepted, and those States had no objection to signing, so States with a strict written requirement exercised their ability to exclude those articles relating to oral contracts, enabling them to sign as well.
The CISG is not a complete qualification by its own definition. These gaps must be filled in by the applicable national law under due consideration of the conflict of law rules applicable at the place of jurisdiction.
An offer to contract must be addressed to a person, be sufficiently definite -- that is, describe the goods, quantity, and price -- and indicate an intention for the offeror to be bound on acceptance. The CISG does not appear to recognise common law unilateral contracts but, subject to clear indication by the offeror, treats any proposal not addressed to a specific person as only an invitation to make an offer. Further, where there is no explicit price or procedure to implicitly determine price, then the parties are assumed to have agreed upon a price based upon that ' generally charged at the time of the conclusion of the contract for such goods sold under comparable circumstances '.
Generally, an offer may be revoked provided the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer, or before the offeree has sent an acceptance. Some offers may not be revoked; for example when the offeree reasonably relied upon the offer as being irrevocable. The CISG requires a positive act to indicate acceptance; silence or inactivity are not an acceptance.
The CISG attempts to resolve the common situation where an offeree 's reply to an offer accepts the original offer, but attempts to change the conditions. The CISG says that any change to the original conditions is a rejection of the offer -- it is a counter-offer -- unless the modified terms do not materially alter the terms of the offer. Changes to price, payment, quality, quantity, delivery, liability of the parties, and arbitration conditions may all materially alter the terms of the offer.
Articles 25 -- 88; sale of goods, obligations of the seller, obligations of the buyer, passing of risk, obligations common to both buyer and seller.
The CISG defines the duty of the seller, ' stating the obvious ', as the seller must deliver the goods, hand over any documents relating to them, and transfer the property in the goods, as required by the contract. Similarly, the duty of the buyer is to take all steps ' which could reasonably be expected ' to take delivery of the goods, and to pay for them.
Generally, the goods must be of the quality, quantity, and description required by the contract, be suitably packaged and fit for purpose. The seller is obliged to deliver goods that are not subject to claims from a third party for infringement of industrial or intellectual property rights in the State where the goods are to be sold. The buyer is obliged to promptly examine the goods and, subject to some qualifications, must advise the seller of any lack of conformity within ' a reasonable time ' and no later than within two years of receipt.
The CISG describes when the risk passes from the seller to the buyer but it has been observed that in practice most contracts define the ' seller 's delivery obligations quite precisely by adopting an established shipment term, such as FOB and CIF.
Remedies of the buyer and seller depend upon the character of a breach of the contract. If the breach is fundamental, then the other party is substantially deprived of what it expected to receive under the contract. Provided that an objective test shows that the breach could not have been foreseen, then the contract may be avoided and the aggrieved party may claim damages. Where part performance of a contract has occurred, then the performing party may recover any payment made or good supplied; this contrasts with the common law where there is generally no right to recover a good supplied unless title has been retained or damages are inadequate, only a right to claim the value of the good.
If the breach is not fundamental, then the contract is not avoided and remedies may be sought including claiming damages, specific performance, and adjustment of price. Damages that may be awarded conform to the common law rules in Hadley v Baxendale but it has been argued the test of foreseeability is substantially broader and consequently more generous to the aggrieved party.
The CISG excuses a party from liability to a claim of damages where a failure to perform is attributable to an impediment beyond the party 's, or a third party sub-contractor's, control that could not have been reasonably expected. Such an extraneous event might elsewhere be referred to as force majeure, and frustration of the contract.
Where a seller has to refund the price paid, then the seller must also pay interest to the buyer from the date of payment. It has been said the interest rate is based on rates current in the seller 's State ' (s) ince the obligation to pay interest partakes of the seller 's obligation to make restitution and not of the buyer 's right to claim damages ', though this has been debated. In a mirror of the seller 's obligations, where a buyer has to return goods the buyer is accountable for any benefits received.
Articles 89 -- 101 (final provisions) include how and when the Convention comes into force, permitted reservations and declarations, and the application of the Convention to international sales where both States concerned have the same or similar law on the subject.
The Part IV Articles, along with the Preamble, are sometime characterized as being addressed ' primarily to States ', not to business people attempting to use the Convention for international trade. They may, however, have a significant impact upon the CISG 's practical applicability, thus requiring careful scrutiny when determining each particular case.
It has been remarked that the CISG expresses a practice - based, flexible and "relational '' character. It places no or very few restrictions of form on formation or adjustment of contracts; in case of non-performance (or over-performance) it offers a wide array of interim measures before the aggrieved party must resort to avoiding the contract (e.g. unilateral pro-rated price reduction (Art. 50); suspension of performance (art. 71); the availability of cure as a matter of right of the defaulting party (subject to some reservations, Art. 48); choice between expectation and market - based damages, etc.); additionally, the CISG does not operate under a "perfect tender '' rule and its criteria for conformity are functional rather than formal (art. 35). Additionally, its rules of interpretation rely heavily on custom as well as on manifest acts rather than on intent (Art. 8). The CISG does include a so - called Nachlass rule, but its scope is relatively limited. On the other hand, its good faith obligation may seem relatively limited and in any case obscure (Art. 7). All communications require "reasonable time. ''
Although the Convention has been accepted by a large number of States, it has been the subject of some criticism. For example, the drafting nations have been accused of being incapable of agreement on a code that "concisely and clearly states universal principles of sales law '', and through the Convention 's invitation to interpret taking regard of the Convention 's "international character '' gives judges the opportunity to develop "diverse meaning ''. Put more bluntly, the CISG has been described as "a variety of vague standards and compromises that appear inconsistent with commercial interests ''.
A contrary view is that the CISG is "written in plain business language, '' which allows judges the opportunity to make the Convention workable in a range of sales situations. It has been said "the drafting style is lucid and the wording simple and uncluttered by complicated subordinating clauses '', and the "general sense '' can be grasped on the first reading without the need to be a sales expert.
Uniform application of the CISG is problematic because of the reluctance of courts to use "solutions adopted on the same point by courts in other countries '', resulting in inconsistent decisions. For example, in a case involving the export to Germany by a Swiss company of New Zealand mussels with a level of cadmium in excess of German standards, the German Supreme Court held that it is not the duty of the seller to ensure that goods meet German public health regulations. This contrasted with a later decision in which an Italian cheese exporter failed to meet French packaging regulations, and the French court decided it was the duty of the seller to ensure compliance with French regulations.
These two cases were held by one commentator to be an example of contradictory jurisprudence. Another commentator, however, saw the cases as not contradictory, as the German case could be distinguished on a number of points. The French court chose not to consider the German court 's decision, in its published decision. (Precedent, foreign or not, is not legally binding in civil law.)
CISG advocates are also concerned that the natural inclination of judges is to interpret the CISG using the methods familiar to them from their own State rather than attempting to apply the general principles of the Convention or the rules of private international law. This is despite the comment from one highly respected academic that ' it should be a rare, or non-existent, case where there are no relevant general principles to which a court might have recourse ' under the CISG. This concern was supported by research of the CISG Advisory Council which said, in the context of the interpretation of Articles 38 and 39, there is a tendency for courts to interpret the articles in the light of their own State 's law, and some States have ' struggled to apply (the articles) appropriately '. In one of a number of criticisms of Canadian court decisions to use local legislation to interpret the CISG, one commentator said the CISG was designed to ' replace existing domestic laws and caselaw, ' and attempts to resolve gaps should not be by ' reference to relevant provisions of (local) sales law '.
Critics of the multiple language versions of the CISG assert it is inevitable the versions will not be totally consistent because of translation errors and the untranslatability of ' subtle nuances ' of language. This argument, though with some validity, would not seem peculiar to the CISG but common to any and all treaties that exist in multiple languages. The reductio ad absurdum would seem to be that all international treaties should exist in only a single language, something which is clearly neither practical nor desirable.
Other criticisms of the Convention are that it is incomplete, there is no mechanism for updating the provisions, and no international panel to resolve interpretation issues. For example, the CISG does not govern the validity of the contract, nor does it consider electronic contracts. However, legal matters relating to the use of electronic communications in relation to contracts for international sale of goods have been eventually dealt with in a comprehensive manner in the United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts. Moreover, it is not to be forgotten that the CISG is complemented by the Convention on the Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods with respect to the limitation of actions due to passage of time.
Despite the critics, a supporter has said ' (t) he fact that the costly ignorance of the early days, when many lawyers ignored the CISG entirely, has been replaced by too much enthusiasm that leads to... oversimplification, can not be blamed on the CISG '.
Greater acceptance of the CISG will come from three directions. Firstly, it is likely that within the global legal profession, as the numbers of new lawyers educated in the CISG increases, the existing Contracting States will embrace the CISG, appropriately interpret the articles, and demonstrate a greater willingness to accept precedents from other Contracting States.
Secondly, business people will increasingly pressure both lawyers and governments to make sales of goods disputes less expensive, and reduce the risk of being forced to use a legal system that may be completely alien to their own. Both of these objectives can be achieved through use of the CISG.
Finally, UNCITRAL will arguably need to develop a mechanism to further develop the Convention and to resolve conflicting interpretation issues. This will make it more attractive to both business people and potential Contracting States.
Depending on the country, the CISG can represent a small or significant departure from local legislation relating to the sale of goods, and in this can provide important benefits to companies from one contracting state that import goods into other states that have ratified the CISG.
In the U.S., all 50 states have, to varying degrees, adopted common legislation referred to as the Uniform Commercial Code ("UCC ''). UCC Articles 1 (General Provisions) and 2 (Sales) are generally similar to the CISG. However, the UCC differs from the CISG in some respects, such as the following areas that tend to reflect more general aspects of the U.S. legal system:
Nevertheless, because the U.S. has ratified the CISG, the CISG in the U.S. has the force of federal law and supersedes UCC - based state law under the Supremacy Clause. Among the U.S. reservations to the CISG is the provision that the CISG will apply only as to contracts with parties located in other CISG Contracting States, a reservation permitted by the CISG in Article 95. Therefore, in international contracts for the sale of goods between a U.S. entity and an entity of a Contracting State, the CISG will apply unless the contract 's choice of law clause specifically excludes CISG terms. Conversely, in "international '' contracts for the sale of goods between a U.S. entity and an entity of a non-Contracting State, to be adjudicated by a U.S. court, the CISG will not apply, and the contract will be governed by the domestic law applicable according to private international law rules.
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who is cm of uttar pradesh 2018 name | List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh - Wikipedia
The Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh (UP), a North Indian state, is the head of the Government of Uttar Pradesh. As per the Constitution of India, the governor is the state 's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, the governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister 's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits.
On 26 January 1950 Govind Ballabh Pant, Premier of United Provinces, became the first Chief Minister of the newly renamed Uttar Pradesh. Including him, 11 out of UP 's 21 chief ministers belonged to the Indian National Congress. Among these is V.P. Singh, a future Prime Minister of India, as was Charan Singh of the Rashtriya Lok Dal. UP has also had two women chief ministers -- Sucheta Kriplani and Mayawati. Akhilesh Yadav of the Samajwadi Party served as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh from 2012 to 2017, having assumed office at the age of 38, he is the youngest person to have held the office. On ten occasions, most recently in 2002, the state has come under President 's rule, leaving the office of chief minister vacant.
Yogi Adityanath of the Bharatiya Janata Party has served as the incumbent chief minister since 19 March 2017.
The United Provinces, headquartered in Allahabad was a province of British India that comprised present day Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Under the Government of India Act, 1935, a bicameral legislature was set up with a legislative assembly and a legislative council.
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scientist who lost life in their own discovery | Marie Curie - wikipedia
Marie Skłodowska Curie (/ ˈkjʊri, kjʊˈriː /; French: (kyʁi); Polish: (kjiˈri); 7 November 1867 -- 4 July 1934; born Maria Salomea Skłodowska; (ˈmarja salɔˈmɛa skwɔˈdɔfska)) was a Polish and naturalized - French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person and only woman to win twice, the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences, and was part of the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes. She was also the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris, and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris.
She was born in Warsaw, in what was then the Kingdom of Poland, part of the Russian Empire. She studied at Warsaw 's clandestine Flying University and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw. In 1891, aged 24, she followed her older sister Bronisława to study in Paris, where she earned her higher degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work. She shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with her husband Pierre Curie and with physicist Henri Becquerel. She won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Her achievements included the development of the theory of radioactivity (a term that she coined), techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium. Under her direction, the world 's first studies into the treatment of neoplasms were conducted using radioactive isotopes. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw, which remain major centres of medical research today. During World War I, she developed mobile radiography units to provide X-ray services to field hospitals.
While a French citizen, Marie Skłodowska Curie, who used both surnames, never lost her sense of Polish identity. She taught her daughters the Polish language and took them on visits to Poland. She named the first chemical element that she discovered -- polonium, which she isolated in 1898 -- after her native country.
Marie Curie died in 1934, aged 66, at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz (Haute - Savoie), France, of aplastic anemia from exposure to radiation in the course of her scientific research and in the course of her radiological work at field hospitals during World War I.
Maria Skłodowska was born in Warsaw, in the Russian partition of Poland, on 7 November 1867, the fifth and youngest child of well - known teachers Bronisława, née Boguska, and Władysław Skłodowski. The elder siblings of Maria (nicknamed Mania) were Zofia (born 1862, nicknamed Zosia), Józef (born 1863, nicknamed Józio), Bronisława (born 1865, nicknamed Bronia) and Helena (born 1866, nicknamed Hela).
On both the paternal and maternal sides, the family had lost their property and fortunes through patriotic involvements in Polish national uprisings aimed at restoring Poland 's independence (the most recent had been the January Uprising of 1863 -- 65). This condemned the subsequent generation, including Maria, her elder sisters and her brother, to a difficult struggle to get ahead in life.
Maria 's paternal grandfather, Józef Skłodowski, had been a respected teacher in Lublin, where he taught the young Bolesław Prus, who would become a leading figure in Polish literature. Her father, Władysław Skłodowski, taught mathematics and physics, subjects that Maria was to pursue, and was also director of two Warsaw gymnasia for boys. After Russian authorities eliminated laboratory instruction from the Polish schools, he brought much of the laboratory equipment home, and instructed his children in its use.
The father was eventually fired by his Russian supervisors for pro-Polish sentiments, and forced to take lower - paying posts; the family also lost money on a bad investment, and eventually chose to supplement their income by lodging boys in the house. Maria 's mother Bronisława operated a prestigious Warsaw boarding school for girls; she resigned from the position after Maria was born. She died of tuberculosis in May 1878, when Maria was ten years old. Less than three years earlier, Maria 's oldest sibling, Zofia, had died of typhus contracted from a boarder. Maria 's father was an atheist; her mother a devout Catholic. The deaths of Maria 's mother and sister caused her to give up Catholicism and become agnostic.
When she was ten years old, Maria began attending the boarding school of J. Sikorska; next she attended a gymnasium for girls, from which she graduated on 12 June 1883 with a gold medal. After a collapse, possibly due to depression, she spent the following year in the countryside with relatives of her father, and the next year with her father in Warsaw, where she did some tutoring. Unable to enroll in a regular institution of higher education because she was a woman, she and her sister Bronisława became involved with the clandestine Flying University (sometimes translated as Floating University), a Polish patriotic institution of higher learning that admitted women students.
Maria made an agreement with her sister, Bronisława, that she would give her financial assistance during Bronisława 's medical studies in Paris, in exchange for similar assistance two years later. In connection with this, Maria took a position as governess: first as a home tutor in Warsaw; then for two years as a governess in Szczuki with a landed family, the Żorawskis, who were relatives of her father. While working for the latter family, she fell in love with their son, Kazimierz Żorawski, a future eminent mathematician. His parents rejected the idea of his marrying the penniless relative, and Kazimierz was unable to oppose them. Maria 's loss of the relationship with Żorawski was tragic for both. He soon earned a doctorate and pursued an academic career as a mathematician, becoming a professor and rector of Kraków University. Still, as an old man and a mathematics professor at the Warsaw Polytechnic, he would sit contemplatively before the statue of Maria Skłodowska which had been erected in 1935 before the Radium Institute that she had founded in 1932.
At the beginning of 1890, Bronisława -- who a few months earlier had married Kazimierz Dłuski, a Polish physician and social and political activist -- invited Maria to join them in Paris. Maria declined because she could not afford the university tuition; it would take her a year and a half longer to gather the necessary funds. She was helped by her father, who was able to secure a more lucrative position again. All that time she continued to educate herself, reading books, exchanging letters, and being tutored herself. In early 1889 she returned home to her father in Warsaw. She continued working as a governess, and remained there till late 1891. She tutored, studied at the Flying University, and began her practical scientific training (1890 -- 91) in a chemical laboratory at the Museum of Industry and Agriculture at Krakowskie Przedmieście 66, near Warsaw 's Old Town. The laboratory was run by her cousin Józef Boguski, who had been an assistant in Saint Petersburg to the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev.
In late 1891, she left Poland for France. In Paris, Maria (or Marie, as she would be known in France) briefly found shelter with her sister and brother - in - law before renting a garret closer to the university, in the Latin Quarter, and proceeding with her studies of physics, chemistry, and mathematics at the University of Paris, where she enrolled in late 1891. She subsisted on her meager resources, suffering from cold winters and occasionally fainting from hunger.
Skłodowska studied during the day and tutored evenings, barely earning her keep. In 1893, she was awarded a degree in physics and began work in an industrial laboratory of Professor Gabriel Lippmann. Meanwhile, she continued studying at the University of Paris, and with the aid of a fellowship she was able to earn a second degree in 1894.
Marie had begun her scientific career in Paris with an investigation of the magnetic properties of various steels, commissioned by the Society for the Encouragement of National Industry (Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale (1)). That same year Pierre Curie entered her life; it was their mutual interest in natural sciences that drew them together. Pierre was an instructor at the School of Physics and Chemistry, the École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris (ESPCI). They were introduced by the Polish physicist, Professor Józef Wierusz - Kowalski, who had learned that Marie was looking for a larger laboratory space, something that Wierusz - Kowalski thought Pierre had access to. Though Pierre did not have a large laboratory, he was able to find some space for Marie where she was able to begin work.
Their mutual passion for science brought them increasingly closer, and they began to develop feelings for one another. Eventually Pierre proposed marriage, but at first Marie did not accept as she was still planning to go back to her native country. Pierre, however, declared that he was ready to move with her to Poland, even if it meant being reduced to teaching French. Meanwhile, for the 1894 summer break, Marie returned to Warsaw, where she visited her family. She was still laboring under the illusion that she would be able to work in her chosen field in Poland, but she was denied a place at Kraków University because she was a woman. A letter from Pierre convinced her to return to Paris to pursue a Ph. D. At Marie 's insistence, Pierre had written up his research on magnetism and received his own doctorate in March 1895; he was also promoted to professor at the School. A contemporary quip would call Marie, "Pierre 's biggest discovery. '' On 26 July 1895 they were married in Sceaux (Seine); neither wanted a religious service. Marie 's dark blue outfit, worn instead of a bridal gown, would serve her for many years as a laboratory outfit. They shared two pastimes: long bicycle trips, and journeys abroad, which brought them even closer. In Pierre, Marie had found a new love, a partner, and a scientific collaborator on whom she could depend.
In 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the existence of X-rays, though the mechanism behind their production was not yet understood. In 1896, Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium salts emitted rays that resembled X-rays in their penetrating power. He demonstrated that this radiation, unlike phosphorescence, did not depend on an external source of energy but seemed to arise spontaneously from uranium itself. Influenced by these two important discoveries, Marie decided to look into uranium rays as a possible field of research for a thesis.
She used an innovative technique to investigate samples. Fifteen years earlier, her husband and his brother had developed a version of the electrometer, a sensitive device for measuring electric charge. Using Pierre 's electrometer, she discovered that uranium rays caused the air around a sample to conduct electricity. Using this technique, her first result was the finding that the activity of the uranium compounds depended only on the quantity of uranium present. She hypothesized that the radiation was not the outcome of some interaction of molecules but must come from the atom itself. This hypothesis was an important step in disproving the ancient assumption that atoms were indivisible.
In 1897, her daughter Irène was born. To support her family, Curie began teaching at the École Normale Supérieure. The Curies did not have a dedicated laboratory; most of their research was carried out in a converted shed next to the School of Physics and Chemistry. The shed, formerly a medical school dissecting room, was poorly ventilated and not even waterproof. They were unaware of the deleterious effects of radiation exposure attendant on their continued unprotected work with radioactive substances. The School did not sponsor her research, but she would receive subsidies from metallurgical and mining companies and from various organizations and governments.
Curie 's systematic studies included two uranium minerals, pitchblende and torbernite (also known as chalcolite). Her electrometer showed that pitchblende was four times as active as uranium itself, and chalcolite twice as active. She concluded that, if her earlier results relating the quantity of uranium to its activity were correct, then these two minerals must contain small quantities of another substance that was far more active than uranium. She began a systematic search for additional substances that emit radiation, and by 1898 she discovered that the element thorium was also radioactive. Pierre was increasingly intrigued by her work. By mid-1898 he was so invested in it that he decided to drop his work on crystals and to join her.
The (research) idea (writes Reid) was her own; no one helped her formulate it, and although she took it to her husband for his opinion she clearly established her ownership of it. She later recorded the fact twice in her biography of her husband to ensure there was no chance whatever of any ambiguity. It (is) likely that already at this early stage of her career (she) realized that... many scientists would find it difficult to believe that a woman could be capable of the original work in which she was involved.
She was acutely aware of the importance of promptly publishing her discoveries and thus establishing her priority. Had not Becquerel, two years earlier, presented his discovery to the Académie des Sciences the day after he made it, credit for the discovery of radioactivity, and even a Nobel Prize, would instead have gone to Silvanus Thompson. Curie chose the same rapid means of publication. Her paper, giving a brief and simple account of her work, was presented for her to the Académie on 12 April 1898 by her former professor, Gabriel Lippmann. Even so, just as Thompson had been beaten by Becquerel, so Curie was beaten in the race to tell of her discovery that thorium gives off rays in the same way as uranium; two months earlier, Gerhard Carl Schmidt had published his own finding in Berlin.
At that time, no one else in the world of physics had noticed what Curie recorded in a sentence of her paper, describing how much greater were the activities of pitchblende and chalcolite than uranium itself: "The fact is very remarkable, and leads to the belief that these minerals may contain an element which is much more active than uranium. '' She later would recall how she felt "a passionate desire to verify this hypothesis as rapidly as possible. '' On 14 April 1898, the Curies optimistically weighed out a 100 - gram sample of pitchblende and ground it with a pestle and mortar. They did not realize at the time that what they were searching for was present in such minute quantities that they would eventually have to process tons of the ore.
In July 1898, Curie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element which they named "polonium '', in honour of her native Poland, which would for another twenty years remain partitioned among three empires (Russian, Austrian, and Prussian). On 26 December 1898, the Curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named "radium '', from the Latin word for "ray ''. In the course of their research, they also coined the word "radioactivity ''.
To prove their discoveries beyond any doubt, the Curies sought to isolate polonium and radium in pure form. Pitchblende is a complex mineral; the chemical separation of its constituents was an arduous task. The discovery of polonium had been relatively easy; chemically it resembles the element bismuth, and polonium was the only bismuth - like substance in the ore. Radium, however, was more elusive; it is closely related chemically to barium, and pitchblende contains both elements. By 1898 the Curies had obtained traces of radium, but appreciable quantities, uncontaminated with barium, were still beyond reach. The Curies undertook the arduous task of separating out radium salt by differential crystallization. From a ton of pitchblende, one - tenth of a gram of radium chloride was separated in 1902. In 1910, she isolated pure radium metal. She never succeeded in isolating polonium, which has a half - life of only 138 days.
Between 1898 and 1902, the Curies published, jointly or separately, a total of 32 scientific papers, including one that announced that, when exposed to radium, diseased, tumor - forming cells were destroyed faster than healthy cells.
In 1900, Curie became the first woman faculty member at the École Normale Supérieure, and her husband joined the faculty of the University of Paris. In 1902 she visited Poland on the occasion of her father 's death.
In June 1903, supervised by Gabriel Lippmann, Curie was awarded her doctorate from the University of Paris. That month the couple were invited to the Royal Institution in London to give a speech on radioactivity; being a woman, she was prevented from speaking, and Pierre alone was allowed to. Meanwhile, a new industry began developing, based on radium. The Curies did not patent their discovery and benefited little from this increasingly profitable business.
In December 1903, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, and Henri Becquerel the Nobel Prize in Physics, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel. '' At first, the Committee intended to honour only Pierre and Becquerel, but one of the committee members and an advocate of women scientists, Swedish mathematician Magnus Goesta Mittag - Leffler, alerted Pierre to the situation, and after his complaint, Marie 's name was added to the nomination. Marie was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize.
Curie and her husband declined to go to Stockholm to receive the prize in person; they were too busy with their work, and Pierre, who disliked public ceremonies, was feeling increasingly ill. As Nobel laureates were required to deliver a lecture, the Curies finally undertook the trip in 1905. The award money allowed the Curies to hire their first laboratory assistant. Following the award of the Nobel Prize, and galvanized by an offer from the University of Geneva, which offered Pierre a position, the University of Paris gave Pierre a professorship and the chair of physics, although the Curies still did not have a proper laboratory. Upon Pierre 's complaint, the University of Paris relented and agreed to furnish a new laboratory, but it would not be ready until 1906.
In December 1904, Curie gave birth to their second daughter, Ève. She hired Polish governesses to teach her daughters her native language, and sent or took them on visits to Poland.
On 19 April 1906, Pierre was killed in a road accident. Walking across the Rue Dauphine in heavy rain, he was struck by a horse - drawn vehicle and fell under its wheels, causing his skull to fracture. Curie was devastated by her husband 's death. On 13 May 1906 the physics department of the University of Paris decided to retain the chair that had been created for Pierre and to offer it to Marie. She accepted it, hoping to create a world - class laboratory as a tribute to Pierre. She was the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris.
Curie 's quest to create a new laboratory did not end with the University of Paris, however. In her later years, she headed the Radium Institute (Institut du radium, now Curie Institute, Institut Curie), a radioactivity laboratory created for her by the Pasteur Institute and the University of Paris. The initiative for creating the Radium Institute had come in 1909 from Pierre Paul Émile Roux, director of the Pasteur Institute, who had been disappointed that the University of Paris was not giving Curie a proper laboratory and had suggested that she move to the Pasteur Institute. Only then, with the threat of Curie leaving, did the University of Paris relent, and eventually the Curie Pavilion became a joint initiative of the University of Paris and the Pasteur Institute.
In 1910, Curie succeeded in isolating radium; she also defined an international standard for radioactive emissions that was eventually named for her and Pierre: the curie. Nevertheless, in 1911 the French Academy of Sciences did not elect her to be a member by one or two votes. Elected instead was Édouard Branly, an inventor who had helped Guglielmo Marconi develop the wireless telegraph.
A doctoral student of Curie, Marguerite Perey, became the first woman elected to membership in the Academy -- over half a century later, in 1962. Despite Curie 's fame as a scientist working for France, the public 's attitude tended toward xenophobia -- the same that had led to the Dreyfus affair -- which also fueled false speculation that Curie was Jewish. During the French Academy of Sciences elections, she was vilified by the right wing press who criticised her for being a foreigner and an atheist. Her daughter later remarked on the public hypocrisy as the French press often portrayed Curie as an unworthy foreigner when she was nominated for a French honour, but would portray her as a French hero when she received a foreign one such as her Nobel Prizes.
In 1911, it was revealed that in 1910 -- 11 Curie had conducted an affair of about a year 's duration with physicist Paul Langevin, a former student of Pierre 's -- a married man who was estranged from his wife. This resulted in a press scandal that was exploited by her academic opponents. Curie (then in her mid-40s) was five years older than Langevin and was misrepresented in the tabloids as a foreign Jewish home - wrecker. When the scandal broke, she was away at a conference in Belgium; on her return, she found an angry mob in front of her house and had to seek refuge, with her daughters, in the home of her friend, Camille Marbo.
International recognition for her work had been growing to new heights, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, overcoming opposition prompted by the Langevin scandal, honored her a second time, with the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. This award was "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element. '' She was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes, and remains alone with Linus Pauling as Nobel laureates in two fields each. A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning, headed by novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz, encouraged her to return to Poland and continue her research in her native country. Curie 's second Nobel Prize enabled her to persuade the French government into supporting the Radium Institute, built in 1914, where research was conducted in chemistry, physics, and medicine. A month after accepting her 1911 Nobel Prize, she was hospitalised with depression and a kidney ailment. For most of 1912 she avoided public life but did spend time in England with her friend and fellow physicist, Hertha Ayrton. She returned to her laboratory only in December, after a break of about 14 months.
In 1912, the Warsaw Scientific Society offered her the directorship of a new laboratory in Warsaw but she declined, focusing on the developing Radium Institute to be completed in August 1914, and on a new street named Rue Pierre - Curie. She visited Poland in 1913 and was welcomed in Warsaw but the visit was mostly ignored by the Russian authorities. The Institute 's development was interrupted by the coming war, as most researchers were drafted into the French Army, and it fully resumed its activities in 1919.
During World War I, Curie recognised that wounded soldiers were best served if operated upon as soon as possible. She saw a need for field radiological centres near the front lines to assist battlefield surgeons. After a quick study of radiology, anatomy, and automotive mechanics she procured X-ray equipment, vehicles, auxiliary generators, and developed mobile radiography units, which came to be popularly known as petites Curies ("Little Curies ''). She became the director of the Red Cross Radiology Service and set up France 's first military radiology centre, operational by late 1914. Assisted at first by a military doctor and by her 17 - year - old daughter Irène, Curie directed the installation of 20 mobile radiological vehicles and another 200 radiological units at field hospitals in the first year of the war. Later, she began training other women as aides.
In 1915, Curie produced hollow needles containing "radium emanation '', a colorless, radioactive gas given off by radium, later identified as radon, to be used for sterilizing infected tissue. She provided the radium from her own one - gram supply. It is estimated that over a million wounded soldiers were treated with her X-ray units. Busy with this work, she carried out very little scientific research during that period. In spite of all her humanitarian contributions to the French war effort, Curie never received any formal recognition of it from the French government.
Also, promptly after the war started, she attempted to donate her gold Nobel Prize medals to the war effort but the French National Bank refused to accept them. She did buy war bonds, using her Nobel Prize money. She said:
I am going to give up the little gold I possess. I shall add to this the scientific medals, which are quite useless to me. There is something else: by sheer laziness I had allowed the money for my second Nobel Prize to remain in Stockholm in Swedish crowns. This is the chief part of what we possess. I should like to bring it back here and invest it in war loans. The state needs it. Only, I have no illusions: this money will probably be lost.
She was also an active member in committees of Polonia in France dedicated to the Polish cause. After the war, she summarized her wartime experiences in a book, Radiology in War (1919).
In 1920, for the 25th anniversary of the discovery of radium, the French government established a stipend for her; its previous recipient was Louis Pasteur (1822 -- 95). In 1921, she was welcomed triumphantly when she toured the United States to raise funds for research on radium. Mrs. William Brown Meloney, after interviewing Marie, created a Marie Curie Radium Fund and raised money to buy radium, publicising her trip.
In 1921, U.S. President Warren G. Harding received her at the White House to present her with the 1 gram of radium collected in the United States. Before the meeting, recognising her growing fame abroad, and embarrassed by the fact that she had no French official distinctions to wear in public, the French government offered her a Legion of Honour award, but she refused. In 1922 she became a fellow of the French Academy of Medicine. She also travelled to other countries, appearing publicly and giving lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain, and Czechoslovakia.
Led by Curie, the Institute produced four more Nobel Prize winners, including her daughter Irène Joliot - Curie and her son - in - law, Frédéric Joliot - Curie. Eventually, it became one of four major radioactivity research laboratories, the others being the Cavendish Laboratory, with Ernest Rutherford; the Institute for Radium Research, Vienna, with Stefan Meyer; and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, with Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner.
In August 1922, Marie Curie became a member of the newly created International Commission for Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations. In 1923, she wrote a biography of Pierre, entitled Pierre Curie. In 1925, she visited Poland, to participate in the ceremony that laid foundations for the Radium Institute in Warsaw. Her second American tour, in 1929, succeeded in equipping the Warsaw Radium Institute with radium; it was opened in 1932 and her sister Bronisława became its director. These distractions from her scientific labours and the attendant publicity caused her much discomfort but provided resources needed for her work. In 1930, she was elected a member of the International Atomic Weights Committee where she served until her death.
Curie visited Poland for the last time in early 1934. A few months later, on 4 July 1934, she died at the Sancellemoz sanatorium in Passy, Haute - Savoie, from aplastic anemia believed to have been contracted from her long - term exposure to radiation.
The damaging effects of ionising radiation were not known at the time of her work, which had been carried out without the safety measures later developed. She had carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket, and she stored them in her desk drawer, remarking on the faint light that the substances gave off in the dark. Curie was also exposed to X-rays from unshielded equipment while serving as a radiologist in field hospitals during the war. Although her many decades of exposure to radiation caused chronic illnesses (including near - blindness due to cataracts) and ultimately her death, she never really acknowledged the health risks of radiation exposure.
She was interred at the cemetery in Sceaux, alongside her husband Pierre. Sixty years later, in 1995, in honour of their achievements, the remains of both were transferred to the Panthéon, Paris. She became the first woman to be honoured with interment in the Panthéon on her own merits. In 2015, two other women were also interred on their own merits.
Because of their levels of radioactive contamination, her papers from the 1890s are considered too dangerous to handle. Even her cookbook is highly radioactive. Her papers are kept in lead - lined boxes, and those who wish to consult them must wear protective clothing. In her last year, she worked on a book, Radioactivity, which was published posthumously in 1935.
The physical and societal aspects of the Curies ' work contributed substantially to shaping the world of the twentieth and twenty - first centuries. Cornell University professor L. Pearce Williams observes:
The result of the Curies ' work was epoch - making. Radium 's radioactivity was so great that it could not be ignored. It seemed to contradict the principle of the conservation of energy and therefore forced a reconsideration of the foundations of physics. On the experimental level the discovery of radium provided men like Ernest Rutherford with sources of radioactivity with which they could probe the structure of the atom. As a result of Rutherford 's experiments with alpha radiation, the nuclear atom was first postulated. In medicine, the radioactivity of radium appeared to offer a means by which cancer could be successfully attacked.
If Curie 's work helped overturn established ideas in physics and chemistry, it has had an equally profound effect in the societal sphere. To attain her scientific achievements, she had to overcome barriers, in both her native and her adoptive country, that were placed in her way because she was a woman. This aspect of her life and career is highlighted in Françoise Giroud 's Marie Curie: A Life, which emphasizes Marie 's role as a feminist precursor.
She was known for her honesty and moderate life style. Having received a small scholarship in 1893, she returned it in 1897 as soon as she began earning her keep. She gave much of her first Nobel Prize money to friends, family, students, and research associates. In an unusual decision, Curie intentionally refrained from patenting the radium - isolation process, so that the scientific community could do research unhindered. She insisted that monetary gifts and awards be given to the scientific institutions she was affiliated with rather than to her. She and her husband often refused awards and medals. Albert Einstein reportedly remarked that she was probably the only person who could not be corrupted by fame.
As one of the most famous women scientists to date, Marie Curie has become an icon in the scientific world and has received tributes from across the globe, even in the realm of pop culture. In a 2009 poll carried out by New Scientist, she was voted the "most inspirational woman in science ''. Curie received 25.1 per cent of all votes cast, nearly twice as many as second - place Rosalind Franklin (14.2 per cent).
Poland and France declared 2011 the Year of Marie Curie, and the United Nations declared that this would be the International Year of Chemistry. An artistic installation celebrating "Madame Curie '' filled the Jacobs Gallery at San Diego 's Museum of Contemporary Art. On 7 November, Google celebrated the anniversary of her birth with a special Google Doodle. On 10 December, the New York Academy of Sciences celebrated the centenary of Marie Curie 's second Nobel prize in the presence of Princess Madeleine of Sweden.
Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel prize, the first person to win two Nobel Prizes, the only woman to win in two fields, and the only person to win in multiple sciences. Awards that she received include:
Marie Curie 's 1898 publication with her husband and their collaborator Gustave Bémont. for their discovery of radium and polonium was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented to the ESPCI Paris (Ecole supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris) in 2015.
In 1995, she became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon, Paris. The curie (symbol Ci), a unit of radioactivity, is named in honour of her and Pierre (although the commission which agreed on the name never clearly stated whether the standard was named after Pierre, Marie or both of them). The element with atomic number 96 was named curium. Three radioactive minerals are also named after the Curies: curite, sklodowskite, and cuprosklodowskite. She received numerous honorary degrees from universities across the world. The Marie Skłodowska - Curie Actions fellowship program of the European Union for young scientists wishing to work in a foreign country is named after her. In Poland, she had received honorary doctorates from the Lwów Polytechnic (1912), Poznań University (1922), Kraków 's Jagiellonian University (1924), and the Warsaw Polytechnic (1926). In 1921, in the U.S., she was awarded membership in the Iota Sigma Pi women scientists ' society.
Her name is included on the Monument to the X-ray and Radium Martyrs of All Nations, erected in Hamburg, Germany in 1936.
Numerous locations around the world are named after her. In 2007, a metro station in Paris was renamed to honour both of the Curies. Polish nuclear research reactor Maria is named after her. The 7000 Curie asteroid is also named after her. A KLM McDonnell Douglas MD - 11 (registration PH - KCC) is named in her honour.
Several institutions bear her name, starting with the two Curie institutes -- the Maria Skłodowska -- Curie Institute of Oncology, in Warsaw; and the Institut Curie in Paris. She is the patron of Maria Curie - Skłodowska University, in Lublin, founded in 1944; and of Pierre and Marie Curie University (Paris VI), France 's pre-eminent science university. In Britain, Marie Curie Cancer Care was organized in 1948 to care for the terminally ill.
Two museums are devoted to Marie Curie. In 1967, the Maria Skłodowska - Curie Museum was established in Warsaw 's "New Town '', at her birthplace on ulica Freta (Freta Street). Her Paris laboratory is preserved as the Musée Curie, open since 1992.
Several works of art bear her likeness. In 1935, Michalina Mościcka, wife of Polish President Ignacy Mościcki, unveiled a statue of Marie Curie before Warsaw 's Radium Institute. During the 1944 Second World War Warsaw Uprising against the Nazi German occupation, the monument was damaged by gunfire; after the war it was decided to leave the bullet marks on the statue and its pedestal. In 1955 Jozef Mazur created a stained glass panel of her, the Maria Skłodowska - Curie Medallion, featured in the University at Buffalo Polish Room.
A number of biographies are devoted to her. In 1938 her daughter, Ève Curie, published Madame Curie. In 1987 Françoise Giroud wrote Marie Curie: A Life. In 2005 Barbara Goldsmith wrote Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie. In 2011 Lauren Redniss published Radioactive: Marie and Pierre Curie, a Tale of Love and Fallout.
Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon starred in the 1943 U.S. Oscar - nominated film, Madame Curie, based on her life. More recently, in 1997, a French film about Pierre and Marie Curie was released, Les Palmes de M. Schutz. It was adapted from a play of the same name. In the film, Marie Curie was played by Isabelle Huppert.
Curie is the subject of the play False Assumptions by Lawrence Aronovitch, in which the ghosts of three other women scientists observe events in her life. Curie has also been portrayed by Susan Marie Frontczak in her play Manya: The Living History of Marie Curie, a one - woman show performed in 30 US states and nine countries, by 2014.
Curie 's likeness also has appeared on banknotes, stamps and coins around the world. She was featured on the Polish late - 1980s 20,000 - złoty banknote as well as on the last French 500 - franc note, before the franc was replaced by the euro. Curie themed postage stamps from Mali, the Republic of Togo, Zambia, and the Republic of Guinea actually show a picture of Susan Marie Frontczak portraying Curie in a 2001 picture by Paul Schroeder.
On the first centenary of Marie Curie 's second Nobel Prize in 2011, an allegorical mural was painted on the façade of her Warsaw birthplace. It depicts an infant Maria Skłodowska holding a test tube from which emanate the elements that she would discover as an adult: polonium and radium. Also in 2011, a new Warsaw bridge over the Vistula was named in her honor.
a. Poland had been partitioned in the 18th century among Russia, Prussia and Austria, and it was Maria Skłodowska Curie 's hope that naming the element after her native country would bring world attention to Poland 's lack of independence as a sovereign state. Polonium may have been the first chemical element named to highlight a political question.
b. Sources vary concerning the field of her second degree. Tadeusz Estreicher, in the 1938 Polski słownik biograficzny entry, writes that, while many sources state she earned a degree in mathematics, this is incorrect, and that her second degree was in chemistry.
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where is the actor who played steve urkel | Jaleel White - wikipedia
Jaleel Ahmad White (born November 27, 1976) is an American actor. In 1989, he was cast in the role of Steve Urkel on the sitcom Family Matters. The character, which was originally intended to be a one - time guest appearance, was an instant hit with audiences and White became a regular cast member. The series aired for a total of nine seasons, from 1989 to 1997 on ABC, and from 1997 to 1998 on CBS. Aside from this character, White is also known as the voice of Sonic the Hedgehog in the animated series Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog, Sonic (SatAM) and Sonic Underground. He reprised the voice of Sonic in the 2013 fan film, Sonic.
After Family Matters ended, White starred in the UPN series Grown Ups from 1999 to 2000. He later attended UCLA where he graduated with a degree in film and television in 2001. He has continued his acting career with roles in Dreamgirls (2006), and guest stints on Boston Legal, House, and Psych. In March 2012, White appeared as a contestant in season 14 of Dancing with the Stars and was voted off in May 2012, placing him in 7th place. In April 2012, White hosted the game show Total Blackout, which aired on the Syfy channel.
White was born in Culver City, California, the only child of Michael White, a dentist, and Gail, a homemaker who later became his manager. White attended John Marshall Fundamental High School and South Pasadena High School before graduating from UCLA in 2001. On the advice of his preschool teacher, White began acting as a child. He got his start on TV commercials at age 3. One of White 's notable commercial appearances was for Jell - O pudding pops alongside Bill Cosby.
After starting his career at the age of three, White 's first television role was a guest stint on The Jeffersons, in 1984. He later auditioned for the role of Rudy Huxtable on The Cosby Show. According to White, he was cast in the role (the character was originally intended to be male) but was replaced by Keshia Knight Pulliam when Bill Cosby decided to mirror his television family after his real life family. The following year, he was cast as the son of Flip Wilson and Gladys Knight on the CBS sitcom Charlie and Company. The series was intended to be CBS ' answer to the highly rated Cosby Show which debuted on NBC in 1984. Unlike The Cosby Show, Charlie and Company did not catch on with audiences and was canceled in May 1986. In 1987, he appeared in the pilot episode for Good Morning, Miss Bliss, and had a guest role on Mr. Belvedere. In 1988, White had a supporting role in Cadets, a sitcom starring Soleil Moon Frye. The pilot episode aired during a preview special on September 25, 1988 on ABC. The series, however, was not picked up by the network. Also during the 1980s, he appeared in a few segments of NBC 's One to Grow On.
White had a role in the NBC television movie Camp Cucamonga. The film features an ensemble cast including Sherman Hemsley, Jennifer Aniston, and Brian Robbins. Several other child actors of the era including Chad Allen, Candace Cameron, Danica McKellar, Josh Saviano, Countess Vaughn, and Breckin Meyer also appear.
At the age of 12, White originated his most famous role, Steve Urkel, on Family Matters. The role was initially conceived as a one - time guest appearance, but the character proved to be popular and White was given a full - time starring role. He also played several other members of the Urkel family, including his alter ego Stefan Urquelle and Myrtle Urkel. During the height of Family Matters ' popularity, the character of Urkel was marketed with breakfast cereal (Urkel - Os) and an Urkel doll. In addition to starring in the series, White also wrote several episodes, including one, at age 19, that was the series ' highest rated for that year. The series was a staple of ABC 's TGIF lineup and would go to become one of the longest - running sitcoms with a predominately black cast in television history.
In 1992 he was featured in The Jaleel White Special, where he played a fictionalized version of himself making a movie, while also playing Steve Urkel.
By the time the series ended in 1998, White, who was then 22 years old, had grown tired of the role. Shortly after the series ' cancellation, he stated in a 1999 interview, "If you ever see me do that character again, take me out and put a bullet in my head and put me out of my misery. '' Due to the character 's popularity, White was so tightly defined by his Urkel character that he encountered difficulty finding other roles.
In later years, White came to terms with the character. In a 2011 interview with Vanity Fair, he addressed the 1999 "bullet '' quote stating, "It 's one of those things that it 's very unfortunate how quotes are taken out of context. I remember that interview very vividly. I loved playing those characters (...) But the fact is that I was maturing. (...) To be honest, I was retarding my own growth as a man in order to maintain the authenticity to what I thought that character should be. '' When asked if he would ever reprise the Steve Urkel role, White said, "I 'll always say never say never; I 'm a pretty creative person. I ca n't envision how I could do it in a way that would be irreverent and fun for both me and the viewing audience... ''
In 1999, White returned to television in the UPN sitcom Grown Ups. The series was based around White as a young man striking out into adulthood. He also co-produced and wrote some episodes for the show, in which he starred as "J '', a college graduate struggling to establish his role in life as an adult. The pilot episode featured another former child actor, Soleil Moon Frye, known for her role as Punky Brewster, as the girl whom he chose as a roommate. The show received poor reviews from critics but debuted in second place in the ratings upon its premiere. However, ratings soon dropped and UPN canceled the series after one season.
White 's acting roles have not been restricted to sitcoms. He has done voice work for several animated projects including Warner Bros. ' 1998 film Quest for Camelot. In 1999, he provided the voice for a teenaged Martin Luther King, Jr., in Our Friend, Martin.
He was also the voice of the famed video game character Sonic the Hedgehog in all of the American produced animated series: Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog, Sonic the Hedgehog, and Sonic Underground and the Christmas special. In Sonic Underground, White also voiced Sonic 's brother and sister, Manic and Sonia.
In 2001, White graduated from UCLA with a degree in film and television. He has continued acting and has had small parts in the films Big Fat Liar (in a cameo role) and Dreamgirls, and was featured as the lead role in the direct - to - DVD comedy Who Made the Potatoe Salad? in 2006. In 2007, he guest - starred on the CW series The Game, followed by a role as a law school graduate interviewing for a job at Crane, Poole and Schmidt in the ABC legal drama Boston Legal.
In June 2009, White began appearing in the web series Road to the Altar. In the series, White stars as Simon, a 30 - something black man marrying a young Jewish girl named Rochelle. In September 2009, White guest starred on the USA Network series Psych, as an estranged college singing buddy of the character Gus.
In June 2010, White starred in the web series Fake It Till You Make It. He also serves as writer and producer of the series. The series, which premiered on Hulu, follows the exploits of former child star Reggie Cullen (White) turned image consultant and his three protégés as they hustle to navigate Hollywood. In March 2011, White guest starred on the TBS sitcom Are We There Yet?, which reunited him with fellow Family Matters cast member Telma Hopkins. Later that same year, White appeared as the star in Cee - Lo Green 's music video for his song "Cry Baby ''.
In October 2011, White appeared in the season 8 premiere of House, titled "Twenty Vicodin '', where he appears as a well - connected inmate, occasionally helping Hugh Laurie 's character Gregory House to sneak contraband into the prison. In April 2012, White began hosting the Syfy game show Total Blackout.
In March 2012, White began competing on the season 14 of Dancing with the Stars. He was partnered with 2 - time dance champion Kym Johnson. In the opening night 's performance, White and Johnson danced the Foxtrot to "The Way You Look Tonight ''. They earned a total of 26 points out of 30. White was voted off the series in May 2012.
In 2015, White appeared in a Scion commercial.
In 2017, it was announced that CBS has picked up his single camera comedy series Me, Myself & I with Bobby Moynihan, set to premiere in the Fall.
White has one daughter, Samaya (born in 2009), with ex-girlfriend Bridget Hardy.
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which one of the following cultures was indigenous to ancient india | Religion in India - Wikipedia
Religion in India is characterised by a diversity of religious beliefs and practices. India is a secular state with no state religion. The Indian subcontinent is the birthplace of five of the world 's major religions; namely Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. Throughout India 's history, religion has been an important part of the country 's culture. Religious diversity and religious tolerance are both established in the country by the law and custom; the Constitution of India has declared the right to freedom of religion to be a fundamental right.
Northwest India was home to one of the world 's oldest civilizations, the Indus valley civilisation. Today, India is home to around 90 % of the global population of Hindus. Most Hindu shrines and temples are located in India, as are the birthplaces of most Hindu saints. Allahabad hosts the world 's largest religious pilgrimage, Kumbha Mela, where Hindus from across the world come together to bathe in the confluence of three sacred rivers of India: the Ganga, the Yamuna, and the Saraswati. The Indian diaspora in the West has popularised many aspects of Hindu philosophy such as yoga, meditation, Ayurvedic medicine, divination, karma, and reincarnation. The influence of Indian religions has been significant all over the world. Several Hindu - based organisations, such as the Hare Krishna movement, the Brahma Kumaris, the Ananda Marga, and others have spread Indian spiritual beliefs and practices.
According to the 2011 census, 79.8 % of the population of India practices Hinduism and 14.2 % adheres to Islam, while the remaining 6 % adheres to other religions (Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism and various indigenous ethnically - bound faiths). Christianity is the 3rd largest religion in India. Zoroastrianism and Judaism also have an ancient history in India, and each has several thousands of Indian adherents. India has the largest population of people adhering to Zoroastrianism (i.e. Parsis and Iranis) and Bahá'í Faith in the world, even though these religions are not native to India. Many other world religions also have a relationship with Indian spirituality, such as the Baha'i faith which recognises the Buddha and Krishna as manifestations of the God Almighty.
India has the third largest Shia population in the world and being the cradle of Ahmadiyya Islam, it is one of the countries in the world with at least 2 million Ahmadi Muslims. The shrines of some of the most famous saints of Sufism, like Moinuddin Chishti and Nizamuddin Auliya, are found in India, and attract visitors from all over the world. India is also home to some of the most famous monuments of Islamic architecture, such as the Taj Mahal and the Qutb Minar. Civil matters related to the community are dealt with by the Muslim Personal Law, and constitutional amendments in 1985 established its primacy in family matters.
Evidence attesting to prehistoric religion in the Indian "subcontinent '' derives from scattered Mesolithic rock paintings depicting dances and rituals. Neolithic pastoralists inhabiting the Indus Valley buried their dead in a manner suggestive of spiritual practices that incorporated notions of an afterlife. Other South Asian Stone Age sites, such as the Bhimbetka rock shelters in central Madhya Pradesh and the Kupgal petroglyphs of eastern Karnataka, contain rock art portraying religious rites and evidence of possible ritualised music.
The Harappan people of the Indus Valley Civilisation, which lasted from 3300 to 1400 BCE and was centered on the Indus and Ghaggar - Hakra river valleys, may have worshiped an important mother goddess symbolising fertility. Excavations of Indus Valley Civilisation sites show seals with animals and "fire ‐ altars '', indicating rituals associated with fire. A linga - yoni of a type similar to that which is now worshiped by Hindus has also been found.
Hinduism is often regarded as the oldest religion in the world, with roots tracing back to prehistoric times, over 5,000 years ago. Hinduism spread through parts of Southeastern Asia, China, Korea, and Japan. Hindus worship a single god with different forms.
Hinduism 's origins include the cultural elements of the Indus Valley Civilisation along with other Indian civilisations. The oldest surviving text of Hinduism is the Rigveda, produced during the Vedic period and dating to 1700 -- 1100 BCE. During the Epic and Puranic periods, the earliest versions of the epic poems, in their current form including Ramayana and Mahabharata were written roughly from 500 -- 100 BCE, although these were orally transmitted through families for centuries prior to this period.
After 200 BCE, several schools of thought were formally codified in the Indian philosophy, including Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Purva - Mimamsa and Vedanta. Hinduism, otherwise a highly theistic religion, hosted atheistic schools and atheistic philosophies. Other Indian philosophies generally regarded as orthodox include Samkhya and Mimamsa.
Historical roots of Jainism in India is traced back to 9th - century BC with the rise of Parshvanatha and his non-violent philosophy. Mahavira the 24th Jain Tirthankara (599 -- 527 BCE) before that 23 Tirthankaras (started from Shri Rishavdeva) for this chaubishi, (before that infinite 24 tirthankara) stressed five vows, including ahimsa (non-violence) and asteya (non-stealing). Gautama Buddha, who founded Buddhism, was born to the Shakya clan just before Magadha (which lasted from 546 -- 324 BCE) rose to power. His family was native to the plains of Lumbini, in what is now southern Nepal. Indian Buddhism peaked during the reign of Ashoka the Great of the Mauryan Empire, who patronised Buddhism following his conversion and unified the Indian subcontinent in the 3rd century BCE. He sent missionaries abroad, allowing Buddhism to spread across Asia. Indian Buddhism declined following the loss of royal patronage offered by the Kushan Empire and such kingdoms as Magadha and Kosala.
The decline of Buddhism in India has been attributed to a variety of factors, which include the resurgence of Hinduism in the 10th and 11th centuries under Sankaracharya, the later Turkish invasion, the Buddhist focus on renunciation as opposed to familial values and private property, Hinduism 's own use and appropriation of Buddhist and Jain ideals of renunciation and ahimsa, etc. Although Buddhism virtually disappeared from mainstream India by the 11th century CE, its presence remained and manifested itself through other movements such as the Bhakti tradition, Vaishnavism and the Bauls of Bengal, who are influenced by the Sahajjyana form of Buddhism that was popular in Bengal during the Pala period.
During the 14 -- 17th centuries, when North India was under Muslim rule, the Bhakti movement swept through Central and Northern India. The Bhakti movement actually started in the eighth - century Tamil south India (present day Tamil Nadu and Kerala), and gradually spread northwards. It was initiated by a loosely associated group of teachers, or saints. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Vallabhacharya, Surdas, Meera Bai, Kabir, Tulsidas, Ravidas, Namdeo, Tukaram and other mystics were some of the saints in the North. They taught that people could cast aside the heavy burdens of ritual and caste, and the subtle complexities of philosophy, and simply express their overwhelming love for God. This period was also characterised by an abundance of devotional literature in vernacular prose and poetry in the ethnic languages of the various Indian states or provinces. The Bhakti movement gave rise to several different movements throughout India.
During the Bhakti movement, many Hindu groups regarded as outside the traditional Hindu caste system followed Bhakti traditions by worshipping / following saints belonging to their respective communities. For example, Guru Ravidas was a Chamar of Uttar Pradesh; Guru Parsuram Ramnami was a Chura of Chhattisgarh; and Maharishi Ram Naval was a Bhangi of Rajasthan. In their lifetimes, several of these saints even went to the extent of fighting conversion from foreign missionaries, encouraging only Hinduism within their communities. In Assam for example, tribals were led by Gurudev Kalicharan Bramha of the Brahmo Samaj; in Nagaland by Kacha Naga; and in Central India by Birsa Munda, Hanuman Oaron, Jatra Bhagat and Budhu Bhagat.
Guru Nanak Dev Ji (1469 -- 1539) was the founder of Sikhism. The Guru Granth Sahib was first compiled by the fifth Sikh guru, Guru Arjan Dev, from the writings of the first five Sikh gurus and others saints who preached the concept of universal brotherhood, including those of the Hindu and Muslim faith. Before the death of Guru Gobind Singh, the Guru Granth Sahib was declared the eternal guru. Sikhism recognises all humans as equal before Waheguru, regardless of colour, caste or lineage. Sikhism strongly rejects the beliefs of fasting (vrata), superstitions, idol worship and circumcision.
Jews first arrived as traders from Judea in the city of Kochi, Kerala, in 562 BCE. More Jews came as exiles from Israel in the year 70 CE, after the destruction of the Second Temple.
The works of scholars and Eastern Christian writings say that Christianity was introduced to India by Thomas the Apostle, who visited Muziris in Kerala in 52 CE and baptised Kerala 's Jewish settlements, who are known as Saint Thomas Christians (also known as Syrian Christians or Nasrani) today. Although the exact origins of Christianity in India remain unclear, there is a general scholarly consensus that Christianity was rooted in India by the 3rd century AD, including some communities who used Syriac liturgically, and it is a possibility that the religion 's existence in India extends to as far back as the 1st century. Christianity in India has different denominations, like Roman Catholicism, Oriental Orthodox, and Protestantism.
Most Christians reside in South India, particularly in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Goa. There are also large Christian populations in the North - east Indian states. Christianity in India was expanded in the 16th century by Catholic Portuguese expeditions and by Protestant British and US missionaries in the 18th century.
Though Islam came to India in the early 7th century with the advent of Arab traders in Malabar coast, Kerala, it started to become a major religion during the Muslim rule in the Indian subcontinent. Islam 's spread in India mostly took place under the Delhi Sultanate (1206 -- 1526) and the Mughal Empire (1526 -- 1858), greatly aided by the mystic Sufi tradition.
Islam is the second largest religion in India, with 14.2 % of the country 's population or roughly 172 million people identifying as adherents of Islam (2011 census).
Religion in India (2011 Census)
There are six religions in India which have been awarded "National minority '' status -- Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists and Zoroastrians.
The following is a breakdown of India 's religious communities:
Hinduism is an ancient religion (although Hinduism is diverse, with monotheism, henotheism, polytheism, panentheism, pantheism, monism, atheism, agnosticism, and gnosticism being represented), and Hinduism is also the largest religious grouping in India; around 966 million adherents as of 2011; compose 79.8 % of the population. The term Hindu, originally a geographical description, derives from the Sanskrit, Sindhu, (the historical appellation for the Indus River), and refers to a person from the land of the river Sindhu.
Buddhism is an Indian, transtheistic religion and philosophy. Around 8.5 million Buddhists live in India, about 0.7 % of the total population, although unofficial estimates suggest up to 12 million. Buddhism as a religion is practised mainly in the foothills of the Himalayas and is a significant religion in Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, the Ladakh district in Jammu and Kashmir, Darjeeling in West Bengal and the Lahaul and Spiti districts of Himachal Pradesh. Besides, a significant number of Buddhists reside in Maharashtra. They are the Neo-Buddhists or Navayana Buddhists who, under the influence of B.R. Ambedkar embraced Buddhism in order to escape the casteist practices within Hinduism. Ambedkar is a crucial figure, along with Anagarika Dharmapala of Sri Lanka and Kripasaran Mahasthavira of Chittagong behind the revival of Buddhism in India in the 19th and 20th centuries. The escape of the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzing Gyatso to India fleeing Chinese occupation of Tibet in 1959 and the setting up of the Tibetan Government in Exile at Dharamshala in Mcleodganj in Himachal Pradesh has also accelerated the resurgence of Buddhism in India. The effective religion in Sikkim, which joined the Indian Union in 1975 (making it India 's 22nd state) remains Vajrayana Buddhism, and Padmasambhava or Guru Ugyen is a revered presence there.
Jainism is a non-theistic Indian religion and philosophical system originating in Iron Age India. Jains compose 0.4 % (around 4.45 million) of India 's population, and are concentrated in the states of Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan.
Sikhism began in sixteenth - century North India with the teachings of Guru Nanak and nine successive human gurus. As of 2011, there were 20.8 million Sikhs in India. Punjab is the spiritual home of Sikhs, and is the only state in India where Sikhs form a majority. There are also significant populations of Sikhs in neighbouring Chandigarh, Delhi and Haryana, which were historically part of Punjab.
Islam is a monotheistic religion centered on the belief in one God and following the example of Muhammad; It is the largest minority religion in India. According to the 2011 census, India is home to 172 million Muslims, the world 's third - largest Muslim population after those in Indonesia (210 million) and Pakistan (195 million). Muslims compose 14.23 % of the Indian population. Muslims are a majority in states Jammu and Kashmir and Lakshadweep, and live in high concentrations in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, and Kerala. There has been no particular census conducted in India with regards to sects, but sources suggest the largest denomination is Sunni Islam with a substantial minority of Shiite Muslims and Ahmadi Muslims. Indian sources like Times of India and DNA reported the Indian Shiite population in mid-2005 -- 2006 to be between 25 % and 31 % of entire Muslim population of India, which accounts them in numbers between 40 to 50 million of a total of 172 million Muslims in India.
Christianity is a monotheistic religion centred on the life and teachings of Jesus as presented in the New Testament. It is the third largest religion of India, making up 2.3 % of the population. St. Thomas is credited with introduction of Christianity in India. He arrived in Malabar Coast in 52 AD. Christians comprise a majority in Nagaland, Mizoram, and Meghalaya and have significant populations in Kerala and Goa.
As of the census of 2001, Parsis (followers of Zoroastrianism in India) represent approximately 0.006 % of the total population of India, with relatively high concentrations in and around the city of Mumbai. Parsis number around 61,000 in India. There are several tribal religions in India, such as Donyi - Polo. Santhal is also one of the many tribal religions followed by the Santhal people who number around 4 million but only around 23,645 follow the religion. About 2.2 million people in India follow the Bahá'í Faith, thus forming the largest community of Bahá'ís in the world.
Judaism is also present in India, a monotheistic religion from the Levant. There is today a very small community of Indian Jews. There were more Jews in India historically, including the Cochin Jews of Kerala, the Bene Israel of Maharashtra, and the Baghdadi Jews near Mumbai. In addition, since independence two primarily proselyte Indian Jewish communities in India: the Bnei Menashe of Mizoram and Manipur, and the Bene Ephraim, also called Telugu Jews. Of the approximately 95,000 Jews of Indian origin, fewer than 20,000 remain in India. Some parts of India are especially popular with Israelis, swelling local Jewish populations seasonally.
Around 0.07 % of the people did not state their religion in the 2001 census.
The preamble to the Constitution of India proclaims India a "sovereign socialist secular democratic republic ''. The word secular was inserted into the Preamble by the Forty - second Amendment Act of 1976. It mandates equal treatment and tolerance of all religions. India does not have an official state religion; it enshrines the right to practise, preach, and propagate any religion. No religious instruction is imparted in government - supported schools. In S.R. Bommai vs. Union of India, the Supreme Court of India held that secularism was an integral tenet of the Constitution.
Freedom of religion is a fundamental right according to the Indian Constitution. The Constitution also suggests a uniform civil code for its citizens as a Directive Principle. This has not been implemented until now as Directive Principles are Constitutionally unenforceable. The Supreme Court has further held that the enactment of a uniform civil code all at once may be counter-productive to the unity of the nation, and only a gradual progressive change should be brought about (Pannalal Bansilal v State of Andhra Pradesh, 1996). In Maharishi Avadesh v Union of India (1994) the Supreme Court dismissed a petition seeking a writ of mandamus against the government to introduce a common civil code, and thus laid the responsibility of its introduction on the legislature.
Major religious communities not based in India continue to be governed by their own personal laws. Whilst Muslims, Christians, Zoroastrians, and Jews have personal laws exclusive to themselves; Hindus, Jains, Buddhists, and Sikhs are governed by a single personal law known as Hindu personal law. Article 25 (2) (b) of the Constitution of India states that references to Hindus include "persons professing the Sikh, Jain or Buddhist religion ''. Furthermore, the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 defines the legal status of Jains, Buddhists and Sikhs as legal Hindus but not "Hindus by religion ''. Supreme Court in 2005 gave verdict that Jains, Sikhs and Buddhist are part of broader Hindu fold, as they are Indic religions and interconnected to each other, though they are distinct religions.
Religion plays a major role in the Indian way of life. Rituals, worship, and other religious activities are very prominent in an individual 's daily life; it is also a principal organiser of social life. The degree of religiosity varies amongst individuals; in recent decades, religious orthodoxy and observances have become less common in Indian society, particularly amongst young urban - dwellers.
The vast majority of Indians engage in religious rituals on a daily basis. Most Hindus observe religious rituals at home. Observation of rituals vary greatly amongst regions, villages, and individuals. Devout Hindus perform daily chores such as worshiping puja, fire sacrifice called Yajna at the dawn after bathing (usually at a family shrine, and typically includes lighting a lamp and offering foods before the images of deities), recitation from religious scripts like Vedas, Puranas singing hymns in praise of gods etc.
A notable feature in religious ritual is the division between purity and pollution. Religious acts presuppose some degree of impurity, or defilement for the practitioner, which must be overcome or neutralized, before or during ritual procedures. Purification, usually with water, is thus a typical feature of most religious action. Other characteristics include a belief in the efficacy of sacrifice and concept of merit, gained through the performance of charity or good works, that will accumulate over time and reduce sufferings in the next world.
Muslims offer five daily prayers at specific times of the day, indicated by adhan (call to prayer) from the local mosques. Before offering prayers, they must ritually clean themselves by performing wudu, which involves washing parts of the body that are generally exposed to dirt or dust. A recent study by the Sachar Committee found that 3 -- 4 % of Muslim children study in madrasas (Islamic schools).
Dietary habits are significantly influenced by religion. Almost one - third of Indians practice lacto - vegetarianism. Vegetarianism is less common amongst Sikhs and almost uncommon amongst Muslims, Christians, Bahá'ís, Parsis, and Jews. Jainism requires monks and laity, from all its sects and traditions, to be vegetarian. Furthermore, the religion also bars Jains from eating any vegetable that involves digging it from the ground. This rule, therefore, excludes potatoes, sweet potatoes, carrots, garlic, raddish etc. from Jain diet. Islam and Judaism bar pork.
Occasions like birth, marriage, and death involve what are often elaborate sets of religious customs. In Hinduism, major life - cycle rituals include annaprashan (a baby 's first intake of solid food), upanayanam ("sacred thread ceremony '' undergone by upper - caste youths), and shraadh (paying homage to a deceased individual). According to the findings of a 1995 national research paper, for most people in India, a betrothal of a young couple placing an expectation upon an exact date and time of a future wedding was a matter decided by the parents in consultation with astrologers. A significant reduction in the proportion of arranged marriages has however taken place since 1995, reflecting an incremental change.
Muslims practice a series of life - cycle rituals that differ from those of Hindus, Jains, and Buddhists. Several rituals mark the first days of life -- including the whispering call to prayer, first bath, and shaving of the head. Religious instruction begins early. Male circumcision usually takes place after birth; in some families, it may be delayed until after the onset of puberty.
Marriage requires a payment by the husband to the wife, called Meher, and the solemnisation of a marital contract in a social gathering. After burial of the dead, friends and relatives gather to console the bereaved, read and recite the Quran, and pray for the soul of the deceased. Indian Islam is distinguished by the emphasis it places on shrines commemorating great Sufi saints.
Many Hindu families have their own family patron deity or the Kuladaivat. This deity is common to a lineage or a clan of several families who are connected to each other through a common ancestor. The Khandoba of Jejuri is an example of a Kuladaivat of some Maharashtrian families; he is a common Kuladaivat to several castes ranging from Brahmins to Dalits. The practice of worshipping local or territorial deities as Kuladaivats began in the period of the Yadava dynasty. Other family deities of the people of Maharashtra are Bhavani of Tuljapur, Mahalaxmi of Kolhapur, Renuka of Mahur, and Balaji of Tirupati.
India hosts numerous pilgrimage sites belonging to many religions. Hindus worldwide recognise several Indian holy cities, including Allahabad, Haridwar, Varanasi, Ujjain, Rameshwaram and Vrindavan. Notable temple cities include Puri, which hosts a major Jagannath temple and Rath Yatra celebration; Tirumala - Tirupati, home to the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple; and Katra, home to the Vaishno Devi temple.
Badrinath, Puri, Dwarka and Rameswaram compose the main pilgrimage circuit of Char Dham (four abodes) hosting the four holiest Hindu temples: Badrinath Temple, Jagannath Temple, Dwarkadheesh Temple and Ramanathaswamy Temple respectively. The Himalayan towns of Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri, and Yamunotri compose the smaller Chota Char Dham (mini four abodes) pilgrimage circuit. The Kumbh Mela (the "pitcher festival '') is one of the holiest of Hindu pilgrimages that is held every four years; the location is rotated amongst Allahabad, Haridwar, Nashik, and Ujjain. The Thalaimaippathi at Swamithope is the leading pilgrim center for the Ayyavazhis.
Amongst the Eight Great Places of Buddhism, seven are in India. Bodh Gaya, Sarnath and Kushinagar are the places where important events in the life of Gautama Buddha took place. Sanchi hosts a Buddhist stupa erected by the emperor Ashoka. Many Buddhist monasteries dot the Himalayan foothills of India, where Buddhism remains a major presence. These include the Rumtek Monastery, Enchey Monastery and Pemayangtse Monastery in Sikkim, the Tawang Monastery in Arunachal Pradesh, the Kye Monastery and Tabo Monastery in Spiti, the Ghum Monastery in Darjeeling, and Durpin Dara Monastery in Kalimpong, the Thikse Monastery in Leh, the Namgyal Monastery in Dharamshala, among many others.
For Muslims, the Dargah Shareef of Khwaza Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer is a major pilgrimage site. Other Islamic pilgrimages include those to the Tomb of Sheikh Salim Chishti in Fatehpur Sikri, Jama Masjid in Delhi, and to Haji Ali Dargah in Mumbai. Dilwara Temples in Mount Abu, Palitana, Pavapuri, Girnar and Shravanabelagola are notable pilgrimage sites (tirtha) in Jainism.
The Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar is the most sacred gurdwara of Sikhism, while the Lotus Temple in Delhi is a prominent house of worship of the Bahá'í faith.
Relatively new pilgrimage sites include the samadhi of Meher Baba in Meherabad, which is visited by his followers from around the world and the Saibaba temple in Shirdi.
Hinduism contains many different sub-cultures just like most other religions. The major aspects outlined above hold true for the majority of the Hindu population, but not all. Just as each state is home to an individual language, Hinduism harbors various sub-cultures whose traditions may or may not be shared by other Indians. A sect from Gujarat called the Prajapatis for example, hold water as the sacred ornament to every meal. Before and after a meal, an individual is expected to pour water in the palms of their right hand and sip the water three times. This is often seen as a purification gesture: food is regarded as being holy and every individual must purify themselves before touching their food.
Other minor sects in India carry no specific name, but they are uniquely identified by the last names of each family. This convention is used more frequently in South India than North India. For example, a relatively prominent sect in southern India prohibits making important decisions, commencing new tasks, and doing other intellectually or spiritually engaged actions after sunset. Historians believe that this tradition was derived from the concept of Rahukaalam, in which Hindus believe that a specific time period of the day is inauspicious. Stringent family beliefs are thought to have led to the development of a more constrained religious hierarchy. Over time, this belief was extended to discourage taking major actions and even staying awake for long periods of time after sunset. Examples of families which follow this tradition include Gudivada, Padalapalli, Pantham, and Kashyap.
Religious ideology, particularly that expressed by the Hindutva movement, has strongly influenced Indian politics in the last quarter of the 20th century. Many of the elements underlying India 's casteism and communalism originated during the rule of the British Raj, particularly after the late 19th century; the authorities and others often politicised religion. The Indian Councils Act 1909 (widely known as the Morley - Minto Reforms Act), which established separate Hindu and Muslim electorates for the Imperial Legislature and provincial councils, was particularly divisive. It was blamed for increasing tensions between the two communities.
Due to the high degree of oppression faced by the lower castes, the Constitution of India included provisions for affirmative action for certain sections of Indian society. Many states ruled by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) introduced laws that made conversion more difficult; they assert that such conversions are often forced or allured. The BJP, a national political party, also gained widespread media attention after its leaders associated themselves with the Ram Janmabhoomi movement and other prominent religious issues.
A well - known accusation that Indian political parties make for their rivals is that they play vote bank politics, meaning give political support to issues for the sole purpose of gaining the votes of members of a particular community. Both the Congress Party and the BJP have been accused of exploiting the people by indulging in vote bank politics. The Shah Bano case, a divorce lawsuit, generated much controversy when the Congress was accused of appeasing the Muslim orthodoxy by bringing in a parliamentary amendment to negate the Supreme Court 's decision. After the 2002 Gujarat violence, there were allegations of political parties indulging in vote bank politics.
During an election campaign in Uttar Pradesh, the BJP released an inflammatory CD targeting Muslims. This was condemned by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) as playing the worst kind of vote bank politics. Caste - based politics is also important in India; caste - based discrimination and the reservation system continue to be major issues that are hotly debated.
Several political parties have been accused of using their political power to manipulate educational content in a revisionist manner. Congress governments promoted hegemony of Socialist - Marxist authors ideologically aligned to policies of Nehru Gandhi family. The government was accused of being too sympathetic to the Muslim viewpoint. Muslim invaders were projected as heroes and rich legacy of Indian Civillisation was marginalised. The BJP - led NDA government tried to standardise school textbooks and remove Marxist - Islamist ideological biases. Leftist media and congress party referred to it as the "saffronisation '' of textbooks, saffron being colour of Indian religions. The next government, formed by the UPA and led by the Congress Party, pledged to de-saffronise textbooks. Hindu groups alleged that the UPA promoted Marxist and pro-Muslim biases in school curricula.
India is the home and birthplace of four major religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, '' and also the home to Judaism and Christianity. All of these religions were passed down over time, not with the help of immigrants. Most people see India as being strongly based upon Hinduism, however, Hinduism can not be characterised as a religion. Millions of people in India have been taught through heritages, that Hinduism is a philosophy. "Hindu '' for many Persians and Arabs was not considered a religious word but as a geographical and cultural one used to describe the land next to the Indus River.
Communalism has played a key role in shaping the religious history of modern India. As an adverse result of the British Raj 's divide and rule policy, British India was partitioned along religious lines into two states -- the Muslim - majority Dominion of Pakistan (comprising what is now the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People 's Republic of Bangladesh) and the Hindu - majority Union of India (later the Republic of India). The 1947 Partition of India led to rioting amongst Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs in Punjab, Bengal, Delhi, and other parts of India; 500,000 died as a result of the violence. The twelve million refugees that moved between the newly founded nations of India and Pakistan composed one of the largest mass migrations in modern history. Since its independence, India has periodically witnessed large - scale violence sparked by underlying tensions between sections of its majority Hindu and minority Muslim communities. The Republic of India is secular; its government recognizes no official religion. According to Taslima Nasrin, most secular people in India are pro-Muslim and anti-Hindu.
Communal conflicts have periodically plagued India since it became independent in 1947. The roots of such strife lie largely in the underlying tensions between sections of its majority Hindu and minority Muslim communities, which emerged under the Raj and during the bloody Partition of India. Such conflict also stems from the competing ideologies of Hindu nationalism versus Islamic fundamentalism; both are prevalent in parts of the Hindu and Muslim populations. This issue has plagued India since before independence. The lack of education among the masses and the ease with which corrupt politicians can take advantage of the same has been attributed as the major reason for religious conflicts in India. Even though Freedom of religion is an integral part of the India constitution, the inability to hold communal mob 's accountable has limited the exercise of religious freedom in India.
Alongside other major Indian independence leaders, Mahatma Gandhi and his shanti sainiks ("peace soldiers '') worked to quell early outbreaks of religious conflict in Bengal, including riots in Calcutta (now in West Bengal) and Noakhali District (in modern - day Bangladesh) that accompanied Muhammad Ali Jinnah 's Direct Action Day, which was launched on 16 August 1946. These conflicts, waged largely with rocks and knives and accompanied by widespread looting and arson, were crude affairs. Explosives and firearms, which are rarely found in India, were far less likely to be used.
Major post-independence communal conflicts include the 1984 Anti-Sikh riots, which followed Operation Blue Star by the Indian Army; heavy artillery, tanks, and helicopters were employed against the Sikh partisans inside the Harmandir Sahib, causing heavy damage to Sikhism 's holiest Gurdwara. According to the Indian government estimates, the assault caused the deaths of up to 100 soldiers, 250 militants, and hundreds of civilians.
This triggered Indira Gandhi 's assassination by her outraged Sikh bodyguards on 31 October 1984, which set off a four - day period during which Sikhs were massacred; The Government of India reported 2,700 Sikh deaths however human rights organisations and newspapers report the death toll to be 10,000 -- 17,000. In the aftermath of the riot, the Government of India reported 20,000 had fled the city, however the PUCL reported "at least '' 50,000 displaced persons.
The most affected regions were neighbourhoods in Delhi. Human rights organisations and the newspapers believe the massacre was organised. The collusion of political officials in the massacres and the failure to prosecute any killers alienated normal Sikhs and increased support for the Khalistan movement. The Akal Takht, the governing religious body of Sikhism, considers the killings to be a genocide.
Other incidents include the 1992 Bombay riots that followed the demolition of the Babri Mosque as a result of the Ayodhya debate, and the 2002 Gujarat violence where more than 2,000 Muslims were killed and which was preceded by the Godhra Train Burning. Terrorist activities such as the 2005 Ram Janmabhoomi attack in Ayodhya, the 2006 Varanasi bombings, the 2006 Jama Masjid explosions, and the 11 July 2006 Mumbai Train Bombings are often blamed on communalism. Lesser incidents plague many towns and villages; representative was the killing of five people in Mau, Uttar Pradesh during Hindu - Muslim rioting, which was triggered by the proposed celebration of a Hindu festival.
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who agreed to the bill of rights as a compromise | Massachusetts compromise - wikipedia
The Massachusetts Compromise was a solution reached in a controversy between Federalists and Anti-Federalists over ratification of the United States Constitution. The compromise helped gather enough support for the Constitution to ensure its ratification and lead to the adoption of the first ten amendments, the Bill of Rights.
Anti-Federalists feared the Constitution would over-centralize government and diminish individual rights and liberties. They sought to amend the Constitution, particularly with a Bill of Rights as a condition before ratification. Federalists insisted that states had to accept or reject the document as written.
When efforts to ratify the Constitution encountered serious opposition in Massachusetts, two noted anti-Federalists, John Hancock and Samuel Adams, helped negotiate a compromise. The anti-Federalists agreed to support ratification, with the understanding that they would put forth recommendations for amendments should the document go into effect. The Federalists agreed to support the proposed amendments, specifically a bill of rights.
Following this compromise, Massachusetts voted to ratify the Constitution on February 6, 1788. Five states subsequently voted for ratification, four of which followed the Massachusetts model of recommending amendments along with their ratification.
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when was prisoner cell block h shown in uk | Prisoner (TV series) - Wikipedia
Elspeth Ballantyne Betty Bobbitt Sheila Florance Maggie Kirkpatrick Val Lehman Patsy King Gerda Nicolson Colette Mann Judith McGrath Joy Westmore Fiona Spence
Prisoner is an Australian television crime / drama soap opera serial, set in a fictional women 's prison / detention centre, named the "Wentworth Detention Centre ''. The series was shown in numerous countries, In the United States and the United Kingdom, due to a copyright injunction, it was titled as Prisoner: Cell Block H, with the same title and Caged Women in Canada. The series, produced by the Reg Grundy Organisation, aired on Network Ten for 692 episodes between 27 February 1979 and 11 December 1986. Originally, it was planned as a 16 - part stand alone series. The show had a cult following in numerous countries, particularly in Sweden, and launched various spin - offs including a stage play, tie - in novels and other merchandise
The show was inspired by the British television drama Within These Walls, which was moderately successful in Australia. UK - based ATV, considered the title too similar to their serial The Prisoner, hence the overseas broadcasters change of title. In March 2012 it was announced that Prisoner would be "reimagined '' on Foxtel in a new version, Wentworth.
Prisoner was created by Reg Watson, who had produced the British soap opera Crossroads from 1964 to 1973 and would create Australian soaps The Young Doctors, Sons and Daughters and Neighbours. Initially conceived as a 16 - episode series, the working title of the pilot episode was "Women Behind Bars ''. Its storylines focused on the lives of the prisoners and, to a lesser extent, the officers and other prison staff. When the initial episodes met an enthusiastic reception, it was felt that Prisoner could be developed into an ongoing soap opera. The early storylines were developed and expanded, with assistance from the Corrective Services Department.
The show 's themes, often radical, included feminism, homosexuality and social reform. Prisoner began in early 1979 with the advertising slogan, "If you think prison is hell for a man, imagine what it 's like for a woman ''. The series examined how women dealt with incarceration and separation from their families, and the common phenomenon of released inmates re-offending. Within the prison, major themes were interpersonal relationships, power struggles, friendships and rivalries. The prisoners became a surrogate family, with self - styled "Queen Bea '', Bea Smith and "Mum '' (Jeanette) Brooks central matriarch figures. Several lesbian characters, including prisoners Franky Doyle and Judy Bryant and officer Joan Ferguson, appeared on the show.
Viewers ' introduction to the Detention Centre featured the arrival of two new prisoners, Karen Travers (Peta Toppano) and Lynn Warner (Kerry Armstrong). Travers was charged with murdering her husband in self - defence, (the shower scene a nod to Alfred Hitchcocks classic Psycho) whilst Warner insisted she was innocent despite her conviction for the abduction and attempted murder of a child. Both women were sent to the prison 's maximum - security wing (H Block), where they were horrified by their new surroundings. Karen, confronted with a former lover -- prison doctor Greg Miller (Barry Quin) -- was sexually harassed by violent lesbian cellmate Franky Doyle (Carol Burns). Lynn was ostracised by the other prisoners because of her crime (prisoners are known for their intolerance of offenders against children) and terrorised by "Bea Smith (Val Lehman), who burnt her hand in the laundry 's steam press in one of the series ' most iconic early scenes.
Other, less volatile prisoners included elderly, garden - loving Jeanette "Mum '' Brooks (Mary Ward); who was incarcerated for the euthanasia of her husband who had terminal cancer, teddy - clutching misfit and childlike Doreen Anderson (Colette Mann), alcoholic former cook recidivist Lizzie Birdsworth (Sheila Florance), who apparently poisoned a group of shearers and seductive prostitute Marilyn Mason (Margaret Laurence), who seduced prison electrician Eddie Cook (Richard Moir). The prison officers or "screws '' as they were now by the women included firm - but - fair well - heeled governor Erica "Davo '' Davidson (Patsy King), dour deputy governor Vera Bennett (Fiona Spence, who was always wanting to become Governor and was nicknamed by Franky "Vinegar Tits '' and firm but compassionate senior officer Meg Jackson (later Morris) (Elspeth Ballantyne).
Early episodes featured a high level of violence: Lynn Warner 's burning; a prisoner hanging herself in her cell; unrequited lesbian love; a fatal stabbing, and a flashback sequence inspired by which Karen Travers stabbed her abusive husband to death in the shower. The series ' first major story arc was the turf war between Bea and Franky, in a bid to become the prisons "Top Dog '' (leader) culminating in a riot where Meg was held hostage and her husband -- prison psychiatrist Bill Jackson (Don Barker) -- was stabbed to death by inmate Chrissie Latham (Amanda Muggleton).
Prisoner premiered in Australia on 27 February 1979. Its success prompted the producers to extend the series, first from 16 to 20 episodes and then indefinitely. The production schedule increased from one to two hour - long episodes per week; Carol Burns left the show after 20 episodes, feeling that she could not continue playing Franky Doyle with the tighter schedule. She was written out of the show as an escapee from Wentworth with Doreen Anderson and shot dead by a police officer after being on the run for three weeks.
New story arcs were introduced. Karen Travers appealed against her sentence and was eventually released, allowing her to resume her relationship with Greg Miller and becoming involved in prison reform. As original characters began leaving the series (Mum Brooks, Lynn Warner, Karen and Greg appeared beyond the initial sixteen episodes, but most had left by the end of the 1979 season; Greg left in early 1980), new characters arrived: hulking husband - beater Monica Ferguson (Lesley Baker), career criminal Noeline Bourke (Jude Kuring), idealistic murdereress Roslyn Coulson (Sigrid Thornton) and imprisoned mother Pat O'Connell (Monica Maughan), in addition to shorter - term inmates with brief storylines. Prostitute Chrissie Latham, a minor character in the early episodes, returned in a more central antagonistic role and a male deputy governor, Jim Fletcher (Gerard Maguire), joined the female - dominated cast.
As Prisoner began its second year of production in 1980 the series formula was in place, with its characters a recognisable set of archetypes. The prison population consisted of a core group of sympathetic prisoners -- a top dog (Bea), an elderly inmate (Lizzie), a wayward youngster (Doreen) -- and other characters such as an antagonist who threatened the top dog, a middle - class prisoner out of her element, remand prisoners awaiting trial and heavies used as muscle.
After the departure of Franky, Karen and Lynn, Bea Smith, Doreen Burns (née Anderson) and Lizzie Birdsworth became the main front - line prisoners. By 1980, Bea, a tough, ambivalent, maternal leader, had softened by comparison with the 1979 episodes. The death of her teenage daughter Debbie (Cassandra Lehman) from a heroin overdose was her motivation for killing her husband when she was released early in the series and explained her hatred of drug offenders and clouded judgement when children were involved. Doreen, a well - meaning, inept tragicomic figure, was easily influenced by others. Lizzie, a mischievous, alcoholic old bitie with a bad heart, occasionally contemplated dying in prison. The three were joined early in 1980 by Judy Bryant (Betty Bobbitt), an American expatriate lesbian who got herself imprisoned to be with her girlfriend: scheming drug dealer Sharon Gilmour (Margot Knight). Initially introduced as a potential opponent of Bea, Judy became part of the core group of regulars (and Bea 's unofficial second - in - command), the show 's longest - serving inmate and the second - longest - running character (behind Elspeth Ballantyne as Meg Jackson - Morris).
The mix of officers also established a template of character types. Progressive governor Erica Davidson 's approach to the job was to the right of warm - hearted warder Meg Jackson but to the left of the acidic Vera Bennett, with firm - but - fair deputy governor Jim Fletcher often switching sides between Vera and Meg. Erica faced an uphill battle with untenable directives from her superiors at the Department of Corrective Services, represented by Ted Douglas (writer Ian Smith, the show 's script editor for most of its run). Storylines dealing with the prisoners ' everyday lives were cyclical: harsh treatment leading to prisoner resistance, followed by concessions and freedom (exploited by the prisoners, requiring stricter discipline).
Capitalising on the voyeuristic appeal of showcasing female prison life, Prisoner 's storylines had familiar elements: smuggling, personality clashes, staff politics, prisoner resistance in the form of strikes and riots and a variety of issue - based court cases, police investigations and escapes. It made extensive use of cliffhangers, with dramatic escapes, crimes and catastrophes befalling the prison and its inhabitants. Plots also ventured outside Wentworth, with episodes about the officers ' private lives and the efforts of newly released prisoners to adjust to life outside (including forces leading to recidivism). Bea Smith was released during the opening episodes; and with nothing and no - one on the outside since the drug - related death of her daughter Debbie, she shot her estranged husband dead, ensuring her imprisonment for life. The elderly Lizzie was released when new evidence proved her to be innocent of the poisoning for which she had served twenty years. With no place for her on the outside, Lizzie committed a petty offence to return to her "home '' at Wentworth. Although the series had upbeat storylines (such as Karen Travers ' in 1979), for characters like Bea and Lizzie prison was the only option.
Notable storylines during the show 's Bea - Lizzie - and - Doreen era (late 1979 to late 1981) included the 1979 cliffhanger about a terrorist raid on the prison, during which governor Erica was shot and wounded. A long - running story arc involved Judy vendetta against corrupt male warder Jock Stewart (Tommy Dysart) after he murdered her lover, Sharon Gilmour, by pushing her down a flight of stairs. Angry at a cover - up (a verdict of accidental death, and Jock suspended), the women staged a rooftop protest in which Noeline Bourke 's daughter Leanne (Tracey - Jo Riley) fell to her death. Judy 's efforts to avenge Sharon 's death and exact vengeance against Jock included escaping and working as a prostitute to find and kill Jock and a final confrontation when she was out on parole, which ended when Jock fell down a flight of stairs and was left permanently paralysed. For the 1980 cliffhanger, Bea, Lizzie and Doreen are trapped in an underground tunnel after a mass - escape plan goes awry.
When Prisoner reached its 200th episode Bea developed amnesia, with no memory of her imprisonment, after a car crash during a transfer from Barnhurst. Bea looked for Mum, going from one old address to the next. She found Mum, who offered help to her "sick friend ''. Mum told parole officer Meg that Bea sought her help the night before and Meg told Mum she must inform the police, since Mum was on parole. The police raid Mum, Meg and Bea, and Bea and Mum were returned to Wentworth.
After a long holiday break, Prisoner moved to an earlier time slot in the Melbourne area: Tuesdays and Wednesdays at 19: 30. After a recap of the 1980 season on 3 February 1981, the series resumed with episode 166 the following evening. From episode 205, it returned to its original 20: 30 timeslot. During the second half of the 1981 season Vera (Vinegar Tits) Bennett left, written out when she became governor of Barnhurst. Supporting characters complementing the lead ensemble gained importance. The officers ranks were augmented by sarcastic, militant union representative Colleen Powell (Judith McGrath) and bespectacled, ineffectual Joyce Barry (Joy Westmore). Colleen benefited from the departures of Vera and later Jim Fletcher, taking over as deputy governor when Meg Morris turned down the job. Chrissie Latham, Margo Gaffney and Helen Smart (Caroline Gillmer) became central characters.
In late 1981 Bea, Lizzie, Doreen and Judy receded into the background. Bea was hospitalised for a kidney transplant operation, Lizzie was briefly paroled, and Doreen and Judy were temporarily transferred to Barnhurst. The storylines shifted to three new characters; cocky moll Sandy Edwards (Louise Le Nay) and intelligent, enigmatic Kate Peterson (Olivia Hamnett) were convicted of murder and cunning, villainous career criminal Marie Winter (Maggie Millar) was transferred from Barnhurst. In the 1981 cliffhanger, Marie manipulated Sandy into starting a riot to protest increasingly - oppressive prison conditions following new directives from the Department. With a copy of the prison keys and improvised weapons, Sandy lead the women through the prison; in the subsequent siege, rookie officers Janet Conway (Kate Sheil) and Steve Faulkner (Wayne Jarratt) were taken hostage.
The first few months of 1982 focused on power struggles, schemes and double - crossing by Sandy, Marie and Kate, including several murder attempts. As Sandy and Marie competed for top - dog position, Kate plotted her release from Wentworth by playing different sides against each other. When they were written out of the show, its focus returned to Bea and company.
In 1982, a formidable new officer, Joan "the Freak '' Ferguson (Maggie Kirkpatrick), arrived. Imposing her will with black - leather - gloves, she molested prisoners during spurious "body searches '' and took a cut of all prison rackets, Ferguson was as cold, calculating and sinister as the worst prisoners but was on the other side of the bars and therefore untouchable.
Bea and Joan became deadly enemies. Joan schemed to beat Bea and Bea plotted to oust Joan, beginning a new story arc in which the women of Wentworth try to get rid of the Freak. But Ferguson was n't going anywhere, having swiftly become an integral presence in the show, and increasingly its most iconic character much like J.R. Ewing in Dallas or Alexis Colby in Dynasty. The officers (particularly Meg Morris) recognized Ferguson 's nature and unsuccessfully attempted to expose her; resulting in the resignation of Steve Faulkner.
Chrissie Latham and Margo Gaffney returned to the show, and Doreen and Judy were released from Wentworth. Doreen left the series; while Judy took charge of a halfway house for recently released prisoners, named "Driscoll House '' after its first resident Susie Driscoll (Jacqui Gordon). The storylines were divided between the prison and the halfway house, allowing the series to explore issue - based plots on the outside through the Driscoll House residents. Doomed heroin addict Donna Mason (Arkie Whiteley) featured as a remand prisoner and temporary resident of Driscoll House. Young biker Maxine Daniels (Lisa Crittenden) joined the regular cast, flitting between Driscoll and Wentworth.
The main storyline was the ongoing animosity between Bea Smith and Joan Ferguson. Their enmity peaked for the 1982 season cliffhanger, in which Bea lured the Freak into a trap by claiming that Ferguson 's diaries, which contained incriminating evidence, had been hidden by white - collar criminal Barbara Fields (Susan Guerin). As a diversion, Chrissie Latham lit a small fire in the prison library. Margo Gaffney started a larger, turpentine - fed fire in a storeroom.
The storeroom fire raged as Bea and Joan battled it out in the isolation wing; Bea strangled Joan with the intention of killing her and Barbara Fields retrieved the diaries from the governor 's office. The fire triggered the riot alarm, locking down the burning prison. Fields, overcome by smoke, collapsed in the governor 's office as flames surrounded her (and the diaries); two other inmates, Heather "Mouse '' Trapp (Jentah Sobott) and Paddy Lawson (Anna Hruby), were trapped. Paddy escaped through the air ducts, and a panicking Mouse died in the fire as governor Erica Davidson attempted to unlock the gates.
Ferguson regained consciousness and attacked Bea, beating her unconscious. Ferguson soon realised that an unresponsive Bea had her keys with Ferguson trapped on the other side of the locked gate. In the episode 's final scene, Joan, Bea and Paddy were trapped in the burning building.
The 1983 season began with Paddy crawling through the air ducts and finding Bea and Joan; they escaped through the roof. The season was characterised by short - term characters and storylines, anchored by the rivalry between Bea and the Freak. Chrissie, Margo and Erica left the series; while callous, menacing and brutal double murderess Nola McKenzie (Carole Skinner) became a new adversary for Bea and a partner in crime for Joan. The first prisoner to actively collude with the Freak, she began running contraband rackets, plotting to seize power from the "good '' top dog. Bea briefly escaped from Wentworth, contacting Doreen (Colette Mann).
The Bea - Joan - Nola conflict peaked shortly after Bea was returned to the prison. Joan and Nola attempted to drive Bea to suicide by evoking the memory of her dead daughter Debbie, coercing tarot - reading medium and remand prisoner Zara Moonbeam (Ilona Rodgers) to assist them. The plan backfired and it was Nola, not Bea, whose body was removed from Wentworth. A few months later, Joan triumphed over Bea and had her old enemy transferred to Barnhurst. After playing Bea Smith for 400 episodes, Val Lehman had tired of the role and resigned. Actress Sheila Florance left shortly afterwards, leading to the departure of Lizzie, leaving only Elspeth Ballantyne (Meg Morris, formerly Jackson) as the sole remaining original cast member. In the 1983 cliffhanger, Lizzie was waiting to hear if she has been paroled and subsequently found a body in the prison yard; new officer David Bridges admitted to the murder and told Lizzie she would "be set free ''.
Prisoner returned in 1984 with new characters gaining prominent roles in the series. Ann Reynolds (Gerda Nicolson) replaced Erica as a spirited, no - nonsense governor. Prisoner Phyllis Hunt (Reylene Pearce) received an expanded role amidst new arrivals: dreamy, romantic serial bigamist "Pixie '' Mason (Judy McBurney) and cool, villainous vice queen Sonia Stevens (Tina Bursill). Judy Bryant was brought back into Wentworth as stopgap top dog, the Driscoll House storyline being phased out after Judy euthanized terminally - ill former inmate Hazel Kent (Belinda Davey). Department boss Ted Douglas, was exposed as corrupt, left the series and was briefly replaced by Erica.
The Freak briefly becomes governor when Ann Reynolds was recovering from breast cancer and Colleen Powell was discredited. Erica helped expose Ferguson, and Mrs. Powell was reinstated. Mrs. Powell 's family was then murdered in an explosion, in a storyline similar to Jim Fletcher 's.
Additions to the cast included Cass Parker (Babs McMillan), whose slow wit and gentle nature was offset by her strength and temper; middle - aged con artist Minnie Donovan (Wendy Playfair), and volatile - but - vulnerable street kid Bobbie Mitchell (Maxine Klibingaitis). The season 's major players were Reb Kean (Janet Andrewartha), a dynamic - but - troubled young armed robber who turned to crime in rebelling against her wealthy family, and the series ' new top dog: Myra Desmond (Anne Phelan), a thoughtful, tough former Wentworth prisoner who had appeared sporadically as a representative of the Prison Reform Group and was now imprisoned for killing her husband (despite saying in episode 223 that she was not married). Reb and Myra became enemies of the Freak and each other. During the season 's first half, departed characters made return appearances: Wally Wallace (Alan Hopgood), Helen Smart, Erica Davidson, Doreen Burns, Margo Gaffney, Tracy Morris (played by a different actress) and Marie Winter.
This season and the following one were characterised by cast reshuffles. Midseason saw the exits of Minnie Donovan, Sonia Stevens, Cass Parker and long - time deputy governor Colleen Powell. Juvenile prankster Marlene Warren (Genevieve Lemon) and elderly inmate Dot Farrar (Alethea McGrath) were new arrivals. Enduring inmates introduced during this period were sneering troublemaker Lou Kelly (Louise Siversen), who developed from a bit player to a sociopathic wannabe top dog and the series ' main villain; dopey Alice "Lurch '' Jenkins (Lois Collinder) and streetwise card sharp Lexie Patterson (Pepe Trevor), who dressed like Boy George until the Freak cut her hair.
Prisoner became increasingly violent. In the 1983 cliffhanger, recent "escapes '' from the prison were a series of murders by the psychotic David Bridges (David Waters). Twisted psychologist Jonathan Edmonds (Bryan Marshall) arrived at Wentworth to conduct research and brainwashed Cass Parker into trying to kill best friend, Bobbie Mitchell. During her final stint in 1984, the villainous Marie colluded with the Freak and organised another riot, ravaging H Block to ensure the dismissal of an already reprimanded Ann Reynolds so Ferguson would take over as governor of Wentworth; when this failed, Winter subsequently escaped, hanging from the landing gear of a low - flying helicopter.
Serial murderess Bev "the Beast '' Baker (Maggie Dence) terrorised staff and inmates with thrill - seeking antics, which included nearly throttling Marlene; cutting Bobbie hands with a razor blade, stabbing a visiting social worker in the heart with a knitting needle and, finally, committing suicide by injecting herself with an empty hypodermic syringe. Meg was raped in her home by a masked intruder, on the orders of psychopathic inmate Angel Adams (Kylie Foster). Joan Ferguson faced off against murderous male counterpart Len Murphy (Maurie Fields) in a bad - screw turf war. A trio of male inmates -- Geoff McRae (Leslie Dayman), Matt Delaney (Peter Bensley) and Frank Burke (Trevor Kent) -- were introduced, transferred to Wentworth for their safety after preventing an escape at their men 's prison. Near the end of the season, as Myra and Reb had a final confrontation over the top - dog position Ann Reynolds received poison - pen letters and death threats. She and Meg were kidnapped, left gagged and bound in a crumbling warehouse laden with bombs and trip - wire booby - traps. In the season cliffhanger, Myra revealed that Reb was a fake and newly arrived inmate Yemil Bakarta (Maria Mercedes) ran to the recreation room to tell them to save Pixie as Lou, Alice and Frances Harvey (Wanda Davidson) were beating her in her cell.
The 1985 season began with Reb being transferred to Blackmoor after fighting with Myra and promising Joan that she would be back for her. Pixie Mason was raped by male inmate Frank Burke, and lapsed into a coma. McRae had an affair with Myra, and Delaney married Marlene. Lou tried several times to kill Myra in her bid to become top dog, and tried to kill Joan Ferguson with a home - made gun.
Around episode 534, Delaney and Warren 's prison wedding coincided with the departure of a number of characters: the male prisoners, Marlene Warren and Judy Bryant. The Freak was hospitalised for emergency brain surgery when she experienced blackouts after Frank dropped a prison - library bookcase on her head. The women (led by Myra) used this in an unsuccessful plan to get rid of her, beating Lou and framing Joan for the assault. Joan was fired until a penitent nun, inmate Sister Anita Selby (Diane Craig), spilled the beans to Ann Reynolds. The Freak was reinstated amid stricter security, and Reynolds refused to acknowledge Desmond as top dog following the incident.
Episode 536 was a flashback episode, with clips from the show 's past as the remaining women reminisce. A mass transfer from Barnhurst after a riot, fire and the off - screen death of Bea Smith introduced five new inmates: Nora Flynn (Sonja Tallis), a reformed triple murderer; aging cat burglar May Collins (Billie Hammerberg) and her partner in crime, former fence Willie Beecham (Kirsty Child, who played a corrupt prison officer who was later incarcerated and murdered in the prison in early episodes); garden - loving misfit Daphne Graham (Debra Lawrance) and the shy, intelligent thief Julie Egbert (Jackie Woodburne).
The Ballinger siege story arc, which began with the introduction of the Barnhurst Five, happened when staff and inmates were held hostage by armed mercenaries who broke into the prison to free remand prisoner Ruth Ballinger (Lindy Davies) on the orders of her drug - baron husband. Surrounded by police, the mercenaries took the women and officers Joan Ferguson and Joyce Barry captive and threatened to shoot a hostage every hour until they received safe passage out of the country. The siege ended in an airfield shoot - out with Joan as a hostage and the shocking death of Myra Desmond, who gave her life to save the other women.
Other characters introduced during the season were Ann 's daughter Pippa (Christine Harris) and her former schoolmate, Jenny Hartley (Jenny Lovell), who ended up in H Block on remand when she was accused of murdering her wealthy grandmother. Meg became engaged to fellow officer Dennis Cruickshank, but the relationship ended when escapee Frank shot and paralysed Cruickshank. Fellow officer Joyce left her husband (who died soon afterwards) and moved in with prison chef Mervin Pringle Ernie Bourne); they married during the final season. Joan began an ill - fated relationship with fellow officer Terri Malone (Margot Knight, (who previously played inmate Sharon Gilmour). Six months later the Barnhurst Five was down to one, when May was killed and Willie pardoned; both were released to participate in a police sting which went awry. Of the Barnhurst transferees, only Julie remained in the series. Terri, Pippa and Jenny left in quick succession soon after Pippa married lawyer Ben Fulbright (Kevin Summers).
Storylines after the siege were lower - key, with Nora Flynn a peaceable top dog after Myra 's death. By the end of the season, the story arcs became livelier and included the return of Reb Kean as a timid, meek figure after 27 rounds of ECT and torture at Blackmoor. Officer Joyce Barry was severely beaten by Eve Wilder (Lynda Stoner), who framed the forgetful Reb. Ann Reynolds questioned her position after May Collins ' death, and she resigned as governor. Nora Flynn, tired of the prison 's power struggles, escaped and was murdered by a criminal - hating psychotic. In the season 's cliffhanger Eve Wilder 's lawyer, David Adams, told her he can no longer continue with her case and shot himself.
Prisoner 's last season revolved around the conflict between the Freak and a new challenger, brash biker Rita "The Beater '' Connors (Glenda Linscott), who takes over as top dog after previous incumbent Lou Kelly clashed with temporary governor Bob Moran (Peter Adams) and incited a riot. Following the episode - 600 riot Alice Jenkins became friends with Rita, who formed a prison gang (the Wentworth Warriors) which included Lexie Patterson, Julie Egbert Jackie Woodburne, demure housewife Nancy McCormack (Julia Blake, on remand for killing her husband but covering up for her son), biker chick "Roach '' Waters (Linda Hartley) and con artist Lorelei Wilkinson (Paula Duncan). After working with former inmate Ettie Parslow running a block of flats for wayward youngsters, Ann Reynolds returned to Wentworth as governor. Bob Moran was made her deputy and Meg Morris was demoted, this was reversed after a wildcat strike action organised by the Freak. Shortly afterwards, the Freak deposed Meg Morris and became deputy governor against Ann Reynolds ' wishes. Ferguson began plotting to bring down Reynolds, working with the Minister for Corrective Services, Julie Egbert 's future mother - in - law and corrupt inmates to win the governorship. She briefly obtained Reynolds ' job, until the Minister began to realise she was not to be trusted. Rita 's gang burnt down Ferguson 's uninsured house in retaliation, leaving Ferguson turning to male friend Andrew for support. After Ferguson refused to be blackmailed into bringing heroin into the prison Andrew was murdered, and she turned to the police. Julie Egbert was transferred to Barnhurst after her wedding to doctor - turned - prison - handyman Steve Ryan (Peter Hayes).
In addition to the Freak, Rita 's other adversary was Kath Maxwell (Kate Hood), a middle - class friend of Bob Moran who retaliated against Rita for her brutal initiation to prison life because of her crime: the mercy killing of her terminally - ill daughter. Kath became a strong contender for the top - dog role with her monopoly on prison contraband rackets, and was supported by comic - loving cellmate Merle Jones (Rosanne Hull - Brown). Other inmates to arrive in 1986 included sneering racketeer Rose "Spider '' Simpson (Taya Straton) and blackmailing call - girl Lisa Mullins (Nicki Paull and Terrie Waddell). Kath 's relationship with Moran lead to his resignation from Wentworth. The officers ' ranks were bolstered by three trainees: Meg Morris ' son Marty Jackson (Michael Winchester), Delia Stout (Desiree Smith) and Rodney Adams (Philip Hyde), who began to emulate Ferguson in an attempt to climb the ladder at Wentworth.
Rita tried several times to murder the Freak, sabotaging a work - release project on a boat, stranding the women and leaving Ferguson lost when she went for help. While in charge of Wentworth for a day, the Freak transferred Rita to Blackmoor, where she encountered the sadistic governor Ernest Craven (Ray Meagher). After inciting a riot at the prison in which her brother was shot dead, Rita started a fire which lead to the mass transfer of prisoners to Wentworth. Craven conspired with Ferguson to oust Reynolds once and for all. He ordered the brutal rape of Lorelei Wilkinson, threatening to kill her child unless she covered for him. Reynolds was dismissed, and Ferguson became governor. Craven tried to kill Rita, which lead to his death at the hands of Wilkinson (who became catatonic and was transferred to a mental hospital). Young aboriginal inmate Sarah West and her social worker, Pamela Madigan (a friend of Ann Reynolds) were subjected to extreme racism; when Craven arrived at Wentworth, Madigan had West transferred to Barnhurst for her own safety. With Craven dead, Ferguson dismissed Meg Morris, Joyce Pringle and Marty Jackson, who conspired to expose her corruption. With the help of an investigative TV show, Ann Reynolds reinstated as governor with Meg as her deputy and all return to the prison. Ferguson resigned, but on learning that former prisoner Willie Beecham was a powerful businesswoman who had blacklisted Ferguson from all employment, Ferguson threatened the Minister with exposure and was reinstated as an officer at Wentworth.
Ratings had been declining for some time, continuing to fall in 1986, and Network Ten decided in July not to renew the series. Production ended on 5 September, and the final episode aired on 11 December 1986. The producers had several weeks ' notice that the series was ending, enabling them to construct strong concluding storylines (including the ultimate defeat of Joan "the Freak '' Ferguson). Prisoner 's final episodes dealt with the redemption of the misunderstood Kath Maxwell and concluded the ongoing dynamic between Rita Connors and Joan Ferguson. Diagnosed with terminal cancer, Rita conspires with a disillusioned Joan to rob a building society but all was not what it seemed.
A pilot for an unproduced American version of Prisoner was produced in 1980, entitled "Willow B: Women in Prison ''. The cast included Ruth Roman, Virginia Capers, Carol Lynley, and Sally Kirkland. The pilot aired on ABC - TV on 29 June 1980.
In March 2012, it was announced that Foxtel would produce a contemporary "re-imagining '' of Prisoner, Wentworth, set in modern - day Australia. Wentworth recounts the rise of Bea Smith (Danielle Cormack) from her arrival at Wentworth as a remand prisoner to "top dog ''. The series is filmed at a new, purpose - built prison set in the Melbourne suburb of Clayton.
Wentworth features contemporary versions of vintage characters along with new characters. Characters and cast members include Bea Smith (Danielle Cormack), crime matriarch Jacs Holt (Kris McQuade), Liz Birdsworth (Celia Ireland), Doreen Anderson (Shareena Clanton), Franky Doyle (Nicole da Silva), Sue "Boomer '' Jenkins (Katrina Milosevic), social worker Erica Davidson (Leeanna Walsman), officer Will Jackson (Robbie Magasiva), officer Matthew Fletcher (Aaron Jeffery), deputy governor Vera Bennett (Kate Atkinson), and governor Meg Jackson (Catherine McClements).
None of the original cast was initially scheduled to return for the first series, but on 29 November 2012 it was confirmed that Anne Charleston (who appeared in the original series) would make a guest appearance. Wentworth premiered in Australia on Foxtel 's SoHo channel on 1 May 2013. On 5 June 2013, it was announced that Foxtel had ordered a second season.
In 1980 Saturday Night Live aired a parody of the series, "Debs Behind Bars ''. In the sketch, the inmates (including guest host Teri Garr) are spoiled debutantes who complain about "icky '' living conditions in prison. During the early 1990s, Seven Network 's comedy sketch program Fast Forward parodied Prisoner; Gina Riley (Bea Smith), Jane Turner (Lizzie Birdsworth), Magda Szubanski (Doreen) and Marg Downey as officer (Joan Ferguson) gave scenes from the series a comedic twist.
In 1991, Prisoner was reprised for the American market as Dangerous Women. The US version borrowed heavily from the Australian original for characters. In Dangerous Women the emphasis was outside the prison, focusing on the prisoner relationships in a halfway house. It is remembered now mainly for the early appearance of actor Casper Van Dien in the role of Brad Morris. In 1997 Prisoner was revised in a German - language version, Hinter Gittern -- Der Frauenknast (Behind Bars). The series ran from 1997 to 2007, for 16 series and 403 episodes.
There have been several tie - in books and video and DVD releases. Prisoner 's theme song ("On the Inside '', sung by Lynne Hamilton) reached number one in Australia in 1979 and peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart in 1989. "On the Inside '' was re-released as a digital download and CD single in March 2012. The song was featured as a B - side on punkabilly group The Living End 's EP, Second Solution / Prisoner of Society.
In 1980 the Prisoner cast, led by Equity representative Val Lehman (Bea Smith), went on strike due to the content of tie - in paperback novels in the United States: soft - core pornography at odds with the series. Six books were published: Prisoner: Cell Block H, The Franky Doyle Story, The Karen Travers Story, The Frustrations of Vera, The Reign of Queen Bea and The Trials of Erica.
Two behind - the - scenes books were published in the UK during the early 1990s. Prisoner: Cell Block H -- Behind the Scenes was written by Terry Bourke and published by Angus & Robertson Publishers, who published similar books about Neighbours and Home and Away. Bourke documents the show 's genesis and development, and the book has many stills and character profiles. Hilary Kingsley 's Prisoner Cell Block H -- The Inside Story emphasises plot and characters. Both are rife with factual and typographical errors.
A limited - edition book, The Inside Story, was published in 2007 as part of the full - series DVD release in Australia. Written by TV journalists Andrew Mercado and Michael Idato, the commemorative book has the series ' background, year - by - year storylines, character details and quotes by cast and crew. It was available as part of The Complete Collection DVD set. Behind the Bars, a companion book, was published in summer 2013.
The complete series of Prisoner is available on DVD format in both Australia and the United Kingdom. On Region 4 in Australia, distribution company Shock Records released the series over forty volumes, and a complete collection, comprising these volumes; the UK editions, from FremantleMedia, made the series available over twenty volumes (doubling - up on the Australian sets). In 2016, ViaVision acquired the rights to re-release the series in Australia and made the decision to release the series in their original season formats. See above for a full listing of VHS and DVD sets available. The following is an overview of Prisoner releases in their seasons formats.
The show has a cult following in Sweden, where it has been shown on TV4 beginning in 7 September 1994 as Kvinnofängelset (Women 's Prison). A fan club organises an annual get - together, and collected several thousand signatures (including that of actress Elspeth Ballantyne) to convince TV4 to repeat the show in 2000. After the series ended that year, work began to persuade TV4 to air the show again. TV4 originally screened the series in a late - night (01: 00) slot three times a week, on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, airing the final episode on 3 February 2000. During a repeat run from 2000 to October 2004, Prisoner aired at 02: 15 four times a week: Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays. The episodes were repeated over the weekend: the Monday and Tuesday episodes on Friday and the other two on Saturday. In May 2014 TV4 Guld began rerunning the series again Monday to Thursday at 22: 00, with episode 32 shown on 3 July. The broadcast schedule was later changed to five nights a week at 00.00. Season 8 started airing on Sjuan in September 2017 at 15.00.
A stage version of Prisoner, based on the original scripts, was produced in 1989 and toured the United Kingdom. Elspeth Ballantyne (Meg Morris) and Patsy King (Erica Davidson) reprised their characters and Glenda Linscott (Rita Connors) played a new character, Angela Mason. A second tour, with Fiona Spence (Vera Bennett) and Jane Clifton (Margo Gaffney), followed in 1990; Jacqui Gordon (Susie Driscoll) played new character Kath Evans.
A musical version followed, with Maggie Kirkpatrick reprising her role as Joan (the Freak) Ferguson and Lily Savage as an inmate. The musical, a parody of Prisoner 's kitschier aspects, toured and had a West End run in 1995 and 1997. Val Lehman (Bea) was critical of the production, questioning why a drag queen would be in a women 's prison.
Due to Prisoner 's popularity in the UK during the late 1980s, its British fan club organised personal - appearance tours for several actresses including Val Lehman (Bea Smith), Carol Burns (Franky Doyle), Betty Bobbitt (Judy Bryant), Sheila Florance (Lizzie Birdsworth), Amanda Muggleton (Chrissie Latham) and Judy McBurney (Pixie Mason). A TV special, The Great Escape, was produced in 1990. The programme, which featured Val Lehman, Sheila Florance, Amanda Muggleton and Carol Burns on their 1990 UK visit, includes extensive footage of their on - stage interview with TV presenter Anna Soubry in which the cast members discuss their time on the series. Recorded at the Derby Assembly Rooms in Derby, it was briefly available in the UK on VHS video.
Several Prisoner actors have appeared in British stage drama and pantomime, including Val Lehman (The Wizard of Oz, Beatrix Potter and Misery), Peta Toppano, Fiona Spence, Maggie Dence (Bev Baker), Debra Lawrance (Daphne Graham), Linda Hartley (Roach Waters), Ian Smith (Ted Douglas) and Maggie Millar (Marie Winter). In 1997 a Prisoner clip from its second episode (Franky Doyle and Lynn Warner 's fight in the garden) appeared on the BBC sitcom Birds of a Feather, and the series was mentioned several times during Birds of a Feather 's seven - and - a-half - year run. The theme song was played briefly in episode three of BBC sitcom One Foot in the Grave. Prisoner has also been referenced in British sitcoms 2Point4 Children, Absolutely Fabulous and Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps, as well as the soap operas Coronation Street, Brookside, and EastEnders.
Prisoner began airing on Yorkshire Television in October 1984, with the service cutting scenes involving hanging (including the attempted hanging of Sandy Edwards and the hanging of Eve Wilder). Yorkshire also heavily edited the episode - 326 fight scene with Joan and Bea. Several other regions also cut scenes deemed inappropriate despite its time slot, well past the 21: 00 watershed.
The TVS region followed in October 1985. In 1987 Central, Thames, Scottish and TSW began the series; most other regions began broadcasting it in 1988, nearly two years after it finished production). Ulster began broadcasting Prisoner in late 1989.
Each ITV region decided when (and how often) Prisoner would be broadcast. Channel Television began the series on 16 January 1986 with episode 10, when it aligned its schedule with TVS; it was previously aligned with TSW. Regional alignment meant that around the end of 1992, some episodes were skipped; Tyne Tees skipped 293 and 294 and Border Television omitted 71 episodes, 477 to 547.
Central Television increased to three episodes weekly, finishing on 16 December 1991 before rerunning it. Most other stations also completed the series: Granada Television and Border Television on 9 February 1995, Grampian Television on 11 March 1996, HTV on 25 April 1996, STV on 19 November 1996, Yorkshire Television and Tyne Tees Television on 7 April 1997. When Border, Grampian and Granada TV screened the final episode in the UK, continuity announcer John McKenzie conducted a telephone interview with Maggie Kirkpatrick (Joan "the Freak '' Ferguson).
Some UK regions did not see the entire series; in Ulster, Prisoner ended with episode 562 on 15 December 1997. In London, where the series ran on Thames and Carlton Television, viewers were told after episode 598 on 20 August 1998 that the series would resume after a summer break; it resumed at a later date. The last ITV Prisoner episode was shown on Meridian (formerly TVS), which finished an initial run with episode 586 on 12 July 1999.
The ITV regions inserted two commercial breaks into each episode, for three parts per show. The breaks were usually inserted at the second and fourth breaks in Australia. At the end of the show, the cliffhanger would lead into the end credits (unlike Australia, where a sixth break was inserted on later episodes). The Australian sponsorship was removed from the end credits; the picture would blank for a moment before resuming at the Reg Grundy and copyright pages, as the song continued uninterrupted. The time lost to the sponsorship removals resulted in the closing - credits tune seldom being played in full.
Early on 31 March 1997 Channel 5, which had begun broadcasting at 18: 00 the previous evening, began a full run of Prisoner while later episodes were still appearing in many ITV regions. Except for an airing of the fire episode (326), as part of a 1995 Channel 4 soap weekend, it was the series ' first UK network broadcast and gave some areas their first full run of the series. Although the schedule varied during the Channel 5 run, episodes were typically shown about five times a week in the 04: 40 slot. It briefly moved to a late - night slot, usually around 23: 30, before returning to the 04: 40 slot. The Channel 5 run ended on 11 February 2001, with a double bill of the penultimate and final episodes. Channel 5 have no plans to re-run the series, despite viewer requests. For most of the Channel 5 run the programme was sponsored by Pot Noodle, with humorous Prisoner-esque sequences (set in a prison cell and playing on the series ' wobbly scenery and props) played before and after the episodes and in the leads into and out of commercial breaks.
The Channel 5 broadcasts included commentary over the closing credits, usually from chief continuity announcer Bill Buckley but sometimes from deputy announcers such as Stuart McWilliam. This began in the early - 100s episodes (when Prisoner briefly moved to the late - night slot), when Buckley would deliver a quip about the episode before making continuity announcements. This developed into humorous observations about the episode just shown, and the reading of letters and depicting of trivia sent in by viewers (which Buckley called "snippets ''). Due to its early - morning slot, when most viewers relied on VCRs to follow the series, upcoming schedule changes were announced as part of the commentary.
As Prisoner: Cell Block H, the series was first aired on KTLA in Los Angeles on 8 August 1979. Shown Wednesdays at 8 pm, it was the first Australian series broadcast in prime time in the United States.
During the early - 1980s (particularly 1980 - 1981), the series was syndicated on a station - to - station basis. Known stations to have aired Prisoner: Cell Block H included WPIX in New York City, WGN - TV in Chicago, WLVI in Boston; KYW - TV in Philadelphia, KTVU in the San Francisco Bay Area, KOB - TV in Albuquerque, WTOG in St. Petersburg / Tampa, Florida, KPHO in Phoenix and WTTG in Washington, D.C.. Episodes of Prisoner: Cell Block H were cut to 30 minutes including commercials, though it is unknown if the original episodes were halved, or if some scenes were removed for the US telecast.
Later in the decade, the series was screened nationally on USA Network.
In Canada, Prisoner began airing at the end of 1979 as Caged Women on Global Television Network, at the time a small television network serving Ontario.
The series began in New Zealand in May 1981 on TV One, showing twice a week at 14: 30, and was later rerun on SKY 1.
In South Africa, public television network SABC 1 began airing the series in 1998, screening Thursday nights at 21: 00 and a repeat showing Fridays at 10: 45; it was cancelled on 2 October 2000, after episode 156.
Network Ten began rerunning Prisoner on 8 May 1995; the series was cancelled, despite promises that it would return after the 1996 Christmas break. BBC UKTV began airing it from the beginning on 30 November 1997, at 00: 15 on Tuesday and Thursday and 23: 30 on Saturday and Sunday. A repeat was broadcast at 14: 00 on Monday.
The 111 channel began the series at 18: 30 AEDT on 7 March 2011, moving to 17: 30 AEDT on 10 December 2012; each episode was repeated the following afternoon, and the final episode aired on 11 November 2013. The next day, the channel returned to episode one at 15: 00 AEDT, moving to 13: 00 AEST on 7 July 2014. Foxtel holds unlimited screening rights to the series until 2017, and the series ' popularity on 111 inspired plans for a modern - day remake.
Believing that Prisoner would resonate with new audiences, in 2010 111 group programming director Darren Chau planned to replay the series against the introduction of digital channel Eleven and Network Ten 's plan to move Neighbours to Eleven. The channel ran a promotional campaign highlighting the rerun, with a new version of the theme song by Ella Hooper and a cast reunion.
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where was the worlds most ancient museum situated | Museum - wikipedia
A museum (/ mjuːˈziːəm / mew - ZEE - əm; plural musea or museums) is an institution that cares for (conserves) a collection of artifacts and other objects of artistic, cultural, historical, or scientific importance. Many public museums make these items available for public viewing through exhibits that may be permanent or temporary. The largest museums are located in major cities throughout the world, while thousands of local museums exist in smaller cities, towns and rural areas. Museums have varying aims, ranging from serving researchers and specialists to serving the general public. The goal of serving researchers is increasingly shifting to serving the general public.
There are many types of museums, including art museums, natural history museums, science museums, war museums, and children 's museums. Amongst the world 's largest and most visited museums are the Louvre in Paris, the National Museum of China in Beijing, the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., the British Museum and National Gallery in London, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and Vatican Museums in Vatican City.
As of the 2010s, the continuing acceleration in the digitization of information, combined with the increasing capacity of digital information storage, is causing the traditional model of museums (i.e. as static bricks - and - mortar "collections of collections '' of three - dimensional specimens and artifacts) to expand to include virtual exhibits and high - resolution images of their collections that patrons can peruse, study, and explore from any place with Internet. According to The World Museum Community, there are more than 55,000 museums in 202 countries.
The English "museum '' comes from the Latin word, and is pluralized as "museums '' (or rarely, "musea ''). It is originally from the Ancient Greek Μουσεῖον (Mouseion), which denotes a place or temple dedicated to the Muses (the patron divinities in Greek mythology of the arts), and hence a building set apart for study and the arts, especially the Musaeum (institute) for philosophy and research at Alexandria by Ptolemy I Soter about 280 BC. The first museum / library is considered to be the one of Plato in Athens.
The purpose of modern museums is to collect, preserve, interpret, and display items of artistic, cultural, or scientific significance for the education of the public. From a visitor or community perspective, the purpose can also depend on one 's point of view. A trip to a local history museum or large city art museum can be an entertaining and enlightening way to spend the day. To city leaders, a healthy museum community can be seen as a gauge of the economic health of a city, and a way to increase the sophistication of its inhabitants. To a museum professional, a museum might be seen as a way to educate the public about the museum 's mission, such as civil rights or environmentalism. Museums are, above all, storehouses of knowledge. In 1829, James Smithson 's bequest, that would fund the Smithsonian Institution, stated he wanted to establish an institution "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge. ''
Museums of natural history in the late 19th century exemplified the Victorian desire for consumption and for order. Gathering all examples of each classification of a field of knowledge for research and for display was the purpose. As American colleges grew in the 19th century, they developed their own natural history collections for the use of their students. By the last quarter of the 19th century, the scientific research in the universities was shifting toward biological research on a cellular level, and cutting edge research moved from museums to university laboratories. While many large museums, such as the Smithsonian Institution, are still respected as research centers, research is no longer a main purpose of most museums. While there is an ongoing debate about the purposes of interpretation of a museum 's collection, there has been a consistent mission to protect and preserve artifacts for future generations. Much care, expertise, and expense is invested in preservation efforts to retard decomposition in aging documents, artifacts, artworks, and buildings. All museums display objects that are important to a culture. As historian Steven Conn writes, "To see the thing itself, with one 's own eyes and in a public place, surrounded by other people having some version of the same experience can be enchanting. ''
Museum purposes vary from institution to institution. Some favor education over conservation, or vice versa. For example, in the 1970s, the Canada Science and Technology Museum favored education over preservation of their objects. They displayed objects as well as their functions. One exhibit featured a historic printing press that a staff member used for visitors to create museum memorabilia. Some seek to reach a wide audience, such as a national or state museum, while some museums have specific audiences, like the LDS Church History Museum or local history organizations. Generally speaking, museums collect objects of significance that comply with their mission statement for conservation and display. Although most museums do not allow physical contact with the associated artifacts, there are some that are interactive and encourage a more hands - on approach. In 2009, Hampton Court Palace, palace of Henry VIII, opened the council room to the general public to create an interactive environment for visitors. Rather than allowing visitors to handle 500 - year - old objects, the museum created replicas, as well as replica costumes. The daily activities, historic clothing, and even temperature changes immerse the visitor in a slice of what Tudor life may have been.
This section lists the 20 most visited museums in 2015 as compiled by AECOM and the Themed Entertainment Association 's annual report on the world 's most visited attractions. For 2016 figures see List of most visited museums. The cities of London and Washington, D.C. contain more of the 20 most visited museums in the world than any others, with six museums and four museums, respectively.
The museum of ancient times, such as the Museum of Alexandria, would be equivalent to a modern graduate institute.
Early museums began as the private collections of wealthy individuals, families or institutions of art and rare or curious natural objects and artifacts. These were often displayed in so - called wonder rooms or cabinets of curiosities. The oldest such museum in evidence was Ennigaldi - Nanna 's museum, dating from c. 530 BC and devoted to Mesopotamian antiquities; it apparently had sufficient traffic as to warrant labels for the ordered collection, although there is no source for this information.
Public access to these museums was often possible for the "respectable '', especially to private art collections, but at the whim of the owner and his staff. One way that elite men during this time period gained a higher social status in the world of elites was by becoming a collector of these curious objects and displaying them. Many of the items in these collections were new discoveries and these collectors or naturalists, since many of these people held interest in natural sciences, were eager to obtain them. By putting their collections in a museum and on display, they not only got to show their fantastic finds but they also used the museum as a way to sort and "manage the empirical explosion of materials that wider dissemination of ancient texts, increased travel, voyages of discovery, and more systematic forms of communication and exchange had produced. ''
One of these naturalists and collectors was Ulisse Aldrovandi, whose collection policy of gathering as many objects and facts about them was "encyclopedic '' in nature, reminiscent of that of Pliny, the Roman philosopher and naturalist. The idea was to consume and collect as much knowledge as possible, to put everything they collected and everything they knew in these displays. In time, however, museum philosophy would change and the encyclopedic nature of information that was so enjoyed by Aldrovandi and his cohorts would be dismissed as well as "the museums that contained this knowledge. '' The 18th - century scholars of the Age of Enlightenment saw their ideas of the museum as superior and based their natural history museums on "organization and taxonomy '' rather than displaying everything in any order after the style of Aldrovandi.
While some of the oldest public museums in the world opened in Italy during the Renaissance, the majority of these significant museums in the world opened during the 18th century:
Modern museums first emerged in western Europe, then spread into other parts of the world.
The first "public '' museums were often accessible only by the middle and upper classes. It could be difficult to gain entrance. When the British Museum opened to the public in 1759, it was a concern that large crowds could damage the artifacts. Prospective visitors to the British Museum had to apply in writing for admission, and small groups were allowed into the galleries each day. The British Museum became increasingly popular during the 19th century, amongst all age groups and social classes who visited the British Museum, especially on public holidays.
The Ashmolean Museum, however, founded in 1677 from the personal collection of Elias Ashmole, was set up in the University of Oxford to be open to the public and is considered by some to be the first modern public museum. The collection included that of Elias Ashmole which he had collected himself, including objects he had acquired from the gardeners, travellers and collectors John Tradescant the elder and his son of the same name. The collection included antique coins, books, engravings, geological specimens, and zoological specimens -- one of which was the stuffed body of the last dodo ever seen in Europe; but by 1755 the stuffed dodo was so moth - eaten that it was destroyed, except for its head and one claw. The museum opened on 24 May 1683, with naturalist Robert Plot as the first keeper. The first building, which became known as the Old Ashmolean, is sometimes attributed to Sir Christopher Wren or Thomas Wood.
In France, the first public museum was the Louvre Museum in Paris, opened in 1793 during the French Revolution, which enabled for the first time free access to the former French royal collections for people of all stations and status. The fabulous art treasures collected by the French monarchy over centuries were accessible to the public three days each "décade '' (the 10 - day unit which had replaced the week in the French Republican Calendar). The Conservatoire du muséum national des Arts (National Museum of Arts 's Conservatory) was charged with organizing the Louvre as a national public museum and the centerpiece of a planned national museum system. As Napoléon I conquered the great cities of Europe, confiscating art objects as he went, the collections grew and the organizational task became more and more complicated. After Napoleon was defeated in 1815, many of the treasures he had amassed were gradually returned to their owners (and many were not). His plan was never fully realized, but his concept of a museum as an agent of nationalistic fervor had a profound influence throughout Europe.
Chinese and Japanese visitors to Europe were fascinated by the museums they saw there, but had cultural difficulties in grasping their purpose and finding an equivalent Chinese or Japanese term for them. Chinese visitors in the early 19th century named these museums based on what they contained, so defined them as "bone amassing buildings '' or "courtyards of treasures '' or "painting pavilions '' or "curio stores '' or "halls of military feats '' or "gardens of everything ''. Japan first encountered Western museum institutions when it participated in Europe 's World 's Fairs in the 1860s. The British Museum was described by one of their delegates as a ' hakubutsukan ', a ' house of extensive things ' - this would eventually became accepted as the equivalent word for ' museum ' in Japan and China.
American museums eventually joined European museums as the world 's leading centers for the production of new knowledge in their fields of interest. A period of intense museum building, in both an intellectual and physical sense was realized in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (this is often called "The Museum Period '' or "The Museum Age ''). While many American museums, both natural history museums and art museums alike, were founded with the intention of focusing on the scientific discoveries and artistic developments in North America, many moved to emulate their European counterparts in certain ways (including the development of Classical collections from ancient Egypt, Greece, Mesopotamia, and Rome). Drawing on Michel Foucault 's concept of liberal government, Tony Bennett has suggested the development of more modern 19th century museums was part of new strategies by Western governments to produce a citizenry that, rather than be directed by coercive or external forces, monitored and regulated its own conduct. To incorporate the masses in this strategy, the private space of museums that previously had been restricted and socially exclusive were made public. As such, objects and artifacts, particularly those related to high culture, became instruments for these "new tasks of social management. '' Universities became the primary centers for innovative research in the United States well before the start of the Second World War. Nevertheless, museums to this day contribute new knowledge to their fields and continue to build collections that are useful for both research and display.
The late twentieth century witnessed intense debate concerning the repatriation of religious, ethnic, and cultural artifacts housed in museum collections. In the United States, several Native American tribes and advocacy groups have lobbied extensively for the repatriation of sacred objects and the reburial of human remains. In 1990, Congress passed the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), which required federal agencies and federally funded institutions to repatriate Native American "cultural items '' to culturally affiliate tribes and groups. Similarly, many European museum collections often contain objects and cultural artifacts acquired through imperialism and colonization. Some historians and scholars have criticized the British Museum for its possession of rare antiquities from Egypt, Greece, and the Middle East.
The roles associated with the management of a museum largely depend on the size of the institution, but every museum has a hierarchy of governance with a Board of Trustees serving at the top. The Director is next in command and works with the Board to establish and fulfill the museum 's mission statement and to ensure that the museum is accountable to the public. Together, the Board and the Director establish a system of governance that is guided by policies that set standards for the institution. Documents that set these standards include an institutional or strategic plan, institutional code of ethics, bylaws, and collections policy. The American Alliance of Museums (AAM) has also formulated a series of standards and best practices that help guide the management of museums. Unfortunately, many small, local museums lack this guidance since accreditation with AAM requires a museum to operate on an annual budget of at least $25,000.
According to museum professionals Hugh H. Genoways and Lynne M. Ireland, "Administration of the organization requires skill in conflict management, interpersonal relations, budget management and monitoring, and staff supervision and evaluation. Managers must also set legal and ethical standards and maintain involvement in the museum profession. ''
Various positions within the museum carry out the policies established by the Board and the Director. All museum employees should work together toward the museum 's institutional goal. Here is a list of positions commonly found at museums:
Other positions commonly found at museums include: building operator, public programming staff, photographer, librarian, archivist, groundskeeper, volunteer coordinator, preparator, security staff, development officer, membership officer, business officer, gift shop manager, public relations staff, and graphic designer.
At smaller museums, staff members often fulfill multiple roles. Some of these positions are excluded entirely or may be carried out by a contractor when necessary.
An exhibition history is a listing of exhibitions for an institution, artist, or a work of art. Exhibition histories generally include the name of the host institution, the title of the exhibition and the opening and closing dates of the exhibition.
The following is a list of major institutions that have complete or substantial exhibition histories that are available online.
The design of museums has evolved throughout history. However, museum planning involves planning the actual mission of the museum along with planning the space that the collection of the museum will be housed in. Intentional museum planning has its beginnings with the museum founder and librarian John Cotton Dana. Dana detailed the process of founding the Newark Museum in a series of books in the early 20th century so that other museum founders could plan their museums. Dana suggested that potential founders of museums should form a committee first, and reach out to the community for input as to what the museum should supply or do for the community. According to Dana, museums should be planned according to community 's needs:
"The new museum... does not build on an educational superstition. It examines its community 's life first, and then straightway bends its energies to supplying some the material which that community needs, and to making that material 's presence widely known, and to presenting it in such a way as to secure it for the maximum of use and the maximum efficiency of that use. ''
The way that museums are planned and designed vary according to what collections they house, but overall, they adhere to planning a space that is easily accessed by the public and easily displays the chosen artifacts. These elements of planning have their roots with John Cotton Dana, who was perturbed at the historical placement of museums outside of cities, and in areas that were not easily accessed by the public, in gloomy European style buildings.
Questions of accessibility continue to the present day. Many museums strive to make their buildings, programming, ideas, and collections more publicly accessible than in the past. Not every museum is participating in this trend, but that seems to be the trajectory of museums in the twenty - first century with its emphasis on inclusiveness. One pioneering way museums are attempting to make their collections more accessible is with open storage. Most of a museum 's collection is typically locked away in a secure location to be preserved, but the result is most people never get to see the vast majority of collections. The Brooklyn Museum 's Luce Center for American Art practices this open storage where the public can view items not on display, albeit with minimal interpretation. The practice of open storage is all part of an ongoing debate in the museum field of the role objects play and how accessible they should be.
In terms of modern museums, interpretive museums, as opposed to art museums, have missions reflecting curatorial guidance through the subject matter which now include content in the form of images, audio and visual effects, and interactive exhibits. Museum creation begins with a museum plan, created through a museum planning process. The process involves identifying the museum 's vision and the resources, organization and experiences needed to realize this vision. A feasibility study, analysis of comparable facilities, and an interpretive plan are all developed as part of the museum planning process.
Some museum experiences have very few or no artifacts and do not necessarily call themselves museums, and their mission reflects this; the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles and the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia, being notable examples where there are few artifacts, but strong, memorable stories are told or information is interpreted. In contrast, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. uses many artifacts in their memorable exhibitions.
In recent years, some cities have turned to museums as an avenue for economic development or rejuvenation. This is particularly true in the case of postindustrial cities. Examples of museums fulfilling these economic roles exist around the world. For example, the spectacular Guggenheim Bilbao was built in Bilbao, Spain in a move by the Basque regional government to revitalize the dilapidated old port area of that city. The Basque government agreed to pay $100 million for the construction of the museum, a price tag that caused many Bilbaoans to protest against the project. Nonetheless, the gamble has appeared to pay off financially for the city, with over 1.1 million people visiting the museum in 2015. Key to this is the large demographic of foreign visitors to the museum, with 63 % of the visitors residing outside of Spain and thus feeding foreign investment straight into Bilbao. A similar project to that undertaken in Bilbao was also built on the disused shipyards of Belfast, Northern Ireland. Titanic Belfast was built for the same price as the Guggenheim Bilbao (and which was incidentally built by the same architect, Frank Gehry) in time for the 100th anniversary of the Belfast - built ship 's maiden voyage in 2012. Initially expecting modest visitor numbers of 425,000 annually, first year visitor numbers reached over 800,000, with almost 60 % coming from outside Northern Ireland. In the United States, similar projects include the 81, 000 square foot Taubman Museum of Art in Roanoke, Virginia and The Broad Museum in Los Angeles.
Museums being used as a cultural economic driver by city and local governments has proven to be controversial among museum activists and local populations alike. Public protests have occurred in numerous cities which have tried to employ museums in this way. While most subside if a museum is successful, as happened in Bilbao, others continue especially if a museum struggles to attract visitors. The Taubman Museum of Art is an example of a museum which cost a lot (eventually $66 million) but attained little success, and continues to have a low endowment for its size. Some museum activists also see this method of museum use as a deeply flawed model for such institutions. Steven Conn, one such museum proponent, believes that "to ask museums to solve our political and economic problems is to set them up for inevitable failure and to set us (the visitor) up for inevitable disappointment. ''
Museums are facing funding shortages. Funding for museums comes from four major categories, and as of 2009 the breakdown for the United States is as follows: Government support (at all levels) 24.4 %, private (charitable) giving 36.5 %, earned income 27.6 %, and investment income 11.5 %. Government funding from the National Endowment for the Arts, the largest museum funder in the United States, decreased by 19.586 million between 2011 and 2015, adjusted for inflation. The average spent per visitor in an art museum in 2016 was $8 between admissions, store and restaurant, where the average expense per visitor was $55. Corporations, which fall into the private giving category, can be a good source of funding to make up the funding gap. The amount corporations currently give to museums accounts for just 5 % of total funding. Corporate giving to the arts, however, was set to increase by 3.3 % in 2017.
Most mid-size and large museums employ exhibit design staff for graphic and environmental design projects, including exhibitions. In addition to traditional 2 - D and 3 - D designers and architects, these staff departments may include audio - visual specialists, software designers, audience research and evaluation specialists, writers, editors, and preparators or art handlers. These staff specialists may also be charged with supervising contract design or production services. The exhibit design process builds on the interpretive plan for an exhibit, determining the most effective, engaging and appropriate methods of communicating a message or telling a story. The process will often mirror the architectural process or schedule, moving from conceptual plan, through schematic design, design development, contract document, fabrication, and installation. Museums of all sizes may also contract the outside services of exhibit fabrication businesses.
Exhibition design has as multitude of strategies, theories, and methods but two that embody much of the theory and dialogue surrounding exhibition design are the metonymy technique and the use of authentic artifacts to provide the historical narrative. Metonymy, or "the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant, '' is a technique used by many museums but few as heavily and as influentially as Holocaust museums.
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington D.C., for example, employs this technique in its shoe exhibition. Simply a pile of decaying leather shoes piled against a bare, gray concrete wall the exhibit relies heavily on the emotional, sensory response the viewer will naturally through this use metonymic technique. This exhibition design intentionally signifies metonymically the nameless and victims themselves. This metaphysical link to the victims through the deteriorating and aged shoes stands as a surviving vestige of the individual victim. This technique, employed properly, can be a very powerful one as it plays off the real life experiences of the viewer while evoking the equally unique memory of the victim. Metonymy, however, Jennifer Hansen - Glucklich argues, is not without its own problems. Hansen - Glucklich explains, "... when victims ' possessions are collected according to type and displayed en masse they stand metonymically for the victims themselves... Such a use of metonymy contributes to the dehumanization of the victims as they are reduced to a heap of indistinguishable objects and their individuality subsumed by an aesthetic of anonymity and excess. ''
While a powerful technique, Hansen - Glucklick points out that when used en masse the metonym suffers as the memory and suffering of the individual is lost in the chorus of the whole. While at times juxtaposed, the alternative technique of the use of authentic objects is seen the same exhibit mentioned above. The use of authentic artifacts is employed by most, if not all, museums but the degree to which and the intention can vary greatly. The basic idea behind exhibiting authentic artifacts is to provide not only legitimacy to the exhibit 's historical narrative but, at times, to help create the narrative as well. The theory behind this technique is to exhibit artifacts in a neutral manner to orchestrate and narrate the historic narrative through, ideally, the provenance of the artifacts themselves.
While albeit necessary to some degree in any museum repertoire, the use of authentic artifacts can not only be misleading but as equally problematic as the aforementioned metonymic technique. Hansen - Glucklick explains, "The danger of such a strategy lies in the fact that by claiming to offer the remnants of the past to the spectator, the museum creates the illusion of standing before a complete picture. The suggestion is that if enough details and fragments are collected and displayed, a coherent and total truth concerning the past will emerge, visible and comprehensible. The museum attempts, in other words, to archive the unachievable. '' While any exhibit benefits from the legitimacy given by authentic objects or artifacts, the temptation must be protected against in order to avoid relying solely on the artifacts themselves. A well designed exhibition should employ objects and artifacts as a foundation to the narrative but not as a crutch; a lesson any conscientious curator would be well to keep in mind.
Some museum scholars have even begun to question whether museums truly need artifacts at all. Historian Steven Conn provocatively asks this question, suggesting that there are fewer objects in all museums now, as they have been progressively replaced by interactive technology. As educational programming has grown in museums, mass collections of objects have receded in importance. This is not necessarily a negative development. Dorothy Canfield Fisher observed that the reduction in objects has pushed museums to grow from institutions that artlessly showcased their many artifacts (in the style of early cabinets of curiosity) to instead "thinning out '' the objects presented "for a general view of any given subject or period, and to put the rest away in archive - storage - rooms, where they could be consulted by students, the only people who really needed to see them. '' This phenomenon of disappearing objects is especially present in science museums like the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, which have a high visitorship of school - aged children who may benefit more from hands - on interactive technology than reading a label beside an artifact.
Types of museums vary, from large institutions, covering many of the categories below, to very small institutions focusing on a specific subject, location, or a notable person. Categories include: fine arts, applied arts, craft, archaeology, anthropology and ethnology, biography, history, cultural history, science, technology, children 's museums, natural history, botanical and zoological gardens. Within these categories, many museums specialize further, e.g. museums of modern art, folk art, local history, military history, aviation history, philately, agriculture, or geology. Another type of museum is an encyclopedic museum. Commonly referred to as a universal museum, encyclopedic museums have collections representative of the world and typically include art, science, history, and cultural history. The type and size of a museum is reflected in its collection. A museum normally houses a core collection of important selected objects in its field.
Architectural museums are institutions dedicated to educating visitors about architecture and a variety of related fields, often including urban design, landscape design, interior decoration, engineering, and historic preservation. Additionally, museums of art or history sometimes dedicate a portion of the museum or a permanent exhibit to a particular facet or era of architecture and design, though this does not technically constitute a proper museum of architecture.
The International Confederation of Architectural Museums (ICAM) is the principal worldwide organisation for architectural museums. Members consist of almost all large institutions specializing in this field and also those offering permanent exhibitions or dedicated galleries.
Architecture museums are in fact a less common type in the United States, due partly to the difficulty of curating a collection which could adequately represent or embody the large scale subject matter.
The National Building Museum in Washington D.C., a privately run institution created by a mandate of Congress in 1980, is the nation 's most prominent public museum of architecture. In addition to its architectural exhibits and collections, the museum seeks to educate the public about engineering and design. The NBM is a unique museum in that the building in which it is housed -- the historic Pension Building built 1882 -- 87 -- is itself a sort of curated collection piece which teaches about architecture. Another large scale museum of architecture is the Chicago Athenaeum, an international Museum of Architecture and Design, founded in 1988. The Athenaeum differs from the National Building Museum not only in its global scope -- it has offices in Italy, Greece, Germany, and Ireland -- but also in its broader topical scope, which encompasses smaller modern appliances and graphic design.
A very different and much smaller example of an American architectural museum is the Schifferstadt Architectural Museum in Frederick, Maryland. Similar to the National Building Museum, the building of the Schifferstadt is a historic structure, built in 1758, and therefore also an embodiment of historic preservation and restoration. In addition to instructing the public about its eighteenth century German - American style architecture, the Schifferstadt also interprets the broader contextual history of its origins, including topics such as the French and Indian War and the arrival of the region 's earliest German American immigrants.
Museums of architecture are devoted primarily to disseminating knowledge about architecture, but there is considerable room for expanding into other related genres such as design, city planning, landscape, infrastructure, and even the traditional study of history or art, which can provide useful context for any architectural exhibit.
The American Society of Landscape Architects has professional awards given out every year to architectural museums and art displays. A few of the award - winning projects are:
Perez Art Museum Miami: Resiliency by Design
Teardrop Park: General Design Category
Mesa Arts Center: General Design Honor Award
Archaeology museums specialize in the display of archaeological artifacts. Many are in the open air, such as the Agora of Athens and the Roman Forum. Others display artifacts found in archaeological sites inside buildings. Some, such as the Western Australian Museum, exhibit maritime archaeological materials. These appear in its Shipwreck Galleries, a wing of the Maritime Museum. This Museum has also developed a ' museum - without - walls ' through a series of underwater wreck trails.
An art museum, also known as an art gallery, is a space for the exhibition of art, usually in the form of art objects from the visual arts, primarily paintings, illustrations, and sculptures. Collections of drawings and old master prints are often not displayed on the walls, but kept in a print room. There may be collections of applied art, including ceramics, metalwork, furniture, artist 's books, and other types of objects. Video art is often screened.
The first publicly owned museum in Europe was the Amerbach - Cabinet in Basel, originally a private collection sold to the city in 1661 and public since 1671 (now Kunstmuseum Basel). The Ashmolean Museum in Oxford opened on 24 May 1683 as the world 's first university art museum. Its first building was built in 1678 -- 1683 to house the cabinet of curiosities Elias Ashmole gave Oxford University in 1677. The Uffizi Gallery in Florence was initially conceived as offices for the Florentine civil service (hence the name), but evolved into a display place for many of the paintings and sculpture collected by the Medici family or commissioned by them. After the house of Medici was extinguished, the art treasures remained in Florence, forming one of the first modern museums. The gallery had been open to visitors by request since the sixteenth century, and in 1765 it was officially opened to the public. Another early public museum was the British Museum in London, which opened to the public in 1759. It was a "universal museum '' with very varied collections covering art, applied art, archaeology, anthropology, history, and science, and what is now the British Library. The science collections, library, paintings, and modern sculptures have since been found separate homes, leaving history, archaeology, non-European and pre-Renaissance art, and prints and drawings. Underwater museum is another type of art museum where the Artificial reef are placed to promote marine life. Cancun Underwater Museum, or the Subaquatic Sculpture Museum, in Mexico is the largest underwater museum in the world. There are now about 500 images in the underwater museum. The last eleven images were added in September 2013.
The specialised art museum is considered a fairly modern invention, the first being the Hermitage in Saint Petersburg which was established in 1764.
The Louvre in Paris was established in 1793, soon after the French Revolution when the royal treasures were declared for the people. The Czartoryski Museum in Kraków was established in 1796 by Princess Izabela Czartoryska. This showed the beginnings of removing art collections from the private domain of aristocracy and the wealthy into the public sphere, where they were seen as sites for educating the masses in taste and cultural refinement.
Biographical museums are dedicated to items relating to the life of a single person or group of people, and may also display the items collected by their subjects during their lifetimes. Some biographical museums are located in a house or other site associated with the lives of their subjects (e.g. Sagamore Hill which contains the Theodore Roosevelt Museum or The Keats - Shelley Memorial House in the Piazza di Spagna, Rome). Some homes of famous people house famous collections in the sphere of the owner 's expertise or interests in addition to collections of their biographical material; one such example is The Wellington Museum, Apsley House, London, home of the Duke of Wellington, which, in addition to biographical memorabilia of the Duke 's life, also houses his collection world - famous paintings. Other biographical museums, such as many of the American presidential libraries, are housed in specially constructed buildings.
There are one hundred and seven automobile museums in the United States, one in Canada, and one in the Republic of Georgia according to the National Association of Automobile Museums. Automobile Museums are for car fans, collectors, enthusiasts, and for families. "They speak to the imagination, '' says Ken Gross, a former museum director who now curates auto exhibits at the fine arts museum. As time goes by, more and more museums dedicated to classic cars of yesteryear are opening. Many of the old classics come to life once the original owners pass away. Some are not - for - profit while others are run as a private business.
Children 's museums are institutions that provide exhibits and programs to stimulate informal learning experiences for children. In contrast with traditional museums that typically have a hands - off policy regarding exhibits, children 's museums feature interactive exhibits that are designed to be manipulated by children. The theory behind such exhibits is that activity can be as educational as instruction, especially in early childhood. Most children 's museums are nonprofit organizations, and many are run by volunteers or by very small professional staffs.
The Brooklyn Children 's Museum was established in 1899 by the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. It is often regarded as the first children 's museum in the United States. The idea behind the Brooklyn Children 's Museum implicitly acknowledged that existing American museums were not designed with children in mind. Although museums at the turn of the century viewed themselves as institutions of public education, their exhibits were often not made accessible for children, who may have struggled with simple design features like the height of exhibit cases, or the language of interpretive labels. Furthermore, touching objects was often prohibited, limiting visitors ' ability to interact with museum objects.
The founders of the Brooklyn Children 's Museum were concerned with education and realized that no other institution had attempted to establish "a Museum that will be of especial value and interest to young people between the ages of six and twenty years. '' Their goal was to gain children 's interest and "to stimulate their powers of observation and reflection '' as well as to "illustrate by collections of pictures, cartoons, charts, models, maps and so on, each of the important branches of knowledge which is taught in elementary schools. ''
Anna Billings Gallup, the museum 's curator from 1904 to 1937, encouraged a learning technique that allowed children to "discover '' information by themselves through touching and examining objects. Visitors to the museum were able to compare the composition, weight, and hardness of minerals, learn to use a microscope to examine natural objects, and build their own collections of natural objects to be displayed in a special room of the museum. In addition to emphasis on allowing interaction with objects, Gallup also encouraged learning through play. She believed learning at the Brooklyn Children 's Museum should be "pure fun '', and to this end developed nature clubs, held field trips, brought live animals into the museum, and hired gallery instructors to lead children in classification games about animals, shells, and minerals. Other children 's museums of the early twentieth century used similar techniques that emphasized learning through experience.
Children 's museums often emphasize experiential learning through museum interactives, sometimes leading them to have very few or no physical collection items. The Brooklyn Children 's Museum and other early children 's museums grew out of the tradition of natural history museums, object - centered institutions. Over the course of the twentieth century, the children 's museums slowly began to discard their objects in favor of more interactive exhibits. While children 's museums are a more extreme case, it is important to note that during the twentieth century, more and more museums have elected to display fewer objects and offer more interpretation than museums of the nineteenth century. Some scholars argue that objects, while once critical to the definition of a museum, are no longer considered vital to many institutions because they are no longer necessary to fulfill the roles we expect museums to serve as museums focus more on programs, education, and their visitors.
After the Brooklyn Children 's Museum opened in 1899, other American museums followed suit by opening small children 's sections of their institutions designed with children in mind and equipped with interactive activities, such as the Smithsonian 's children 's room opened in 1901. The Brooklyn Children 's Museum also inspired other children 's museums either housed separately or even developed completely independently of parent museums, like the Boston Children 's Museum (1913), The Children 's Museum of Detroit Public Schools (1915), and the Children 's Museum of Indianapolis (1925). The number of children 's museums in the United States continued to grow over the course of the twentieth century, with over 40 museums opened by the 1960s and more than 70 children 's museums opened to the public between 1990 and 1997.
International professional organizations of children 's museums include the Association of Children 's Museums (ACM), which was formed in 1962 as the American Association of Youth Museums (AAYM) and in 2007 counted 341 member institutions in 23 countries, and The Hands On! Europe Association of Children 's Museum (HO! E), established in 1994, with member institutions in 34 countries as of 2007. Many museums that are members of ACM offer reciprocal memberships, allowing members of one museum to visit all the others for free.
A design museum is a museum with a focus on product, industrial, graphic, fashion, and architectural design. Many design museums were founded as museums for applied arts or decorative arts and started only in the late 20th century to collect design.
It may sometimes be useful to distinguish between diachronic and synchronic museums. According to University of Florida 's Professor Eric Kilgerman, "While a museum in which a particular narrative unfolds within its halls is diachronic, those museums that limit their space to a single experience are called synchronic. ''
Encyclopedic museums are large, mostly national, institutions that offer visitors a plethora of information on a variety of subjects that tell both local and global stories. The aim of encyclopedic museums is to provide examples of each classification available for a field of knowledge. "When 3 % of the world 's population, or nearly 200 million people, living outside the country of their birth, encyclopedic museums play an especially important role in the building of civil society. They encourage curiosity about the world. '' James Cuno, President and Director of the Art Institute of Chicago, along with Neil MacGregor, Director of the British Museum, are two of the most outspoken museum professionals who support encyclopedic museums. They state that encyclopedic museums are advantageous for society by exposing museum visitors to a wide variety of cultures, engendering a sense of a shared human history. Some scholars and archaeologists, however, argue against encyclopedic museums because they remove cultural objects from their original cultural setting, losing their context.
Ethnology museums are a type of museum that focus on studying, collecting, preserving and displaying artifacts and objects concerning ethnology and anthropology. This type of museum usually were built in countries possessing diverse ethnic groups or significant numbers of ethnic minorities. An example is the Ozurgeti History Museum, an ethnographic museum in Georgia.
Within the category of history museums, historic house museums are the most numerous. The earliest projects for preserving historic homes began in the 1850s under the direction of individuals concerned with the public good and the preservation of American history, especially centered on the first president. Since the establishment of America 's first historic site at Washington 's Revolutionary headquarters at Hasbrouck House in New York State, Americans have found a penchant for preserving similar historical structures. The establishment of historic house museums increased in popularity through the 1970s and 1980s as the Revolutionary bicentennial set off a wave of patriotism and alerted Americans to the destruction of their physical heritage. The tradition of restoring homes of the past and designating them as museums draws on the English custom of preserving ancient buildings and monuments. Initially homes were considered worthy of saving because of their associations with important individuals, usually of the elite classes, like former presidents, authors, or businessmen. Increasingly, Americans have fought to preserve structures characteristic of a more typical American past that represents the lives of everyday people including minorities.
While historic house museums compose the largest section within the historic museum category, they usually operate with small staffs and on limited budgets. Many are run entirely by volunteers and often do not meet the professional standards established by the museum industry. An independent survey conducted by Peggy Coats in 1990 revealed that sixty - five percent of historic house museums did not have a full - time staff and 19 to 27 percent of historic homes employed only one full - time employee. Furthermore, the majority of these museums operated on less than $50,000 annually. The survey also revealed a significant disparity in the number of visitors between local house museums and national sites. While museums like Mount Vernon and Colonial Williamsburg were visited by over one million tourists a year, more than fifty percent of historic house museums received less than 5,000 visitors per year.
These museums are also unique in that the actual structure belongs to the museum collection as a historical object. While some historic home museums are fortunate to possess a collection containing many of the original furnishings once present in the home, many face the challenge of displaying a collection consistent with the historical structure. Some museums choose to collect pieces original to the period while not original to the house. Others, fill the home with replicas of the original pieces reconstructed with the help of historic records. Still other museums adopt a more aesthetic approach and use the homes to display the architecture and artistic objects. Because historic homes have often existed through different generations and have been passed on from one family to another, volunteers and professionals also must decide which historical narrative to tell their visitors. Some museums grapple with this issue by displaying different eras in the home 's history within different rooms or sections of the structure. Others choose one particular narrative, usually the one deemed most historically significant, and restore the home to that particular period.
History museums cover the knowledge of history and its relevance to the present and future. Some cover specialized curatorial aspects of history or a particular locality; others are more general. Such museums contain a wide range of objects, including documents, artifacts of all kinds, art, archaeological objects. Antiquities museums specialize in more archaeological findings.
A common type of history museum is a historic house. A historic house may be a building of special architectural interest, the birthplace or home of a famous person, or a house with an interesting history. Local and national governments often create museums to their history. The United States has many national museums for historical topics, such as the National Museum of African American History and Culture. Historic sites can also serve as museums, such as the museum at Ford 's Theater in Washington D.C. The U.S. National Park Service defines a historic site as the "location of a significant event, a prehistoric or historic occupation or activity, or a building or structure, whether standing, ruined, or vanished, where the location itself possesses historic, cultural, or archeological value regardless of the value of any existing structure. ''
Historic sites can also mark public crimes, such as Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum in Phnom Penh, Cambodia or Robben Island, South Africa. Similar to museums focused on public crimes, museums attached to memorials of public crimes often contain a history component, as is the case at the Oklahoma City National Memorial & Museum. History museums may concern more general crimes and atrocities, such as American slavery. Often these museums are connected to a particular example, such as the proposed International African American Museum in Charleston, South Carolina, which will treat slavery as an institution with a particular focus on slavery in Charleston and South Carolina 's Lowcountry. Museums in cities like Charleston, South Carolina must interact with a broader heritage tourism industry where the history of the majority population is traditionally privileged over the minority.
Many specialized museums have been established such as the National LGBT Museum in New York City and the National Women 's History Museum planned for the National Mall. The majority of museums across the country that tell state and local history also follow this example. Other museums have a problem interpreting colonial histories, especially at Native American historic sites. However, museums such as the National Museum of the American Indian and Ziibiwing Center of Anishinabe Culture and Lifeways in Michigan are working to share authority with indigenous groups and decolonize museums.
Another type of history museum is a living history museum. A living history museum is an outdoor museum featuring reenactors in period costume, and historic or reconstructed buildings. Colonial Williamsburg is a living history museum in Virginia that represents the colony on the eve of the American Revolution in the 18th century. The 301 acre historic area includes hundreds of buildings, in their original locations, but mostly reconstructed.
Living history museums combine historic architecture, material culture, and costumed interpretation with natural and cultural landscapes to create an immersive learning environment. These museums include the collection, preservation or interpretation of material culture, traditional skills, and historical processes. Recreated historical settings simulating past time periods can offer the visitor a sense of traveling back in time. They are a type of open - air museum.
Two main interpretation styles dominate the visitor experience at living history museums: first and third person interpretation. In first person interpretation, interpreters assume the persona, including the speech patterns, behaviors, views, and dress of a historical figure from the museum 's designated time period. In third person interpretation, the interpreters openly acknowledge themselves to be a contemporary of the museum visitor. The interpreter is not restricted by being in - character and can speak to the visitor about society from a modern - day perspective.
The beginnings of the living history museum can be traced back to 1873 with the opening of the Skansen Museum near Stockholm, Sweden. The museum 's founder, Artur Hazelius, began the museum by using his personal collection of buildings and other cultural materials of pre-industrial society. This museum began as an open - air museum and, by 1891, had several farm buildings in which visitors could see exhibits and where guides demonstrated crafts and tools.
For years, living history museums were relatively nonexistent outside of Scandinavia, though some military garrisons in North America used some living history techniques. Living history museums in the United States were initially established by entrepreneurs, such as John D. Rockefeller and Henry Ford, and since then have proliferated within the museum world. Some of the earliest living history museums in the United States include Colonial Williamsburg (1926), Greenfield Village (1929), Conner Prairie Pioneer Settlement (1930s), Old Sturbridge Village (1946), and Plimoth Plantation (1947). Many living history farms and similar farm and agricultural museums have united under an association known as the Association for Living History, Farm, and Agricultural Museums (ALHFAM).
Maritime museums are museums that specialize in the presentation of maritime history, culture, or archaeology. They explore the relationship between societies and certain bodies of water. Just as there is a wide variety of museum types, there are also many different types of maritime museums. First, as mentioned above, maritime museums can be primarily archaeological. These museums focus on the interpretation and preservation of shipwrecks and other artifacts recovered from a maritime setting. A second type is the maritime history museum, dedicated to educating the public about humanity 's maritime past. Examples are the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park and Mystic Seaport. Military - focused maritime museums are a third variety, of which the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum and Battleship IOWA Museum are examples.
Medical museums today are largely an extinct subtype of museum with a few notable exceptions, such as the Mütter Museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the Hunterian Museum at the Royal College of Surgeons in Glasgow, Scotland. The origins of the medical museum date back to Renaissance cabinets of curiosities which often featured displays of human skeletal material and other materia medica. Apothecaries and physicians collected specimens as a part of their professional activities and to increase their professional status among their peers. As the medical profession placed greater emphasis on teaching and the practice of materia medica in the late 16th century, medical collections became a fundamental component of a medical student 's education. New developments in preserving soft tissue samples long term in spirits appeared in the 17th century, and by the mid-18th century physicians like John Hunter were using personal anatomical collections as teaching tools. By the early 19th century, many hospitals and medical colleges in Great Britain had built sizable teaching collections. In the United States, the nation 's first hospital, the Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia, already had a collection of plaster casts and crayon drawings of the stages of pregnancy as early as 1762.
Medical museums functioned as an integral part of medical students education through the 19th century and into the early 20th century. Dry and wet anatomical specimens, casts, drawings, oil paintings, and photographs provided a means for medical students to compare healthy anatomical specimens with abnormal, or diseased organs. Museums, like the Mütter, added medical instruments and equipment to their collections to preserve and teach the history of the medical profession. By the 1920s, medical museums had reached their nadir and began to wane in their importance as institutes of medical knowledge and training. Medical teaching shifted towards training medical students in hospitals and laboratories, and over the course of the 20th century most medical museums disappeared from the museum horizon. The few surviving medical museums, like the Mütter Museum, have managed to survive by broadening their mission of preserving and disseminating medical knowledge to include the general public, rather than exclusively catering to medical professionals.
Memorial museums are museums dedicated both to educating the public about and commemorating a specific historic event, usually involving mass suffering. The concept gained traction throughout the 20th century as a response to the numerous and well publicized mass atrocities committed during that century. The events commemorated by memorial museums tend to involve mostly civilian victims who died under "morally problematic circumstances '' that can not easily be interpreted as heroic. There are frequently unresolved issues concerning the identity, culpability, and punishment of the perpetrators of these killings and memorial museums often play an active research role aimed at benefiting both the victims and those prosecuting the perpetrators.
Today there are numerous prominent memorial museums including the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the Toul Sleng Museum of Genocidal Crimes in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, the District Six Museum in Cape Town, South Africa, and the National September 11 Memorial & Museum in New York City. Although the concept of a memorial museum is largely a product of the 20th century, there are museums of this type that focus on events from other periods, an example being the House of Slaves (Maisons des Esclaves) in Senegal which was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978 and acts as a museum and memorial to the Atlantic slave trade.
Memorial museums differ from traditional history museums in several key ways, most notably in their dual mission to incorporate both a moral framework for and contextual explanations of an event. While traditional history museums tend to be in neutral institutional settings, memorial museums are very often situated at the scene of the atrocity they seek to commemorate. Memorial museums also often have close connections with, and advocate for, a specific clientele who have a special relationship to the event or its victims, such as family members or survivors, and regularly hold politically significant special events. Unlike many traditional history museums, memorial museums almost always have a distinct, overt political and moral message with direct ties to contemporary society. The following mission statement of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is typical in its focus on commemoration, education and advocacy:
"The museum 's primary mission is to advance and disseminate knowledge about this unprecedented tragedy; to preserve the memory of those who suffered; and to encourage its visitors to reflect upon the moral and spiritual questions raised by the events of the Holocaust as well as their own responsibilities as citizens of a democracy. ''
Military museums specialize in military histories; they are often organized from a national point of view, where a museum in a particular country will have displays organized around conflicts in which that country has taken part. They typically include displays of weapons and other military equipment, uniforms, wartime propaganda, and exhibits on civilian life during wartime, and decorations, among others. A military museum may be dedicated to a particular or area, such as the Imperial War Museum Duxford for military aircraft, Deutsches Panzermuseum for tanks, the Lange Max Museum for the Western Front (World War I), the International Spy Museum for espionage, The National World War I Museum for World War I, the D - Day Paratroopers Historical Center (Normandy) for WWII airborne, or more generalist, such as the Canadian War Museum or the Musée de l'Armée. For the Italian alpine wall you can find the most popular museum of bunkers in the small museum n8bunker at Olang / Kronplatz in the heard of the dolomites of south tyrol.
Mobile museum is a term applied to museums that make exhibitions from a vehicle - such as a van. Some institutions, such as St. Vital Historical Society and the Walker Art Center, use the term to refer to a portion of their collection that travels to sites away from the museum for educational purposes. Other mobile museums have no "home site '', and use travel as their exclusive means of presentation. University of Louisiana in Lafayette has also created a mobile museum as part of the graduate program in History. The project is called Museum on the Move.
Museums of natural history and natural science typically exhibit work of the natural world. The focus lies on nature and culture. Exhibitions educate the public on natural history, dinosaurs, zoology, oceanography, anthropology, and more. Evolution, environmental issues, and biodiversity are major areas in natural science museums. Notable museums include the Natural History Museum in London, the Oxford University Museum of Natural History in Oxford, the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris, the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, and the Canadian Museum of Nature in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Open - air museums collect and re-erect old buildings at large outdoor sites, usually in settings of re-created landscapes of the past. The first one was King Oscar II 's collection near Oslo in Norway, opened in 1881. In 1907, it was incorporated into the Norsk Folkemuseum. In 1891, inspired by a visit to the open - air museum in Oslo, Artur Hazelius founded the Skansen in Stockholm, which became the model for subsequent open - air museums in Northern and Eastern Europe, and eventually in other parts of the world. Most open - air museums are located in regions where wooden architecture prevail, as wooden structures may be translocated without substantial loss of authenticity. A more recent but related idea is realized in ecomuseums, which originated in France.
A concept developed in the 1990s, the pop - up museum is generally defined as a short term institution existing in a temporary space. These temporary museums are finding increasing favor among more progressive museum professionals as a means of direct community involvement with objects and exhibition. Often, the pop - up concept relies solely on visitors to provide both the objects on display and the accompanying labels with the professionals or institution providing only the theme of the pop - up and the space in which to display the objects, an example of shared historical authority. Due to the flexibility of the pop - up museums and their rejection of traditional structure, even these latter provisions need not be supplied by an institution; in some cases the themes have been chosen collectively by a committee of interested participants while exhibitions designated as pop - ups have been mounted in places as varied as community centers and even a walk - in closet. Some examples of pop - up museums include:
Science museums and technology centers or technology museums revolve around scientific achievements, and marvels and their history. To explain complicated inventions, a combination of demonstrations, interactive programs and thought - provoking media are used. Some museums may have exhibits on topics such as computers, aviation, railway museums, physics, astronomy, and the animal kingdom. The Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago is a very popular museum.
Science museums traditionally emphasize cultural heritage through objects of intrinsic value, echoes of the ' curiosity cabinets ' of the Renaissance period. These early museums of science represented a fascination with collecting which emerged in the fifteenth century from ' an attempt to manage the empirical explosion of materials that wider dissemination of ancient texts, increased travel, voyages of discovery, and more systematic forms of communication and exchange had produced. Science museums were institutions of authoritative, uncontestable, knowledge, places of ' collecting, seeing and knowing, places where "anybody '' might come and survey the evidence of science. Dinosaurs, extensive invertebrate and vertebrate collections, plant taxonomies, and so on - these were the orders of the day. By the nineteenth century, science museums had flourished, and with it ' the capacity of exhibitionary representation to render the world as visible and ordered... part of the instantiation of wider senses of scientific and political certainty ' (MacDonald, 1998: 11). By the twentieth century, museums of science had built ' on their earlier emphasis on public education to present themselves as experts in the mediation between the obscure world of science and that of the public.
The nineteenth century also brought a proliferation of science museums with roots in technical and industrial heritage museums. Ordinarily, visitors individually interact with exhibits, by a combination of manipulating, reading, pushing, pulling, and generally using their senses. Information is carefully structured through engaging, interactive displays. Science centers include interactive exhibits that respond to the visitor 's action and invite further response, as well as hands - on exhibits that do not offer feedback to the visitor, In general, science centers offer ' a decontextualized scattering of interactive exhibits, which can be thought of as exploring stations of ideas usually presented in small rooms or galleries, with scant attention paid to applications of science, social political contexts, or moral and ethical implications.
By the 1960s, these interactive science centers with their specialized hands - on galleries became prevalent. The Exploratorium in San Francisco, and the Ontario Science Centre in 1969, were two of the earliest examples of science centers dedicated to exploring scientific principles through hands - on exhibits. In the United States practically every major city has a science center with a total annual visitation of 115 million New technologies of display and new interpretive experiments mark these interactive science centers, and the mantra ' public understanding of science ' aptly describes their central activity.
Science museums, in particular, may consist of planetaria, or large theatre usually built around a dome. Museums may have IMAX feature films, which may provide 3 - D viewing or higher quality picture. As a result, IMAX content provides a more immersive experience for people of all ages.
Also new virtual museums, known as Net Museums, have recently been created. These are usually websites belonging to real museums and containing photo galleries of items found in those real museums. This new presentation is very useful for people living far away who wish to see the contents of these museums.
A number of different museums exist to demonstrate a variety of topics. Music museums may celebrate the life and work of composers or musicians, such as the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum in Cleveland, Ohio, or even the Rimsky - Korsakov Apartment and Museum in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Other music museums include live music recitals, such as the Handel House Museum in London, England.
In Glendale, Arizona, the Bead Museum fosters an appreciation and understanding of the global, historical, cultural, and artistic significance of beads and related artifacts dating as far back as 15,000 years. Also residing in the American Southwest are living history towns such as Tombstone, Arizona. This historical town is home to a number of "living history '' museums (such as the O.K. Corral and the Tombstone Epitaph) in which visitors can learn about historical events from actors playing the parts of historical figures like Wyatt Earp, Doc Holliday, and John Clum. Colonial Williamsburg (in Williamsburg, Virginia), is another great example of a town devoted to preserving the story of America through reenactment.
South Korea is host to the world 's first museum devoted to the history and development of organic farming, the Namyangju Organic Museum, with exhibit captions in both Korean and English, and which opened in 2011.
The No Show Museum, based in Zurich and Johannesburg, is the world 's first museum dedicated to nothing and its various manifestations throughout the history of art.
Museums targeted for youth, such as children 's museums or toy museums in many parts of the world, often exhibit interactive and educational material on a wide array of topics, for example, the Museum of Toys and Automata in Spain. The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum and the "Borusseum '', the museum about Borussia Dortmund in Dortmund, Germany, are institutions of the sports category. The Corning Museum of Glass is devoted to the art, history, and science of glass. The National Museum of Crime & Punishment explores the science of solving crimes. The Great American Dollhouse Museum in Danville, Kentucky, U.S.A., depicts American social history in miniature. Interpretation centres are modern museums or visitors centres that often use new means of communication with the public. In some cases, museums cover an extremely wide range of topics together, such as the Museum of World Treasures in Wichita, KS. In other instances, museums emphasize regional culture and natural history, such as the Regional Museum of the National University of San Martin, Tarapoto, Peru. The Museum of Salt and Pepper Shakers shows the history and variety of an everyday item.
A development, with the expansion of the web, is the establishment of virtual museums and online exhibitions. Online initiatives like the Virtual Museum of Canada and the National Museum of the United States Air Force provide physical museums with a web presence. Online curatorial platforms such as Rhizome or the Archive of Digital Art (ADA) developed online exhibitions that transform the museal experience within the digital space.
Some virtual museums have no counterpart in the real world, such as LIMAC (Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Lima), which has no physical location and might be confused with the city 's own museum. The art historian Griselda Pollock elaborated a virtual feminist museum, spreading between classical art to contemporary art.
Some real life museums are also using the internet for virtual tours and exhibitions. In 2010, the Whitney Museum in New York organized what it called the first ever online Twitter museum tour.
Although zoos and botanical gardens are not often thought of as museums, they are in fact "living museums ''. They exist for the same purpose as other museums: to educate, inspire action, and to study, develop, and manage collections. They are also managed much like other museums and face the same challenges. Notable zoos include the San Diego Zoo, the London Zoo, Brookfield Zoo at Chicago, Berlin Zoological Garden, the Bronx Zoo in New York City, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Jardin des Plantes in Paris, and Zürich Zoologischer Garten in Switzerland. Notable botanic gardens include Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Chicago Botanic Garden, Taipei Botanical Garden, and Royal Botanical Gardens (Ontario).
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kanye dont let me into my zone game | Kanye Zone - wikipedia
Kanye Zone is a browser game developed by Otter Spice Productions. It was released on March 9, 2012, and involves the player controlling a bumper in order to prevent an image of American musician Kanye West 's head from entering a circle of increasing size, referred to as his "zone ''. The game incorporates sound clips from West 's song "Niggas in Paris '', and its premise is a parody of the song 's lyrics.
Created by roommates Michael Frederickson and Stephen Barlow and inspired by 1980s video games, Kanye Zone reached the front page of Reddit and received considerable media attention -- Frederickson was interviewed by MTV, and several other news outlets reported on the game, some praising its simplicity and addictiveness. In May 2013, a follow - up game, titled Pitbull Party and based on the rapper Pitbull, was released.
The player 's left and right arrow keys and space bar control a bumper that moves around a purple circle. Kanye West, represented by his head, attempts to enter the circle while repeatedly rapping "Do n't let me into my zone '', and the player must hit him with the bumper -- this causes him to disappear in a burst of dollar signs, and the player is rewarded with cash, added to a total displayed on the webpage. A silhouette of Kanye 's head shows where he will next spawn, and an arrow inside it indicates what direction he will travel in. Play continues this way, with Kanye getting faster and the zone getting bigger, until the player fails to prevent Kanye from entering the zone, when they are presented with a message declaring they have lost; an image of rapper Jay - Z 's head joins that of West, and the lyric "I 'm definitely in my zone '' is heard. If the player 's cash score is high enough, it is added to a leaderboard on the right of the page.
The game was created by roommates Michael Frederickson -- a technical director at Pixar -- and Stephen Barlow using HTML5. The two heard Kanye West 's song "Niggas in Paris '' and became "obsessed '' with the lyric "Do n't let me into my zone '' (which is probably a reference to West 's "artistic zone ''), and what it would mean to do so. It was inspired by 1980s games such as Pac - Man, as well as the 1972 game Pong. They noted that although they tried to make the rest of the game "flashy '', the zone had to be "this unremarkable geometric form '' so as not to be distracting.
-- the game 's co-creator Michael Frederickson
Frederickson mused that the nature of Kanye 's zone is "the whole question of the game '', and agreed that it was "almost a philosophical question ''. Frederickson called West, the inspiration for the game, an "arrogant man who purports to know everything '', and said that in the game he "(admits) some ignorance '' as he "does n't know exactly what 'll happen if he gets in the zone. '' The fact that the player begins the game with $50,000 is a reference to the "Niggas in Paris '' lyric "What 's 50 grand to a mothafucka like me, can you please remind me '' -- the amount represents nothing.
Kanye Zone was released on March 9, 2012 by Otter Spice Productions, and Michael Frederickson promoted it at the Game Developers Conference. Following its release, Kanye Zone reached the front page of the social news website Reddit, causing its creators to lose approximately US $700 after lots of traffic was driven to the website, and necessitating the compression of its contents; the next day, advertisements were added to the page. Although two million games had been played in under a month, the game was not very profitable, as the creators made only eight dollars off the game. The developers have since created a store selling various items adorned with a picture of the "zone '', which Frederickson describes as "purple circles on everything ''.
Although Kanye West has not contacted him, Frederickson was interviewed about the game by MTV 's Hive, which said it is "the best video game ever created based on a pop song and / or artist '' and compared it to other games based on the song "Margaritaville '' and the band Grateful Dead -- he described the interview "unthinkably disproportionate to the interest of Kanye Zone ''; it even verged into the discussion of a film adaptation. He was also a guest on the British video gaming radio show One Life Left. Luke Plunkett of Kotaku called the game a "perversely addictive thing '', and Complex 's Jacob Moore said it is "as basic as it can get, but that wo n't stop you from wasting hours of your day. '' Metro dubbed Kanye Zone "the dumbest game you will spend 20 minutes playing '' and "a hilarious low impact game in the tradition of early Atari ''.
In March 2012, Frederickson stated that he was not yet working on a sequel to the game; however, on May 31, 2013, Pitbull Party, a follow - up to Kanye Zone, was released. Based on Pitbull 's song "Do n't Stop the Party '' and released by Otter Spice Productions, it involves maneuvering Pitbull 's head between scratches on turntable records.
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in the movie the village who skinned the animals | The Village (2004 film) - wikipedia
The Village is a 2004 American psychological horror film, written, produced, and directed by M. Night Shyamalan, and starring Joaquin Phoenix, Adrien Brody, Bryce Dallas Howard, William Hurt, Sigourney Weaver, and Brendan Gleeson. The film is about a village whose inhabitants live in fear of creatures inhabiting the woods beyond it referred to as "Those We Do n't Speak Of. '' Like other films written and directed by Shyamalan from the same time period, The Village has a twist ending.
The film received mixed reviews, with critics especially divided about the plausibility and payoff of the ending. The film gave composer James Newton Howard his fourth Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score.
Residents of the small, isolated Pennsylvania village of Covington, in the year 1897, live in fear of nameless creatures in the surrounding woods and have constructed a large barrier of oil lanterns and watch towers that are constantly manned to keep watch. After the funeral of a seven - year - old boy, Lucius Hunt (Joaquin Phoenix) asks the village elders for permission to pass through the woods to get medical supplies from neighboring towns. However, his request is denied. Later, his mother Alice (Sigourney Weaver) scolds him for wanting to visit the neighboring towns which the villagers describe as wicked. The Elders also appear to have secrets of their own and keep physical mementos hidden in black boxes, the contents of which are reminders of the evil and tragedy they left behind when they left the towns. After Lucius makes a short venture into the woods, the creatures leave warnings in the form of splashes of red paint on all the villagers ' doors.
Ivy Elizabeth Walker (Bryce Dallas Howard), the blind daughter of the chief Elder Edward Walker (William Hurt), informs Lucius that she has strong feelings for him and he returns her affections. They arrange to be married, but Noah Percy (Adrien Brody), a young man with an apparent developmental and learning disability, stabs Lucius with a knife, because he is in love with Ivy himself. Noah is locked in a room until a decision is made about his fate.
Edward goes against the wishes of the other Elders, agreeing to let Ivy pass through the forest and seek medicine for Lucius. Before she leaves, Edward explains that the creatures inhabiting the woods are actually members of their own community wearing costumes and have continued the legend of monsters in an effort to frighten and deter others from attempting to leave Covington. He also explains that the costumes are based upon tales of real creatures who once lived in the woods. Ivy and two young men (unaware of the Elders ' farce) are sent into the forest, but both protectors abandon Ivy almost immediately, believing the creatures will kill them, but spare her out of pity. While traveling through the forest, one of the creatures suddenly attacks Ivy. She tricks it into falling into a deep hole to its death. However, the creature is actually Noah wearing one of the costumes found in the room where he had been locked away after stabbing Lucius.
Ivy eventually finds her way to the far edge of the woods, where she encounters a high, ivy - covered wall. After she climbs over the wall, a park ranger named Kevin (Charlie Hofheimer) spots Ivy and is shocked to hear that she has come out of the woods. The woods are actually the Walker Wildlife Preserve, named for Ivy 's family, and it is actually the modern era instead of the 19th century as the villagers believe. Ivy asks for help and gives Kevin a list of medicines that she must acquire, also giving him a golden pocket watch as payment.
During this time, it is revealed that the village was actually founded in the late 1970s. Edward Walker, then a professor of American history at the University of Pennsylvania, approached other people he met at a grief counseling clinic following the murder of his father and asked them to join him in creating a place where they would sustain themselves and be protected from any aspect of the outside world. When they agreed, Covington was built in the middle of a wildlife preserve purchased with Edward 's family fortune. The head park ranger Jay (M. Night Shyamalan) tells Kevin that the Walker Estate pays the government to keep the entire wildlife preserve beneath a no - fly zone and also funds the ranger corps who ensure no outside force disrupts the preserve. Kevin secretly retrieves medicine from his ranger station and Ivy returns to the village with the supplies, unaware of the truth of the situation.
During her absence, the Elders secretly open their black boxes, each containing mementos from their lives in the outside world, including items related to their past traumas. The Elders gather around Lucius 's bed when one of the townsfolk informs them that Ivy has returned and that she killed one of the monsters. Edward points out to Noah 's grieving mother that his death will allow them to continue deceiving the rest of the villagers that there are creatures in the woods, and all the Elders take a vote to continue living in the village. Ivy comes in and tells Lucius that she has returned.
The film was originally titled The Woods, but the name was changed because a film in production by director Lucky McKee, The Woods (2006), already had that title. Like other Shyamalan productions, this film had high levels of secrecy surrounding it, to protect the expected twist ending that was a known Shyamalan trademark. Despite that, the script was stolen over a year before the film was released, prompting many "pre-reviews '' of the film on several Internet film sites and much fan speculation about plot details. The village seen in the film was built in its entirety in one field outside Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania. An adjacent field contained an on - location temporary sound stage. Production on the film started in October 2003, with delays because some scenes needing fall foliage could not be shot because of a late fall season. Principal photography was wrapped up in mid-December of that year. In April and May 2004, several of the lead actors were called back to the set. Reports noted that this seemed to have something to do with a change to the film 's ending, and, in fact, the film 's final ending differs from the ending in a stolen version of the script that surfaced a year earlier; in the original version, the film ends after Ivy climbs over the wall and it is revealed to the audience that the film takes place in the present day.
The Village polarized critics. It earned a "rotten '' certification at Rotten Tomatoes with only 43 % giving it a positive appraisal, based on 206 reviews and an average score of 5.5 / 10. The consensus reads, "The Village is appropriately creepy, but Shyamalan 's signature twist ending disappoints. '' At Metacritic, the film holds a score of 44 out of 100, based on 40 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews ''.
Roger Ebert gave the film one star and wrote: "The Village is a colossal miscalculation, a movie based on a premise that can not support it, a premise so transparent it would be laughable were the movie not so deadly solemn... To call the ending an anticlimax would be an insult not only to climaxes but to prefixes. It 's a crummy secret, about one step up the ladder of narrative originality from It was all a dream. It 's so witless, in fact, that when we do discover the secret, we want to rewind the film so we do n't know the secret anymore. '' The film is listed on Ebert 's "Most Hated '' list. There were also comments that the film, while raising questions about conformity in a time of "evil, '' did little to "confront '' those themes. Slate 's Michael Agger commented that Shyamalan was continuing in a pattern of making "sealed - off movies that (fall) apart when exposed to outside logic. ''
The movie had a number of admirers. Critic Jeffrey Westhoff commented that though the film had its shortcomings, these did not necessarily render it a bad movie, and that "Shyamalan 's orchestration of mood and terror is as adroit as ever ''. Philip Horne of The Daily Telegraph in a later review noted "this exquisitely crafted allegory of American soul - searching seems to have been widely misunderstood ''.
The soundtrack by Howard has also been widely praised, and was nominated by the American Film Institute as one of the Best Film Scores and the Academy Award for Best Original Score.
A parody version of the film has been featured in Scary Movie 4.
Simon & Schuster, publishers of the 1995 young adults ' book Running Out of Time by Margaret Peterson Haddix, claimed that the film had taken ideas from the book. The book had a plot which features a village whose inhabitants are secretly forced to live in the 1830s when the year is actually 1996. The plot of Shyamalan 's movie had several similarities to the book. They both involve a village, which is actually a park in the present day (Shyamalan uses a late nineteenth - century village), have young heroines on a search for medical supplies, and both have adult leaders bent on keeping the children in their village from discovering the truth. In Haddix 's novel, the truth is that the village is a tourist attraction; in the movie, that the adults had decided to withdraw from the outside world.
No lawsuit was ever filed over the similarity.
The film grossed $114 million in the U.S., and $142 million in international markets. Its worldwide box office totalled $256 million, the tenth highest grossing PG - 13 movie of 2004.
The film was released on VHS and DVD on January 11, 2005. This is currently the only M. Night Shyamalan film that does not have a Blu - ray version. The Village was also the last Shyamalan film to be released on VHS.
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
The film 's score was composed by James Newton Howard, and features solo violinist Hilary Hahn. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score, but lost to Finding Neverland.
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who had the most passing yards in 2017 | List of 400 - yard passing games in the National Football League - wikipedia
In the National Football League (NFL), 130 different quarterbacks have passed for at least 400 yards in a single game: 309 times in the regular season and 20 more in the postseason. Sid Luckman was the first to pass for 400 yards, in 1943. Drew Brees has recorded the most 400 - yard games, with 18 in total. Brees has also recorded the most 400 - yard postseason games, with 3, including 2 consecutive in a single postseason (unofficial 3 consecutive over two postseasons). Cam Newton is the only player to throw for 400 yards in his first career game, and the only rookie with two (coincidentally consecutive) 400 yard games. Don Strock is the only quarterback to have thrown for 400 yards in a game that he did not start. Kurt Warner and Tom Brady are the only two quarterbacks to have thrown a 400 - yard game in the Super Bowl.
There have been nine occurrences of a quarterback recording two consecutive 400 - yard games. There have been 13 games where two opposing quarterbacks collected 400 passing yards in the same game. There have been four single - days (September 21, 1986, January 1, 2012, October 26, 2014, and October 18, 2015) where three quarterbacks recorded 400 - yard games. There has been one NFL week (September 8 -- 12, 2012) where four quarterbacks recorded 400 - yard games.
Ken O'Brien and Nick Foles are the only quarterbacks to have earned a perfect 158.3 passer rating in a 400 - yard game. Including O'Brien's and Foles ' perfect passer rating games, there have been 13 times a quarterback earned a rating of 140 or higher in their 400 - yard games -- all were wins. Peyton Manning has the highest passer rating in a 400 - yard postseason game, with 145.7. Randall Cunningham has the two lowest passer ratings in 400 - yard games, losing both his 50.5 and his 52.0 rated games.
Sixteen quarterbacks have thrown one game each of at least 500 yards, with only two players having two, Ben Roethlisberger and Drew Brees. Four of these quarterbacks never threw another 400 - yard game. Y.A. Tittle had the highest passer rating, 151.4, for a 500 - yard game -- also tying the NFL record of 7 touchdown passes in that effort.
Att = Attempts; Comp. = Completions; Yds. = Yards; TDs = Touchdowns; INTs = Interceptions; Rtg = Rating
Names in bold are still active
Source
Only nine quarterbacks have, by NFL standards, had 400 or more passing yards in back - to - back games. Eight have done so in the regular season, and Drew Brees has done so in the postseason. Cam Newton accomplished this feat in his first two professional games, and Tom Brady also had 400 - yard games in the same two weeks of the NFL season as Newton.
* Two quarterbacks, Kurt Warner and Brees, have thrown for 400 or more yards in their final post-season game of a season and then passed for 400 or more yards in the first game of the following regular season. Warner did so with the St. Louis Rams in his Super Bowl XXXIV win on January 30, 2000 and again in the Rams ' Week 1 win on September 4, 2000. Brees accomplished the same feat in the New Orleans Saints ' loss in the Wild Card round of the 2010 -- 11 NFC playoffs and the Saints ' Week 1 loss in the 2011 Kickoff Game. Note that the NFL does not recognize these cases as "consecutive games ''. By contrast, Brees ' 400 - yard performances in the Wild Card and Divisional rounds of the 2011 -- 12 playoffs do count as "consecutive '', as they were accomplished in a single season.
Note: game winning quarterback first.
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when did columbia house go out of business | Columbia House - wikipedia
The Columbia House brand was introduced in the early 1970s by the Columbia Records division of CBS, Inc. as an umbrella for its mail - order music clubs, the primary incarnation of which was the Columbia Record Club, established in 1955. It had a significant market presence in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 2005, longtime competitor BMG Direct Marketing, Inc. (formerly the RCA Music Service or RCA Victor Record Club) purchased Columbia House and consolidated operations. In 2008, the company (as well as book club operator Bookspan) was acquired by private investment group Najafi Companies, and its name was changed to Direct Brands, Inc.
Although Direct Brands shut down music mail - order operations in mid-2009, it continued to use the Columbia House brand to market videos in the U.S. and Canada, selling DVDs and Blu - rays via the controversial practice of negative option billing. DB Media 's Canadian assets ceased operating on December 10, 2010, and all staff were dismissed, while U.S. operations continue as usual. In December 2012, the company was sold to Pride Tree Holdings, Inc. In 2013, the company changed its name to Filmed Entertainment Inc. The sale of the DVD division at bankruptcy auction was announced August 10, 2015.
Columbia Record Club was formed in 1955 by CBS / Columbia Records as an experiment to market music directly by mail, spurring sales to rural consumers and heading off competition from mail - order companies from outside the record industry. New members to the club were enticed with a free record just for joining. To appease brick - and - mortar retailers, titles in the club 's catalog were only made available six months (later, three months) after retail release, and retailers that helped recruit members got a 20 % commission. By the end of that year, the club had 125,175 members who had purchased 700,000 records ($1.174 million net). The operation grew so quickly that, in 1956, it was moved from New York City to a new home base: a distribution center in Terre Haute, Indiana, a railway - accessible city where Columbia had recently opened a record pressing facility. Within a year, the club had 687,652 members and had sold 7 million records ($14.888 million net) and, by 1963, it commanded 10 % of the recorded music retail market.
In the late 1950s, both RCA Victor and Capitol Records began licensing programs of their own, but the three record clubs rarely allowed any of their own labels ' releases to be marketed by rivals. For example, Columbia recordings were not available from the RCA Victor Record Club, and RCA recordings were unavailable through the Columbia Record Club.
In 1958, facing the loss of members who wanted a wider variety of records, the club began manufacturing and marketing records for certain competing labels (including Verve, Mercury, Warner Bros., Kapp, Vanguard, United Artists, and Liberty). Rival clubs operated by RCA and Capitol offered only their own labels ' products at the time. Licensors were guaranteed a minimum number of sales, but were held to exclusive, restrictive contracts, which led to price - fixing allegations against the club in 1962, followed by 7 years of mostly ineffective litigation. The licensing program continued and expanded in the 1960s as the music industry grew and changed.
The Columbia Record Club began marketing stereo records and equipment in 1959, reel - to - reel recordings (via the Columbia Reel - To - Reel Club) in 1960, 8 - track cartridges (via the Columbia Cartridge Club) in 1966, and cassettes (via the Columbia Cassette Club) in 1969.
The Columbia Record Club was also notable in continuing to issue product in formats no longer available on the commercial market. After the major record labels quit releasing albums on reel to reel tape format, Columbia still continued to make select new titles available on reel tape up until 1984. 1982 was the approximate year the 8 - track tape disappeared from record stores yet Columbia continued to release new titles in the format until 1988 and finally after the major record labels abandoned the vinyl LP format in 1989, Columbia issued select new titles on vinyl until 1992. In all three cases, the new releases on the abandoned formats were usually limited to the new Selection of the Month title (although the country music Selection of the Month had never been available on reel tape unless the album had possible crossover appeal to the Pop / Rock or Easy Listening club members).
By the early 1970s, "Columbia House '' had become an overarching brand for the various divisions, led by the Columbia Record Club, later renamed the Columbia Record & Tape Club. By 1975, membership was over 3 million.
In 1982, the CBS Video Club, which had formed the previous year as the CBS Video Library, became part of the Columbia House family. Also, during that same time period, Columbia House and The Cannon Group founded the UK - exclusive mail - order VHS distribution service Videolog. Sony acquired CBS Records, including Columbia House, in 1988, then at 6 million members. Bertelsmann Music Group had recently acquired RCA Records and changed the name of Columbia House 's only surviving rival, RCA Music Service (formerly RCA Victor Record Club), to BMG Music Service.
In 1991, CBS Records was renamed Sony Music Entertainment and Sony sold half of Columbia House to Time Warner and merged in Time - Life 's video and music clubs. Membership was over 10 million at the end of that year. The influence of Columbia House and other music clubs reached its peak in 1994 accounting for 15.1 percent of all CD sales. In 1996, club membership was at 16 million. That year, the Columbia House website was launched.
Meanwhile, a parallel club, the Columbia Record Club of Canada, was operated by the Canadian branch of CBS Records from the late 1950s until membership and financial problems led to its apparent demise in 1977. It was relaunched in 1979 as the Canadian Music Club, attracting 100,000 members by the end of that year.
In mid-1999, a merger was announced between Columbia House and struggling online retailer CDNow, an independent, publicly owned company that had funding and other partnerships with Columbia House and its owners Sony and Time - Warner. The merger was abandoned in early 2000, with Columbia House 's poor finances and stiff competition from online giant Amazon.com cited as factors. Within months, CDNow was purchased by Bertelsmann, which partially merged it with BMG Direct into a venture called BeMusic. CDNow was taken over and merged into Amazon the following year. By 2001, music clubs accounted for less than eight percent of all CD sales, coinciding with the ascent of Internet shops and retail outlets such as Amazon and Wal - Mart, which offered music at similar discounts without subscriptions.
In 2001, a security breach in the Columbia House website exposed thousands of customer names, addresses and portions of credit card numbers, leaving private information about customers vulnerable to exploitation. The issue involved a particular section of the website, which could easily be accessed by deleting a portion of the website address in the address bar, discovered by customer Mark Alway. Upon the discovery of the breach, he emailed the Columbia House staff who were quick to respond to the problem. This event gave rise to concerns over the website 's capability of keeping private information secure from hackers or devastating scams. Although no information was reportedly obtained from the temporary breach according to Columbia House, industry professionals were quick to point out that the simple error was the consequence of negligent handling of customer information.
In 2002, Sony and Time - Warner sold 85 % of Columbia House to The Blackstone Group L.P., a New York - based investment firm. The next year, the possibility of a merger of Columbia House and Blockbuster Inc. was reported in the Wall Street Journal, Associated Press reports, and trade publications. Although the owners were said to be in talks, the merger never materialized.
In 2005, longtime competitor BMG Direct Marketing, Inc., then the current owners of BMG Music Service, acquired Columbia House, renamed the merged company BMG Columbia House, Inc., and consolidated operations under the BMG Music Service name.
In 2008, the company, including its Canadian branch, was acquired from Sony BMG by investment firm JMCK Corp., a Najafi Group company based in Phoenix, Arizona, and the name was changed to Direct Brands, Inc. Direct Brands consolidated the remaining facilities, and shut down music mail - order operations on June 30, 2009. However, Direct Brands continued to operate a DVD and Blu - ray Disc club under the Columbia House brand in both the U.S. and Canada. The Columbia House name is still owned by Sony Music Entertainment, and is used under license.
In December 2010, the Canadian branch went into bankruptcy, and its websites began redirecting visitors to a letter of explanation from the companies ' trustees in bankruptcy.
The parent of the Columbia House music and DVD clubs announced on August 10, 2015, that it plans to sell its Columbia House DVD Club business, which sells recorded movies and TV series directly to consumers, through a bankruptcy auction.
In December 2015, Columbia House 's owner, John Lippman, announced his intention to begin a vinyl subscription service that will allow subscribers the ability to choose which records and genres of music they receive.
Following the sale of Columbia House to BMG and continuing after the sale to Direct Brands, Columbia House has attracted criticism for its business practices, some of which are outlined here:
Membership constitute an agreement whereby the customer agree to purchase a minimum number of movies at regular list price. To join, or enter a legal obligation, the customer agree to purchase one discounted movie at the beginning, which is sent out as part of a "welcome package. '' Over the term of the agreement the minimum number of list price movies must be bought. Twenty - one times per year, the company informs each customer of the "Director 's Selection '' movie. The customer is asked to respond within 10 days whether or not he or she wants to buy this movie, which is offered at a discount provided that the response is received by Columbia House "within the specified time. '' Failure to respond results in having that movie shipped at full list price. If the customer responds negatively but in time, the idea is that the movie is not sent or charged to the customer 's account. In specified circumstances, "memberships '' are available, whereby the customer is not required to respond to Director Selection mailings unless he or she wants to buy the movie. When such memberships expire, the old rules return where a response is required in time to prevent shipping of full price movies without customer input. Customers are not reminded when those rules change. The customer also has access to a large variety of other movies, which are advertised by mail and online towards the customer. Only full price purchases deplete that minimum purchase obligation. Purchases are not cumulative, meaning that two movies bought at ten dollars each do not deplete the minimum list price movie purchases by one movie. If the minimum number of movies has not been purchased by the end of the term, the monetary worth of those movies is charged to the customers ' accounts. If any purchases have been made using Columbia House 's point of sale device, either credit cards or debit cards linked to credit card accounts, then those accounts are automatically debited. The company will either mail or email a reminder notice prior to the commitment expiring, giving the customer the opportunity to purchase the required purchase obligation before they are charged for any commitment or contract charges. Likewise, backordered movies are automatically debited to those accounts when they become available, without further notification to the customers. Failure to clear such purchases result in collections efforts by Columbia House against the customers.
Columbia House offers a point system, where movies bought result in "points '' or "Fun Cash '' ("Dividend Dollars '' was the term used when the movies came in VHS format, which is no longer the case). Fun Cash does not transfer from one subscription to another. There are a number of restrictions to the use of Fun Cash, which generally make regular re-enrollment a lower cost and more tangible option for those interested in savings. The current point system being used is called Bonus Points, and works under the same idea as Fun Cash.
Columbia House has made forays into other media besides music and movies. For a few years, Columbia House offered a CD - ROM club, allowing customers to buy computer games. It is now allowing members to buy video games from its site, but thus far has not offered a specific club for this. One can also enter into agreements concerning the regular purchase of "box sets '', which are compilations of popular TV series. One agreement, allows customers access to any of Columbia House 's products. Everything can be sourced via the company website.
Columbia House practices negative option billing, a form of commercial distribution in which services are automatically supplied to the consumers until a specific cancellation order is issued. The practice has drawn many complaints from consumers. The Federal Trade Commission has published information to protect customers against this practice, specifically referencing a $0.49 / video offering.
In December 2008, BMG Music Service (now yourmusic.com) supposedly sold an unknown number of fraudulent debt claims to a collection agency, National Credit Solutions. Supposed delinquents were not made known of their debt and most had not made purchases with the company for at least five years. Victims of the sale of false debt claims were not made known of either their debt or the account opened with National Credit Solutions. Most victims learned of the collections agency account when they were denied for a loan, had credit cards canceled, or checked their credit reports.
On August 4, 2011, a nationwide class action suit was filed against Columbia House (Direct Brands Inc.) seeking monetary damages and an injunction stopping Direct Brands Inc. alleged business practices of unauthorized credit card charges, inability to cancel, unwanted products being mailed to homes and several other alleged issues.
As of 2010, this business had an unsatisfactory rating with the BBB because of a failure to respond to complaints. This company also has an unsatisfactory record because of a pattern of complaints. Specifically, complainants allege receiving merchandise and / or bills for merchandise from BMG / Columbia House for CDs and / or DVDs that they did not order. Complainants further allege that they did not join BMG / Columbia House and do not know how the company obtained their information and that the company 's phone line and website do not provide live customer service representatives to help resolve these issues.
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characteristics of an ideal and practical op-amp (ic 741) | Operational amplifier - Wikipedia
An operational amplifier (often op - amp or opamp) is a DC - coupled high - gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single - ended output. In this configuration, an op - amp produces an output potential (relative to circuit ground) that is typically hundreds of thousands of times larger than the potential difference between its input terminals. Operational amplifiers had their origins in analog computers, where they were used to perform mathematical operations in many linear, non-linear, and frequency - dependent circuits.
The popularity of the op - amp as a building block in analog circuits is due to its versatility. By using negative feedback, the characteristics of an op - amp circuit, its gain, input and output impedance, bandwidth etc. are determined by external components and have little dependence on temperature coefficients or manufacturing variations in the op - amp itself.
Op - amps are among the most widely used electronic devices today, being used in a vast array of consumer, industrial, and scientific devices. Many standard IC op - amps cost only a few cents in moderate production volume; however, some integrated or hybrid operational amplifiers with special performance specifications may cost over US $ 100 in small quantities. Op - amps may be packaged as components or used as elements of more complex integrated circuits.
The op - amp is one type of differential amplifier. Other types of differential amplifier include the fully differential amplifier (similar to the op - amp, but with two outputs), the instrumentation amplifier (usually built from three op - amps), the isolation amplifier (similar to the instrumentation amplifier, but with tolerance to common - mode voltages that would destroy an ordinary op - amp), and negative - feedback amplifier (usually built from one or more op - amps and a resistive feedback network).
The amplifier 's differential inputs consist of a non-inverting input (+) with voltage V and an inverting input (--) with voltage V; ideally the op - amp amplifies only the difference in voltage between the two, which is called the differential input voltage. The output voltage of the op - amp V is given by the equation
where A is the open - loop gain of the amplifier (the term "open - loop '' refers to the absence of a feedback loop from the output to the input).
The magnitude of A is typically very large (100,000 or more for integrated circuit op - amps), and therefore even a quite small difference between V and V drives the amplifier output nearly to the supply voltage. Situations in which the output voltage is equal to or greater than the supply voltage are referred to as saturation of the amplifier. The magnitude of A is not well controlled by the manufacturing process, and so it is impractical to use an open - loop amplifier as a stand - alone differential amplifier.
Without negative feedback, and perhaps with positive feedback for regeneration, an op - amp acts as a comparator. If the inverting input is held at ground (0 V) directly or by a resistor R, and the input voltage V applied to the non-inverting input is positive, the output will be maximum positive; if V is negative, the output will be maximum negative. Since there is no feedback from the output to either input, this is an open - loop circuit acting as a comparator.
If predictable operation is desired, negative feedback is used, by applying a portion of the output voltage to the inverting input. The closed - loop feedback greatly reduces the gain of the circuit. When negative feedback is used, the circuit 's overall gain and response becomes determined mostly by the feedback network, rather than by the op - amp characteristics. If the feedback network is made of components with values small relative to the op amp 's input impedance, the value of the op - amp 's open - loop response A does not seriously affect the circuit 's performance. The response of the op - amp circuit with its input, output, and feedback circuits to an input is characterized mathematically by a transfer function; designing an op - amp circuit to have a desired transfer function is in the realm of electrical engineering. The transfer functions are important in most applications of op - amps, such as in analog computers. High input impedance at the input terminals and low output impedance at the output terminal (s) are particularly useful features of an op - amp.
In the non-inverting amplifier on the right, the presence of negative feedback via the voltage divider R, R determines the closed - loop gain A = V / V. Equilibrium will be established when V is just sufficient to "reach around and pull '' the inverting input to the same voltage as V. The voltage gain of the entire circuit is thus 1 + R / R. As a simple example, if V = 1 V and R = R, V will be 2 V, exactly the amount required to keep V at 1 V. Because of the feedback provided by the R, R network, this is a closed - loop circuit.
Another way to analyze this circuit proceeds by making the following (usually valid) assumptions:
The input signal V appears at both (+) and (−) pins, resulting in a current i through R equal to V / R:
Since Kirchhoff 's current law states that the same current must leave a node as enter it, and since the impedance into the (−) pin is near infinity, we can assume practically all of the same current i flows through R, creating an output voltage
By combining terms, we determine the closed - loop gain A:
An ideal op - amp is usually considered to have the following characteristics:
These ideals can be summarized by the two "golden rules '':
The first rule only applies in the usual case where the op - amp is used in a closed - loop design (negative feedback, where there is a signal path of some sort feeding back from the output to the inverting input). These rules are commonly used as a good first approximation for analyzing or designing op - amp circuits.
None of these ideals can be perfectly realized. A real op - amp may be modeled with non-infinite or non-zero parameters using equivalent resistors and capacitors in the op - amp model. The designer can then include these effects into the overall performance of the final circuit. Some parameters may turn out to have negligible effect on the final design while others represent actual limitations of the final performance that must be evaluated.
Real op - amps differ from the ideal model in various aspects.
Real operational amplifiers suffer from several non-ideal effects:
The op - amp gain calculated at DC does not apply at higher frequencies. Thus, for high - speed operation, more sophisticated considerations must be used in an op - amp circuit design.
Modern integrated FET or MOSFET op - amps approximate more closely the ideal op - amp than bipolar ICs when it comes to input impedance and input bias currents. Bipolars are generally better when it comes to input voltage offset, and often have lower noise. Generally, at room temperature, with a fairly large signal, and limited bandwidth, FET and MOSFET op - amps now offer better performance.
Sourced by many manufacturers, and in multiple similar products, an example of a bipolar transistor operational amplifier is the 741 integrated circuit designed in 1968 by David Fullagar at Fairchild Semiconductor after Bob Widlar 's LM301 integrated circuit design. In this discussion, we use the parameters of the Hybrid - pi model to characterize the small - signal, grounded emitter characteristics of a transistor. In this model, the current gain of a transistor is denoted h, more commonly called the β.
A small - scale integrated circuit, the 741 op - amp shares with most op - amps an internal structure consisting of three gain stages:
Additionally, it contains current mirror (outlined red) bias circuitry and compensation capacitor (30 pF).
The input stage consists of a cascaded differential amplifier (outlined in blue) followed by a current - mirror active load. This constitutes a transconductance amplifier, turning a differential voltage signal at the bases of Q1, Q2 into a current signal into the base of Q15.
It entails two cascaded transistor pairs, satisfying conflicting requirements. The first stage consists of the matched NPN emitter follower pair Q1, Q2 that provide high input impedance. The second is the matched PNP common - base pair Q3, Q4 that eliminates the undesirable Miller effect; it drives an active load Q7 plus matched pair Q5, Q6.
That active load is implemented as a modified Wilson current mirror; its role is to convert the (differential) input current signal to a single - ended signal without the attendant 50 % losses (increasing the op - amp 's open - loop gain by 3 dB). Thus, a small - signal differential current in Q3 versus Q4 appears summed (doubled) at the base of Q15, the input of the voltage gain stage.
The (class - A) voltage gain stage (outlined in magenta) consists of the two NPN transistors Q15 / Q19 connected in a Darlington configuration and uses the output side of current mirror Q12 / Q13 as its collector (dynamic) load to achieve its high voltage gain. The output sink transistor Q20 receives its base drive from the common collectors of Q15 and Q19; the level - shifter Q16 provides base drive for the output source transistor Q14.
The transistor Q22 prevents this stage from delivering excessive current to Q20 and thus limits the output sink current.
The output stage (Q14, Q20, outlined in cyan) is a Class AB complementary - symmetry amplifier. It provides an output drive with impedance of ≈ 50Ω, in essence, current gain. Transistor Q16 (outlined in green) provides the quiescent current for the output transistors, and Q17 provides output current limiting.
Provide appropriate quiescent current for each stage of the op - amp.
The resistor (39 kΩ) connecting the (diode - connected) Q11 and Q12, and the given supply voltage (V − V), determine the current in the current mirrors, (matched pairs) Q10 / Q11 and Q12 / Q13. The collector current of Q11, i × 39 kΩ = V − V − 2 V. For the typical V = ± 20 V, the standing current in Q11 / Q12 (as well as in Q13) would be ~ 1 mA. A supply current for a typical 741 of about 2 mA agrees with the notion that these two bias currents dominate the quiescent supply current.
Transistors Q11 and Q10 form a Widlar current mirror, with quiescent current in Q10 i such that ln (i / i) = i × 5 kΩ / 28 mV, where 5 kΩ represents the emitter resistor of Q10, and 28 mV is V, the thermal voltage at room temperature. In this case i ≈ 20 μA.
The biasing circuit of this stage is set by a feedback loop that forces the collector currents of Q10 and Q9 to (nearly) match. The small difference in these currents provides the drive for the common base of Q3 / Q4 (note that the base drive for input transistors Q1 / Q2 is the input bias current and must be sourced externally). The summed quiescent currents of Q1 / Q3 plus Q2 / Q4 is mirrored from Q8 into Q9, where it is summed with the collector current in Q10, the result being applied to the bases of Q3 / Q4.
The quiescent currents of Q1 / Q3 (resp., Q2 / Q4) i will thus be half of i, of order ~ 10 μA. Input bias current for the base of Q1 (resp. Q2) will amount to i / β; typically ~ 50 nA, implying a current gain h ≈ 200 for Q1 (Q2).
This feedback circuit tends to draw the common base node of Q3 / Q4 to a voltage V − 2 V, where V is the input common - mode voltage. At the same time, the magnitude of the quiescent current is relatively insensitive to the characteristics of the components Q1 -- Q4, such as h, that would otherwise cause temperature dependence or part - to - part variations.
Transistor Q7 drives Q5 and Q6 into conduction until their (equal) collector currents match that of Q1 / Q3 and Q2 / Q4. The quiescent current in Q7 is V / 50 kΩ, about 35 μA, as is the quiescent current in Q15, with its matching operating point. Thus, the quiescent currents are pairwise matched in Q1 / Q2, Q3 / Q4, Q5 / Q6, and Q7 / Q15.
Quiescent currents in Q16 and Q19 are set by the current mirror Q12 / Q13, which is running at ~ 1 mA. Through some mechanism, the collector current in Q19 tracks that standing current.
In the circuit involving Q16 (variously named rubber diode or V multiplier), the 4.5 kΩ resistor must be conducting about 100 μA, with the Q16 V roughly 700 mV. Then the V must be about 0.45 V and V at about 1.0 V. Because the Q16 collector is driven by a current source and the Q16 emitter drives into the Q19 collector current sink, the Q16 transistor establishes a voltage difference between Q14 base and Q20 base of ~ 1 V, regardless of the common - mode voltage of Q14 / Q20 base. The standing current in Q14 / Q20 will be a factor exp (100 mV / V) ≈ 36 smaller than the 1 mA quiescent current in the class A portion of the op amp. This (small) standing current in the output transistors establishes the output stage in class AB operation and reduces the crossover distortion of this stage.
A small differential input voltage signal gives rise, through multiple stages of current amplification, to a much larger voltage signal on output.
The input stage with Q1 and Q3 is similar to an emitter - coupled pair (long - tailed pair), with Q2 and Q4 adding some degenerating impedance. The input impedance is relatively high because of the small current through Q1 - Q4. A typical 741 op amp has a differential input impedance of about 2 MΩ. The common mode input impedance is even higher, as the input stage works at an essentially constant current.
A differential voltage V at the op - amp inputs (pins 3 and 2, respectively) gives rise to a small differential current in the bases of Q1 and Q2 i ≈ V / (2 h × h). This differential base current causes a change in the differential collector current in each leg by i × h. Introducing the transconductance of Q1, g = h / h, the (small - signal) current at the base of Q15 (the input of the voltage gain stage) is V × g / 2.
This portion of the op amp cleverly changes a differential signal at the op amp inputs to a single - ended signal at the base of Q15, and in a way that avoids wastefully discarding the signal in either leg. To see how, notice that a small negative change in voltage at the inverting input (Q2 base) drives it out of conduction, and this incremental decrease in current passes directly from Q4 collector to its emitter, resulting in a decrease in base drive for Q15. On the other hand, a small positive change in voltage at the non-inverting input (Q1 base) drives this transistor into conduction, reflected in an increase in current at the collector of Q3. This current drives Q7 further into conduction, which turns on current mirror Q5 / Q6. Thus, the increase in Q3 emitter current is mirrored in an increase in Q6 collector current; the increased collector currents shunts more from the collector node and results in a decrease in base drive current for Q15. Besides avoiding wasting 3 dB of gain here, this technique decreases common - mode gain and feedthrough of power supply noise.
A current signal i at Q15 's base gives rise to a current in Q19 of order i × β (the product of the h of each of Q15 and Q19, which are connected in a Darlington pair). This current signal develops a voltage at the bases of output transistors Q14 / Q20 proportional to the h of the respective transistor.
Output transistors Q14 and Q20 are each configured as an emitter follower, so no voltage gain occurs there; instead, this stage provides current gain, equal to the h of Q14 (resp. Q20).
The output impedance is not zero, as it would be in an ideal op - amp, but with negative feedback it approaches zero at low frequencies.
The net open - loop small - signal voltage gain of the op amp involves the product of the current gain h of some 4 transistors. In practice, the voltage gain for a typical 741 - style op amp is of order 200,000, and the current gain, the ratio of input impedance (≈ 2 − 6 MΩ) to output impedance (≈ 50Ω) provides yet more (power) gain.
The ideal op amp has infinite common - mode rejection ratio, or zero common - mode gain.
In the present circuit, if the input voltages change in the same direction, the negative feedback makes Q3 / Q4 base voltage follow (with 2V below) the input voltage variations. Now the output part (Q10) of Q10 - Q11 current mirror keeps up the common current through Q9 / Q8 constant in spite of varying voltage. Q3 / Q4 collector currents, and accordingly the output current at the base of Q15, remain unchanged.
In the typical 741 op amp, the common - mode rejection ratio is 90 dB, implying an open - loop common - mode voltage gain of about 6.
The innovation of the Fairchild μA741 was the introduction of frequency compensation via an on - chip (monolithic) capacitor, simplifying application of the op amp by eliminating the need for external components for this function. The 30 pF capacitor stabilizes the amplifier via Miller compensation and functions in a manner similar to an op - amp integrator circuit. Also known as ' dominant pole compensation ' because it introduces a pole that masks (dominates) the effects of other poles into the open loop frequency response; in a 741 op amp this pole can be as low as 10 Hz (where it causes a − 3 dB loss of open loop voltage gain).
This internal compensation is provided to achieve unconditional stability of the amplifier in negative feedback configurations where the feedback network is non-reactive and the closed loop gain is unity or higher. By contrast, amplifiers requiring external compensation, such as the μA748, may require external compensation or closed - loop gains significantly higher than unity.
The "offset null '' pins may be used to place external resistors (typically in the form of the two ends of a potentiometer, with the slider connected to V) in parallel with the emitter resistors of Q5 and Q6, to adjust the balance of the Q5 / Q6 current mirror. The potentiometer is adjusted such that the output is null (midrange) when the inputs are shorted together.
The transistors Q3, Q4 help to increase the reverse V rating: the base - emitter junctions of the NPN transistors Q1 and Q2 break down at around 7V, but the PNP transistors Q3 and Q4 have V breakdown voltages around 50 V.
Variations in the quiescent current with temperature, or between parts with the same type number, are common, so crossover distortion and quiescent current may be subject to significant variation.
The output range of the amplifier is about one volt less than the supply voltage, owing in part to V of the output transistors Q14 and Q20.
The 25 Ω resistor at the Q14 emitter, along with Q17, acts to limit Q14 current to about 25 mA; otherwise, Q17 conducts no current.
Current limiting for Q20 is performed in the voltage gain stage: Q22 senses the voltage across Q19 's emitter resistor (50Ω); as it turns on, it diminishes the drive current to Q15 base.
Later versions of this amplifier schematic may show a somewhat different method of output current limiting.
While the 741 was historically used in audio and other sensitive equipment, such use is now rare because of the improved noise performance of more modern op - amps. Apart from generating noticeable hiss, 741s and other older op - amps may have poor common - mode rejection ratios and so will often introduce cable - borne mains hum and other common - mode interference, such as switch ' clicks ', into sensitive equipment.
The "741 '' has come to often mean a generic op - amp IC (such as μA741, LM301, 558, LM324, TBA221 -- or a more modern replacement such as the TL071). The description of the 741 output stage is qualitatively similar for many other designs (that may have quite different input stages), except:
Op - amps may be classified by their construction:
IC op - amps may be classified in many ways, including:
The use of op - amps as circuit blocks is much easier and clearer than specifying all their individual circuit elements (transistors, resistors, etc.), whether the amplifiers used are integrated or discrete circuits. In the first approximation op - amps can be used as if they were ideal differential gain blocks; at a later stage limits can be placed on the acceptable range of parameters for each op - amp.
Circuit design follows the same lines for all electronic circuits. A specification is drawn up governing what the circuit is required to do, with allowable limits. For example, the gain may be required to be 100 times, with a tolerance of 5 % but drift of less than 1 % in a specified temperature range; the input impedance not less than one megohm; etc.
A basic circuit is designed, often with the help of circuit modeling (on a computer). Specific commercially available op - amps and other components are then chosen that meet the design criteria within the specified tolerances at acceptable cost. If not all criteria can be met, the specification may need to be modified.
A prototype is then built and tested; changes to meet or improve the specification, alter functionality, or reduce the cost, may be made.
That is, the op - amp is being used as a voltage comparator. Note that a device designed primarily as a comparator may be better if, for instance, speed is important or a wide range of input voltages may be found, since such devices can quickly recover from full on or full off ("saturated '') states.
A voltage level detector can be obtained if a reference voltage V is applied to one of the op - amp 's inputs. This means that the op - amp is set up as a comparator to detect a positive voltage. If the voltage to be sensed, E, is applied to op amp 's (+) input, the result is a noninverting positive - level detector: when E is above V, V equals + V; when E is below V, V equals − V. If E is applied to the inverting input, the circuit is an inverting positive - level detector: When E is above V, V equals − V.
A zero voltage level detector (E = 0) can convert, for example, the output of a sine - wave from a function generator into a variable - frequency square wave. If E is a sine wave, triangular wave, or wave of any other shape that is symmetrical around zero, the zero - crossing detector 's output will be square. Zero - crossing detection may also be useful in triggering TRIACs at the best time to reduce mains interference and current spikes.
Another typical configuration of op - amps is with positive feedback, which takes a fraction of the output signal back to the non-inverting input. An important application of it is the comparator with hysteresis, the Schmitt trigger. Some circuits may use positive feedback and negative feedback around the same amplifier, for example triangle - wave oscillators and active filters.
Because of the wide slew range and lack of positive feedback, the response of all the open - loop level detectors described above will be relatively slow. External overall positive feedback may be applied, but (unlike internal positive feedback that may be applied within the latter stages of a purpose - designed comparator) this markedly affects the accuracy of the zero - crossing detection point. Using a general - purpose op - amp, for example, the frequency of E for the sine to square wave converter should probably be below 100 Hz.
In a non-inverting amplifier, the output voltage changes in the same direction as the input voltage.
The gain equation for the op - amp is
However, in this circuit V is a function of V because of the negative feedback through the R R network. R and R form a voltage divider, and as V is a high - impedance input, it does not load it appreciably. Consequently
where
Substituting this into the gain equation, we obtain
Solving for V out (\ displaystyle V_ (\ text (out))):
If A OL (\ displaystyle A_ (\ text (OL))) is very large, this simplifies to
The non-inverting input of the operational amplifier needs a path for DC to ground; if the signal source does not supply a DC path, or if that source requires a given load impedance, then the circuit will require another resistor from the non-inverting input to ground. When the operational amplifier 's input bias currents are significant, then the DC source resistances driving the inputs should be balanced. The ideal value for the feedback resistors (to give minimal offset voltage) will be such that the two resistances in parallel roughly equal the resistance to ground at the non-inverting input pin. That ideal value assumes the bias currents are well matched, which may not be true for all op - amps.
In an inverting amplifier, the output voltage changes in an opposite direction to the input voltage.
As with the non-inverting amplifier, we start with the gain equation of the op - amp:
This time, V is a function of both V and V due to the voltage divider formed by R and R. Again, the op - amp input does not apply an appreciable load, so
Substituting this into the gain equation and solving for V out (\ displaystyle V_ (\ text (out))):
If A OL (\ displaystyle A_ (\ text (OL))) is very large, this simplifies to
A resistor is often inserted between the non-inverting input and ground (so both inputs "see '' similar resistances), reducing the input offset voltage due to different voltage drops due to bias current, and may reduce distortion in some op - amps.
A DC - blocking capacitor may be inserted in series with the input resistor when a frequency response down to DC is not needed and any DC voltage on the input is unwanted. That is, the capacitive component of the input impedance inserts a DC zero and a low - frequency pole that gives the circuit a bandpass or high - pass characteristic.
The potentials at the operational amplifier inputs remain virtually constant (near ground) in the inverting configuration. The constant operating potential typically results in distortion levels that are lower than those attainable with the non-inverting topology.
Most single, dual and quad op - amps available have a standardized pin - out which permits one type to be substituted for another without wiring changes. A specific op - amp may be chosen for its open loop gain, bandwidth, noise performance, input impedance, power consumption, or a compromise between any of these factors.
1941: A vacuum tube op - amp. An op - amp, defined as a general - purpose, DC - coupled, high gain, inverting feedback amplifier, is first found in U.S. Patent 2,401,779 "Summing Amplifier '' filed by Karl D. Swartzel Jr. of Bell Labs in 1941. This design used three vacuum tubes to achieve a gain of 90 dB and operated on voltage rails of ± 350 V. It had a single inverting input rather than differential inverting and non-inverting inputs, as are common in today 's op - amps. Throughout World War II, Swartzel 's design proved its value by being liberally used in the M9 artillery director designed at Bell Labs. This artillery director worked with the SCR584 radar system to achieve extraordinary hit rates (near 90 %) that would not have been possible otherwise.
1947: An op - amp with an explicit non-inverting input. In 1947, the operational amplifier was first formally defined and named in a paper by John R. Ragazzini of Columbia University. In this same paper a footnote mentioned an op - amp design by a student that would turn out to be quite significant. This op - amp, designed by Loebe Julie, was superior in a variety of ways. It had two major innovations. Its input stage used a long - tailed triode pair with loads matched to reduce drift in the output and, far more importantly, it was the first op - amp design to have two inputs (one inverting, the other non-inverting). The differential input made a whole range of new functionality possible, but it would not be used for a long time due to the rise of the chopper - stabilized amplifier.
1949: A chopper - stabilized op - amp. In 1949, Edwin A. Goldberg designed a chopper - stabilized op - amp. This set - up uses a normal op - amp with an additional AC amplifier that goes alongside the op - amp. The chopper gets an AC signal from DC by switching between the DC voltage and ground at a fast rate (60 Hz or 400 Hz). This signal is then amplified, rectified, filtered and fed into the op - amp 's non-inverting input. This vastly improved the gain of the op - amp while significantly reducing the output drift and DC offset. Unfortunately, any design that used a chopper could n't use their non-inverting input for any other purpose. Nevertheless, the much improved characteristics of the chopper - stabilized op - amp made it the dominant way to use op - amps. Techniques that used the non-inverting input regularly would not be very popular until the 1960s when op - amp ICs started to show up in the field.
1953: A commercially available op - amp. In 1953, vacuum tube op - amps became commercially available with the release of the model K2 - W from George A. Philbrick Researches, Incorporated. The designation on the devices shown, GAP / R, is an acronym for the complete company name. Two nine - pin 12AX7 vacuum tubes were mounted in an octal package and had a model K2 - P chopper add - on available that would effectively "use up '' the non-inverting input. This op - amp was based on a descendant of Loebe Julie 's 1947 design and, along with its successors, would start the widespread use of op - amps in industry.
1961: A discrete IC op - amp. With the birth of the transistor in 1947, and the silicon transistor in 1954, the concept of ICs became a reality. The introduction of the planar process in 1959 made transistors and ICs stable enough to be commercially useful. By 1961, solid - state, discrete op - amps were being produced. These op - amps were effectively small circuit boards with packages such as edge connectors. They usually had hand - selected resistors in order to improve things such as voltage offset and drift. The P45 (1961) had a gain of 94 dB and ran on ± 15 V rails. It was intended to deal with signals in the range of ± 10 V.
1961: A varactor bridge op - amp. There have been many different directions taken in op - amp design. Varactor bridge op - amps started to be produced in the early 1960s. They were designed to have extremely small input current and are still amongst the best op - amps available in terms of common - mode rejection with the ability to correctly deal with hundreds of volts at their inputs.
1962: An op - amp in a potted module. By 1962, several companies were producing modular potted packages that could be plugged into printed circuit boards. These packages were crucially important as they made the operational amplifier into a single black box which could be easily treated as a component in a larger circuit.
1963: A monolithic IC op - amp. In 1963, the first monolithic IC op - amp, the μA702 designed by Bob Widlar at Fairchild Semiconductor, was released. Monolithic ICs consist of a single chip as opposed to a chip and discrete parts (a discrete IC) or multiple chips bonded and connected on a circuit board (a hybrid IC). Almost all modern op - amps are monolithic ICs; however, this first IC did not meet with much success. Issues such as an uneven supply voltage, low gain and a small dynamic range held off the dominance of monolithic op - amps until 1965 when the μA709 (also designed by Bob Widlar) was released.
1968: Release of the μA741. The popularity of monolithic op - amps was further improved upon the release of the LM101 in 1967, which solved a variety of issues, and the subsequent release of the μA741 in 1968. The μA741 was extremely similar to the LM101 except that Fairchild 's facilities allowed them to include a 30 pF compensation capacitor inside the chip instead of requiring external compensation. This simple difference has made the 741 the canonical op - amp and many modern amps base their pinout on the 741s. The μA741 is still in production, and has become ubiquitous in electronics -- many manufacturers produce a version of this classic chip, recognizable by part numbers containing 741. The same part is manufactured by several companies.
1970: First high - speed, low - input current FET design. In the 1970s high speed, low - input current designs started to be made by using FETs. These would be largely replaced by op - amps made with MOSFETs in the 1980s.
1972: Single sided supply op - amps being produced. A single sided supply op - amp is one where the input and output voltages can be as low as the negative power supply voltage instead of needing to be at least two volts above it. The result is that it can operate in many applications with the negative supply pin on the op - amp being connected to the signal ground, thus eliminating the need for a separate negative power supply.
The LM324 (released in 1972) was one such op - amp that came in a quad package (four separate op - amps in one package) and became an industry standard. In addition to packaging multiple op - amps in a single package, the 1970s also saw the birth of op - amps in hybrid packages. These op - amps were generally improved versions of existing monolithic op - amps. As the properties of monolithic op - amps improved, the more complex hybrid ICs were quickly relegated to systems that are required to have extremely long service lives or other specialty systems.
Recent trends. Recently supply voltages in analog circuits have decreased (as they have in digital logic) and low - voltage op - amps have been introduced reflecting this. Supplies of 5 V and increasingly 3.3 V (sometimes as low as 1.8 V) are common. To maximize the signal range modern op - amps commonly have rail - to - rail output (the output signal can range from the lowest supply voltage to the highest) and sometimes rail - to - rail inputs. Recent "boomer '' amplifiers such as the LM4871 and 8002 also have a shutdown feature, an internal power supply for biasing, and a bypass pin to connect a bypass capacitor for that power supply.
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who sang original dream a little of me | Dream a Little Dream of Me - wikipedia
"Dream a Little Dream of Me '' is a song, from circa 1931, with music by Fabian Andre and Wilbur Schwandt and lyrics by Gus Kahn. It was first recorded in February 1931 by Ozzie Nelson and also by Wayne King and His Orchestra, with vocal by Ernie Birchill. A popular standard, it has seen more than 60 other versions recorded, with one of the highest chart ratings by Mama Cass Elliot with the Mamas & the Papas in 1968.
"Dream a Little Dream of Me '' was recorded by Ozzie Nelson and his Orchestra, with vocal by Nelson, on February 16, 1931, for Brunswick Records. Two days later, Wayne King and His Orchestra, with vocal by Ernie Birchill, recorded the song for Victor Records. "Dream a Little Dream of Me '' was also an early signature tune of Kate Smith. In summer 1950, seven recordings of "Dream a Little Dream of Me '' were in release, with the versions by Frankie Laine and Jack Owens reaching the US top 20 at respectively numbers 18 and 14: the other versions were by Cathy Mastice, Ella Fitzgerald, Louis Jordan, Vaughn Monroe, Dinah Shore and a duet by Bing Crosby and Georgia Gibbs. Other traditional pop acts to record "Dream a Little Dream of Me '' include Louis Armstrong, Barbara Carroll, Nat King Cole, Doris Day, Joni James, and Dean Martin.
The song was again recorded in 1968 by Mama Cass Elliot with The Mamas & the Papas, and then by Anita Harris. More than 40 other versions followed, including by the Mills Brothers, Sylvie Vartan, Henry Mancini, The Beautiful South, Anne Murray, Erasure, Michael Bublé, and Italian vocal group Blue Penguin (see below: List of recorded versions).
"Dream a Little Dream of Me '' was recorded for the Mamas & the Papas April 1968 album release The Papas & The Mamas. The group had often sung the song for fun, having been familiarized with it by member Michelle Phillips, whose father had been friends with the song 's co-writer, Fabian Andre, in Mexico City where Michelle Phillips ' family had resided when she was a young girl. "Mama '' Cass Elliot suggested to group leader John Phillips that the group record "Dream a Little Dream of Me ''. According to him she was unhappy while recording the song, objecting to its campiness. However, Elliot herself would later tell Melody Maker: "I tried to sing it like it was 1943 and somebody had just come in and said, ' Here 's a new song. ' I tried to sing it as if it were the first time. ''
In the album version, recorded with the Mamas and the Papas, a spoken introduction from an engineer is heard mentioning a drink, and then concluding with the words: "And now, to sing a lovely ballad, here is Mama Cass ''. Only the last part was heard on the single version of the song. Cass did her own whistling, which is heard before the song 's fade.
By the time of the album 's release, there were strong indications that the Mamas & the Papas were set to disband, a perception strengthened by the failure of the lead single "Safe in My Garden ''. Having an opportunity to promote the group 's best - known member as a soloist, Dunhill Records gave a June 1968 single release to the "Dream a Little Dream of Me '' track with the credit reading - to John Phillips ' displeasure - "Mama Cass with the Mamas & the Papas ''; in its UK release the artist credit simply read "Mama Cass ''. Promoted in the US press and on billboards with a photograph of a discreetly but obviously nude Elliot lying in a bed of daisies, "Dream a Little Dream of Me '' peaked at # 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 that August (its Cash Box peak was # 10 and in Record World it reached # 8). The Billboard Easy Listening chart ranked the single as high as # 2. In the UK "Dream a Little Dream of Me '' reached # 11 that September; the track also afforded Mama Cass a hit in Ireland (# 13) and South Africa (# 8). In Australia the Go - Set Top 40 chart ranked "Dream a Little Dream of Me '' at # 1 for the weeks of 4 & 11 September 1968. "Dream a Little Dream '' was released as a single in Europe in 1992 - credited to the Mamas and the Papas and featuring that group 's # 1 hit "Monday, Monday '' as the B - side - to reach # 5 in Germany and # 22 in Switzerland. In Australia the song spent two weeks at # 1, and was the 16th biggest hit of 1968.
A slightly different version of "Dream a Little Dream of Me '' was included on Elliot 's solo debut album, Dream a Little Dream.
The release of the Mama Cass single of "Dream a Little Dream of Me '' prompted a cover by Anita Harris which was recorded at Olympic Studios in a session produced by Mike Margolis with Alan Tew as musical director. Released 26 July 1968, the Harris version debuted in the UK Top 50 dated 10 August 1968 at # 46 ahead of the Cass version at # 49 although the latter would vault into the Top 30 and then Top 20 over the next two weeks while the Harris version would never reach the Top 30. However Harris 's version of "Dream a Little Dream of Me '' would maintain a lower chart presence throughout the ascendancy of the Cass version with Harris 's single peaking at # 33 the week after Cass 's peak at # 11. Both Cass 's and Harris 's versions of the song have an inaccurate rendering of the middle eight bars.
English singer - songwriter Robbie Williams recorded "Dream a Little Dream of Me '' (retitled "Dream a Little Dream '') for his tenth studio and second swing album, Swings Both Ways (2013). While the album version is a duet with Lily Allen, she was omitted from the single version, which was released on 13 December 2013 as the album 's second single.
The video features Williams singing the song whilst presenting a Christmas show in the style of The Dean Martin Show.
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ccr i put a spell on you album | I Put a Spell on You - wikipedia
"I Put a Spell on You '' is a 1956 song written by Screamin ' Jay Hawkins, whose recording was selected as one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. It was also ranked No. 313 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The track became a classic cult song covered by a variety of artists and was his greatest commercial success, reportedly surpassing a million copies in sales, although it failed to make the Billboard pop or R&B charts.
Hawkins had originally intended to record "I Put a Spell on You '' as "a refined love song, a blues ballad ''. However, the producer "brought in ribs and chicken and got everybody drunk, and we came out with this weird version... I do n't even remember making the record. Before, I was just a normal blues singer. I was just Jay Hawkins. It all sort of just fell in place. I found out I could do more destroying a song and screaming it to death. ''
Hawkins first recorded "I Put a Spell on You '' as a ballad during his stint with Grand Records in late 1955. However, that version was not released at the time (it has since been reissued on Hawkins ' UK Rev - Ola CD The Whamee 1953 -- 55). The following year, Hawkins re-recorded the song for Columbia 's Okeh Records -- the notorious screaming version, which was released in October 1956. This version was banned from radio for its outrageous style. A truncated version was released but the ban remained. The record still sold over a million copies.
The hit brought Hawkins together with Cleveland disc jockey Alan Freed who promptly added him to his "Rock and Roll Revue. '' Up to this time, Hawkins had been a blues performer: emotional, but not wild. Freed suggested a gimmick to capitalize on the "demented '' sound of "I Put a Spell on You '': Hawkins wore a long cape, and appeared onstage by rising out of a coffin in the midst of smoke and fog. The act was a sensation, later bolstered by tusks worn in Hawkins ' nose, on - stage snakes and fireworks, and a cigarette - smoking skull named "Henry ''.
This theatrical act was one of the first shock rock performances.
"I Put a Spell on You '' has been covered by other artists extensively; there are several hundred versions available on online stores like iTunes. Most of the covers treat the song seriously; few attempt to duplicate Hawkins 's bravura performance. Although Hawkins ' version did not make any charts, several later cover versions have.
Other versions of note:
Catégorie: Single publié par Okeh Records
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how far is salisbury nc from raleigh nc | Raleigh, North Carolina - wikipedia
Raleigh (/ ˈrɑːli /; RAH - lee) is the capital of the state of North Carolina and the seat of Wake County in the United States. Raleigh is the second - largest city in the state of North Carolina, behind only Charlotte. Raleigh is known as the "City of Oaks '' for its many oak trees, which line the streets in the heart of the city. The city covers a land area of 142.8 square miles (370 km). The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's population as 451,066 as of July 1, 2015. It is one of the fastest - growing cities in the country. The city of Raleigh is named after Sir Walter Raleigh, who established the lost Roanoke Colony in present - day Dare County.
Raleigh is home to North Carolina State University and is part of the Research Triangle area, together with Durham (home of Duke University) and Chapel Hill (home of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill). The "Triangle '' nickname originated after the 1959 creation of the Research Triangle Park, located in Durham and Wake counties, among the three cities and their universities. The Research Triangle region encompasses the U.S. Census Bureau 's Raleigh - Durham - Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area (CSA), which had an estimated population of 2,037,430 in 2013. The Raleigh Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) had an estimated population of 1,214,516 in 2013.
Most of Raleigh is located within Wake County, with a very small portion extending into Durham County. The towns of Cary, Morrisville, Garner, Clayton, Wake Forest, Apex, Holly Springs, Fuquay - Varina, Knightdale, Wendell, Zebulon, and Rolesville are some of Raleigh 's primary nearby suburbs and satellite towns.
Raleigh is an early example in the United States (US) of a planned city. Following the American Revolutionary War when the US gained independence, this was chosen as the site of the state capital in 1788 and incorporated in 1792 as such. The city was originally laid out in a grid pattern with the North Carolina State Capitol in Union Square at the center. During the United States Civil War, the city was spared from any significant battle. It fell to the Union in the closing days of the war, and struggled with the economic hardships in the postwar period related to the reconstitution of labor markets, over-reliance on agriculture, and the social unrest of the Reconstruction Era.
Following the establishment of the Research Triangle Park in 1959, numerous jobs were created in science and technology. The region and city have attracted a large influx of population, making it one of the fastest - growing communities in the United States by the early 21st century.
Raleigh is home to numerous cultural, educational, and historic sites. The Duke Energy Center for the Performing Arts features three theater venues and serves as the home for the North Carolina Symphony and the Carolina Ballet. Coastal Credit Union Music Park at Walnut Creek is a large music amphitheater. Museums include the state museums of art, history and natural sciences, two in downtown. Major universities and colleges, in addition to those above, include Shaw University, the first historically black university in the American South. In the 1960s, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, an important civil rights organization, was founded here. One U.S. president, Andrew Johnson, was born in Raleigh.
Bath, the oldest town in North Carolina, was the first nominal capital of the colony from 1705 until 1722, when Edenton took over the role. The colony had no permanent institutions of government until the new capital New Bern was established in 1743.
In December 1770, Joel Lane successfully petitioned the North Carolina General Assembly to create a new county. On January 5, 1771, the bill creating Wake County was passed in the General Assembly. The county was formed from portions of Cumberland, Orange, and Johnston counties. The county was named for Margaret Wake Tryon, the wife of Governor William Tryon. The first county seat was Bloomsbury.
New Bern, a port town on the Neuse River 35 miles (56 km) from the Atlantic Ocean, was the largest city and the capital of North Carolina during the American Revolution. When the British Army laid siege to the city, that site could no longer be used.
Raleigh was chosen as the site of the new capital in 1788, as its central location protected it from attacks from the coast. It was officially established in 1792 as both county seat and state capital (incorporated on December 31, 1792 -- charter granted January 21, 1795). The city was named for Sir Walter Raleigh, sponsor of Roanoke, the "lost colony '' on Roanoke Island.
The city 's location was chosen, in part, for being within 11 mi (18 km) of Isaac Hunter 's Tavern, a popular tavern frequented by the state legislators. No known city or town existed previously on the chosen city site. Raleigh is one of the few cities in the United States that was planned and built specifically to serve as a state capital. Its original boundaries were formed by the downtown streets of North, East, West and South. The plan, a grid with two main axes meeting at a central square and an additional square in each corner, was based on Thomas Holme 's 1682 plan for Philadelphia.
The North Carolina General Assembly first met in Raleigh in December 1794, and granted the city a charter, with a board of seven appointed commissioners and an "Intendant of Police '' (which developed as the office of Mayor) to govern it. (After 1803 city commissioners were elected.) In 1799, the N.C. Minerva and Raleigh Advertiser was the first newspaper published in Raleigh. John Haywood was the first Intendant of Police.
In 1808, Andrew Johnson, the nation 's future 17th President, was born at Casso 's Inn in Raleigh. The city 's first water supply network was completed in 1818, although due to system failures, the project was abandoned. In 1819 Raleigh 's first volunteer fire company was founded, followed in 1821 by a full - time fire company.
In 1817, the Episcopal Diocese of North Carolina was established and headquartered in Raleigh.
In 1831, a fire destroyed the State Capitol. Two years later, reconstruction began with quarried gneiss being delivered by the first railroad in the state. Raleigh celebrated the completions of the new Capitol and new Raleigh & Gaston Railroad Company in 1840.
In 1853, the first State Fair was held near Raleigh. The first institution of higher learning in Raleigh, Peace College, was established in 1857. Raleigh 's Historic Oakwood contains many houses from the 19th century that are still in good condition.
North Carolina seceded from the Union. After the Civil War began, Governor Zebulon Baird Vance ordered the construction of breastworks around the city as protection from Union troops. During General Sherman 's Carolinas Campaign, Raleigh was captured by Union cavalry under the command of General Hugh Judson Kilpatrick on April 13, 1865. As the Confederate cavalry retreated west, the Union soldiers followed, leading to the nearby Battle of Morrisville. The city was spared significant destruction during the War.
Due to the economic and social problems of the post-war period and Reconstruction, with a state economy still overly based on agriculture, it grew little over the next several decades.
After the Civil War ended in 1865, African Americans were emancipated. The Reconstruction era legislature established public education for blacks and whites. Freedmen were often led by free blacks who had become educated before the war. With the help of the Freedmen 's Bureau, many freedmen migrated from rural areas to Raleigh. It had an established free black community, more work opportunities, and many freedmen wanted to get out from under white supervision in the rural areas.
Shaw University, the South 's first African - American college, began classes in 1865 and was chartered in 1875. Its Estey Hall was the first building constructed for the higher education of black women, and Leonard Medical Center was the first four - year medical school in the country for African Americans.
In 1867, Episcopal clergy founded St. Augustine 's College for the education of freedmen. The biracial Reconstruction legislature created new welfare institutions: in 1869, it approved the nation 's first school for blind and deaf blacks, to be located in Raleigh. In 1874, the federal government constructed the Federal Building in Raleigh, the first federal government project in the South following the Civil War.
In 1880, the newspapers News and Observer combined to form The News & Observer. It continues to be Raleigh 's primary daily newspaper. The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, now known as North Carolina State University, was founded as a land - grant college in 1887. The city 's Rex Hospital opened in 1889 and included the state 's first nursing school. The Baptist Women 's College, now known as Meredith College, opened in 1891, and in 1898, The Academy of Music, a private music conservatory, was established.
In the late nineteenth century, two black Congressmen were elected from North Carolina 's 2nd district, the last in 1898. George Henry White sought to promote civil rights for blacks and to challenge efforts by white Democrats to reduce black voting by new discriminatory laws. He and allies were unsuccessful. Based on a white supremacy campaign that returned Democrats to dominance, in 1900 the state legislature passed a new constitution, with a suffrage amendment that raised barriers to voter registration, resulting in the disenfranchisement of most blacks and many poor whites. The state succeeded in reducing black voting to zero by 1908. Loss of the ability to vote also disqualified black men (and later women) from sitting on juries and serving in any office, local, state or federal. The rising black middle - class in Raleigh and other areas was politically silenced and shut out of local governance, and the Republican Party was no longer competitive in the state.
It was not until after federal civil rights legislation was passed in the mid-1960s that the majority of blacks in North Carolina would again be able to vote, sit on juries and serve in local offices. By that time many African Americans had left the state in the Great Migration to northern industrial cities for more opportunities. No African American was elected to Congress from North Carolina until 1992.
In 1912, Bloomsbury Park opened, featuring a popular carousel ride. Relocated to Pullen Park, the Pullen Park Carousel is still operating.
From 1914 to 1917, an influenza epidemic killed 288 Raleigh citizens.
In 1922, WLAC signed on as the city 's first radio station, but lasted only two years. WFBQ signed on in 1924 and became WPTF in 1927. It is now Raleigh 's oldest continuous radio broadcaster.
Following immigration by Catholics, on December 12, 1924, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Raleigh was officially established by Pope Pius XI. The Sacred Heart Cathedral became the official seat of the diocese with William Joseph Hafey as its bishop.
The city 's first airport, Curtiss - Wright Flying Field, opened in 1929. That same year, the stock market crash resulted in six Raleigh banks closing.
During the difficult 1930s of the Great Depression, government at all levels was integral to creating jobs. The city provided recreational and educational programs, and hired people for public works projects. In 1932, Raleigh Memorial Auditorium was dedicated. The North Carolina Symphony, founded the same year, performed in its new home. From 1934 to 1937, the federal Civilian Conservation Corps constructed the area now known as William B. Umstead State Park. In 1939, the State General Assembly chartered the Raleigh - Durham Aeronautical Authority to build a larger airport between Raleigh and Durham, with the first flight occurring in 1943.
In 1947, Raleigh citizens adopted a council - manager form of government, the current form. Council members are elected from single - member districts. They hire a city manager.
The Dorton Arena, a 7,610 - seat multi-purpose arena designed by Matthew Nowicki, was opened in 1952 on the grounds of the North Carolina State Fair. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.
Raleigh experienced significant damage from Hurricane Hazel in 1954.
In 1953, WNAO - TV, channel 28, became the city 's first television station, though it folded in 1957.
With the opening of the Research Triangle Park in 1959, Raleigh began to experience a population increase, resulting in a total city population of 100,000 by 1960. In 1960, the Census Bureau reported Raleigh 's population as 76.4 % white and 23.4 % black.
Following passage of the federal Voting Rights Act of 1965, one of the main achievements of the Civil Rights Movement and the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency, political participation and voting by African Americans in Raleigh increased rapidly. In 1967, Clarence Lightner was elected to the City Council, and in 1973 became Raleigh 's first African - American mayor.
In 1976, the Raleigh City and Wake County schools merged to become the Wake County Public School System, now the largest school system in the state and 19th largest in the country.
During the 1970s and 1980s, the I - 440 beltline was constructed, easing traffic congestion and providing access to most major city roads.
The first Raleigh Convention Center (replaced in 2008) and Fayetteville Street Mall were both opened in 1977. Fayetteville Street was turned into a pedestrian - only street in an effort to help the then - ailing downtown area, but the plan was flawed and business declined for years to come. Fayetteville Street was reopened in 2007 as the main thoroughfare of Raleigh 's downtown.
The 1988 Raleigh tornado outbreak of November 28, 1988, was the most destructive of the seven tornadoes reported in Northeastern North Carolina and southeastern Virginia between 1: 00 AM and 5: 45 AM. The Raleigh tornado produced over $77 million in F4 damage, along with four fatalities (two in the city of Raleigh, and two in Nash County) and 154 injuries. The damage path from the storm was measured at 84 miles (135 km) long, and. 5 miles (0.8 km) wide at times.
In 1991, two large skyscrapers in Raleigh were completed, First Union Capitol Center and Two Hannover Square, along with the popular Coastal Credit Union Music Park at Walnut Creek in Southeast Raleigh.
In 1996, the Olympic Flame passed through Raleigh while on its way to the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Also in 1996, Hurricane Fran struck the area, causing massive flooding and extensive structural damage. In addition, WRAL - TV became the first High - Definition broadcast station in the world.
In 1997, the National Hockey League 's Hartford Whalers announced their intention to move to Raleigh as the Carolina Hurricanes, becoming the city 's first major league professional sports franchise.
In 1999, the Raleigh Entertainment and Sports Arena (later renamed the RBC Center and now called PNC Arena), opened to provide a home for the Hurricanes and the NC State Wolfpack men 's basketball team, as well as an up - to - date major concert venue.
In the first decade of the 21st century, Raleigh was featured prominently in a number of "Top 10 Lists '', including those by Forbes, MSNBC and Money magazine, due to its quality of life and business climate.
In 2001, the Raleigh Memorial Auditorium complex was expanded with the addition of the Progress Energy Center for the Performing Arts, Meymandi Concert Hall, Fletcher Opera Theater, Kennedy Theatre, Betty Ray McCain Gallery and Lichtin Plaza.
Fayetteville Street reopened to vehicular traffic in 2006. A variety of downtown building projects began around this time including the 34 - story RBC Bank Tower, multiple condominium projects and several new restaurants. Additional skyscrapers are in the proposal / planning phase.
In 2006, the city 's NHL franchise, the Carolina Hurricanes won the Stanley Cup, North Carolina 's first and only professional sports championship.
With the opening of parts of I - 540 from 2005 to 2007, a new 70 - mile (110 km) loop around Wake County, traffic congestion eased somewhat in the North Raleigh area. Completion of the entire loop is expected to take another 15 years.
In 2008, the city 's Fayetteville Street Historic District joined the National Register of Historic Places.
In September 2010, Raleigh hosted the inaugural Hopscotch Music Festival.
In January 2011, Raleigh hosted the National Hockey League All - Star Game.
In April 2011, a devastating EF - 3 tornado hit Raleigh, and many other tornadoes touched down in the state (ultimately the largest, but not the strongest (1984 Carolinas tornado outbreak) outbreak to ever hit the state), killing 24 people. The tornado tracked northeast through parts of Downtown, East Central Raleigh and Northeast Raleigh and produced $115 million in damages in Wake County. There were 4 fatalities in the city.
According to the United States Census Bureau, Raleigh occupies a total area of 144.0 square miles (373.0 km), of which 142.9 square miles (370.1 km) is land and 1.1 square miles (2.8 km), or 0.76 %, is covered by water. The Neuse River flows through the northeast end of the city.
Raleigh is located in the northeast central region of North Carolina, where the Piedmont and Atlantic Coastal Plain regions meet. This area is known as the "fall line '' because it marks the elevation inland at which waterfalls begin to appear in creeks and rivers. As a result, most of Raleigh features gently rolling hills that slope eastward toward the state 's flat coastal plain. Its central Piedmont location situates Raleigh about two hours west of Atlantic Beach, North Carolina, by car and four hours east of the Great Smoky Mountains. The city is 155 miles (249 km) south of Richmond, Virginia, 263 miles (423 km) south of Washington, D.C., and 150 miles (240 km) northeast of Charlotte, North Carolina.
Raleigh is divided into several major geographic areas, each of which use a Raleigh address and a ZIP code that begins with the digits 276. PNC Plaza, formerly known as RBC Plaza, is the largest and tallest skyscraper in the city of Raleigh. The tower rises to a height of 538 feet (164 m), with a floor count of 34.
The downtown area is home to historic buildings such as the Sir Walter Raleigh Hotel built in the early 20th century, the restored City Market, the Fayetteville Street downtown business district, which includes the PNC Plaza and Wells Fargo Capitol Center buildings, as well as the North Carolina Museum of History, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, North Carolina State Capitol, Peace College, the City of Raleigh Museum, Raleigh Convention Center, Shaw University, Campbell University School of Law, and St. Augustine 's College. In the 2000s, an effort by the Downtown Raleigh Alliance was made to separate this area of the city into five smaller districts: Fayetteville Street, Moore Square, Glenwood South, Warehouse (Raleigh), and Capital District (Raleigh). Some of the names have become common place among locals such as the Warehouse, Fayetteville Street, and Glenwood South Districts.
The Inside the Beltline neighborhoods include Cameron Park, Boylan Heights, Country Club Hills, Coley Forest, Five Points, Budleigh, Glenwood - Brooklyn, Hayes Barton Historic District, Moore Square, Mordecai, Rosengarten Park, Belvidere Park, Woodcrest, Oberlin Village, and Historic Oakwood. Inside the Beltline refers to I - 440 which used to be called the Beltline before being re-branded to ease driver navigation. These neighborhoods were typically built before World War II.
Midtown Raleigh is a residential and commercial area just North of the I - 440 Beltline and is part of North Raleigh. It is roughly framed by Glenwood / Creedmoor Road to the West, Wake Forest Road to the East, and Millbrook Road to the North. It includes shopping centers such as North Hills and Crabtree Valley Mall. It also includes North Hills Park and part of the Raleigh Greenway System. The term was coined by the Greater Raleigh Chamber of Commerce, developer John Kane and planning director Mitchell Silver. The News & Observer newspaper started using the term for marketing purposes only. The Midtown Raleigh Alliance was founded on July 25, 2011 as a way for community leaders to promote the area.
East Raleigh is situated roughly from Capital Boulevard near the I - 440 beltline to New Hope Road. Most of East Raleigh 's development is along primary corridors such as U.S. 1 (Capital Boulevard), New Bern Avenue, Poole Road, Buffaloe Road, and New Hope Road. Neighborhoods in East Raleigh include Hedingham, Longview, Lockwood, Madonna Acres, New Hope, Thompson - Hunter and Wilder 's Grove. The area is bordered to the east by the town of Knightdale.
West Raleigh lies along Hillsborough Street and Western Boulevard. The area is bordered to the west by suburban Cary. It is home to North Carolina State University, Meredith College, Pullen Park, Pullen Memorial Baptist Church, Cameron Village, Lake Johnson, the North Carolina Museum of Art and historic Saint Mary 's School. Primary thoroughfares serving West Raleigh, in addition to Hillsborough Street, are Avent Ferry Road, Blue Ridge Road, and Western Boulevard. The PNC Arena is also located here adjacent to the North Carolina State Fairgrounds. These are located approximately 2 miles from Rex Hospital.
North Raleigh is an expansive, diverse, and fast - growing suburban area of the city that is home to established neighborhoods to the south along with many newly built subdivisions and along its northern fringes. The area generally falls North of Millbrook Road. It is primarily suburban with large shopping areas. Primary neighborhoods and subdivisions in North Raleigh include Bartons Creek Bluffs, Bedford, Bent Tree, Black Horse Run, Brier Creek, Brookhaven, Coachman 's Trail, Crossgate, Crosswinds, Dominion Park, Ethan 's Glenn, Falls River, Harrington Grove, Hidden Valley, Lake Park, Long Lake, North Haven, North Ridge, Oakcroft, Shannon Woods, Six Forks Station, Springdale Estates, Stonebridge, Stone Creek, Stonehenge, Summerfield, Valley Estates, Wakefield, Weathersfield, Windsor Forest, and Wood Valley. The area is served by a number of primary transportation corridors including Glenwood Avenue U.S. Route 70, Interstate 540, Wake Forest Road, Millbrook Road, Lynn Road, Six Forks Road, Spring Forest Road, Creedmoor Road, Leesville Road, Norwood Road, Strickland Road, and North Hills Drive.
South Raleigh is located along U.S. 401 south toward Fuquay - Varina and along US 70 into suburban Garner. This area is the least developed and least dense area of Raleigh (much of the area lies within the Swift Creek watershed district, where development regulations limit housing densities and construction). The area is bordered to the west by Cary, to the east by Garner, and to the southwest by Holly Springs. Neighborhoods in South Raleigh include Eagle Creek, Renaissance Park, Lake Wheeler, Swift Creek, Carolina Pines, Rhamkatte, Riverbrooke, and Enchanted Oaks.
Southeast Raleigh is bounded by downtown on the west, Garner on the southwest, and rural Wake County to the southeast. The area includes areas along Rock Quarry Road, Poole Road, and New Bern Avenue. Primary neighborhoods include Chastain, Chavis Heights, Raleigh Country Club, Southgate, Kingwood Forest, Rochester Heights, Emerald Village and Biltmore Hills. Coastal Credit Union Music Park (formerly Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion, Alltel Pavilion and Walnut Creek Amphitheatre) is one of the region 's major outdoor concert venues and is located on Rock Quarry Road. Shaw University is located in this part of the city.
Like much of the southeastern United States, Raleigh has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with four distinct seasons. Winters are short and generally cool, with a January daily average of 41.0 ° F (5.0 ° C). On average, there are 69 nights per year that drop to or below freezing, and only 2.7 days that fail to rise above freezing. April is the driest month, with an average of 2.91 inches (73.9 mm) of precipitation. Precipitation is well distributed around the year, with a slight maximum between July and September; on average, July is the wettest month, owing to generally frequent, sometimes heavy, showers and thunderstorms. Summers are hot and humid, with a daily average in July of 80.0 ° F (26.7 ° C). There are 48 days per year with highs at or above 90 ° F (32 ° C). Autumn is similar to spring overall but has fewer days of rainfall, but greater potential for extremely heavy rainfall in a one / two day period, owing to occasional threat from tropical weather systems (hurricanes and tropical storms) packing torrential rainfall. In September 1999, Raleigh recorded its wettest month ever, with over 21 inches of rain, due to torrential rainfall from tropical weather systems, most notably Hurricane Floyd on September 15 -- 16. Extremes in temperature have ranged from − 9 ° F (− 23 ° C) on January 21, 1985 up to 105 ° F (41 ° C), most recently on July 8, 2012.
Raleigh receives an average of 6.0 inches (15.2 cm) of snow in winter. Freezing rain and sleet also occur most winters, and occasionally the area experiences a major damaging ice storm. On January 24 -- 25, 2000, Raleigh received its greatest snowfall from a single storm -- 20.3 inches (52 cm) -- the Winter Storm of January 2000. Storms of this magnitude are generally the result of cold air damming that affects the city due to its proximity to the Appalachian Mountains. Winter storms have caused traffic problems in the past as well.
The region also experiences occasional periods of drought, during which the city sometimes has restricted water use by residents. During the late summer and early fall, Raleigh can experience hurricanes. In 1996, Hurricane Fran caused severe damage in the Raleigh area, mostly from falling trees. Hurricanes Dennis and Floyd in September 1999 were primary contributors to that month 's extreme rainfall of over 21 inches. The most recent hurricane to have a considerable effect on the area was Matthew in 2016. Tornadoes also have on occasion affected the city of Raleigh, most notably the November 28, 1988 tornado which occurred in the early morning hours and rated an F4 on the Fujita Tornado Scale and affected northwestern portions of the city. There also was the April 16, 2011 F3 tornado, which affected portions of downtown and northeast Raleigh and the suburb of Holly Springs.
Despite the concerns of occasional drought that comes with the region, Raleigh and the state of North Carolina receive large amounts of rainfall throughout the year. Raleigh receives an average annual rainfall of 43.34 inches (110.1 cm), which is 4.2 inches (10.7 cm) more than the national average.
According to the 2010 Census, the racial composition of the city was:
In addition, 11.4 % of city residents were Hispanic or Latino Americans, of any race (5.9 % Mexican, 1.1 % Puerto Rican, 0.9 % Salvadoran, 0.6 % Dominican, 0.6 % Honduran, 0.3 % Colombian, 0.3 % Cuban, 0.2 % Guatemalan, 0.2 % Spanish, 0.2 % Peruvian, 0.1 % Venezuelan, 0.1 % Ecuadorian, 0.1 % Argentine, 0.1 % Panamanian).
As of the 2000 United States census, there were 276,093 persons (July 2008 estimate was 380,173) and 61,371 families residing in Raleigh. The population density was 2,409.2 people per square mile (930.2 / km2). There were 120,699 housing units at an average density of 1,053.2 per square mile (406.7 / km2). The racial composition of the city was: 63.31 % White, 27.80 % Black or African American, 7.01 % Hispanic or Latino American, 3.38 % Asian American, 0.36 % Native American, 0.04 % Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, 3.24 % some other race, and 1.88 % two or more races.
There were 112,608 households in the city in 2000, of which 26.5 % included children below the age of 18, 39.5 % were composed of married couples living together, 11.4 % reported a female householder with no husband present, and 45.5 % classified themselves as nonfamily. Unmarried partners were present in 2.2 % of households. In addition, 33.1 % of all households were composed of individuals living alone, of which 6.2 % was someone 65 years of age or older. The average household size in Raleigh was 2.30 persons, and the average family size was 2.97 persons.
Raleigh 's population in 2000 was evenly distributed with 20.9 % below the age of 18, 15.9 % aged 18 to 24, 36.6 % from 25 to 44, and 18.4 % from 45 to 64. An estimated 8.3 % of the population was 65 years of age or older, and the median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.0 males; for every 100 females aged 18 or older, there were 96.6 males aged 18 or older.
The median household income in the city was $46,612 in 2000, and the median family income was $60,003. Males earned a median income of $39,248, versus $30,656 for females. The median per capita income for the city was $25,113, and an estimated 11.5 % of the population and 7.1 % of families were living below the poverty line. Of the total population, 18.8 % of those below the age of 18, and 9.3 % of those 65 and older, were living below the poverty line.
Raleigh is home to a wide variety of religious practitioners. The predominant religion in Raleigh is Christianity, with the largest numbers of adherents being Roman Catholic (4.2 %), Baptist (14.1 %), and Methodist (5.6 %). Others include Presbyterian (2.8 %), Pentecostal (1.7 %), Episcopalian (1.2 %), Lutheran (0.6 %), Latter - Day Saints (0.7 %), and other Christian denominations (10.2 %) including Eastern Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Jehovah 's Witness, Christian Science, Christian Unitarianism, other Mainline Protestant groups, and non-denominational.
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Raleigh, the Episcopal Diocese of North Carolina, the North Carolina Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church, and the New Hope Presbytery of the Presbyterian Church (USA) are all headquartered in Raleigh.
Other religions including Hinduism, Buddhism, Bahá'í, Druze, Taoism, and Shintoism make up 1.31 % of religious practitioners. Islam (0.8 %) and Judaism (0.9 %) are also practiced.
In Wake County, 29 % of the population are affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention, 22 % are affiliated with the Catholic Church, 17 % are affiliated with the United Methodist Church, 6 % are affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (USA), and 27 % are religiously affiliated with other denominations, religions, or are not religiously affiliated.
Raleigh 's industrial base includes banking / financial services; electrical, medical, electronic and telecommunications equipment; clothing and apparel; food processing; paper products; and pharmaceuticals. Raleigh is part of North Carolina 's Research Triangle, one of the country 's largest and most successful research parks, and a major center in the United States for high - tech and biotech research, as well as advanced textile development. The city is a major retail shipping point for eastern North Carolina and a wholesale distributing point for the grocery industry.
Raleigh was number one on the 2015 Forbes list of the best place for businesses and careers. Companies based in Raleigh include BB&T Insurance Services, Capitol Broadcasting Company, Carquest, First Citizens BancShares, Golden Corral, Martin Marietta Materials, Red Hat, Waste Industries, and Lulu.
In April 2014 Steven P. Rosenthal of Northland Investment Corp. referred to Raleigh as "a real concentration of brain power. You have a lot of smart people living in the same place. That will drive the economy. ''
According to Raleigh 's 2011 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:
The Coastal Credit Union Music Park at Walnut Creek hosts major international touring acts. In 2011, the Downtown Raleigh Amphitheater opened (now sponsored as the Red Hat Amphitheater), which hosts numerous concerts primarily in the summer months. An additional amphitheater sits on the grounds of the North Carolina Museum of Art, which hosts a summer concert series and outdoor movies. Nearby Cary is home to the Koka Booth Amphitheatre which hosts additional summer concerts and outdoor movies, and serves as the venue for regularly scheduled outdoor concerts by the North Carolina Symphony based in Raleigh. During the North Carolina State Fair, Dorton Arena hosts headline acts. The private Lincoln Theatre is one of several clubs in downtown Raleigh that schedules many concerts throughout the year in multiple formats (rock, pop, country).
The Duke Energy Center for the Performing Arts complex houses the Raleigh Memorial Auditorium, the Fletcher Opera Theater, the Kennedy Theatre, and the Meymandi Concert Hall. In 2008, a new theatre space, the Meymandi Theatre at the Murphey School, was opened in the restored auditorium of the historic Murphey School. Theater performances are also offered at the Raleigh Little Theatre, Long View Center, Ira David Wood III Pullen Park Theatre, and Stewart and Thompson Theaters at North Carolina State University.
Raleigh is home to several professional arts organizations, including the North Carolina Symphony, the Opera Company of North Carolina, Theatre In The Park, Burning Coal Theatre Company, the North Carolina Theatre, Broadway Series South and the Carolina Ballet. The numerous local colleges and universities significantly add to the options available for viewing live performances.
North Carolina Museum of Art, occupying a large suburban campus on Blue Ridge Road near the North Carolina State Fairgrounds, maintains one of the premier public art collections located between Washington, D.C., and Atlanta. In addition to its extensive collections of American Art, European Art and ancient art, the museum recently has hosted major exhibitions featuring Auguste Rodin (in 2000) and Claude Monet (in 2006 - 07), each attracting more than 200,000 visitors. Unlike most prominent public museums, the North Carolina Museum of Art acquired a large number of the works in its permanent collection through purchases with public funds. The museum 's outdoor park is one of the largest such art parks in the country. The museum facility underwent a major expansion which greatly expanded the exhibit space that was completed in 2010. The 127,000 sf new expansion is designed by NYC architect Thomas Phifer and Partners.
Raleigh 's downtown is also home to many local art galleries such as Art Space in City Market, Visual Art Exchange, and 311 Gallery, on Martin Street, and Bee Hive Studios on Hargett Street. CAM Raleigh is a downtown contemporary art museum, also on Martin Street, that serves to promote new artists and does not house a permanent collection. CAM Raleigh was designed by the award - winning architectural firm Brooks + Scarpa of Los Angeles.
Raleigh frequently receives national recognition for its quality of life and business climate. Some recent national rankings include:
The National Hockey League 's Carolina Hurricanes franchise moved to Raleigh in 1997 from Hartford, Connecticut (where it was known as the Hartford Whalers). The team played its first two seasons more than 60 miles away at Greensboro Coliseum while its home arena, Raleigh Entertainment and Sports Arena (later RBC Center and now PNC Arena), was under construction. The Hurricanes are the only major league (NFL, NHL, NBA, MLB) professional sports team in North Carolina to have won a championship, winning the Stanley Cup in 2006, over the Edmonton Oilers. The city played host to the 2011 NHL All - Star Game.
In addition to the Hurricanes, the North Carolina FC of the United Soccer League play in suburban Cary to the west; North Carolina Courage women 's professional soccer team play in suburban Cary to the west; the Carolina Mudcats, a Single - A minor - league baseball team, play in the city 's eastern suburbs; the newly formed Single - A minor - league baseball Buies Creek Astros play in the nearby out - of - county southern suburb of Buies Creek until their ballpark is finished in Fayetteville, the Triangle Torch indoor football team of the American Arena League play in Raleigh, the Raleigh Flyers of the American Ultimate Disc League play primarily at Cardinal Gibbons High School near the PNC Arena; and the Durham Bulls, the AAA minor - league baseball team made internationally famous by the movie Bull Durham, play in the neighboring city of Durham.
Several other professional sports leagues have had former franchises (now defunct) in Raleigh, including the Raleigh IceCaps of the ECHL (1991 -- 1998); Carolina Cobras of the Arena Football League (2000 -- 2004); the Raleigh -- Durham Skyhawks of the World League of American Football (1991); the Raleigh Bullfrogs of the Global Basketball Association (1991 -- 1992); the Raleigh Cougars of the United States Basketball League (1997 -- 1999); and most recently, the Carolina Courage of the Women 's United Soccer Association (2000 -- 2001 in Chapel Hill, 2001 -- 2003 in suburban Cary), which won that league 's championship Founders Cup in 2002.
The Raleigh area has hosted the Professional Golfers ' Association (PGA) Nationwide Tour Rex Hospital Open since 1994, with the current location of play at Raleigh 's Wakefield Plantation. Nearby Prestonwood Country Club hosts the PGA SAS Championship every fall.
North Carolina State University is located in southwest Raleigh where the Wolfpack competes nationally in 24 intercollegiate varsity sports as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference. The university 's football team plays in Carter -- Finley Stadium, the third largest football stadium in North Carolina, while the men 's basketball team shares the PNC Arena with the Carolina Hurricanes hockey club. The Wolfpack women 's basketball, volleyball, and gymnastics as well as men 's wrestling events are held on campus at Reynolds Coliseum. The men 's baseball team plays at Doak Field.
The North Carolina Tigers compete as an Australian Rules football club in the United States Australian Football League, in the Eastern Australian Football League.
Raleigh is also home to one of the Cheer Extreme All Stars gyms. In 2009 and again in 2010, Cheer Extreme Raleigh 's Small Senior Level 5 Team were silver medalists at the Cheerleading Worlds Competition in Orlando, Florida, and in 2012 they received the bronze medal. Raleigh is also home to one of the Southeast 's premier Hardcourt Bike Polo clubs.
Because of the area 's many billiards rooms, Raleigh is home to one of the largest amateur league franchises for playing pool, the Raleigh, Durham, Chapel Hill American Poolplayers Association. There are leagues available in formats for players of any skill level.
The Raleigh Parks and Recreation Department offers a wide variety of leisure opportunities at more than 150 sites throughout the city, which include: 8,100 acres (33 km) of park land, 78 miles (126 km) of greenway, 22 community centers, a BMX championship - caliber race track, 112 tennis courts among 25 locations, 5 public lakes, and 8 public aquatic facilities. The J.C. Raulston Arboretum, an 8 - acre (32,000 m2) arboretum and botanical garden in west Raleigh administered by North Carolina State University, maintains a year - round collection that is open daily to the public without charge.
Historically, Raleigh voters have tended to elect conservative Democrats in local, state, and national elections, a holdover from their one - party system of the late 19th century.
Raleigh operates under a council - manager government. Raleigh City Council consists of eight members; all seats, including the Mayor 's, are open for election every two years. Five of the council seats are district representatives and two seats are citywide representatives elected at - large.
According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation 's Uniform Crime Reports, in 2010 the Raleigh Police Department and other agencies in the city reported 1,740 incidents of violent crime and 12,995 incidents of property crime -- far below both the national average and the North Carolina average. Of the violent crimes reported, 14 were murders, 99 were sexual assaults and 643 were robberies. Aggravated assault accounted for 984 of the total violent crimes. Property crimes included burglaries which accounted for 3,021, larcenies for 9,104 and arson for 63 of the total number of incidents. Motor vehicle theft accounted for 870 incidents out of the total.
The Raleigh Fire Department provides fire protection throughout the city. The North Carolina Correctional Institution for Women, the state 's primary correctional facility housing female inmates is based in Raleigh.
As of 2011, Time ranked Raleigh as the third most educated city in the US based on the percentage of residents who held college degrees. This statistic can most likely be credited to the presence of universities in and around Raleigh, as well as the presence of Research Triangle Park to the Northwest.
Public schools in Raleigh are operated by the Wake County Public School System. Observers have praised the Wake County Public School System for its innovative efforts to maintain a socially, economically and racial balanced system by using income as a prime factor in assigning students to schools. Raleigh is home to three magnet high schools and three high schools offering the International Baccalaureate program. There are four early college high schools in Raleigh. Raleigh also has two alternative high schools.
Wake County Public high schools in Raleigh include:
The State of North Carolina provides for a legislated number of charter schools. These schools are administered independently of the Wake County Public School System. Raleigh is currently home to 11 such charter schools:
(IATA: RDU, ICAO: KRDU, FAA LID: RDU)
Raleigh - Durham International Airport, the region 's primary airport and the second - largest in North Carolina, located northwest of downtown Raleigh via Interstate - 40 between Raleigh and Durham, serves the city and greater Research Triangle metropolitan region, as well as much of eastern North Carolina. The airport offers service to more than 35 domestic and international destinations and serves approximately 10 million passengers a year. The airport also offers facilities for cargo and general aviation. The airport authority tripled the size of its Terminal 2 (formerly Terminal C) in January 2011.
In addition to RDU, several smaller publicly owned general - aviation airports also operate in the metropolitan region:
Several licensed private general - aviation airports operate in Raleigh 's immediate suburban areas:
Raleigh 's train station is one of Amtrak 's busiest stops in the Southern U.S. The station is served by four passenger trains daily: the Silver Star, twice - daily Piedmont service, and the Carolinian. Daily service is offered between Raleigh and:
Public transportation in and around Raleigh is provided by GoRaleigh, which operates 33 fixed bus routes, including the R - Line and the Wake - Forest Loop. Although there are 33 routes, some routes are designed to cover multiple other routes at times when they are not served. Depending on the time of the day, and the day of the week, the number of routes operating is between 5 and 29.
Raleigh is also served by GoTriangle (known formerly as the Triangle Transit Authority, and Triangle Transit). GoTriangle offers scheduled, fixed - route regional and commuter bus service between Raleigh and the region 's other principal cities of Durham, Cary and Chapel Hill, as well as to and from the Raleigh - Durham International Airport, Research Triangle Park and several of the region 's larger suburban communities. Triangle Transit also coordinates an extensive vanpool and rideshare program that serves the region 's larger employers and commute destinations.
North Carolina State University also maintains its own transit system, the Wolfline, that provides zero - fare bus service to the general public along multiple routes serving the university 's campuses in southwest Raleigh.
Government agencies throughout the Raleigh - Durham metropolitan area have struggled with determining the best means of providing fixed - rail transit service for the region.
From 1995 the cornerstone of Triangle Transit 's long - term plan was a 28 - mile rail corridor from northeast Raleigh, through downtown Raleigh, Cary, and Research Triangle Park, to Durham using DMU technology. There were proposals to extend this corridor 7 miles to Chapel Hill with light rail technology. However, in 2006 Triangle Transit deferred implementation indefinitely when the Federal Transit Administration declined to fund the program due to low ridership projections.
The region 's two metropolitan planning organizations appointed a group of local citizens in 2007 to reexamine options for future transit development in light of Triangle Transit 's problems. The Special Transit Advisory Commission (STAC) retained many of the provisions of Triangle Transit 's original plan, but recommended adding new bus services and raising additional revenues by adding a new local half - cent sales tax to fund the project.
Greyhound lines provides an inter-city bus service to Durham, Charlotte, Richmond, Washington, D.C., Atlanta, and other cities.
There are several newspapers and periodicals serving Raleigh:
Raleigh is part of the Raleigh - Durham - Fayetteville Designated Market Area, the 24th largest broadcast television market in the United States. The following stations are licensed to Raleigh and / or have significant operations and viewers in the city:
Raleigh has several sister cities:
Nation:
States:
Territories:
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i disapprove of what you say but i will defend to the death your right to say | Evelyn Beatrice Hall - wikipedia
Evelyn Beatrice Hall (28 September 1868 -- 13 April 1956), who wrote under the pseudonym S.G. Tallentyre, was an English writer best known for her biography of Voltaire entitled The Life of Voltaire, first published in 1903. She also wrote The Friends of Voltaire, which she completed in 1906.
In The Friends of Voltaire, Hall wrote the phrase: "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it '' (which is often misattributed to Voltaire himself) as an illustration of Voltaire 's beliefs. Hall 's quotation is often cited to describe the principle of freedom of speech.
Hall was born on 28 September 1868 in Shooter 's Hill, Kent, the second of the four children of the Reverend William John Hall (1830 -- 1910), Minor Canon of St Paul 's Cathedral, and Isabella Frances (née Cooper). Her elder sister, Ethel Frances Hall (1865 -- 1943), married the writer Hugh Stowell Scott (pseudonym Henry Seton Merriman) in 1889. Evelyn Hall was to become an important influence in the life of her brother - in - law, with whom she co-authored two volumes of short stories, From Wisdom Court (1893) and The Money - Spinner (1896). Upon his death in 1903, Scott left £ 5,000 to Hall, writing that it was "in token of my gratitude for her continued assistance and literary advice, without which I should never have been able to have made a living by my pen. ''
Hall never married, and died in Wadhurst, East Sussex, on 13 April 1956, aged 87.
All publications appeared under the name S.G. Tallentyre.
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highest successful run chase by pakistan in odi | List of Pakistan One Day International cricket records - wikipedia
This is a list of Pakistan One - Day International cricket records, that is record team and individual performances in One Day International (ODI) cricket. Records for Test cricket are at List of Test cricket records. This list is based on the List of One - Day International cricket records.
The top five to seven records are listed for each category, except in "team wins, losses, and draws '' and "highest wicket partnerships ''. Tied records for the fifth place are listed as well. Explanations of the general symbols and cricketing terms used in the list are given below. Specific details are provided in each category where appropriate.
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who gave the concept of flow chart for the first time | Flowchart - wikipedia
A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm, workflow or process, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting them with arrows. This diagrammatic representation illustrates a solution model to a given problem. Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program in various fields.
Flowcharts are used in designing and documenting simple processes or programs. Like other types of diagrams, they help visualize what is going on and thereby help understand a process, and perhaps also find flaws, bottlenecks, and other less - obvious features within it. There are many different types of flowcharts, and each type has its own repertoire of boxes and notational conventions. The two most common types of boxes in a flowchart are:
A flowchart is described as "cross-functional '' when the page is divided into different swimlanes describing the control of different organizational units. A symbol appearing in a particular "lane '' is within the control of that organizational unit. This technique allows the author to locate the responsibility for performing an action or making a decision correctly, showing the responsibility of each organizational unit for different parts of a single process.
Flowcharts depict certain aspects of processes and are usually complemented by other types of diagram. For instance, Kaoru Ishikawa defined the flowchart as one of the seven basic tools of quality control, next to the histogram, Pareto chart, check sheet, control chart, cause - and - effect diagram, and the scatter diagram. Similarly, in UML, a standard concept - modeling notation used in software development, the activity diagram, which is a type of flowchart, is just one of many different diagram types.
Nassi - Shneiderman diagrams and Drakon - charts are an alternative notation for process flow.
Common alternative names include: flow chart, process flowchart, functional flowchart, process map, process chart, functional process chart, business process model, process model, process flow diagram, work flow diagram, business flow diagram. The terms "flowchart '' and "flow chart '' are used interchangeably.
The underlying graph structure of a flowchart is a flow graph, which abstracts away node types, their contents and other ancillary information.
The first structured method for documenting process flow, the "flow process chart '', was introduced by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth to members of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) in 1921 in the presentation "Process Charts: First Steps in Finding the One Best Way to do Work ''. The Gilbreths ' tools quickly found their way into industrial engineering curricula. In the early 1930s, an industrial engineer, Allan H. Mogensen began training business people in the use of some of the tools of industrial engineering at his Work Simplification Conferences in Lake Placid, New York.
A 1944 graduate of Mogensen 's class, Art Spinanger, took the tools back to Procter and Gamble where he developed their Deliberate Methods Change Program. Another 1944 graduate, Ben S. Graham, Director of Formcraft Engineering at Standard Register Industrial, adapted the flow process chart to information processing with his development of the multi-flow process chart to display multiple documents and their relationships. In 1947, ASME adopted a symbol set derived from Gilbreth 's original work as the "ASME Standard: Operation and Flow Process Charts. ''
Douglas Hartree in 1949 explained that Herman Goldstine and John von Neumann had developed a flowchart (originally, diagram) to plan computer programs. His contemporary account is endorsed by IBM engineers and by Goldstine 's personal recollections. The original programming flowcharts of Goldstine and von Neumann can be seen in their unpublished report, "Planning and coding of problems for an electronic computing instrument, Part II, Volume 1 '' (1947), which is reproduced in von Neumann 's collected works.
Flowcharts became a popular means for describing computer algorithms. The popularity of flowcharts decreased in the 1970s when interactive computer terminals and third - generation programming languages became common tools for computer programming. Algorithms can be expressed much more concisely as source code in such languages. Often pseudo-code is used, which uses the common idioms of such languages without strictly adhering to the details of a particular one.
Nowadays flowcharts are still used for describing computer algorithms. Modern techniques such as UML activity diagrams and Drakon - charts can be considered to be extensions of the flowchart.
Sterneckert (2003) suggested that flowcharts can be modeled from the perspective of different user groups (such as managers, system analysts and clerks) and that there are four general types:
Notice that every type of flowchart focuses on some kind of control, rather than on the particular flow itself.
However, there are several of these classifications. For example, Andrew Veronis (1978) named three basic types of flowcharts: the system flowchart, the general flowchart, and the detailed flowchart. That same year Marilyn Bohl (1978) stated "in practice, two kinds of flowcharts are used in solution planning: system flowcharts and program flowcharts... ''. More recently Mark A. Fryman (2001) stated that there are more differences: "Decision flowcharts, logic flowcharts, systems flowcharts, product flowcharts, and process flowcharts are just a few of the different types of flowcharts that are used in business and government ''.
In addition, many diagram techniques exist that are similar to flowcharts but carry a different name, such as UML activity diagrams.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) set standards for flowcharts and their symbols in the 1960s. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) adopted the ANSI symbols in 1970. The current standard was revised in 1985. Generally, flowcharts flow from top to bottom and left to right.
The ANSI / ISO standards include symbols beyond the basic shapes. Some are:
For parallel and concurrent processing the Parallel Mode horizontal lines or a horizontal bar indicate the start or end of a section of processes that can be done independently:
Any drawing program can be used to create flowchart diagrams, but these will have no underlying data model to share data with databases or other programs such as project management systems or spreadsheet. Some tools such as yEd, Inkscape and Microsoft Visio offer special support for flowchart drawing. Many software packages exist that can create flowcharts automatically, either directly from a programming language source code, or from a flowchart description language.
There are several applications and visual programming languages that use flowcharts to represent and execute programs. Generally these are used as teaching tools for beginner students. Examples include Flowgorithm, Raptor. LARP, Visual Logic, and VisiRule.
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europe top 5 league top scorers all time | List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers - wikipedia
The UEFA Champions League, known until 1992 as the European Champion Clubs ' Cup or colloquially as the European Cup, is an annual association football cup competition organised by UEFA since 1955. Originally a straight knockout competition open only to champion clubs, the tournament was expanded during the 1990s to incorporate a round - robin group phase and more teams. The expansion resulted in more games being played, increasing players ' goalscoring chances, thus the list below is weighted in favour of modern players.
The table below does not include goals scored in the qualification stage of the competition. Bold indicates players taking part in the 2018 -- 19 UEFA Champions League.
The table below does not include goals scored in the qualification stage of the competition.
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principle and operation of lvdt and its application | Linear variable differential transformer - wikipedia
The linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) (also called linear variable displacement transformer, linear variable displacement transducer, or simply differential transformer) is a type of electrical transformer used for measuring linear displacement (position). A counterpart to this device that is used for measuring rotary displacement is called a rotary variable differential transformer (RVDT).
LVDTs are robust, absolute linear position / displacement transducers; inherently frictionless, they have a virtually infinite cycle life when properly used. As AC operated LVDTs do not contain any electronics, they can be designed to operate at cryogenic temperatures or up to 1200 ° F (650 ° C), in harsh environments, under high vibration and shock levels. LVDTs have been widely used in applications such as power turbines, hydraulics, automation, aircraft, satellites, nuclear reactors, and many others. These transducers have low hysteresis and excellent repeatability.
The LVDT converts a position or linear displacement from a mechanical reference (zero, or null position) into a proportional electrical signal containing phase (for direction) and amplitude (for distance) information. The LVDT operation does not require an electrical contact between the moving part (probe or core assembly) and the coil assembly, but instead relies on electromagnetic coupling.
The linear variable differential transformer has three solenoidal coils placed end - to - end around a tube. The center coil is the primary, and the two outer coils are the top and bottom secondaries. A cylindrical ferromagnetic core, attached to the object whose position is to be measured, slides along the axis of the tube. An alternating current drives the primary and causes a voltage to be induced in each secondary proportional to the length of the core linking to the secondary. The frequency is usually in the range 1 to 10 kHz.
As the core moves, the primary 's linkage to the two secondary coils changes and causes the induced voltages to change. The coils are connected so that the output voltage is the difference (hence "differential '') between the top secondary voltage and the bottom secondary voltage. When the core is in its central position, equidistant between the two secondaries, equal voltages are induced in the two secondary coils, but the two signals cancel, so the output voltage is theoretically zero. In practice minor variations in the way in which the primary is coupled to each secondary means that a small voltage is output when the core is central.
This small residual voltage is due to phase shift and is often called quadrature error. It is a nuisance in closed loop control systems as it can result in oscillation about the null point, and may be unacceptable in simple measurement applications too. It is a consequence of using synchronous demodulation, with direct subtraction of the secondary voltages at AC. Modern systems, particularly those involving safety, require fault detection of the LVDT, and the normal method is to demodulate each secondary separately, using precision half wave or full wave rectifiers, based on op - amps, and compute the difference by subtracting the DC signals. Because, for constant excitation voltage, the sum of the two secondary voltages is almost constant throughout the operating stroke of the LVDT, its value remains within a small window and can be monitored such that any internal failures of the LVDT will cause the sum voltage to deviate from its limits and be rapidly detected, causing a fault to be indicated. There is no quadrature error with this scheme, and the position - dependent difference voltage passes smoothly through zero at the null point.
Where digital processing in the form of a microprocessor or FPGA is available in the system, it is customary for the processing device to carry out the fault detection, and possibly ratiometric processing to improve accuracy, by dividing the difference in secondary voltages by the sum of the secondary voltages, to make the measurement independent of the exact amplitude of the excitation signal. If sufficient digital processing capacity is available, it is becoming commonplace to use this to generate the sinusoidal excitation via a DAC and possibly also perform the secondary demodulation via a multiplexed ADC.
When the core is displaced toward the top, the voltage in the top secondary coil increases as the voltage in the bottom decreases. The resulting output voltage increases from zero. This voltage is in phase with the primary voltage. When the core moves in the other direction, the output voltage also increases from zero, but its phase is opposite to that of the primary. The phase of the output voltage determines the direction of the displacement (up or down) and amplitude indicates the amount of displacement. A synchronous detector can determine a signed output voltage that relates to the displacement.
The LVDT is designed with long slender coils to make the output voltage essentially linear over displacement up to several inches (several hundred millimetres) long.
The LVDT can be used as an absolute position sensor. Even if the power is switched off, on restarting it, the LVDT shows the same measurement, and no positional information is lost. Its biggest advantages are repeatability and reproducibility once it is properly configured. Also, apart from the uni-axial linear motion of the core, any other movements such as the rotation of the core around the axis will not affect its measurements.
Because the sliding core does not touch the inside of the tube, it can move without friction, making the LVDT a highly reliable device. The absence of any sliding or rotating contacts allows the LVDT to be completely sealed against the environment.
LVDTs are commonly used for position feedback in servomechanisms, and for automated measurement in machine tools and many other industrial and scientific applications.
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where is the house in the movie grown ups | Grown Ups (film) - wikipedia
Grown Ups is a 2010 American adventure - comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan and stars Adam Sandler, Kevin James, Chris Rock, David Spade, and Rob Schneider. It depicts five lifelong friends of a middle school basketball team and their families reuniting for a July Fourth weekend after learning about the sudden death of their coach.
Grown Ups was produced by Sandler 's production company Happy Madison Productions and was distributed by Columbia Pictures. Sandler, Rock, Schneider, and Spade all joined the cast of Saturday Night Live in the 1990 -- 1991 season; supporting cast including Colin Quinn, Maya Rudolph, Tim Meadows, and Norm Macdonald have also been SNL cast members. It grossed $271 million and led to a sequel, Grown Ups 2 (2013).
In 1978, five childhood friends win their junior high school basketball championship. Afterwards, they celebrate at a rented lake house. The friends ' coach, Robert Ferdinando, whom they nickname "Buzzer '', encourages them to live their lives in a similar way to how they played the game. Thirty years later, Lenny has become an ambitious Hollywood talent agent with his wife, fashion designer Roxanne, and his three children -- daughter Becky and two sons Greg and Keith. The boys act like divas in his mansion, much to his chagrin. Eric claims that he is now a co-owner of a lawn furniture company, and is also disappointed in his wife Sally for continuing to breastfeed Bean, one of his two children, the other being Donna. Kurt is a stay - at - home father with two children, Andre and Charlotte. His wife Deanne, the primary breadwinner of the family, is pregnant with another child and shares the house with her mother Ronzoni. Rob, nicknamed Carrot, has been divorced three times, and holds custody of his daughters Jasmine, Amber, and Bridget. His current wife, Gloria, is thirty years his senior. Marcus is a slacker and lothario. All five friends regularly harass each other in comedic fashion: Lenny for being wealthy, Eric for being overweight, Kurt for being henpecked, Rob for his continuous use of the joke "Maize! '' and for having a much older wife, and Marcus for being sexually juvenile.
The friends each find out that Buzzer has died, and reunite at their hometown with their families, a first in the three decades. Intending to pay tribute to Buzzer at a private funeral, Lenny rents the lake house for the fourth of July weekend for his friends to stay at. However, Roxanne has planned a fashion show in Milan, forcing Lenny to leave early. While at the lake house, he becomes disheartened at how his sons are playing video games instead of being outdoors, and pushes them to play outside along with his friend 's children, even being forced to have Eric demonstrate a rope swing next to the lake, only for Eric to chicken out due to the swing being too high above the water and accidentally hit a nearby tree in the process. At a local restaurant that night, Lenny talks to his old nemesis, Dickie, who is still angry towards Lenny for an error in the match, where his shot should n't have counted since he allegedly had his foot on the outside line. With this, Dickie challenges Lenny and his friends to a rematch, but he declines when commenting on Dickie 's health. The next day, Buzzer 's ashes are spread in the woods while Rob has a confidence crisis, regretting his failed marriages, and later warns the arrival of his three daughters from the previous marriages. After having to deal with Jasmine, he then relaxes with his friends partaking in fishing. After roasting Rob, the others elect to cheer him up with a game of arrow roulette. Rob wins by staying in the circle for the longest time, but the arrow impales his foot when it flies back down. Rob then snaps at Gloria for using a maize - covered poultice. That night, Lenny manages to get the kids interested in talking on cup - phones and Roxanne accidentally reveals herself to be the "Tooth Fairy '' when Becky listens in. Now happy that they are enjoying a similar kind of young fun that he had, Lenny proceeds to install an extensive cup - phone network in the house.
Roxanne settles on staying at the lake house over going to the fashion show. The friends decide to visit a water park, where Eric teaches Bean to drink regular milk directly out of a carton and Marcus repeatedly flirts with Jasmine and Amber, having bought them skimpy bikinis. The families cause chaos throughout the park; Rob pushes a ride attendant down a water slide when he insults Bridget for being less attractive than her sisters; Eric ignores Donna 's warning about a chemical in the children 's pool that turns urine blue; the spouses spot and attempt to attract a body - builder, but he is laughed off due to his high - pitched Canadian accent; and at the zip line attraction, Lenny and the group meet Dickie again, accompanied by his own group of friends and former teammates, including Wiley, who is severely injured after crashing into a shed while sliding down the zip line by his feet. Lenny teaches his son how to shoot a perfect shot during basketball, and the friends then end the night by sharing a dance with their spouses. The next day, Roxanne picks up Lenny 's phone and confronts him on lying about canceling their flight trip before she agreed on staying. Eventually, everyone concedes into admitting their own truths about how they feel with their lives. On their final day at the lake house, Lenny accepts the rematch once and for all, and plays against their former opponents. At the game - deciding shot, Lenny purposely misses to allow Dickie 's team to get a proper win. Before the end of the film, Marcus plays another game of arrow roulette, but with a larger crowd of people this time. Everyone fearfully takes off, and a still paralyzed Wiley gets his foot impaled by the arrow.
Filming commenced in Essex County, Massachusetts, in August, 2009.
Grown Ups grossed $162 million in the United States and $109.4 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $271.4 million against a production budget of $80 million. Grown Ups surpassed Click to become Sandler 's highest - grossing film worldwide. Happy with the gross, Adam Sandler showed his appreciation by buying brand - new Maserati sports cars for his four co-stars.
On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 10 % based on 165 reviews and an average rating of 3.3 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, "Grown Ups ' cast of comedy vets is amiable, but they 're let down by flat direction and the scattershot, lowbrow humor of a stunted script. '' On Metacritic, the film has a score of 30 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews ''. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B '' on an A+ to F scale.
Connie Ogle of the Miami Herald referred to it as "the perfect poster child for this maddening summer of movie mediocrity. '' Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail criticized what he saw as blatant commercialism, saying the cast "lob (bed) gags they surely disdain at an audience they probably despise while reserving their own laughter for that off - camera dash all the way to the bank. '' Richard Roeper went as far as to say that it was "a blight upon the bright canvas of American cinema '', and that he hated it. Tom Long of the Detroit News called it "trite comedy '' and "total garbage. '' On the other end of the spectrum, Lisa Kennedy of the Denver Post called it "crude and decent - hearted '' and "easy, breezy, predictable. ''
Rob Schneider was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actor for the film, but lost to Jackson Rathbone for both The Last Airbender and The Twilight Saga: Eclipse.
The film won at the 2011 MTV Movie Awards for the "Best Line from a Movie '' category, which it won for the line "I want to get chocolate wasted! '', delivered by Becky, played by Alexys Nycole Sanchez.
Grown Ups was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc on November 9, 2010.
A sequel, titled Grown Ups 2, was released on July 12, 2013. Dennis Dugan, the director of the first film, returned as director. The main cast, including Adam Sandler, Kevin James, Chris Rock, David Spade, Salma Hayek, Maya Rudolph, Maria Bello and Steve Buscemi reprised their roles, except Rob Schneider. New cast includes Andy Samberg, Taylor Lautner and Patrick Schwarzenegger. The sequel follows Lenny Feder as he relocates his family back to the small town where he and his friends grew up. Like its predecessor, Grown Ups 2 received very poor reviews but was still a box office hit.
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where do the atlanta braves stand in their division | Atlanta Braves - wikipedia
The Atlanta Braves are an American professional baseball franchise based in the Atlanta metropolitan area. The franchise competes in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member of the National League (NL) East division. The Braves played home games at Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium from 1966 to 1996, and Turner Field from 1997 to 2016. Since 2017, their home stadium has been SunTrust Park, a new stadium 10 miles (16 km) northwest of downtown Atlanta in the Cumberland neighborhood of Cobb County. The Braves play spring training games in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. In January 2017, the Braves announced a formal agreement to move their spring training home to North Port, Florida.
The "Braves '' name, which was first used in 1912, originates from a term for a Native American warrior. They are nicknamed "the Bravos '', and often referred to as "America 's Team '' in reference to the team 's games being broadcast on the nationally available TBS from the 1970s until 2007, giving the team a nationwide fan base.
From 1991 to 2005, the Braves were one of the most successful teams in baseball, winning division titles an unprecedented 14 consecutive times (omitting the strike - shortened 1994 season in which there were no official division champions), and producing the greatest pitching rotation in the history of baseball. The Braves won the NL West 1991 -- 93 and the NL East 1995 -- 2005, and they returned to the playoffs as the National League Wild Card in 2010. The Braves advanced to the World Series five times in the 1990s, winning the title in 1995. Since their debut in the National League in 1876, the franchise has won 17 divisional titles, 17 National League pennants, and three World Series championships -- in 1914 as the Boston Braves, in 1957 as the Milwaukee Braves, and in 1995 in Atlanta. The Braves are the only Major League Baseball franchise to have won the World Series in three different home cities.
The Braves and the Chicago Cubs are the National League 's two remaining charter franchises. The Braves were founded in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1871, as the Boston Red Stockings (not to be confused with the American League 's Boston Red Sox). The team states it is "the oldest continuously operating professional sports franchise in America. ''
After various name changes, the team eventually began operating as the Boston Braves, which lasted for most of the first half of the 20th century. Then, in 1953, the team moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and became the Milwaukee Braves, followed by the final move to Atlanta in 1966. The team 's tenure in Atlanta is noted for Hank Aaron breaking Babe Ruth 's career home run record in 1974.
The Cincinnati Red Stockings, established in 1869 as the first openly all - professional baseball team, voted to dissolve after the 1870 season. Player - manager Harry Wright, with brother George and two other Cincinnati players, then went to Boston, Massachusetts at the invitation of Boston Red Stockings founder Ivers Whitney Adams to form the nucleus of the Boston Red Stockings, a charter member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (NAPBBP). The original Boston Red Stockings team and its successors can lay claim to being the oldest continuously playing team in American professional sports. (The only other team that has been organized as long, the Chicago Cubs, did not play for the two years following the Great Chicago Fire of 1871.) Two young players hired away from the Forest City club of Rockford, Illinois, turned out to be the biggest stars during the NAPBBP years: pitcher Al Spalding (founder of Spalding sporting goods) and second baseman Ross Barnes.
Led by the Wright brothers, Barnes, and Spalding, the Red Stockings dominated the National Association, winning four of that league 's five championships. The team became one of the National League 's charter franchises in 1876, sometimes called the "Red Caps '' (as a new Cincinnati Red Stockings club was another charter member).
The Boston Red Caps played in the first game in the history of the National League, on Saturday, April 22, 1876, defeating the Athletics, 6 -- 5.
Although somewhat stripped of talent in the National League 's inaugural year, Boston bounced back to win the 1877 and 1878 pennants. The Red Caps / Beaneaters were one of the league 's dominant teams during the 19th century, winning a total of eight pennants. For most of that time, their manager was Frank Selee. Boston came to be called the Beaneaters in 1883, while retaining red as the team color. The 1898 team finished 102 -- 47, a club record for wins that would stand for almost a century. Stars of those 1890s Beaneater teams included the "Heavenly Twins '', Hugh Duffy and Tommy McCarthy, as well as "Slidin ' '' Billy Hamilton.
The team was decimated when the American League 's new Boston entry set up shop in 1901. Many of the Beaneaters ' stars jumped to the new team, which offered contracts that the Beaneaters ' owners did not even bother to match. They only managed one winning season from 1900 to 1913, and lost 100 games five times. In 1907, the Beaneaters (temporarily) eliminated the last bit of red from their stockings because their manager thought the red dye could cause wounds to become infected (as noted in The Sporting News Baseball Guide during the 1940s when each team 's entry had a history of its nickname (s). The American League club 's owner, Charles Taylor, wasted little time in adopting Red Sox as his team 's first official nickname (up to that point they had been called by the generic "Americans ''). Media - driven nickname changes to the Doves in 1907 and the Rustlers in 1911 did nothing to change the National League club 's luck. The team became the Braves for the first time in 1912. Their owner, James Gaffney, was a member of New York City 's political machine, Tammany Hall, which used an Indian chief as their symbol.
Two years later, the Braves put together one of the most memorable seasons in baseball history. After a dismal 4 -- 18 start, the Braves seemed to be on pace for a last place finish. On July 4, 1914, the Braves lost both games of a doubleheader to the Brooklyn Dodgers. The consecutive losses put their record at 26 -- 40 and the Braves were in last place, 15 games behind the league - leading New York Giants, who had won the previous three league pennants. After a day off, the Braves started to put together a hot streak, and from July 6 through September 5, the Braves went 41 -- 12. On September 7 and 8, the Braves took two of three games from the New York Giants and moved into first place. The Braves tore through September and early October, closing with 25 wins against six losses, while the Giants went 16 -- 16. They were the only team, under the old eight - team league format, to win a pennant after being in last place on the Fourth of July. They were in last place as late as July 18, but were close to the pack, moving into fourth on July 21 and second place on August 12.
Despite their amazing comeback, the Braves entered the World Series as a heavy underdog to Connie Mack 's Philadelphia A 's. Nevertheless, the Braves swept the Athletics -- the first unqualified sweep in the young history of the modern World Series (the 1907 Series had one tied game) to win the world championship. Meanwhile, Johnny Evers won the Chalmers Award.
The Braves played the World Series (as well as the last few games of the 1914 season) at Fenway Park, since their normal home, the South End Grounds, was too small. However, the Braves ' success inspired owner Gaffney to build a modern park, Braves Field, which opened in August 1915. It was the largest park in the majors at the time, with 40,000 seats and a very spacious outfield. The park was novel for its time; public transportation brought fans right to the park.
After contending for most of 1915 and 1916, the Braves only twice posted winning records from 1917 to 1932. The lone highlight of those years came when Judge Emil Fuchs bought the team in 1923 to bring his longtime friend, pitching great Christy Mathewson, back into the game. However, Mathewson died in 1925, leaving Fuchs in control of the team.
Fuchs was committed to building a winner, but the damage from the years prior to his arrival took some time to overcome. The Braves finally managed to be competitive in 1933 and 1934 under manager Bill McKechnie, but Fuchs ' revenue was severely depleted due to the Great Depression.
Looking for a way to get more fans and more money, Fuchs worked out a deal with the New York Yankees to acquire Babe Ruth, who had started his career with the Red Sox. Fuchs made Ruth team vice president, and promised him a share of the profits. He was also granted the title of assistant manager, and was to be consulted on all of the Braves ' deals. Fuchs even suggested that Ruth, who had long had his heart set on managing, could take over as manager once McKechnie stepped down -- perhaps as early as 1936.
At first, it appeared that Ruth was the final piece the team needed in 1935. On opening day, he had a hand in all of the Braves ' runs in a 4 -- 2 win over the Giants. However, that proved to be the only time the Braves were over. 500 all year. Events went downhill quickly. While Ruth could still hit, he could do little else. He could not run, and his fielding was so terrible that three of the Braves ' pitchers threatened to go on strike if Ruth were in the lineup. It soon became obvious that he was vice president and assistant manager in name only and Fuchs ' promise of a share of team profits was hot air. In fact, Ruth discovered that Fuchs expected him to invest some of his money in the team.
Seeing a franchise in complete disarray, Ruth retired on June 1 -- only six days after he clouted what turned out to be the last three home runs of his career. He had wanted to quit as early as May 12, but Fuchs wanted him to hang on so he could play in every National League park. The Braves finished 38 -- 115, the worst season in franchise history. Their. 248 winning percentage is the third - worst in baseball history, and the second - worst in National League history (behind only the 1899 Cleveland Spiders).
Fuchs lost control of the team in August 1935, and the new owners tried to change the team 's image by renaming it the Boston Bees. This did little to change the team 's fortunes. After five uneven years, a new owner, construction magnate Lou Perini, changed the nickname back to the Braves. He immediately set about rebuilding the team. World War II slowed things down a little, but the team rode the pitching of Warren Spahn to impressive seasons in 1946 and 1947.
In 1948, the team won the pennant, behind the pitching of Spahn and Johnny Sain, who won 39 games between them. The remainder of the rotation was so thin that in September, Boston Post writer Gerald Hern wrote this poem about the pair:
The poem received such a wide audience that the sentiment, usually now paraphrased as "Spahn and Sain and pray for rain '', entered the baseball vocabulary. However, in the 1948 season, the Braves actually had the same record in games that Spahn and Sain started that the team had overall, in terms of winning percentage.
The 1948 World Series, which the Braves lost in six games to the Indians, turned out to be the Braves ' last hurrah in Boston. In 1950, Sam Jethroe became the team 's first African American player, making his major league debut on April 18. Amid four mediocre seasons, attendance steadily dwindled until, on March 13, 1953, Perini, who had recently bought out his original partners, announced he was moving the team to Milwaukee, where the Braves had their top farm club, the Brewers. Milwaukee had long been a possible target for relocation. Bill Veeck had tried to return his St. Louis Browns there earlier the same year (Milwaukee was the original home of that franchise), but his proposal had been voted down by the other American League owners.
Milwaukee went wild over the Braves, who were welcomed as genuine heroes. The Braves finished 92 -- 62 in their first season in Milwaukee, and drew a then - NL record 1.8 million fans. The success of the team was noted by many owners. Not coincidentally, the Philadelphia Athletics, St. Louis Browns, Brooklyn Dodgers, and New York Giants would leave their original hometowns within the next five years.
As the 1950s progressed, the reinvigorated Braves became increasingly competitive. Sluggers Eddie Mathews and Hank Aaron drove the offense (they would hit a combined 1,226 home runs as Braves, with 850 of those coming while the franchise was in Milwaukee), often aided by another power hitter, Joe Adcock, while Warren Spahn, Lew Burdette, and Bob Buhl anchored the rotation. The 1956 Braves finished second, only one game behind the Brooklyn Dodgers.
In 1957, the Braves celebrated their first pennant in nine years spearheaded by Aaron 's MVP season, as he led the National League in home runs and RBI. Perhaps the most memorable of his 44 round - trippers that season came on September 23, a two - run walk - off home run that gave the Braves a 4 -- 2 victory over the St. Louis Cardinals and clinched the League championship. The team then went on to its first World Series win in over 40 years, defeating the powerful New York Yankees of Berra, Mantle, and Ford in seven games. One - time Yankee Burdette, the Series MVP, threw three complete game victories against his former team, giving up only two earned runs.
In 1958, the Braves again won the National League pennant and jumped out to a three games to one lead in the World Series against the New York Yankees once more, thanks in part to the strength of Spahn 's and Burdette 's pitching. But the Yankees stormed back to take the last three games, in large part to World Series MVP Bob Turley 's pitching.
The 1959 season saw the Braves finish the season in a tie with the Los Angeles Dodgers, both with 86 -- 68 records. Many residents of Chicago and Milwaukee were hoping for a Sox - Braves Series, as the cities are only about 75 miles (121 km) apart, but it was not to be because Milwaukee fell in a best - of - 3 playoff with two straight losses to the Dodgers. The Dodgers would go on to defeat the Chicago White Sox in the World Series.
The next six years were up - and - down for the Braves. The 1960 season featured two no - hitters by Burdette and Spahn, and Milwaukee finished seven games behind the Pittsburgh Pirates, who ultimately were to win the World Series that year, in second place, one year after the Braves were on the winning end of the 13 - inning near - perfect game of Pirates pitcher Harvey Haddix. The 1961 season saw a drop in the standings for the Braves down to fourth, despite Spahn recording his 300th victory and pitching another no - hitter that year.
Aaron hit 45 home runs in 1962, a Milwaukee career high for him, but this did not translate into wins for the Braves, as they finished fifth. The next season, Aaron again hit 44 home runs and notched 130 RBI, and Spahn was once again the ace of the staff, going 23 -- 7. However, none of the other Braves produced at that level, and the team finished in the lower half of the league, or "second division '', for the first time in its short history in Milwaukee.
The Braves were somewhat mediocre as the 1960s began, but fattened up on the expansion New York Mets and Houston Colt. 45s. To this day, the Milwaukee Braves are the only major league team who played more than one season and never had a losing record.
Perini sold the Braves to a Chicago - based group led by William Bartholomay in 1962. Almost immediately Bartholomay started shopping the Braves to a larger television market. Keen to attract them, the fast - growing city of Atlanta, led by Mayor Ivan Allen, Jr. constructed a new $18 million, 52,000 - seat ballpark in less than one year, Atlanta Stadium, which was officially opened in 1965 in hopes of luring an existing major league baseball and / or NFL / AFL team. After the city failed to lure the Kansas City A 's to Atlanta (the A 's would move to Oakland in 1968), the Braves announced their intention to move to Atlanta for the 1965 season. However, an injunction filed in Wisconsin kept the Braves in Milwaukee for one final year. In 1966, the Braves completed the move to Atlanta.
Eddie Mathews is the only Braves player to have played for the organization in all three cities that they have been based in. Mathews played with the Braves for their last season in Boston, the team 's entire tenure in Milwaukee, and their first season in Atlanta.
The Braves were a. 500 team in their first few years in Atlanta; 85 -- 77 in 1966, 77 -- 85 in 1967, and 81 -- 81 in 1968. The 1967 season was the Braves ' first losing season since 1952, their last year in Boston. In 1969, with the onset of divisional play, the Braves won the first - ever National League West Division title, before being swept by the "Miracle Mets '' in the National League Championship Series. They would not be a factor during the next decade, posting only two winning seasons between 1970 and 1981 -- in some cases, fielding teams as bad as the worst Boston teams.
In the meantime, fans had to be satisfied with the achievements of Hank Aaron. In the relatively hitter - friendly confines and higher - than - average altitude of Atlanta Stadium ("The Launching Pad ''), he actually increased his offensive production. Atlanta also produced batting champions in Rico Carty (in 1970) and Ralph Garr (in 1974). In the shadow of Aaron 's historical home run pursuit, was the fact that three Atlanta sluggers hit 40 or more home runs in 1973 -- Darrell Evans, Davey Johnson and, of course, Aaron.
By the end of the 1973 season, Aaron had hit 713 home runs, one short of Ruth 's record. Throughout the winter he received racially motivated death threats, but stood up well under the pressure. The next season, it was only a matter of time before he set a new record. On April 4, opening day, he hit No. 714 in Cincinnati, and on April 8, in front of his home fans and a national television audience he finally beat Ruth 's mark with a home run to left - center field off left - hander Al Downing of the Los Angeles Dodgers. Aaron spent most of his career as a Milwaukee and Atlanta Brave before asking to be traded to the Milwaukee Brewers, while Ruth finished his career as a Boston Brave. In fact, until Barry Bonds eclipsed the 714 home runs hit by Babe Ruth in 2006, the top two home run hitters in Major League history had at one time been Braves.
In 1976, the team was purchased by media magnate Ted Turner, owner of superstation WTBS, as a means to keep the team (and one of his main programming staples) in Atlanta. The financially strapped Turner used money already paid to the team for their broadcast rights as a down - payment. It was then that Atlanta Stadium was renamed Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium. Turner quickly gained a reputation as a quirky, hands - on baseball owner. On May 11, 1977, Turner appointed himself manager, but because MLB passed a rule in the 1950s barring managers from holding a financial stake in their teams, Turner was ordered to relinquish that position after one game (the Braves lost 2 -- 1 to the Pittsburgh Pirates to bring their losing streak to 17 games).
Turner used the Braves as a major programming draw for his fledgling cable network, making the Braves the first franchise to have a nationwide audience and fan base. WTBS marketed the team as "The Atlanta Braves: America 's Team '', a nickname that still sticks in some areas of the country, especially the South. Among other things, in 1976 Turner suggested the nickname "Channel '' for pitcher Andy Messersmith and jersey number 17, in order to promote the television station that aired Braves games. Major League Baseball quickly nixed the idea.
After three straight losing seasons, Bobby Cox was hired for his first stint as manager for the 1978 season. He promoted 22 - year - old slugger Dale Murphy into the starting lineup. Murphy hit 77 home runs over the next three seasons, but he struggled on defense, unable to adeptly play either catcher or first base. In 1980, Murphy was moved to center field and demonstrated excellent range and throwing ability, while the Braves earned their first winning season since 1974. Cox was fired after the 1981 season and replaced with Joe Torre, under whose leadership the Braves attained their first divisional title since 1969. Strong performances from Bob Horner, Chris Chambliss, pitcher Phil Niekro, and short relief pitcher Gene Garber helped the Braves, but no Brave was more acclaimed than Murphy, who won both a Most Valuable Player and a Gold Glove award. Murphy also won an MVP award the following season, but the Braves began a period of decline that defined the team throughout the 1980s. Murphy, excelling in defense, hitting, and running, was consistently recognized as one of the league 's best players, but the Braves averaged only 65 wins per season between 1985 and 1990. Their lowest point came in 1988, when they lost 106 games. The 1986 season saw the return of Bobby Cox as general manager. Also in 1986, the team stopped using their Indian - themed mascot, Chief Noc - A-Homa.
Cox returned to the dugout as manager in the middle of the 1990 season, replacing Russ Nixon. The Braves finished the year with the worst record in baseball, at 65 -- 97. They traded Dale Murphy to the Philadelphia Phillies after it was clear he was becoming a less dominant player. Pitching coach Leo Mazzone began developing young pitchers Tom Glavine, Steve Avery, and John Smoltz into future stars. That same year, the Braves used the number one overall pick in the 1990 MLB draft to select Chipper Jones, who became one of the best hitters in team history. Perhaps the Braves ' most important move was not on the field, but in the front office. Immediately after the season, John Schuerholz was hired away from the Kansas City Royals as general manager.
The following season, Glavine, Avery, and Smoltz would be recognized as the best young pitchers in the league, winning 52 games among them. Meanwhile, behind position players David Justice, Ron Gant and unexpected league Most Valuable Player and batting champion Terry Pendleton, the Braves overcame a 39 -- 40 start, winning 55 of their final 83 games over the last three months of the season and edging the Los Angeles Dodgers by one game in one of baseball 's more memorable playoff races. The "Worst to First '' Braves, who had not won a divisional title since 1982, captivated the city of Atlanta (and the entire southeast) during their improbable run to the flag. They defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates in a very tightly contested seven - game NLCS only to lose the World Series, also in seven games, to the Minnesota Twins. The series, considered by many to be one of the greatest ever, was the first time a team that had finished last in its division one year went to the World Series the next; both the Twins and Braves accomplished the feat.
Despite the 1991 World Series loss, the Braves ' success would continue. In 1992, the Braves returned to the NLCS and once again defeated the Pirates in seven games, culminating in a dramatic game seven win. Francisco Cabrera 's two - out single that scored David Justice and Sid Bream capped a three - run rally in the bottom of the ninth inning that gave the Braves a 3 -- 2 victory. It was the first time in post season history that the tying and winning runs had scored on a single play in the ninth inning. The Braves lost the World Series to the Toronto Blue Jays, however. In 1993, the Braves signed Cy Young Award winning pitcher Greg Maddux from the Chicago Cubs, leading many baseball insiders to declare the team 's pitching staff the best in baseball. The 1993 team posted a franchise - best 104 wins after a dramatic pennant race with the San Francisco Giants, who won 103 games. The Braves needed a stunning 55 -- 19 finish to edge out the Giants, who led the Braves by nine games in the standings as late as August 11. However, the Braves fell in the NLCS to the Philadelphia Phillies in six games.
In 1994, in a realignment of the National League 's divisions following the 1993 expansion, the Braves moved to the Eastern Division. This realignment was the main cause of the team 's heated rivalry with the New York Mets during the mid-to - late 1990s.
The player 's strike cut short the 1994 season, prior to the division championships, with the Braves six games behind the Montreal Expos with 48 games left to play.
The Braves returned strong the following strike - shortened (144 games instead of the customary 162) year and beat the Cleveland Indians in the 1995 World Series. This squelched claims by many Braves critics that they were the "Buffalo Bills of Baseball '' (January 1996 issue of Beckett Baseball Card Monthly). With this World Series victory, the Braves became the first team in Major League Baseball to win world championships in three different cities. With their strong pitching as a constant, the Braves appeared in the 1996 and 1999 World Series (losing both to the New York Yankees, managed by Joe Torre, a former Braves manager), and had a streak of division titles from 1991 to 2005 (three in the Western Division and eleven in the Eastern) interrupted only in 1994 when the strike ended the season early. Pitching was not the only constant in the Braves organization -- Cox was the Braves ' manager, while Schuerholz remained the team 's GM until after the 2007 season when he was promoted to team president. Terry Pendleton finished his playing career elsewhere, but returned to the Braves system as the hitting coach.
In October 1996, Time Warner acquired Ted Turner 's Turner Broadcasting System and all of its assets, including its cable channels and the Atlanta Braves. Over the next few years, Ted Turner 's presence as owner of the team would diminish.
A 95 -- 67 record in 2000 produced a ninth consecutive division title. However, a sweep by the St. Louis Cardinals in the National League Division Series prevented the Braves from reaching the NL Championship Series.
In 2001, Atlanta won the National League East division yet again, swept the Houston Astros in the NLDS, then lost to the Arizona Diamondbacks in the National League Championship Series four games to one. One memorable game the Braves played that year came on September 21, when they played rival New York Mets in the first major professional sporting event held in New York City since 9 / 11.
In 2002, 2003 and 2004, the Braves won the Eastern division again, but lost in the NLDS in all three years in the same fashion: 3 games to 2 to the San Francisco Giants, Chicago Cubs, and Houston Astros.
Six National League Cy Young Awards in the 1990s were awarded to three Braves pitchers:
In 2005, the Braves won the Division championship for the 14th consecutive time from 1991 to 2005. 14 consecutive division titles stands as the record for all major league baseball. The 2005 title marked the first time any MLB team made the postseason with more than 4 rookies who each had more than 100 ABs (Wilson Betemit, Brian McCann, Pete Orr, Ryan Langerhans, Jeff Francoeur). Catcher Brian McCann, right fielder Jeff Francoeur, and pitcher Kyle Davies all grew up in the suburbs of Atlanta. The large number of rookies to debut in 2005 were nicknamed the "Baby Braves '' by fans and became an Atlanta - area sensation, helping to lead the club to a record of 90 -- 72.
However, the season would end on a sour note as the Braves lost the National League Division Series to the Astros in four games. In Game 4, with the Braves leading by 5 in the eighth inning, the Astros battled back with a Lance Berkman grand slam and a two - out, ninth inning Brad Ausmus home run off of Braves closer Kyle Farnsworth. The game did not end until the 18th inning, becoming the longest game in playoff history at 5 hours 50 minutes. Chris Burke ended the marathon with a home run off of Joey Devine.
After the 2005 season, the Braves lost their long - time pitching coach Leo Mazzone, who left to go to the Baltimore Orioles. Roger McDowell took his place in the Atlanta dugout. Unable to re-sign shortstop Rafael Furcal, the Braves acquired shortstop Édgar Rentería from the Boston Red Sox.
In 2006, the Braves did not perform at the level they had grown accustomed to. Due to an offensive slump, injuries to their starting rotation, and subpar bullpen performances, the Braves compiled a 6 -- 21 record during June, the worst month ever in Atlanta with a winning percentage of. 222; this was only better than the woeful Boston Braves in May 1935 (4 -- 20) with a. 166 winning percentage.
After the break, the Braves came out with their bats swinging, setting many franchise records. They won five straight, sweeping the Padres and taking two from the Cardinals, tallying a total of 65 runs in that span. The 65 runs in five games is the best by the franchise since 1897, when the Boston Beaneaters totaled 78, including 25 in one game and 21 in another, from May 31 -- June 3; the 2006 Braves also became the first team since the 1930 New York Yankees to score ten runs or more in five straight games. The Braves had a total of 81 hits during their five - game run and 98 hits in their last six games, going back to an 8 -- 3 victory over Cincinnati on July 9, the last game before the All - Star break. Additionally, Chipper Jones was able to maintain a 20 - game hitting streak and tie Paul Waner 's 69 - year - old Major League record with a 14 - game extra-base hit streak.
However, on September 18, the New York Mets ' win over the Florida Marlins mathematically eliminated the Braves from winning the NL East, ending the Atlanta Braves ' 11 - year reign over the NL East. On September 24, the Braves ' loss to the Colorado Rockies mathematically eliminated the Braves from winning the NL Wild Card, making 2006 the first year that the Braves would not compete in the postseason since 1990, not counting the strike - shortened 1994 season. Also, a loss to the Mets on September 28 guaranteed the Braves their first losing season since 1990. Although the Braves won two of their last three games against the Astros, including rookie Chuck James besting Roger Clemens, Atlanta finished the season in third place, one game ahead of the Marlins, at 79 -- 83.
In December 2005, team owner Time Warner, who inherited the Braves after purchasing TBS in 1996, announced it was placing the team for sale. Liberty Media began negotiations to purchase the team.
In February 2007, after more than a year of negotiations, Time Warner agreed to a deal that would sell the Braves to Liberty Media Group (a company which owned a large amount of stock in Time Warner, Inc.), pending approval by 75 percent of MLB owners and the Commissioner of Baseball, Bud Selig. The deal included the exchange of the Braves, valued in the deal at $450 million, a hobbyist magazine publishing company, and $980 million cash, for 68.5 million shares of Time Warner stock held by Liberty Media, then worth approximately $1.48 billion. Team President Terry McGuirk anticipated no change in the current front office structure, personnel, or day - to - day operations of the Braves. Liberty Media is not expected to take any type of "active '' ownership in terms of day - to - day operations.
On May 16, 2007, Major League Baseball 's owners approved the sale of the Braves from Time Warner to Liberty Media. The Braves are one of only two Major League Baseball teams under majority corporate ownership (and the only NL team with this distinction); the other team is the Toronto Blue Jays (owned by Canadian media conglomerate Rogers Communications).
On July 5, Chipper Jones surpassed Dale Murphy for the Atlanta club record of 372 home runs by belting two against the Los Angeles Dodgers.
After struggling during the second half of the 2007 season, Atlanta finished over. 500 and missed the post season again. On October 12, 2007, John Schuerholz stepped down as General Manager to take over as team president. Assistant GM Frank Wren took over as General Manager.
On December 4, 2008, the Atlanta Braves received Javier Vázquez and Boone Logan, while the Chicago White Sox received prospects catcher Tyler Flowers, shortstop Brent Lillibridge, third baseman Jon Gilmore and pitcher Santos Rodriguez. On January 13, 2009, the Braves signed Japanese pitcher Kenshin Kawakami to a three - year deal, and two days later signed free agent pitcher Derek Lowe to a four - year contract. During the course of the offseason, the Braves signed veteran pitcher and former Brave Tom Glavine, while losing long - time Brave John Smoltz to the Boston Red Sox.
On February 25, 2009, just before the start of spring training, Atlanta agreed to terms on a one - year contract with free - agent outfielder Garret Anderson. The additional outfield depth allowed the Braves to trade Josh Anderson to the Detroit Tigers for minor league pitcher Rudy Darrow on March 30, 2009.
On June 3, 2009, the Braves acquired Nate McLouth from the Pittsburgh Pirates for prospects Jeff Locke, Charlie Morton and Gorkys Hernández. They also released veteran pitcher Tom Glavine. On July 10, 2009, the Braves traded outfielder Jeff Francoeur to the New York Mets for outfielder Ryan Church. On July 31, 2009, hours before the trade deadline, the Braves and Boston Red Sox swapped 1st basemen: Atlanta dealt Casey Kotchman to Boston and reacquired Adam LaRoche, whom the Braves had traded away during the 2006 -- 07 off - season to Pittsburgh.
The Braves made a late - season surge, coming within 2 games of the wild card leading Colorado Rockies in late September. On October 1, 2009 with the Braves four games back, Colorado beat the Milwaukee Brewers 9 -- 2 to clinch the wild card spot and end the Braves ' 2009 postseason hopes.
The 2010 Atlanta Braves Season features the Braves ' attempt to reclaim a postseason berth for the first time since 2005. The Braves were once again skippered by Bobby Cox, now in his 25th and final season managing the team. The Braves started the 2010 season slowly and had a nine - game losing streak in April. Then they had a nine - game winning streak from May 26 through June 3, the Braves longest since 2000 when they won 16 in a row. On May 31, the Atlanta Braves defeated the then - first place Philadelphia Phillies at Turner Field to take sole possession of first place in the National League East standings, a position they had maintained through the middle of August. The last time the Atlanta Braves led the NL East on August 1 was in 2005. On July 13, 2010 at the 2010 MLB All - Star Game in Anaheim, Braves catcher Brian McCann was awarded the All - Star Game MVP Award for his clutch two - out, three - run double in the seventh inning to give the National League its first win in the All - Star Game since 1996. He became the first Brave to win the All - Star Game MVP Award since Fred McGriff did so in 1994. The Braves made two deals before the trade deadline to acquire Álex González, Rick Ankiel and Kyle Farnsworth from the Toronto Blue Jays and Kansas City Royals, giving up shortstop Yunel Escobar, pitchers Jo - Jo Reyes and Jesse Chavez, outfielder Gregor Blanco and three minor leaguers. On August 18, 2010 they traded three pitching prospects for first baseman Derrek Lee from the Chicago Cubs. On August 22, 2010 against the Chicago Cubs, Mike Minor struck out 12 batters across 6 innings; an Atlanta Braves single game rookie strikeout record. The Braves dropped to second in the NL East in early September, but won the NL Wild Card. They lost to the San Francisco Giants in the National League Division Series in four games. Every game of the series was determined by one run. After the series - clinching victory for the Giants in Game 4, Bobby Cox was given a standing ovation by the fans, also by players and coaches of both the Braves and Giants.
On October 13, 2010, the Atlanta Braves announced that Fredi González would replace long - time Braves manager Bobby Cox as manager of the team in 2011. The announcement came just two days after the 2010 Braves were eliminated from the postseason. It was also announced that pitching coach Roger McDowell, third - base coach Brian Snitker, and bullpen coach Eddie Pérez would retain their current positions, while former hitting coach Terry Pendleton would replace Glenn Hubbard as the first - base coach and newcomer Carlos Tosca would become the new bench coach. Hubbard and former bench coach Chino Cadahia were not offered positions on the new coaching staff. Larry Parrish was hired as hitting coach on October 29, 2010.
On November 16, 2010 in an offseason trade, the Braves acquired Dan Uggla from the Florida Marlins in exchange for left - handed reliever Mike Dunn and infielder Omar Infante. According to Elias Sports Bureau, the Braves had an all - time franchise win - loss record over. 500 for the first time since 1923 after their win over the Houston Astros on June 11, 2011. The Braves franchise became the third franchise in MLB history to reach 10,000 wins with their win over the Washington Nationals on July 15, 2011. On July 31, 2011, just sixteen days after registering their 10,000 th win, the Florida Marlins defeated the Braves by a score of 3 -- 1, handing the team the 10,000 th loss in franchise history. The Braves become only the second team in big league history with 10,000 losses after the Philadelphia Phillies reached the plateau in 2007.
Players from the Braves ' farm system, such as Freddie Freeman and Brandon Beachy, played regularly with the big league club, while Julio Teherán, Randall Delgado, and Mike Minor were called up for spot starts. With late season injuries to starters Jair Jurrjens and Tommy Hanson, these three young pitchers made their way into the starting rotation in their absence. Eight players made their major league debuts for the team in 2011.
The Braves led the National League Wild Card standings for much of the 2011 season, with the division - rival Philadelphia Phillies firmly in control of first place in the National League East. The Braves entered the final month of the regular season 25 games above. 500 with a record of 80 -- 55 and an 8 ⁄ - game lead in the Wild Card standings. The nearest team trailing them, the St. Louis Cardinals, who also trailed the National League Central - leading Milwaukee Brewers by 8 ⁄ games at the time, were considered a long - shot to gain a spot in the postseason. Just days prior on August 26, the Cardinals found themselves 10 ⁄ games behind and in third place.
With 27 games to play, the Braves went 9 -- 18 in September to finish the season with a record of 89 -- 73. The Cardinals, meanwhile, went 18 -- 8 to finish at 90 -- 72. Braves closer Craig Kimbrel, who had not surrendered a single earned run in July or August, carried a 4.76 ERA in September with three blown saves. After being dominant in his role for much of the season, Braves setup man Jonny Venters posted a 5.11 September ERA. These sharp declines in both relievers led many critics to question the handling of the bullpen by Braves manager Fredi González. Veteran starter Derek Lowe posted a win - loss record of 0 -- 5 in September with an ERA of 8.75. Shortly into the offseason, Lowe would be traded to the Cleveland Indians. The Braves starters lasted six or more innings only three times over the last 23 games. Over the last five games, all of which were losses for the Braves, the team managed to score only seven runs. Braves catcher Brian McCann, often regarded as the best offensive catcher in the Majors, hit only. 183 with two home runs in September. The offense as a whole hit for only a. 235 batting average and a. 300 on - base percentage in September, both second - worst in the National League. The. 195 RISP average by Braves hitters was second worst in the Majors. Hitting coach Larry Parrish was fired two days following the last game of the season.
In 2012, the Braves began their 138th season after an upsetting end to the 2011 season. On March 22, the Braves announced that third baseman Chipper Jones would retire following the 2012 season after 19 Major League seasons with the team. The Braves also lost many key players through trades or free agency, including pitcher Derek Lowe, shortstop Alex González, and outfielder Nate McLouth. To compensate for this, the team went on to receive many key players such as outfielder Michael Bourn, along with shortstops Tyler Pastornicky and Andrelton Simmons. To fill the void of a quality starting pitcher left by Lowe (as well as a mid-season injury to Brandon Beachy), manager Fredi González elected relief pitcher Kris Medlen to the starting pitching rotation. The Braves went on to win every game Medlen started, setting the MLB record for most consecutive wins when a single pitcher starts (total of 23). Atlanta stayed close to the Washington Nationals in the race to win the National League East title. They also stayed on top of the National League Wild Card race. Washington ended up winning their first division title in franchise history, but the Braves remained in first place of the NL wild card race. Keeping with a new MLB rule for the 2012 season, the top two wild card teams in each league must play each other in a playoff game before entering into the Division Series.
The Braves played the St. Louis Cardinals in the first ever Wild Card Game. The Braves were behind 6 -- 3 in the bottom of the eighth inning when Andrelton Simmons hit a fly ball to left field that dropped in between the Cardinals shortstop and left fielder. Umpire Sam Holbrook called Simmons out, citing the infield fly rule. Had an infield fly not been called, Simmons would have been credited with a single and Atlanta would have had the bases loaded with one out. Fans at Turner Field began to litter the field with debris, prompting the game to be delayed for 19 minutes. The Braves lost the game 6 -- 3, ending their season.
During the offseason following a gut wrenching exit against the St. Louis Cardinals in the Wild Card Game, the Braves spent the 2012 -- 2013 offseason revamping and retooling their offense. The Braves turned heads across baseball by acquiring B.J. Upton from the Tampa Bay Rays, signing him to a 5 - year $75.25 million contract and making him their starting center fielder, and uniting him with his younger brother Justin Upton from the Arizona Diamondbacks in a seven player trade that sent fan favorite utility man Martín Prado to the Diamondbacks, they also filled a need for a new Third Baseman in Chris Johnson after the retirement of Chipper Jones the previous year. The Braves began the 2013 season with a hot start in April by going 17 -- 9 for the month, which saw the emergence of rookie sensation Evan Gattis, while taking hold of first place in the National League East division, a lead they would never relinquish for the rest of the season. The Braves suffered many injuries to key players throughout the season, including injuries to Jason Heyward, Brian McCann, Freddie Freeman, Eric O'Flaherty, Jonny Venters, Ramiro Pena and others, but found a way to win despite these blows to the team. Leading up to the All Star break, First Baseman Freddie Freeman was voted in to play for the 2013 National League All - Star Team, in the 2013 All Star Game, which he did not play. The Braves also witnessed the emergence of rookie pitcher Julio Teherán after much hype during Spring training. From July 26 to August 10, the Braves won 14 games in a row. The winning streak was the longest of its kind since April -- May 2000.
On June 28, 2013 the Atlanta Braves retired former third baseman Chipper Jones ' jersey, number 10, before the game against the Arizona Diamondbacks. He was honored before 51,300 fans at Turner Field in Atlanta. He served as a staple of the Braves franchise for 19 years before announcing his retirement at the beginning of the 2012 season. Chipper Jones played his last regular season game for the Braves on September 30, 2012.
The Braves opened up a 15 - game lead on the Washington Nationals in the National League East on September 3, 2013, riding that lead en route to its first division title since 2005, the last of 14 straight division titles. This was also Braves manager Fredi González 's first division title since beginning his managerial career in 1990; including his first since becoming the manager of the Braves after the 2010 season. The Braves clinched the 18th division title in team history on September 22, 2013 after a Nationals loss to the Marlins in the first game of a double header; the Braves also won their game that day, beating the Chicago Cubs 5 -- 2 at Wrigley Field.
After clinching the division title, they lost to the Dodgers 3 -- 1 in the Division Series.
On November 11, 2013, the Braves announced that they would vacate Turner Field for a new stadium in Cobb County, in the northwest suburbs outside of Atlanta in 2017. The move is to follow the expiration of the Braves ' 20 - year lease on Turner Field in 2016. The new stadium is to be constructed in a public / private partnership. During the offseason the Braves signed few of their young talents to multi year contracts; Craig Kimbrel (4 years / $42 M), Freddie Freeman (8 years / $135 M), Kris Medlen (1 year / $5.8 M), Jason Heyward (2 years / $13.3 M), Julio Teherán (6 years / $32.4 M) and Andrelton Simmons (7 years / $58 M).
The Braves finished the season in a distant second place with a 79 -- 83 record, which was their first losing season since 2008 and only their third since 1990.
Prior to the 2015 season, the Braves fired their General Manager Frank Wren, and John Hart replaced him as interim general manager, choosing to only take the title of President of Baseball Operations. The Braves promptly traded Gold Glove Award winner Jason Heyward to the St. Louis Cardinals along with pitcher Jordan Walden for pitchers Shelby Miller and Tyrell Jenkins. Hart would then trade All Star left fielder Justin Upton to the San Diego Padres for Max Fried, Jace Peterson, Dustin Peterson, and Mallex Smith. Catcher Evan Gattis and minor league prospect James Hoyt were traded to the Houston Astros for minor leaguers Mike Foltynewicz, Rio Ruiz, and Andrew Thurman. A day before the season began, the Braves made a final trade involving former All - Star Craig Kimbrel and outfielder Melvin Upton Jr... They were traded to the San Diego Padres for outfielders Cameron Maybin and Carlos Quentin along with two minor league players. By the beginning of the season, the Braves did 11 trades in all.
Prior to the start of the 2016 regular season, the Braves continued their offseason rebuilding by trading Andrelton Simmons to the Los Angeles Angels for Erick Aybar, and pitching prospects Sean Newcomb and Chris Ellis and $2.5 million. They agreed to 1 year contracts with Kelly Johnson, Chris Withrow, and Arodys Vizcaino, and agreed to terms on a minor league contract for Carlos Torres and Jeff Francoeur. The Braves would end up purchasing the Major League contract of Francoeur.
On April 13, 2016, Hector Olivera was arrested and charged with the assault of a woman at the team hotel when the Braves were in Washington D.C. facing the Nationals. He was placed on Administrative Leave by Major League Baseball and was placed on the Braves Restricted List until further disciplinary action is given.
The Braves began the season on a nine - game losing streak, which is the worst opening by the franchise since 1988, when they dropped the first 10 games of that season.
After a 9 -- 28 start in 2016, Fredi González was fired on May 17 and replaced by third base coach Brian Snitker as interim general manager. Snitker replaced González once before in the 2006 -- 07 off - season as the Braves third base coach when González left the Braves to manage the Marlins.
The Braves finished the season 68 -- 93 and in last place in NL East.
During the 2016 off - season, the Braves signed pitchers R.A. Dickey and Bartolo Colón and promoted interim manager Brian Snitker to full - time manager.
The Braves opened their new stadium, SunTrust Park, on April 14, 2017 with a four - game sweep of the San Diego Padres.
Over its 138 seasons, the Braves franchise has won a total of three World Series Championships, one in each of the three cities they have played in.
The Braves -- Mets rivalry is a rivalry between the two teams, featuring the Braves and the New York Mets as they both play in the National League East.
Although their first major confrontation occurred when the Mets swept the Braves in the 1969 NLCS, en route to their first World Series championship, the first playoff series won by an expansion team (also the first playoff appearance by an expansion team), the rivalry did not become especially heated until the 1994 season when division realignment put both the Mets and the Braves in the NL East division. During this time the Braves became one of the most dominant teams in professional baseball, earning 14 straight division titles through 2005, including five world series berths, and one world series championship during the 1995 season. The rivalry remained heated through the early 2000s.
While their rivalry with the Philadelphia Phillies lacks the history and hatred of the Mets, it has been the more important one in the last decade. Between 1993 and 2013, the two teams reigned almost exclusively as NL East champions, the exceptions being in 2006, when the Mets won their first division title since 1988 (no division titles were awarded in 1994 due to the player 's strike), and in 2012, when the Washington Nationals claimed their first division title since 1981 when playing as the Montreal Expos. The Phillies 1993 championship was also part of a four - year reign of exclusive division championships by the Phillies and the Pittsburgh Pirates, their in - state rivals. While rivalries are generally characterized by mutual hatred, the Braves and Phillies deeply respect each other. Each game played (18 games in 2011) is vastly important between these two NL East giants, but at the end of the day, they are very similar organizations. Overall, the Braves have one more National League East division title than the Phillies, having won 12 times each since 1969, with the Braves holding it for eleven consecutive years from 1995 through 2005.
The Braves currently have five different game baseball uniform combinations. The home uniforms consist of a standard white uniform, a red, military appreciation jersey worn with the standard white pants, and a cream alternate uniform. The road uniforms consist of a standard gray uniform, and an alternate navy blue jersey worn with the standard gray pants.
The white home uniform, introduced in 1987, is the primary home uniform. The jersey has "Braves '' written in script across the chest with the tomahawk logo underneath. The jersey also includes piping around the collar and down the front of the jersey and around the bottom of the sleeves. Player numbers appear on the back of the jersey with a nameplate above. The Braves script, player numbers, and piping are red with a navy blue border. The tomahawk is primarily red with blue and yellow detail and a navy blue border. The white pants have identical piping to the jersey about the belt loops and down the outside seam of the pants. The player names consist of navy blue lettering sewn to a white nameplate. The player names originally used vertically arched lettering but, since 2006, the team has used radially arched lettering. The white uniform is paired with the standard home cap. It is a red brimmed, navy blue cap with a white embroidered "script A '' logo. The home batting helmet is identical to the primary home cap.
The gray road uniforms are the primary road uniform. The uniforms are identical to the white home uniforms with the exception of the "Braves '' script, which is replaced by the "Atlanta '' script. Player names are sewn to a gray nameplate. The primary uniforms are very similar to the uniforms that the Braves wore from 1946 to 1965 -- during their latter years in Boston and throughout their tenure in Milwaukee.
The red, military appreciation jersey was introduced on February 5, 2014. The jerseys feature navy blue piping with a white border, the Braves script in blue with white stars, and the American Flag on the left sleeve. The updated red jerseys will not include the tomahawk logo. The jerseys will be worn for five home games in 2014: April 26 vs. the Cincinnati Reds (military family night), June 13 vs. the LA Angels of Anaheim (celebrating the Army), July 26 vs. the San Diego Padres (celebrating the Marines), Aug. 30 vs. the Miami Marlins (celebrating the Navy), and September 19 vs. NY Mets (celebrating the Air Force). The jerseys will be paired with camouflage caps. The military appreciation jerseys replace the red jerseys introduced in 2005. Worn with the white pants, these jerseys included the same elements as the white jerseys, with the Braves script, player numbers, and piping in navy blue with a white border. The tomahawk was primarily blue, with red and yellow detail and a white border. The player names consisted of white lettering sewn to a red nameplate. These jerseys were paired with an alternate home cap, which was a red brimmed, navy blue cap with a red, embroidered "script A '' logo with a tomahawk, outlined in white. The alternate cap did not have a matching batting helmet. The red alternate jerseys were worn for Sunday home games from 2005 to 2011. The only exceptions to this were the opening game of the 2005 NLDS, which was played on a Wednesday, and on Memorial Day in 2006. The 2006 Memorial Day game is also the only time the red jerseys were paired with the primary home cap. With the introduction of the cream uniform in 2012, the red jerseys were worn for Friday night home games from 2012 to 2013. However, the Braves chose to wear the traditional white jerseys for their 2012 home opener, which took place on Friday, April 13.
The cream alternate uniforms were introduced in February 2012 as a tribute to the Braves ' first season in Atlanta in 1966. The jersey includes the "Braves '' script across the breastplate, but the player number replaces the tomahawk underneath the "Braves '' script on the left placket. Player numbers and the "Braves '' script are in red with a navy blue border. The player names consist of navy blue lettering sewn to a cream nameplate. The jersey has a thin, navy piping about the collar and down the front of the jersey. There is no piping around the sleeves. The cream pants include piping identical to the jersey down the outside seam. The left sleeve of the jersey has a "crossed tomahawk '' logo that replaces the "screaming Indian '' logo that appeared on the 1966 jerseys. The new logo has two, primarily red, crossed tomahawks. Underneath the tomahawks is a blue circle outlined in red, with "1876 '' in red above (commemorating the year the franchise was founded), and "Atlanta Braves '' in white below. The cream uniforms are paired with the standard home cap and are worn for Saturday and Sunday home games.
The alternate navy blue road jerseys were introduced on opening night of the 2008 season against the Washington Nationals. Worn with the gray road pants, the jerseys feature the "Atlanta '' script on the breastplate in navy blue with a white outline. The tomahawk is primarily navy blue with red and yellow detail and a white border. The player numbers are blue with white borders and the player names are white letters sewn to a navy blue nameplate. The navy blue jerseys have no piping either on the sleeves or around the collar.
From 1987 to 2008, the red brimmed, primary home cap was also worn on the road. However, when the navy blue jerseys were introduced in 2008, they were paired with a navy blue cap, similar to the team 's road cap worn from 1966 to 1971. While the red brimmed cap was still primarily worn with the gray road uniforms, the team sometimes wore the navy blue cap with the gray jerseys, and the red brimmed cap was occasionally worn with the navy blue jerseys. The red brimmed home batting helmets were also worn on the road from 1987 through 2008. Beginning in 2009, the navy blue cap became the official road cap and was paired with a navy blue road batting helmet.
Unlike the home uniforms, which are worn based on a schedule, the road uniforms are chosen on game day by the starting pitcher. However, they are also subject to Major League Baseball rules requiring the road team to wear uniforms that contrast with the uniforms worn by the home team. Due to this rule, the gray uniforms are worn when the home team chooses to wear navy blue, and sometimes when the home team chooses to wear black.
From 1912 to 1989 the Braves logo consisted of the head of an Indian warrior. From 1912 to 1956 it was an Indian with a headdress, and thereafter a laughing Indian with a mohawk and one feather in his hair. In 1990 the logo was changed to just the word "Braves '' in cursive with a tomahawk below it.
The Braves have retired eleven numbers in the history of the franchise, including most recently Chipper Jones ' number 10 in 2013, John Smoltz 's number 29 in 2012, Bobby Cox 's number 6 in 2011, Tom Glavine 's number 47 in 2010, and Greg Maddux 's number 31 in 2009. Additionally, Hank Aaron 's 44, Dale Murphy 's 3, Phil Niekro 's 35, Eddie Mathews ' 41, Warren Spahn 's 21 and Jackie Robinson 's 42, which is retired for all of baseball with the exception of Jackie Robinson Day, have also been retired. The color and design of the retired numbers reflect the uniform design at the time the person was on the team, excluding Robinson.
Of the ten Braves whose numbers have been retired, all who are eligible for the National Baseball Hall of Fame have been elected with the exception of Murphy, whose eligibility has expired. Jones is not eligible until 2018.
Earl Averill Dave Bancroft Dan Brouthers John Clarkson * Jimmy Collins Hugh Duffy * Johnny Evers
Burleigh Grimes Billy Hamilton Billy Herman Rogers Hornsby Joe Kelley King Kelly Ernie Lombardi
Rabbit Maranville Rube Marquard Tommy McCarthy Bill McKechnie Joe Medwick Kid Nichols * Jim O'Rourke
Charley Radbourn Babe Ruth Frank Selee * * Al Simmons George Sisler Casey Stengel Ed Walsh
Lloyd Waner Paul Waner Deacon White Vic Willis * * George Wright Harry Wright Cy Young
Eddie Mathews
Red Schoendienst Enos Slaughter
Warren Spahn
Hank Aaron Orlando Cepeda
Bobby Cox Tom Glavine Greg Maddux * * *
Phil Niekro Gaylord Perry
John Schuerholz * * John Smoltz Bruce Sutter
Joe Torre Hoyt Wilhelm
Milo Hamilton
Pitchers
Catchers
Infielders
Outfielders
Manager
Coaches
60 - day disabled list
7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated October 27, 2017 Transactions Depth chart
After years of stability, the Braves have faced a period of transition in their radio and television coverage.
The 2007 season was the last for Braves baseball on the TBS Superstation. TBS showed 70 games throughout the country, then cleared the decks to make way for a new national broadcast package that began in earnest with the 2007 postseason, and expanded to Sunday afternoon games in 2008. Until his dismissal in 2009, Chip Caray, one of the Braves ' current broadcasters, called play - by - play for the national package, which includes the Division Series every season and alternating coverage of the ALCS and NLCS. Caray is joined by Joe Simpson, who has provided color commentary for the Braves since 1992.
Braves baseball had been on TBS since it was WTCG in 1972 and had been a cornerstone of the national superstation since it began in 1976. WPCH - TV / Peachtree TV, formerly WTBS Atlanta, still carried Braves games after 2007, but only in parts of the Southern United States. After the transfer of the channel 's operations from Time Warner to Meredith Corporation, all Peachtree TV games were simulcast on Fox Sports South outside of the Peachtree TV coverage area in 2011 and 2012. On February 27, 2013, it was announced that Fox Sports South and SportSouth (now called Fox Sports Southeast) would carry every regionally televised Braves game exclusively, ending the team 's partnership with WPCH - TV after 40 years.
After the 2004 season, longtime radio flagship station 750 WSB was replaced by WGST 640AM. Due to WGST 's weak signal at night, which fails to cover the entire Atlanta metropolitan area, all games began to be simulcast on FM radio when the rights were transferred. The games first appeared on 96.1 WKLS (formerly "96 Rock '') in 2005, but moved to country music station 94.9 WUBL ("94.9 The Bull '') in 2007 after WKLS underwent a change in format from classic rock to active rock and became Project 9 -- 6 -- 1. As of the 2009 season, the Braves returned to WKLS on the FM frequency but remained on WGST on AM. It was announced that for the 2010 season, the Braves will be flagshipped on WCNN 680 The Fan and in Atlanta on the AM dial and WNNX 100.5 FM.
The Atlanta Braves radio network currently serves 134 radio stations across the Southern United States, including 20 in Alabama, 4 in Florida, 68 in Georgia, 1 in Mississippi, 13 in North Carolina, 14 in South Carolina, and 14 in Tennessee.
Since 2009, the radio announcers have been former Brewers announcer Jim Powell and Don Sutton. Sutton was released after the 2006 season and called Washington Nationals games on television from 2007 to 2008, but he has since returned for the 2009 season. Longtime Braves voices Skip Caray and Pete Van Wieren were the primary play - by - play voices of Braves baseball until Skip 's sudden death on August 3, 2008, and Van Wieren 's retirement after the 2008 season.
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where was the 3rd pirates of the caribbean filmed | Pirates of the Caribbean: at World 's End - wikipedia
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World 's End is a 2007 American epic fantasy swashbuckler film directed by Gore Verbinski, the third installment of the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to Dead Man 's Chest (2006). The plot follows Will Turner, Elizabeth Swann, Hector Barbossa, and the crew of the Black Pearl rescuing Captain Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones 's Locker, and then preparing to fight the East India Trading Company, led by Cutler Beckett, who controls Davy Jones and plans to extinguish piracy forever. It is the last film in the series to be directed by Verbinski. It was filmed in two shoots during 2005 and 2006, the former simultaneously with the preceding film, Dead Man 's Chest. With a production budget of $300 million, Pirates of the Caribbean: At World 's End was the most expensive film ever made at the time of its release, even after adjusting for inflation.
Walt Disney Pictures released the film in the United States on May 25, 2007. Critical reviews were mixed; the film was praised for its performances, musical score, action scenes, and special effects, but was criticized for its plot and running time. At World 's End was a box office hit, becoming the most successful film of 2007, with over $960 million worldwide. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling and the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, which it lost to La Vie en Rose and The Golden Compass, respectively. A sequel, On Stranger Tides, the first in the series to neither be directed by Verbinski nor star Bloom and Knightley, was released in cinemas on May 20, 2011.
In order to control the oceans, Lord Cutler Beckett executes anyone associated with piracy by ordering Davy Jones to destroy all pirate ships in the seas. Condemned prisoners sing "Hoist the Colours '' to compel the nine Pirate Lords to convene at Shipwreck Cove to hold the Brethren Court. Because Captain Jack Sparrow, Pirate Lord of the Caribbean Sea, never named a successor before being killed, Captain Barbossa, along with Will Turner, Elizabeth Swann, Tia Dalma, and the crew of the Black Pearl, plot to rescue Jack from Davy Jones ' Locker. Traveling to Singapore, the crew meet Captain Sao Feng (Pirate Lord of the South China Sea), who owns navigational charts to the Locker and quickly gains an unpredictable interest in Elizabeth. Beckett 's soldiers invade, but the crew escape. Feng and Turner make a deal to give Jack to Feng, so he in turn can use the Pearl to rescue his father Bootstrap Bill Turner from the Flying Dutchman. The crew travels to the locker and rescues the marooned Jack. They find themselves trapped, encountering dead souls, including Elizabeth 's father Governor Swann who was executed by Beckett. Tia Dalma reveals that the Goddess "Calypso '' charged Davy Jones with the job to guide the souls of those who died at sea to the next world. Once every ten years he could come ashore to be with the woman he loved. But he corrupted his purpose and was cursed to become a monster. The soul of Governor Swann reveals that the Dutchman must always have a captain.
Returning to the living world, the Pearl stops at an island for fresh water, where the crew find the Kraken lying dead on the beach, having been killed by Jones under orders from Beckett. They are then attacked by Sao Feng and Beckett 's men. Through a complex series of deals, Elizabeth is handed over to Feng, who believes she is the goddess Calypso, while the rest of the crew make for Shipwreck Cove aboard the Pearl, though Jack later throws Will off the ship as part of the plan to seize control of the Dutchman. Sao Feng tells Elizabeth that the first Brethren Court bound Calypso in human form after she betrayed her lover, Davy Jones. He plans to release her to defeat Beckett. Davy Jones attacks Feng 's ship, the Empress, mortally wounding Feng in the process, but he appoints Elizabeth his successor as Pirate Lord before dying. Elizabeth and the crew are locked in the brig of the Dutchman and she finds Bootstrap Bill Turner merging with the side of the ship and losing his mind. In a moment of clarity Bootstrap reveals that whoever kills Davy Jones must take his place, bound to serve the Dutchman forever. He reiterates that "the Dutchman must always have a captain. '' Admiral Norrington frees Elizabeth and her new crew from the Dutchman, but is killed by a crazed Bootstrap Bill.
The Black Pearl arrives at Shipwreck Cove where Barbossa attempts to persuade the Brethren Court to release Calypso. Davy Jones visits Tia Dalma in the Pearl 's brig, revealing she is Calypso, and they promise to be together again. Jack 's father Captain Teague and Keeper of the Pirate Code, informs the Court that only an elected Pirate King can decide on going into battle. A vote is taken. To avoid a stalemate, Jack casts his vote for Elizabeth, making her King.
The Brethren Court and Beckett 's fleets emerge for war. On a sandbank, Elizabeth, Jack, Barbossa, Beckett, Jones, and Will parley, trading Will for Jack, and Barbossa steals Jack 's piece of eight, all of which are owned by the Pirate Lords and required to free Calypso. Barbossa frees Calypso, but when Will reveals it was Jones who made it possible for the first Court to imprison her, Calypso vanishes and summons an enormous maelstrom.
The Pearl and the Dutchman battle in the maelstrom. Elizabeth and Will are wed by Barbossa before swinging over to the Dutchman to aid Jack. On board the Dutchman, Jones and Jack engage in a duel, with Jones gaining the upper hand. Jones stabs Will with a sword, causing Bootstrap to fly into a rage and attack Jones. Jones begins to gain the upper hand, but Jack and Elizabeth help Will stab Jones ' heart. Jones falls into the maelstrom, while Will succumbs to his injuries. Jack and Elizabeth escape the Dutchman as it is sucked into the maelstrom, while the crew of the Dutchman converge on Will, led by Bootstrap.
As Beckett 's ship, the Endeavour, approaches to destroy the Pearl, the Dutchman rises, now captained by Will, and the crew free of Jones ' curse. Together, the two pirate ships destroy the Endeavour, with a stunned Beckett going down with the ship while his navy retreats, demoralized by the loss of both the Endeavour and their commander in Beckett. With Will now forever bound to escort souls lost at sea to the next world, he and Elizabeth bid farewell to each other on the beach of an abandoned island. Will departs on the Dutchman, leaving Elizabeth pregnant and with the chest containing his heart.
Jack and Joshamee Gibbs discover Barbossa has stolen the Black Pearl again, but Jack planned ahead and cut out Sao Feng 's navigational charts, departing from Tortuga alone to track down the mythical Fountain of Youth to become immortal.
In a post-credits scene, set ten years later, Elizabeth and her son Henry watch from a sea cliff as Will returns aboard the Dutchman.
Following The Curse of the Black Pearl 's success in 2003, the cast and crew signed on for two sequels to be shot back - to - back. For the third film, director Gore Verbinski wanted to return the tone to that of a character piece after using the second film to keep the plot moving. Inspired by the real - life confederation of pirates, Elliott and Rossio looked at historical figures and created fictional characters from them to expand the scope beyond the main cast. Finally embellishing their mythology, Calypso was introduced, going full circle to Barbossa 's mention of "heathen gods '' that created the curse in the first film.
Parts of the third film were shot during location filming of Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man 's Chest, a long shoot which finished on March 1, 2006. During August 2005, the Singapore sequence was shot. The set was built on Stage 12 of the Universal Studios backlot, and comprised 40 structures within an 80 by 130 - foot (24 by 40 - m) tank that was 3 ⁄ feet (1.1 m) deep. As 18th century Singapore is not a well - documented era, the filmmakers chose to use an Expressionist style based on Chinese and Malaysian cities of the same period. The design of the city was also intended by Verbinski to parody spa culture, with fungi growing throughout the set. Continuing this natural feel, the floorboards of Sao Feng 's bathhouse had to be cut by hand, and real humidity was created by the combination of gallons of water and the lighting equipment on the set.
Filming resumed on August 3, 2006 at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah for 70 days off the California coast, as all the shooting required in the Caribbean had been conducted in 2005. Davy Jones 's Locker was shot at Utah, and it was shot in a monochromatic way to represent its different feeling from the usual colorful environment of a pirate. The climactic battle was shot in a former air hangar at Palmdale, California, where the cast had to wear wetsuits underneath their costumes on angle - tipped ships. The water - drenched set was kept in freezing temperatures, to make sure bacteria did not come inside and infect the crew. A second unit shot at Niagara Falls. Industrial Light & Magic did 750 effects shots, while Digital Domain also took on 300. They spent just five months finishing the special effects. The film posed numerous challenges in creating water - based effects.
Filming finished on December 12, 2006 in Molokai, and the first assembly cut was three hours. Twenty minutes were removed, not including end credits, though producer Jerry Bruckheimer maintained that the long running time was needed to make the final battle work in terms of build - up.
Hans Zimmer composed the score, as he did for the previous films, composing eight new motifs, including a new love theme for the At World 's End soundtrack. He scored scenes as the editors began work, so as to influence their choice of cutting to the music. Gore Verbinski helped on the score. He played the Ennio Morricone - influenced guitar music in the parley scene between Barbossa, Sparrow, Elizabeth and Will, Davy Jones, and Cutler Beckett. He also co-wrote the song "Hoist the Colours '' with Zimmer.
The world premiere of At World 's End was held on May 19, 2007 at Disneyland, home of the ride that inspired the film and where the first two films in the trilogy debuted. Disneyland offered the general public a chance to attend the premiere through the sale of tickets, priced at $1,500 per ticket, with proceeds going to the Make - a-Wish Foundation charity. Just a few weeks before the film 's release, Walt Disney Pictures decided to move the United States opening of At World 's End from screenings Friday, May 25, 2007 to Thursday at 8 PM, May 24, 2007. The film opened in 4,362 theaters domestically, beating Spider - Man 3 's theater opening record by 110 (this record was surpassed by The Dark Knight the following year).
After a muted publicity campaign, the trailer finally debuted at ShoWest 2007. It was shown on March 18, 2007 at a special screening of Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl named "Pirates Ultimate Fan Event '', and was then shown on March 19 during Dancing with the Stars, before it debuted online. Action figures by NECA were released in late April. Board games such as a Collector 's Edition Chess Set, a Monopoly Game, and a Pirates Dice Game (Liar 's dice) were also released. Master Replicas made sculptures of characters and replicas of jewellery and the Dead Man 's Chest. A video game with the same title as the film was released on May 22, 2007 on Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Wii, PSP, PlayStation 2, PC, and Nintendo DS formats. The soundtrack and its remix were also released on May 22.
At least one nation 's official censors ordered scenes cut from the film. According to Xinhua, the state news agency of the People 's Republic of China, ten minutes of footage containing Chow Yun - fat 's portrayal of Singaporean pirate Sao Feng were trimmed from versions of the film which may be shown in China. Chow is onscreen for twenty minutes in the uncensored theatrical release of the film. No official reason for the censorship was given, but unofficial sources within China have indicated that the character gave a negative and stereotypical portrayal of Chinese people.
The film was released on DVD and Blu - Ray on November 19, 2007 in the UK and December 4, 2007 in the United States and Canada. The 2 - Disc Limited Edition DVD was in continuous circulation until it stopped on September 30, 2008. In contrast, the Blu - ray Disc release, containing all of the features from the 2 - Disc DVD version (including some original scenes from the theatrical release, but excluding the writer 's commentary) is still widely available. The initial Blu - ray Disc release was misprinted on the back of the box as 1080i, although Disney confirmed it to be 1080p. Disney decided not to recall the misprinted units, but to fix the error on subsequent printings. DVD sales brought in $296,043,871 in revenue, marking the best - selling DVD of 2007, although it ranks second in terms of units sold (14,505,271) behind Transformers (16,234,195). At World 's End had its television premiere in the UK on Boxing Day 2009 on BBC One at 19: 30, and was watched by 6.06 million viewers.
On review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 45 % based on 220 reviews, with an average rating of 5.4 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, "POTC: AWE provides the thrilling action scenes, but mixes in too many characters with too many incomprehensible plot threads. '' At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews, the film received an average score of 50 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews ''. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A -- '' on an A+ to F scale.
Reviewer Alex Billington noted, "This is just how the film industry works nowadays; critics give bad opinions, the public usually has a differing opinion, and all is well in the world of Hollywood since the studios made their millions anyway. ''
Drew McWeeny praised the film 's complexity as giving it repeat - viewing value, and its conclusion as "perhaps the most canny move it makes. '' Todd Gilchrist found the story too similar to other cinematic trilogies such as Star Wars, but praised the production values. Brian Lowry felt that "unlike last year 's bloated sequel, it at least possesses some semblance of a destination, making it slightly more coherent - if no less numbing during the protracted finale. '' Total Film praised the performances but complained that the twists and exposition made it hard to care for the characters. Edward Douglas liked the film but had issues with its pacing, while Blake Wright criticized the Davy Jones 's Locker and Calypso segments. James Berardinelli found it the weakest of the trilogy as "the last hour offers adventure as rousing as anything provided in either of the previous installments... which does n't account for the other 108 minutes of this gorged, self - indulgent, and uneven production. '' Peter Travers praised Richards and Rush but felt "there can indeed be too much of a good thing, '' regarding Depp 's character. Travers later declared the movie to be one of the worst films of the year. Colm Andrew of the Manx Independent said the film was overall a disappointment and that "the final showdown... is a non-event and the repetitive swordplay and inane plot contrivances simply become boring by the end ''. Richard Roeper gave a positive review, saying "Gore Verbinski and the stunt and special effects crews have created one of the most impressive blends of live - action work and CGI wizardry ever put on film, '' and believing it "rarely drags and is almost always entertaining. '' He praised the performances of the actors as one of the best things about the film.
Chow Yun - fat 's character stirred a great deal of controversy with the Chinese press. Perry Lam, of Hong Kong cultural magazine, Muse, found an offensive resemblance between Chow 's character and Fu Manchu: "Now Fu Manchu has returned after an absence of 27 years in the Hollywood cinema; except that, in a nod to political correctness and marketing realities, he is no longer called Fu Manchu. ''
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World 's End earned $309,420,425 in North America and $654,000,000 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $963,420,425. Worldwide, it is the thirtieth - highest - grossing film, the highest - grossing film of 2007, and the third - highest - grossing film in the Pirates of the Caribbean series. Compared to its predecessor, it grossed far less at the North American box office, but more outside North America. Still, its worldwide earnings are more than $100 million below Dead Man 's Chest 's. During its worldwide opening weekend, it grossed $344.0 million, making it the seventh - largest opening.
At World 's End was released in a then - record 4,362 theaters in North America, and was shown on around 11,500 screens, which is still an all - time record. On its first three - day weekend, it earned $114,732,820. It set a Memorial Day 4 - day weekend record ($139,802,190), which it still retains. This record was previously held by X-Men: The Last Stand. Including Thursday night previews, as well, At World 's End earned $153,042,234 in 5 days, and is the fourth - highest - grossing film of 2007. Among May 's Big Three (Spider - Man 3, Shrek 3 and Pirates 3), Pirates 3 grossed the least both during its opening weekend and in total earnings. However, this was mainly attributed to the fact that it was released third, after the other two films, so there was already too much competition. It is also the second - highest - grossing film in the Pirates series.
It is the eighteenth - highest - grossing film, the sixth - largest film distributed by Disney, and the second - highest - grossing Pirates of the Caribbean film. During its opening weekend, it grossed an estimated $216.0 million, which stands as the sixth biggest opening outside North America. It set opening - weekend records in South Korea with $16.7 million (surpassed by Transformers: Dark of the Moon), Russia, and the CIS with $14.0 million (first surpassed by Samy luchshiy film), and Spain with $11.9 million (surpassed by The Impossible). It dominated for three consecutive weekends at the box office outside North America. By June 12, 2007, its 20th day of release, the film had grossed $500 million, breaking Spider - Man 3 's record for reaching that amount the fastest. This record was first overtaken by Avatar (15 days to $500 million). Its highest - grossing countries after North America are Japan, where it earned $91.1 million, and became the last Hollywood film to earn more than 10 billion yen before Avatar, and the UK, Ireland, Malta ($81.4 million), and Germany ($59.4 million).
At the 80th Academy Awards, Pirates of the Caribbean: At World 's End was nominated for two awards, Best Makeup and Best Visual Effects. However, it did not win either of the two, losing the former to La Vie en Rose and the latter to The Golden Compass.
At the 2008 MTV Movie Awards, the film was nominated for three awards, including one win: the Best Comedic Performance (Johnny Depp). At the 34th People 's Choice Awards, it was nominated for five awards, including four wins: Favorite Movie, Favorite Threequel, Favorite Male Movie Star (Johnny Depp) and Favorite Female Action Star (Keira Knightley). Also, at the Teen Choice Awards it won five awards, out of six nominations. Finally, at the 2008 Kids ' Choice Awards, it achieved three nominations but won only the Favorite Movie Actor award (Johnny Depp). However, Orlando Bloom was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor.
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can you end the game with a wild card in uno | Uno (card game) - wikipedia
Uno (/ ˈuːnoʊ /; from Italian and Spanish for ' one ') (stylized as UNO) is an American card game that is played with a specially printed deck (see Crazy Eights for a family of games very similar to Uno but played with normal playing cards). The game was originally developed in 1971 by Merle Robbins in Reading, Ohio, a suburb of Cincinnati. It has been a Mattel brand since 1992. The game 's general principles put it into the Crazy Eights family of card games. When his family and friends began to play more and more, he spent $8,000 to have 5,000 copies of the game made. He sold it from his barbershop at first, and local businesses began to sell it as well. Robins later sold the rights to UNO to a group of friends headed by Robert Tezak, a funeral parlor owner in Joliet, Illinois, for $50,000 plus royalties of 10 cents per game. Tezak formed International Games, Inc., to market UNO, with offices behind his funeral parlor. The games were produced by Lewis Saltzman of Saltzman Printers in Maywood, Illinois. In 1992, International Games became part of the Mattel family of companies.
The aim of the game is to be the first player to score 500 points, achieved (usually over several rounds of play) by a player discarding all of their cards and earning points corresponding to the value of the remaining cards still held by the other players.
The deck consists of 108 cards, of which there are 25 of each color (red, green, blue, and yellow), each color having two of each rank except zero. The ranks in each color are zero to nine, "Skip '', "Draw Two '', and "Reverse '' (the last three being "action cards ''). In addition, the deck contains four each of "Wild '' and "Wild Draw Four '' cards.
To start a hand, seven cards are dealt to each player, with the top card of the deck flipped over and set aside to begin the discard pile. The player to the dealer 's left plays first, unless the first card on the discard pile is an action or Wild card (see below). On a player 's turn, they must do one of the following:
Play proceeds clockwise around the table.
Action and Wild cards have the following effects:
A player who plays their next - to - last - card must call "Uno '' as a warning to the other players.
The first player to get rid of their last card ("going out '') wins the hand and scores points for the cards held by the other players. Number cards count their face value, all action cards count 20, and Wild and Wild Draw Four cards count 50. If a Draw Two or Wild Draw Four card is played to go out, the next player in sequence must draw the appropriate number of cards before the score is tallied.
The first player to score 500 points wins the game.
In a two - player game, the Reverse card acts like a Skip card; when played, the other player misses a turn.
The following rules are commonly used by players to alter the game:
A strategy at Uno may be offensive (aiming to go out), or defensive (aiming to minimize the value of one 's hand, in the event that another player goes out, thus getting those points). Part of the skill of playing Uno is knowing when to adopt an offensive or defensive strategy.
An offensive strategy would be holding on to Wild and Wild Draw Four cards, because they can be played near the end of the hand in order to go out (when it 's harder to play a matching card). However, a defensive strategy would advise getting rid of such cards early, because they have a high point value.
A defensive strategy would advise playing a high card in order to reduce the point value of the hand. However, an offensive strategy would suggest playing a 0 when the player wants to continue on the current color, because it is less likely to be matched by another 0 of a different color (there is only one 0 of each color, but two of each 1 -- 9).
A player holding only one card is required to call out "Uno '' or risk being penalized if caught. A player who calls "Uno '' risks being the target of concerted action by the other players, who may be able to use action cards to prevent that player from going out. Depending on the level and seriousness of play, some players may deliberately avoid saying "Uno '', in the hope of avoiding detection and then going out on the next turn. For this reason, it is useful to conceal how many cards are in your hand, and to keep track of how many cards every other player holds.
Little has been published on the optimal strategy for the game of Uno. Simulations of games may shed some light on the matter. Attempts to reduce point count in a player 's hands can be "read '' by other players if too transparent. This information can be exploited by other players, and it follows that a mixed strategy may be more appropriate.
Some work has been done into the psychology of Uno as it relates to individual and group behavior. Players may exhibit physical tells, in which a subtle, often repeated, cue inadvertently reveals their state of mind during a game. Alternatively, they may change their playing style, switching from an aggressive card - shedding strategy to a more subdued one, or vice versa.
The new Uno action cards bear symbols which denote their action, except for the Wild cards which still bear the word "Wild. '' Before the design change, such cards in English versions of the game had letters only. Especially old English versions can be denoted by the absence of the white rim that surrounds the edge of most Uno cards. Other versions use symbols and images in both old and new designs, especially ones with Wild cards that do not bear the word "Wild ''. The Xbox 360 version of the game uses the new English style of the cards. There are also language - free versions of the newer styles that do not bear the word "Wild '' but have the same styling. There is a new version called "Uno Mod '' where the cards have symbols instead of letters or numbers. This version also comes in a red and white case. It is one of several "Mod '' games by Mattel, the others being Othello (game) Mod, Apples to Apples Mod, Phase 10 Mod, and Skip - Bo Mod.
There are many different themes and versions of Uno. These theme games may come with slightly different directions and special cards.
Note: * indicates HIT Entertainment character, by which Mattel acquired HIT in 2012.
Card sets only have 36 cards designed for children at least 3 years of age. These sets come in several variants, based on titles for children. My First Uno versions:
Uno versions available on the Xbox 360:
Several sports teams each have 112 - card sets, featuring players from those teams. The special cards in each deck vary depending on the card set itself. The following teams have confirmed Uno sets.
Many variations from standard gameplay exist, such as Elimination Uno, Speed Uno, French Uno, Pirate Uno, and Pakistani Uno.
Uno is a member of the shedding family of card games. The shedding family of card games consists of games where the objective is to get rid of all your cards while preventing the other players from getting rid of their cards.
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what song did paul mccartney wrote for julian lennon | Hey Jude - wikipedia
"Hey Jude '' is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, written by Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon -- McCartney. The ballad evolved from "Hey Jules '', a song McCartney wrote to comfort John Lennon 's son, Julian, during his parents ' divorce. "Hey Jude '' begins with a verse - bridge structure incorporating McCartney 's vocal performance and piano accompaniment; further instrumentation is added as the song progresses. After the fourth verse, the song shifts to a fade - out coda that lasts for more than four minutes.
"Hey Jude '' was released in August 1968 as the first single from the Beatles ' record label Apple Records. More than seven minutes in length, it was at the time the longest single ever to top the British charts. It also spent nine weeks at number one in the United States, the longest for any Beatles single. "Hey Jude '' tied the "all - time '' record, at the time, for the longest run at the top of the US charts. The single has sold approximately eight million copies and is frequently included on professional critics ' lists of the greatest songs of all time. In 2013, Billboard named it the 10th "biggest '' song of all time.
In May 1968, John Lennon and his wife Cynthia Lennon separated after John 's affair with Yoko Ono. The following month, Paul McCartney drove out to visit Cynthia and John 's son, Julian, at Kenwood, the family 's home in Weybridge. Cynthia had been part of the Beatles ' social circle since before the band 's rise to fame in 1963; McCartney later said he found it "a bit much for them suddenly to be personae non gratae and out of my life. '' Cynthia Lennon recalled of McCartney 's surprise visit: "I was touched by his obvious concern for our welfare... On the journey down he composed ' Hey Jude ' in the car. I will never forget Paul 's gesture of care and concern in coming to see us. ''
-- Paul McCartney, 1997
The song 's original title was "Hey Jules '', and it was intended to comfort Julian Lennon from the stress of his parents ' separation. McCartney later said, "I knew it was not going to be easy for him '', and that he changed the name to "Jude '' "because I thought that sounded a bit better ''.
According to music journalist Chris Hunt, in the weeks after writing the song, McCartney "test (ed) his latest composition on anyone too polite to refuse. And that meant everyone. '' On 30 June, after recording the Black Dyke Mills Band 's rendition of his instrumental "Thingumybob '', in Yorkshire, McCartney stopped at a village in Bedfordshire and performed "Hey Jude '' at a local pub. He also regaled members of the Bonzo Dog Band with the song while producing their single "I 'm the Urban Spaceman '', in London, and interrupted a recording session by the Barron Knights to do the same. Ron Griffith of the group the Iveys -- soon to be known as Badfinger and, like the Black Dyke Mills Band, an early signing to the Beatles ' new record label Apple Records -- later recalled that on their first day in the studio, McCartney "gave us a full concert rendition of ' Hey Jude ' ''.
When introducing the composition to Lennon, McCartney assured him that he would "fix '' the line "the movement you need is on your shoulder '', reasoning that "it 's a stupid expression; it sounds like a parrot. '' Lennon replied: "You wo n't, you know. That 's the best line in the song. '' McCartney retained the phrase; he later said of his subsequent live performances of the song: "that 's the line when I think of John, and sometimes I get a little emotional during that moment. ''
-- John Lennon, 1980
Although McCartney originally wrote "Hey Jude '' for Julian, John Lennon thought it had actually been written for him. In a 1980 interview, Lennon stated that he "always heard it as a song to me '' and contended that, on one level, McCartney was giving his blessing to Lennon and Ono 's relationship, while, on another, he was disappointed to be usurped as Lennon 's friend and songwriting partner.
Other people believed McCartney wrote the song about them, including Judith Simons, a journalist with the Daily Express. Still others, including Lennon, have speculated that in the lyrics to "Hey Jude '', McCartney 's failing long - term relationship with Jane Asher provided an unconscious "message to himself ''. McCartney and Asher had announced their engagement on 25 December 1967, yet he began an affair with Linda Eastman in June 1968; that same month, Francie Schwartz, an American who was in London to discuss a film proposal with Apple, began living with McCartney at his St John 's Wood home. When Lennon mentioned that he thought the song was about him and Ono, McCartney denied it and told Lennon he had written the song about himself.
Author Mark Hertsgaard has commented that "many of the song 's lyrics do seem directed more at a grown man on the verge of a powerful new love, especially the lines ' you have found her now go and get her ' and ' you 're waiting for someone to perform with. ' '' Music critic and author Tim Riley writes: "If the song is about self - worth and self - consolation in the face of hardship, the vocal performance itself conveys much of the journey. He begins by singing to comfort someone else, finds himself weighing his own feelings in the process, and finally, in the repeated refrains that nurture his own approbation, he comes to believe in himself. ''
Having earmarked the song for release as a single, the Beatles recorded "Hey Jude '' during the sessions for their self - titled double album, commonly known as "the White Album ''. The sessions were marked by an element of discord within the group for the first time, partly as a result of Ono 's constant presence at Lennon 's side, and also reflective of the four band members ' divergence following their communal trip to Rishikesh in the spring of 1968 to study Transcendental Meditation. Author Peter Doggett describes the completed version of "Hey Jude '' as a song that "glowed with optimism after a summer that had burned with anxiety and rage within the group ''.
The Beatles first taped 25 takes of the song at EMI 's Abbey Road Studios in London over two nights, 29 and 30 July 1968, with George Martin as their producer. These dates served as rehearsals, however, since they planned to record the master track at Trident Studios to utilise their eight - track recording machine (Abbey Road was still limited to four - tracks). A take from 29 July, which author and critic Kenneth Womack describes as a "jovial '' session, was issued on the Anthology 3 compilation in 1996.
The 30 July rehearsals were filmed for a short documentary titled Music! However, the film shows only three of the Beatles performing "Hey Jude '', as George Harrison remained in the studio control room, with Martin and EMI recording engineer Ken Scott. Author Simon Leng views this as indicative of how Harrison was increasingly allowed little room to develop ideas on McCartney compositions, whereas he was free to create empathetic guitar parts for Lennon 's songs of the period.
During the rehearsals that day, Harrison and McCartney had a heated disagreement over the lead guitar part for the song. Harrison 's idea was to play a guitar phrase as a response to each line of the vocal, which did not fit with McCartney 's conception of the song 's arrangement, and he vetoed it. In a 1994 interview, McCartney said, "looking back on it, I think, Okay. Well, it was bossy, but it was ballsy of me, because I could have bowed to the pressure. '' Ron Richards, a record producer who worked for Martin at both Parlophone and AIR Studios, said McCartney was "oblivious to anyone else 's feelings in the studio '', and that he was driven to making the best possible record, at almost any cost.
The master track for "Hey Jude '' was recorded at Trident Studios on 31 July. Trident 's founder, Norman Sheffield, recalled that Mal Evans, the Beatles ' aide and former roadie, insisted that some pot plants he had brought be placed in the studio to make the place "soft '', consistent with the band 's wishes. Barry Sheffield served as recording engineer for the session. The line - up on the basic track was McCartney on piano and lead vocal, Lennon on acoustic guitar, Harrison on electric guitar, and Ringo Starr on drums.
The Beatles recorded four takes of "Hey Jude '', the first of which was selected as the master. With drums absent for the first 50 seconds of the song, McCartney began this take unaware that Starr had just left for a toilet break. Starr soon returned -- "tiptoeing past my back rather quickly '', in McCartney 's recollection -- and performed his cue perfectly. McCartney added: "his timing was absolutely impeccable. ''
On 1 August, the group carried out overdubs on the basic track, again at Trident. These additions included McCartney 's lead vocal and bass guitar; backing vocals from Lennon, McCartney and Harrison; and tambourine, played by Starr. They then added a 36 - piece orchestra over the long coda, scored by Martin. The orchestra consisted of ten violins, three violas, three cellos, two flutes, one contra bassoon, one bassoon, two clarinets, one contra bass clarinet, four trumpets, four trombones, two horns, percussion and two string basses. With the introduction of what musicologist Walter Everett terms the "bottom - heavy '' orchestral instruments, particularly the string basses, McCartney 's bass part was cut from the start of the coda onwards.
According to Norman Sheffield, there was dissension initially among the orchestral musicians, some of whom "were looking down their noses at the Beatles, I think ''. Sheffield recalls that McCartney ensured their cooperation by demanding: "Do you guys want to get fucking paid or not? '' During the first few takes, McCartney was unhappy about the lack of energy and passion in the orchestra 's performance, so he stood up on the grand piano and started conducting the musicians from there.
The Beatles then asked the orchestra members if they would clap their hands and sing along to the refrain in the coda. All but one of the musicians complied (for a double fee), with the abstainer reportedly saying, "I 'm not going to clap my hands and sing Paul McCartney 's bloody song! '' Apple Records assistant Chris O'Dell says she joined the cast of backing singers on the song; one of the label 's first signings, Jackie Lomax, also recalled participating.
Trident was paid £ 25 per hour by EMI for the "Hey Jude '' sessions. Sheffield said that the studio earned about £ 1000 in total at the time, but by having the Beatles record there, and in turn raving about the facility, the value was incalculable. The band carried out further work at Trident during 1968, and Apple artists such as Lomax, Mary Hopkin, Billy Preston and the Iveys all recorded there over the next year.
Scott, Martin and the Beatles mixed the finished recording at Abbey Road. The transfer of the Trident master tape to acetate proved problematic due to the recording sounding murky when played back on EMI 's equipment. The issue was resolved with the help of Geoff Emerick, whom Scott had recently replaced as the Beatles ' principal recording engineer. Emerick happened to be visiting Abbey Road, having recently refused to work with the Beatles any longer, due to the tension and abuse that had become commonplace at their recording sessions. A stereo mix of "Hey Jude '' was then completed on 2 August and the mono version on 8 August.
Everett writes that the song 's "most commented - on feature '' is its considerable length, at 7: 11. The precedent for issuing such a long track on a single had recently been set by Richard Harris ' hit recording of "MacArthur Park '', the composer of which, Jimmy Webb, was a visitor to the studio around this time. According to Webb, Martin admitted to him that "Hey Jude '' was only allowed to run over seven minutes because of the success of "MacArthur Park ''.
In the song 's final bridge section, at 2: 58, the spoken phrase "Fucking hell! '' appears. Scott admits that although he was told about it, he could not hear the words originally. Lennon attributed the expletive to McCartney, according to Emerick, who reports Lennon 's comment in his autobiography: "' Paul hit a clunker on the piano and said a naughty word, ' Lennon gleefully crowed, ' but I insisted we leave it in (at Trident), buried just low enough so that it can barely be heard. Most people wo n't ever spot it... but we 'll know it 's there. ' '' Womack considers that the expletive was actually uttered by Lennon. Malcolm Toft, the mix engineer on the Trident recording, also attributes it to Lennon. In Toft 's recollection, Lennon was overdubbing his harmony vocal when, in reaction to the volume being too loud in his headphones, he first called out "Whoa! '' then, two seconds later, swore as he pulled the headphones off.
"Hey Jude '' begins with McCartney singing lead vocals and playing the piano. The patterns he plays are based on three chords: F, C and B ♭ (I, V and IV). The main chord progression is "flipped on its head '', in Hertsgaard 's words, for the coda, since the C chord is replaced by E ♭. Everett comments that McCartney 's melody over the verses borrows in part from John Ireland 's 1907 liturgical piece Te Deum, as well as (with the first change to a B ♭ chord) suggesting the influence of the Drifters ' 1960 hit "Save the Last Dance for Me ''.
The second verse of the song adds accompaniment from acoustic guitar and tambourine. Tim Riley writes that, with the "restrained tom - tom and cymbal fill '' that introduces the drum part, "the piano shifts downward to add a flat seventh to the tonic chord, making the downbeat of the bridge the point of arrival (' And any time you feel the pain '). '' At the end of each bridge, McCartney sings a brief phrase ("Na - na - na na... ''), supported by an electric guitar fill, before playing a piano fill that leads to the next verse. According to Riley, this vocal phrase serves to "reorient the harmony for the verse as the piano figure turns upside down into a vocal aside ''. Additional musical details, such as tambourine on the third verse and subtle harmonies accompanying the lead vocal, are added to sustain interest throughout the four - verse, two - bridge song.
The verse - bridge structure persists for approximately three minutes, after which the band leads into a four - minute - long coda, consisting of nineteen rounds of the song 's double plagal cadence. During this coda, the rest of the band, backed by an orchestra that also provides backing vocals, repeats the phrase "Na - na - na na '' followed by the words "hey Jude '' until the song gradually fades out. In his analysis of the composition, musicologist Alan Pollack comments on the unusual structure of "Hey Jude '', in that it uses a "binary form that combines a fully developed, hymn - like song together with an extended, mantra - like jam on a simple chord progression ''.
Riley considers that the coda 's repeated chord sequence (I - ♭ VII - IV - I) "answers all the musical questions raised at the beginnings and ends of bridges '', since "The flat seventh that posed dominant turns into bridges now has an entire chord built on it. '' This three - chord refrain allows McCartney "a bedding... to leap about on vocally '', so he ad - libs his vocal performance for the rest of the song. In Riley 's estimation, the song "becomes a tour of Paul 's vocal range: from the graceful inviting tones of the opening verse, through the mounting excitement of the song itself, to the surging raves of the coda ''.
-- Derek Taylor, "Hey Jude '' press release, August 1968
"Hey Jude '' was released on 26 August 1968 in the United States and 30 August in the United Kingdom, backed with "Revolution '' on the B - side of a 7 - inch single. It was one of four singles issued simultaneously to launch Apple Records -- the others being Mary Hopkin 's "Those Were the Days '', Jackie Lomax 's "Sour Milk Sea '', and the Black Dyke Mills Band 's "Thingumybob ''. In advance of the release date, Apple declared 11 -- 18 August to be "National Apple Week '' in the UK, and sent gift - wrapped boxes of the records, marked "Our First Four '', to Queen Elizabeth II and other members of the royal family, and to Harold Wilson, the prime minister at the time. The release was promoted by Derek Taylor, who, in Doggett 's description, "hyped the first Apple records with typical elan ''. "Hey Jude '' was the first of the four singles, since it was still designated as an EMI / Parlophone release in the UK and a Capitol release in the US, but with the Apple Records logo now added. In the US, "Hey Jude '' was the first Beatles single to be issued in a company sleeve rather than a picture sleeve.
Lennon wanted "Revolution '' to be the A-side of the single, but the other Beatles did not agree. In his 1970 interview with Rolling Stone, he said "Hey Jude '' was worthy of an A-side, "but we could have had both. '' In 1980, he told Playboy he still disagreed with the decision.
The single was a highly successful debut for Apple Records, and contrasted with the public embarrassment the band faced after the recent closure of their short - lived retail venture, Apple Boutique. "Hey Jude '' began its sixteen - week run on Britain 's official singles chart on 7 September 1968, claiming the top spot a week later. It lasted two weeks on top before being replaced by Hopkin 's "Those Were the Days '', which was produced by McCartney. "Hey Jude '' was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on 13 September; that same week, NME reported that two million copies of the single had been sold. The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 in the US on 14 September, beginning a nineteen - week chart run there. It reached number one on 28 September and held that position for nine weeks, for three of which, "Those Were the Days '' held the number - two spot. This was the longest time spent by a Beatles single at number one, as well as being the longest - playing single to reach number one. The song was the 16th number - one hit for the band in America, tying Elvis Presley 's record at the time for most number - one songs there. Billboard ranked it as the number - one song for 1968.
In the UK, where "MacArthur Park '' had failed to top the chart, "Hey Jude '' remained the longest number - one hit for nearly a quarter of a century. It was surpassed in 1993 by Meat Loaf 's "I 'd Do Anything for Love (But I Wo n't Do That) '', which ran to 7: 52 as a single.
On 30 November 1968, NME reported that sales had reached nearly six million copies worldwide. "Hey Jude '' became the biggest - selling debut release for a record label ever, selling an estimated eight million copies worldwide and topping the charts in eleven countries. In 1999, it was certified 4x platinum by the RIAA, representing four million units shipped in the US.
A failed early promotional attempt for the single took place after the Beatles ' all - night recording session on 7 -- 8 August 1968. With Apple Boutique having closed a week before, McCartney and his girlfriend, Francie Schwartz, painted Hey Jude / Revolution across its large, whitewashed shop windows. The words were mistaken for anti-Semitic graffiti (since Jude means "Jew '' in German), leading to complaints from the local Jewish community, and the windows being smashed by passers - by. Discussing the episode in The Beatles Anthology, McCartney explained that he had been motivated by the location -- "Great opportunity. Baker Street, millions of buses going around... '' -- and added: "I had no idea it meant ' Jew ', but if you look at footage of Nazi Germany, ' Juden Raus ' was written in whitewashed windows with a Star of David. I swear it never occurred to me. '' According to Barry Miles, McCartney caused further controversy in his comments to Alan Smith of the NME that month when he said: "Starvation in India does n't worry me one bit, not one iota... And it does n't worry you, if you 're honest. You just pose. ''
The Beatles hired Michael Lindsay - Hogg to shoot a promotional clip for "Hey Jude '', after he had previously directed a clip for "Paperback Writer '' in 1966. They settled on the idea of shooting with a live, albeit controlled, audience. In the clip, the Beatles are first seen by themselves, performing the initial chorus and verses, and then are joined by the audience who appear as the last chorus concludes and coda begins; the audience sings and claps along with the Beatles through the song 's conclusion. Hogg shot the clip at Twickenham Film Studios on 4 September 1968, with McCartney himself designing the set. Tony Bramwell, a friend of the Beatles, later described the set as "the piano, there; drums, there; and orchestra in two tiers at the back. '' The event marked Starr 's return to the group, after McCartney 's criticism of his drumming had led to him walking out during a session for the White Album track "Back in the U.S.S.R. '' During his two - week absence, Starr announced that he had left the band.
The final edit was a combination of several different takes and included "introductions '' to the song by David Frost (who introduced the Beatles as "the greatest tea - room orchestra in the world ''), and Cliff Richard, for their respective, eponymous TV programmes. As shooting wore on, Lennon repeatedly asked Lindsay - Hogg if he had the material he needed. After 12 takes, McCartney said, "I think that 's enough '', and shooting concluded. It was first aired in the UK on Frost on Sunday on 8 September 1968, and the clip was later broadcast for the United States on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour on 6 October. According to Riley, the showing on Frost on Sunday "kicked ' Hey Jude ' into the stratosphere '' in terms of popularity. Hertsgaard pairs it with the release of the animated film Yellow Submarine as two events that created "a state of nirvana '' for Beatles fans, in contrast with the problems besetting the band regarding Ono 's influence and Apple.
The 4 September 1968 promo clip is included in the Beatles ' 2015 video compilation 1, while the three - disc versions of that compilation, titled 1 +, also include an alternate video, with a different introduction and vocal, from the same date.
Upon the single 's release, Derek Johnson of the NME wrote: "The intriguing features of ' Hey Jude ' are its extreme length and the 40 - piece orchestral accompaniment -- and personally I would have preferred it without either! '' While he viewed the track overall as "a beautiful, compelling song '', and the first three minutes as "absolutely sensational '', Johnson rued the long coda 's "vocal improvisations on the basically repetitive four - bar chorus ''. Time magazine described the coda as "a fadeout that engagingly spoofs the fadeout as a gimmick for ending pop records ''. The same reviewer contrasted "Hey Jude '' with its B - side, "Revolution '', saying that "The other side of the new disk urges activism of a different sort '', due to McCartney "liltingly exhort (ing) a friend to overcome his fears and commit himself in love ''. Rolling Stone also attributed the song 's meaning as a message from McCartney to Lennon to end his negative relationships with women: "to break the old pattern; to really go through with love ''. Other commentators interpreted "Hey Jude '' as being directed at Bob Dylan, then semi-retired in Woodstock.
Writing in 1971, Robert Christgau of The Village Voice called it "one of (McCartney 's) truest and most forthright love songs '' and was critical of its omission from the album The Beatles. In their 1975 book The Beatles: An Illustrated Record, critics Roy Carr and Tony Tyler wrote that "Hey Jude '' "promised great things '' for the ill - conceived Apple enterprise and described the song as "the last great Beatles single recorded specifically for the 45s market ''. They noted also that "the epic proportions of the piece '' encouraged many imitators, yet these other artists "(failed) to capture the gentleness and sympathy of the Beatles ' communal feel ''.
Among more recent commentators, Alan Pollack admires "Hey Jude '' as "such a good illustration of two compositional lessons -- how to fill a large canvas with simple means, and how to use diverse elements such as harmony, bassline, and orchestration to articulate form and contrast. '' Pollack considers that the song 's long coda provides "an astonishingly transcendental effect '', while AllMusic 's Richie Unterberger similarly opines: "What could have very easily been boring is instead hypnotic because McCartney varies the vocal with some of the greatest nonsense scatting ever heard in rock... '' In his book Revolution in the Head, Ian MacDonald wrote that the "pseudo-soul shrieking in the fade - out may be a blemish '' but he praised the song as "a pop / rock hybrid drawing on the best of both idioms ''. MacDonald concluded: "' Hey Jude ' strikes a universal note, touching on an archetypal moment in male sexual psychology with a gentle wisdom one might properly call inspired. '' Lennon said the song was "one of (McCartney 's) masterpieces ''.
"Hey Jude '' was nominated for the Grammy Awards of 1969 in the categories of Record of the Year, Song of the Year and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, but failed to win any of them. In the 1968 NME Readers ' Poll, "Hey Jude '' was named the best single of the year, and the song also won the 1968 Ivor Novello Award for "A-Side With the Highest Sales ''. In 2001, "Hey Jude '' was inducted into the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Grammy Hall of Fame.
In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked "Hey Jude '' at number eight on the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time '', making it the highest - placed Beatles song on the list. Among its many appearances in other best - song - of - all - time lists, VH1 placed it seventh in 2000 and Mojo ranked it at number 29 in the same year, having placed the song seventh in a 1997 list of "The 100 Greatest Singles of All Time ''. In 1976, the NME ranked it 38th on the magazine 's "Top 100 Singles of All Time '', and the track appeared at number 77 on the same publication 's "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' in 2014. In January 2001, "Hey Jude '' came in third on Channel 4 's list of the "100 Greatest Singles ''. The Amusement & Music Operators Association ranks "Hey Jude '' as the 11th - best jukebox single of all time. In 2008, the song appeared in eighth place on Billboard 's "All Time Hot 100 Songs ''.
In July 2006, Mojo placed "Hey Jude '' at number 12 on its list of "The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs '' (between "Eleanor Rigby '' and "Come Together ''). On a similar list compiled four years later, Rolling Stone ranked the song at number seven. In 2015, the ITV program The Nation 's Favourite Beatles Number One ranked "Hey Jude '' in first place.
Julian Lennon discovered that "Hey Jude '' had been written for him almost 20 years after McCartney composed the song. He recalled of his and McCartney 's relationship: "Paul and I used to hang about quite a bit -- more than Dad and I did. We had a great friendship going and there seems to be far more pictures of me and Paul playing together at that age than there are pictures of me and my dad. '' In 1996, Julian paid £ 25,000 for the recording notes to "Hey Jude '' at an auction. He spent a further £ 35,000 at the auction, buying John Lennon memorabilia. John Cousins, Julian Lennon 's manager, stated at the time: "He has a few photographs of his father, but not very much else. He is collecting for personal reasons; these are family heirlooms if you like. ''
In 2002, the original handwritten lyrics for the song were nearly auctioned off at Christie 's in London. The sheet of notepaper with the scrawled lyrics had been expected to fetch up to £ 80,000 at the auction, which was scheduled for 30 April 2002. McCartney went to court to stop the auction, claiming the paper had disappeared from his West London home. Richard Morgan, representing Christie 's, said McCartney had provided no evidence that he had ever owned the piece of paper on which the lyrics were written. The courts decided in McCartney 's favour and prohibited the sale of the lyrics. They had been sent to Christie 's for auction by Frenchman Florrent Tessier, who said he purchased the piece of paper at a street market stall in London for £ 10 in the early 1970s. In the original catalogue for the auction, Julian Lennon had written, "It 's very strange to think that someone has written a song about you. It still touches me. ''
"Hey Jude '' was one of the few Beatles songs that Elvis Presley covered, when he rehearsed the track at his 1969 Memphis sessions with producer Chips Moman, a recording that appeared on the 1972 album Elvis Now. A medley of the Beatles ' "Yesterday '' and "Hey Jude '' was included on the 1999 reissue of Presley 's 1970 live album On Stage.
In 1968, R&B singer Wilson Pickett released a cover recorded at Muscle Shoals, with guitar from a young Duane Allman, who recommended the choice to Pickett. Eric Clapton commented, "I remember hearing (it) and calling either Ahmet Ertegun or Tom Dowd and saying, ' Who 's that guitar player? '... To this day, I 've never heard better rock guitar playing on an R&B record. It 's the best. '' Pickett commented on the outro that "people were going crazy '' and session musician Jimmy Johnson said that Allman 's solo "created Southern rock ''.
"Weird Al '' Yankovic included "Hey Jude '' in his first polka medley, "Polkas on 45 '', from his 1984 album "Weird Al '' Yankovic in 3 - D. Katy Perry performed a cover of the song as part of the 2012 MusiCares Person of the Year concert honouring McCartney.
Paul McCartney sang the song in the closing moments of the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics hosted in London. On 4 August 2012, McCartney led the crowd in a rendition of "Hey Jude '' while watching cycling at the velodrome.
shipments figures based on certification alone
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in economics which of the following has been used to measure globalization | Economic globalization - wikipedia
Economic globalization is one of the three main dimensions of globalization commonly found in academic literature, with the two others being political globalization and cultural globalization, as well as the general term of globalization. Economic globalization refers to the free movement of goods, capital, services, technology and information. It is the increasing economic integration and interdependence of national, regional, and local economies across the world through an intensification of cross-border movement of goods, services, technologies and capital. Whereas globalization is a broad set of processes concerning multiple networks of economic, political, and cultural interchange, contemporary economic globalization is propelled by the rapid growing significance of information in all types of productive activities and marketization, and by developments in science and technology.
Economic globalization primarily comprises the globalization of production, finance, markets, technology, organizational regimes, institutions, corporations, and labour. While economic globalization has been expanding since the emergence of trans - national trade, it has grown at an increased rate due to an increase in communication and technological advances under the framework of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and World Trade Organization, which made countries gradually cut down trade barriers and open up their current accounts and capital accounts. This recent boom has been largely supported by developed economies integrating with majority world through foreign direct investment and lowering costs of doing business, the reduction of trade barriers, and in many cases cross border migration
While globalization has radically increased incomes and economic growth in developing countries and lowered consumer prices in developed countries, it also changes the power balance between developing and developed countries and affects the culture of each affected country. And the shifting location of goods production has caused many jobs to cross borders, requiring some workers in developed countries to change careers.
International commodity markets, labor markets, and capital markets make up the economy and define economic globalization.
Beginning as early as 6500 BCE, people in Syria were trading livestock, tools, and other items. In Sumer, an early civilization in Mesopotamia, a token system was one of the first forms of commodity money. Labor markets consist of workers, employers, wages, income, supply and demand. Labor markets have been around as long as commodity markets. The first labor markets provided workers to grow crops and tend livestock for later sale in local markets. Capital markets emerged in industries that require resources beyond those of an individual farmer.
Globalization is about interconnecting people around the world beyond the physical barrier of geographical boundaries.
These advances in economic globalization were disrupted by World War I. Most of the global economic powers constructed protectionist economic policies and introduced trade barriers that slowed trade growth to the point of stagnation. This caused a slowing of worldwide trade and even led to other countries introducing immigration caps. Globalization did not fully resume until the 1970s, when governments began to emphasize the benefits of trade. Today, follow - on advances in technology have led to the rapid expansion of global trade.
Three suggested factors accelerated economic globalization: advancement of science and technology, market oriented economic reforms, and contributions by multinational corporations.
The 1956 invention of containerized shipping, along with increases in ship sizes, were a major part of the reduction in shipping costs.
The GATT / WTO framework led participating countries to reduce their tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade. Governments shifted their economies from central planning to markets. These internal reforms allowed enterprises to adapt more quickly and exploit opportunities created by technology shifts.
Multinational corporations reorganized production to take advantage of these opportunities. Labor - intensive production migrated to areas with lower labor costs, later followed by other functions as skill levels increased. Networks raised the level of wealth consumption and geographical mobility. This highly dynamic worldwide system and powerful ramifications.
On 27 October 1986, the London Stock Exchange enacted newly deregulated rules that enabled global interconnection of markets, with an expectation of huge increases in market activity. This event came to be known as the Big Bang.
An intergovernmental organization or international governmental organization (IGO) refers to an entity created by treaty, involving two or more nations, to work in good faith, on issues of common interest. IGO 's strive for peace, security and deal with economic and social questions. Examples include: The United Nations, The World Bank and on a regional level The North Atlantic Treaty Organization among others.
Despite its activity within one nation, NGOs work towards solutions that can benefit undeveloped countries that face the backlash of economic globalization. Classified as any non-profit, voluntary citizens ' group which is organized on a local, national or international level. NGOs perform various services and humanitarian functions, bring citizen concerns to Governments, advocate and monitor policies and encourage political participation through provision of information.
One of the many changes they have brought to developing countries is increased automation, which may damage less - automated local firms and require their workers to develop new skills in order to transition into the changing economy, leaving some behind. The necessary education infrastructure is often not present, requiring a redirection of the government 's focus from social services to education. Corporations have outsourced in recent years. In business, outsourcing involves the contracting out of a business process (e.g. payroll processing, claims processing) and operational, and / or non-core functions (e.g. manufacturing, facility management, call center support) to another party (see also business process outsourcing).
ECLAC states that in order to create better economic relations globally, international lending agencies must work with developing countries to change how and where credit is concentrated as well as work towards accelerating financial development in developing countries. ECLAC further suggests that the United Nations expand its agenda to work more rigorously with international lending agencies and that they become more inclusive of all nations. Key factors in achieving universal competition is the spread of knowledge at the State level through education, training and technological advancements. Economist Jagdish Bhagwati suggested that programs to help developing countries adjust to the global economy would be beneficial for international economic relations.
Several movements, such as the fair trade movement and the anti-sweatshop movement, claim to promote a more socially just global economy. The fair trade movement works towards improving trade, development and production for disadvantaged producers. The fair trade movement has reached 1.6 billion US dollars in annual sales. The movement works to raise consumer awareness of exploitation of developing countries. Fair trade works under the motto of "trade, not aid '', to improve the quality of life for farmers and merchants by participating in direct sales, providing better prices and supporting the community. Meanwhile, the anti-sweatshop movement is to protest the unfair treatment caused by some companies. Some global brands were found to do that before but they took some methods to support the labors soon after. The movement is taken to decrease the wrongdoing and gain the profits for labors.
Globalization is sometimes perceived as a cause of a phenomenon called the "race to the bottom '' that implies that multinational companies are constantly attempting to maintain or increase their influence in countries that are already reliant on foreign investment alone. Multinationals tend to target export dependent countries. Due to a rise in competition, underdeveloped countries are undercutting their competitors through lowering their labor standards thus lowering the labor costs for the multinational companies investing into them. Companies will deliberately move into countries with the most relaxed laws and regulations for labor standards allowing them to do whatever they want. This results in factories with harsh labor conditions, low wages, and job insecurity.
According to prominent Chinese economist Gao Shanguan, economic globalization is an irreversible trend due to the fact that world markets are in great need of science and information technologies. With the growing demands of science and technology, Gao states that with world markets take on an "increasing cross-border division of labor ''.
However, Princeton University professor Robert Gilpin argues that nations ' economic policies have mistakenly slowed their own growth by resisting globalization, showing that globalization is not irreversible. Antonio L. Rappa agrees that economic globalization is reversible and cites International Studies professor Peter J. Katzenstein. However Thomas Friedman argues in his book that globalisation is both irreversible and inevitable.
Economic growth accelerated and poverty declined globally following the acceleration of globalization.
Per capita GDP growth in the post-1980 globalizers accelerated from 1.4 percent a year in the 1960s and 2.9 percent a year in the 1970s to 3.5 percent in the 1980s and 5.0 percent in the 1990s. This acceleration in growth is even more remarkable given that the rich countries saw steady declines in growth from a high of 4.7 percent in the 1960s to 2.2 percent in the 1990s. Also, the non-globalizing developing countries did much worse than the globalizers, with the former 's annual growth rates falling from highs of 3.3 percent during the 1970s to only 1.4 percent during the 1990s. This rapid growth among the globalizers is not simply due to the strong performances of China and India in the 1980s and 1990s -- 18 out of the 24 globalizers experienced increases in growth, many of them quite substantial. ''
According to the International Monetary Fund, growth benefits of economic globalization are widely shared. While several globalizers have seen an increase in inequality, most notably China, this increase in inequality is a result of domestic liberalization, restrictions on internal migration, and agricultural policies, rather than a result of international trade.
Poverty has been reduced as evidenced by a 5.4 percent annual growth in income for the poorest fifth of the population of Malaysia. Even in China, where inequality continues to be a problem, the poorest fifth of the population saw a 3.8 percent annual growth in income. In several countries, those living below the dollar - per - day poverty threshold declined. In China, the rate declined from 20 to 15 percent and in Bangladesh the rate dropped from 43 to 36 percent.
Globalizers are narrowing the per capita income gap between the rich and the globalizing nations. China, India, and Bangladesh, once among the poorest countries in the world, have greatly narrowed inequality due to their economic expansion.
The global supply chain consists of complex interconnected networks that allow companies to produce handle and distribute various goods and services to the public worldwide.
Corporations manage their supply chain to take advantage of cheaper costs of production. A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer. Supply chain activities involve the transformation of natural resources, raw materials, and components into a finished product that is delivered to the end customer. In sophisticated supply chain systems, used products may re-enter the supply chain at any point where residual value is recyclable. Supply chains link value chains. Supply and demand can be very fickle, depending on factors such as the weather, consumer demand, and large orders placed by multinational corporations.
Labor unions were established during industrialization as a solution to poor and unregulated working conditions. Unregulated businesses allowed for low wages, job insecurity and poor working conditions. Trade unions responded by implementing a technique called collective bargaining, where the workers could legally negotiate wages as well as working conditions. As a direct result, labors rights increased as policy and regulation were enforced. Alongside globalization, outsourcing developed which increased corporate power. As a solution, Labor Unions continue to fight for global labor rights standards through trans - national organizations.
Capital flight occurs when assets or money rapidly flow out of a country because of that country 's recent increase in unfavorable financial conditions such as taxes, tariffs, labor costs, government debt or capital controls. This is usually accompanied by a sharp drop in the exchange rate of the affected country or a forced devaluation for countries living under fixed exchange rates. Currency declines improve the terms of trade, but reduce the monetary value of financial and other assets in the country. This leads to decreases in the purchasing power of the country 's assets.
A 2008 paper published by Global Financial Integrity estimated capital flight to be leaving developing countries at the rate of "$850 billion to $1 trillion a year. '' But capital flight also affects developed countries. A 2009 article in The Times reported that hundreds of wealthy financiers and entrepreneurs had recently fled the United Kingdom in response to recent tax increases, relocating to low tax destinations such as Jersey, Guernsey, the Isle of Man and the British Virgin Islands. In May 2012 the scale of Greek capital flight in the wake of the first "undecided '' legislative election was estimated at € 4 billion a week.
Capital flight can cause liquidity crises in directly affected countries and can cause related difficulties in other countries involved in international commerce such as shipping and finance. Asset holders may be forced into distress sales. Borrowers typically face higher loan costs and collateral requirements, compared to periods of ample liquidity, and unsecured debt is nearly impossible to obtain. Typically, during a liquidity crisis, the interbank lending market stalls.
While within - country income inequality has increased throughout the globalization period, globally inequality has lessened as developing countries have experienced much more rapid growth. Economic inequality varies between societies, historical periods, economic structures or economic systems, ongoing or past wars, between genders, and between differences in individuals ' abilities to create wealth. Among the various numerical indices for measuring economic inequality, the Gini coefficient is most often - cited.
Economic inequality affects equity, equality of outcome and subsequent equality of opportunity. Although earlier studies considered economic inequality as necessary and beneficial, some economists see it as an important social problem. Early studies suggesting that greater equality inhibits economic growth did not account for lags between inequality changes and growth changes. Later studies claimed that one of the most robust determinants of sustained economic growth is the level of income inequality.
International inequality is inequality between countries. Income differences between rich and poor countries are very large, although they are changing rapidly. Per capita incomes in China and India doubled in the prior twenty years, a feat that required 150 years in the US. According to the United Nations Human Development Report for 2013, for countries at varying levels of the UN Human Development Index the GNP per capita grew between 2004 and 2013 from 24,806 to 33,391 or 35 % (very high human development), 4,269 to 5,428 or 27 % (medium) and 1,184 to 1,633 or 38 % (low) PPP $, respectively (PPP $ = purchasing power parity measured in United States dollars).
Certain demographic changes in the developing world after active economic liberalization and international integration resulted in rising welfare and hence, reduced inequality. According to Martin Wolf, in the developing world as a whole, life expectancy rose by four months each year after 1970 and infant mortality rate declined from 107 per thousand in 1970 to 58 in 2000 due to improvements in standards of living and health conditions. Also, adult literacy in developing countries rose from 53 % in 1970 to 74 % in 1998 and much lower illiteracy rate among the young guarantees that rates will continue to fall as time passes. Furthermore, the reduction in fertility rates in the developing world as a whole from 4.1 births per woman in 1980 to 2.8 in 2000 indicates improved education level of women on fertility, and control of fewer children with more parental attention and investment. Consequentially, more prosperous and educated parents with fewer children have chosen to withdraw their children from the labor force to give them opportunities to be educated at school improving the issue of child labor. Thus, despite seemingly unequal distribution of income within these developing countries, their economic growth and development have brought about improved standards of living and welfare for the population as a whole.
Recent developments, such as just - in - time manufacturing, have affected those working manufacturing jobs and agricultural work more than others. When larger companies or others who control the supply chain decide to reduce manufacturing, these people oftentimes find themselves out of a job with little or no assistance.
Alongside globalization there is an increasing internationalization of health risks. Corporations resort to outsourced employment in developing nations, which in turn forces low income foreigners at the bottom of the "food chain, '' as individuals drudge for pennies on the dollar under unregulated, unsanitary and implacable conditions. Women in agriculture, for example, are often asked to work long hours handling chemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers without any protection. There are adverse health consequences from working long hours and individuals that burden themselves from working within vasts global supply chains.
Seth, Divya, and Nimali Singh published research evidence linking a wide range of health risks and overworking. The article argued that time is of the essence; in short time is a necessity for an individual 's health whether the subject is behavior, vising the doctor 's office, and essential care. There is a direct correlation with stress and has been the cause for 24 % of cardiovascular disease cases including strokes and heart attacks. Although both men and women experience shortcomings with health, the final reports stated that women, with the double burden of domestic and paid work experience an increased the risk of psychological distress and suboptimal health. Strazdins concluded that negative work - family spillover especially is associated with health problems among both women and men, and negative family - work spillover is related to a poorer health status among women. ''
It is common for the work lifestyle to bring forth adverse health conditions or even death due to weak safety measure policies. After the tragic collapse of the Rana Plaza factory in Bangladesh where over 800 deaths occurred the country has since then made efforts in boosting up their safety policies to better accommodate workers.
Corporations set their place of production usually in areas with little to no labor regulations, and as a result low labor cost occurs. With the low labor regulations, there are risks for mistreatment of some workers, especially women and children. Poor working conditions and sexual harassment are just some of the mistreatment faced by women in the textile supply chain. Marina Prieto - Carrón shows in her research in Central America that women in sweatshops are not even supplied with toilet paper in the bathroom everyday. The reason it costs corporations more is because people can not work to their full potential in poor conditions, affecting the global marketplace. Furthermore, when corporations decide to change manufacturing rates or locations in industries that employ more women, they are often left with no job nor assistance. This kind of sudden reduction or elimination in hours is seen in industries such as the textile industry and agriculture industry, both which employ a higher amount of women than men. One solution to mistreatment of women in the supply chain is more involvement from the corporation and trying to regulate the outsourcing of their product.
A tax haven is a state, country or territory where certain taxes are levied at a low rate or not at all, which are used by businesses for tax avoidance and tax evasion. Individuals and / or corporate entities can find it attractive to move themselves to areas with reduced taxation. This creates a situation of tax competition among governments. Taxes vary substantially across jurisdictions. Sovereign states have theoretically unlimited powers to enact tax laws affecting their territories, unless limited by previous international treaties. The central feature of a tax haven is that its laws and other measures can be used to evade or avoid the tax laws or regulations of other jurisdictions. In its December 2008 report on the use of tax havens by American corporations, the U.S. Government Accountability Office was unable to provide a satisfactory definition of a tax haven, but regarded the following characteristics as indicative of it: nil or nominal taxes; lack of effective exchange of tax information with foreign tax authorities; lack of transparency in the operation of legislative, legal or administrative provisions; no requirement for a substantive local presence; and self - promotion as an offshore financial center.
A 2012 report from the Tax Justice Network estimated that between USD $21 trillion and $32 trillion is sheltered from taxes in tax havens worldwide. If such hidden offshore assets are considered, many countries with governments nominally in debt would be net creditor nations. However, the tax policy director of the Chartered Institute of Taxation expressed skepticism over the accuracy of the figures. Daniel J. Mitchell of the US - based Cato Institute says that the report also assumes, when considering notional lost tax revenue, that 100 % of the money deposited offshore is evading payment of tax.
The tax shelter benefits result in a tax incidence disadvantaging the poor. Many tax havens are thought to have connections to "fraud, money laundering and terrorism. '' Accountants ' opinions on the propriety of tax havens have been evolving, as have the opinions of their corporate users, governments, and politicians, although their use by Fortune 500 companies and others remains widespread. Reform proposals centering on the Big Four accountancy firms have been advanced. Some governments appear to be using computer spyware to scrutinize corporations ' finances.
The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) has proposed an agenda to support conditions for developing countries to improve their standing in the global economy. However, the advantaged countries continue to control the economic agenda. Lechner and Boli state that the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund must give voice to developing countries.
Economic globalization may affect culture. Populations may mimic the international flow of capital and labor markets in the form of immigration and the merger of cultures. Foreign resources and economic measures may affect different native cultures and may cause assimilation of a native people. As these populations are exposed to the English language, computers, western music, and North American culture, changes are being noted in shrinking family size, immigration to larger cities, more casual dating practices, and gender roles are transformed.
Yu Xintian noted two contrary trends in culture due to economic globalization. Yu argued that culture and industry not only flow from the developed world to the rest, but trigger an effort to protect local cultures. He notes that economic globalization began after World War II, whereas internationalization began over a century ago.
George Ritzer wrote about the McDonaldization of society and how fast food businesses spread throughout the United States and the rest of the world, attracting other places to adopt fast food culture. Ritzer describes other businesses such as The Body Shop, a British cosmetics company, that have copied McDonald 's business model for expansion and influence. In 2006, 233 of 280 or over 80 % of new McDonald 's opened outside the US. In 2007, Japan had 2,828 McDonald 's locations.
Global media companies export information around the world. This creates a mostly one - way flow of information, and exposure to mostly western products and values. Companies like CNN, Reuters and the BBC dominate the global airwaves with western points of view. Other media news companies such as Qatar 's Al Jazeera network offer a different point of view, but reach and influence fewer people.
"With an estimated 210 million people living outside their country of origin (International Labour Organization (ILO) 2010), international migration has touched the lives of almost everyone in both the sending and receiving countries of the Global South and the Global North ''. Because of advances made in technology, human beings as well as goods are able to move through different countries and regions with relative ease.
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what part of cow does ribeye come from | Rib eye steak - wikipedia
The rib eye or ribeye is a beef steak from the rib section. The rib section of beef spans from ribs six through twelve. Ribeye steaks are mostly composed of the longissimus dorsi muscle but also contain the complexus and spinalis muscles.
A rib steak is a beef steak sliced from the rib primal of a beef animal, with rib bone attached. In the United States, the term rib eye steak or Spencer steak is used for a rib steak with the bone removed; however in some areas, and outside the U.S., the terms are often used interchangeably. The rib eye or "ribeye '' was originally, as the name implies, the center best portion of the rib steak, without the bone.
In Australia, "ribeye '' is used when this cut is served with the bone in. With the bone removed, it is called "Scotch fillet ''.
It is both flavorful and tender, coming from the lightly worked upper rib cage area. Its marbling of fat makes it very good for fast and hot cooking.
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which team scored the most goals at world cup 2018 | 2018 FIFA World Cup statistics - wikipedia
These are the statistics for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, which took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018.
Goals scored from penalty shoot - outs are not counted, and matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws.
There were 169 goals scored in 64 matches, for an average of 2.64 goals per match.
Twelve own goals were scored during the tournament, doubling the record of six set in 1998.
6 goals
4 goals
3 goals
2 goals
1 goal
1 own goal
Source: FIFA
2 assists
1 assist
Source: FIFA
Bold numbers indicate the maximum values in each column.
Team (s) rendered in italics represent (s) the host nation (s). The competition 's winning team is rendered in bold. -- Total games lost not counted in total games played (total games lost = total games won) -- Total number of games drawn (tied) for all teams = Total number of games drawn (tied) ÷ 2 (both teams involved) -- As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws.
Host nation (s) are situated in the region (s) rendered in italics. -- Total games lost not counted in total games played (total games lost = total games won) -- Total number of games drawn (tied) for all teams = Total number of games drawn (tied) ÷ 2 (both teams involved) -- As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws.
Top 10 highest attendances.
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who is the chief justice of the united states | Chief justice of the United States - wikipedia
The Chief Justice of the United States is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. As such, he is head of the United States federal court system, which functions as the judicial branch of the nation 's federal government. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices; the other eight have the title Associate Justice.
The Chief Justice, as the highest judicial officer in the country, serves as a spokesperson for the federal government 's judicial branch, and acts as a chief administrative officer for the federal courts. He is also head of the Judicial Conference of the United States, and in that capacity appoints the director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. By law, he is also a member of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, and by custom is elected chancellor of the board.
The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments. When the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice -- when in the majority -- decides who writes the court 's opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda - setting power over the court 's meetings. In the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the U.S. Senate. Additionally, the presidential oath of office is typically administered by the Chief Justice (although the Constitution does not assign this duty to anyone in particular).
Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 17 persons have served as chief justice. The first was John Jay (1789 -- 1795). The current chief justice is John Roberts (since 2005). Four -- Edward Douglass White, Charles Evans Hughes, Harlan Fiske Stone, and William Rehnquist -- were previously confirmed for associate justice and subsequently confirmed for chief justice separately.
The United States Constitution does not explicitly establish an office of Chief Justice, but presupposes its existence with a single reference in Article I, Section 3, Clause 6: "When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside. '' Nothing more is said in the Constitution regarding the office. Article III, Section 1, which authorizes the establishment of the Supreme Court, refers to all members of the Court simply as "judges. '' The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the distinctive titles of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
In 1866, at the urging of Salmon P. Chase, Congress restyled the chief justice 's title to the current Chief Justice of the United States. The first person whose Supreme Court commission contained the modified title was Melville Fuller in 1888. The associate justices ' title was not altered in 1866, and remains as originally created.
The chief justice, like all federal judges, is nominated by the President and confirmed to office by the U.S. Senate. Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution specifies that they "shall hold their Offices during good Behavior ''. This language means that the appointments are effectively for life, and that, once in office, a justice 's tenure ends only when they die, retire, resign, or are removed from office through the impeachment process.
The salary of the chief justice is set by Congress; the current (2017) annual salary is $263,300, which is slightly higher than that of associate justices, which is $251,800. The practice of appointing an individual to serve as chief justice is grounded in tradition; while the Constitution mandates that there be a chief justice, it is silent on the subject of how one is chosen and by whom. There is no specific constitutional prohibition against using another method to select the chief justice from among those justices properly appointed and confirmed to the Supreme Court. Constitutional law scholar Todd Pettys has proposed that presidential appointment of chief justices should be done away with, and replaced by a process that permits the Justices to select their own chief justice.
Three incumbent associate justices have been nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate as chief justice: Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, and William Rehnquist in 1986. A fourth, Abe Fortas, was nominated to the position in 1968, but not confirmed. As an associate justice does not have to resign his or her seat on the Court in order to be nominated as chief justice, Fortas remained an associate justice. Similarly, when associate justice William Cushing was nominated and confirmed as chief justice in January 1796, but declined the office, he too remained on the Court. Additionally, two former associate justices subsequently returned to service on the Court as chief justice. John Rutledge was the first. President Washington gave him a recess appointment in 1795. However, his subsequent nomination to the office was not confirmed by the Senate, and he left office and the Court. In 1933, former associate justice Charles Evans Hughes was confirmed as chief justice.
Along with his general responsibilities as a member of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice has several unique duties to fulfill.
Article I, section 3 of the U.S. Constitution stipulates that the Chief Justice shall preside over impeachment trials of the President of the United States in the U.S. Senate. Two Chief Justices, Salmon P. Chase and William Rehnquist, have presided over the trial in the Senate that follows an impeachment of the president -- Chase in 1868 over the proceedings against President Andrew Johnson and Rehnquist in 1999 over the proceedings against President Bill Clinton. Both presidents were subsequently acquitted.
Many of the procedures and inner workings of the Court turn on the seniority of the justices. Traditionally, the chief justice has been regarded as primus inter pares (first among equals) -- that is, the chief justice is the highest - ranking and foremost member of the Court, regardless of that officeholder 's length of service when compared against that of any associate justice. This seniority and added prestige enables a chief justice to define the Court 's culture and norms, and thus influence how it functions. The chief justice sets the agenda for the weekly meetings where the justices review the petitions for certiorari, to decide whether to hear or deny each case. The Supreme Court agrees to hear less than one percent of the cases petitioned to it. While associate justices may append items to the weekly agenda, in practice this initial agenda - setting power of the chief justice has significant influence over the direction of the court. Nonetheless, a chief justice 's influence may be limited by circumstances and the associate justices ' understanding of legal principles; it is definitely limited by the fact that he has only a single vote of nine on the decision whether to grant or deny certiorari.
Despite the chief justice 's elevated stature, his vote carries the same legal weight as the vote of each associate justice. Additionally, he has no legal authority to overrule the verdicts or interpretations of the other eight judges or tamper with them. The task of assigning who shall write the opinion for the majority falls to the most senior justice in the majority. Thus, when the chief justice is in the majority, he always assigns the opinion. Early in his tenure, Chief Justice John Marshall insisted upon holdings which the justices could unanimously back as a means to establish and build the Court 's national prestige. In doing so, Marshall would often write the opinions himself, and actively discouraged dissenting opinions. Associate Justice William Johnson eventually persuaded Marshall and the rest of the Court to adopt its present practice: one justice writes an opinion for the majority, and the rest are free to write their own separate opinions or not, whether concurring or dissenting.
The chief justice 's formal prerogative -- when in the majority -- to assign which justice will write the Court 's opinion is perhaps his most influential power, as this enables him to influence the historical record. He "may assign this task to the individual justice best able to hold together a fragile coalition, to an ideologically amenable colleague, or to himself. '' Opinion authors can have a big influence on the content of an opinion; two justices in the same majority, given the opportunity, might write very different majority opinions. A chief justice who knows well the associate justices can therefore do much -- by the simple act of selecting the justice who writes the opinion of the court -- to affect the general character or tone of an opinion, which in turn can affect the interpretation of that opinion in cases before lower courts in the years to come.
Additionally, the chief justice chairs the conferences where cases are discussed and tentatively voted on by the justices. He normally speaks first and so has influence in framing the discussion. Although the chief justice votes first -- the Court votes in order of seniority -- he may strategically pass in order to ensure membership in the majority if desired. It is reported that:
Chief Justice Warren Burger was renowned, and even vilified in some quarters, for voting strategically during conference discussions on the Supreme Court in order to control the Court 's agenda through opinion assignment. Indeed, Burger is said to have often changed votes to join the majority coalition, cast "phony votes '' by voting against his preferred position, and, declined to express a position at conference.
The Chief Justice typically administers the oath of office at the inauguration of the President of the United States. This is a tradition, rather than a constitutional responsibility of the Chief Justice; the Constitution does not require that the oath be administered by anyone in particular, simply that it be taken by the president. Law empowers any federal and state judge, as well as notaries public (such as John Calvin Coolidge, Sr.), to administer oaths and affirmations.
If the Chief Justice is ill or incapacitated, the oath is usually administered by the next senior member of the Supreme Court. Seven times, someone other than the Chief Justice of the United States administered the oath of office to the President. Robert Livingston, as Chancellor of the State of New York (the state 's highest ranking judicial office), administered the oath of office to George Washington at his first inauguration; there was no Chief Justice of the United States, nor any other federal judge prior to their appointments by President Washington in the months following his inauguration. William Cushing, an associate justice of the Supreme Court, administered Washington 's second oath of office in 1793. Calvin Coolidge 's father, a notary public, administered the oath to his son after the death of Warren Harding. This, however, was contested upon Coolidge 's return to Washington and his oath was re-administered by Judge Adolph A. Hoehling, Jr. of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. John Tyler and Millard Fillmore were both sworn in on the death of their predecessors by Chief Justice William Cranch of the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia. Chester A. Arthur and Theodore Roosevelt 's initial oaths reflected the unexpected nature of their taking office. On November 22, 1963, after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Judge Sarah T. Hughes, a federal district court judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, administered the oath of office to then Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson aboard the presidential airplane.
In addition, the Chief Justice ordinarily administers the oath of office to newly appointed and confirmed associate justices, whereas the senior associate justice will normally swear in a new Chief Justice or vice president.
Since the tenure of William Howard Taft, the office of the Chief Justice has moved beyond just first among equals. The Chief Justice also:
Unlike Senators and Representatives who are constitutionally prohibited from holding any other "office of trust or profit '' of the United States or of any state while holding their congressional seats, the Chief Justice and the other members of the federal judiciary are not barred from serving in other positions. Chief Justice John Jay served as a diplomat to negotiate the so - called Jay Treaty (also known as the Treaty of London of 1794), Justice Robert H. Jackson was appointed by President Truman to be the U.S. Prosecutor in the Nuremberg trials of leading Nazis, and Chief Justice Earl Warren chaired The President 's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy. As described above, the Chief Justice holds office in the Smithsonian Institution and the Library of Congress.
Under 28 USC, when the Chief Justice is unable to discharge his functions, or that office is vacant, his duties are carried out by the most senior associate justice who is able to act, until the disability or vacancy ends, as chief justice. As of February 13, 2016, Anthony Kennedy is the most senior associate justice.
Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, the following 17 persons have served as Chief Justice:
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who won the state of colorado in the presidential election | United states presidential election in Colorado, 2016 - wikipedia
Clinton
Trump
Barack Obama Democratic
Donald Trump Republican
The 2016 United States presidential election in Colorado was held on November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 General Election in which all 50 states plus The District of Columbia participated. Colorado voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote pitting the Republican Party 's nominee, businessman Donald Trump, and running mate Indiana Governor Mike Pence against Democratic Party nominee, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and her running mate, Virginia Senator Tim Kaine.
On March 1, 2016, in the presidential primaries, Colorado voters expressed their preferences for the Democratic, Libertarian, Green, Constitution, Nutrition, and Prohibition parties ' respective nominees for president. The Republican Party did not hold a preference poll because the party decided to cancel it in August 2015. Registered members of each party only voted in their party 's primary, while unaffiliated voters were unable to participate.
Hillary Clinton won the election in Colorado with a plurality of 48.2 % of the vote. Donald Trump received 43.3 % of the vote, a Democratic margin of victory of 4.9 %. This was the third time since achieving statehood that the Republican candidate won the election without carrying Colorado, and the second time since statehood that Colorado has voted Democratic in three consecutive presidential elections. No Republican had won the White House without carrying the state since 1908. Trump won five counties that had voted for President Obama in 2012; Conejos County, Chaffee County, Huerfano County, Las Animas County, and Pueblo County. The latter two counties had not supported a Republican for president since Richard Nixon 's 49 - state landslide in 1972.
Results of the county assemblies Timeframe for the county assemblies: March 2 -- 26, 2016
State convention date: April 16, 2016
From April 2 -- 8, 2016, conventions were held in each of Colorado 's seven congressional districts. Cruz swept all seven, winning 21 delegates total. On April 9, 2016, the state convention was held to elect the 13 statewide delegates and the 3 RNC delegates. Again, Cruz won all 13 statewide at - large delegates. Cruz was also the only candidate to address the state convention.
A proposal to forbid Colorado Republican delegates from voting for Donald Trump was written in March 2016 by Robert Zubrin. The group "Colorado Republicans for Liberty '' handed out fliers of Zubrin 's resolution at the state 's convention. Irregularities on the ballot were discovered at the state 's convention. Delegate # 379 (Jerome Parks, a Trump delegate) was replaced on the ballot with a duplicate of delegate # 378 (a Ted Cruz delegate). The Colorado Republican Party 's Twitter account posted the message "We did it # NeverTrump '' after Cruz received all the bound delegates at the April convention. The party claims somebody hacked its Twitter account, and the party claims to be investigating how the message was posted. In May 2015, the Colorado Senate defeated a bill to hold a 2016 presidential primary. State senators Kevin Grantham, Kent Lambert, Laura J. Woods, and Jerry Sonnenberg voted to stop the bill. Sonnenberg, Woods, Grantham, and Lambert are members of the Ted Cruz "Colorado Leadership Team '' for Ted Cruz. Congressman Ken Buck and Colorado Secretary of State Wayne Williams are also members of the Ted Cruz "Colorado Leadership Team ''.
The conventions were selected through statewide caucuses, which were conducted at the precinct level on March 1. No voter preference poll was held due to a decision in August by the state party to cancel it.
Three candidates contested the Republican presidential conventions:
Marco Rubio and Ben Carson had dropped out of the race by the time the conventions were held, though they were still running during the March 1 caucuses.
On April 3, the Green Party of Colorado held a presidential nominating convention in Centennial, Colorado for registered Green voters.
On April 4, the Green Party of Colorado announced that Jill Stein had won the convention and received all 5 delegates.
Historically, Colorado has been one of the most Republican states in the nation, having been one of the few states to vote against Franklin D. Roosevelt during the New Deal during the 1940 and the 1944 presidential elections. No Republican had won a presidential election without winning Colorado from 1908 through 2012: before 2008, Colorado had not voted Democrat in any presidential election with the exception of 1992 (where Bill Clinton won by a plurality) and 1964 (When Lyndon B. Johnson won in a landslide). However, increasing urbanization in the Front Range Urban Corridor, along with the growth of minority populations (especially Hispanics) have chipped away from Republican dominance in the state: while President George W. Bush won the state in the 2004 election, it was one of the few states where Republican performance fell (this time by half), leading to Barack Obama to carry the state twice in 2008 and 2012.
Trump improved upon previous Republican candidates in Southern Colorado, once the state 's Democratic stronghold: however, the Democratic dominance of this blue collar, working class industrial area is starting to fade. Trump carried three of the area 's counties (Conejos County, Las Animas County and Huerfano County), a feat not accomplished by any Republican since George H.W. Bush in his 1988 landslide: he also carried Pueblo County by a 0.49 % margin, making it the closest county in the state. Trump also did well in the Western Slope, where counties like Mesa County (home to Grand Junction) went for Trump on a 2 - 1 margin.
However, as is with the case with Nevada and other states in the American Southwest that have been experiencing increasing urbanization and a rapidly growing Hispanic population, Clinton won by running up the margins in the rapidly growing metro areas of the state - in this case, Denver and Colorado Springs. While Trump did win El Paso County (home of Colorado Springs), he won with only 56 % of the vote, performing worse than McCain did in the 2008 election; Clinton made up for lost votes in rest of the state through larger margins in Boulder and the nearby Denver Metropolitan Area, where power is usually split between Democrats and moderate Republicans downballot: very rarely has any race statewide been won without carrying the area. Trump only won one county in the metro area (Douglas County - home to suburbs such as Parker, Highlands Ranch and Castle Rock), but with only 54 % of the vote - one of the poorest performances in the area 's most Republican county in decades. Clinton exceeded Obama 's performance in the City and County of Denver and Boulder County, the Democrats ' main base in Colorado; while she was not able to exceed Obama 's performance in the suburban counties surrounding Denver, Trump posted some of the worst results Republicans have in decades in this region. Trump only won 39 % of the vote in Arapahoe County, which includes some of the largest Denver suburbs such as Aurora and Centennial; before Obama won this county in 2008, this county had not gone Democratic since 1964 (not even Bill Clinton could win here even while he carried the state in 1992). Trump barely got over 40 percent in surrounding Jefferson and Adams counties (partially due to a surge in third party voters for Gary Johnson). The Republican losses in this vital area ultimately handed the state to Clinton.
In downballot races, Mike Coffman was ultimately able to hold on to his seat in a Clinton - carried district around Arapahoe County. Democrats made big gains in this area in the State House and Senate. However, Republicans were able to gain a seat in Adams County, ultimately holding on to the State Senate.
Clinton won 4 of 7 congressional districts including one held by a Republican representative.
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can you switch rook and king in chess | Castling - wikipedia
Castling is a move in the game of chess involving a player 's king and either of the player 's original rooks. It is the only move in chess in which a player moves two pieces in the same move, and it is the only move aside from the knight 's move where a piece can be said to "jump over '' another.
Castling consists of moving the king two squares towards a rook on the player 's first rank, then moving the rook to the square over which the king crossed. Castling may only be done if the king has never moved, the rook involved has never moved, the squares between the king and the rook involved are unoccupied, the king is not in check, and the king does not cross over or end on a square in which it would be in check. Castling is one of the rules of chess and is technically a king move (Hooper & Whyld 1992: 71).
The notation for castling, in both the descriptive and the algebraic systems, is 0 - 0 with the kingside rook and 0 - 0 - 0 with the queenside rook; in PGN, O-O and O-O-O are used instead. Castling on the kingside is sometimes called castling short and castling on the queenside is called castling long -- the difference based on whether the rook moves a short distance (two squares) or a long distance (three squares) (Hooper & Whyld 1992).
Castling was added to European chess in the 14th or 15th century and did not develop into its present form until the 17th century. The Asian versions of chess do not have such a move.
Castling is permissible if and only if all of the following conditions hold (Schiller 2003: 19):
Conditions 4 through 6 can be summarized with the more memorable phrase: One may not castle out of, through, or into check.
It is a common misperception that the requirements for castling are even more stringent than the above. To clarify:
In handicap games where odds of a rook are given, the player giving odds may still castle with the absent rook, moving only the king.
Castling is an important goal in the opening, because it serves two valuable purposes: it moves the king into a safer position away from the center of the board, and it moves the rook to a more active position in the center of the board (it is even possible to checkmate with castling).
The choice as to which side to castle often hinges on an assessment of the trade - off between king safety and activity of the rook. Kingside castling is generally slightly safer, because the king ends up closer to the edge of the board and all the pawns on the castled side are defended by the king. In queenside castling, the king is placed closer to the center and the pawn on the a - file is undefended; the king is thus often moved to the b - file to defend the a-pawn and to move the king away from the center of the board. In addition, queenside castling requires moving the queen; therefore, it may take slightly longer to achieve than kingside castling. On the other hand, queenside castling places the rook more efficiently -- on the central d - file. It is often immediately active, whereas with kingside castling a tempo may be required to move the rook to a more efficient square.
It is common for both players to castle kingside, and rare for both players to castle queenside. If one player castles kingside and the other queenside, it is called opposite (or opposite - side) castling. Castling on opposite sides usually results in a fierce fight as both players ' pawns are free to advance to attack the opposing king 's castled position without exposing the player 's own castled king. An example is the Yugoslav Attack, in the Dragon Variation of the Sicilian Defence.
If the king is forced to move before it has the opportunity to castle, the player may still wish to maneuver the king towards the edge of the board and the corresponding rook towards the center. When a player takes three or four moves to accomplish what castling would have accomplished in one move, it is sometimes called artificial castling, or castling by hand.
Under the strict touch - move rules enforced in most tournaments, castling is considered a king move. But under current US Chess Federation rules, a player who intends to castle and touches the rook first would suffer no penalty, and would be permitted to perform castling, provided castling is legal in the position. Still, the correct way to castle is to first move the king. As usual, the player 's mind may change between all legal destination squares for the king until it is released. When the two - square king move is completed, however, the player has formally chosen to castle (if it is legal), and the rook must be moved accordingly. A player who performs a forbidden castling must return the king and the rook to their original places and then move the king, if there is another legal king move, including castling on the other side. If there is no legal king move, the touch - move rule does not apply to the rook (Just & Burg 2003: 13 -- 14, 17 -- 18, 23).
It is also required by the official rules that the entire move be completed using only a single hand. Neither of these rules is commonly enforced in casual play, nor commonly known by non-competitive players (Just & Burg 2003: 13 -- 14, 17 -- 18, 23).
The right to castle must be the same in all three positions for a valid draw claim under the threefold repetition rule.
Some chess variants, for example Chess960, have modified castling rules to handle modified starting positions. Castling can also be adapted to large chess variants, like Capablanca Chess, which is played on a 10 × 8 board. In shogi, the term castle refers to a different concept of building a multi-piece defensive structure that defends the king.
In chess problems, castling is assumed to be allowed if it appears possible, unless it can be proved by retrograde analysis that either the king or chosen rook has previously moved.
In this game between Yuri Averbakh and Cecil Purdy, Black castled queenside. Averbakh pointed out that the rook passed over a square controlled by White and thought it was illegal. Purdy proved that the castling was legal since this applies only to the king, to which Averbakh replied "Only the king? Not the rook? '' (Evans 1970: 38 -- 39), (Lombardy & Daniels 1975: 188).
In this game between Edward Lasker and Sir George Thomas (London 1912), Black had just played 17... Kg1. White might have checkmated by 18.0 - 0 - 0 # but instead played 18. Kd2 #. (See Edward Lasker 's notable games.)
This game between Lodewijk Prins and Lawrence Day had ended earlier, but if Prins had played on he would not have been able to avoid this position. Black now checkmates by castling: 31... 0 - 0 - 0 #. (See Lawrence Day 's notable chess games.)
In the game Feuer -- O'Kelly, Belgian Championship 1934, Feuer perpetrated what later became known as a famous opening trap against O'Kelly when he castled queenside with check, simultaneously attacking and winning O'Kelly's rook on b2, which had captured Feuer 's pawn on that square.
Castling has its roots in the "king 's leap ''. There were two forms of the leap: (1) the king would move once like a knight, and (2) the king would move two squares on his first move. The knight - move might be used early in the game to get the king to safety or later in the game to escape a threat. This second form was played in Europe as early as the 13th century. In North Africa, the king was moved to a safe square by a two - step procedure: (1) the king moved to the second rank and (2) the rook moved to the king 's original square and the king moved to the rook 's original square (Davidson 1981: 48).
Before the bishop and queen acquired their current moves in the 16th century they were weak pieces and the king was relatively safe in the middle of the board. When the bishop and queen got their current moves they became very powerful and the king was no longer safe on its original square, since it can be attacked from a distance and from both sides. Castling was added to allow the king to get to a safer location and to allow rooks to get into the game earlier (Davidson 1981: 16).
The rule of castling has varied by location and time. In medieval England, Spain, and France, the white king was allowed to jump to c1, c2, d3, e3, f3, or g1, if no capture was made, the king was not in check, and did not move over check. (The black king might move similarly.) In Lombardy, the white king might jump an additional square to b1 or h1 or to a2 (and equivalent squares for the black king). Later in Germany and Italy, the king move was combined with a pawn move.
In Rome from the early 17th century until the late 19th century, the rook might be placed on any square up to and including the king 's square, and the king might be moved to any square on the other side of the rook. This was called "free castling ''.
In the Göttingen manuscript (c. 1500) and a game published by Luis Ramírez de Lucena in 1498, castling consisted of two moves: first the rook and then the king.
The current version of castling was established in France in 1620 and England in 1640 (Sunnucks 1970: 66).
In the 1811 edition of his chess treatise, Johann Allgaier introduced the 0 - 0 notation. He differentiated between "0 - 0r '' (r = right) and "0 - 0l '' (l = left). The 0 - 0 - 0 notation for queenside castling was added in 1837 by Aaron Alexandre. The practice was then accepted in the first edition (1843) of the Handbuch des Schachspiels.
In most European languages, castling is known by a derivative from the same root as the English word "rook '' (e.g. rochieren, rochada, enroque), while the local adjectives meaning "long '' and "short '' (or "big '' and "small '') are used in those countries to refer to queenside and kingside castling, respectively.
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who did the city of houston vote for | Houston - Wikipedia
Houston (/ ˈhjuːstən / (listen) HYOO - stən) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas and the fourth-most populous city in the United States. With a census - estimated 2016 population of 2.303 million within an area of 667 square miles (1,730 km), it is also the largest city in the southern United States and the seat of Harris County. Located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico, it is the principal city of the Greater Houston metro area, which is the fifth-most populated MSA in the United States.
Houston was founded on August 30, 1836, near the banks of Buffalo Bayou (now known as Allen 's Landing) and incorporated as a city on June 5, 1837. The city was named after former General Sam Houston, who was president of the Republic of Texas and had commanded and won at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles (40 km) east of where the city was established. The burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the city 's population. In the mid-20th century, Houston became the home of the Texas Medical Center -- the world 's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions -- and NASA 's Johnson Space Center, where the Mission Control Center is located.
Houston 's economy has a broad industrial base in energy, manufacturing, aeronautics, and transportation. Leading in health care sectors and building oilfield equipment, outside New York City, Houston has more Fortune 500 headquarters than any other U.S. municipality within its city limits. The Port of Houston ranks first in the United States in international waterborne tonnage handled and second in total cargo tonnage handled. Nicknamed the "Space City '', Houston is a global city, with strengths in business, international trade, entertainment, culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine, and research. The city has a population from various ethnic and religious backgrounds and a large and growing international community. Houston is the most diverse city in Texas and has been described as the most racially and ethnically diverse major metropolis in the U.S. It is home to many cultural institutions and exhibits, which attract more than 7 million visitors a year to the Museum District. Houston has an active visual and performing arts scene in the Theater District and offers year - round resident companies in all major performing arts.
On August 30, 1836, two real estate entrepreneurs from New York, Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen, purchased 6,642 acres (26.88 km) of land along Buffalo Bayou with the intent of founding a city. According to historian, David McComb, "(T) he brothers, on August 26, 1836, bought from Elizabeth E. Parrott, wife of T.F.L. Parrott and widow of John Austin, the south half of the lower league granted to her by her late husband. They paid $5,000 total, but only $1,000 of this in cash; notes made up the remainder. '' The Allen brothers decided to name the city after Sam Houston, the popular general at the Battle of San Jacinto, who was elected President of Texas in September 1836. The great majority of slaves in Texas came with their owners from the older slave states. Sizable numbers, however, came through the domestic slave trade. New Orleans was the center of this trade in the Deep South, but slave dealers were in Houston. Thousands of enslaved African Americans lived near the city before the Civil War. Many of them near the city worked on sugar and cotton plantations, while most of those in the city limits had domestic and artisan jobs. Houston was granted incorporation on June 5, 1837, with James S. Holman becoming its first mayor. In the same year, Houston became the county seat of Harrisburg County (now Harris County) and the temporary capital of the Republic of Texas. In 1840, the community established a chamber of commerce in part to promote shipping and waterborne business at the newly created port on Buffalo Bayou.
By 1860, Houston had emerged as a commercial and railroad hub for the export of cotton. Railroad spurs from the Texas inland converged in Houston, where they met rail lines to the ports of Galveston and Beaumont. During the American Civil War, Houston served as a headquarters for General John Bankhead Magruder, who used the city as an organization point for the Battle of Galveston. After the Civil War, Houston businessmen initiated efforts to widen the city 's extensive system of bayous so the city could accept more commerce between downtown and the nearby port of Galveston. By 1890, Houston was the railroad center of Texas.
In 1900, after Galveston was struck by a devastating hurricane, efforts to make Houston into a viable deep - water port were accelerated. The following year, the discovery of oil at the Spindletop oil field near Beaumont prompted the development of the Texas petroleum industry. In 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt approved a $1 - million improvement project for the Houston Ship Channel. By 1910, the city 's population had reached 78,800, almost doubling from a decade before. African Americans formed a large part of the city 's population, numbering 23,929 people, which was nearly one - third of the residents.
President Woodrow Wilson opened the deep - water Port of Houston in 1914, seven years after digging began. By 1930, Houston had become Texas ' most populous city and Harris County the most populous county. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported Houston 's population as 77.5 % white and 22.4 % black.
When World War II started, tonnage levels at the port decreased and shipping activities were suspended; however, the war did provide economic benefits for the city. Petrochemical refineries and manufacturing plants were constructed along the ship channel because of the demand for petroleum and synthetic rubber products by the defense industry during the war. Ellington Field, initially built during World War I, was revitalized as an advanced training center for bombardiers and navigators. The Brown Shipbuilding Company was founded in 1942 to build ships for the U.S. Navy during World War II. Due to the boom in defense jobs, thousands of new workers migrated to the city, both blacks and whites competing for the higher - paying jobs. President Roosevelt had established a policy of nondiscrimination for defense contractors, and blacks gained some opportunities, especially in shipbuilding, although not without resistance from whites and increasing social tensions that erupted into occasional violence. Economic gains of blacks who entered defense industries continued in the postwar years.
In 1945, the M.D. Anderson Foundation formed the Texas Medical Center. After the war, Houston 's economy reverted to being primarily port - driven. In 1948, the city annexed several unincorporated areas, more than doubling its size. Houston proper began to spread across the region.
In 1950, the availability of air conditioning provided impetus for many companies to relocate to Houston, where wages were lower than those in the North; this resulted in an economic boom and produced a key shift in the city 's economy toward the energy sector.
The increased production of the expanded shipbuilding industry during World War II spurred Houston 's growth, as did the establishment in 1961 of NASA 's "Manned Spacecraft Center '' (renamed the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in 1973). This was the stimulus for the development of the city 's aerospace industry. The Astrodome, nicknamed the "Eighth Wonder of the World '', opened in 1965 as the world 's first indoor domed sports stadium.
During the late 1970s, Houston had a population boom as people from the Rust Belt states moved to Texas in large numbers. The new residents came for numerous employment opportunities in the petroleum industry, created as a result of the Arab oil embargo. With the increase in professional jobs, Houston has become a destination for many college - educated persons, including African Americans in a reverse Great Migration from northern areas.
In 1997, Houstonians elected Lee P. Brown as the city 's first African American mayor.
In June 2001, Tropical Storm Allison dumped up to 40 inches (1,000 mm) of rain on parts of Houston, causing what was then the worst flooding in the city 's history. The storm cost billions of dollars in damage and killed 20 people in Texas. By December of that same year, Houston - based energy company Enron collapsed into the third - largest ever U.S. bankruptcy during an investigation surrounding fabricated partnerships that were allegedly used to hide debt and inflate profits.
In August 2005, Houston became a shelter to more than 150,000 people from New Orleans, who evacuated from Hurricane Katrina. One month later, about 2.5 million Houston - area residents evacuated when Hurricane Rita approached the Gulf Coast, leaving little damage to the Houston area. This was the largest urban evacuation in the history of the United States. In September 2008, Houston was hit by Hurricane Ike. As many as 40 % of residents refused to leave Galveston Island because they feared the type of traffic problems that had happened after Hurricane Rita.
During the floods in 2015 and 2016, parts of the city were covered in several inches of water.
In 2017, Houston hosted Super Bowl LI. This is the third Super Bowl for the city, with the previous games being held in 1974 and 2004.
In late August 2017, Hurricane Harvey caused severe flooding in the Houston area, with some areas receiving over 50 inches (1,300 mm) of rain. Winds reached up to 145 miles per hour, and rainfall exceeded 50 inches in several areas locally, breaking the national record for rainfall. The total estimated damage from the flash floods were initially estimated to exceed $50 billion U.S. dollars, and it is considered to be one of the worst natural disasters in the history of the United States, and the death toll exceeded 70 people.
Houston is located 165 miles (266 km) east of Austin, 112 miles (180 km) west of the Louisiana border, and 250 miles (400 km) south of Dallas. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 656.3 square miles (1,700 km); this comprises 634.0 square miles (1,642 km) of land and 22.3 square miles (58 km) covered by water. The Piney Woods are north of Houston. Most of Houston is located on the gulf coastal plain, and its vegetation is classified as temperate grassland and forest. Much of the city was built on forested land, marshes, swamp, or prairie which resembles the Deep South, and are all still visible in surrounding areas. The flatness of the local terrain, when combined with urban sprawl, has made flooding a recurring problem for the city. Downtown stands about 50 feet (15 m) above sea level, and the highest point in far northwest Houston is about 125 feet (38 m) in elevation. The city once relied on groundwater for its needs, but land subsidence forced the city to turn to ground - level water sources such as Lake Houston, Lake Conroe, and Lake Livingston. The city owns surface water rights for 1.20 billion gallons of water a day in addition to 150 million gallons a day of groundwater.
Houston has four major bayous passing through the city that accept water from the extensive drainage system. Buffalo Bayou runs through downtown and the Houston Ship Channel, and has three tributaries: White Oak Bayou, which runs through the Houston Heights community northwest of Downtown and then towards Downtown; Brays Bayou, which runs along the Texas Medical Center; and Sims Bayou, which runs through the south of Houston and downtown Houston. The ship channel continues past Galveston and then into the Gulf of Mexico.
Houston is flat marshy area where an extensive drainage system has been built. The adjoining prairie land drains into the city which is prone to flooding. Underpinning Houston 's land surface are unconsolidated clays, clay shales, and poorly cemented sands up to several miles deep. The region 's geology developed from river deposits formed from the erosion of the Rocky Mountains. These sediments consist of a series of sands and clays deposited on decaying organic marine matter, that over time, transformed into oil and natural gas. Beneath the layers of sediment is a water - deposited layer of halite, a rock salt. The porous layers were compressed over time and forced upward. As it pushed upward, the salt dragged surrounding sediments into salt dome formations, often trapping oil and gas that seeped from the surrounding porous sands. The thick, rich, sometimes black, surface soil is suitable for rice farming in suburban outskirts where the city continues to grow.
The Houston area has over 150 active faults (estimated to be 300 active faults) with an aggregate length of up to 310 miles (500 km), including the Long Point -- Eureka Heights fault system which runs through the center of the city. No significant historically recorded earthquakes have occurred in Houston, but researchers do not discount the possibility of such quakes having occurred in the deeper past, nor occurring in the future. Land in some areas southeast of Houston is sinking because water has been pumped out of the ground for many years. It may be associated with slip along the faults; however, the slippage is slow and not considered an earthquake, where stationary faults must slip suddenly enough to create seismic waves. These faults also tend to move at a smooth rate in what is termed "fault creep '', which further reduces the risk of an earthquake.
Houston 's climate is classified as humid subtropical (Cfa in the Köppen climate classification system), typical of the South. While not located in "Tornado Alley '', like much of the rest of Texas, spring supercell thunderstorms sometimes bring tornadoes to the area. Prevailing winds are from the south and southeast during most of the year, which bring heat and moisture from the nearby Gulf of Mexico.
During the summer, temperatures commonly reach over 90 ° F (32 ° C), with an average of 106.5 days per year, including a majority from June to September, with a high of 90 ° F (32 ° C) or above and 4.6 days at or over 100 ° F (38 ° C). However, humidity usually yields a higher heat index. Summer mornings average over 90 % relative humidity. Although sea breezes are present, they do n't offer substantial relief, except in the southeastern areas of the city closer to the Gulf. To cope with the strong humidity and heat, people use air conditioning in nearly every vehicle and building. In 1980, Houston was described as the "most air - conditioned place on earth ''. Officially, the hottest temperature ever recorded in Houston is 109 ° F (43 ° C), which was reached both on September 4, 2000, and August 28, 2011.
Houston has mild winters. In January, the normal mean temperature at Intercontinental Airport is 53.1 ° F (11.7 ° C), while that station has an average of 13 days with a low at or below freezing. Snowfall is rare. Recent snow events in Houston include a storm on December 24, 2004 when 1.0 in (2.5 cm) of snow accumulated in parts of the metro area. Falls of at least 1.0 in (25 mm) on both December 10, 2008, and December 4, 2009, marked the first time measurable snowfall had occurred in two consecutive years in the city 's recorded history. The coldest temperature officially recorded in Houston was 5 ° F (− 15 ° C) on January 18, 1930. Houston has historically received an ample amount of rainfall, averaging about 49.8 in (1,260 mm) annually per 1981 -- 2010 normals. Localized flooding often occurs, owing to the extremely flat topography and widespread typical clay - silt prairie soils, which do not drain quickly.
Houston has excessive ozone levels and is routinely ranked among the most ozone - polluted cities in the United States. Ground - level ozone, or smog, is Houston 's predominant air pollution problem, with the American Lung Association rating the metropolitan area 's ozone level twelfth on the "Most Polluted Cities by Ozone '' in 2017, after major cities such as Los Angeles, Phoenix, New York City and Denver. The industries located along the ship channel are a major cause of the city 's air pollution. However, it should be noted that the rankings are in terms of peak - based standards, focusing strictly on the worst days of the year; the average ozone levels in Houston are lower than what is seen in most other areas of the country, as dominant winds ensure clean, marine air from the Gulf.
As of August 27, 2017, Houston and its surrounding areas received intense flash flooding due to Hurricane Harvey.
Houston was incorporated in 1837 under the ward system of representation. The ward designation is the progenitor of the 11 current - day geographically oriented Houston City Council districts. Locations in Houston are generally classified as either being inside or outside the Interstate 610 Loop. The inside encompasses the central business district and many residential neighborhoods that antedate World War II. More recently, high - density residential areas have been developed within the loop. The city 's outlying areas, suburbs, and enclaves are located outside the loop. Beltway 8 encircles the city another 5 miles (8.0 km) farther out.
Though Houston is the largest city in the United States without formal zoning regulations, it has developed similarly to other Sun Belt cities because the city 's land use regulations and legal covenants have played a similar role. Regulations include mandatory lot size for single - family houses and requirements that parking be available to tenants and customers. Such restrictions have had mixed results. Though some have blamed the city 's low density, urban sprawl, and lack of pedestrian - friendliness on these policies, the city 's land use has also been credited with having significant affordable housing, sparing Houston the worst effects of the 2008 real estate crisis. The city issued 42,697 building permits in 2008 and was ranked first in the list of healthiest housing markets for 2009.
Voters rejected efforts to have separate residential and commercial land - use districts in 1948, 1962, and 1993. Consequently, rather than a single central business district as the center of the city 's employment, multiple districts have grown throughout the city in addition to downtown which include Uptown, Texas Medical Center, Midtown, Greenway Plaza, Memorial City, Energy Corridor, Westchase, and Greenspoint.
Houston has the fourth - tallest skyline in North America (after New York City, Chicago, and Toronto) and 12th - tallest in the world, as of 2014. A seven - mile (11 km) system of tunnels and skywalks links downtown buildings containing shops and restaurants, enabling pedestrians to avoid summer heat and rain while walking between buildings.
In the 1960s, Downtown Houston consisted of a collection of midrise office structures. Downtown was on the threshold of an energy industry -- led boom in 1970. A succession of skyscrapers was built throughout the 1970s -- many by real estate developer Gerald D. Hines -- culminating with Houston 's tallest skyscraper, the 75 - floor, 1,002 - foot (305 m) - tall JPMorgan Chase Tower (formerly the Texas Commerce Tower), completed in 1982. It is the tallest structure in Texas, 15th tallest building in the United States, and the 85th - tallest skyscraper in the world, based on highest architectural feature. In 1983, the 71 - floor, 992 - foot (302 m) - tall Wells Fargo Plaza (formerly Allied Bank Plaza) was completed, becoming the second - tallest building in Houston and Texas. Based on highest architectural feature, it is the 17th - tallest in the United States and the 95th - tallest in the world. In 2007, downtown Houston had over 43 million square feet (4,000,000 m2) of office space.
Centered on Post Oak Boulevard and Westheimer Road, the Uptown District boomed during the 1970s and early 1980s when a collection of midrise office buildings, hotels, and retail developments appeared along Interstate 610 West. Uptown became one of the most prominent instances of an edge city. The tallest building in Uptown is the 64 - floor, 901 - foot (275 m) - tall, Philip Johnson and John Burgee designed landmark Williams Tower (known as the Transco Tower until 1999). At the time of construction, it was believed to be the world 's tallest skyscraper outside a central business district. The new 20 - story Skanska building and BBVA Compass Plaza are the newest office buildings built in Uptown after 30 years. The Uptown District is also home to buildings designed by noted architects I.M. Pei, César Pelli, and Philip Johnson. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a mini-boom of midrise and highrise residential tower construction occurred, with several over 30 stories tall. Since 2000 more than 30 high - rise buildings have gone up in Houston; all told, 72 high - rises tower over the city, which adds up to about 8,300 units. In 2002, Uptown had more than 23 million square feet (2,100,000 m2) of office space with 16 million square feet (1,500,000 m2) of class A office space.
The Niels Esperson Building stood as the tallest building in Houston from 1927 to 1929.
The JPMorgan Chase Tower is the tallest building in Texas and the tallest 5 - sided building in the world.
The Williams Tower is the tallest building in the US outside a central business district.
The Bank of America Center by Philip Johnson is an example of postmodern architecture.
JPMorgan Chase Tower in Houston, Texas is the tallest composite building in the world.
Greater Houston is the most ethnically diverse metropolitan area in the country. In the Houston region, non-Hispanic whites make up 38 percent of the population, Hispanics 36 percent, African - Americans 17 percent and Asians 9 percent.
Houston is multicultural, in part because of its many academic institutions and strong industries, as well as being a major port city. Over 90 languages are spoken in the city. It has among the youngest populations in the nation, partly due to an influx of immigrants into Texas. An estimated 400,000 undocumented immigrants reside in the Houston area.
According to the 2010 U.S. Census, whites made up 51 % of Houston 's population; 26 % of the total population was non-Hispanic Whites. Blacks or African Americans made up 25 % of Houston 's population. American Indians made up 0.7 % of the population. Asians made up 6 % (1.7 % Vietnamese, 1.3 % Chinese, 1.3 % Indian, 0.9 % Pakistani, 0.4 % Filipino, 0.3 % Korean, 0.1 % Japanese), while Pacific Islanders made up 0.1 %. Individuals from some other race made up 15.2 % of the city 's population, of which 0.2 % were non-Hispanic. Individuals from two or more races made up 3.3 % of the city. At the 2000 Census, 1,953,631 people inhabited the city, and the population density was 3,371.7 people per square mile (1,301.8 / km2). The racial makeup of the city was 49.3 % White, 25.3 % African American, 6.3 % Asian, 0.7 % American Indian, 0.1 % Pacific Islander, 16.5 % from some other race, and 3.1 % from two or more races. In addition, Hispanics made up 37.4 % of Houston 's population, while non-Hispanic Whites made up 30.8 %, down from 62.4 % in 1970.
The median income for a household in the city was $37,000, and for a family was $40,000. Males had a median income of $32,000 versus $27,000 for females. The per capita income was $20,000. About 19 % of the population and 16 % of families were below the poverty line. Of the total population, 26 % of those under the age of 18 and 14 % of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, 73 % of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians, with 50 % professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant, and 19 % professing Roman Catholic beliefs. while 20 % claim no religious affiliation. The same study says that other religions (including Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism) collectively make up about 7 % of the population
Houston is recognized worldwide for its energy industry -- particularly for oil and natural gas -- as well as for biomedical research and aeronautics. Renewable energy sources -- wind and solar -- are also growing economic bases in the city. The Houston Ship Channel is also a large part of Houston 's economic base. Because of these strengths, Houston is designated as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network and global management consulting firm A.T. Kearney. The Houston area is the top U.S. market for exports, surpassing New York City in 2013, according to data released by the U.S. Department of Commerce 's International Trade Administration. In 2012, the Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land area recorded $110.3 billion in merchandise exports. Petroleum products, chemicals, and oil and gas extraction equipment accounted for roughly two - thirds of the metropolitan area 's exports last year. The top three destinations for exports were Mexico, Canada, and Brazil.
The Houston area is a leading center for building oilfield equipment. Much of its success as a petrochemical complex is due to its busy ship channel, the Port of Houston. In the United States, the port ranks first in international commerce and 10th among the largest ports in the world. Unlike most places, high oil and gasoline prices are beneficial for Houston 's economy, as many of its residents are employed in the energy industry. Houston is the beginning or end point of numerous oil, gas, and products pipelines:
The Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land MSA 's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2012 was $489 billion, making it the fourth - largest of any metropolitan area in the United States and larger than Austria 's, Venezuela 's, or South Africa 's GDP. Only 26 countries other than the United States have a gross domestic product exceeding Houston 's regional gross area product (GAP). In 2010, mining (which consists almost entirely of exploration and production of oil and gas in Houston) accounted for 26.3 % of Houston 's GAP up sharply in response to high energy prices and a decreased worldwide surplus of oil production capacity, followed by engineering services, health services, and manufacturing.
The University of Houston System 's annual impact on the Houston area 's economy equates to that of a major corporation: $1.1 billion in new funds attracted annually to the Houston area, $3.13 billion in total economic benefit, and 24,000 local jobs generated. This is in addition to the 12,500 new graduates the U.H. System produces every year who enter the workforce in Houston and throughout the state of Texas. These degree - holders tend to stay in Houston. After five years, 80.5 % of graduates are still living and working in the region.
In 2006, the Houston metropolitan area ranked first in Texas and third in the U.S. within the category of "Best Places for Business and Careers '' by Forbes magazine. Foreign governments have established 92 consular offices in Houston 's metropolitan area, the third - highest in the nation. Forty foreign governments maintain trade and commercial offices here with 23 active foreign chambers of commerce and trade associations. Twenty - five foreign banks representing 13 nations operate in Houston, providing financial assistance to the international community.
In 2008, Houston received top ranking on Kiplinger 's Personal Finance Best Cities of 2008 list, which ranks cities on their local economy, employment opportunities, reasonable living costs, and quality of life. The city ranked fourth for highest increase in the local technological innovation over the preceding 15 years, according to Forbes magazine. In the same year, the city ranked second on the annual Fortune 500 list of company headquarters, first for Forbes magazine 's Best Cities for College Graduates, and first on their list of Best Cities to Buy a Home. In 2010, the city was rated the best city for shopping, according to Forbes.
In 2012, the city was ranked number one for paycheck worth by Forbes and in late May 2013, Houston was identified as America 's top city for employment creation.
In 2013, Houston was identified as the number one U.S. city for job creation by the U.S. Bureau of Statistics after it was not only the first major city to regain all the jobs lost in the preceding economic downturn, but also after the crash, more than two jobs were added for every one lost. Economist and vice president of research at the Greater Houston Partnership Patrick Jankowski attributed Houston 's success to the ability of the region 's real estate and energy industries to learn from historical mistakes. Furthermore, Jankowski stated that "more than 100 foreign - owned companies relocated, expanded or started new businesses in Houston '' between 2008 and 2010, and this openness to external business boosted job creation during a period when domestic demand was problematically low. Also in 2013, Houston again appeared on Forbes ' list of Best Places for Business and Careers.
Located in the American South, Houston is a diverse city with a large and growing international community. For this reason, it is often called "The Tokyo Of The South ''. The Houston Metropolitan area is home to an estimated 1.1 million (21.4 percent) residents who were born outside the United States, with nearly two - thirds of the area 's foreign - born population from south of the United States -- Mexico border. Additionally, more than one in five foreign - born residents are from Asia. The city is home to the nation 's third - largest concentration of consular offices, representing 86 countries.
Many annual events celebrate the diverse cultures of Houston. The largest and longest - running is the annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo, held over 20 days from early to late March, and is the largest annual livestock show and rodeo in the world. Another large celebration is the annual night - time Houston Pride Parade, held at the end of June. Other annual events include the Houston Greek Festival, Art Car Parade, the Houston Auto Show, the Houston International Festival, and the Bayou City Art Festival, which is considered to be one of the top five art festivals in the United States.
Houston received the official nickname of "Space City '' in 1967 because it is the location of NASA 's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Other nicknames often used by locals include "Bayou City '', "Clutch City '', "Magnolia City '', and "H - Town ''.
The Houston Theater District, located downtown, is home to nine major performing arts organizations and six performance halls. It is the second - largest concentration of theater seats in a downtown area in the United States. Houston is one of few United States cities with permanent, professional, resident companies in all major performing arts disciplines: opera (Houston Grand Opera), ballet (Houston Ballet), music (Houston Symphony Orchestra), and theater (The Alley Theatre, Theatre Under the Stars). Houston is also home to folk artists, art groups and various small progressive arts organizations. Houston attracts many touring Broadway acts, concerts, shows, and exhibitions for a variety of interests. Facilities in the Theater District include the Jones Hall -- home of the Houston Symphony Orchestra and Society for the Performing Arts -- and the Hobby Center for the Performing Arts.
The Museum District 's cultural institutions and exhibits attract more than 7 million visitors a year. Notable facilities include The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston Museum of Natural Science, the Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, the Station Museum of Contemporary Art, Holocaust Museum Houston, and the Houston Zoo. Located near the Museum District are The Menil Collection, Rothko Chapel, and the Byzantine Fresco Chapel Museum.
Bayou Bend is a 14 - acre (5.7 ha) facility of the Museum of Fine Arts that houses one of America 's most prominent collections of decorative art, paintings, and furniture. Bayou Bend is the former home of Houston philanthropist Ima Hogg.
The National Museum of Funeral History is located in Houston near the George Bush Intercontinental Airport. The museum houses the original Popemobile used by Pope John Paul II in the 1980s along with numerous hearses, embalming displays, and information on famous funerals.
Venues across Houston regularly host local and touring rock, blues, country, dubstep, and Tejano musical acts. While Houston has never been widely known for its music scene, Houston hip - hop has become a significant, independent music scene that is influential nationwide.
The Theater District is a 17 - block area in the center of downtown Houston that is home to the Bayou Place entertainment complex, restaurants, movies, plazas, and parks. Bayou Place is a large multilevel building containing full - service restaurants, bars, live music, billiards, and Sundance Cinema. The Bayou Music Center stages live concerts, stage plays, and stand - up comedy. Space Center Houston is the official visitors ' center of NASA 's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. The Space Center has many interactive exhibits including moon rocks, a shuttle simulator, and presentations about the history of NASA 's manned space flight program. Other tourist attractions include the Galleria (Texas 's largest shopping mall, located in the Uptown District), Old Market Square, the Downtown Aquarium, and Sam Houston Race Park.
Of worthy mention are Houston 's current Chinatown and the Mahatma Gandhi District. Both areas offer a picturesque view of Houston 's multicultural makeup. Restaurants, bakeries, traditional - clothing boutiques, and specialty shops can be found in both areas.
Houston is home to 337 parks, including Hermann Park, Terry Hershey Park, Lake Houston Park, Memorial Park, Tranquility Park, Sesquicentennial Park, Discovery Green, and Sam Houston Park. Within Hermann Park are the Houston Zoo and the Houston Museum of Natural Science. Sam Houston Park contains restored and reconstructed homes which were originally built between 1823 and 1905. A proposal has been made to open the city 's first botanic garden at Herman Brown Park.
Of the 10 most populous U.S. cities, Houston has the most total area of parks and green space, 56,405 acres (228 km). The city also has over 200 additional green spaces -- totaling over 19,600 acres (79 km) that are managed by the city -- including the Houston Arboretum and Nature Center. The Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark is a public skatepark owned and operated by the city of Houston, and is one of the largest skateparks in Texas consisting of a 30,000 - ft (2,800 m) in - ground facility. The Gerald D. Hines Waterwall Park -- located in the Uptown District of the city -- serves as a popular tourist attraction and for weddings and various celebrations. A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Houston the 23rd most walkable of the 50 largest cities in the United States. Wet'n'Wild SplashTown is a water park located north of Houston.
The Bayport Cruise Terminal on the Houston Ship Channel is port of call for both Princess Cruises and Norwegian Cruise Line.
Houston has sports teams for every major professional league except the National Hockey League. The Houston Astros are a Major League Baseball expansion team formed in 1962 (known as the "Colt. 45s '' until 1965) that made one World Series appearance in 2005. The Houston Rockets are a National Basketball Association franchise based in the city since 1971. They have won two NBA Championships: in 1994 and 1995 under star players Hakeem Olajuwon, Otis Thorpe, Clyde Drexler, Vernon Maxwell, and Kenny Smith. The Houston Texans are a National Football League expansion team formed in 2002. The Houston Dynamo is a Major League Soccer franchise that has been based in Houston since 2006, winning two MLS Cup titles in 2006 and 2007. The Houston Dash team plays in the National Women 's Soccer League. The Scrap Yard Dawgs, a women 's professional softball team, are expected to play in the National Pro Fastpitch from 2016.
Minute Maid Park (home of the Astros) and Toyota Center (home of the Rockets), are located in downtown Houston. Houston has the NFL 's first retractable - roof stadium with natural grass, NRG Stadium (home of the Texans). Minute Maid Park is also a retractable - roof stadium. Toyota Center also has the largest screen for an indoor arena in the United States built to coincide with the arena 's hosting of the 2013 NBA All - Star Game. BBVA Compass Stadium is a soccer - specific stadium for the Houston Dynamo, the Texas Southern Tigers football team, and Houston Dash, located in East Downtown. In addition, NRG Astrodome was the first indoor stadium in the world, built in 1965. Other sports facilities include Hofheinz Pavilion (Houston Cougars basketball), Rice Stadium (Rice Owls football), and Reliant Arena. TDECU Stadium is where the University of Houston Houston Cougars football team plays. Houston has hosted several major sports events: the 1968, 1986 and 2004 Major League Baseball All - Star Games; the 1989, 2006 and 2013 NBA All - Star Games; Super Bowl VIII and Super Bowl XXXVIII, as well as hosting the 2005 World Series and 1981, 1986, 1994 and 1995 NBA Finals, winning the latter two. NRG Stadium hosted Super Bowl LI on February 5, 2017.
The city has hosted several major professional and college sporting events, including the annual Houston Open golf tournament. Houston hosts the annual Houston College Classic baseball tournament every February and the Texas Bowl in December.
The Grand Prix of Houston, an annual auto race on the IndyCar Series circuit is held on a 1.7 - mile temporary street circuit in Reliant Park. The October 2013 event was held using a tweaked version of the 2006 -- 2007 course. The event has a 5 - year race contract through 2017 with IndyCar. In motorcycling, the Astrodome hosted an AMA Supercross Championship round from 1974 to 2003 and the NRG Stadium since 2003.
The city of Houston has a strong mayoral form of municipal government. Houston is a home rule city and all municipal elections in the state of Texas are nonpartisan. The city 's elected officials are the mayor, city controller and 16 members of the Houston City Council. The current mayor of Houston is Sylvester Turner, a Democrat elected on a nonpartisan ballot. Houston 's mayor serves as the city 's chief administrator, executive officer, and official representative, and is responsible for the general management of the city and for seeing that all laws and ordinances are enforced.
The original city council line - up of 14 members (nine district - based and five at - large positions) was based on a U.S. Justice Department mandate which took effect in 1979. At - large council members represent the entire city. Under the city charter, once the population in the city limits exceeded 2.1 million residents, two additional districts were to be added. The city of Houston 's official 2010 census count was 600 shy of the required number; however, as the city was expected to grow beyond 2.1 million shortly thereafter, the two additional districts were added for, and the positions filled during, the August 2011 elections.
The city controller is elected independently of the mayor and council. The controller 's duties are to certify available funds prior to committing such funds and processing disbursements. The city 's fiscal year begins on July 1 and ends on June 30. Chris Brown is the city controller, serving his first term as of January 2016.
As the result of a 2015 referendum in Houston, a mayor is elected for a four - year term, and can be elected to as many as two consecutive terms. The term limits were spearheaded in 1991 by conservative political activist Clymer Wright. During 1991 -- 2015, the city controller and city council members were subjected to a two - year, three - term limitation -- the 2015 referendum amended term limits to two four - year terms. As of 2017 some councilmembers who served two terms and won a final term will have served eight years in office, whereas a freshman councilmember who won a position in 2013 can serve up to two additional terms under the previous term limit law -- a select few will have at least 10 years of incumbency once their term expires.
Houston is considered to be a politically divided city whose balance of power often sways between Republicans and Democrats. Much of the city 's wealthier areas vote Republican while the city 's working class and minority areas vote Democratic. According to the 2005 Houston Area Survey, 68 percent of non-Hispanic whites in Harris County are declared or favor Republicans while 89 percent of non-Hispanic blacks in the area are declared or favor Democrats. About 62 percent of Hispanics (of any race) in the area are declared or favor Democrats. The city has often been known to be the most politically diverse city in Texas, a state known for being generally conservative. As a result, the city is often a contested area in statewide elections. In 2009, Houston became the first US city with a population over 1 million citizens to elect a gay mayor, by electing Annise Parker.
Houston had 302 homicides in 2016, and is one of three cities (along with Chicago and Baltimore) driving an increase in the nation 's overall murder rate. Officials predicted there would be 323 homicides in 2016, which proved to be false.
Houston 's murder rate ranked 46th of U.S. cities with a population over 250,000 in 2005 (per capita rate of 16.3 murders per 100,000 population). In 2010, the city 's murder rate (per capita rate of 11.8 murders per 100,000 population) was ranked sixth among U.S. cities with a population of over 750,000 (behind New York City, Chicago, Detroit, Dallas, and Philadelphia) according to the FBI.
Murders fell by 37 percent from January to June 2011, compared with the same period in 2010. Houston 's total crime rate including violent and nonviolent crimes decreased by 11 percent.
Houston is a significant hub for trafficking of cocaine, cannabis, heroin, MDMA, and methamphetamine due to its size and proximity to major illegal drug exporting nations. Houston is one of the country 's largest hubs for human trafficking.
In the early 1970s, Houston, Pasadena and several coastal towns were the site of the Houston mass murders, which at the time were the deadliest case of serial killing in American history.
Seventeen school districts exist within the city of Houston. The Houston independent School District (HISD) is the seventh - largest school district in the United States and the largest in Texas. HISD has 112 campuses that serve as magnet or vanguard schools -- specializing in such disciplines as health professions, visual and performing arts, and the sciences. There are also many charter schools that are run separately from school districts. In addition, some public school districts also have their own charter schools.
The Houston area encompasses more than 300 private schools, many of which are accredited by Texas Private School Accreditation Commission recognized agencies. The Houston Area independent schools offer education from a variety of different religious as well as secular viewpoints. The Houston area Catholic schools are operated by the Archdiocese of Galveston - Houston.
Four distinct state universities are located in Houston. The University of Houston is a nationally recognized Tier One research university, and is the flagship institution of the University of Houston System. The third - largest university in Texas, the University of Houston has nearly 44,000 students on its 667 - acre campus in southeast Houston. The University of Houston -- Clear Lake and the University of Houston -- Downtown are stand - alone universities; they are not branch campuses of the University of Houston. Located in the historic community of Third Ward is Texas Southern University, one of the largest and most comprehensive historically black universities in the United States. Texas Southern University is also the first state university in Houston.
Several private institutions of higher learning -- ranging from liberal arts colleges, such as the University of St. Thomas, Houston 's only Catholic university, to Rice University, the nationally recognized research university -- are located within the city. Rice, with a total enrollment of slightly more than 6,000 students, has a number of distinguished graduate programs and research institutes, such as the James A. Baker Institute for Public Policy. Houston Baptist University, affiliated with the Baptist General Convention of Texas, offers bachelor 's and graduate degrees. It was founded in 1960 and is located in the Sharpstown area in Southwest Houston.
Three community college districts exist with campuses in and around Houston. The Houston Community College System serves most of Houston. The northwestern through northeastern parts of the city are served by various campuses of the Lone Star College System, while the southeastern portion of Houston is served by San Jacinto College, and a northeastern portion is served by Lee College. The Houston Community College and Lone Star College systems are within the 10 largest institutions of higher learning in the United States.
The primary network - affiliated television stations are KPRC - TV (NBC), KHOU - TV (CBS), KTRK - TV (ABC), KRIV (Fox), KIAH (The CW), and KTXH (MyNetworkTV). KTRK - TV, KRIV and KTXH operate as owned - and - operated stations of their networks.
The Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land metropolitan area is served by one public television station and one public radio station. KUHT (HoustonPBS) is a PBS member station and is the first public television station in the United States. Houston Public Radio is listener - funded and comprises one NPR member station, KUHF (KUHF News). The University of Houston System owns and holds broadcasting licenses to KUHT and KUHF. The stations broadcast from the Melcher Center for Public Broadcasting, located on the campus of the University of Houston.
Houston is served by the Houston Chronicle, its only major daily newspaper with wide distribution. The Hearst Corporation, which owns and operates the Houston Chronicle, bought the assets of the Houston Post -- its long - time rival and main competition -- when Houston Post ceased operations in 1995. The Houston Post was owned by the family of former Lieutenant Governor Bill Hobby of Houston. The only other major publication to serve the city is the Houston Press -- a free alternative weekly with a weekly readership of more than 300,000.
Houston is the seat of the internationally renowned Texas Medical Center, which contains the world 's largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions. All 49 member institutions of the Texas Medical Center are non-profit organizations. They provide patient and preventive care, research, education, and local, national, and international community well - being. Employing more than 73,600 people, institutions at the medical center include 13 hospitals and two specialty institutions, two medical schools, four nursing schools, and schools of dentistry, public health, pharmacy, and virtually all health - related careers. It is where one of the first -- and still the largest -- air emergency service, Life Flight, was created, and a very successful inter-institutional transplant program was developed. More heart surgeries are performed at the Texas Medical Center than anywhere else in the world.
Some of the academic and research health institutions at the center include MD Anderson Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Children 's Hospital, and University of Houston College of Pharmacy.
The Baylor College of Medicine has annually been considered within the top ten medical schools in the nation; likewise, the MD Anderson Cancer Center has consistently ranked as one of the top two U.S. hospitals specializing in cancer care by U.S. News & World Report since 1990. The Menninger Clinic, a renowned psychiatric treatment center, is affiliated with Baylor College of Medicine and the Houston Methodist Hospital System. With hospital locations nationwide and headquarters in Houston, the Triumph Healthcare hospital system is the third largest long term acute care provider nationally.
71.7 % of residents drive alone to work. Houston 's freeway system comprises 739.3 miles (1,189.8 km) of freeways and expressways in a ten - county metropolitan area. However, the Texas Transportation Institute 's annual Urban Mobility Report found that Houston had the fourth - worst congestion in the country with commuters spending an average of 58 hours in traffic in 2009.
Houston 's highway system has a hub - and - spoke freeway structure serviced by multiple loops. The innermost loop is Interstate 610, which encircles downtown, the medical center, and many core neighborhoods with around a 8 - mile (13 km) diameter. Beltway 8 and its freeway core, the Sam Houston Tollway, form the middle loop at a diameter of roughly 23 miles (37 km). A proposed highway project, State Highway 99 (Grand Parkway), will form a third loop outside Houston, totaling 180 miles in length and making an almost - complete circumference, with the exception of crossing the ship channel. As of June 2014, two of eleven segments of State Highway 99 have been completed to the west of Houston, and three northern segments totaling 38 miles. In addition to the Sam Houston Tollway loop mentioned above, the Harris County Toll Road Authority currently operates four spoke tollways: The Katy Managed Lanes of Interstate 10, the Hardy Toll Road, the Westpark Tollway, and the Fort Bend Parkway Extension. Other spoke roads either planned or under construction include Crosby Freeway, and the future Alvin Freeway.
Houston 's freeway system is monitored by Houston TranStar -- a partnership of four government agencies that are responsible for providing transportation and emergency management services to the region.
The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County (METRO) provides public transportation in the form of buses, light rail, and lift vans.
METRO began light rail service on January 1, 2004, with the inaugural track ("Red Line '') running about 8 miles (13 km) from the University of Houston -- Downtown (UHD), which traverses through the Texas Medical Center and terminates at NRG Park. METRO is currently in the design phase of a 10 - year expansion plan that will add five more lines. and expand the current Red Line. Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service three times a week to Houston via the Sunset Limited (Los Angeles -- New Orleans), which stops at the Houston Amtrak Station on the north side of the downtown area. The station saw 14,891 boardings and alightings in fiscal year 2008. In 2012, there was a 25 percent increase in ridership to 20,327 passengers embarking from the Houston Amtrak Station.
Houston has the largest number of bike commuters in Texas with over 160 miles of dedicated bikeways. The city is currently in the process of expanding its on and off street bikeway network. A bicycle sharing system known as Houston B - Cycle currently operates 29 different stations in downtown and neighboring areas.
Houston is served by three airports, two of which are commercial that served 52 million passengers in 2007 and managed by the Houston Airport System. The Federal Aviation Administration and the state of Texas selected the "Houston Airport System as Airport of the Year '' for 2005, largely because of its multi-year, $3.1 billion airport improvement program for both major airports in Houston.
The primary city airport is George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH), the tenth - busiest in the United States for total passengers, and twenty eighth - busiest worldwide. Bush Intercontinental currently ranks fourth in the United States for non-stop domestic and international service with 182 destinations. In 2006, the United States Department of Transportation named IAH the fastest - growing of the top ten airports in the United States. The Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center stands on the George Bush Intercontinental Airport grounds.
Houston was the headquarters of Continental Airlines until its 2010 merger with United Airlines with headquarters in Chicago; regulatory approval for the merger was granted in October of that year. Bush Intercontinental became United Airlines ' largest airline hub. The airline retained a significant operational presence in Houston while offering more than 700 daily departures from the city. In early 2007, Bush Intercontinental Airport was named a model "port of entry '' for international travelers by U.S. Customs and Border Protection.
The second - largest commercial airport is William P. Hobby Airport (named Houston International Airport until 1967) which operates primarily short - to medium - haul domestic flights. However, in 2015 Southwest Airlines launched service from a new international terminal at Hobby airport to several destinations in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. These were the first international flights flown from Hobby since 1969. Houston 's aviation history is showcased in the 1940 Air Terminal Museum located in the old terminal building on the west side of the airport. Hobby Airport has been recognized with two awards for being one of the top five performing airports in the world and for customer service by Airports Council International.
Houston 's third municipal airport is Ellington Airport (a former U.S. Air Force base) used by military, government, NASA, and general aviation sectors.
The Houston Office of Protocol and International Affairs is the city 's liaison to Houston 's sister cities and to the national governing organization, Sister Cities International. Through their official city - to - city relationships, these volunteer associations promote people - to - people diplomacy and encourage citizens to develop mutual trust and understanding through commercial, cultural, educational, and humanitarian exchanges.
See also: List of companies in Houston
See: List of colleges and universities in Houston
For a complete listing, see list of cities and towns in Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land MSA
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where is guardians of the galaxy 2 filming | Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 - wikipedia
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team Guardians of the Galaxy, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2014 's Guardians of the Galaxy and the fifteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film is written and directed by James Gunn and stars an ensemble cast featuring Chris Pratt, Zoe Saldana, Dave Bautista, Vin Diesel, Bradley Cooper, Michael Rooker, Karen Gillan, Pom Klementieff, Elizabeth Debicki, Chris Sullivan, Sean Gunn, Sylvester Stallone, and Kurt Russell. In Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, the Guardians travel throughout the cosmos as they help Peter Quill learn more about his mysterious parentage.
The film was officially announced at the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con International before the theatrical release of the first film, along with Gunn 's return from the first film, with the title of the sequel revealed a year later in June 2015. The film began principal photography in February 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County, Georgia, with many crew changes from the first film due to other commitments. Filming concluded in June 2016. Gunn chose to set the sequel shortly after the first film to explore the characters ' new roles as the Guardians, and to follow the storyline of Quill 's father established throughout the first film -- Russell was confirmed in that role in July 2016, portraying Ego, a departure from Quill 's comic father.
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 premiered in Tokyo on April 10, 2017 and was released in the United States on May 5, 2017, in 3D and IMAX 3D. It grossed more than $863 million worldwide, making it the sixth highest - grossing film of 2017, while also outgrossing its predecessor which had grossed over $773 million. The film received generally positive reviews, particularly for its visuals, soundtrack and cast, though critics deemed it not as "fresh '' as the original. A sequel, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, is being developed, with Gunn returning to write and direct, and is scheduled to be released in 2020.
In 2014, Peter Quill, Gamora, Drax, Rocket, and Baby Groot are renowned as the Guardians of the Galaxy. Ayesha, leader of the Sovereign race, has the Guardians protect valuable batteries from an inter-dimensional monster in exchange for Gamora 's estranged sister Nebula, who was caught attempting to steal the batteries. After Rocket steals some for himself, the Sovereign attacks the Guardians ' ship with a fleet of drones. These are destroyed by a mysterious figure, and the Guardians crash - land on a nearby planet. There this figure reveals himself as Quill 's father, Ego, and invites Quill, Gamora, and Drax to his home planet. Rocket and Groot remain behind to repair the ship and guard Nebula.
Ayesha hires Yondu Udonta and his crew, who have been exiled from the greater Ravager community for child trafficking, to recapture the Guardians. They capture Rocket, but when Yondu hesitates to turn over Quill, whom he raised, his lieutenant Taserface leads a mutiny with help from Nebula. Taserface imprisons Rocket and Yondu aboard Yondu 's ship and executes Yondu 's loyalists. Nebula leaves to find and kill Gamora, whom she blames for the torture inflicted on her by their father, Thanos. While imprisoned, Rocket and Yondu bond. Groot and Kraglin, a remaining Yondu loyalist, free Rocket and Yondu, and they destroy the ship and its crew as they escape, though not before Taserface warns the Sovereign.
Ego, a god - like Celestial that manipulated the matter around its consciousness to form this "home '' planet, explains that it projected a humanoid guise to travel the universe and discover a purpose, eventually falling in love with Quill 's mother Meredith. Ego hired Yondu to collect the young Quill after Meredith 's death, but the boy was never delivered and Ego has been searching for him ever since. He teaches Quill to manipulate Celestial power. Nebula arrives at Ego 's planet and tries to kill Gamora, but the pair reach an uneasy alliance when they discover caverns filled with skeletal remains. Ego reveals to Quill that in his travels he planted seedlings on thousands of worlds which can terraform them into new extensions of himself, but they can only be activated by the power of two Celestials. To that end, he impregnated countless women and hired Yondu to collect the children, but killed them all when they failed to access the Celestial power. Under Ego 's influence, Quill helps him activate the seedlings, which begin to consume every world, but Quill fights back when Ego reveals that he killed Meredith due to the distraction she posed.
Mantis, Ego 's naive empath servant, grows close to Drax and warns him of Ego 's plan. Gamora and Nebula also learn of the plan as Rocket, Yondu, Groot and Kraglin arrive. As they come under attack from the Sovereign 's drones, the reunited Guardians find Ego 's brain at the planet 's core. Rocket makes a bomb using the stolen batteries, which Groot plants on the brain. Quill fights Ego with his newfound Celestial powers to distract him long enough for the other Guardians and Mantis to escape. The bomb then explodes, killing Ego and disintegrating the planet. Yondu sacrifices himself to save Quill, who realizes that the reason Yondu kept him was to spare him from the fate of Ego 's other progeny, and that Yondu was Quill 's true "daddy ''. Having reconciled with Gamora, Nebula still chooses to leave and attempt to kill Thanos by herself. The Guardians hold a funeral for Yondu, which is attended by dozens of Ravager ships, acknowledging Yondu 's sacrifice and accepting him as a Ravager again.
In a series of mid - and post-credit scenes, Kraglin takes up Yondu 's telekinetic arrow and control - fin; Ravager leader Stakar Ogord reunites with his ex-teammates; Groot starts growing back to normal size, exhibiting typical teenage behavior in the process; Ayesha creates a new artificial being with whom she plans to destroy the Guardians, naming him Adam; and a group of uninterested Watchers abandon their informant, who is discussing several experiences on Earth.
Additionally, reprising their roles from the first film are Laura Haddock as Meredith Quill, Gregg Henry as her father, Seth Green as the voice of Howard the Duck, and canine actor Fred as Cosmo. Members of Yondu 's Ravager crew appearing in the film include Evan Jones as Retch, Jimmy Urine as Half - Nut, Stephen Blackehart as Brahl, Steve Agee as Gef, Mike Escamilla as Scrote, Joe Fria as Oblo, Terence Rosemore as Narblik, and Tommy Flanagan as Tullk, as well as Charred Walls of the Damned drummer and Howard Stern Show personality Richard Christy in a cameo appearance. Many of these actors are close friends with Gunn. The other members of Stakar and Yondu 's old team, based on the comic 's original incarnation of the Guardians of the Galaxy, include Michael Rosenbaum as Martinex, Ving Rhames as Charlie - 27, and Michelle Yeoh as Stakar 's female counterpart Aleta Ogord. Also included in the team are the CG characters Krugarr and Mainframe, with the latter voiced, in an uncredited cameo, by Miley Cyrus. Rosenbaum had previously auditioned to play Peter Quill in Vol. 1. Gunn cast Yeoh because of his love of 1990s Hong Kong films, and Cyrus after admiring "the tone of her voice '' while watching her as a judge on The Voice. He added that the team would return in future MCU films alongside Stallone 's Stakar.
Stan Lee appears as an informant to the Watchers, discussing previous adventures that include his cameos in other MCU films; he specifically mentions his time as a FedEx delivery man, referring to Lee 's cameo in Captain America: Civil War. This acknowledged the fan theory that Lee may be portraying the same character in all his cameos, with Gunn noting that "people thought Stan Lee is (Uatu the Watcher) and that all of these cameos are part of him being a Watcher. So, Stan Lee as a guy who is working for the Watchers was something that I thought was fun for the MCU. '' Feige added that Lee "clearly exists, you know, above and apart from the reality of all the films. So the notion that he could be sitting there on a cosmic pit stop during the jump gate sequence in Guardians... really says, so wait a minute, he 's this same character who 's popped up in all these films? '' Lee filmed several different versions of the scene, including an alternative where he references his role in Deadpool, which would have been the first acknowledgment of the X-Men film series by an MCU film. Gunn later admitted that the Civil War reference is a continuity error, given Vol. 2 is set before the events of Civil War, saying, "I screwed up; I was n't thinking. But I 'm going to say that probably Stan Lee used the guise of a Fed Ex guy more than one time. ''
David Hasselhoff makes a cameo appearance as himself, when Ego shape - shifts to his likeness, while Rob Zombie once again has a Ravager voice cameo. Footage of Jeff Goldblum dancing as the Grandmaster from the set of Thor: Ragnarok is used briefly during the end credits, with Feige explaining that Marvel "thought it would be fun to put it in there '' and hint at the connection between that character and the Collector, who appeared in the first Guardians film. Ben Browder, the star of the series Farscape which Gunn is a big fan of, cameos as a Sovereign Admiral. Jim Gunn Sr. and Leota Gunn, parents of James and Sean Gunn, also make cameo appearances in the film.
In May 2014, Disney CEO Bob Iger talked about the future of Guardians of the Galaxy, saying, "We believe it has strong franchise potential. '' He added that their goal was to create "another Avengers ''. Director and co-screenwriter James Gunn said he would like to return for a sequel, and was contractually obligated to if asked. The next month, producer Kevin Feige said there are "places we can take (the franchise) and we have ideas of where we 'd like to go '' based on the wide array of characters, worlds and storylines from the comics. In July 2014, Guardians of the Galaxy co-screenwriter Nicole Perlman confirmed a sequel, saying it was "going to happen '' due to the positive internal response to the first film at Disney, and that Gunn would write and direct. At San Diego Comic - Con International soon after, the sequel was given a release date of July 28, 2017.
Gunn had begun work on the film within a month, and said there would be at least one more Guardian from the comics appearing in the film. In October, Gunn confirmed that all five original Guardians and other characters from the original film would return, and the release date was moved up to May 5, 2017. In the following months, Michael Rooker said he would return for the sequel as Yondu, and was looking forward to exploring new areas of the character; Chris Pratt, who played Peter Quill / Star - Lord in the first film, confirmed the sequel would be one of his next projects; and Bradley Cooper expressed interest and excitement when asked if he would return as Rocket for the sequel. Vin Diesel also confirmed he would return as Groot. In March 2015, Gunn revealed that filming would take place in Atlanta, Georgia with "major crew changes '' from the first film, and that his brother, Sean Gunn, would return as Kraglin alongside Karen Gillan as Nebula. He also discussed his relationship with Marvel, explained that the company "let me go and do my thing, and I truly listen to their notes and ideas. I 've never been told to put in any character or plot element at all... When they trust you they give you a wide berth... we just fit. ''
In May, Gunn said the sequel would feature fewer characters than the first film, and that he had planned to introduce two major new characters in the script -- Mantis and Adam Warlock. Talks had begun with an actor Gunn had in mind to portray Mantis, while he had decided to remove Warlock due to the film "getting too busy '', explaining, "one of the main things with Guardians of the Galaxy is not to add a bunch of characters, not to make it bigger in that way but to go deeper with the characters... and getting to know them more emotionally... everything is just getting too sprawling and too crazy for me in these superhero comic book movies. '' Gunn added, "I adored what we had done with him. I think we did something really creative and unique with Adam Warlock. But it was one character too many and I did n't want to lose Mantis and Mantis was more organically part of the movie anyway. '' He noted that Warlock could appear in future Guardians films, and is considered "a pretty important part '' of the cosmic side of the Marvel Cinematic Universe. The character 's future introduction is hinted at in one of the film 's mid-credits scenes. Gunn noted that Marvel gave him "some blowback '' for including the Warlock teaser because they felt fans would believe the character would be appearing in Avengers: Infinity War and its sequel, which was not the case. By including the scene, Gunn promised Marvel he would use his social media presence to clarify for fans that the character would not be seen in either Avengers film.
After the film 's announcement, Gunn said he knew "a lot of where I want to go (in the sequel) '', having written the backstory of Peter Quill, his father, and his history with Yondu during the making of the first film with the intention of exploring them in a future film. Gunn wanted to give the sequel a different structure from the first film, since "one of the reasons people like Guardians is because it 's fresh and different, so the second one will be fresh and different from the first one. '' Before starting on the script, Gunn hoped to further explore Drax the Destroyer, Nebula, Kraglin, and the Collector, and expand on Xandarian, Kree, Krylorian, and Ravager culture. He also hoped to introduce more female characters in the sequel, though wanted to avoid including "earthlings '' such as Carol Danvers, as well as Novas Richard Rider or Sam Alexander, saying, "I think Quill being the only earthling is important. That serves the entire movie - going audience and not just the handful of Nova (and Carol Danvers) fans. ''
Feige said exploring Quill 's father "would certainly be part of a next Guardians adventure... I think there 's a reason we seeded it at the very end of the (first) film like that. '' Gunn also stated that he wanted to make sure "Yondu 's place in everything made sense '' in regards to his relationship to Quill and his father, and also revealed Quill 's father would not be J'son as in the comics. Gunn "was less confident (Marvel) was going to buy in on Baby Groot than '' including Ego the Living Planet, since "adult Groot was the most popular character from the first film and I did n't think they 'd want to risk a good thing. '' However, by changing Groot, Gunn felt it "opened the film up '' creatively, allowing Gunn to bring out "new aspects of our other characters. '' Gunn said Thanos would only appear in the sequel "if he helps our story and he will not show up at all if not. Thanos is not the most important thing in Guardians 2, that 's for damn sure. There 's the Guardians themselves and other threats the Guardians are going to be facing that are not Thanos. '' Feige later confirmed that Thanos would not appear in the sequel, as he was being saved for a "grander '' return. When asked about how the film would connect with the other Phase Three films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, Gunn said, "I do n't feel beholden to that stuff at all. I think it 's really about the Guardians and what they are doing. ''
Gunn set the film two - to - three months after the first film, "because he felt the group are just such fragile egos and he did n't think this story could start years later. '' Major planets visited in the film include Sovereign, Berhart and Contraxia. Feige also stated two or three other worlds would be seen, as well as "a little bit of Earth in this film, but it 's not these characters going to Earth. '' In December 2014, Gunn revealed the story for the film was written, saying, "It 's (still) constantly shifting, but I feel like it 's pretty strong. I 'm excited about it. '' By early February 2015, Gunn was "a few short weeks '' away from submitting a full story treatment to Marvel, and said that when he first presented his idea for the sequel to the company they thought it was "risky ''. He described it as "not really based on anything '' from the comics, being mainly an original story. Gunn later referred to the full treatment as a "scriptment '', "a 70 - page combination of a script and a treatment and it goes through every beat of the movie ''. By April, he was preparing to write the screenplay, and in May he was hoping to complete the script before he began work on The Belko Experiment in June 2015.
On June 2, 2015, Gunn announced on social media that he had completed the first draft of the screenplay, and that the film 's title would not simply be Guardians of the Galaxy 2. The same week, he confirmed the return of Zoe Saldana, Dave Bautista, and Cooper as Gamora, Drax, and Rocket, respectively. At the end of the month, Gunn announced the film 's title as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, saying he "came up with a LOT of titles for Vol. 2. But because ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' is already so wordy, it seemed strange to add another bunch of words after it. I liked Vol. 2 the best, so that 's what I stuck on the cover of the screenplay -- and, fortunately, (Marvel) liked it. ''
In September 2015, Gunn said in a Facebook post that he wanted to use Sneepers, an alien race that first appeared in Marvel Comics in 1964, as background characters in the film, but was advised against it by Marvel 's legal department because the name was too similar to snípur, the Icelandic word for clitoris. The Marvel legal department later cleared the use of Sneepers in the film, in part because of all the media coverage Gunn 's initial post received. At the end of the month, Feige stated casting announcements would be made "over the next few months before the end of the year '', and by the end of October, Pom Klementieff was cast as Mantis. Also, Matthew McConaughey was offered the role of the film 's antagonist, but had passed on it in favor of The Dark Tower. McConaughey felt he would have been "an amendment '' in Vol. 2 in "a colorful part (made) for another big - name actor. '' In December, Gunn said that he was corresponding with John C. Reilly about him reprising his role as Nova Corpsman Rhomann Dey, while Kurt Russell entered early talks to play Quill 's father. After the death of David Bowie, Gunn said that there were discussions for Bowie to appear in the film as a member of Yondu 's original crew. Gunn also stated that he had completed the final draft of the script. Benicio del Toro, who portrayed the Collector in the first film, expressed interest in portraying the character again, despite Marvel not contacting him about the sequel; Gunn explained that the Collector "just did n't fit '' into Vol. 2. In early February, comedian Steve Agee was revealed to be in the film.
Prop master Russell Bobbitt had difficulty finding the cassette decks that had been used in the first film, and all of the Sony Walkman headsets they sourced for the sequel were broken. Sony also did not have any headsets available for filming, while three pairs Bobbitt found on eBay cost around $1,800 and were not the exact model. Bobbitt eventually created six from scratch for Vol. 2. Other props he created for the film included two sets of blasters for Quill, with removable blaster cartridges, and "steampunk - looking weapons and belts '' for the Ravagers; Bobbitt explained that four different weapons were designed for the latter group, and then 15 -- 20 versions of those were produced to be used by the various Ravager actors (there could be up to 85 -- 95 Ravagers per scene). For their belts, the props team cut the leather themselves rather than buying existing belts, and then parts from different electronic devices such as radios and cell phones were glued together to make each belt "a unique piece of art ''. The prop department also made edible props for certain scenes: a prop of a stinkbug - inspired insect was made from chocolate and injected with black honey so it could be eaten on screen and "when he bit down the honey poured out of his mouth ''; similarly, a "yarrow root '' was designed based on enlarged images of pollen, and then created with non-dairy white chocolate to be eaten onscreen.
Pre-shooting began on February 11, 2016, at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County, Georgia, under the working title Level Up, with Henry Braham serving as cinematographer and Scott Chambliss as production designer. Gunn noted that many of the crew from the first film, such as cinematographer Ben Davis and production designer Charles Wood, signed on to work on Doctor Strange, and due to a late change in production schedule for that film, were unable to work on Vol. 2.
Principal photography began on February 17, with Marvel confirming that Russell had joined the cast, and revealing that Elizabeth Debicki and Chris Sullivan had also been cast, all in undisclosed roles. The production used all 18 stages at Pinewood Atlanta, an increase in stage space from what was used for the first film. Gunn said the sequel required more sets than the first and "our sets are very large, even though a lot of the film is CGI. I like to have as many practical sets as we can and make the environments as real as possible so it balances out the CGI elements. '' Despite this, Gunn noted that there were less locations featured in the sequel, with the focus instead on being more specific and detailed with the fewer places shown. Sets constructed for the film included: several for the Sovereign planet, for which Chambliss used a "1950s pulp fiction variation on 1930s art deco design aesthetic ''; the Ravager 's main ship in the film, the Eclector, which was constructed in sections to provide a complete 360 - degree view of the ship as well as the ability to move sections around and portray different areas of the ship; and the Iron Lotus establishment on the "pleasure planet '' of Contraxia, which Chambliss wanted to feel like it had been put together from "a whole yard of repurposed junk where old spaceships are cast away and industrial materials that are n't of use anymore are just left to rot '', creating a "kind of neon jungle in its own way and covered in ice and snow. '' Interiors for other ships were also constructed, to limit the amount of blue screen the actors had to interact with; this includes the cockpit of Quill 's ship that had been built for the first film before being stored in London which was transported to Atlanta for the sequel.
Vol. 2 was the first film to be shot with an 8K resolution camera, the Red Weapon 8K. Gunn had wanted to use a different camera than the Alexa 65 that had been used for several other Marvel films, because he found it to be a "very big and heavy camera ''. He wanted a camera that could deliver equivalent image quality to the Alexa 65, and tested multiple options. He eventually met with Red, whom he had a positive experience with working on The Legend of Tarzan, and they introduced him to an early prototype for the Weapon 8K. He, Gunn, and Marvel decided to use the camera in September 2015, when only that single prototype existed, and spent months working with Red to get the camera ready for filming. For the sequence where Rocket and Yondu escape from the Ravagers, a Phantom Camera was used to film scenes up to 2000 frames per second, with the footage able to be moved from slow - motion to high - speed within a single shot. Each shot using the camera had to be carefully set up and choreographed. Additional scenes were also shot in IMAX and its aspect ratio. Braham filmed almost 85 percent of the film using a stabilizing technology he had contributed to called Stabileye, which he called "a handheld dolly '' which allowed "a spontaneity to the way the camera moves that is different and that felt appropriate for this movie. '' For filming the cockpits of spaceships, Braham surrounded the practical sets with video panels and other light sources that he could use to create realistic lighting no matter the environment outside the ship. Exteriors of the ships were filmed with the camera on a technocrane, but any shots inside the cockpits again used the Stabileye which is "so small that you can get it in there next to the actors ''.
In April, Gunn stated that Reilly would not be part of the film, and that Glenn Close would be filming scenes to reprise her role of Nova Prime Irani Rael from the first film, though it was unclear whether they would make it to the final cut of the sequel. He added that there were many other characters he could not include in the film due to rights issues, as 20th Century Fox "owns so many awesome cosmic villains and minor characters that I 'd love to play around with '' such as Annihilus and Kang the Conqueror. When filming Stan Lee 's cameo, Gunn also filmed two other cameos with Lee including one for Doctor Strange, to limit the amount of travel Lee had to do. Additional filming for Vol. 2 took place in Cartersville, Georgia, a state park north of Portland, Oregon, and in St. Charles, Missouri. The Georgia International Convention Center served as additional soundstage space after pre-production on Spider - Man: Homecoming began at several Pinewood Atlanta soundstages. Principal photography wrapped on June 16, 2016.
At San Diego Comic - Con 2016, Russell and Debicki were revealed to be playing Ego, Quill 's father, and Ayesha, respectively. Sylvester Stallone was also revealed to be in the film, with his role later revealed as Stakar Ogord. Gunn also introduced multiple actors who were playing Ravager characters, since the Ravagers have a larger presence in the film. On the decision to reveal Russell as Ego and Quill 's father when he did, Gunn felt that since "people were going to figure it out eventually... it was better that we took the reins in our own hands '' and make the reveal. Gunn also felt that this would move the focus of audiences from wanting to discov er who Quill 's father is to "the story and the relationship that these characters have ''. In August 2016, Gunn confirmed the film would feature a post-credits scene, later stating there would be five in total, with four mid-credits scenes and one post-credits. Gunn also planned a sixth scene, where the Ravager Gef is found "mortally wounded '' on the ship, but "it ended up being a little confusing. ''
In November, Gillan revealed that the film was undergoing reshoots. That February, it was reported that the film had scored a perfect 100 in test screenings, the highest for any Marvel Studios film. The Hollywood Reporter noted this score could not necessarily be compared to any non-Marvel movies due to Marvel 's specific testing process that selects its audience "from a more select pool of recruits, what it terms ' friends and families screenings ' ''. In March 2017, Gunn revealed that Michael Rosenbaum would appear in the film, and that Gunn would provide reference for Baby Groot 's dancing "in a much bigger way (than the first film). I actually had to do like a full day 's worth of dancing to get Groot 's dance down this time. Last time it was me in front of an iPhone, and this time it 's me dancing on a huge soundstage and shooting it from five different angles. '' Fred Raskin and Craig Wood returned from the first film to serve as editors. On scenes that were cut from the film, Gunn said Nathan Fillion, who had had a voice cameo in the first film, was going to appear as Simon Williams in a sequence that would have shown several movie posters for films starring Williams, including films in which he portrays Arkon and Tony Stark. Gunn chose Williams for Fillion 's cameo because he wanted Fillion to have a bigger role in the MCU at some point and so did n't want to give him a role that could prevent him from taking a more substantial one later. Gunn still considered Fillion 's cameo canon to the MCU, despite it being cut. He also confirmed that Close 's scenes had been cut from the film, because it felt like he "was trying to cram Nova Prime into the second movie as opposed to having it happen organically. ''
Visual effects for the film were created by Framestore, Weta Digital, Trixter, Method Studios, Animal Logic, Scanline VFX, Lola VFX, Luma, and Cantina Creative. Previsualization was done by The Third Floor. Framestore created 620 shots for the film, Weta Digital created 530, Method Studios more than 500, and Animal Logic created 147. Framestore once again created Rocket and Groot, with Method Studios, Weta Digital and Trixter also working on Rocket. Framestore rebuilt Rocket "from the ground up '' for Vol. 2, giving him an updated fur simulation, new facial shapes and phonemes, as well as a new eye rig, which came from a rig used for the character Gnarlack from Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them. Trixter 's work on Rocket included when he sets off a trap for the Ravagers, additionally working on the sequence when Rocket, Yondu and Kraglin jump across space. Other work from Framestore included creatures, spaceships, Ayesha 's lair, the space chase, the Eclector scenes, and the adolescent Groot post-credit scene.
Framestore also created the film 's opening sequence. Despite appearing as a single shot, it ultimately was composed of 11 different visual effect shots. Gunn provided reference video for Baby Groot 's dancing in the sequence. Framestore animation supervisor Arsland Elver noted that the majority of the opening sequence includes CGI and digital doubles, with three moments (Quill falling on the ground near Baby Groot, Gamora talking to Baby Groot, and Drax rolling behind Baby Groot) actually photography. As with the first film, Sarofsky created the typography for the opening, using the same style from Guardians of the Galaxy for consistency, "this time in rusty gold and glowing blue neon ''. Executive Creative Director Erin Sarofsky noted the challenge of placing the credits while the sequence was being refined by Framestore. Sarofsky proposed several different options for the credits, including having "a little hovering character that projected a hologram up on the screen '', but Gunn did not want another character in the sequence to deal with. A simpler 2D option was used instead. Sarofsky also worked on the end credits, the first time for the company, integrating the actual credits from company Exceptional Minds with designs inspired by old music album art, taking albums and scanning them for their old textures and scratches.
The destruction of the Ravager ship the Eclector was handled by Weta Digital. Weta Digital also handled Ego during his fight with Quill, utilizing a digital double of Russell for many of their shots. Weta also needed to create a digital double for David Hasselhoff for the moment when Ego shifts into Hasselhoff 's guise. Guy Williams, Weta 's visual effects supervisor, said, "We tried morphing to a live action Hoff -- but it did not hold up as well. The Kurt version looked better than the Hoff version,... and while we had built a very detailed Kurt digi - double, - we did n't want to go to the same level on the Hoff for just two shots. But in the end we did have to do a partial build digi - double of the Hoff. The reason we did the Kurt digi - double in the first place was to make sure all the effects stuck correctly to the body... so we went with the approach of a full digi - double, the hair, the side of the face everything on Kurt. For the Hoff, we got pretty close, but it is not quite as detailed as for Kurt. '' Additional work by Weta included the inside of Ego 's planet, known as the Planet Hollow, which was inspired by the fractal art of Hal Tenny, who Gunn hired to help design Ego 's environment. Gunn added that there are "over a trillion polygons on Ego 's planet, '' calling it "the biggest visual effect of all time. There 's nothing even close to it. ''
Animal Logic and Method Studios also worked on the various parts of Ego 's planet, with Animal Logic focusing on Ego 's cathedral, and Method on the arrival sequence and Baby Groot 's "not that button '' sequence in the Planet Hollow. Animal Logic 's work for Ego 's cathedral was also based on fractal art. The team at Animal Logic were initially brought on to the film to work on the story vignettes that were used to explain the backstory, which started as oil paintings before evolving to falling sand, and eventually the final plastic sculptures that were used. Method also created the film 's final sequence for Yondu 's funeral. To make Rocket shedding a tear convincing, Method used in - house footage of Animation Supervisor Keith Roberts "performing the scene for reference, studying the macro facial movements like minor eye darts or blinks, in addition to what was filmed on set and in the sound booth by '' Cooper. Additional work included the scenes on the planet Berhart. Lola VFX worked on de-aging Russell, having previously done similar work in other MCU films; they also added to various characters, including Nebula. To achieve the younger Ego, Lola referenced Russell 's performance in Used Cars, as "he had a lot of the (facial) action '' the visual effects artists were looking for. They also used a younger stand in, Aaron Schwartz, since he had "big broad jaw, chin, and most importantly the way the laugh lines move (d) and crease (d) as he talk (ed) '', similar to Russell 's. Laura Haddock, reprising her role from the first film of Meredith Quill in the sequence, was also slightly de-aged to play the younger version of that character. Luma worked on the Sovereign people and their world, and Adam Warlock 's cocoon.
By August 2014, Gunn had "some ideas listed, but nothing for sure '' in terms of songs to include in Quill 's Awesome Mix Vol. 2 mixtape, for which he felt "a little pressure for the soundtrack because so many people loved (the first film 's soundtrack) and we went platinum and all that other stuff. But I feel like the soundtrack in the second one is better. '' By June 2015, Gunn had chosen all of the songs and built them into the script, calling Awesome Mix Vol. 2 "more diverse '' than the first one, with "some really incredibly famous songs and then some songs that people have never heard. '' Tyler Bates had returned to score the film by August 2015. As with Guardians of the Galaxy, Bates wrote some of the score first so Gunn could film to the music, as opposed to Bates scoring to the film. Recording for the score began in January 2017 at Abbey Road Studios. Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2: Awesome Mix Volume 2, along with the film score album composed by Bates, were released on April 21, 2017. A cassette version of Awesome Mix Volume 2 was released on June 23, 2017, while a deluxe edition vinyl LP featuring both Awesome Mix Volume 2 and Bates ' score was released on August 11, 2017.
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 made its world premiere in Tokyo on April 10, 2017, and its Hollywood premiere on April 19 at the Dolby Theatre. The film began its international release on April 25, in Australia, New Zealand, and Italy, alongside a total of 37 markets in its first weekend, with 176 IMAX screens in 35 of those markets. Its North American release on May 5 took place in 4,347 theaters, of which over 3,800 were in 3D, 388 in IMAX and IMAX 3D, 588 premium large - format, and 194 D - Box locations. The film 's opening in China was in 400 IMAX theaters, the largest ever for the country. On May 4, 2017, 550 theaters in the United States had a special RealD Guardians of the Galaxy double feature event before preview screenings of Vol. 2. Guests who attended received an exclusive mini poster and a set of souvenir collectible buttons. Vol. 2 was originally intended to be released on July 28, 2017.
In June 2016, Marvel announced plans for an expanded merchandising program for the film from the original, with Groot playing a central role. Gunn ensured the film 's female characters received more representation in the merchandise than in the first. Paul Gitter, senior VP of licensing at Disney Consumer Products, said they intended to build Guardians of the Galaxy into a tentpole franchise. Partners in the campaign included Hasbro, Lego, Funko, LB Kids, GEICO, Ford Motor Company, Go - Gurt, Hanes, Synchrony Bank, Dairy Queen, M&M 's, Screenvision, Sprint Corporation and Wrigley Company. Additionally, Marvel partnered with Doritos for their Rock Out Loud campaign to create a custom "limited - edition series of Doritos bags featuring a built - in cassette tape deck - inspired player that plays '' Awesome Mix Vol. 2 and can be recharged. The custom bags were available to purchase on Amazon.com, with Doritos also hosting Rock Out Loud pop - up recording booths in New York and Los Angeles where fans could sing the songs from Awesome Mix Vol. 2 and have the opportunity to win various prizes, including the custom bags, concert tickets, and free bags of Doritos. ''
In July 2016, Gunn, Pratt and other members of the cast attended San Diego Comic - Con to promote the film, showing footage and revealing additional character information. On October 19, a "sneak peek '' teaser was released ahead of the first full teaser trailer. Ethan Anderton of / Film felt the teaser was strong, despite not showing any of the new characters or relying on Baby Groot, while The A.V. Club 's Esther Zuckerman called it "an immediate crowd - pleaser ''. According to media - measurement firm comScore and its PreAct service, the teaser was the top trailer for the week it released, generating 108,000 new social media conversations. In early December, before Gunn revealed the first teaser trailer at Comic Con Experience 2016, he said that finding scenes and moments to showcase in the trailer without revealing too much of the film resulted in hard choices, since "people really go through every single little shot and try to figure out what the movie 's about. And there 's a lot of mysteries in Guardians 2. '' Describing the teaser trailer, Jacob Hall of / Film felt, "It 's telling that this trailer can get away without actually selling the plot of the movie. Audiences did n't fall in love with the first Guardians of the Galaxy because they were entranced by yet another Marvel Studios movie built around a villain who gets his hands on an Infinity Stone... the bulk of this trailer is dedicated to this group bouncing off one another, which is the real star attraction. '' The teaser trailer had 81 million views in 24 hours, becoming the second-most viewed teaser behind Beauty and the Beast and largest Marvel Studios teaser ever. Additionally, Sweet 's "Fox on the Run '' reached number one on the iTunes Rock Chart after featuring in the teaser.
A second trailer aired during Super Bowl LI. Germain Lussier for io9 called it "hilarious '', while Anderton said it was "one hell of a '' Super Bowl spot, "one that probably overshadows the game itself for people like me... There 's plenty of badass cosmic action, the humor we all love, a stellar soundtrack, and some great new footage from the sequel. '' The spot generated the most Twitter conversation volume during the game with 47,800 conversations, according to comScore, who measured the volume of trailers that aired during the game from the time it aired through the end of the game. The film also topped a Fandango survey of fans ' favorite film trailer during the Super Bowl. An additional trailer debuted on February 28, 2017, on Jimmy Kimmel Live!. Haleigh Foutch at Collider.com felt the trailer added "hype '' to the film, and was "just an all - around wonderful trailer, lit up with the wacky humor and irreverent charm that made the first film such a hit, with an extra dose of visual splendor. '' Pratt and Saldana appeared at the 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards, where they debuted an exclusive clip. In mid-July, Marvel created a 1980s - inspired infomercial and an 800 number to promote the film 's home media release.
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 was released on digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on August 8, 2017, and on Blu - ray, Blu - ray 3D, Ultra HD Blu - ray and DVD on August 22. The Ultra HD Blu - ray version is the first Disney home media release in 4K resolution. The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes; audio commentary; deleted scenes; a blooper reel; and a music video for the song "Guardians Inferno ''. The digital release also exclusively features the breakdown of three scenes, from their initial ideas to their completed versions, and a behind - the - scenes look at the Disney California Adventure ride Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission: Breakout! The 1970s - style music video for "Guardians Inferno '' was directed by David Yarovesky, and features Hasselhoff alongside James Gunn, Pratt, Saldana, Bautista, Klementieff, Gillan, Rooker, and Sean Gunn. Stan Lee and Guillermo Rodriguez also make cameo appearances in the video.
The digital release of the film had the most digital downloads and largest opening week of any Marvel Studios film. The physical releases in its first week of sale were the top home media release, selling "nearly three times as many discs as the rest of the top 10 sellers combined '', according to NPD VideoScan data. The Blu - ray version accounted for 83 % of the sales, with 10 % of total sales coming from the Ultra HD Blu - ray version. In its second week, the film was once again the top home media release. As well, in the United Kingdom where it was also the top film, total sales of Vol. 2 were more than the other films in the top 40 combined.
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 grossed over $389.8 million in the United States and Canada, and over $473.7 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $863.6 million. The film had earlier surpassed the first film 's gross ($773 million) by Memorial Day weekend with $783.3 million worldwide, and became the fifth - highest - grossing MCU film a week later.
Since tickets went on sale on April 24, 2017, the film was the number one seller on Fandango, and surpassed the advance sales of Avengers: Age of Ultron in the similar time frame. Over 80 % of sales on MovieTickets.com were for the film ahead of its release. Vol. 2 earned $146.5 million in its opening weekend, with IMAX contributing $13 million. The $17 million that came from Thursday night previews was the highest preview amount of 2017. The film had previously been projected to earn upwards of $160 million in its opening weekend, with Deadline.com predicting that the film could reach the $179 million debut of Captain America: Civil War. It remained at number one in its second weekend, and fell to second in its third, behind Alien: Covenant. Vol. 2 remained at number two in its fourth weekend, this time behind Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales, and crossed $337.6 million, surpassing the domestic gross of the first film. By its fifth weekend, the film fell to fourth, and in its next, fell to fifth. Vol. 2 continued to remain in the top 10 for two more weeks, placing ninth in its seventh weekend, and tenth in its eighth weekend.
Outside of the United States and Canada, the film earned $106 million in its first weekend from 37 markets, becoming the top film in all markets except Portugal, Turkey and Vietnam. IMAX contributed $5 million to the opening weekend gross. The film also outperformed the first film 's opening weekend in all markets except Belgium. In its second weekend, it opened as the top film in South Korea, China, and Russia. It was the highest opening for an MCU film in Austria, the second - highest MCU opening in Australia ($11.8 million), the Netherlands ($500,000), Germany ($9.3 million), and the United Kingdom ($16.9 million), and was the third - highest in New Zealand ($400,000), Italy ($1.4 million), and Russia ($11.6 million). The New Zealand and Netherlands openings were also the highest of 2017 for the countries, while Germany and the United Kingdom 's were the second - highest for 2017. South Korea had the biggest opening day of 2017 ($3.3 million), the biggest May opening day, the third - highest opening day for an MCU film, and the second - best opening weekend of 2017 ($13.3 million). The opening - weekend gross surpassed the entire earnings from the first film in the country. Ukraine had the second - largest opening ever, while in Puerto Rico, the film was the largest IMAX opening. By its third weekend, multiple markets saw their gross for Vol. 2 surpass the total gross from the first film, followed by China a week later. Its fifth weekend saw Vol. 2 's gross in other markets ($451.1 million) surpass the international gross of the first film ($440 million). The film 's three biggest markets in total earnings were: China ($99.3 million), the United Kingdom ($51.3 million), and Germany ($28 million).
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 82 %, based on 324 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 's action - packed plot, dazzling visuals, and irreverent humor add up to a sequel that 's almost as fun -- if not quite as thrillingly fresh -- as its predecessor. '' On Metacritic, the film has a score of 67 out of 100, based on 47 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews ''. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A '' on an A+ to F scale.
Owen Gleiberman of Variety called the film "an extravagant and witty follow - up, made with the same friendly virtuosic dazzle... and just obligatory enough to be too much of a good thing. '' He cautioned that "this time you can sense just how hard (Gunn) is working to entertain you. Maybe a little too hard. '' Mike Ryan at Uproxx noted the continued sense of humor and tone from the first film, and appreciated Gunn 's difference in overall structure in the sequel (which he compared to The Empire Strikes Back). Ryan was positive of the cast, particularly Rooker in his expanded role as "the heart '' of the film. Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers called the film a "blast '' and gave it three stars out of four, praising the film for its tone and fun, soundtrack, and characters. He noted that "Vol. 2 ca n't match the sneak - attack surprise of its predecessor... (but) the followup, while taking on some CGI bloat and sequel slickness, has n't lost its love for inspired lunacy. Chicago Sun - Times 's Richard Roeper also gave the film three stars, writing, "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 is n't quite as much fun, not quite as clever, not quite as fresh as the original -- but it still packs a bright and shiny and sweet punch. '' Roeper continued that "even with all the silliness and all the snarkiness, the Guardians can put a lump in your throat '', and praised the cast, especially Rooker, with "one of the best roles in the movie ''.
At The Hollywood Reporter, Todd McCarthy said "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 plays like a second ride on a roller - coaster that was a real kick the first time around but feels very been - there / done - that now. '' Mara Reinstein of Us Weekly gave the film two - and - a-half stars out of four, feeling "excited audiences desperate for escapism (will) lap up the film 's inherent joyfulness '', but Gunn "has doubled down on all his once - nifty novelties. Strip them away and what remains is a bloated semi-mess. '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times was positive of the film 's soundtrack and cast, especially Russell, but felt Gunn was trying too hard to re-capture the magic of the first film, and the increased scope of effects and action becomes weary. Turan concluded, "There are enough reminders of the first Guardians to make the sequel an acceptable experience, (but it 's) less like itself and more like a standard Marvel production. '' Manohla Dargis at The New York Times said the film "certainly has its attractions, but most of them are visual rather than narrative. '' She also felt Gunn was trying too hard, and found many elements of the sequel to be too serious even with Russell balancing that with a much - needed "unforced looseness ''.
In November 2014, when Gunn said he had the "basic story '' for Vol. 2 while working on the first film, he also said he had ideas for a potential third film. Despite this, Gunn was unsure in June 2015 if he would be involved with a third Guardians film, saying it would depend on his feelings after making Vol. 2. In April 2016, Feige said the future MCU films are "still a big chess board for 2020 and beyond, but certainly I would say Guardians 3 is (one film that 's) up there. I do n't know what exactly the order will be. '' In March 2017, Gunn stated there would be a third film "for sure. We 're trying to figure it out, '' also adding, "There are no specific plans for Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3. But we know unless something goes horribly -- which is always possible, you never know -- I think that Marvel would want to make another movie. '' He also reiterated he was still unsure if he would be involved with the film, and that he would figure out his involvement and his next project "over the next couple of weeks. '' The following month, Gunn announced he would return to write and direct Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3. Klementieff is expected to reprise her role as Mantis. Vol. 3 is scheduled to be released in 2020.
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who were the leaders of the battle of trenton | Battle of Trenton - wikipedia
The Battle of Trenton was a small but pivotal battle during the American Revolutionary War which took place on the morning of December 26, 1776, in Trenton, New Jersey. After General George Washington 's crossing of the Delaware River north of Trenton the previous night, Washington led the main body of the Continental Army against Hessian soldiers garrisoned at Trenton. After a brief battle, nearly the entire Hessian force was captured, with negligible losses to the Americans. The battle significantly boosted the Continental Army 's flagging morale, and inspired re-enlistments.
The Continental Army had previously suffered several defeats in New York and had been forced to retreat through New Jersey to Pennsylvania. Morale in the army was low; to end the year on a positive note, George Washington -- Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army -- devised a plan to cross the Delaware River on the night of December 25 -- 26 and surround the Hessian garrison.
Because the river was icy and the weather severe, the crossing proved dangerous. Two detachments were unable to cross the river, leaving Washington with only 2,400 men under his command in the assault, 3,000 less than planned. The army marched 9 miles (14.5 km) south to Trenton. The Hessians had lowered their guard, thinking they were safe from the American army, and had no long - distance outposts or patrols. Washington 's forces caught them off guard and, after a short but fierce resistance, most of the Hessians surrendered. Almost two thirds of the 1,500 - man garrison was captured, and only a few troops escaped across Assunpink Creek.
Despite the battle 's small numbers, the American victory inspired rebels in the colonies. With the success of the revolution in doubt a week earlier, the army had seemed on the verge of collapse. The dramatic victory inspired soldiers to serve longer and attracted new recruits to the ranks.
In early December 1776, American morale was very low. The Americans had been ousted from New York by the British and their Hessian auxiliaries, and the Continental Army was forced to retreat across New Jersey. Ninety percent of the Continental Army soldiers who had served at Long Island were gone. Men had deserted, feeling that the cause for independence was lost. Washington, Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army, expressed some doubts, writing to his cousin in Virginia, "I think the game is pretty near up. ''
At the time a small town in New Jersey, Trenton was occupied by four regiments of Hessian soldiers (numbering about 1,400 men) commanded by Colonel Johann Rall. Washington 's force comprised 2,400 men, with infantry divisions commanded by Major Generals Nathanael Greene and John Sullivan, and artillery under the direction of Brigadier General Henry Knox.
George Washington had stationed a spy named John Honeyman, posing as a Tory, in Trenton. Honeyman had served with Major General James Wolfe in Quebec at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham on September 13, 1759, and had no trouble establishing his credentials as a Tory. Honeyman was a butcher and bartender, who traded with the British and Hessians. This enabled him to gather intelligence, and also to convince the Hessians that the Continental Army was in such a low state of morale that they would not attack Trenton. Shortly before Christmas, he arranged to be captured by the Continental Army, who had orders to bring him to Washington unharmed. After being questioned by Washington, he was imprisoned in a small hut, to be tried as a Tory in the morning, but a small fire broke out nearby, enabling him to "escape. ''
The American plan relied on launching coordinated attacks from three directions. General John Cadwalader would launch a diversionary attack against the British garrison at Bordentown, New Jersey, to block off reinforcements from the south. General James Ewing would take 700 militia across the river at Trenton Ferry, seize the bridge over the Assunpink Creek and prevent enemy troops from escaping. The main assault force of 2,400 men would cross the river 9 mi (14 km) north of Trenton and split into two groups, one under Greene and one under Sullivan, to launch a pre-dawn attack. Sullivan would attack the town from the south, and Greene from the north. Depending on the success of the operation, the Americans would possibly follow up with separate attacks on Princeton and New Brunswick.
During the week before the battle, American advance parties began to ambush enemy cavalry patrols, capturing dispatch riders and attacking Hessian pickets. The Hessian commander, to emphasize the danger to his men, sent 100 infantry and an artillery detachment to deliver a letter to the British commander at Princeton. Washington ordered Ewing and his Pennsylvania militia to try to gain information on Hessian movements and technology. Ewing instead made three successful raids across the river. On December 17 and 18, 1776, they attacked an outpost of jägers and on the 21st, they set fire to several houses. Washington put constant watches on all possible crossings near the Continental Army encampment on the Delaware, as he believed William Howe would launch an attack from the north on Philadelphia if the river froze over.
On December 20, 1776, some 2,000 troops led by General Sullivan arrived in Washington 's camp. They had been under the command of Charles Lee, and had been moving slowly through northern New Jersey when Lee was captured. That same day, an additional 800 troops arrived from Fort Ticonderoga under the command of Horatio Gates.
On December 14, 1776, the Hessians arrived in Trenton to establish their winter quarters. At the time, Trenton was a small town with about 100 houses and two main streets, King (now Warren) Street and Queen (now Broad) Street. Carl von Donop, Rall 's superior, had marched south to Mount Holly on December 22 to deal with the resistance in New Jersey, and had clashed with some New Jersey militia there on December 23.
Donop, who despised Rall, was reluctant to give command of Trenton to him. Rall was known to be loud and unacquainted with the English language, but he was also a 36 - year soldier with a great deal of battle experience. His request for reinforcements had been turned down by British commander General James Grant, who disdained the American rebels and thought them poor soldiers. Despite Rall 's experience, the Hessians at Trenton did not admire their commander. They believed that he was too nice, and not ruthless enough to be successful. His officers complained, "His love of life was too great, a thought came to him, then another, so he could not settle on a firm decision... '' Rall avoided hard work and had little concern for his troops ' comfort.
Trenton lacked city walls or fortifications, which was typical of American settlements. Some Hessian officers advised Rall to fortify the town, and two of his engineers advised that a redoubt be constructed at the upper end of town, and fortifications be built along the river. The engineers went so far as to draw up plans, but Rall disagreed with them. When Rall was again urged to fortify the town, he replied, "Let them come... We will go at them with the bayonet. ''
As Christmas approached, Loyalists came to Trenton to report the Americans were planning action. American deserters told the Hessians that rations were being prepared for an advance across the river. Rall publicly dismissed such talk as nonsense, but privately in letters to his superiors, he said he was worried about an imminent attack. He wrote to Donop that he was "liable to be attacked at any moment ''. Rall said that Trenton was "indefensible '' and asked that British troops establish a garrison in Maidenhead (now Lawrenceville). Close to Trenton, this would help defend the roads from Americans. His request was denied. As the Americans disrupted Hessian supply lines, the officers started to share Rall 's fears. One wrote, "We have not slept one night in peace since we came to this place. '' On December 22, 1776, a spy reported to Grant that Washington had called a council of war; Grant told Rall to "be on your guard ''.
The main Hessian force of 1,500 men was divided into three regiments: Knyphausen, Lossberg and Rall. That night, they did not send out any patrols because of the severe weather.
Before Washington and his troops left, Benjamin Rush came to cheer up the General. While he was there, he saw a note Washington had written, saying, "Victory or Death ''. Those words would be the password for the surprise attack. Each soldier carried 60 rounds of ammunition, and three days of rations. When the army arrived at the shores of the Delaware, they were already behind schedule, and clouds began to form above them. It began to rain. As the air 's temperature dropped, the rain changed to sleet, and then to snow. The Americans began to cross the river, with John Glover in command. The men went across in Durham boats, while the horses and artillery went across on large ferries. The 14th Continental Regiment of Glover manned the boats. During the crossing, several men fell overboard, including Colonel John Haslet. Haslet was quickly pulled out of the water. No one died during the crossing, and all the artillery pieces made it over in good condition.
Two small detachments of infantry of about 40 men each were ordered ahead of main columns. They set roadblocks ahead of the main army, and were to take prisoner whoever came into or left the town. One of the groups was sent north of Trenton, and the other was sent to block River Road, which ran along the Delaware River to Trenton.
The terrible weather conditions delayed the landings in New Jersey until 3: 00 am; the plan was that they were supposed to be completed by 12: 00 am. Washington realized it would be impossible to launch a pre-dawn attack. Another setback occurred for the Americans, as generals Cadwalader and Ewing were unable to join the attack due to the weather conditions.
At 4: 00 am, the soldiers began to march towards Trenton. Along the way, several civilians joined as volunteers, and led as guides (see Captain John Mott) because of their knowledge of the terrain. After marching 1.5 miles (2.4 km) through winding roads into the wind, they reached Bear Tavern, where they turned right. The ground was slippery, but it was level, making it easier for the horses and artillery. They began to make better time. They soon reached Jacobs Creek, where, with difficulty, the Americans made it across. The two groups stayed together until they reached Birmingham, where they split apart. Soon after, they reached the house of Benjamin Moore, where the family offered food and drink to Washington. At this point, the first signs of daylight began to appear. Many of the troops did not have boots, so they were forced to wear rags around their feet. Some of the men 's feet bled, turning the snow to a dark red. Two men died on the trip.
As they marched, Washington rode up and down the line, encouraging the men to continue. General Sullivan sent a courier to tell Washington that the weather was wetting his men 's gunpowder. Washington responded, "Tell General Sullivan to use the bayonet. I am resolved to take Trenton. ''
About 2 miles (3 km) outside the town, the main columns reunited with the advance parties. They were startled by the sudden appearance of 50 armed men, but they were American. Led by Adam Stephen, they had not known about the plan to attack Trenton, and had attacked a Hessian outpost. Washington feared the Hessians would have been put on guard, and shouted at Stephen, "You sir! You Sir, may have ruined all my plans by having them put on their guard. '' Despite this, Washington ordered the advance continue to Trenton. In the event, Rall thought the first raid was the attack which Grant had warned him about, and that there would be no further action that day.
At 8 am, the outpost was set up by the Hessians at a cooper shop on Pennington Road about one mile north - west of Trenton. Washington led the assault, riding in front of his soldiers. As the Hessian commander of the outpost, Lieutenant Andreas Wiederholdt, left the shop, an American fired at him but missed. Wiederholdt shouted, "Der Feind! '' (The Enemy!) and other Hessians came out. The Americans fired three volleys and the Hessians returned one of their own. Washington ordered Edward Hand 's Pennsylvania Riflemen and a battalion of German - speaking infantry to block the road that led to Princeton. They attacked the Hessian outpost there. Wiederholdt soon realized that this was more than a raiding party; seeing other Hessians retreating from the outpost, he led his men to do the same. Both Hessian detachments made organized retreats, firing as they fell back. On the high ground at the north end of Trenton, they were joined by a duty company from the Lossberg Regiment. They engaged the Americans, retreating slowly, keeping up continuous fire and using houses for cover. Once in Trenton, they gained covering fire from other Hessian guard companies on the outskirts of the town. Another guard company nearer to the Delaware River rushed east to their aid, leaving open the River Road into Trenton. Washington ordered the escape route to Princeton be cut off, sending infantry in battle formation to block it, while artillery formed at the head of King and Queen streets.
Leading the southern American column, General Sullivan entered Trenton by the abandoned river road and blocked the only crossing over the Assunpink Creek to cut off the Hessian escape. Sullivan briefly held up his advance to make sure Greene 's division had time to drive the Hessians from their outposts in the north. Soon after, they continued their advance, attacking the Hermitage, home of Philemon Dickinson, where 50 Jägers under the command of Lieutenant von Grothausen were stationed. Lieutenant von Grothausen brought 12 of his Jägers into action against the advanced guard, but had only advanced a few hundred yards when he saw a column of Americans advancing to the Hermitage. Pulling back to the Hessian barracks, he was joined by the rest of the Jägers. After the exchange of one volley, they turned and ran, some trying to swim across the creek, while others escaped over the bridge, which had not yet been cut off. The 20 British Dragoons also fled. As Greene and Sullivan 's columns pushed into the town, Washington moved to high ground north of King and Queens streets to see the action and direct his troops. By this time, American artillery from the other side of the Delaware River had come into action, devastating the Hessian positions.
With the sounding of the alarm, the three Hessian regiments began to prepare for battle. The Rall regiment formed on lower King Street along with the Lossberg Regiment, while the Knyphausen Regiment formed at the lower end of Queen Street. Lieutenant Piel, Rall 's brigade adjutant, woke his commander, who found that the rebels had taken the "V '' of the main streets of the town. This is where the engineers had recommended building a redoubt. Rall ordered his regiment to form up at the lower end of King Street, the Lossberg regiment to prepare for an advance up Queen Street, and the Knyphausen regiment to stand by as a reserve for Rall 's advance up King Street.
The American cannon stationed at the head of the two main streets soon came into action. In reply, Rall directed his regiment, supported by a few companies of the Lossberg regiment, to clear the guns. The Hessians formed ranks and began to advance up the street, but their formations were quickly broken by the American guns and fire from Mercer 's men who had taken houses on the left side of the street. Breaking ranks, the Hessians fled. Rall ordered two three - pound cannon into action. After getting off six rounds each, within just a few minutes, half of the Hessians manning their guns were killed by the American cannon. After the men fled to cover behind houses and fences, their cannons were taken by the Americans. Following capture of the cannon, men under the command of George Weedon advanced down King Street.
On Queen Street, all Hessian attempts to advance up the street were repulsed by guns under the command of Thomas Forrest. After firing four rounds each, two more Hessian guns were silenced. One of Forrest 's Howitzers was put out of action with a broken axle. The Knyphausen Regiment became separated from the Lossberg and the Rall regiments. The Lossberg and the Rall fell back to a field outside town, taking heavy losses from grapeshot and musket fire. In the southern part of the town, Americans under command of Sullivan began to overwhelm the Hessians. John Stark led a bayonet charge at the Knyphausen regiment, whose resistance broke because their weapons would not fire. Sullivan led a column of men to block off escape of troops across the creek.
The Hessians in the field attempted to reorganize, and make one last attempt to retake the town so they could make a breakout. Rall decided to attack the American flank on the heights north of the town. Rall yelled "Forward! Advance! Advance! '', and the Hessians began to move, with the brigade 's band playing fifes, bugles and drums to help the Hessians ' spirit.
Washington, still on high ground, saw the Hessians approaching the American flank. He moved his troops to assume battle formation against the enemy. The two Hessian Regiments began marching toward King Street, but were caught in American fire that came at them from three directions. Some Americans had taken up defensive positions inside houses, reducing their exposure. Some civilians joined the fight against the Hessians. Despite this, they continued to push, recapturing their cannon. At the head of King Street, Knox saw the Hessians had retaken the cannon and ordered his troops to take them. Six men ran and, after a brief struggle, seized the cannon, turning them on the Hessians. With most of the Hessians unable to fire their guns, the attack stalled. The Hessians ' formations broke, and they began to scatter. Rall was mortally wounded. Washington led his troops down from high ground while yelling, "March on, my brave fellows, after me! '' Most of the Hessians retreated into an orchard, with the Americans in close pursuit. Quickly surrounded, the Hessians were offered terms of surrender, to which they agreed.
Although ordered to join Rall, the remains of the Knyphausen Regiment mistakenly marched in the opposite direction. They tried to escape across the bridge, but found it had been taken. The Americans quickly swept in, defeating a Hessian attempt to break through their lines. Surrounded by Sullivan 's men, the regiment surrendered, just minutes after the rest of the brigade.
The Hessian forces lost 22 killed in action, 83 wounded, and 896 captured -- including the wounded. The Americans suffered only two deaths from bare feet causing frostbite and five wounded from battle, including a near - fatal wound to future president James Monroe. Other losses incurred by the Patriots due to exhaustion, exposure, and illness in the following days may have raised their losses above those of the Hessians.
The captured Hessians were sent to Philadelphia and later Lancaster. In 1777 they were moved to Virginia. Rall was mortally wounded and died later that night at his headquarters. All four Hessian colonels in Trenton were killed in the battle. The Lossberg regiment was effectively removed from the British forces. Parts of the Knyphausen regiment escaped to the south, but Sullivan captured some 200 additional men, along with the regiment 's cannon and supplies. They also captured approximately 1,000 arms and much - needed ammunition. Last, but not least, was the capture from the Hessians of their entire store of provisions -- tons of flour, dried and salted meats, ale and other liquors, but also shoes, boots, clothing and bedding -- things that were as much needed by the ragtag Continental forces as weapons and horses.
An officer in Washington 's staff wrote before the battle, "They make a great deal of Christmas in Germany, and no doubt the Hessians will drink a great deal of beer and have a dance to - night. They will be sleepy to - morrow morning. '' Popular history commonly portrays the Hessians as drunk from Christmas celebrations. However, historian David Hackett Fischer quotes Patriot John Greenwood, who fought in the battle and supervised Hessians afterward, who wrote, "I am certain not a drop of liquor was drunk during the whole night, nor, as I could see, even a piece of bread eaten. '' Military historian Edward G. Lengel wrote, "The Germans were dazed and tired but there is no truth to the legend claiming that they were helplessly drunk. ''
After the Hessians ' surrender, Washington is reported to have shaken the hand of a young officer and said, "This is a glorious day for our country. '' On December 28. General Washington interviewed Lieutenant (later Colonel) Andreas Wiederhold, who detailed the failures of Rall 's preparation. Washington soon learned however that Cadwalader and Ewing had been unable to complete their crossing, leaving his worn - out army of 2,400 men isolated. Without their 2,600 men, Washington realized he did not have the forces to attack Princeton and New Brunswick.
This small but decisive battle, as with the later Battle of Cowpens, had an effect disproportionate to its size. The colonial effort was galvanized, and the Americans overturned the psychological dominance achieved by the British Government troops in the previous months. Howe was stunned that the Patriots so easily surprised and overwhelmed the Hessian garrison. On the contrary, Fischer argues that the changing attitudes were buoyed more by writings of Thomas Paine and additional successful actions by the New Jersey Militia than they were by the Battle of Trenton.
By noon, Washington 's force had moved across the Delaware back into Pennsylvania, taking their prisoners and captured supplies with them. This battle gave the Continental Congress a new confidence, as it proved colonial forces could defeat regulars. It also increased re-enlistments in the Continental Army forces. By defeating a European army, the colonials reduced the fear which the Hessians had caused earlier that year after the fighting in New York.
Two notable American officers were wounded: William Washington, cousin of the General, and Lieutenant James Monroe, the future President of the United States. Monroe was carried from the field bleeding badly after he was struck in the left shoulder by a musket ball, which severed an artery. Doctor John Riker clamped the artery, preventing him from bleeding to death.
The hours before the battle served as the inspiration for the painting Washington Crossing the Delaware by German American artist Emanuel Leutze. The image in the painting, in which Washington stands majestic in his boat as it crosses the Delaware River, is generally believed to be more symbolic than historically accurate. The waters of the river were icy and treacherous, and the flag Monroe holds was not created until six months after the battle. In addition, contrary to the painting, the crossing occurred before dawn. On the other hand, Fischer argues that because the crossing took place in a storm, people may have stood to avoid sitting in icy water in the boats. Because of its emotional content, the painting has become an icon of American history.
The Trenton Battle Monument, erected at "Five Points '' in Trenton, stands as a tribute to this American victory. The crossing of the Delaware and battle are reenacted by local enthusiasts every year (unless the weather is too severe on the river).
Eight current Army National Guard units (101st Eng Bn, 103rd Eng Bn, A / 1 - 104th Cav, 111th Inf, 125th QM Co, 175th Inf, 181st Inf and 198th Sig Bn) and one currently - active Regular Army Artillery battalion (1 -- 5th FA) are derived from American units that participated in the Battle of Trenton. There are only thirty current units of the U.S. Army with colonial roots.
Coordinates: 40 ° 13 ′ 05 '' N 74 ° 45 ′ 18 '' W / 40.218 ° N 74.755 ° W / 40.218; - 74.755
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when does neal show up in once upon a time | List of once Upon a time characters - Wikipedia
The characters and creatures of ABC 's Once Upon a Time and its spin - off Once Upon a Time in Wonderland are related to classic fairy tale and fantasy characters and creatures, and often tie - in with other Disney media properties.
Click to see detailed cast table.
As a child, Snow unintentionally reveals Regina 's secret relationship to Regina 's mother, resulting in the death of Regina 's fiancè. Since then, Snow is on the hunt from Regina, who wishes to kill her. As an adult, Snow meets Prince David and falls for him, eventually marrying him and giving birth to her daughter Emma. Due to Regina 's Dark Curse, Snow sends Emma to another realm as the curse engulfs Snow and transports her to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, she appears as Mary Margaret Blanchard, a teacher Storybrooke 's Elementary School. When the curse breaks, Mary Margaret regains her memories as Snow and reunites with her family and starts a rocky relationship with her daughter Emma and grandson Henry. Snow also patches her relationship with Regina in the process and eventually gives birth to Prince Neal. Following the merger of the realms, Snow crowns Regina the Queen of the United Realms.
Born in the Enchanted Forest, Emma is sent to the Land Without Magic to break the Dark Curse. As a young adult, she meets Neal Cassidy and gives birth to a baby boy whom she gives up for adoption. The boy, Henry, returns ten years later and brings Emma to Storybrooke to break a curse, which she eventually does. Doing so reunites her with her family and she tries to maintain a life with them but the reversal of the curse forces Emma to abandon them with Henry to New York City.
When another curse is cast, Emma is brought back to Storybrooke and reunites with her family again. During her time back in Storybrooke, Emma ends up in a relationship with Hook. Her arrival also leads to the Black Fairy 's arrival for the Final Battle, which Emma wins. Eventually, Emma becomes pregnant with Hook 's child and gives birth to Hope. Following the merger of the realms, Emma attends Regina 's coronation to Queen of the United Realms.
Seeking revenge on Snow White for the death of her fiancè, Regina becomes the Evil Queen and takes over the Enchanted Forest. Learning about a curse, Regina preps by collecting ingredients required to cast the curse. One of the ingredients is the thing Regina loves most: her father. Tearfully killing him, Regina casts the Dark Curse which transports everyone to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, Regina is its Mayor and rules the town for twenty - eight years, but that comes to an end after Emma breaks the curse. Regina then patches things with Snow and her family. She also learns about her half - sister Zelena and after sometime, learns to accept Zelena as family. Regina is then cursed as Roni after she relocates to the New Enchanted Forest with an adult Henry. When the curse breaks, Regina decides to merge all the realms into one so that none can ever be separated ever again. Regina then becomes the Queen of the United Realms.
Learning fighting skills from Anna, he defeats Bo Peep and reclaims Ruth 's farm from her. King George later takes him in to masquerade as his twin brother, Prince James, who is killed by a dragon. He is engaged to Princess Abigail, but after meeting Snow White, who nicknames him Charming, he falls for her. He marries Snow after freeing her from a sleeping curse. The casting of the curse by Regina forces him to send his infant daughter Emma to the Land Without Magic with hopes of her returning to break the curse.
In Storybrooke, he is David Nolan, the husband of Kathryn Nolan. When the curse breaks, he reunites with Snow, Emma, and his grandson Henry. He also reunites with his twin brother Prince James in the Underworld, but is forced to kill him. David witness the Final Battle and celebrates its victory at Granny 's Diner with his family. After the merger of the realms, he and Snow crowns Regina as the Queen of the United Realms and celebrate the occasion with their family.
Adopted by Regina after Emma gives him away, Henry gains the Once Upon a Time book and believes the people of Storybrooke is cursed and brings Emma to break it. Once broken, Henry reunites with Emma and her family. The love for Henry also patches Snow 's and Regina 's conflict. Henry then becomes the Author. Eventually, Henry leaves Storybrooke for New Fairy Tale Land after graduation to find his own story, meeting Ella and becoming the father of Lucy. Another curse is cast and Henry is sent back to the Land Without Magic,
In Seattle, Henry appears as a Swift Transportation driver in Seattle and is found by Lucy who convinces him about the curse at Hyperion Heights. Not believing her, he follows her home and falls for Jacinda and gets tangled in the Candy Killer case. He eventually regains his memories and his love for Regina breaks the curse. After the curse breaks, he faces threats from Rumplestiltskin of the Wish Realm and defeats him. Henry then attends Regina 's coronation with his family after the merger of the realms.
In the Enchanted Forest, he receives a potion from Rumplestiltskin that will free him from his parents but inadvertently gives it to a young couple, transforming the pair into puppets. He wishes on a star in the hopes that the couple will be transformed back. The Blue Fairy appears and tells him that she can not undo Rumplestiltskin 's work. To make things right, she transforms him into a cricket so that he can be free from his parents and guide the couple 's son Geppetto. He was transported to Storybrooke when Regina cast her curse.
In Storybrooke, he is Dr. Archibald Hopper, the town 's psychotherapist but is often called as Archie by the residents. One day, Archie is asked by Regina Mills to convince her adopted son Henry that his ideas about the curse are false. Although it violates his conscience, he initially complies with her demands. Archie confides to Henry that he wants to be free, standing up to Regina and threatening to declare her an unfit mother if she continues to interfere with his sessions. Emma later breaks the curse and he regains his memories as Jiminy. Regina 's mother Cora later assumes the form of her daughter and abducts Archie while disguising an unspecified person she killed as his body. He is later found by Belle on Captain Hook 's ship, from which he is rescued. He is transported back to the Enchanted Forest when Regina undid her curse and later transported back to Storybrooke when the curse was cast again. Emma later visited Dr. Hopper about her visions of her dying against an unknown enemy. Following the Oracle 's death, Dr. Hopper is abducted by the Evil Queen where he watched Zelena 's baby while they were away. Upon their return, Dr. Hopper is turned back into a cricket by the Evil Queen and trapped in a cage. With Regina distracting the Evil Queen and Zelena, Mary Margaret and David were able to free Archie and turned back into a human. On Emma and Hook 's wedding day, he officiates the wedding.
In the Enchanted Forest, he is raised by wolves. He considers the wolves to be his true family, and is greatly saddened by the deaths of animals. He is considered by the Evil Queen Regina the perfect assassin, and is hired to kill Snow White, though he spares her for her selflessness. When he offers the Queen a stag 's heart instead, she realizes she has been tricked and tears out the Huntsman 's heart, keeping it in her vault and using it to make him her slave. When Prince Charming is led to his execution, the Huntsman helps him escape. The Prince asks him to assist him, but he states he can not leave and not to let the sacrifice of his heart be in vain. He was transported to Storybrooke when Regina cast her curse.
In Storybrooke, he is Sheriff Graham Humbert, the town 's handsome and level - headed police officer. In the earlier parts of Storybrooke, Sheriff Graham helps Regina Mills in preventing Owen and Kurt Flynn from leaving town. When Emma Swan arrives, he is one of the few residents who go against Regina, making her his deputy. He and Emma are attracted to each other, though he has a secret sexual relationship with Regina, which Emma later discovers, feeling betrayed and disgusted. As he experiences flashbacks of his previous life, he seeks advice from Henry Mills, who tells him of his story. After Graham is unable to locate his heart, he ends his relationship with Regina and starts a new relationship with Emma, regaining his lost memories in the process. However, Regina crushes his heart and he dies in Emma 's arms, shortly after thanking Emma for helping him remember who he truly was.
At some point, his life is destroyed by Killian Jones, who steals Rumplestiltskin 's wife. After becoming the Dark One, Rumple kills Milah out of revenge and cuts off Killian 's hand. After his son, Baelfire, goes to another land, he is led to believe that he can only be reunited if a curse is cast. He spent centuries looking for the curse, as well as grooming a potential caster. Out of a deal, he takes Belle in as a maid and eventually falls for her. He is eventually sent to the Land Without Magic when the Evil Queen casts the Dark Curse.
In Storybrooke, he is Mr. Gold, the owner of a pawn shop and the town 's wealthiest resident. He regains his memories after Emma introduces herself to him. After the curse breaks, Mr. Gold is reunited with Belle and gets into a relationship with her. He also reunites with his missing son, now known as Neal Cassidy, but loses him because of Zelena. Mr. Gold eventually marries Belle and has a son, Gideon, but clashes with his mother, the Black Fairy. Mr. Gold kills her with her own wand and a year later, travel the realms with Belle and Gideon.
In the Edge of Realms, due to the time difference, Belle peacefully passes after living a lifetime with Mr. Gold. Hoping to reunite with Belle in the afterlife, he goes to the New Enchanted Forest in - search of the Guardian, but is cursed as Det. Weaver in Hyperion Heights in the Land Without Magic, but immediately regains his memories after Tilly triggers it. He then finds the Guardian in the form of Anastasia. Later on, Weaver finds that the Dark One 's Dagger is stolen. When the spell is broken, Weaver goes to confront Baron Samdi and discovers that Samdi somehow summoned Rumplestiltskin 's Wish Realm counterpart who stabs Samdi in the back...
In the Enchanted Forest, as a boy, he gives his life to save Geppetto from drowning, though the Blue Fairy restores him into a real boy, promising that the spell will hold if he is selfless, brave and truthful. After Geppetto makes a magical wardrobe to save Emma from the Queen 's curse, he sends Pinocchio in it along with her, sending them both to the Land Without Magic.
After transporting, Pinocchio finds Emma, and they live in an orphanage until he leaves Emma to run away with other members of the home. Seventeen years later, Pinocchio, now known as August Wayne Booth travels to Portland and confronts Neal Cassidy, a thief who has fallen in love with Emma. He convinces him to leave Emma to allow her to fulfill her destiny. After Emma is arrested for possession of stolen items, he informs Neal of Emma 's sentencing and, later, when the curse is broken. August enters Storybrooke upon Emma 's arrival to the town, attempting to convince her of the curse 's reality. He informs Mr. Gold and Emma that he is deathly ill and needs magic, though her denial prevents her from seeing his condition. When Emma realizes the curse 's reality, she visits August for help, though he completely turns to wood. After the curse is broken, Mary Margaret finds August hiding in the woods, ashamed of the mistakes that he has made. He is later found by Tamara and is fatally wounded by her. However, it is determined that August 's actions were selfless, brave, and true and Mother Superior restores him to his original form of a seven - year - old Pinocchio. He was transported back to the Enchanted Forest when Regina undid her curse and later transported back to Storybrooke when the curse was cast again. Mr. Gold later uses Pinocchio in his plan to find the author of Henry Mills ' story book in order to get the villains their happy endings. Transforming him into August once more, he reluctantly informs Gold of his findings, explaining that the author is in Storybrooke. After he is freed, he reveals to Regina Mills that the author is in fact within the book itself.
In the Enchanted Forest, Belle is to marry Gaston to unite both her kingdom and Gaston 's as a way to help defeat the Ogres in the Ogre Wars. However, when things get rough, she is taken by Rumplestiltskin as a deal to stop the war, becoming his maid at his castle. In due time, she falls in love with him, but is captured by the Evil Queen and is presumed dead. When the Queen 's curse is cast, Belle is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, Belle is kept beneath the town 's hospital for twenty - eight years by Regina. She is later released by Jefferson and finds Mr. Gold, professing her love for him when the curse is broken and standing beside him as he brings magic to Storybrooke. Belle later remembers her cursed self as a scantily - clad barfly named Lacey after Regina cursed her out of revenge towards Mr. Gold. She is left behind when the heroes go to Neverland, but is instructed by Mr. Gold to shield the town. When Regina undoes her curse, Belle is sent back to the Enchanted Forest where she and Neal resurrect Rumplestiltskin, following his sacrificial death. She is then sent back to Storybrooke when Snow White casts a new curse. She later marries Mr. Gold but leaves him because he chose power over her. She then becomes pregnant with Mr. Gold 's son. In order to protect the baby from Hades, she places herself into a sleeping curse. In the Dream World, she is greeted by Morpheus, who reveals that he is her son, masquerading as the real deity. He gives her true love 's kiss on the forehead and awakes her. She later asks Hook 's help to protect her from Mr. Gold, staying at the Jolly Roger.
Eventually, she fixes her relationship with Mr. Gold as the two decides to travel the realms. During this time, Belle and Mr. Gold work on trying to make him mortal so he could live an aging life with Belle. Ending up in the Edge of Realms, due to the difference in time, Belle eventually dies of old age, hoping to reunite with Mr. Gold in the afterlife.
After the death of his brother Liam, Killian takes over the Jewel of the Realm, renaming it to the Jolly Roger. He then meets Milah and falls in love with her, but she is killed by Rumplestiltskin. In a fight, Rumplestiltskin cuts off Killian 's hand, being known as Hook. Hoping for revenge, he teams up with Cora and is shield from the Dark Curse, freezing him and the rest of the remaining inhabitants in time.
After the curse breaks, he goes to Storybrooke with Cora, but fails on his revenge plot against Rumplestiltskin. Instead, he falls in love with Emma Swan. Eventually, he becomes the Dark One and sacrifices himself to save Emma and her family and ends up in the Underworld. For helping defeat Hades, Zeus resurrects him and he is reunited with Emma, marrying her and becomes the father of Hope. After the merger of the realms, Killian attends Regina 's coronation with Emma and Hope and celebrates it with his family.
In the Enchanted Forest, Red meets Snow White during the latter 's fleeing from the Evil Queen. The two work together to attempt to kill a wolf that is terrorizing the area, gradually leading them to believe it is Peter, Red 's lover. However, Red soon discovers she is the wolf, and inadvertently kills Peter. During her later travels with Snow, she discovers a society of werewolves, including her supposed mother, Anita. Red learns to control her wolf transformation, but when Anita plans to kill Snow in a revenge attack, she is accidentally impaled by Red in wolf form. She is transported to Storybrooke when the Evil Queen casts her curse.
In Storybrooke, she is Ruby, a rebellious young woman who wants to leave town but is held back by her grandmother 's ill health. She works at Granny 's Diner as a waitress, though her relationship with her grandmother is strained. Ruby later works with Emma Swan as her assistant at the station, but eventually quits and goes back to work at the diner. After the curse breaks, she reunites with Granny. She is also framed for the murder of Billy by Albert Spencer. She is taken back to the Enchanted Forest after Regina undid the curse and brought back by Snow White 's curse. Ruby later decides to leave Storybrooke to find for wolves like her. Teaming up with Mulan, they end up in the Land of Oz, where she meets Dorothy Gale and falls in love with her. Together, they remain in the Land of Oz.
As a child, Baelfire lives with his father after his mother Milah leaves. When Baelfire gets enlisted into the Ogre Wars, his father becomes the Dark One in order to prevent it, causing his father to become power hungry. With help from the Blue Fairy, Baelfire gains a magic bean capable of transversing realms. He makes a deal with his father to leave the Enchanted Forest for a land devoid with magic, but his father backs out at the last minute as he is send to the Land Without Magic alone via the portal. There, he becomes a member of the Darling family, but leaves them with the Shadow to Neverland in order to protect them. Years later, before the Evil Queen cast her curse, he finds a way to the Land Without Magic, taking on the identity of Neal Cassidy.
In Portland, he meets Emma Swan whom he falls in love with, but later abandons her for her to fulfill her destiny in breaking a curse. After the breaking of the curse, he is tracked down by Emma and discovers that he has a son, Henry. Together with his fiancé Tamara, they go to Storybrooke as he wants to bond with his son. After finding out that Tamara deceived him and is working with greater forces to eliminate Storybrooke, he is shot and falls through a portal back to the Enchanted Forest and presumed dead. Emma later rescues him in Neverland while fighting with Peter Pan. When Regina undoes her curse, Neal is send back to his home world where he helps Belle resurrects Rumplestiltskin. Following a new curse, Neal is send back to Storybrooke, but sacrifices himself to help Emma and his father defeat Zelena. He then ascends into Mount Olympus and briefly visits Emma in the Dream World to warn her about her journey to the Underworld.
In Victorian England, Alice accidentally stumbles upon a rabbit hole that leads her to Wonderland, where she interacts with Percy the White Rabbit, Cora the Queen of Hearts, Anastasia the Red Queen, and Will Scarlet. In Wonderland, she finds a genie named Cyrus and falls for him. After his apparent death, Alice is sent back to Victorian England and locked away in an asylum for a delusional believes of Wonderland.
Spending a year in the asylum, Alice is freed by Will and the White Rabbit, and is taken to Wonderland to face off Jafar and Anastasia in a quest to rescue Cyrus. During her time back in Wonderland, she helps reunite Will with Anastasia, Percy to his family, and Cyrus and his mother Amara. After Jafar is defeated, Alice and Cyrus returns to Victorian England for their wedding. Alice then gives birth to a baby girl. Several years later, Alice tells her daughter of her adventures in Wonderland, naming the White King and Queen as the true rulers of Wonderland.
In the Land of Oz, he witnesses the death of his sister, Penelope. He then relocates to the Enchanted Forest and falls in - love with Anastasia. Together, they escape to Wonderland for a better life, but Anastasia betrays him to become the Red Queen. Heart broken, Will gives his heart to Cora, becoming her Knave of Hearts. With Alice 's help, Will eventually regains his heart. After the Dark Curse is cast, Will is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, Will is sought by the White Rabbit after the curse breaks and is brought back to Wonderland with Alice to help find Cyrus. Will also tries to patch things up with Anastasia. After Will 's heart is inserted back into his chest, he is able to feel love again. After Jafar 's defeat, he reunites with Anastasia. However, somehow, he ends up back in Storybrooke and ends up in a relationship with Belle. Eventually, Will returns to Wonderland and to Anastasia, ruling alongside her as the White King of Wonderland.
In Agrabah, after cheating in a card game, Cyrus ' house was burnt down, resulting in his mother, Amara, being badly hurt. Travelling to the Well of Water, Cyrus and his brothers retrieve some of its waters to cure Amara. While it worked, Nyx, the guarding of the well, curses Cyrus and his brothers for stealing the water. They are turned into genies and spread across the realm. One day, a sorcerer named Jafar tries to steal the genie bottle containing Cyrus, but his master wishes for the bottle to be as far away as possible from their land. The bottle ends up in Wonderland and, years later, found by Alice. The two eventually fall in love, with Cyrus proposing to Alice at the Boiling Sea. But the Red Queen uses her magic and pushes him into the sea, killing him. Alice returns to Victorian England, distraught by his death. Later, it was revealed that Jafar saved Cyrus with his magic carpet and keeps him locked in a cage at Jafar 's floating tower.
Twenty - eight years later, upon revelation that Cyrus is alive from the Knave of Hearts and the White Rabbit, Alice is brought back to Wonderland. With her back, Cyrus can feel her presence and begins to find ways to escape his prison cage. Using a bone, he escapes the cage and leaves the tower to reunite with Alice. He eventually finds Alice, and is reunited. Later, Jafar conjures a thunderstorm curse to kill the Red Queen, where one thing led to another, causing the Knave to use Alice 's final wish, freeing Cyrus from his genie imprisonment and turning the Kane into a genie. Alice and Cyrus, with the help from the Red Queen, searche for the Knave. They later find out that Jafar 's serpent staff is Cyrus ' mother, Amara, trapped in that form. With the Jabberwocky 's help, Amara is freed. Later, during a battle at Wonderland Castle with Jafar, Cyrus is brutally hurt, causing Amara to help Jafar change the laws of magic. He is later cured by Amara. In order to defeat Jafar, Cyrus tries to return the water he stole from Nyx in order to revert the genie curse, but Jafar interrupts and steals it. Nyx then curses Jafar, turning him into a genie and banishing him to another realm. They return of the water also cause Amara to die. Cyrus later goes to Victorian England to wed Alice. Years later, both Cyrus and Alice have a daughter as they tell their daughter about their adventures in Wonderland.
In the Enchanted Forest, Anastasia meets Will Scarlet and falls in - love with him. For a better life, she and Will escapes to Wonderland, but she betrays him to become the Red Queen. As the Red Queen, she learns magic from Cora to ascend power over her realm. However, Anastasia eventually regrets her actions and wishes to reunite with Will, forming an alliance with Jafar to change the laws of magic.
Using Percy, she gets Alice and Will back in Wonderland to gain Cyrus ' genie bottle. However, her love for Will interrupts Jafar 's plan, which shatters their alliance as she is forced to leave her castle after Jafar 's takeover. Anastasia teams up with Alice and Cyrus to find Will after he becomes a genie. She patches things with Will but is killed by Jafar and eventually resurrected after his defeat. She and Will is briefly separated by unknown means, but they eventually reunite and rule Wonderland as the White Queen and King.
After his mother 's death, Jafar becomes the servant boy of the Sultan of Lower Agrabah, hoping to be acknowledged as the Sultan 's son. But the Sultan only loves his true heir, Mirza and tries to kill Jafar. Angered with this, Jafar learns magic with a sorcerer named Amara to get revenge on the Sultan. Jafar kills Mirza and takes the Sultan as prisoner. Jafar then goes to the Capital of Agrabah and becomes its vizier and eventually removes the Capital from human 's reach and relocates to Wonderland to team up with Anastasia.
Jafar instructs Anastasia to bring Alice back to Wonderland so that he can change the laws of magic. He tries many ways to force Alice into wishing to get Cyrus ' genie bottle. His alliance with Anastasia shatters after she betrays him, forcing him to take over her realm. He eventually gets all genie bottle and is forced to change the laws of magic with Amara, immediately betraying her after the spell is done. He is turned into a genie by Nyx after he is tricked into stealing her water and is sent to Fairy Tale Land. He is later killed by Jasmine after being turned to a staff.
As the White Rabbit of Wonderland, Percy is able to create rabbit - hole portals to any realm. During his time in Victorian England, Alice follows Percy through a rabbit hole to Wonderland. Sometime later, Alice kidnaps him in order to show him to her father as proof of Wonderland 's existence, but instead frees him after meeting Cyrus. After Alice is injured in a sword fight, Cyrus comes to the White Rabbit, who has his wife to cure Alice.
Twenty - eight years later, he retries the Knave of Hearts from Storybrooke and helps him rescue Alice from an asylum, bringing them both to Wonderland to help them find Cyrus as part of the Red Queen 's plan. It is later revealed that the Red Queen kidnapped his family and is forcing him to do her bidding. He later is forced to take Jafar to Victorian England, where Jafar captures Alice 's father and brings him to Wonderland. He later helps Alice recruit an army to defeat Jafar 's undead army. Following Jafar 's defeat, he opens a portlal for Alice, Cyrus and many of their Wonderland friends to Victorian England for preparation of Alice and Cyrus ' wedding. After the wedding, he sends his family, Anastasia, and the Knave back to Wonderland. Years later, Percy can be seen looking from behind some tall grasses when Alice and Cyrus are seen with their child.
Abandoned in the woods of the Enchanted Forest, she is sent to the Land of Oz and adopted by a Woodcutter and his wife. She gains knowledge of her past through the Wizard of Oz and becomes jealous when Rumplestiltskin chooses Regina over her to cast his curse. She is then recruited into the Sisterhood of Witches, but becomes jealous when Dorothy comes to the Land of Oz. She tricks Glinda into sending Dorothy home, banishes Glinda to the Enchanted Forest, and takes over the land as the Wicked Witch of the West.
Relocating to the Enchanted Forest, she begins her revenge plot on Regina after her return and is sent to the Land Without Magic via another Dark Curse. In Storybrooke, she opens a time travelling portal and masquerades as Marian, giving birth to Robin Hood 's daughter. Eventually, she and Regina patches their relationship and years later, ends up in the New Enchanted Forest. Following another curse, Zelena is cursed as Kelly West, who is engaged to Chad. After the creation of the United Realms, Zelena attends Regina 's coronation.
Sometime after marrying Marian, he becomes a thief who steals from the rich for the poor. He becomes the leader of the Merry Men. According to Tinker Bell, he is Regina 's true love. Years later, he has a son Roland. After the death of Marian, he becomes the only guardian for Roland. When the Storybrooke inhabitants is sent back to the Enchanted Forest, he meets Regina. He helps the group to shelter themselves when they find out that someone had taken over the land. When Snow White casts the Dark Curse, he is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, Robin becomes the love interest of Regina. When Marian returns from the past, Robin is forced to take her side, eventually leaving Storybrooke for Marian 's safety due to the Snow Queen 's influence on her. He later finds out that Marian is Zelena, thanks to Regina and is brought back to Storybrooke. He then helps the heroes go to Camelot to save Emma and to the Underworld to rescue Hook. After returning from the Underworld, he sacrifices himself in order to save Regina from Hades and moves on to Mount Olympus.
In the Wish Realm, Hook is sought by the Evil Queen to obtain a powerful weapon in the New Enchanted Forest. There, Hook runs into Gothel, who disguised herself as Rapunzel, and bares his child to escape a tower. Hook stays behind to take care of her, naming her Alice. Gothel eventually curses Hook 's heart, causing him to be separated from Alice. Over the years, he grew old with sadness in his life. One day, he ambushes Pinocchio and Emma Swan near an Enchanted Grove where he is on a mission to bring Emma back for a reward from Prince Henry. Before Hook can duel Pinocchio, Emma knocks him out. Years later, he goes to the New Enchanted Forest and makes a deal with Lady Tremaine - youth for himself in - exchange for Henry leaving her realm. However, Hook does not live up to his end of the deal, instead, he teams up with Henry and Regina to help find Ella and his daughter. Hook later helps Zelena rescue Robin after she is lured to Gothel. When the Dark Curse is cast, he is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, he is known as Det. Rogers, a police officer turned detective who is paired up with Detective Weaver. Victoria Belfrey hires them both to frame Henry out of the neighbourhood, but Rogers chooses not to. He teams up with Roni and Henry in order to get back at Victoria. Rogers later continues his investigation to find a missing women, Eloise Gardener by seeking Tilly for help. He eventually finds Eloise and frees her, arresting Victoria for kidnapping Eloise. Rogers then works with Weaver in order to prevent the destruction of the neighbourhood by a cult. After Henry kissing Roni breaks the Dark Curse and Gothel is defeated, Rogers is taken away in an ambulance when the poison in him reawakens.
As a child, her mother marries Marcus Tremaine and gains two step - sisters. After the return of Marcus ' first wife, Rapunzel, her mother runs away to New Wonderland. After a near death experience, Rapunzel shuns Ella after Marcus saves her instead of Anastasia. After Rapunzel kills Marcus, Ella becomes the maid of their manor. Years later, she meets Henry and falls in love with him and gives birth to their daughter Lucy. When the Dark Curse is cast, she is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, she is known as Jacinda Vidrio, a single mother and worker at Mr. Cluck 's Chicken Shack. Jacinda is believed to be incapable to take care of Lucy by Victoria, often clashing with one another. However, Victoria gives away her rights to Jacinda, offering a truce. Jacinda also starts falling in - love with Henry, and reunites with him after the curse breaks. Together with her family, she attends Regina 's coronation in the United Realms after the merger of the realms.
In order to save her family, Rapunzel makes a deal with Mother Gothel and ends up locked away in a tower for six years. After freeing herself, she learns that her husband had remarried with a family of his own. Desperate to reunite herself with her family, she curses Cecelia. However, after Anastasia 's apparent death, Rapunzel decides to kill Marcus and takes over the manor. She treats Drizella and Ella cruelly, prompting Drizella to conspire with Gothel to cast the Dark Curse which sends Rapunzel to the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, Rapunzel becomes Victoria Belfrey, the founder of Belfrey Towers and Belfrey Developments. Remembering her past life, Victoria has Gothel locked away in her tower as Eloise Gardener. But Eloise escapes eventually with Ivy and Detective Rogers ' help and Victoria is arrested for kidnapping. But Victoria finds a loophole and frees herself, determine to revive Anastasia. After removing Lucy 's belief, she awakens Anastasia, not knowing the price of it: Lucy would take Anastasia 's place. Rapunzel sacrifices herself to save Ivy and to trade her life for Lucy. Victoria is buried at Hyperion Heights ' graveyard, along with New Fairy Tale Land 's Once Upon a Time book.
Born in the New Enchanted Forest to Henry and Ella, Lucy is a catalyst in the curse 's prophecy. Fearing for Lucy 's life, Henry brings her deep into the forest with the intent to build a magical wardrobe that will send her to the new world, but she loses him when he battles a beast sent by the Coven of the Eight. She holds on to New Fairy Tale Land 's Once Upon a Time book to keep it safe and later finds her mother, Ella to alert her of Henry 's disappearance. After the Dark Curse is cast, Lucy is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, she is known as Lucy Vidrio and believes that most of its inhabitants are fairy tale characters, cursed into living false lives. She brings Henry to Hyperion Heights and trie to make him believe in the curse. She eventually ends up in a come after Victoria awakens Anastasia. Lucy is awaken when Victoria sacrifices herself to save her. Lucy then tries to get her parents together, helping Mr. Samdi cure Henry 's curse. After the curse breaks, she reunites with them. When all the realms are merged, Lucy joins her family for Regina 's coronation.
Forced to auction her items, Princess Tiana seeks help from Dr. Facilier to find a Prince, but finds out that it was a ruse, and decides to form a resistance against the King of the realm. As the resistance leader, Tiana recruits Ella, Henry, Regina, and Hook to help their cause. During this time, she meets Prince Naveen, but loses him to Dr. Facilier. Eventually, Tiana becomes Queen of her kingdom when her mother steps down... When the Dark Curse is cast, Tiana is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, Queen Tiana is known as Sabine, Jacinda 's roommate and worker at Mr. Cluck 's Chicken Shack. Sabine 's interest in making beignets causes her to open a food truck, unintentionally reuniting with Drew. After the curse breaks, Sabine regains her memories as Tiana and together with Ella, breaks down the door, but Dr. Facilier disappears, but she reunites with Naveen. After the merger of the realms, Tiana attends Regina 's coronation to Queen of the United Realms.
Born in the mines after his egg was accidentally sprinkled with fairy dust by the fairy Nova, he falls in love with her. The Blue Fairy tells Dreamy that if he and Nova run away together, she will lose her wings. Dreamy ends their relationship and returns to the mines, being renamed Grumpy. He then becomes friends with Snow White while she 's on a run from the Evil Queen, inviting her to stay at the Dwarfs cottage. Together with the other dwarves, he helps Snow defeat King George and the Evil Queen, taking back the realm. He then works as a guard at the Royal Castle for Prince Charming and Snow. On Charming and Snow 's wedding, he witness the Evil Queen threatening the realm with a powerful curse she intends to cast. As part of a War Council, Grumpy suggests that the Evil Queen should be killed in order to avoid the casting of the curse. On the day of the casting of the Dark Curse, Grumpy guards the castle from the watchtower, looking out for the curse. As the curse spreads throughout the Enchanted Forest, Grumpy alerts Charming and Snow, giving them enough time to send their daughter, Emma, through a wardrobe to another land. Eventually, the curse consumes Grumpy and all in the Royal Castle, sending them all to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, he is Leroy, a janitor at the Storybrooke General Hospital and the town drunk. He quickly forms a bond with Sister Astrid, and after learning of the nunnery 's rent problems, he assists with raising money to the content of Astrid. Leroy 's original memories are restored when the curse is broken, reuniting with Snow, now known as Mary Margaret, and the other dwarfs. He unites the dwarfs together and they begin to mine for fairy dust again. After the heroes leaves Storybrooke to save Henry in Neverland, Leroy and the other dwarves takes care of the town. When Regina is forced to undo her curse, Leroy is send back to the Enchanted Forest, and back to Storybrooke again after a new curse is cast. When Emma becomes the Dark One, Leroy joins the heroes in a trip to Camelot to save her, but ends up back in Storybrooke six weeks later via another curse. When Dopey turns into a tree after trying to leave Storybrooke during the third curse, Leroy and the other dwarves searches a way to undo it.
In Storybrooke, he is Tom Clark, the owner of the Dark Star Pharmacy. After the curse is broken, Sneezy joins the other dwarfs in an experiment to find out why the residents can not leave town. Crossing the border, he loses his memories of his past life once again. Mother Superior later creates a potion that restores his memories. When Emma fully embraced as the Dark One, she turns him to stone after seeing him in her red leather jacket. He is then turn back to normal by Regina.
In Storybrooke, he is Walter, a security guard who works at Storybrooke Hospital and occasionally dozes off on the job.
When the Evil Queen cast the Dark Curse, Dopey is sent to Storybrooke.
Years later, after Hook cast the third curse, he is sent over the town line by the other dwarves in order to see if there 's any consequences upon leaving town. This results in him being turned to a tree.
Eventually, the rest of the dwarves somehow managed to turn Dopey back to human form weeks before the people from the Land of Untold Stories arrive in Storybrooke. He then decides to get a master 's degree in Boston.
In the Enchanted Forest, as a girl, a wolf killed her father and brothers and then also transformed her into a wolf. The other aspects of the curse faded with age, but her heightened senses remain. Red inherited the family curse and is also a wolf, though Granny received an enchanted red cloak from a wizard, to prevent her transformation. When her granddaughter begins a relationship with a man called Peter, she disapproves. As news of a wolf killing villagers becomes known, Granny warns the others not to fight the monster. Red and Snow White believe Peter is the wolf, until Granny informs Snow of her curse. By the time she and Snow find Red, she had already killed Peter.
In Storybrooke, she is known simply as Granny and is the owner of Granny 's Bed and Breakfast and Diner. Her health problems prevent Ruby from leaving town, who assists her grandmother as a waitress. Granny 's memories are returned when the curse is broken by Emma Swan, and she embraces her family and friends. She is then send back to the Enchanted Forest when the cursed was reversed. When Snow White cast a new curse, Granny is brought back to Storybrooke, resuming her role as the owner of her Bed and Breakfast and Diner. She sometimes watches Baby Neal whenever Mary Margaret and David are busy.
In the Enchanted Forest, she was a teacher to Tinker Bell, until she stopped believing in her due to her rule - breaking. While she is quite powerful, she is unable to undo Rumplestiltskin 's magic. To help fix a problem created by his magic, she transforms Jiminy into a cricket and guides him to help Geppetto. She also transforms the puppet Pinocchio into a real boy, and creates a quill that temporarily immobilizes Rumplestiltskin, aiding in his imprisonment. Rumplestiltskin is hostile towards her and other fairies, blaming her for the disappearance of his son Baelfire. The Blue Fairy presents the idea of fashioning a wardrobe from a magical tree to save Emma and Pinocchio from the Evil Queen Regina 's curse by sending them to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, she is Mother Superior of the town 's nuns, who were all fairies prior to the curse. When August Booth is murdered by Tamara, she restores him to a seven - year old real boy. Following the successful mission to rescue Henry from Neverland, the town 's heroes return to Storybrooke. However, Peter Pan uses his shadow to kill Mother Superior by ripping her own shadow from her body, seeing her as a threat to his plot to take over Storybrooke. After Tinker Bell kills Pan 's shadow, Mother Superior 's is returned. She thanks Tinker Bell and restores her fairy status. After the cursed was reversed, she returned to the Enchanted Forest.
Following a new curse by Snow White, Blue is returned to Storybrooke, assuming back her identity as Mother Superior. She is later placed into Merlin 's hat after Mr. Gold controls an unwilling Captain Hook to remove the fairies from Storybrooke in his plan to cleave himself from his dagger. She and the other fairies are later freed by Regina. She later freed the Apprentice from the magic hat to help stop Isaac. She along with the fairies watch baby Neal, Zelena and Robin 's baby and Roland when the heroes head down to the Underworld. She later keeps Neal safe when Belle, Baby Hood and Zelena fall through a portal to the Underworld.
In the sixth season, Belle and Mr. Gold 's son Gideon is born. Belle asks Mother Superior be his fairy godmother and to go away with Gideon to care and protect him from Mr. Gold 's actions. She is then last seen flying away with Gideon from Storybrooke. However, she is intercepted and attacked by the Black Fairy who takes the baby Gideon to her realm. The Mother Superior later tells Belle and Mr. Gold about this. Afterwards in order to repair the sword to kill Emma, Gideon needs the blood of the person who forged it which is the Blue Fairy. Mr. Gold not wanting his son 's heart to be darken steals Mother Superior 's magic to repair the sword for Gideon but promises restore her magic after they defeat Gideon. The heroes eventually wake her up with the help of the fairy crystals and a dragon egg that never hatched but she is later taken captive by the Black Fairy to keep her from telling them about her deepest secret but she is later rescued by Mr. Gold and returned safely to the convent.
In the Land Without Color, Victor originally seeks a way to restore life to the dead, but has his funding pulled by his father. Rumplestiltskin offers him gold in exchange for the scientific method on how to revive the dead as magic could not. Victor robs a grave for body parts to experiment on, but is caught by Gerhardt who is shot by a police officer. As Victor attempts to bring Gerhardt back to life, electricity can not revive him, so Rumplestiltskin instead offers a heart from the Enchanted Forest. As part of a bargain, he creates a false attempt to reanimate Daniel to make it easier for Rumplestiltskin to manipulate her. In his own world, Frankenstein reanimates his brother with the heart, but inadvertently turns him into a monster, beating his father to death. Victor imprisons him until he can devise a way to help Gerhardt overcome his psychotic rage. When the Evil Queen cast her curse, Victor is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, he is Dr. Whale, a doctor working in Storybrooke General Hospital. He originally assists Regina Mills, doing whatever she says without hesitation. After the curse is broken, he leads a mob to Regina 's home intending to kill her. Victor later seeks a way to return to his brother, believing if he were to do something for Regina she would bring him back. He successfully reanimates Daniel 's corpse with a magical heart, turning him into a monster who savagely rips off Whale 's arm. Mr. Gold later reattaches his arm. He is transported back to the Land Without Color when Regina undid her curse.
After Snow White cast a new curse somehow, Victor returns to Storybrooke, resuming his position as the doctor at the hospital. He also helps deliver Mary Margaret 's and later Zelena 's baby.
Dr. Whale later helps Dr. Jekyll with his experiments to create a new serum to defeat the Evil Queen (Serum). This project was later crashed by the Evil Queen and Mr. Hyde.
In the Enchanted Forest, he became orphaned when Jiminy Cricket accidentally transformed his parents into puppets. He carves himself a son named Pinocchio out of magical wood. During their adventures, Pinocchio sacrifices his life for Gepetto 's. For this act, the Blue Fairy turns him into a real boy. She asks him to carve a magical wardrobe with the ability to save the pregnant Snow White and Prince Charming from the Evil Queen Regina 's curse. However, the curse would send everyone to a land without magic and Pinocchio, a real boy because of magic, could turn back into a puppet. Geppetto bargains with the fairy to use the second spot for Pinocchio, ultimating in her lying to the other inhabitants, claiming the wardrobe can only save one. Geppetto sends his son to the real world, telling him to protect the child and get them to break the curse.
In Storybrooke, he is Marco, the town 's handyman. August Booth offers to work as Marco 's assistant to which he agrees. His memories as Geppetto are restored when the curse is broken. Marco later takes in August, who is reverted to Pinocchio by Mother Superior, as his son again. He is sent back to the Enchanted Forest after Regina undoes the curse and is brought back when Snow White casts a new one.
In the Enchanted Forest, he marries Cora after she demonstrates the ability to spin straw into gold. He is later the loving but weak father of the Evil Queen, Regina, and serves as her royal valet in the Enchanted Forest. Henry is supportive of Regina, but does not protect her against the manipulations or actions of her mother. He is later held captive in Wonderland by Cora as leverage against Regina, who eventually rescues him. However, when Rumplestiltskin informs Regina she must retrieve the heart of who she loves most to enact his dark curse, she kills him. In Storybrooke, Regina appears to have cared a great deal for her father, naming her adopted son Henry and turning his tomb into a large mausoleum. After his death, Henry was sent to the Underworld.
Years later while trying to find Hook, Regina meets him, who apologies for her actions back in the Enchanted Forest. Later, Cora threatens to send him to Hell. When at the entrance to Hell, Regina tries to persuade her mother not to send her father to Hell which she starts to do. What Cora does n't know is that Henry was spared upon his unfinished business of Regina being free of her mother. Henry then meets his grandson Henry. Before heading to Mount Olympus, Henry tells his grandson to watch over his daughter and to remember who she is.
From Agrabah, the Genie is washed away to the Enchanted Forest and was found by King Leopold, who, being extremely wealthy, simply wishes to free the Genie and invite him to live in his castle to help him find true love. There, he falls in love with the King 's wife Queen Regina, who fools him to kill Leopold in order for her to become sole ruler of his kingdom. Realizing the Queen never loved him, he uses his final wish to remain with her forever; thus trapping him in her mirror. As a spirit in the Magic Mirror, he is able to move between and see through other mirrors in the Enchanted Forest, acting as a spy to Regina.
In Storybrooke, he is Sidney Glass, a reporter for Storybrooke 's local newspaper The Daily Mirror. On Regina 's request, he researches Emma Swan 's past to help Regina expel her from Storybrooke. After Graham 's death, Regina attempts to appoint him sheriff, but he loses the position to Emma. Sidney later secretly works with Regina to gain leverage over Emma. Emma later learns of his deception realizing that he is in love with Regina. Regina uses Mr. Gold to kidnap Kathryn Nolan, framing Mary Margaret (Snow White) for her alleged murder. However, after Kathryn is found alive, Sidney falsely confesses to kidnapping Kathryn to use as an article and become famous. He is then placed into Storybrooke 's asylum underneath the hospital.
Sidney was later freed by Regina for her quest to remove Maid Marian from Storybrooke, Regina again places Sidney in a mirror. It is soon revealed that Sidney was actually in allegiance with the Snow Queen working against Regina, who frees him in exchange for the mirror he was stored in.
It was later revealed that Sidney was actually operating in the World Behind the Mirrors when Regina sent him there twice. They find an unfinished mirror that Sidney never got to finishing.
In the Enchanted Forest, King George and his wife are unable to bear children of their own, leading George to strike a deal with Rumplestiltskin for an heir. He grants King George a boy named James.
At some point during King George having him be trained to be a knight, James runs away and ends up in Pleasure Island. While being chased by Robert, James runs into King George and his men. When Robert refuses to hand James over to him, King George has his men kill Robert and make it look like an accident. Afterwards, King George continues having James be trained as a knight.
Years later, the kingdom falls into financial trouble, and Prince James offers to slay the dragon plaguing King Midas ' realm in exchange for gold. James is killed in a duel against Behemoth and his twin brother David is recruited to carry out the task. The task is completed and Midas deems the Prince worthy of marrying his daughter and uniting the kingdoms. George reneges on his promise to return David home and forces him to marry, otherwise he will kill David 's mother and burn his home. Later, George learns that David has fallen in love with Snow White. He forces Snow to break David 's heart, though David still breaks off his engagement, fleeing the kingdom. George 's knights capture him, and David is sentenced to death, though the Evil Queen Regina intercepts him, instead using him in her plan to curse Snow. A reawakened Snow is then kidnapped by George, who curses her to never have children. This plan is foiled when water from Lake Nostos breaks the curse. King George later joins forces with the Evil Queen to fight Snow and Charming 's forces, which ends with George 's army being defeated and the Evil Queen being apprehended.
In Storybrooke, he is the cold - hearted District Attorney Albert Spencer who leads the prosecution for the Kathryn Nolan murder case, against Mary Margaret Blanchard. Following the curse being broken, Spencer murders Billy, framing Ruby in an attempt to show the town of David 's incapable control. Spencer then burns Jefferson 's hat that David was relying on to retrieve his daughter and wife who had fallen through a portal created by it.
A deleted scene in "Tiny '' shows Albert Spencer imprisoned in the mines at the time when David and Mary Margaret visit him. When Spencer offers to give them information on how to deal with Anton when he was brought to Storybrooke by Cora and Captain Hook in exchanged to be released, but they turn him down and take their leave.
After learning the truth about his father 's demise, David visits the psychiatric ward of Storybrooke General Hospital and takes Albert out of his cell to fight and kill him, but is stopped by Hook who then locks Albert back in his room.
In the Enchanted Forest, she was to marry Prince David, but when he falls in love with Snow White, Abigail helps him run away. She is in love with Frederick, a knight she was to marry until he was turned into gold while protecting her father. Charming later retrieves water from Lake Nostos that revives Frederick, and he reunites with Abigail.
In Storybrooke, she is Kathryn Nolan, the wife of David Nolan. David however is in love with Mary Margaret Blanchard, and starts an affair with her. She is later accepted into a law school in Boston, though David refuses to relocate and suggests they end their marriage. Kathryn then learns about David 's affair, deciding to move to Boston alone. However, her car is found abandoned at the town 's limits, and a missing persons case becomes a murder trial when a heart proven to be Kathryn 's is found in Mary Margaret 's jewelry box. It is later revealed that Regina worked with Mr. Gold to attempt to frame Mary Margaret for Kathryn 's murder, when Mr. Gold in fact kidnapped Kathryn. She is later found alive, though she does not remember her disappearance. Sidney Glass falsely takes the blame for her kidnapping. After the curse is broken, Kathryn and Frederick find each other and live happily together in her home.
One day, after Rumplestiltskin turns Ella to look like a princess, Gus is turned into a human in order to escort her to the Royal Ball at the castle. Later, the magic wares out and Gus is turned into a mouse again. He late persuades Ella to use a key to open a portal to the Land of Untold Stories in order to pause her story, but this course of action is stopped by Clorinda. Sometime later, after the Evil Queen cast the Dark Curse, Gus is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, he becomes a human named Billy, a car mechanic, who shows an interest in Ruby Lucas (Red Riding Hood) but is denied a date, unaware of the reason being her werewolf persona. Billy is later found dead, apparently murdered by Red in her wolf form. David Nolan (Prince Charming) however discovers his adoptive father, Albert Spencer (King George), gruesomely murdered him, leaving doctored evidence that Red was responsible, because he wanted David to look irresponsible of the town 's safety.
In the Enchanted Forest, Cora gives birth to Zelena after being trick by a gardener believed to be a Prince and abandons the child. She becomes a Princess with Rumplestiltskin 's help, marrying Prince Henry and gives birth to Regina. Controlling Regina to become Queen, Cora is sent to Wonderland where she becomes the Queen of Hearts and teaches Anastasia magic. When Killian is sent to kill her, Cora returns to the Enchanted Forest with him, shielding a corner of the realm from Regina 's Dark Curse.
Once the curse broke, Cora follows Emma and Snow to Storybrooke with Hook after they ended up in the Enchanted Forest. In Storybrooke, she turns a rehabilitating Regina back to evil but is unintentionally killed by Regina. In the Underworld, Cora is the Mayor of Underbrooke. Per Hades ' command, Cora tries to get Regina out of the land, but fails and is demoted to the mills. She is then rescued by Killian and Regina and decides to make amends with Zelena. After healing the broken bond between Zelena and Regina, Cora is granted entrance into Mount Olympus.
Living as a maid at Tremaine estate, she wishes to attend the royal ball at the King 's castle but her dress is destroyed under the orders of Lady Tremaine. She meets Rumplestiltskin after he kills her fairy godmother and offers her a contract - her wish in exchange for something she will have in the future. She signs without reading the contract and attends the ball where she meets Prince Thomas. The two falls in love and marries. However, Rumplestiltskin later reminds Ella of the contract and informs her that he wants her first - born child. When she discovers she is pregnant, she attempts to run away. However, Thomas and Prince Charming devise a plan to capture Rumplestiltskin. The plan succeeds, but Thomas disappears. Rumplestiltskin vows that she will never see Thomas again until the contract is fulfilled. After the Dark Curse is cast, Ella is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, she is Ashley Boyd, a single, nineteen year old, pregnant maid. The baby 's father Sean Herman is forbidden to see Ashley by his father Mitchell, leading to Mitchell arranging for Mr. Gold to pay Ashley in exchange for the baby. She originally agrees to the exchange, but later decides to keep her child. She attempts to flee town but goes into labor at the city limits. Emma Swan brings her to the hospital, where she gives birth to a daughter and reunites with Sean. Emma agrees to be in - debt to Mr. Gold if Ashley is allowed to keep the baby. Ashley and Sean are later engaged. After Regina undoes her curse, Ashley goes back to the Enchanted Forest, but returns following a new curse. Ashley begins teaching parenting classes in Storybrooke at her day care. She later reunites with Clorinda and is nearly killed by Lady Tremaine. Emma managed to heal Ashley, who is then reunited with Sean.
In the Enchanted Forest, she is placed upon a sleeping curse by Maleficent against the crimes of her parents and her soul is sent to the Netherworld. When the Evil Queen cast her curse, Aurora is spared as her kingdom is within the protective barrier done by Cora. Instead, Aurora is frozen for twenty - eight years, with her soul trapped in the Netherworld.
After the curse broke, she is awoken from her deep sleep by Prince Phillip, accompanied by Mulan. Following Phillip 's death, Mulan tells Aurora that part of the Enchanted Forest had been spared from the Evil Queen 's curse, as Emma Swan and Mary Margaret Blanchard are transported from Storybrooke to the area, after falling into a portal with the wraith. At first, she blames them for Phillip 's death, but eventually, she helps them get back to Storybrooke. She and Mulan later successfully recover Phillip 's soul and find a wounded Neal Cassidy after he is transported from a portal in Storybrooke, assisting him on his quest to find Emma and Henry. It is later revealed that Aurora and Phillip are expecting a baby, much to Mulan 's dismay as she secretly has romantic feelings for her.
Aurora and Phillip later greet the inhabitants of Storybrooke in the Enchanted Forest upon their transportation, after Regina undid her curse. It is later revealed that they were under the protection of Zelena, the Wicked Witch of the West, though she transforms them into flying monkeys when they reveal her intentions of stealing Snow White and Prince Charming 's baby. After Zelena 's defeat, the two are restored to human form and begin to live in Storybrooke, where along with Mary Margaret and Ashley, attends parenting classes with her newborn child.
In the Enchanted Forest, the evil witch Maleficent turned Phillip into a monster called the Yaoguai. Belle uses fairy dust to return Phillip to his human form, who then teams with Mulan to find Aurora. Prince Phillip then teams up with Mulan in search of Princess Aurora. When the curse is cast, they both are frozen for twenty - eight years.
Twenty - eight years later, when the curse is weakened, Phillip and Mulan awakens from their frozen state and resume their search for Aurora. They find her sometime after the curse officially breaks. He wakes Aurora from her sleeping curse. However, a wraith marks Phillip and the creature sucks out his soul. It is later revealed by Cora that Phillip 's soul was merely transported to another world and Aurora and Mulan later restore Phillip soul. The three then find a wounded Neal Cassidy (Baelfire), assisting him on his quest to find Emma and Henry. It is later revealed that Aurora and Phillip are expecting a child.
Aurora and Phillip later greet the inhabitants of Storybrooke in the Enchanted Forest upon their transportation, after Peter Pan 's curse took them back to their original worlds. Prior to the curse 's reversal, they were under the protection of Zelena, the Wicked Witch of the West, though she transforms them into flying monkeys when they reveal her intentions of stealing Snow White and Prince Charming 's baby. After Zelena 's defeat, the two are restored to human form and begin to live in Storybrooke.
In the Enchanted Forest, Mulan meets Belle and teams up to hunt down a fearsome creature known as the Yaoguai. After finding out that it was Prince Phillip, cursed by a witch, she teams up with him to find Princess Aurora. Due to the casting of the Evil Queen 's curse, they both are unable to continue their search as they were frozen for twenty - eight years.
Twenty - eight years later, when the curse is weakened, Mulan and Phillip awakens from their frozen state and resume their search for Aurora. They find her sometime after the curse officially breaks. After she is rescued, the trio encounter a wraith, who sucks out Phillip 's soul. When Emma Swan and Mary Margaret appear in the area, Mulan believes that they were responsible for unleashing the wraith, and for Phillip 's death. Mulan later trusts Mary Margaret and Emma, helping them return to Storybrooke. Later, Mulan and Aurora successfully recover Phillip 's soul and find a wounded Neal Cassidy after he is transported from a portal in Storybrooke, assisting him on his quest to find Emma and Henry. It is later revealed that Aurora and Phillip are expecting a baby, much to Mulan 's dismay as she secretly has romantic feelings for her, though she leaves to join Robin Hood 's Merry Men.
Mulan later ends up in DunBroch, where she teaches Merida in combat and archery. Then she later teams up with Ruby after she freed her from the Witch and both begin a journey to find Ruby 's family of lycans which lead them to the Land of Oz. The two of them later help revive Dorothy after she was placed under a sleeping curse by Zelena.
In the Enchanted Forest, he makes a deal with Rumplestiltskin in order to get his life extended; Smee trades him a magic bean for his age reversal. Captain Hook manages to intervene and kidnaps Smee to obtain the bean, later appointing him as a crewman on his ship, the Jolly Roger. Hook uses the bean to create a portal that takes the ship to Neverland where he and his crew will never age. In Neverland, Smee serves as an adviser to Hook, assisting in his murderous aspirations to kill Rumplestiltskin and to raise the newly arrived Baelfire.
In Storybrooke, Smee appears as a homeless man who kidnaps Belle under the orders of her father Moe French. Mr. Gold later uses him as an experiment for his spell that would enable anyone to cross the border to Storybrooke without losing their memories. When Hook arrives in Storybrooke, Smee immediately begins following orders, retrieving Mr. Gold 's most prized possession -- Baelfire 's shawl. In retaliation, Gold turns Smee into a rat.
He is later reformed to his human body when the Dark Curse is reversed and returns to serving Captain Hook.
In the Land Without Magic, as a young boy, he camped out in the woods of Maine in 1983 with his father. On that night, the Dark Curse took everyone to this new world that becomes Storybrooke. Owen enjoys Regina 's company. However, this only leads her trying to keep him and his father in Storybrooke. Owen escapes after Kurt is falsely arrested by Regina, vowing to return to his father.
More than twenty - eight years later, a man crashes his car into Storybrooke. His name is later revealed to be Greg Mendell, an alias of Owen whose name is a reference to the geneticist Gregor Mendel. When Greg is brought to the hospital, the residents debate whether to save his life and risk the truth of Storybrooke being revealed to the outside world. He is ultimately saved, and remains in the town to investigate the strange happenings of Storybrooke. Regina eventually learns of Greg 's identity, telling him to leave the town. Greg ignores her, as it is revealed he is in alliance with Neal Cassidy 's fiancée, Tamara. The two kidnap Regina and torture her to reveal his father 's whereabouts. She eventually tells him that she killed his father. A hurt Greg plans to kill Regina but escapes when David Nolan tracks him down. Greg and Tamara later obtain a trigger to obliterate Storybrooke, though it is foiled. The two instead kidnap Henry Mills, travelling to Neverland.
Upon their arrival, Greg and Tamara realize that they had been fooled. When confronted by the Lost Boys, the pair refuse to hand Henry to them, causing Peter Pan 's Shadow to rip out Greg 's shadow from his body, killing him instantly.
Her hatred of magic makes her determined to remove magic from the Land Without Magic, seeing it as unholy. Her quest begins in Hong Kong, where she visits a self - proclaimed healer called the Dragon claiming to have cancer. There, she meets August Booth, who also seeks the healer as he is gradually turning to wood. August steals $10,000 from her as a settlement to the Dragon 's cure, though Tamara finds and takes the potion back. She later returns to the Dragon 's home and kills the Dragon. Tamara later follows August to New York City where she begins a scheme to learn about Storybrooke. She befriends Neal Cassidy, eventually becoming an engaged couple.
After the curse is broken, Tamara comes to Storybrooke as Neal 's fiancè and continues her quest to eliminate magic. She deceives Neal by claiming that magic is fictional but later tracks down August Booth, bribing him to leave town. She then attacks him with her magical taser. She also began gathering information of the people of Storybrooke and their counterparts. Obtaining a trigger after kidnapping Regina, she and Greg activates it to self - destruct the town as a distraction. While the heroes attempts to save the town, Tamara and Greg kidnaps Henry. Tamara uses a magic bean to Neverland, where she finds out that she had been deceived by Peter Pan into believing that they were also fighting the same cause as her. After the Shadow rips out Greg 's shadow, Tamara is hit by an arrow. Mr. Gold finds Tamara and heals her in order to find the location of Henry. After Tamara asks for forgiveness for attacking his son, Mr. Gold rips out Tamara 's heart and crushes it.
In Neverland, he leads the group into searching Captain Hook 's ship for Baelfire, whom he eventually finds and delivers to Peter Pan, though he is not the boy wanted -- Henry Mills.
When Neal arrives in Neverland to save his son Henry, Felix captures him until being knocked out after he breaks free. Upon his capture of the group from Storybrooke, Felix is taken to the town and placed in jail, until Peter Pan breaks him free, explaining his plot to make the town "The New Neverland '' with possession of the original Dark Curse. However, Pan reveals he needs the heart of the thing he loves most to enact it. As Felix was the most loyal to him, Pan uses his heart to enact the curse, thus killing him as a sacrifice.
In the Enchanted Forest, Malcolm leaves his son in the care of two spinners, who give Rumplestiltskin a magical bean to create a portal to leave his careless father. Using the magic bean, Malcolm and Rumplestiltskin travel to Neverland, a place which Malcolm envisions in his dreams. He decides to stay in Neverland, abandoning Rumplestilskin. Malcolm transforms into his younger self, adopting the name of Peter Pan. The Shadow informs Pan that his youth is limited, and he will die when the hourglass of Skull Rock is complete. Some time later, Pan visits Hamelin in the Enchanted Forest posing as the Pied Piper to expand what would later become the Lost Boys. He also blackmails John and Michael Darling to help him with his tasks, in exchange for their sister Wendy 's life, who had been lured back to Neverland, sending them to the Land Without Magic before the Queen 's curse to retrieve a boy soon - to - be born.
After Henry is brought to Neverland, he tricks him by being a fugitive boy. He later reveals to Henry that he has the Heart of the Truest Believer. Pan falsely claims to Henry that magic is dying in Neverland, persuading him to give him his heart, leading Henry to temporarily die. After Pan traps Gold inside Pandora 's Box, Regina successfully reclaims Henry 's heart and revives him, before Pan swaps his and Henry 's souls. Once in Storybrooke, he steals the Dark Curse 's scroll from Regina 's vault and cast a new curse, but is eventually killed by Rumplestilskin regressing back to Malcolm in the process and his curse was undone by Regina.
After death, Malcolm 's Peter Pan form ends up in the Underworld. When the heroes arrives in the Underworld, Pan plans to return to the living by exchanging one of their lives. Mr. Gold later enlists Pan as part of a loophole for a deal with Hades that involves abducting Zelena before the two of them can have dinner together. After the contract for Gold and Belle 's baby is ripped up by Hades, Pan and Mr. Gold then plan to use Robin 's heart to revive Pan. However, it was a trick by Mr. Gold as the heart is actually a wineskin he glamoured with the water from the River of Lost Souls sending him into the River of Lost Souls.
When Malcolm and Rumplestiltskin comes to Neverland, they land on the Shadow 's island. When Malcolm decides to stay in Neverland by turning himself youthful, the Shadow banishes Rumplestiltskin back to the Enchanted Forest, despite Malcolm breaking the island 's rules by staying. As Malcolm transforms into Peter Pan, the Shadow began serving him and the Lost Boys. The Shadow, working with Peter Pan to locate a boy with the heart of the truest believer, goes to the Land Without Magic to kidnap boys, one of them being Baelfire. As Baelfire is the wrong one, the Shadow continues it hunt for the right child.
Years later, after Henry is brought to Neverland, the Shadow tries to prevent his family from finding him, including Rumplestiltskin. The Shadow takes the form of Belle to trick Rumplestiltskin into leaving Neverland, although the ruse is uncovered by Regina. Once Peter Pan is defeated, the Shadow follows the group back to Storybrooke and helps Peter Pan defeat them. However, with help from Neal Cassidy and Tinker Bell, the Shadow is killed.
In Victorian England, he is briefly seen when a young Alice returns from Wonderland. He is saddened of his wife 's death and Alice 's disappearance. While Alice is in Wonderland, Edwin remarries to a woman named Sarah and they have a daughter named Millie. When Alice returns from Wonderland, Edwin reveals to her that as she had been gone for so long, everyone assumed she was dead. He does not believe that Alice is lying, though Dr. Lydgate tells him that his daughter is delusional. After hearing that Alice had escaped from Bethlem Asylum, he is visited by Jafar under the alias of Dr. Sheffield. He takes Edwin to Wonderland, keeping him prisoner in his tower and posing as him to reconnect and gain sympathy from Alice. Jafar eventually brings Edwin before Alice, threatening to throw him into the sea to force Alice to use another of her wishes. Alice originally declines and Edwin is thrown to his doom, only to be returned to England as Alice uses her second wish to return her father back to his home. Edwin is unsure if he is delusional of the visit or if it was real. Following Jafar 's defeat, he is seen welcoming Cyrus to the family as he and Alice are married in London.
In Victorian England, he is a member of the Academy of Sciences, which has the final say on who they admit as a member. One of the people he turned down is Dr. Henry Jekyll, who at the time was creating a serum that would split a person into two with different personalities. After turning down Jekyll, Dr. Lydgate is confronted by Jekyll 's alter ego, Mr. Hyde, who threatens to expose his affair with his assistant if Jekyll is n't admitted. He then makes Jekyll a member. After Mr. Hyde kills his daughter, he watches as Mr. Hyde flees the scene.
After those events took place, he admits Alice at his asylum and taunts her, telling her that her stories of Wonderland are entirely fictitious and insane. He tells Alice that there is a new treatment that will take away her memories of Wonderland, to which she agrees. The morning of the procedure, the Knave and White Rabbit come to save Alice, and the three of them escape the asylum, journeying through a rabbit hole back to Wonderland, after a shocked Dr. Lydgate witnesses Percy the White Rabbit. Dr. Lydgate is later visited by Jafar under the alias of Dr. Sheffield where he uses the White Rabbit to get Dr. Lydgate to tell him where he can find Alice 's father Edwin.
While Anastasia, the soon to be Red Queen, is settling in at the castle, they introduce themselves to her. When she cheerfully inquires for their names, Tweedledee states that due to their status as servants, they do n't have any. During the conversation, Tweedledum notices the Queen of Hearts has come to greet Anastasia. The two Tweedles follow closely behind as the women stroll and casually talk.
Years later, his brother began working with Jafar while his loyalty towards the Red Queen remains. Eventually, Jafar his defeated. Tweedledum then attends Alice 's wedding in Victorian with the others and returned shortly afterwards.
Tweedledee has secretly worked with Jafar. Tweedledum hears through the grape vine that Cyrus has been captured. As he goes to tell the Red Queen of this, he discovers Tweedledee 's secret association with Jafar and also informs the Red Queen of this. When Jafar visits the Red Queen 's palace, he finds a box addressed to him by the Red Queen containing Tweedledee 's head as he tells Jafar "I think she 's onto us. '' Jafar later used the body of one of his servants to place Tweedledee 's head onto in exchange that Tweedledee takes Jafar to the Jabberwocky 's prison.
The Caterpillar is the boss of a group of warriors called Collectors who are sent to collect the debts to the Caterpillar from anyone. The Knave of Hearts is in debt to the Caterpillar. Cyrus once traded his compass to the Caterpillar in exchange for an invisible tent at the edge of the Outlands. Sometime later, when Jefferson and the Evil Queen comes to Wonderland, they are greeted by the Caterpillar.
Years later, when the Knave of Hearts and Alice travel to Underland to take possession of the Forget - Me - Knot, the Caterpillar accepts the Knave 's deal of obtaining the item from the Grendel for him, in exchange that the Caterpillar erases his debt. The Knave instead keeps the Forget - Me - Knot to help Alice on their quest to find Cyrus. Jafar later visits the Caterpillar so that he can tell him about the Knave of Hearts. When in the presence of Jafar, Caterpillar tells him about the Jabberwocky and where she was imprisoned. Cyrus later visits the Caterpillar in order to get his compass back.
In the Enchanted Forest, after she breaks some fairy rules, including interacting with the Evil Queen and stealing pixie dust, Tinker Bell is stripped of her wings and made human by the Blue Fairy. Tinker Bell later travels to Neverland.
Some years later, she forgives Regina and helps to find her son Henry who had been kidnapped by the sinister Peter Pan. She successfully arrives in Storybrooke with the rest of Storybrooke 's residents, where she manages to kill Peter Pan 's shadow. Her actions result in saving Mother Superior whose shadow was ripped from her body by Peter Pan 's. Mother Superior restores Tinker Bell to fairy status. After returning to the Enchanted Forest and with Snow 's baby threaten to be taken by the Wicked Witch, she and Blue and the other fairies search the woods for enchanted objects to defeat Zelena. She later returns to Storybrooke with everyone and encourages Regina to be with Robin Hood after finding out he 's her soulmate. She then helps her friends search for answers about a way to stop Zelena when she challenges Regina to a fight.
In Agrabah, Jafar is brought to the Sultan for theft. Before enacting the punishment upon Jafar, he notices a ring on Jafar 's hand, learning that Jafar is his bastard son. Finding out that Jafar 's mother is dead, he makes Jafar work at the Palace as a servant but never acknowledging him as his son. One day, during a diplomatic meeting, Jafar over speaks when the Sultan 's son, Prince Mirza, could n't answer a question. Later, the Sultan makes Mirza slaps Jafar for over stepping. The Sultan eventually drowns and kills Jafar, although Jafar is later revived. As an adult, Jafar kills Mirza and imprisons the Sultan.
Years later, the Sultan appears as an old prisoner in a cage of Jafar 's tower on a floating island. When the genie Cyrus makes his escape and offers to have the ex-Sultan accompany him, he declines claiming he would only slow Cyrus down. Jafar later visits his father, telling him that once Alice uses her final wish, he will control the laws of magic, thus forcing his father to acknowledge him as his son. Regretting that he had not killed Jafar when he had the chance, the ex-Sultan purposely falls into the pit that his cage hangs over. Though Jafar spares him upon having his magic carpet catch him so that he can witness his final move on Alice. During Alice 's raid on the palace, she managed to free the Sultan. When Jafar attains great magical power, he makes his father feel true love for him. The Sultan is happy to have Jafar as his son, but it turns out that Jafar only wants him to feel this way so the Sultan knows what it 's like to have someone who loves him kill him and drowns the Sultan with magic by making water appear within him.
Regina later summons Ariel to Neverland, revealing that mermaids can travel through realms. After restoring Ariel 's voice, she promises to return her legs if she retrieves Pandora 's Box from Mr. Gold 's shop to defeat Peter Pan. After she completes the quest, Regina gives her the ability to use both her legs and fins with a special bracelet, allowing her to continue her search for Eric in Storybrooke. With help from Belle, she finds Eric as a fisherman and the two reconcile. After Pan enacts his curse, Ariel, along with the other inhabitants, are returned to their original worlds. It is later revealed that Eric was kidnapped by the pirate Blackbeard and sent to Hangman 's Island. Ariel eventually finds a safe haven on the island with Eric.
Sometime later, Ariel gets accidentally trapped inside a bottle with the Jolly Roger by Elsa and is later freed by Hook and then helps him by bringing King Poseidon to Storybrooke.
Alice meets her upon attempting to locate the Knave of Hearts after the two split up. She tells Alice that she and the Knave were great friends in his earlier days, assisting him with many battles in Wonderland. She also reveals of his love for Anastasia, and this being the real reason that he escaped Wonderland... to forget her abandonment of him. Lizard later attempts to help Alice rescue the Knave, though she is knocked out by Jafar. She does regain consciousness where she sees Anastasia looking at the Knave 's petrified form.
Later after bathing in the river, Elizabeth finds Cyrus ' lamp where the Knave of Hearts is now residing. She does make some wishes which improves a nearby town. Elizabeth then admits to the Knave of Hearts that she has feelings for him. After unwittingly making her third wish for the Knave of Hearts to feel something for her, Elizabeth falls dead. The Jabberwocky later finds Elizabeth 's dead body and takes her eyes so that Jafar can track down Cyrus ' lamp.
After Amara was badly injured in a house fire, her sons steals the healing waters of the Well of Wonders to cure her, but her sons are turned into genies by Nyx, the guardian of the well and are scattered across Agrabah. Since then, she became a powerful sorcerer in Agrabah in a bit to find her sons. She is approached by Jafar who wishes to learn magic from her in order to enact revenge on the Sultan. Years later, after much training, she gets involved in a romantic relationship with Jafar. Eventually, she tells Jafar on changing the laws of magic which requires the power of three genies but leaves out details of the genies origin, being her sons. After helping Jafar to retrieve two of the bottles, she is eventually betrayed by him after Jafar pins the final bottle 's whereabout. Jafar poisons her and turns her into a serpent staff which he uses to channel her magic and uses it to his wish. As a staff, she is briefly destroyed by Aladdin after he snapped the staff into half but eventually restored by Jafar.
Many years later, the Jabberwocky helps Alice and Cyrus turn Amara back to human form to fight against Jafar in Wonderland. In the fight, Cyrus is brutally injured, leaving Amara with no choice but to join forces with Jafar to change the laws of magic. Amara then escapes with Cyrus and Alice on a magic carpet to the White Rabbit 's house where she heals Cyrus. She later joins Cyrus on their trip to the Well of Wonders to return the stolen water to Nyx to break the genie curse. Amara sacrifices herself to Nyx, causing her to turn into a pool of water. Despite Jafar 's interference, the water is eventually returned to Nyx.
When Baelfire breaks into her house, she takes him in and hides him in her room. Everyday, secretly, she would bring him food, but is caught one day by her parents whom lets Baelfire stay with the family. One night, she tells Balefire about the Shadow who possesses magic. She is warned by Baelfire to never associate herself with magic, but she ignores his warning and goes with the Shadow to Neverland. The next day, she tells Baelfire that the Shadow is coming for her brothers. Together, they fight off the Shadow, but Baelfire lets the Shadow takes him in order to protect Wendy and her family. When Baelfire fails to return, Wendy and her brothers goes to Neverland to save him, but gets caught by Peter Pan. Wendy is kept as prisoner for over a century while her brothers does Pan 's bidding to keep her alive.
A year after the curse broke, Wendy is still a prisoner of Pan, who is using an adult John and Michael to head to Storybrooke to prevent Belle and Ariel from giving Mr. Gold Pandora 's box, which he and Regina are seeking in order to defeat Pan in exchange for Wendy 's freedom. Pan later forces Wendy to pretend to be ill in order for Henry to harness his belief in magic, before she is returned to her cage. Mr. Gold is instructed by Ariel to attempt to save Wendy on his quest to kill Pan. Wendy is later saved by Bae, and in return she informs him and the rest of the group of Pan 's intentions to kill Henry. She is then rescued and escapes Neverland and reunites with her brothers in Storybrooke. After Regina undoes her original curse, Wendy, along with the other inhabitants of Storybrooke, is send back to their home world.
Sarah married Edwin and together they got a daughter, Millie. Years later, Sarah meets Alice upon returning from Wonderland after she loses her true love Cyrus. She is shown to be strict and forceful, disbelieving her stories of Wonderland, much like Alice 's father Edwin. Sarah is adamant on protecting Millie from Alice 's theories.
Many years later, Sarah is seen at Alice 's and Cyrus ' wedding, finally believing the existence of Wonderland.
In Wonderland, she is stronger than an entire army and it took one army to imprison her with a blade in her chest.
Many years later, she is freed by Jafar who requires her help. After finding Elizabeth 's dead body, she takes her eyes in order for Jafar to locate the third genie 's lamp. Learning that the Red Queen has it, the Jabberwocky hunts down the Red Queen and steals the bottle from her. She brings the Red Queen to Jafar as a prisoner and later taunts the Red Queen on her past history, as requested by Jafar. Eventually, the Jabberwocky successfully makes the Red Queen use all of her wishes. Later, after Jafar changed the laws of magic, he uses the Vorpal Blade to pin the Jabberwocky to the dungeon walls upon her serving her purpose. The Jabberwocky is later freed.
As a young woman, her parents travel on a mission to the Enchanted Forest, searching for a cure to Elsa 's powers. However, they are involved in a storm and die in a shipwreck. Elsa discovers this years later, leading Anna to venture to the Enchanted Forest to fulfill their parents ' last mission. Upon her return with remaining questions, Anna is suspicious of Ingrid who has befriended Elsa after revealing she is their aunt. Ingrid attempts to prove to Elsa that people will turn on her for her powers by cursing Anna to turn on her. However, Anna inadvertnalty traps Elsa within a magical urn which is then taken by Rumplestiltskin and placed within the Dark One 's vault.
After Emma Swan and Captain Hook are dragged into a time portal to the past, they bring Elsa to Storybrooke upon their return. Initially frightened of the new land, Elsa eventually befriends Emma who she helps accept her powers similar to her own. Attempting to locate her sister, she uses Anna 's necklace to bring her to Storybrooke. Elsa soon learns that Ingrid wants to make Emma and Elsa her new sisters having lost her own as a young woman. However, Anna finds their mother 's last letter, explaining her forgiveness towards Ingrid for their past in Arendelle. Realising what she has become, Ingrid destroys herself, leaving Elsa, Anna and Krisoff to return to Arendelle and reclaim the kingdom from Hans and his brothers, and restore the memories of her mother and her sisters to their kingdom. Some time later, after Blackbeard attacked her sister and her fiancé Elsa manages to defeat Blackbeard and his crew and then traps Hook 's ship the Jolly Roger in a bottle.
Princess Anna is the second daughter of the King and Queen of Arendelle, sister of Elsa, niece of Ingid and Helga and fiancè of Kristoff.
As a young girl, her parents travel on a mission to the Enchanted Forest, searching for a cure to her sister 's powers. However, they are involved in a storm and die in a shipwreck. Elsa discovers this years later, leading Anna to venture to the Enchanted Forest to fulfill their parents ' last mission, delaying her wedding to Kristoff. Returning to Arendelle with questions outstanding, Anna becomes suspicious of Ingrid (the Snow Queen) who claims to be her aunt. Ingrid imprisons Anna, using a spell to have her turn on Elsa, resulting in Anna trapping Elsa in the urn. Ingrid then freezes Anna and Kristoff and the kingdom of Arendelle.
Thirty years later, Arendelle thaws and Anna and Kristoff escape from Anna 's sinister previous lover Prince Hans. With help from Blackbeard, Prince Hans captures the pair who then are placed in a trunk and thrown off the ship. In Storybrooke, Elsa discovers Anna 's necklace in Mr. Gold 's pawn shop and vows to find her. When Elsa wishes for Anna to return using her Wishing Star necklace, she inadvertently brings Anna from Arendelle to Storybrooke. Anna discovers her mother 's letter, leading Ingrid to destroy herself and be with her sisters once more. Anna, along with Elsa and Kristoff, return to Arendelle and reclaim the kingdom from Hans and his brothers and just in time for her wedding.
Initially the target for the affection of the Sheriff of Nottingham, she runs away with Robin after falling in love with him. Sometime later, Marian is pregnant and falls ill, causing Robin Hood to obtain a magic wand from Rumplestiltskin 's castle to heal her. Marian later gives birth to a son named Roland, though she ends up wanted by the Evil Queen and is sentenced to death.
Years later, after Zelena opens a time - travel portal, Emma and Hook are dragged into it and sent to the Enchanted Forest of the past. Emma decides to rescue Marian, but she is later killed by Zelena who also traveled by in time with Emma and Hook. She then takes the form of Marian and returns to Storybrooke with them but is eventually discovered by Regina and Robin later on.
Originally set to marry Anna, she puts the wedding on hold in order to find the truth behind her parents ' death. After Ingrid attempts to harm Anna, Kristoff attempts to save her, only to be frozen by Ingrid.
Thirty years later, Arendelle thaws and Anna and Kristoff escape from the sinister Prince Hans, having now taken over the kingdom. With help from Blackbeard, Prince Hans capture Anna and Kristoff, who are thrown from his ship inside a trunk. In Storybrooke, Elsa using Anna 's necklace to unintentionally save Anna and Kristoff and bring them to the town. After Ingrid destroys herself, Kristoff returns to Arendelle with Anna and Elsa and claims backs the kingdom and just in time for his wedding.
As a child, Ingrid discovers that she has inherited ice magic. Her sisters Helga and Gerda, takes her to see Rumplestiltskin for help where Ingrid gets a magical gloves and an urn as a fail safe through a deal. One day, by accident, Ingrid kills Helga with her ice magic, prompting Gerda to trap her in the urn and hiding it in the North Valley. Years later, delevoping her powers as the Snow Queen, Ingrid is freed unintentionally and is reunited with her nieces Elsa and Anna, who she plans to replace as her new sisters. After Anna proofs as unfit, she strikes a deal with the Apprentice for a third magical sister. When a cursed Anna traps Elsa in the urn, Ingrid freezes all of Arendelle but loses the urn to Rumplestiltskin. Years later, with the Apprentice 's help, Ingrid goes to the Land Without Magic where she becomes Emma 's foster parent, but loses her. In 2001, Ingrid goes to Storybrooke and takes over an ice - cream parlor as Sarah Fisher while awaiting for Elsa and Emma 's arrival.
When Elsa is brought to the town, Ingrid sees her opportunity to finally complete her family. Attempting to show Emma her true abilities, Ingrid eventually causes her to lose control of her magic, though Elsa helps Emma to accept herself and her powers. Ingrid then places magical ribbons on the three of them, allowing her to harness their powers. She casts the Spell of Shattered Sight over Storybrooke, attempting to have the residents kill one another, leaving only her, Elsa and Emma remaining. However, when Anna arrives, reading her mother Helga 's last words of regret and forgiveness, Ingrid undoes the Spell of Shattered Sight by destroying herself. Before she dies, Ingrid returns the memories of Emma and Elsa, disappearing to the afterlife, where she is happy to join Gerda and Helga.
He protects his teacher 's creation, a box capable of transforming into a hat for absorbing and accumulating magic, from each person that takes on the Dark One 's powers. A version of the Dark One, Rumplestiltskin manages to steal the hat, but it is then taken by Princess Anna of Arendelle. Some time later, Ingrid obtains the hat and gives it back to the Apprentice in exchange for a portal to the real world in order for Ingrid to complete her family. Snow White and Prince Charming also cross paths with the Apprentice, offering them a spell to remove any potential darkness from their expected baby. After they obtain Maleficent 's egg, the Apprentice places the darkness inside and transports it to the real world. The Apprentice later confronts the Author for manipulating the transportation of Maleficent 's egg and imprisons him for his irresponsibility.
In Storybrooke, the Apprentice is visited by Mr. Gold, who uses the hat to place the Apprentice inside and utilize its power to be cleaved of the Dark One 's dagger 's control. Mother Superior later frees the Apprentice from the hat. He later helps to save Mr. Gold 's life by placing the Dark One 's dark powers into the hat. Unfortunately, the darkness escapes and enters the Apprentice 's body which weakens him. While in a weakened state, he reveals that Merlin is the only one who can stop the darkness forever after it is taken in by Emma Swan. He then procures a wand to assist the residents in their transport to Camelot to find him. Afterwards, the Apprentice takes his last breath and passes away. Henry later encounters the Apprentice in the Underworld where he learns that the Apprentice 's unfinished business is to make sure Henry does the right thing if he happens to get the key to the Sorcerer 's Mansion from Sheriff James where the Magic Quill is contained.
Failed to curse Queen Briar Rose, Maleficent curses both Princess Aurora and Prince Phillip after gaining strength from Regina. In dragon form, Maleficent become pregnant after intimacy with Zorro. After this, Prince David places a true love potion into Maleficent 's dragon form. Some time later, Regina visits Maleficent and steals the Dark Curse from her. After laying her egg, it is stolen by Snow White and Prince David and unintentionally send to the Land Without Magic by the Apprentice. When the Dark Curse is cast, Maleficent is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, Regina traps Maleficent in her dragon form beneath Storybrooke 's abandoned library and is slain by Emma to retrieve the true love potion, leaving her in an undead form. When Cruella and Ursula arrive in Storybrooke with Rumplestiltskin, they resurrect Maleficent to get even with the heroes. At this time, Maleficent reunites with her daughter Lilith and together, they locates Lilith 's father: Zorro. After the creation of the United Realms, Maleficent is invited for Regina 's coronation, but does not RSVP.
In the Oceanic Realm, as a mermaid, she is forced by her father to sing and lure pirates to their death. Hoping for a better life, Ursula joins Killian to travel far from her realm. But with interruptions from her father, she loses her voice to Killian. Out for vengeance, she turns herself into a sea witch and takes over the Oceanic Realm. She then befriends Maleficent and Cruella and works to escape Regina 's curse. Unintentionally, she is sent to the Land Without Magic with Cruella and Maleficent 's egg where she uses the egg to keep herself from ageing.
Many years later, Ursula works as an aquarium worker in New York. Rumplestiltskin finds her and offers her happy ending if she works with him, Cruella and Maleficent. Entering Storybrooke, Killian makes a deal with Ursula for information regarding Rumplestiltskin 's plan in - exchange for her singing voice. When this fails, Killian retrieves King Poseidon with Ariel 's help, who apologises to Ursula for his past actions. Reconciling with her father upon having her singing voice returned, Ursula leaves with him to return to the Oceanic Realm.
In 1920s England, Cruella poison her father and stepfathers and is locked away by Madeline. Years later, Isaac Heller frees her and gives her the ability to control animals using magic. Using magic, she kills her mother and her Dalmatian dogs, making Isaac to seal her fate: where she can never kill a living soul ever again. Cruella then travels to the Enchanted Forest and teams up with Maleficent and Ursula. She, along with Ursula and Maleficent 's baby egg, is unintentionally sent to the Land Without Magic by the Apprentice.
In the Land Without Magic, Cruella marries a rich man, Mr. Feinberg and takes on the identity of Cruella Feinberg. Years later, Rumplestiltskin brings her and Ursula to Storybrooke where they resurrect Maleficent to find the Author to rewrite their endings but is killed by Emma after being pushed off a cliff, ending up in the Underworld. When the heroes ends up in the Underworld to save Killian, she tries to prevent them from leaving, but fails. In Sir Mordred 's bar, she expresses her dissatisfaction of the Underworld, but refuses to move on.
Working as a television sales person in the Land Without Magic, Isaac is offered the position of being an author by the Apprentice who takes him to Fairy Tale Land to record stories of its inhabitants. During his time as the author, he manipulates his power to alter the life of many, including Cruella De Vil, Snow White, Prince Charming, Maleficent, Ursula, and Lilith, prompting the Apprentice to trap Isaac in the Once Upon a Time book as punishment. Despite being trapped, the book is constantly updated until the Dark Curse is cast, and Isaac 's writing comes to a halt.
Years later, he is sought by many wanting to alter their fate for a happy ending. Isaac is freed from the book and aligns himself with Rumplestiltskin as he too wishes to alter his own fate. Once obtaining ink for his quill, Isaac alters the Storybrooke inhabitants ' fate, sucking everyone but Henry into the World Within the Book. His wrong doing is then undone by Henry and he is imprisoned by David and Snow. He is later freed by Regina in - exchange for information about the ending of the Once Upon a Time book. After revealing the fate of the Savior and the book 's Final Battle, Isaac leaves Storybrooke back into the Land Without Magic.
Born inside an egg, she is transported from the Enchanted Forest to the Land Without Magic after Snow White and Prince Charming attempt to rid their daughter Emma Swan of any potential darkness. As an orphan, Lilith is adopted into the Page Family in Hopkins, Minnesota, though she runs away after feeling alone. She meets a similar aged Emma who befriends her after realizing their supposed similar orphan situation but part ways after Emma finds out that Lilith has a family of her on. Lilith later tracks Emma down at her new foster family and after unintentionally destroying Emma 's life with them, Lilith decides to part ways with Emma for good. Abort a bus, she is approached by the Apprentice who tells her about her origin and how Emma 's parents are responsible for the damage of her family. Lilith later begins plotting a way to Storybrooke to get even.
Years later, per Maleficent 's request, Emma tracks Lilith down and convinces her to go back with her to Storybrooke. Lilith lies to her and convinces Emma that her life turned out fine, but later steals Emma 's car with the Sorcerer 's scroll to get into Storybrooke. The two eventually make amends and Lilith is reunited with Maleficent in Storybrooke. She convinces Maleficent to get revenge on Prince Charming and Snow White, but Maleficent chooses to let it go, causing her to down the revenge pay on her own by turning into a dragon. Eventually, she listens to Maleficemt by giving up on revenge. Briefly, Lilith, along the other Storybrooke inhabitants, is sent to the Alternate World after Isaac Heller rewrites the Once Upon a Time book, but is returned shortly afterwards. Following Isaac 's defeat, Lilith decides to stay in Storybrooke permanently with Maleficent, at the same time, to locate her father.
By the end of the series, it was revealed that Maleficent reunited with the father of Lily who turns out to be someone named Zorro.
Running in a desert, Merlin is gifted water in the form of a Holy Grail due to thirst by the Gods which gives him magical ability. Merlin uses his magic to help others in - need in Camelot. One day, he is approached by Nimue who needed help from Vortigan, a man who attacked her village. Eventually, Nimue becomes power hungry after drinking the water from the Holy Grail and Merlin is forced to tender her to a dagger, making her the first Dark One. Some time later, Nimue gets even with Merlin and turns him into a tree. Trapped in the tree, Merlin prophecies the future of Camelot, where Arthur would become the King of the realm.
In the Land Without Magic, briefly by unknown means, Merlin appears as an usher to a young Emma Swan, warning her to never pull Excalibur from its stone in the future.
Years later, he is freed from his imprisonment by Regina and Emma, causing King Arthur and his knights to rebel against him for aiding Regina and Emma. Merlin tried to remove the darkness from Emma, but Emma refused as it would result in the death of Hook. When Hook becomes a Dark One as well, Merlin records a message for the heroes on how to defeat the darkness, but is interrupted by Hook, who wishes to cast the Dark Curse to send everyone back to Storybrooke to get revenge on Mr. Gold. Hook, as Nimue, rips Merlin 's heart and crushes it into a pot with the curse 's ingredients which enacts the curse.
As a young boy, it was prophesied by Merlin that he will become the King of Camelot. Sometime later, he pulls Excalibur out from the stone, but notices that half of the sword is missing. He then marries Guinevere and makes her Queen of Camelot. Later on, using the Sands of Avalon, he turns his tower into a castle.
Years later, he greets the inhabitants of Storybrooke into Camelot, who are seeking Merlin. While there are in Camelot, he discovers the missing piece of Excalibur -- the dagger of the Dark One. He manipulates events in order to get the dagger, eventually working with Zelena and binding Merlin to Excalibur, forcing him to kill the heroes. Emma intervenes, forcing Arthur and Zelena to retreat. He later works with Zelena to get an Enchanted Helm from DunBroch, but is defeated by Merida and her clans. Later, when Hook -- the newest Dark One cast another curse, Arthur is sent to Storybrooke.
In Storybrooke, Arthur reunites with the other inhabitants of Camelot and forms a camp nearby. He also works with the heroes to find out what happened back in Camelot, due to everyone 's memories of their time in Camelot being erased by the curse. He is later arrested by David for deceiving the heroes but escapes sometime later. He is then killed by Hades ending up in the Underworld. There, he help Hook to send a message to Emma on a way to defeat Hades. After succeeding, a portal to Mount Olympus opened for both of them, but Arthur chose to stay back and make the Underworld his new kingdom. This worked as he has overthrown Cruella and ruled of the Underworld for over fifty years.
When her mother is transformed into a bear by the Witch of DunBroch, she helps transform her back to human form. Years later, she witness the death of her father, resulting in her being the next Queen of DunBroch. When the United Clans claims that she 's unfit to rule, they kidnaps her triplet brothers in a form of protest. While searching for her brothers, she meets Emma, the new Dark One. At first, she was willing to help Emma, but eventually betrays her after a misunderstanding. She is later jailed by Arthur, but is freed by Merlin. Kidnapping Belle, she makes her help in the search of her brothers, eventually rescuing them. She also finds out that Arthur was responsible for the death of her father. On horseback riding to Camelot, she is swept away to Storybrooke by the curse cast by Hook.
In Storybrooke upon being brought there by the Dark Curse, Merida became a minion for Emma as she has her heart in order to train Mr. Gold to become heroic enough to release Excalibur and at the same time use him in order to kill Emma. Mr. Gold passed this event by defeating Merida 's bear form. Upon releasing Mr. Gold and Merida from her clutches, Emma then tells Merida that her three brothers are safe with their mother in DunBroch. She is then asked by Regina to guard Emma but ends up being knocked out by Hook. Merida then receives her memories back along with everyone else by Emma, and is later ask to watch Arthur in his jail cell while they travel to Underworld to bring Hook back. Eventually, the heroes open a portal for her, the Camelot inhabitants, and the Merry Men to return to the Enchanted Forest where she later returns home to DunBroch.
From an unknown realm, Nurse Ratched is brought over to the newly created town of Storybrooke, working at Storybrooke General Hospital as the Severe Nurse. Following the breaking of the curse, she resumes her original identity as Nurse Ratched and continues working at the psychiatric ward. Later on, after Regina reversed the curse, Nurse Ratched is sent back to her homeworld along with the rest of the inhabitants of Storybrooke.
With the new curse cast by Snow White, she is brought back to Storybrooke and resumes her job as the psychiatric nurse at the hospital. She is later seen in charged of the prison ward underneath the hospital too. During Fiona 's curse, Nurse Ratched is cursed into working with Fiona to keep Emma from remembering her past life by heavily giving Emma pills. After the curse breaks, Nurse Ratched resumes her ordinary life.
As a young girl, she believed in Arthur 's dreams of becoming a king, and upon returning with Excalibur she became his wife. Unfortunately, she would become neglected by Arthur 's obsession with Excalibur, resulting in her falling for Lancelot. The two even went on a mission to seek out the Dark One 's dagger. Thanks to a deal made by Rumplestiltskin, she traded the gauntlet in exchange for the magical sands that came from the sap of a tree that is found on Avalon. When Arthur finds out about her feelings for Lancelot, he takes the sands and uses it on Guinevere to make her follow his orders and then they both use it to fix Camelot and make it into a castle. She then uses the sand on David and Mary Margaret so they can follow Arthur 's orders but they are later free from it thanks to Merlin. Guinevere later watches in horror when the Dark Curse consumes all of Camelot and takes them to Storybrooke.
When Captain Hook 's Dark One form evoked the Dark Curse, Guinevere is among those that ended up in Storybrooke with her memory of the last six weeks erased. She is later send to the Enchanted Forest and then back to Camelot with her people and the Merry Men and Merida.
During his tenure, Lancelot witnesses Arthur free Excalibur from its stone, though abandons his place on the Round Table after falling in love with Arthur 's wife Guinevere, this after they went on a quest to find the dagger, which resulted in a deal with Rumplestiltskin that Lancelot was against. After leaving Camelot, he became a servant of King George under the alias of Leviathan. Under the orders of King George, Lancelot captures Snow White and brings her to him, unintentionally allowing King George to curse her with water that makes her barren forever, with no chance of producing children. Lancelot revisits Snow, mentioning that he had no knowledge of the water 's content. Using the remnants of the water in Lake Nostos, Lancelot is able to undo the curse on Snow White.
After the curse, Cora masquerades as Lancelot, claiming that he 's dead. Lancelot turns up alive. At some point, he returns to Camelot and sneaks into King Arthur 's castle. During the night where David is bestowed the Siege Perilous seat by Arthur, Snow White goes out to the hallway to calm down her crying baby son where she sees a shadowy figure walk past. When she calls out to the person, Lancelot steps out much to her astonishment. He assures her it is truly him. After putting aside the story of his struggles, Lancelot warns her about a villain that is currently in the castle. At first, Snow assumes he is speaking about Emma. Instead, Lancelot reveals that King Arthur is the villain and Camelot is not what it seems. When Arthur found out that Lancelot was alive and confronted him and Mary Margaret in the Dark One 's Vault, David found out where the suspicions towards King Arthur were confirmed. When the rest of the Knights arrive at Granny 's to help King Arthur, Lancelot also discovered that Guinevere was under Arthur 's command thanks to the sand dust that was used on her by King Arthur. Lancelot is locked up in the dungeon where he meets Merida as they both plan to find a way to defeat King Arthur. Both of them are freed by David 's group with the help of Merlin. Following Captain Hook being tethered to Excalibur, Merlin sends Sir Lancelot to his mother, the Lady of the Lake which is a two - day journey to help stop the darkness. He is too late to help and is not swept up by the third Dark Curse back to Storybrooke like everyone else.
As an avid horse rider, she hopes to follow her late mother 's footsteps as a champion horseback rider. When the Storybrooke inhabitants comes to Camelot, she becomes Henry 's crush, sharing a passion for music. She also played a part in Emma 's quest to free Merlin in Camelot by using her to break Henry 's heart so she can obtain Henry 's teardrop in order to free Merlin. Later on, when the Dark Curse is cast, Violet is send to the Land Without Magic.
Arriving in Storybrooke, Henry develops a crush on her again. After her horse Nicodemus goes missing, Henry catches him and returns Nicodemus to Violet during the town party, impressing her father, Sir Morgan. Sir Morgan departs with Nicodemus to the stables while Henry and Violet share a kiss. Later, Violet follows Henry out of Storybrooke to New York City to destroy magic. She, along with Henry, is brought back to Storybrooke by the heroes where she shares a passionate kiss with Henry. She, along with her father, chooses to stay in Storybrooke. She later becomes a student at Storybrooke High. She continues to date Henry after the Final Battle, but eventually they break up.
Robin is born out of wedlock because of Zelena 's trickery towards Robin Hood. As a baby, Zelena raises her in Storybrooke after the town once again found peace after the Final Battle was won. Shortly afterwards, Robin is brought to the New Enchanted Forest, where due to the time difference, grows into a twenty - five year old women who specializes in archery. She also engages in a relationship with Alice. After the Dark Curse is cast, Robin ends up in the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, Robin is now Margot and is Kelly 's daughter. However, with involvement from Roni, she goes to Amsterdam with tickets from Roni. She afterwards ends up in Phuket for a foam party and never returns home.
At some point, the Blind Witch comes to possess the Evil Queen 's poisoned apple. One day, the Evil Queen bargains with two young children, named Hansel and Gretel, to find their lost father, in return for stealing a poisoned apple from the witch. However, despite the Queen 's warning not to eat anything, Hansel licks some frosting off a cupcake, awaking the witch. She tries to eat Hansel and Gretel but they trick her and lock her in her own oven. The Queen, who was watching the events through her mirror, sends a bolt of fire through the mirror and lights the oven on fire.
Since her death, the Blind Witch works at the Underworld 's version of Granny 's Diner when she encounters Mary Margaret. She has n't forgiven Regina for sending Hansel and Gretel to retrieve the apple and for burning her alive. Mary Margaret gets the Blind Witch to tell them where they can find Hercules. She tips them off by stating that he comes in from the shipyards during his lunch hour. The Blind Witch later informs Emma, Regina, and Red about where they can find Auntie Em stating that where she works is the competition to her business. She later acquired powers from Hades to keep the outsiders from escaping the Underworld in exchange for taking over the realm with Cruella when Hades leaves, this after Regina discovered that she was n't supposed to have any ability to obtain magic. After the heroes escape the Underworld, she continues her work in the Underbrooke diner at the time when King Arthur arrived after he was killed by Hades.
After his father Cronus appoints Zeus as the next ruler of Mount Olympus, he kills him. Zeus then stops his heart from beating and banishes him to the Underworld to be its ruler. One day, he appeared before Liam Jones and offered to let the ship sink in exchange that Liam and Killain be spared and the Eye of the Storm will be in their possession. Years later, he meets Zelena in the Land of Oz and was interested in her time travelling spell. He fell in love with her but Zelena saw it as a trick and asked him to go back to the Underworld.
When Emma and her allies arrive in the Underworld, he forces Cora to get rid of the heroes from his land. Failing, he turns Cora back into a miller and forces her to work at an underground mill for her failure. After Hercules and Megara ascend to Mount Olympus, Hades decides to trap the heroes in the Underworld by forcing Hook to write a new name on a gravestone for each souls that leaves. When Hook refuses, he hangs Hook over the River of Lost Souls. He also sends Captain Silver to the Worst Place and tries sending Hook, later Liam, there but fails. He also buys the contract made by Rumplestiltskin years ago with Fendrake, threatening to take Mr. Gold 's second unborn child with Belle. He is later reunited with Zelena, who falls in love with him. When she gets kidnap, he asks Emma 's help to get her back. Later, after his heart starts beating again due to true love 's kiss, a portal is opened. He turns over the Underworld to Cruella as he leaves for Storybrooke with Zelena and her child. There, he kills King Arthur and hopes to take over Storybrooke. Using the Olympian Crystal, he kills Robin Hood. Zelena then kills him with the Olympian Crystal.
In Victorian England, he tries to join the Academy of Sciences run by Dr. Lydgate but he turns him down, claiming that his experiments is too dangerous. With Rumplestiltskin 's help, Dr. Jekyll uses a serum to change his personality, along with his looks and shows up uninvited at a party hosted by Dr. Lydgate. He also ends up in a relationship with Mary while as Mr. Hyde. When Mary finds out that he used the serum to pose as Mr. Hyde, the both has a rough fight, leading to Dr. Jekyll accidentally pushing her from her bedroom window, falling to her death. He later goes to the Land of Untold Stories.
When David, Snow, Zelena and Hook accidentally get sent there through a portal, Dr. Jekyll meets them but is afraid to help them because of what the Warden might do to him. Later, he finishes the serum he developed to separate his good side and his evil side and Hyde separates from him. He is later rescued by David, Snow, Zelena and Hook and is taken along with them to Storybrooke to live a better life. He later works with Dr. Whale in his garage to make a new serum to defeat the Evil Queen (Serum). He later tries to hurt Belle, resulting in Hook killing him. The side effect also kills Mr. Hyde.
In Victorian England, after Dr. Jekyll, with the help of Rumplestiltskin, creates a serum, he uses it to transform himself to Mr. Hyde. He threatens to expose Dr. Lydgate 's affair with his assistant if he does not give a place in the academy for Dr. Jekyll. He then ends up in a relationship with Mary, but she is later killed by Dr. Jekyll. He later confronts Rumplestiltskin about the incident and makes his way to the Land of Untold Stories.
Years later in the Land of Untold Stories, Hyde steals the Pandora 's Box containing Belle and her unborn child from Gold by using the Apprentice 's Wand after he is told the Dark One has found love. After he is separated from Dr. Jekyll, Mr. Hyde makes a deal with Gold telling him on where to travel to find a way to free Belle from her sleeping curse. In return, he travels to Storybrooke with his fellow Untold Stories and announces to Regina Mills it is his. After a dirigible from the Land of Untold Stories arrives, Dr. Jekyll, David Nolan, and Regina were able to subdue Mr. Hyde with special shackles despite Emma having some hand tremors at the time. While locked up in the psychiatric ward of the Storybrooke Hospital, Mr. Hyde states that Emma should follow a red bird if she wants to find the answers to her hand tremors. He is later freed by the Evil Queen (Serum). When Hook kills Dr. Jekyll, he also dies as he is Dr. Jekyll 's alter ego.
Separated from Regina, the Evil Queen wages war on her and heads to Storybrooke. She then begins manipulating events in - order to turn Regina dark, but her priorities shifts to avenging Daniel 's death by destroying Snow White 's happiness. She places a joint curse on Mary Margaret and David, making it impossible to break. Regina, however, wishes to make peace with the Evil Queen. While dueling, Regina rips the Evil Queen 's heart and balances the darkness with her own lightness so that the Evil Queen can feel some form of love. In order to start fresh, she leaves Storybrooke for the Wish Realm and engages in a relationship with Robin of Locksley. However, the villages believe she is responsible for the death of King David and Queen Snow White, forcing them both to retreat to the Enchanted Forest, in Regina 's former palace.
During the Black Fairy 's curse, as all the realms began to crumble, the former Evil Queen works alongside Regina and Zelena to find a way to get back to Storybrooke to reunite with Emma and Henry to stop the destruction of their world. When all fails, the Queen helps halt the curse as Regina gathers everyone at the center of her palace. The curse engulfs the Queen into nothingness. However, once the curse breaks, the Queen reforms. Sometime afterwards, Robin of Locksley proposes to her.
Kidnapped by the Black Fairy upon birth in Storybrooke, he is brought to the Dark Realm. Due to the time difference, he grows a full twenty - eight years and is forced to return to Storybrooke when the Black Fairy rips his heart and controls it. In Storybrooke, he manipulates events in order to open a portal from the Dark Realm to bring over the Black Fairy, something which he successfully does with the blood of Emma.
During the Black Fairy 's curse, he is led into thinking that his mother left him and his father and is later commanded by the Black Fairy to kill Emma. As the two duel, Emma is struck, and Gideon disappears, turning back into a baby for Mr. Gold and Belle to have a second chance in raising him. During a victorious dinner at Granny 's Diner, Belle and Mr. Gold brings Gideon to join the others. Eventually, after his first birthday, he is taken to various worlds by Mr. Gold and Belle. In one of those worlds, Gideon gets accepted into Elphame Academy and bids farewell to his parents to attend his lessons. While his parents spends time in the Edge of Realms, Gideon occasionally visits them, with each time, Belle is older than before due to the time different in that world. After Belle dies, Gideon visits her grave with his father to say his goodbyes to her.
As a thief, Aladdin is hired by Princess Jasmine to locate the Diamond in the Rough at the Cave of Wonders, but Jasmine after reveals that she had been looking for Aladdin as the Savior of Agrabah. When the Capital Palace is attacked by Jafar, Aladdin saves the Sultan and Jasmine by breaking Jafar 's staff. After Jafar escapes, Aladdin hunts him down, but is gifted a pair of scissors which can cut his fate of being the Savior, which Aladdin uses. Knowing that Jasmine is looking for him to save Agrabah, Aladdin retreats to the Enchanted Forest and is swept by the Dark Curse to the Land Without Magic.
Years later, Emma finds Aladdin in an underground cemetery. He gives her the scissors as a back up plan for her as she is the current Savior. He then reunites with Princess Jasmine and becomes a genie to help locate Agrabah 's whereabouts. However, he gets captured by the Evil Queen and becomes her slave. When she is temporarily defeated, Aladdin is freed. Together with Jasmine, they returns to Fairy Tale Land to locate Agrabah. With help from Hook and Ariel, they find Jafar 's genie lamp and discovers that Agrabah is inside the Crown Jewel of Agrabah. After freeing their realm, Aladdin rules Agrabah with Jasmine but is threaten with the Black Fairy 's curse, which destroys all of Agrabah, forcing Aladdin, Jasmine, and a few of their citizens to retreat into the Portal of Doors. After the curse is lifted, and all the realms are restored, Aladdin and Jasmine returns home. Standing atop the palace 's balcony, Aladdin and Jasmine looks upon their realm with much happiness.
When Jafar began residing at the Capital of Agrabah, he uses his serpent staff to control the Sultan of Agrabah, Jasmine 's father. To save her father and all of Agrabah, she recruits Aladdin to help her obtain the Diamond in the Rough from the Cave of Wonders, where she reveals to Aladdin that he is to be the Savior of Agrabah. She is later confronted by Jafar and placed in an hour glass as Jafar proceeds with plans to take over the realm. She is rescued by Aladdin as Jafar flees the capital to a neighbouring kingdom. She does not joins Aladdin in his mission to locate Jafar and stays back at the capital to undo Jafar 's doing. Some time later, Jafar tricks Jasmine into marriage in order to get the Crown Jewel of Agrabah, which he uses to remove Agrabah from man 's reach. Jasmine consults the Oracle and decides to find Aladdin. By unknown means, she, along with the Oracle, goes to the Land of Untold Stories.
When Mr. Hyde brings the Land of Untold Stories refugees to Storybrooke, Jasmine takes on the identity as Shirin and becomes an assistant teacher at Storybrooke Elementary School. She is then framed for the murder of the Oracle, but freed afterwards. During her time in Storybrooke, she reunites with Aladdin and requests his help to find Agrabah. Together, they return to Fairy Tale Land and finds Jafar 's genie lamp. Jasmine learns from Jafar that Agrabah is trapped in the Crown Jewel of Agrabah. After transforming Jafar into a staff, Jasmine frees Agrabah and rules the realm with Aladdin, but faces threats from the Black Fairy vis her Dark Curse, which destroys Agrabah. Jasmine then helps the heroes in the Enchanted Forest to defeat the curse. After the curse breaks, and Agrabah is restored, Jasmine and Aladdin returns home. Standing atop the palace 's balcony, Jasmine and Aladdin looks upon their realm with much happiness.
With Malcolm, Fiona gives birth to a son, but grows obsessed in protecting him after his fairy godmother, Tiger Lily, riveals that her son is destined to die as the Savior in the far future. She tricks Tiger Lily into breaking into the Sacred Vault of the Fairies to create a curse to banish all the children of their land to the Land Without Magic, however, the Blue Fairy banishes her to the Dark Realm where she becomes the cruel Black Fairy and kidnaps children from various realms and forces them to mine dark fairy dust.
About thirty years later, the Black Fairy arrives in Storybrooke after the birth of her grandson, Gideon, and kidnaps him to the Dark Realm and raises him. After twenty - eight years, according to the time in the Dark Realm, the Black Fairy rips his heart out and commands him to return to Storybrooke to kill the Savior. Since then, the Black Fairy had been manipulating events from her domain and eventually frees herself from the Dark Realm with Gideon 's help. She arrives in Storybrooke and prepares for the final battle between her and Emma, and eventually casting the curse to separate Emma 's love one 's before the battle. The curse reverts Storybrooke back to its original self during the first curse and the destruction of all lands with magic begins, however, after Mr. Gold kills her, her curse comes to an end.
After the birth of Fiona 's son, Tiger Lily and the Blue Fairy visits Fiona and Tiger Lily is revealed as the child 's fairy godmother. Later on, after Fiona learned of her son 's fate as the Savior, Tiger Lily helps her to find the child destined to kill Fiona 's son in the far future. Breaking into the Sacred Vault of the Fairies, Tiger Lily is tricked by Fiona, who intends to create a curse to banish all the children of their land to the Land Without Magic. With the Blue Fairy 's help, Fiona is banished to the Dark Realm, and Tiger Lily and the Blue Fairy reveals Fiona 's fate to her husband, Malcolm. Since then, Tiger Lily removes her fairy status and relocates to Neverland.
Years later, she comes across Captain Hook and teams up with him to send word to the current savior, Emma, that Fiona, now known as the Black Fairy, intends to kill her during the Final Battle. Tiger Lily helps Hook escape from the Lost Boys into a portal back to Storybrooke. Tiger Lily eventually regains her fairy status and helps Henry and his daughter Lucy in the far future to locate a magical wardrobe in the New Enchanted Forest. However, after Henry is captured by the Coven of the Eight, Tiger Lily brings Lucy to her mother at Tiana 's castle.
As a child, Drizella had a strong bond with her sister, promising to always be there for one another. After her mother 's disappearance, Drizella loses hope on ever reuniting with her and replaces Cecelia as her motherly figure, despite Rapunzel 's return six years after. Drizella refuses to acknowledge Rapunzel as her mother, and after Anastasia 's death, her mother began despising her. Drizella, hoping to make her mother suffer, joins the Coven of the Eight and together with Gothel and six other witches, cast the Dark Curse which sends everyone to the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, she is known as Ivy Belfrey, an assistant to her mother at Belfrey Towers. Ivy pretends that her memories are wiped by the curse as a ploy to make her mother believe that she is in - charge. Ivy works alongside Eloise and gets Victoria arrested in - order make her suffer. However, Eloise betrays her and entraps both Victoria and herself at the bottom of a well. When her mother sacrifices herself to save her, Ivy began to realize the wrongdoings of her ways and make amends with Henry, Jacinda, and Roni. She then saves Anastasia from Eloise and Mr. Samdi. After making amends, Ivy and Anastasia uses a magic bean to return to the New Enchanted Forest.
Born in a tower, Alice is used by Gothel to escape the tower, replacing Alice as its prisoner. Hoping to not abandon her, Hook stays behind to take care of her. However, Gothel separates them with the Curse of the Poisoned Heart. Eventually, a giant troll frees Alice from the tower during her seventeenth birthday. Her freedom leads to a romantic relationship with Robin after crossing paths with her. When the Dark Curse is cast, Alice is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, she is known as Tilly, who works with Detective Weaver and frequents the statue site that the Troll became. Tilly is forced into taking pills, which prevents herself from remembering her past life. Once when she refuses, she remembered Rumplestiltskin and shot Detective Weaver. She later becomes a suspect in the murders of Dr. Sage and Hilda, but Detective Rogers proved that she had an alibi and was being framed. Gothel later orchestrated events that would bring Tilly to the where the Coven of Eight is. During the final battle with Gothel where Henry 's kiss on an unconscious Roni breaks the spell, Tilly regains her memories and turns Gothel into a tree. While apologizing to Gothel for what was brought onto her, Tilly grows Lupinus pilosus at the base of the tree. Afterwards, she and Margot embraced each other.
Eloise Gardener later enchanted the desk sergeant into setting a trap that would get Rogers caught and Tilly in her clutches.
Despite her mother 's disappearance, Anastasia refuses to give up hope, unlike Drizella. After six years, Anastasia lures her mother back by using lanterns, an idea Drizella gave. However, one winter, Anastasia falls into thin ice along with Ella. As Marcus dove in to rescue Ella first, Anastasia 's life was at the brink of death. Rapunzel brings her to Gothel, who preserves her last breath until she can be awaken. Her mother places her in a coffin and vows to do what it takes to awake her. When the Dark Curse is cast, Anastasia and her coffin is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, the coffin is buried deep in a community garden. Victoria Belfrey hires some contractors to dig up the garden in - search of Anastasia 's coffin. After finding it, she has the coffin transported to Belfrey Tower, where she presents the coffin to Eloise Gardener. Victoria requests help from the Eloise to help awaken Anastasia, however, the woman declines. Victoria later uses a tear of Lucy 's lack of believe and awakens Anastasia. After double - crossing Victoria and Ivy, Eloise plans to use Anastasia to gather the other witches of her coven. However, Ivy rescue her from Eloise and make amends with Anastasia. Using a magic bean, they both return to the New Enchanted Forest.
Living as a tree nymph in the Land Without Magic, Gothel is to ascend her mother in the far future, but Gothel wishes to be among mankind. Befriending a group of young women, Gothel is tricked into attending a ball where she is humiliated by her new found friends. Upon learning that they burnt down her home and killed her family, Gothel returns to the ball and kills everyone but Seraphina who possesses magic. Disappointed with mankind, she wipes out humanity upon the land and uses a magic bean to travel to the New Enchanted Forest with Seraphina. In the new realm, Gothel becomes a famed Mother Nature while creating the Coven of Eight to find powerful witches in order to return to the Land Without Magic to reclaim the land. Upon finding seven suitable candidates, Gothel helps cast the Dark Curse to return to the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, Gothel ends up as a prisoner of Victoria Belfrey as Eloise Gardener and maintains her memories. With help from Ivy and a tricked Detective Rogers, Eloise escapes Victoria and begins her plot to reclaim the Land Without Magic from the humans. She intends to awaken her coven members, but the arrival of a witch hunter temporarily puts a stop to her plan. Instead, Eloise goes after an awaken Anastasia for her Guardian powers to gain the Dark One dagger. However, after being betrayed by Ivy and Anastasia, Eloise hires Samuel B. Ryce to awaken the remaining coven members. Eloise also keep Tilly hostage and forces her to help the coven bring back magic to the land. All the coven members succeeds in their share of the spell, but the breaking of the Dark Curse prevents Tilly from doing so, and everyone regains their memories. Eloise, now back to being known as Gothel, battles with Alice after Alice refuses to join her reclaim their home, resulting in Gothel transforming into a tree.
Turning Robert into a human and entrapping his lover in a cage, Dr. Facilier tricks Princess Tiana into finding Robert, who is forced to work for him as Prince Marias. When Tiana finds out about this, she confronts him and makes a deal with him: her father 's war medal for Robert 's caged lover. Dr. Facilier agrees to this deal and after getting the medal, he removes the ruby, quoting that the ruby is indeed magical and powerful. Tina then swings out her sword to attack him. Not too shocked, he takes out a voodoo doll and pricks it in the leg, injuring Tiana, who pushes down a table, releasing his grip to the doll. With no where to turn, he teleports away with the ruby. He later interrupts Tiana 's coronation day and bears a warning of the future Queen 's fate before manifesting away. When Prince Naveen is in the brink of death following an attack by an alligator, Dr. Facilier saves him, but then sends Naveen away until he 's able to pay is debt. As for the alligator, Dr. Facilier wanted it dead after it swallowed a necklace of his. Eventually, the Dark Curse is cast, and Dr. Facilier is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, he is Mr. Baron Samdi, the CEO of Samdi Holdings. Victoria Belfrey pushed him out of the neighborhood years before but following her death, Mr. Samdi returns to Hyperion Heights. During a weird power failure at Roni 's, he offers help to Henry by handing over his business card and later speaking to both owners Roni and Kell, about his proposition. He is later visited by Roni who believes that Mr. Samdi is awake from the curse. Mr. Samdi reveals to her that he is indeed awake by calling her "Regina '' and invites her into his apartment to share his plans. Be is also aware of the murders taking place, helping Ivy and Anastasia return to their realm, as well as dealing with Rumpelstiltskin / Weaver, as he also wants to acquire the Dagger the latter has in possession. After Nick was apprehended for the attempted murder of Kelly, Samdi appears in the interrogation room where he revealed that he was the one who awoken Nick 's memories. Using a voodoo doll and a pin, Samdi tells Nick that he has been discarded from his deck as he sticks a pin in him causing Nick to collapse dead. When Jacinda and Sabine arrive at Baron Samdi 's apartment, they find Drew in his closet as Samdi locks them in. After the spell is broken and Baron Samdi senses Gothel 's defeat, Jacinda breaks down the door to confront Samdi only for him to get away. Weaver later confronted Samdi about the stolen Dark One 's Dagger. Before Samdi could answer, he is stabbed in the back by Rumpelstiltskin 's Wish Realm counterpart.
Living together with their father in the Land of Oz, Hansel and his sister Gretel cross paths with the Blind Witch who wishes to cook them. They narrowly escape and tell their father about Ivo. Hansel tried to retaliate against Zelena only for her to burn parts of his arms. Sometime afterwards, Hansel leaves Gretel to travel the realms. Now going by the name of Jack, he continues to harbour a hatred for witches, especially after learning of Gretel 's death during an initiation. When Henry arrives in the New Enchanted Forest, he makes friends with Jack and bonded. After fighting off giants, Jack makes plans to head over to New Agrabah as Henry decides to leave for Storybrooke. Sometime later, Jack makes his way to a resistance camp lead by Princess Tiana and reunites with Henry and is introduced to Ella. He then helps the heroes prevent Drizella 's curse from happening, but fails to do so and is sent to the Land Without Magic after the curse is cast.
In Hyperion Heights, he is known as Nick Branson, a man who thinks he is Lucy 's father. He is sought by Jacinda when child services takes Lucy away after Victoria is arrested for the kidnapping of Eloise Gardner. As a lawyer, Nick takes on the case and wins it, reuniting Jacinda with Lucy. Nick later goes on a witch hunt, hunting down witches from the Coven of the Eight cursed in Hyperion Heights. He kills Dr. Sage with poison and tries to kill Hilda Braeburn with carbon monoxide in her bakery. However, Hilda survives and is brought to the hospital where Jack stabs her to death. Jack later goes after Ivy in a parking lot, but she fights him off and escapes. When Henry, who was reconsidering staying in Seattle rather than leaving for a new job, discovers scars on Nick, Nick poisons Henry and takes him as prisoner, vowing to continue his witch hunt and to make Henry aware of his true identity. While Rogers freed Henry, Nick abducts Chad and holds him for the ransom of Kelly. The two of them fight in the basement beneath Roni 's bar which ends with Kelly knocking him out. Nick is then arrested by the police. While in the interrogation room, Nick is approached by Baron Samdi where he revealed that he was the one who awoken Nick 's memories. Using a voodoo doll and a pin, Samdi tells Nick that he has been discarded from his deck as he sticks a pin in him causing Nick to collapse dead.
In the Land of Oz, the Witch owns a gingerbread house and gains a reputation as a children eater. One day, she kidnaps Hansel and Gretel with hopes of eating them, but the two children escapes from her. The Witch also crosses paths with the Wicked Witch of the West, who have recently taken over all of the Land of Oz, who removes her sight, becoming the Blind Witch. Years afterwards, she is recruited into the Coven of the Eight and relocates to the New Enchanted Forest. Together with the other witches, they help Gothel free Drizella from her statue state. The Blind Witch then offers an ingredient to cast the Dark Curse which sends them all to the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, she is Hilda Braeburn, a baker and owner of "The Bakery @ Hyperion Heights ''. During her time at the bakery, Dr. Sage visits occasionally to buy some treats for herself. After Dr. Sage 's death, Hilda is visited by Detective Rogers and Detective Weaver. Hilda claims that she heard about Dr. Sage 's death, but never seen a thing due to being blind. Once the detectives leave, she is attacked and left for dead. Her still breathing body is later found by Rogers and Weaver when the two broke into her bakery to find any evidence to link her to Dr. Sage 's murder. Hilda is then brought to the hospital for treatment, where she is eventually killed.
After his brother died from an Alligator attack, Prince Naveen tracks the beast from Maldonia to the New Enchanted Forest. He teams up with Princess Tiana to kill it, but due to a misunderstanding, he is attacked by the Alligator. Once it 's dead, Tiana brings him to Dr. Facilier, who fixes Naveen but send some him someplace hard to reach until he can pay is debt. Eventually, Naveen is sent to the Land Without Magic after the Dark Curse is cast.
In Hyperion Heights, he is known as Drew, a food truck operator. Blackmailed by Mr. Samdi, he reunites with Sabine, his old friend. When Sabine 's food truck is shut down by the Police Department due to a lack of a safety permit, Drew agrees to help her despite her believing that he was behind it. After the night is over, Drew confronts Mr. Samdi about his plan, but Mr. Samdi reveals that Sabine is an important part in his plan.
After Prince David proposes to Snow While, the Bishop officiates their wedding at a chapel at the Royal Castle. During the ceremony, he is interrupted by Regina, who threatens him and everyone present, about a curse that she plans to enact that will take away their happiness.
Years later, after Issac rewrites the Once Upon a Time book, the Bishop is sent to the World Within the Book. There, he remains his role as a bishop and officiates Robin Hood and Zelena 's wedding. Once Henry undoes Isaac 's damage, the Bishop is sent back to his original home.
Living in Boston, Ryan goes on a date with Emma Swan, who is a bounty hunter. Halfway through the date, Emma reveals that she was hired by his wife to track him down after fleeing. Horrified, Ryan escapes the restaurant to his car to escape jail time, but finds his car tire booted. When Emma approaches to take him in, he sarcastically remarks her orphaned self, forcing Emma to slam his head on the steering wheel.
As one of the darkest souls of the Enchanted Forest, she is invited by Regina to participate in the enactment of the Dark Curse and joins with other dark souls. As each had to sacrifice a piece of themselves, the Blind Witch cuts off a lock of her hair. However, the first enactment fails, displeasing her and various others. Eventually, Regina casts the curse and she, along with the rest of the Enchanted Forest, is consumed by the curse and is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, she is Miss Ginger, a bespectacled busybody that is always lurking around whenever there 's trouble. However, after the appearance of Peter Pan in Storybrooke and the casting of another curse, Regina is forced to undo her curse. The price of it is the destruction of Storybrooke. Via the reversal curse, Miss Ginger is sent back to the Enchanted Forest.
After receiving an invitation from Regina, the Gnome meets up with other dark souls of the Enchanted Forest in preparation for the casting of the Dark Curse. Regina threatens them to sacrifice a lock of hair to enact the curse which she then uses to enact the curse. The casting fails, promoting the Gnome to laugh at Regina. Angered, she petrified him. When the Dark Curse is properly cast, the Gnome, in petrified form, is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, the Gnome appears as a garden gnome at Regina 's home. Later on, when Regina is forced to reverse her curse, all of Storybrooke, including the petrified Gnome is sent back to their respective worlds.
After the death of her second husband, Lady Tremaine ends up with his daughter, Ella. One day, the footman from a nearby kingdom arrives at her estate, inviting her and her family to a royal ball held at the King 's castle. On the night of the ball, she takes her daughters, Clorinda and Tisbe, and leaves Ella to do chores. When Ella shows up at the ball, she mocks her, telling her that the Prince will never choose her, despite him dancing with her. Later, after finding out that the Prince is falling for Ella, she breaks Ella 's glass slipper, the only proof of Ella being the women that the Prince danced with at the ball. She then prevents Clorinda from marrying Jacob, the footman by opening a portal to the Land of Untold Stories and banishes her daughter, along with herself there.
When Mr. Hyde brings the inhabitants from the Land of Untold Stories to Storybrooke, Lady Tremaine is among the inhabitants. Duping Clorinda into helping her, Lady Tremaine tries to enact revenge on Ella at Jacob 's pumpkin farm. After Lady Tremaine threatens to kill Clorinda 's lover, Jacob, Clorinda tries to stop her. Instead, Lady Tremaine stabs Ella. She is then arrested and sentenced to do community service under Storybrooke 's law.
In the Enchanted Forest, Clorinda is engaged to Prince Thomas ' footman Jacob, but is too scared to tell her mother, and tells Ella instead. With help from Ella, Clorinda and Jacob plans to go to the Land of Untold Stories, but are prevented by Lady Tremaine. Clorinda is then forced to go to the Land of Untold Stories with her mother.
Years later, arriving in Storybrooke from the Land of Untold Stories, Clorinda is duped into helping her mother get revenge on Ella. During a confrontation at a pumpkin farm run by Jacob, Lady Tremaine injures Ella. With the intervention of Emma, Henry, and Hook, Clorinda is happily reunited with Ella and Jacob.
After receiving an invitation to a royal ball, her mother instructs her and her sister Clorinda to dress proper to meet the Prince. When Ella voices her interest to attend the ball too, Tisbe and her family destroys Ella 's dress and abandons her for the ball at the King 's castle. There, she meets and falls for a duke. When her mother and sister goes to the Land of Untold Stories, Tisbe remains in the Enchanted Forest.
While being a fairy, the Fairy Godmother also works as a patron to King George and his family. For unknown reasons, Rumplestiltskin seeks her whereabouts and gains knowledge of it from King George. When Ella is left behind by her step - family for a royal ball at the King 's castle, the Fairy Godmother appears to help her out. The Fairy Godmother intends to transform Ella into a princess for the ball. Before she could do it, Rumplestiltskin kills her and takes her wand.
Prince Thomas meets Ella at his father 's ball after she makes a deal with Rumplestiltskin. After Ella thinks he loves Clorinda, she leaves the ball, leaving behind her glass slipper. He then searches the entire kingdom for her with Snow White 's help. They eventually find her and he proposals to her and they marry. During their wedding reception, Rumplestiltskin informs Ella that he owes her her first - born child in exchange for her lavish life. Thomas comforts a frightened Ella, devising a plan with Prince Charming to capture Rumplestiltskin. The plan succeeds, but Thomas disappears, with Rumplestiltskin vowing that she will never see Thomas again until the contract is fulfilled. After the Evil Queen cast the Dark Curse, Thomas is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, he is Sean Herman, a cannery worker who is forced by his father Mitchell to leave Ashley after she falls pregnant. Sean eventually decides to go against his father 's wishes and visits Ashley to reconcile with her and to see his new - born daughter. A few months later, he proposes to Ashley and the pair are engaged. After the curse breaks, he regains his memories as Prince Thomas. Eventually, he is send back to the Enchanted Forest after Regina undoes her curse, but returns after a new curse is cast. He also reunites with Ella 's stepsister Clorinda after she comes from the Land of Untold Stories, and his footman Jacob.
The King holds a royal ball at his castle for his son, Prince Thomas, to find a possible suitor. Eventually, his son chooses Ella, and the King gives his blessing to the happy couple, and later is expected to become a grandfather. However, this is halted when the Evil Queen cast the Dark Curse that sends the King to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, he is Mitchell Herman, father of Sean. He disapproves Sean of having contact with Ashley after he gets her pregnant. He makes a deal with Mr. Gold to take Ashley 's child to lessen the girl 's burden, but eventually, the deal is not fulfied. After the curse breaks, he is reunited with his loved ones and is eventually sent back to the Enchanted Forest after Regina reversed her curse.
Martin works as a con artist alongside his wife and son to make a living. They occasionally get involved in various schemes around the Enchanted Forest and believes that Jiminy would take over the family business once he 's an adult. Martin later learns about his son 's disapproval of their way of living when Jiminy tried to poison him and Myrna from a deal with Rumplestiltskin. He switches the poison with a couple and happily confronts Jiminy about the switch, which turned the couple into puppets.
Working as con artists with Martin and her son, they are involved in various schemes around the Enchanted Forest. Myrna occasionally wants Jiminy to involve himself in their crimes as he is to take over the family business when he 's older, despite not wanting to. Hoping for an out, Jiminy makes a deal with Rumplestiltskin for a poison, but Myrna and Martin finds out and switches the poison with another family, with ended up turning the unfortunate couple into puppets.
After James and David were born, in order save their farm, Robert and Ruth makes a deal with Rumplestiltskin to give up James to King George. Afterwards, James, being unhappy with his life, runs away to Pleasure Island but is found by Robert who wants to bring him home but they are both stopped by King George who offers Robert gold to give James back but Robert refuses. King George orders for him to be executed and James is taken back home. Years later, King George 's kingdom struggles financially, prompting James and his lover Jacqueline into tricking Anton, a giant, by stealing treasure from his beanstalk home. He later competes in a battle which ends in a mutual kill, causing King George to use his twin brother David to pose as him in order to save the kingdom.
Mary Margaret later encounters Prince James in the Underworld where he is operating as sheriff and is envious of David, who was chosen over James to be raised by their parents. While in the Underworld, James has a romantic relationship with Cruella De Vil. In order to ruin David 's life, James assumes David 's identity in order to help Cruella obtain Zelena 's baby. When he and Cruella have Emma Swan and Robin Hood at the Underbrooke Harbor, David arrives upon escaping his cell where he fights James who states that his unfinished business is to kill David. Before James can kill David, he gets knocked into Underbrooke Harbor by David ending up in the River of Lost Souls. Although David commented about how his brother did n't deserve that, Emma states that some people are n't meant to move on.
When she and Robert are about to lose their farm they make a deal with Rumplestiltskin and give up their son James. She later loses Robert when he died and is told his death was caused by an accidental overdose. Later on she and David continue to live on the farm but are tormented by a warlord named Bo Peep who brands them if they do n't give her their weekly pay but they are freed from her when David gains the strength and bravery from a girl named Anna. When James is killed in battle, Ruth tries to convince her second son, David, to marry King Midas ' daughter in order to save their farm. She tells David of James whom he originally had no knowledge of, informing him that she gave him away as an heir to King George to keep their farm. Later on, Ruth gives David her wedding ring to pass on to his true love, Snow White. Ruth is later shot by a poisoned arrow from King George 's knights when David arranges to meet his mother. David, Snow and Lancelot attempt to cure her with the water of Lake Nostos, but unbeknownst to them, she instead gives Snow the healing water to make her fertile again following King George 's potion. As her dying wish, Ruth witnesses Snow marry her son, before passing away.
Possessing powers to turn all he touches to gold, he had one hand cut off and has a special glove over his other hand to hold back the Golden Touch. Due to this, he accidentally transforms his daughter 's true love, Fredrick, into a statue whilst protecting him. After a dragon terrorizes King Midas ' kingdom, he enlists King George 's son James to kill the creature. After James is killed, his twin brother David takes his place, slaughtering the dragon, leading King Midas to offer David his daughter 's hand in marriage. However, Abigail chooses to marry Frederick, who is turned back into human, for love while David weds Snow White.
When Prince Charming tries to free Frederick from his golden statue state, he comes to Lake Nostos to retrieve its waters. This awakens the Siren who attacks Charming for trying to steal her waters without permission. Charming and the Siren fights off, and she dies in the hands of Charming. Her waters his then used to free Frederick. Following her death, Lake Nostos dries up.
Years later, Cora and Captain Hook comes to Lake Nostos and finds the remains of the Siren, with a dried up lake. However, with Cora 's interruption, she restores Lake Nostos 's magical waters despite the Siren remaining dead.
After the Evil Queen captures his father, he and Gretel work for the Evil Queen to obtain a special apple from the Blind Witch in her gingerbread house. However, he and his sister is warned to not eat anything in the Blind Witch 's house. After breaking in, Hansel does not heed the Evil Queen 's warning and eats a cupcake, waking the Blind Witch who plans to cook and eat them. However, Hansel and his sister turn the tables on the Blind Witch by locking her in the oven. Afterwards, the Evil Queen offers them a place to stay in her palace for a job well done, but Hansel and his sister refuses, wishing to be with their father. Angered at their decision, the Evil Queen banishes them both to the Infinite Forest. Eventually, the Dark Curse is cast and Hansel is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, he is Nicholas Zimmer, who have never met his father and live on their own since their mother died. In order to avoid him from being separated from his sister by social services, Emma finds their father and persuades him to take care of them.
After the Evil Queen Regina captures their father in the forest, they are forced to retrieve a small black sack (something precious) for her from the Blind Witch. After they succeed, the Queen invites them to live with her in her palace but they refuse, stating they want to be reunited with their father. She reacts to this by transporting them to the infinite forest. Their father is then brought to the Queen and released, without knowing where his children are located.
In Storybrooke, they are siblings Ava Zimmer, who have never met their father and live on their own since their mother died. In order to avoid them being separated by social services, Emma finds their father and convinces him to take care of them.
While in the woods of the Enchanted Forest, he is captured by the Evil Queen 's guards. After banishing Hansel and Gretel to the Infinite Forest for refusing to live with her, the Evil Queen releases him, while telling him that he and his children can live together as a family, once they find one another.
In Storybrooke, he is a mechanic named Michael Tillman who is the owner of Marine Garage. He is the father of Nicholas and Ava (Hansel and Gretel) whom he is n't aware of until Sheriff Emma Swan informs him. At first, he refuses to take them in because he fears that he would not be able to support them. Later, when Emma is forced to take them to social services in Boston, she pretends that her car breaks down and calls him. When he arrives to tow her car, she tells him to at least see them before making a decision, he chooses to take them in.
Zoso is a slave to the Duke, who wields the Dark One 's dagger which enables anyone who possesses it to control them, that resided in the frontlands. Seeking freedom from the Duke, Zoso manipulates Rumplestiltskin while in the form of a beggar by telling him to burn down the Duke 's castle and steal the Dark One 's dagger. After the objectives are filled, Rumplestiltskin stabs him with the dagger, killing him, which allows Rumplestiltskin to become the new Dark One.
Years later, Zoso is temporarily resurrected from the Underworld by Hook and joins the other former Dark Ones in Storybrooke, seeking to exchange their life by branding others. Eventually, he and the others, are sucked into the Dark One 's dagger, whisking them from existence.
As a Prince, Leopold meets Cora after she is betrayed by Jonathan, a man claiming to be a Prince. The two form a strong bond until Cora learns he is engaged to Princess Eva, who informs Leopold of her secret child, leading him to remove Cora from his kingdom. Becoming King, he marries Eva and the two have a daughter named Snow White, though Eva later dies after being poisoned by Cora. The latter later sets up her daughter Regina to marry King Leopold by getting Regina to save Snow 's life. Upon finding the Genie 's lamp, he can not think of anything he desires, so instead frees the Genie and invites him to his castle to work with him. These actions end in disaster when the Genie falls in love with Regina and plots to kill the King to free her from the loveless marriage. The Genie places poisonous vipers from Agrabah in the King 's bed, killing him.
He once introduces Belle to Gaston at the time when the Ogre Wars were starting. During one of the Ogre attacks, Maurice lost Colette to the invading Ogres. He later enlists Rumplestiltskin to save his people from the Ogre Wars. He agrees on the condition that Belle must leave her family and become the caretaker of his estate. Maurice declines, but Belle agrees to the bargain. Years later, the Evil Queen casts the Dark Curse that sends Maurice to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, he is Moe French, a florist. Mr. Gold (Rumplestiltskin) repossesses the shop 's van, leading to Moe robbing his house and being beaten viciously. After the curse is broken, Moe begins to search for Belle, hiring Mr. William Smee to locate her. Initially they are reunited, but when Moe learns that Belle still has feelings for Rumplestiltskin, he tries to send her across town lines in order to have her forget him. After Gold rescues Belle, she tells both him and her father that she wishes to never see them again. Belle and Moe later reconcile and Moe gives his blessing for Belle to marry Mr. Gold. After returning from the Underworld, Mr. Gold pays him a visit and Moe is displeased to see him again. Moe is asked to wake Belle up from her sleeping curse, but refuses to wake her until Gold is gone.
Hoping to reunite their kingdoms, Sir Maurice wants Belle to marry Gaston. As Belle is reluctant to marry him, Gaston decides to spend time with her. On a walk in the forest, they find a young ogre trapped in an underground hole. Without Belle 's knowledge, Gaston tortures the ogre. When Belle uses an enchanted mirror to disclose the culprit, Gaston is revealed. Despite this, Sir Maurice still persuades to give Gaston a second chance. Sometime later, Gaston becomes Belle 's fiancé. During the ogre raid, Belle is given to Rumplestiltskin in exchange for the kingdom 's safety. Gaston later goes to Rumplestiltskin 's castle to save her, but is turned into a rose. Unknown to her, Belle cuts the rose 's stem to place it in a vase, killing him. His soul is then sent to the Underworld.
In the Underworld, Gaston works at the Underbrooke Pet Shelter. Hades approaches him with a deal to get his revenge on Mr. Gold. Hades gives him arrows that were dipped into the River of Lost Souls. Anyone who is hit by the arrows ends up in the River of Lost Souls. Belle figures out that she is the unfinished business that Gaston has. Near the Underbrooke Harbor which the River of Lost Souls flows through, Mr. Gold has Gaston in a stranglehold until Belle arrives. Belle uses the Dark One 's Dagger to have him release Gaston. When Gaston starts to attack Mr. Gold, Belle accidentally knocks Gaston into the Underbrooke Harbor causing him to end up in the River of Lost Souls.
The Chief resides in an unknown realm. When the Evil Queen casts the Dark Curse in the Enchanted Forest, somehow, the Chief gets swept by the curse, along with various inhabitants of the Enchanted Forest. The curse sends the Chief to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, the Chief is known as a Mop Patient in Storybrooke 's Mental Facility, located under Storybrooke 's General Hospital. Locked in a wad at one of the corridors, he is always seen mopping the hallway. After the curse is broken, he regains his memories as the Chief, but maintains as a patient in the facility. After the curse is reversed, the Chief is returned to him homeland, but returned to Storybrooke after another curse is cast, ending up back in the facility.
In the Enchanted Forest, when he first meets Regina, Rumplestiltskin has Jefferson bring Dr. Frankenstein to the Enchanted Forest to pretend failing to revive her true love Daniel, in order to make her become evil. In his later life, he lives with his daughter Grace, selling fungus to survive. He initially refuses to help Regina, though later agrees if his daughter will want for nothing. He takes Regina to Wonderland, where she rescues her father Henry and abandons Jefferson, who is beheaded by the knights of the Queen of Hearts. His head is reattached and he is ordered to make another hat to return home. Although he makes thousands of hats, none take him home, leading him into insanity and earning his alias as the Mad Hatter.
In Storybrooke, he remembers his pre-cursed life and lives in a large house. He captures Mary Margaret Blanchard and abducts Emma, ordering her to make a hat that will take him home. Emma knocks him out and when he awakens to kill Emma, Mary Margaret pushes him out of a window. He disappears, leaving nothing but his hat. Jefferson returns upon request of Regina to remove Emma, promising a new life with his daughter. He retrieves the apple that cursed Snow White into a deathlike sleep from the Enchanted Forest. However, after Henry is cursed, Regina refuses to reward Jefferson, who later frees Belle from her cell and instructs her to tell Mr. Gold that Regina held her captive. After the curse is broken, he initially avoids Grace, feeling guilty for unintentionally abandoning her, but they eventually happily reunite.
When Regina was a teenager, he gave her riding lessons and was also her secret lover. After Regina saves a young Snow White 's life, King Leopold proposes to her. To avoid the unwanted marriage, Regina devises a plan to run away with Daniel, but Cora kills him upon learning of their relationship from Snow White. After Regina learns basic magic, she uses a preservation spell on Daniel 's body, keeping him in a glass case and dedicating her time to finding a way to bring him back to life. Jefferson brings Dr. Victor Frankenstein to her from his world and he performs an experiment on Daniel 's body, failing. It is later revealed that he failed on purpose as part of a deal with Rumplestiltskin, who wanted Regina to give into her dark side.
After the curse in Storybrooke is broken, Dr. Whale wishes for Regina to return him to his world. In order to persuade her, he attempts the experiment on Daniel again, this time succeeding. However, the pain of resurrection turns Daniel into a monster who rips off Whale 's arm. During a brief moment of painful lucidity, Daniel tells Regina to forget their love and love again, before lapsing back into psychotic behavior and attempting to attack her; a heartbroken Regina turns Daniel to dust. Daniel briefly spends his time in the Underworld before moving on into Mount Olympus.
Sometime during the Ogre Wars, Milah gave birth to Baelfire. She and Rumplestiltskin come to the aid of Baelfire when he gets bitten by an Atlantean Rat Snake. As the cure to the 24 - hour venom owned by Fendrake the Healer is expensive, both of them had to come up with a plan to obtain it. Unwilling to murder Fendrake, Rumplestiltskin had to make a deal with him to obtain the cure, which they administer it to Baelfire. While at a bar, a drunk threatened Milah until she is saved by Captain Hook. At some point, Rumplestiltskin finds out that Milah has been having an affair with Captain Hook and she secretly leaves with Captain Hook on his journey out to sea. Rumplestiltskin is left believing that Captain Hook kidnapped her for the use of his "lonely '' crew. Upon becoming the Dark One, Rumplestiltskin catches up to Captain Hook, discovering Milah also. She reveals that Captain Hook did n't kidnap her. Milah states that she abandoned Baelfire because the marriage made her miserable. This causes an angry Rumplestiltskin to pull out her heart and crush it, killing Milah.
In the Underworld, Mr. Gold encounters Milah as a crossing guard and enlists her to help him and Emma rescue Captain Hook from his prison near the River of Lost Souls. While waiting for Emma 's return, she admits to Mr. Gold that her guilt over leaving Baelfire is keeping her in the Underworld and that she regrets treating her son poorly because she hated her husband. Recalling that Baelfire forgave him for betraying him, Mr. Gold offers her hope about their son forgiving her as well. Since she now knows Baelfire is happy and in a better place, she has hopes her unfinished business is done, and that she can move on. Milah is temporarily frozen by Hades so that he can make a deal with Mr. Gold. After the discussion, Mr. Gold was forced to destroy the boat. Then Mr. Gold regrettably sends Milah into the River of Lost Souls at Hades ' command, all the while feeling remorse. When Emma and Captain Hook arrive, Mr. Gold tells them that Hades attacked and sent Milah into the River of Lost Souls.
Anton resides in a realm of giants which could only be accessed via a large beanstalk. His brothers Abraham and Arlo referred to him as "Tiny '' and often mocked his love for knowing more of the outside world. In retaliation, he journeyed down the beanstalk and befriended Prince James and his lover Jacqueline, who gave Anton a piece of mushroom from Wonderland that shrinks him to human size. Jack tells Anton James ' kingdom is on the verge of bankruptcy and needs money. Anton offers to give them treasure from his home, however, they betray him and lead an army to fight against the Giants, causing the death of all his kind except for Anton. He develops a hatred towards humans for what happened to his family.
Years later after the Evil Queen 's curse is broken, Emma Swan and Captain Hook journey up the beanstalk to retrieve a magic compass. Anton attacks them, but Emma pleads with him that she needs the compass to get back to her son. He reluctantly gives the compass to Emma, stating that all humans are alike. However, Emma responds by stating that he is wrong to generalize.
Back in Storybrooke, Captain Hook reveals that Cora shrunk Anton to bring him to the new land. Regina Mills (the Evil Queen) restores his giant size, and he rampages through Storybrooke, attempting to kill David, who he mistakes for James. However, when the magic wears off, he falls into a pit. David rescues him, convincing him to trust them all. Anton reveals to the group that he owns a magic bean and works with the Seven Dwarfs to harvest beans as portals until Regina destroys them during the time when Greg and Tamara have infiltrated Storybrooke.
Anton succeeds to produce only one magic bean on the burnt - out fields. As a token of appreciation for her work, Anton gives the magic bean to Ruby which she uses to come back to the Enchanted Forest in order to find any other werewolves.
Years after the predictions come true and he is parted from his son, Rumplestiltskin returns as The Dark One and the now adult Seer gives him the ideas for the evil curse. At the time, he was quite angry since all this happened because he acted without getting all the possible information. Before she dies, she transfers her powers to him telling him the person who will lead him to his son is a young boy. That young boy will be the undoing of The Dark One. However, he is unaware that the boy would later turn out to be his grandson Henry Mills.
As a Princess, Eva is spoiled and selfish, forced into an arranged marriage to Prince Leopold, who simultaneously falls in love with Cora. However, Eva learns of Cora 's secret child with Jonathan, a man claiming to be a Prince, and informs Leopold, leading him to remove Cora from his kingdom.
She later trips Cora during her visit to King Xavier causing Eva to fly into a "rage ''. As a changed, mature adult, she teaches her daughter, Snow White, kindness, respect for service, and to avoid dark magic. She unexpectedly falls ill before Snow 's birthday. The Royal Doctor can not heal her, so her servant Johanna informs Snow that she should talk to the Blue Fairy. The fairy offers Snow a magic candle which would save the life of her mother at the cost of another 's life. She refuses the candle which pleases Eva, who eventually dies. Following the Queen 's funeral, the "Blue Fairy '' is revealed to be Cora in disguise. Over the corpse of Eva, she confesses to poisoning her in order to place Regina on the throne as well as to turn Snow White evil.
When Snow White was possessed by Cora 's ghost as part of Regina 's plan to get answers about Zelena, Snow White learned of her mother 's dark past.
Sometime ago, the Dragon had a daughter, but due to a mistake, he loses her. He then starts a healing clinic, healing uncured diseases using magic he obtained from another realm. While being a healer, the Dragon also took some interest in the Author, mainly researching about him.
While the Dark Curse is intact, he is visited by Tamara who is on the hunt for magical creatures. When she finds out that the Dragon is magical, she tries to kill him. As he tries to reveal to her his true self, she kills him with a magical taser and his corpse is found by August. A few years later, it is revealed that he survived Tamara 's attack and moved to New York City. Mr. Gold and Regina seeks his help to open a portal to the Land of Untold Stories, but due to the limited magic scope, he fails, but he gives them some words of encouragement. Later at night, he is visited by the Evil Queen who hopes to make a deal with him. As he refused, she traps him in the World Behind the Mirror, but is later freed by Regina in Storybrooke.
He originally loved Marian, but loses her love to Robin Hood. Cora later encountered the Sheriff of Nottingham while looking for Robin Hood to please her daughter Regina. Upon being unable to find his location, Cora had the Sheriff of Nottingham pose as Robin, though Regina discovers the ruse and locked him up in one of her dungeons. Cora later teleported him out of the dungeon when confronted by Regina.
As Nottingham, he attempted to exchange information with Rumplestiltskin for "a night with (his) wench, '' with obvious connotations. Rumplestiltskin denied and, after Nottingham pushed for hours or minutes with Belle, punished him by magically removing his tongue, which was later returned. In Storybrooke, he is Keith, a frequent patron of the Rabbit Hole bar. In the bar 's alley, he crosses paths with Lacey, whom he knows as Belle, and takes the opportunity of her memory loss to make out with her. Mr. Gold catches him and he flees. Gold later beats Keith with his cane in the parking lot for taking advantage of her.
After Regina undoes her curse, Keith is send back to the Enchanted Forest and is returned by a new curse. Keith is then almost killed by Robin of Locksley, the Wish Realm version, but is saved and send someplace safe by Regina.
As a child, he lives with his sister Wendy and brother Michael in the Land Without Magic. Baelfire saves him and his family from being taken to Neverland by the Shadow. Later on, he, along with Wendy and Michael goes to Neverland to save Baelfire, but Wendy ends up being captured by Pan. In order to keep her alive, John and Michael does Pan 's bidding. Later, Pan pinned the heart of the truest believer in a child who is yet to be born in the Land Without Magic. Sometime before Regina 's curse, he sends both John and Michael back to the Land Without Magic to retrieve it.
Eighteen years later, John and Michael tries to adopt a baby infant who has the heart of the truest believer but failed after Regina decides to keep him after her initial struggle. A few years later, John goes to Storybrooke with Michael before Belle casts a cloaking spell around the town which damaged the rear of their car. He and Michael find Belle and Ariel in Mr. Gold 's shop and retrieve Pandora 's Box from them, revealing that they were sent by Peter Pan to prevent the two giving the item to Mr. Gold. Belle and Ariel later stop the pair from destroying the box with a dwarf axe. It is then revealed that the brothers wanted to destroy the object in a deal to save Wendy, who is being held prisoner by Peter Pan in Neverland. Mr. Gold is instructed by Ariel to attempt to save Wendy on his quest to kill Pan. John is later reunited with Wendy after she is rescued from Neverland in Storybrooke. Together, they leave Storybrooke and return to London.
As a child, he lives with his sister Wendy and brother John in the Land Without Magic. Baelfire saves him and his family, from being taken to Neverland by the Shadow. He later goes to Neverland with Wendy and John to save him, but Wendy ends up being captured by Pan. To keep her alive, he and John does Pan 's bidding. When Pan pins the heart of the truest believer on a child yet to be born, he sends Michael and John back to the Land Without Magic to retrieve it before Regina 's curse.
Eighteen years later, Michael and John tries to adopt a baby infant who has the heart of the truest believer but failed after Regina decides to keep him after her initial struggle. A few years later, Michael goes to Storybrooke with John before Belle casts a cloaking spell around the town which damaged the rear of their car. He and John find Belle and Ariel in Mr. Gold 's shop and retrieve Pandora 's Box from them, revealing that they were sent by Pan to prevent the two giving the item to Mr. Gold. Belle and Ariel later stop the pair from destroying the box with a dwarf axe. It is then revealed that the brothers wanted to destroy the object in a deal to save Wendy, who is being held prisoner by Peter Pan in Neverland. Mr. Gold is instructed by Ariel to attempt to save Wendy on his quest to kill Pan. Michael reunites with Wendy after she is rescued from Neverland. Together, they leave Storybrooke and return to London.
When Alice returns to Wonderland, she finds the Cheshire Cat in large form where the Red Queen told him that Alice would be a better food for him. The Cheshire Cat attempts to kill her, though he is fed a piece of mushroom by the Knave of Hearts which shrinks him back to normal size as he flees.
He was raised by Robin Hood after the death of his mother. They later end up in Storybrooke, where he becomes close to Regina, his new mother figure. After his father 's death he is later taken back to the Enchanted Forest by Little John and the rest of the Merry Men, to be raised in Sherwood Forest as his father 's successor.
Liam and Killian are sold into servitude, one ship they served on was owned by Captain Silver. During Captain Silver 's mission to infiltrate the hurricane to obtain a sapphire called the Eye of the Storm, Liam orchestrated a mutiny to save his fellow workers from their doom. While reading the sea maps, Liam is approached by Hades who warns him that his mutiny wo n't work for him while asking for the cargo on the ship in the form of the souls that are on the ship. Hades offers Liam a deal to let the ship sink in exchange for Killian and Liam being spared and the Eye of the Storm being given to him. Liam gives in to Hades ' deal and gives Killian his lucky ring. As part of Hades ' deal, Killian and Liam survived and the sailors with them perished. Upon reaching shore, they are greeted by the soldiers that provide them a ship for them to work on that is in services of the soldiers ' king.
With assistance from Killian, he worked for an unknown King where they are sent to Neverland to retrieve a plant called Dreamshade. In Neverland, he gets poisoned by the Dreamshade. With Peter Pan 's help, he and Hook retrieve some magical waters to cure him. Upon returning to the Enchnated Forest, he dies as the cure will only work in Neverland.
Emma Swan and Captain Hook later reunited with Liam in the Underworld. He helps them to locate the Underworld 's version of the Once Upon a Time book. After finding the book, he rips pages that contains Hades ' story per deal with Hades. He, along with Hook, later gets kidnapped by Captain Silver and his crew with hopes of sending them both to the Worst Place. The group is interrupted by Hades who then tries to banish Hook to the Worst Place. To protect Hook, Liam persuades Hades to send him instead, which Hades obeys to. However, due to him resolving his unfinished business, a portal to Mount Olympus opens instead. Liam and Captain Silver 's crews leaves the Underworld for Mount Olympus as he bids farewell to Hook.
Whilst summoning Ariel in Neverland, Regina (the Evil Queen) mentions that Eric was transported to Storybrooke, where she locates Ariel to in order to retrieve an item from Mr. Gold 's shop. Later, Eric is reunited with Ariel (who is now permanently human thanks to the spell on the special bracelet) in Storybrooke where she finds him working as a fisherman near the Storybrooke Docks. After Peter Pan enacts his curse, Eric, along with the other inhabitants, are returned to their original worlds. It is later revealed that Eric was kidnapped by the pirate Blackbeard and sent to Hangman 's Island, in a bid to steal the Jolly Roger from Captain Hook. Ariel later finds Eric and the two live together on the island.
As a deity, Ursula is known by humans and mermaids, notably in Prince Eric 's kingdom and the Oceanic Realm. As she is a famed goddess, King Poseidon names his daughter after her. Ursula also grants mermaids a chance to live life as a human by giving them legs during the Sea Celebration that happens once a year. Ariel seeks guidance from Ursula, but believes that she is fictional. To get to Snow White, Regina impersonates Ursula in order to lure Ariel with an offer to remain human permanently, but the cost is someone else must take her place. Ariel follows suit by clasping a magical bracelet on a human friend, Snow White, which causes her legs to turn into a mermaid tail. Eventually, Ariel discovers the truth and distracts Regina so she and Snow White can escape. However, Regina gets back at Ariel by stealing her voice and returns to her palace. In one of the mirrors, Ursula makes herself known and plunges out her tentacles to entrap Regina. Deeply offended at the masquerading ploy, she threatens if it happens again, Regina will find out exactly how real she is.
After Alice returns from Wonderland, Sarah arranges a date for Alice with Mr. Darcy. Alice, still grief - stricken after losing her true love Cyrus, declines a date with him.
When Jafar, the Sultan 's bastard son, arrives to live with his father in the palace, he is appointed as the family 's servant boy. Mirza abuses him, which the Sultan approves of, telling Jafar that he will have to make people fear him in order to become a Sultan. Many years later, the Sultan is accosted by a grown - up Jafar in his palace. Jafar threatens to kill him and challenges Mirza to a duel. This results in Mirza fleeing only to be murdered by Jafar 's sorcery.
When Alice is injured by swordsmen who attempt to use the Genie to make wishes for them, Cyrus takes Alice to Percy 's home where Mrs. Rabbit tends to her successfully healing her. Mrs. Rabbit and her children are later captured by the Red Queen who uses them as hostages to force Percy to assist in helping her on her mission to make Alice make her wishes to return to the Knave.
Years later, the Knave figured out where the Red Queen is holding Mrs. Rabbit and her children and Alice was able to rescue them.
In Oz, he becomes the Wizard of Oz, a supposedly powerful sorcerer in the land by tricking Glinda. When Zelena requests the truth of her upbringing, she visits the Wizard who gives her a pair of slippers that send Zelena to the Enchanted Forest. Returning with knowledge of how her mother abandoned her in favor of her sister Regina, Zelena learns the truth about the Wizard 's true identity. Zelena transforms Walsh into a flying monkey to serve in her revenge plot against Regina. After Dorothy Gale supposedly defeats Zelena, she poses as the Wizard to send Dorothy back to Kansas using the pair of slippers.
In the real world, he appears in his original human form, as the owner of a furniture shop called "The Wizard of Oak. '' Sent by Zelena to New York City to persuade Emma Swan to stay away from her family in Storybrooke, he becomes her boyfriend. When Emma receives her pre-existing real memories from Hook, she realizes she must return to Storybrooke. When she declines Walsh 's offer of marriage, he appears angered and transforms into his cursed flying monkey form. Emma fights off Walsh after he begins to attack her, pushing him from her apartment roof, unintentionally killing him where he turns to smoke upon hitting the ground.
Nyx would allow the water to be used on anyone who is worthy of it and curses anyone who misuses it. She cursed Cyrus, Taj, and Rafi by turning them into genies with their lamps being scattered after they took her water to heal their mother Amara.
Years later, Alice learns of Cyrus ' curse revolving around the Well of Wonders as they head there to find a way to break the curse. After Alice solves the riddle of which door to take, Cyrus tells Alice to stay behind so that he can atone for his sins. Upon arriving at the Well of Wonders, Nyx emerges as Cyrus asks for Nyx 's mercy and to get his brothers free from Jafar. While Cyrus states that he has learned his lesson, Nyx states that the water was used on his mother and tells Cyrus that she is still alive. Nyx still states that the water should be returned to her as she withdraws back into the Well of Wonders. When Cyrus brings Amara to the Well of Wonders for Amara to surrender herself to Nyx, Jafar interferes and prevents Amara from returning the water to Nyx. When Alice arrives and tries to do the job, Jafar ends up stealing the water from Alice which ended up incurring the wrath of Nyx. Nyx then traps Jafar in a genie bottle and makes it disappear which undoes the changes to the Laws of Magic that Jafar and Amara had done and freeing Will, Taj, and Rafi from the genie curse. Upon foreseeing that the Red Queen will live, Nyx gave Alice and Cyrus some water from the Well of Wonders so that the Red Queen can be resurrected.
One day, despite her parents warning, Rapunzel swims in a dangerous stream, resulting in her brother 's death after saving her. Years later, afraid that she will not become a proper Queen like her mother, she digs up a plant called night root to take away her fears, but it has no effect on her. Disappointed, she decides to head home, but is chased by a witch to a tower. The Witch traps her in the tower and refuses to free her. Unbeknownst to her, the Witch is a manifestation of herself as her own greatest fear as a consequence of consuming the night root.
Years later, after the Storybrooke inhabitants returns to the Enchanted Forest, Rapunzel shouts for help from atop the tower after noticing a man nearby. The man, Prince Charming, climbs the tower using Rapunzel 's long braided hair and learns the truth about Rapunzel 's imprisonment. Charming fights off the Witch, and finds out that the Witch is a manifestation of Rapunzel 's fear. The Witch climbs onto Rapunzel 's hair to get to her as Charming advises Rapunzel to fend off her fear. Rapunzel promptly does so by cutting off her hair, letting the Witch fall down to her death. Charming than reunites her with her parents.
Some time later, Anna and Kristoff visit Blackbeard requesting the Wishing Star which was what Anna and Elsa 's parents wanted to rid Elsa of her Ice powers. However, he is revealed to be in allegiance with Anna 's sinister ex-lover Hans and told her that her parents could n't use the Wishing Star because it only could be use by someone with a pure soul. Anna and Kristoff are then placed in a trunk and thrown aboard, though they survive when they are transported to Storybrooke by Anna 's sister Elsa.
Returning to Arendelle, Anna and Elsa later cause the Jolly Roger gets trapped inside a bottle while Blackbeard escapes.
Captain Hook later encounters Blackbeard and plays him in a poker game where Captain Hook 's victory would enable Blackbeard to grant him a Magic Bean while Blackbeard 's victory would grant him the Jolly Roger. When Blackbeard wins, Captain Hook tells him that the Jolly Roger is in another realm causing Blackbeard to use the Magic Bean to go to Storybrooke. However, the two of them ended up in Neverland where they were chased by the remnants of the Lost Boys. Blackbeard turns against Captain Hook during the chase and steals a boat as he plans to find another way to the Jolly Roger. Captain Hook vows to make Blackbeard pay for his treachery the next time they meet.
After a cyclone destroys her farmhouse, Dorothy ends up in the Land of Oz. There, she meets Glinda and the Sisterhood of Witches. Fearing that Dorothy would take over her seat as the Witch of the West, Zelena tries to kill her. However, Dorothy splashes a bucket of water over Zelena, causing her to physically melt. She is later sent back home to Kansas with the Silver Slippers by the Wizard of Oz, not knowing at it as Zelena impersonating as him. Back home, her family calls her insane and tries to put her in an asylum, but her Aunt Em prevents them from doing so. Eventually, her aunt gives her Toto -- a pet dog, before dying. She later gets word from the Munchkins that Zelena is still alive. Donning the slippers, she returns to the Land of Oz with Toto and saves the Scarecrow from Zelena, but Zelena eventually rips his brain out.
More than twenty - eight years later, Dorothy finds Mulan and Ruby in the Land of Oz. She also clashes with the return of Zelena. When Toto is taken by Zelena, she befriends Mulan and Ruby and schemes a way to get Toto back. She then develops feelings for Ruby and fearing for her safety, Dorothy takes the fight to Zelena alone, resulting in her being placed in a Sleeping Curse. She is later awoken by Ruby with true love 's kiss.
As a witch, she rules part of the Land of Oz, mainly the South, alongside with the Witch of the North and Witch of the East. Together, they form the Sisterhood of Witches and protects all of the land from the Heart of Oz, patiently waiting for a replacement witch for the West. One day, Glinda approaches Zelena at Emerald City after Zelena dethrones the Wizard of Oz. Glinda believes that Zelena is the prophesied Witch of the West and invites her to join the Sisterhood of Witches and gives Zelena a pendant to harness her magic. While showing Zelena the West side of the land, they both witness a cyclone and proceeds to the wreckage site, where Glinda finds Dorothy from Kansas. Glinda brings Dorothy to the Heart of Oz, and secretly believes Dorothy is the actual prophesied Witch of the West. Following Zelena 's apparent death in the hands of Dorothy, Glinda pulls through Dorothy 's wish to return home by bringing her to Emerald City to meet the restored Wizard. After Dorothy is sent back, Zelena shows herself as the Wizard and had been masquerading him all along after her apparent death. With Glinda determined to find another witch to defeat Zelena, Zelena banishes Glinda to the Enchanted Forest. Since being banished, Glinda creates a pocket dimension for herself south of the Dark Castle.
Years later, she is approached by Prince Charming and Snow White who seeks her knowledge on defeating Zelena. Glinda sadly says that even her magic is n't strong enough to defeat Zelena, and tells them only light magic can defeat the Witch.
Originally a good witch, she rules the North region of the Land of Oz and is part of the Sisterhood of Witches. One day, she is introduced to Zelena, the new Witch of the West, appointed by Glinda. She approves Zelena and welcomes her into the Sisterhood of Witches. After Zelena banishes Glinda and becomes the Wicked Witch of the West, the Witch of the North relocates to the North permanently and is known by all as a wicked witch. One day, Stanum cuts down a tree in her region. As punishment, she curses Stanum, who would slowly turn to tin. Eventually, all the witches, including herself, is banished from the Land of Oz by Zelena.
As the Witch of the East, she rules the East region of the Land of Oz. She is also part of the Sisterhood of Witches, along with Glinda and the Witch of the North. She works alongside the other witches to find the prophesied Witch of the East, and eventually is greeted to Zelena. However, Zelena turns wicked and takes over all of the Land of Oz, and the Witch of the East is relocated to the East permanently. Eventually, all the witches, including herself, is banished from the Land of Oz by Zelena.
The youngest of the three sisters, Gerda and her sisters seeks Rumplestiltskin 's help in controlling Ingrid 's magic. Unfortunately, after seeing Helga 's destroyed frozen body, Gerda, realizing Ingrid, whether intentionally or not, killed Helga, exiles Ingrid into a magical urn. Gerda then requests a memory spell from Grand Pabbie to have Arendelle and everyone outside forget about the existence of Helga and Ingrid. Years later, Gerda and her husband leave on a mission to find a way to remove their daughter Elsa 's powers, only to die in a shipwreck.
Arriving at David and his mother Ruth 's farm, she seeks payment from them. Knowing that they do n't have the money at that time, she brands them using her crook and leaves. At that time, a travelling visitor, Anna, witness the confrontation. Anna then teaches David to sword fight in order to go against Bo Peep. Anna is later imprisoned by Bo Peep after knowing about this. Bo Peep later battle 's with David, leading to her weapon getting stuck in a pillar at her base, losing the battle. David takes her crook and uses it to find Anna, rescuing her. Sometime later, Bo Peep is taken to Storybrooke by the Dark Curse.
In Storybrooke, she is a butcher at Chop Shop. One day, she is visited by David and Captain Hook, asking for her help. She refuses to help him, demanding that she owes him none. David interrogates her demanding to know about Anna, whom she branded years ago. Claiming that she had branded many people and that she could n't remember the girl, David instructs Hook to take her crook. Angered by their actions, Bo Peep mocks David for being a hero in this world.
After Gerda seals her sister Ingrid in a mystical urn following Ingrid 's unintentional murder of her sister, she requests Grand Pabbie give her a memory potion for Arendelle to forget the existence of Helga and Ingrid. Gerda later dies in a shipwreck, leaving her daughters Elsa and Anna as orphans. When Belle visits Arendelle, Anna takes her to see Grand Pabbie to give her a stone that will restore her memories of her mother 's death.
Hans and his brothers locate a mystical urn to imprison Elsa within, though when Hans opens it, he unknowingly releases Ingrid (the Snow Queen), who freezes Hans. After thirty years, Arendelle awakens from Ingrid 's frozen spell. Hans reunites with his brothers and becomes the new King of Arendelle, with his first act being to arrest Anna and her love Kristoff. Hans plans to send the pair to their deaths by throwing them into the sea. Meanwhile, in Storybrooke, Elsa transports Anna and Kristoff to the town, saving them. Reunited, the trio return to Arendelle and banish Hans and his brothers, taking back the kingdom.
During an ogre attack at her castle, she is alerted by the guards to evacuate the palace. Busily collecting books she deems too valuable to leave behind, Colette orders them to take the filled trunks to the carriage. She calls to Belle, who scurries over with the book her mother once read to her. Before they can leave, an ogre enters the room as the two hide under a table. The ogre rips away the table obscuring the mother - daughter pair from view. To save Belle, Colette sacrifices herself to the ogre as the guards pulls Belle out of the room. Soon after this, she is killed by the ogres.
Arriving at Arendelle Castle during King Harald 's birthday, he soon became attracted to the King 's middle child, Helga. He is introduced to the King by Helga and the two share a dance together. He later comes across Ingrid, the heir to Arendelle 's throne. He remarks on her incredible beauty. As he makes advances on her, Ingrid rebuffs him, and out of panic, she blasts him away with ice magic. Helga then comes to the Duke 's aid, where he accuses Ingrid of trying to win his romantic affection. Helga claims that he is lying and believes her sister. The Duke threatens to expose Ingrid to everyone in Arendelle because he believes the people deserve to know their future queen is a monster. At this, an angered Ingrid attempts to blast him, but the Duke uses Helga as a shield and she takes the magical hit while the Duke escapes. Later, his memories of this incident is wiped out when Gerda urges Grand Pabbie to erase memories of the existence of Ingrid and Helga over the realm.
She is unlike her sister Gerda who was a little scared of Ingrid 's ice powers was not afraid at all and loved her no matter what. After seeking help from Rumplestiltskin to control Ingrid 's powers, the Duke of Weselton who proposed to Helga attempts to seduce Ingrid but is pushed down by Ingrid 's magic. After seeing this he blames Ingrid and says she tried to seduced him but Helga knows he 's lying and turns down his proposal but he threatens to tell Arendelle about Ingrid 's powers and Ingrid tries to freeze him but Helga is pushed in front of him and is frozen instead. Her body is then turn to ice and crumbles in Ingrid 's hands.
In 1982 in Boston, after Ingrid arrive in the Land Without Magic, she visits Madame Faustina to see the future on a yet - to - be born child. Madame Faustina agrees to use her crystal ball to see the child 's future. Halfway, Madame Faustina mistakenly tells the child name as "Susan '' when the child to - be 's name is "Emma ''. Angrily, Ingrid storms out of the shop and tries to use her ice magic on Madame Faustina. As Ingrid does not have her magic in this land, Madame Faustina chases her away with a broomstick.
Years ago, when Queen Briar Rose was inflicted with the Sleeping Curse by Maleficent, King Stefan breaks it with true love 's kiss. Years later, he captures Maleficent and Regina and sentences them to execution but fails when Maleficent turns into a dragon and attacks them. King Stefan and his men escaped so instead, Maleficent curses Princess Aurora, his daughter.
Ursula had a disagreement with her father where she was to user her voice to harm people as long as she is in his ocean. Glowerhaven. With help from his men, King Poseidon had Captain Hook brought to the Jolly Roger where King Poseidon wants him to give Ursula an enchanted sea shell to take away her singing voice so that she can give up her dream and return to the ocean. After Ursula meets with Captain Hook with the squid ink, King Poseidon arrived where he claimed that he did n't want to lose Ursula like how he lost her mother. To make King Poseidon suffer after ruining his plans, Captain Hook was forced to take away Ursula 's voice as she flees into the ocean. Back at his lair, King Poseidon apologized to Ursula for what happened. Ursula decides to form his own side and grabs his trident which she uses to transform herself into an appearance similar to the Ursula of legend.
Many years later, Captain Hook enlists Ariel to find King Poseidon. Once that was done, Captain Hook arrives with King Poseidon (who was brought here by Ariel) who tries to reason with Ursula while mentioning that he has a part of his wife in Ursula. King Poseidon manages to successfully return Ursula 's voice. Afterwards, Ursula reconciles with her father. King Poseidon and Ursula then return to their ocean.
As a young women, Madeline marries and has a daughter, Cruella, but loses her husband one day by poison. She remarries again, but both of her husbands dies of poisoning. She later discovers that Cruella poisoned her father and stepfathers. Refusing to go to the authorities, she locks Cruella away in the attic of her mansion. Years later, she becomes known for her dog training skills all around 1920s England. An author, Isaac Heller, arrives at her mansion hoping to write a juicy story on her life. After he makes an inappropriate comment on her deceased husbands, Madeline kicks him out. Madeline later confronts Isaac and pleads with him to stay away from Cruella as she is a vicious murderer, but ultimately, she is killed by her dalmatian dogs that was controlled by Cruella with her persuasion magic gifted to her by Isaac.
As an adult, he attempts to claim Excalibur from its stone in Camelot. Though he is unable to causing the spell to disintegrate him.
In a chamber at the Capital of Camelot 's castle, Grif brings in a relic chest for King Arthur and David before their quest to retrieve the Crimson Crown. He is later seen along with the other knights when King Arthur entitles David as a Knight of the Round Table. When Hook cast the third curse, Grif is brought over to Storybrooke with his memories of the six weeks erased. Under King Arthur 's order, he pretends to steal a magic bean from King Arthur 's relic chest. After David captures him and places him in jail, King Arthur confronts him about the situation and Grif mentions to King Arthur that there was no bean in the chest. Hoping to keep this a secret, King Arthur makes Grif drink viper poison for the sake of Camelot.
Originally from the Land Without Magic, Hank ended up in Camelot where he married and had Violet as his only child and becomes Sir Morgan, a knight in the Round Table. He later loses his wife to magic. Years later, he meets Henry Mills in the stables when he, alongside with the others, came to Camelot. As Henry is clumsily wielding a sword, Sir Morgan looks down on him stating that he would not be a good match for Violet. He then tells Henry to leave before he causes too much damage. When Dark Curse is cast, Sir Morgan is transported to Storybrooke.
Sometime later after ending up in Storybrooke, Sir Morgan struggled to find Violet 's horse Nicodemus after it had gone missing. Later that night, Sir Morgan takes Violet to the town party where Henry managed to find Nicodemus and bring him back to Violet. Sir Morgan was pleased with Henry returning Nicodemus and states that he would be a good knight someday. When he leaves to take Nicodemus back to the stables, he leaves Henry and Violet alone. After Robin Hood 's funeral, the people of Camelot return home except Sir Morgan and Violet who both wish to stay in Storybrooke.
After her village is attacked by Vortigan, she came to Merlin looking for the Holy Grail to defeat him, forcing Merlin to forge the grail into Excalibur, but Nimue drank from the grail before he forced it, giving her magic and tempted her into killing Vortigan. Becoming the first Dark One, Merlin tethers her to a dagger, taken from the tip of Excalibur. Nimue then turns Merlin into a tree as punishment. She eventually dies, as the power of the Dark One moves to another soul, but her spirit remains to other Dark Ones while she lives in the Underworld.
With Hook 's help, Nimue is returned to the land of the living from the Underworld and helps the rest of the Dark Ones place the Mark of Charon on Emma 's family and friends to bring them to the Underworld and switch places with them. When Emma tries to stop them, Nimue chokes her to prevent them from stopping them but Hook then uses Excalibur to absorb her and all the Dark Ones into himself and have Emma kill him to destroy the Darkness and set them free. After Hook 's death Mr. Gold reveals to Emma that he used a magic potion to turn Excalibur into a conduit to transfer all the Dark Ones magic including Nimue, Emma, and Hook back into him, making him more powerful than ever.
Vortigan destroyed Nimue 's village of Oxleigh which led to her enlisting Merlin to help her. Merlin eventually figured out that Vortigan wanted to obtain the Holy Grail. While at the ruins of Nimue 's village, Merlin sensed that Vortigan was on their trail. At the Flame of Prometheus, Nimue ripped out Vortigan 's heart and crushed it, killing him for revenge of him destroying her village. She then claimed Vortigan 's mask and cloak.
In a war against King Arthur and his knights, King Fergus was killed. It was revealed that he once visited the Witch of DunBroch where he did n't use the Enchanted Helm that she once loaned to him. Since then, his daughter, Merida, became Queen of DunBroch. Sometime later, the Witch gave Merida some Ale of Seonaidh to talk to her father from the afterlife.
Years before the curse, she was cursed by the Witch who Merida wanted her to change her mother but instead was turned into a bear. The curse was later reversed by Merida after they mended their mother and daughter bond.
Sometime after King Fergus ' death, her daughter reunited the divided clans of their kingdom and became Queen of DunBroch.
The Witch once cursed Queen Elinor by turning her into a bear. The curse is then reversed by Merida, although it remains unknown how. The Witch 's curse is known by King Ferguson and all parts of DunBroch comes to know about her magic.
Years later, she is visited by King Fergus at her cottage. He requests something to allow him to defeat the incoming invaders from the south and ensure the fate of his kingdom. She requests payment and has him sign a contract as an "I.O.U. '' before getting to work, and presents him with an Enchanted Helm that will cause any army to willingly follow the wearer into battle, no matter the dangers. During Merida 's coronation, the Witch insists that the clans pay her the price Fergus owed her. However, when she names the price, Merida argues that it will make the clans broke three times over and the Witch requests that she simply return the helm instead, and gives her until the following sunset to do so, lest the Witch turn her entire kingdom into bears. While she 's back at her cottage, she 's visited by King Arthur and Zelena, whom also wishes to find the Enchanted Helm. The Witch returns a couple hours early the next day to see if Merida succeeded, but instead of returning the helm, Merida decides to destroy it. However, much to her surprise, the Witch does not cast the spell and turn the kingdom into bears. Instead, she reveals that this was her plan the entire time. Merida realizes that the quest for the helm taught her how to lead the kingdom, thus ensuring the fate of the kingdom, just as Fergus requested, and Elinor scolds the Witch for not being straightforward. The Witch shrugs it off, and gives Merida the Ale of Seonaidh that can bring the spirit of anyone who has passed on into the Underworld back temporarily so that she can speak with her father.
Brennan took his two young sons with him and they traveled the seas. He had to calm Killian down when the ship was in a storm. Upon arriving at the latest port, Brennan learned that the authorities want to apprehend him. He sold the servitude of his sons to the boat while he escaped.
For a brief while, Brennan was captured and put under a sleeping curse until he was awoken by his nurse. Upon changing his ways, Brennan and the nurse got married and had a son that Brennan named Liam, after his first born son. Brennan later got a job as a bartender. While cleaning up the bar around closing time, Brennan encountered a grown - up Killian who was sent by the Evil Queen to kill him. Brennan explains what happened after he disappeared from the ship and the path that led him to changing into a better person. Seeing his father regret that he was n't the parent he should have been, Killian softens towards him, deciding to spare him by giving him passage to elsewhere as a way to trick the Evil Queen into believing that he killed Brennan. Brennan thanks him and asks him for a second transportation permit for Liam. After tucking Liam in his bed, Killian arrived with the transportation permits where he overhears his father 's words to Liam. This made Killian angry at Brennan 's lies enough to destroy the transportation permits. Then he chooses to follow the Evil Queen 's orders by killing Brennan, despite the fact that Liam II needed someone to provide for him. Before he dies, Brennan tells Killian that it 's not too late to become the man that he wants to be.
As a boy, he is left orphaned when his father is killed. Struggling with life at the docks, he is taken by Captain Nemo and raised as his own son. Captain Nemo also teaches him that seeking revenge for his father 's killer is no use. When the Evil Queen cast her curse, somehow, Captain Nemo managed to escape the curse 's scope with Liam by fleeing from the Enchanted Forest. The curse then freezes the Enchanted Forest and many other lands in time. Liam, however, was the only one who aged during the twenty - eight years of the Dark Curse.
When Emma Swan enters Storybrooke in 2011, the curse is weakened and time resumes back in the Enchanted Forest. At the time, after Captain Nemo brings Captain Hook to join him in the Nautilus, he finds out that Hook is his elder half - brother and their father 's killer. Attempt to kill Hook, he accidentally stabs Captain Nemo instead as Hook flees. In order to save Nemo, Liam uses a key and opens a portal to the Land of Untold Stories, halting both of their stories.
Years later, Liam ends up in Storybrooke when Mr. Hyde brings some of the refugees from the Land of Untold Stories to Storybrooke. Liam kidnaps Hook as payback for killing their father and for the "death '' of Captain Nemo. With Henry 's help, Hook knocks down Liam, leaving him unconscious. Liam is then taken to the hospital by Hook where they both bond and forgive one another. Hook also reveals to him that Captain Nemo is still alive as Captain Nemo is wheeled into the room reunited.
After Gideon commandeered the Nautilus to take off, Liam helped Captain Hook and Captain Nemo into finding a Kraken where they would obtain its blood to refuel the Nautilus component that enables it to travel to the oceans of the different worlds. During this time, Captain Nemo and Liam met Aladdin and Jasmine. Due to the Nautilus having taken damage from the Kraken attacks, Jasmine used Aladdin 's genie abilities to wish herself, Aladdin, Captain Hook, Captain Nemo, and Liam to the nearest island which happens to be Hangman 's Island. Before heading off to find where Jafar 's lamp is held, Captain Hook parted ways with Captain Nemo and Liam who remained on shore with the Nautilus ' crew where they are working to salvage the Nautilus.
In his earlier life, he had saved a younger Snow White from a beast trap and trained her in being a warrior. He showed Snow White his medals for his labours where the 12th one that he is going to do is to defeat Cerberus. After her first attempt with the bandits that were plaguing Snow White 's kingdom failed, Hercules punched the ground hard enough to send the bandits running. After some persuasion, Snow White was successful at fending off the bandits the next time they showed up. When he ends up where Cerberus was, he bought Megara some time to get away from Cerberus. Hercules fought Cerberus the best he could before being slain followed by Megara getting killed afterwards.
In the Underworld, Hercules works at Underbrooke 's docks and visits the Underworld 's version of Granny 's during his lunch break. Upon being tipped off on how to find him by the second Blind Witch, Mary Margaret found him and persuaded him to help find Captain Hook while planning to have his unfinished business of defeating Cerberus be resolved. When Cerberus later attacks, Hercules works with Mary Margaret and Megara where they managed to defeat Cerberus. Afterwards, Hercules and Megara ascended to Mount Olympus.
In the Enchanted Forest, after Hercules was killed, Cerberus caught up to Megara and killed her as well. She then was sent to the Underworld.
In the Underworld, Megara was a prisoner in one of the tunnels where Hades keeps his prisoners. She meets Captain Hook who manages to buy her some time to get away. She is founded by Emma Swan and Regina Mills. When Cerberus catches up to Megara, Mary Margaret and Hercules had to work hard to keep her safe. With some persuasion from Mary Maraget, Megara helps Mary Margaret and Hercules defeat Cerberus. Being reunited with Hercules was her unfinished business, she got it resolved. Afterwards, Megara and Hercules ascended to Mount Olympus.
In the Enchanted Forest, he is approached by Rumplestiltskin and Milah who requires his help to heal their son Baelfire. However, when the price for the healing potion is too high, Milah suggests that Rumplestiltskin to kill him. However, instead of killing him, Rumplestiltskin makes a deal with him for his second - born child. Years later, Rumplestiltskin, now the Dark One pays a visit to Fendrake 's tent, where he kills him. After his death, Fendrake goes to the Underworld.
In the Underworld, he sells the contract he did with Rumplestiltskin years ago to Hades.
After overhearing that Liam Jones has plans to enlist himself and his brother Killian to the King 's Navy, he tricks Killian into spending his silver coins need to enlist himself into the navy. Later, he commands the ship into a disastrous storm, but Liam later takes over the command of the ship. The ship eventually is destroyed in the storm killing Captain Silver and all of his crew except Liam and Killian who survived due to a deal made by Liam with Hades. Captain Silver then ends up in the Underworld.
In the Underworld, he and his crew reveals to Killian, now known as Hook, that Liam made a deal with Hades to spare them both leaving him and the rest to die. He and his crew then kidnap both Hook and Liam and brings them to the Fiery Cave hoping to send them both to the Worst Place. Angered that Captain Silver did not invite him to see this, Hades arrived and uses his magic and pushes Captain Silver into the fiery pit, sending him to the Worst Place.
Many years ago, Zelena targeted the Scarecrow in order to use his brain as part of her first attempt to cause a time - travel spell. Before Zelena can remove the brain, Dorothy and Toto intervened where they managed to get away. With help from Hades enchanting a bicycle, Zelena tracked down where Dorothy and Scarecrow were hiding out. After Zelena used her magic to magically freeze Dorothy, Zelena successfully removed Scarecrow 's brain and was about to show it to Hades only to find that he is not there. It is unknown what happen to the Scarecrow or his brain because when Zelena had attempted her time travel spell in Storybrooke, she planned on using Gold 's brain.
After Dorothy returns from her trip to Oz, Dorothy tells her family about her trip. While the rest of the family refuses to believe, Aunt Em was the only one who believed Dorothy and refuses to send Dorothy to an asylum after she was doomed insane by the others. Sometime later, Aunt Em dies, gifting Toto to Dorothy.
In the Underworld, Aunt Em runs a diner called "Auntie 's Chicken and Waffles '' that the Blind Witch considers as the competition. Emma, Mary Margaret, and Red make an attempt to use a bottle given to them by the Blind Witch to have Aunt Em blow some kisses in there as part of an attempt for Ruby to wake Dorothy from the Sleeping Curse as part of her unfinished business of knowing that Dorothy is alright. Before she can do, Aunt Em 's body turned to water before dissolving. Hades appears stating that he has spiked her soup with the River of Lost Souls as Regina stated that they were trying to help Dorothy. After mopping up the watery remains of Aunt Em and putting them in a jar, Hades informs the other souls present to let Aunt Em 's fate be a warning to anyone who turn to the Underworld visitors for hope. Later on while meeting with Zelena, Hades dumped Aunt Em 's watery remains into the River of Lost Souls.
Cleo was tracking Emma after she was wanted in a series of robberies in Phoenix sometime after being released from prison. When she caught up with Emma who was looking for her birth parents in 2009, Cleo arrested her and was preparing to extradite Emma back to Arizona. Afterwards, the two became friends and despite going against her principles, Cleo help Emma search for her parents even going far as helping Emma escape authorities after she broke into a building to obtain information. When they escaped the building, Cleo started to die after having a shard of glass stab into her stomach and before Cleo let her go, she told Emma that she had a daughter that she gave up ten years earlier and told her to run as she died.
When Emma became a bondswoman a year later, she returned the favor and found Cleo 's daughter Tasha and told her about Cleo. At the store where Tasha worked, Emma spotted the red jacket and it became her outfit ever since.
In his early life, Zeus became the ruler of Mount Olympus while Hades became ruler of the Underworld. Hades has since been jealous of his brother 's position.
After Captain Hook completed his unfinished business where Emma and Zelena had defeated Hades, he arrived on Mount Olympus where he met Zeus who congratulated Captain Hook for his involvement in his misguided brother 's defeat. Zeus then takes Captain Hook to his reward. That reward turned out to be Captain Hook getting a second chance at life as he is reunited with Emma.
When David, Mary Margaret, Zelena and Hook ends up in the Land of Untold Stories, Poole zaps them with his baton and keeps them in a cell protected by a magical barrier. Later, after becoming drunk, Dr. Jekyll steals the keys to the cell, freeing them and escaping to Dr. Jekyll 's apartment. Poole later alerted Mr. Hyde and they both shows up at Dr. Jekyll 's apartment. Poole is later knock unconscious by Zelena.
Sir Mordred is the former Knight of the Round Table.
After betraying King Arthur, Sir Mordred briefly takes over Camelot as its new King. However, King Arthur fights back and eventually kills Mordred. Mordred is then sent to the Underworld due to his unfinished business.
About fifty years after King Arthur becomes the ruler of the Underworld, he meets Cruella De Vil in his bar, where they discuss his past with King Arthur and about moving on, which both him and Cruella chooses not to do.
After Aladdin develops a hand tremor from his role as the Savior, the Oracle becomes his caretaker, hiding out at a cottage somewhere in the desert. One day, a man from a kingdom in Agrabah comes to the cottage for help, but is killed by Jafar moments later. Jafar also knocks out the Oracle with his magic before seeking an audience with Aladdin. Sometime later, by unknown means, the Oracle goes to the Land of Untold Stories for unknown reasons.
Years later, Mr. Hyde brings her and some other folks from the Land of Untold Stories to Storybrooke. There, she meets Emma, the current Savior and shows Emma her future, where she is destined to die in the hands of an unknown person. She later secretly meets with Princess Jasmine and discuss about Aladdin 's presence in Storybrooke. She is later visited by the Evil Queen offscreen, hoping to find out about Emma Swan 's vision. As the Oracle refuses to help, the Evil Queen kills her. Emma and Archie later find her dead body.
When Edmond 's fiancèe is murdered by Baron Danglars and his home is burned down by him, Edmond is framed and imprisoned for the murder. After escaping, he becomes the Count of Monte Cristo. During a party hosted by him, he kills Baron Danglers in - front of the other guests fulfilling his revenge for what Danglers did to him. The Evil Queen appears and recruits him to kill Snow White and Prince Charming. He then leaves to the Enchanted Forest with the Evil Queen. However, after seeing Snow White 's handmaiden Charlotte, he rethinks his action and refuses to kill them with the Agrabahn Viper Poison. Rumplestiltskin thinks that he will interrupt his plan to make the Queen cast the curse, so he poisons Charlotte with the same poison. As there is no cure for the poison, Rumplestiltskin tells the Count that the only way to save her is to halt her story. He gives the Count and Charlotte a passageway to the Land of Untold Stories.
Years later, Mr. Hyde brings the Count and various other refugees from the Land of Untold Stories to Storybrooke. During his time in Storybrooke, he meets Regina 's former counterpart -- the Evil Queen, who rips his heart out and forces him to kill David and Mary Margaret. He is then killed by Regina, unintentionally, who throws her sword into his back in order to save David and Mary Margaret.
In the Enchanted Forest, after becoming Snow White 's handmaiden, she travels with them to a nearby burned - down village where they meet the Count, who introduces himself as Edmond. Sometime after Edmond starts working at the castle, he began to see the resemblance in Charlotte 's eyes similar to his deceased fiancèe. When he tries to kill Snow White and Prince Charming with the Agrabahn Viper Poison, he rethinks after seeing Charlotte 's eyes. Later, Charlotte is poisoned by Rumplestiltskin and states to Edmond that there is no cure for the poison. In order to save her, Rumplestiltskin tells the Count that he needs to halt her story, therefore, taking her to the Land of Untold Stories.
Years later, Charlotte is among the refugees brought to Storybrooke from the Land of Untold Stories by Mr. Hyde. After arriving in Storybrooke, her story continues resulting in her dying from the poison years ago.
In the Enchanted Forest, he falls in love with Clorinda and gets into a secret relationship with her. One day, he arrives at Lady Tremaine 's estate, inviting the family to a royal ball at Prince Thomas ' castle. Later, both he and Clorinda plans to runaway together to start a little farm, but Cinderella gives a key to the Land of Untold Stories to Clorinda. Instead, Clorinda suggests to Jacob to travel there. However, their plan was put to a stop when Lady Tremaine found out. She injures Jacob and then banishes Clorinda and herself to the Land of Untold Stories. When the Evil Queen cast the curse, Jacob is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, Jacob is a pumpkin farmer. When Lady Tremaine and Clorinda end up in Storybrooke, Lady Tremaine tries to kill him with Jacob and Cinderella in her clutches, but Clorinda gets in the way. She stabs Ashley instead, but Emma cures her and Lady Tremaine is arrested. Jacob and Clorinda then catches up alongside with Ashley and Sean.
In Victorian England, she initially fell in love with Dr. Henry Jekyll, but eventually ends up falling in love with Dr. Jekyll 's alter ego Mr. Hyde. She later finds out that Mr. Hyde is actually Dr. Jekyll and confronts him, leading to a heated argument resulting in Mary falling from her bedroom window to her death.
After Jafar dethrones his father who ruled one of Agrabah 's kingdoms, Jafar travels to the Capital of Agrabah where he uses the Serpent Staff to control the Sultan of Agrabah. Obeying to Jafar, the Sultan of Agrabah makes Jafar his Vizier, unknown to him about Jafar 's plan for Agrabah. When Aladdin breaks the Serpent Staff into half, the spell on the Sultan of Agrabah is lifted and is reunited with Princess Jasmine while Jafar escapes.
At the time when the Sultan was meeting with possible suitors for Princess Jasmine, Jafar crashed the meeting where he mentioned that Aladdin is too broken to help them. The Sultan of Agrabah also witnesses Jafar using a transformation potion on Prince Achmed which turned him into a wooden staff that has a wooden carving of his head on it.
Following the closure of Any Given Sundae sometime after Ingrid 's death, Goldilocks takes over the property and opens her spa. One day, the Evil Queen and Zelena visits her spa where she and an unnamed co-worker tender to their requirements.
In the Enchanted Forest, he meets a young orphaned boy named Liam who is struggling with life at the docks. Feeling sorry for the boy, Captain Nemo takes Liam in and raises him as his son. He also teaches the boy to never go on the path of revenge. When the Evil Queen cast her curse, Captain Nemo and Liam somehow manage to escape the curse 's scope by fleeing from the Enchanted Forest as the rest of the land and other worlds freezes in time.
When Emma Swan enters Storybrooke in 2011, the curse is weakened and time resumes back in the Enchanted Forest. One of Captain Nemo 's men kidnaps Captain Hook and Captain Nemo asks him to join him and Liam to find for a magical key for a second chance in life at the Mysterious Island. Eventually, Hook finds out about Liam 's identity, resulting in Liam accidentally stabbing Captain Nemo. As Captain Nemo bleeds, Liam uses the key to open a portal to the Land of Untold Stories which used the "Mysterious Island '' alias. Arriving there, Captain Nemo stop bleeding as their story had been halted.
Years later, Captain Nemo ends up in Storybrooke when Mr. Hyde brings some of the refugees from the Land of Untold Stories to Storybrooke. As his story is no longer halted, he continues to bleed and is found by David Nolan. He is brought to the hospital and into surgery. After the surgery done by Dr. Whale, he is wheeled into a ward room where his bed roommate is Liam, reuniting with him.
Captain Hook is later visited by Captain Nemo who gives him some advice on how to tell Emma about how he had previously killed David 's father Robert. In addition, Captain Nemo states that he, Liam Jones II, and his crew are heading out of Storybrooke. After a disastrous outcome with Emma upon being unable to come clean in the first place, Captain Hook informs Captain Nemo about it and asks if there is room for one more. Captain Nemo states that there is always a place for him on the Nautilus. After some talking with Mary Margaret Blanchard, Captain Hook meets with Captain Nemo to see him off only for Gideon to commandeer the Nautilus where he has it leave Storybrooke.
After ending up off the coast of the Enchanted Forest, Captain Nemo worked with Captain Hook into finding a Kraken where they would obtain it 's blood to refuel the Nautilus component that enables it to travel to the oceans of the different worlds. During this time, Captain Nemo and Liam met Aladdin and Jasmine. Due to the Nautilus having taken damage from the Kraken attacks, Jasmine used Aladdin 's genie abilities to wish herself, Aladdin, Captain Hook, Captain Nemo, and Liam to the nearest island which happens to be Hangman 's Island. Before heading off to find where Jafar 's lamp is held, Captain Hook parted ways with Captain Nemo and Liam who remained on shore with the Nautilus ' crew where they are working to salvage the Nautilus.
Gabriel takes up the bounty to apprehend Snow White for the Evil Queen where his first attempt resulted in Snow White getting away with help from the Blue Fairy. Then he encounters David and his sheepdog Wilby where he gives him drugged water and uses Wilby to lure Snow White into a trap. After Gabriel traps Snow White against a tree and locking her in his wagon, David stumbled onto the wagon where he is attacked by Gabriel. With some inside help from Snow White, David kills Gabriel.
Since banishing the Evil Queen before she could cast her curse, King David rules the Wish Realm peacefully with Queen Snow White and has a child, Princess Emma, and later a grandson, Prince Henry. On the day of Prince Henry 's ascendancy to knighthood, Regina, disguised as the Evil Queen, storms into the chamber, hoping Emma would remember her past as the Savior. As she fails, Regina takes David and Snow to her palace and keeps them as hostage. In order to make Emma remember, Regina rips out David 's and Snow 's heart and crushes it.
When the Evil Queen (Serum) makes a wish for Emma to had never become the Savior, the Wish Realm is formed as a world of its own. Here, Queen Snow rules the realm alongside King David. In this alternate timeline, King David and Queen Snow had defeated the Evil Queen and banished her.
Later in order to make Princess Emma embrace her role as the Savior and to retain her memories of her life, Regina captures King David and Queen Snow the same day when Henry was becoming a knight. During Emma 's confrontation with her, Regina unintentionally crushes King David and Queen Snows hearts in an attempt to snap Emma out of this illusion.
When the Evil Queen (Serum) makes a wish for Emma to had never become the Savior, the Wish Realm is formed as a world of its own. Here, Prince Henry trains to be a knight and arrives late at Princess Emma 's birthday celebration. On the day of his assertion to knighthood, Regina (masquerading as the Evil Queen of the Wish Realm), shows up uninvited where she takes King David and Queen Snow as prisoners. Prince Henry later follows his mother to the Dark Palace to seek the Evil Queen. After Regina unintentionally kills King David and Queen Snow by crushing their heart, Prince Henry lures his sword towards Regina with intentions of killing her, but Princess Emma stops the act with her magic, fully aware of the situation and remembers her life back in her own world.
Prince Henry later lead his army to look for the Evil Queen in order to punish her for what she did to his grandparents. In addition, he has sent out word to have his mother brought back to him.
Later on in season 7, Prince Henry is revealed to be out on revenge on Regina for killing his grandparents by crushing their heart and is helping Wish Realm Rumpelstiltskin to destroy Weaver 's chance to being with Belle in the afterlife as well as being alive still as to manage of finding his happy ending by soughting out destruction on Regina 's loved ones, her, and Older Henry. They even managed to steal an Author 's Pen from Henry.
Henry eventually duels with Regina. Even though he defeats Regina, what she says to him causes Henry to hesitate and spare her life. Following the deaths of both Rumplestitlskins, Henry and his original counterpart are present when Regina works on a spell to unite the story worlds into one location at Storybrooke. He was even present at Regina 's coronation at Storybrooke.
After giving the Evil Queen a Dark Curse, he is imprisoned underneath her Dark Palace. One day, he is listed by his long time enemy, Hook, who makes a deal with him for his freedom. Agreeing to the agreement, Rumplestiltskin reveals to Hook the whereabout of Captain Ahab, who possesses an enchanted talisman that Hook requires. Rumplestiltskin is then visited by Hook once again after acquiring the item, ready to deliver his part of the bargain. However, due to Ahab 's interruption, Rumplestiltskin remains in his jail cell.
Years after the Dark Curse breaks, Rumplestiltskin is visited by Regina who needs help in saving Emma. Rumplestiltskin shares some encouragement to Regina to bring in fear upon the realm in order to save Emma, in - exchange for his freedom. Regina toughens the bargain by seeking a magic bean from him. Happy with the agreement, Rumplestiltskin is released from his jail cell. He then meets up with Regina and Emma and hands over the magic bean. However, after finding out that Belle died due to starvation, and as he could n't locate the Wish Realm 's Evil Queen, Rumplestiltskin captures Regina, along with Robin of Locksley, with intention to punish her, but Regina escapes from him with Robin, and later with Emma back to Storybrooke.
Sometime later, Rumplestiltskin is summoned to Hyperion Heights by Baron Samdi. When Weaver confronts Baron Samdi about the stolen Dark One 's Dagger, the Wish Realm Rumplestilstkin shows up and stabs Baron Samdi in the back. During Henry 's birthday, the Wish Realm Rumplestiltskin abducts Lily and Jacinda where he ransoms them in exchange for the Dark One 's Dagger. He even trapped them in a frigid snow globe that only he can open while also having trapped his father and enlisted the Wish Realm 's Cruella de Ville to serve him. To make things worse, he has allied with the Wish Realm 's Prince Henry in order to fulfill his revenge on Regina for what happened to King Charming and Queen Snow White.
During the final showdown, Weaver crushes his own heart which kills himself and his Wish Realm counterpart.
As Emma and Regina tries to get back to Storybrooke through a portal, Robin appears to rob them. Regina, shocked to see Robin alive, approaches him, causing the portal to close. Robin robs them and leaves them as soon as Prince Henry and the knights approach. In the tavern, Regina approaches him and asks him about his life in the Wish Realm, and after figuring out that he is happy, she leaves him, but they are both captured by the Sheriff of Nottingham. Robin and Regina is then saved by Rumplestiltskin, who then captures them and locks them away in a prison cell. Robin breaks open the lock and escapes with Regina. After Emma and Pinocchio create a portal with an enchanted tree, Robin volunteers himself to follow them for a fresh start.
Landing in Storybrooke, Regina welcomes him and lets him stay at her place. However, he gets uncomfortable with Regina comparing him to her Robin. He teams up with Zelena to leave town, but is confronted by Regina who agrees to help him leave town by figuring a way to take down the protection spell surrounding town. After the Evil Queen, still in cobra form, escapes her coil cage, she pays Robin a visit in the woods where she bites his hand to transform herself back to human form.
She recruits Robin to dig up the Shears of Destiny and then uses him to lure Regina. However, as Robin pleas to return him home to his land, the Evil Queen helps him go home. Later in the tavern in the Wish Realm, he is reunited with the Evil Queen, who had a change of heart, wishing for a fresh start. The two talk, with the Evil Queen finally getting her happy ending with Robin.
Upon becoming a real boy and growing up to be a woodcarver upon Geppetto 's passing, Emma Swan and Regina Mills approaches him to see if he still has the Wardrobe. He states that he dismantled it sometime after the Evil Queen 's defeat. Upon taking Emma to the enchanted grove, they are ambushed by Killian Jones. After Emma made Killian disappear back to the Jolly Roger, it was revealed that Pinocchio 's magic chisel was broken during the scuffle. Emma later convinces Pinocchio to take another shot at the magical tree. Pinocchio manages to obtain the wood in order to make a Magic Wardrobe. Then Pinocchio constructs the Magic Wardrobe just as Regina and the alternate Robin of Locksley arrive. Before entering the Magic Wardrobe, Emma and Regina thank Pinocchio for his help.
He and his men ambush Regina Mills and Robin of Locksley at the bar. While having captured Robin of Locksley, he states to Regina that they have been prepared for the Evil Queen 's arrival. The Sheriff of Nottingham and his men are defeated by Rumplestiltskin.
Brought over to the Dark Realm by the Black Fairy, Roderick is forced to work in the mines digging for dark fairy dust. As a child, he is placed in a cell next to Gideon 's and became friends. One day, the Black Fairy finds out about Gideon 's plan to become a hero, so the Black Fairy takes Roderick away and whips him to prove Gideon wrong. As Roderick grows into a young adult, he began to rebel against the Black Fairy 's reign. He gets Gideon to side with him and together, her break into the Black Fairy 's chamber and uses a crystal ball to contact a savior in another realm. The Black Fairy finds out about it and foils their plan. Using the fairy dust, she turns Roderick into a bug and squishes him to death.
He is shown drinking at a tavern when King George arrives announcing his son James is missing and an reward for whoever can bring him home so Robert plans to find him and bring him back to him and his family. After saying goodbye to his family he leaves to visits Rumplestiltskin to know where James is and reveals he ran away to a place called Pleasure Island. After making a deal with him he gives Robert a ticket to enter the place and after talking with Pinocchio who saw James, he finds him and tells him he 's bringing him home but when they start to leave they run into King George and his men. As Robert refused to give up James, King George had his men kill Robert and have it look like an accident. Just before the guards are about to kill Robert Captain Hook and his crew arrive and kill the two guards and plan to take the gold. Believing he is safe, Robert begs Hook to set him free. Hook kills him upon quoting "Dead Men Tell No Tales '' and tells him men to take his body and make it look like an accident occurred.
Years later, David Nolan was told by the Evil Queen a brief info on what happened to his father. When David starts to see the ghost of his father who tells him he wants him to know the truth about him and his death, David asks Hook for his help in finding out who killed his father. After talking with August about his meeting with Robert, David believes King George killed his father and goes to fight and kill him but is stopped by Hook and Robert 's ghost is able to find peace with David knowing that his father fought to keep his family together.
During the First Ogre Wars, Bewoulf was the commander of an army where he inspired them to fight against the invading Ogres where he wielded the sword Hrunting. When disarmed of the weapon by a helmeted Ogre, he and his surviving soldiers were saved by Rumplestiltskin who killed the Ogres and claimed Hrunting.
Consumed by his anger and jealousy of Rumplestiltskin, Beowulf faked a Grendel attack where he secretly killed some people claiming that the Grendl killed them. This was a trap so that he can claim the Dark One 's Dagger, reclaim Hrunting, and frame Rumplestiltskin for the murders. Upon Baelfire reclaiming the Dark One 's Dagger, he summoned Rumplestiltskin who defeated him yet spared his life. Rumplestiltskin told him to take his leave and Beowulf does while pushing Baelfire aside. Consumed at the anger of what Beowulf did to him, Baelfire used the Dark One 's Dagger to make his father kill Beowulf. Rumplestiltskin regrettably did that by snapping his neck.
Prince Achmed comes to the Capital of Agrabah with hopes to marry Princess Jasmine and earn the Crown Jewel of Agrabah. During a meeting with the Sultan of Agrabah, Princess Jasmine and the other suitors, Jafar storms into the throne room and confronts Princess Jasmine about Aladdin, during in which Jafar insults the suitors. Angered with Jafar 's remarks, Prince Achmed stands up to Jafar, only to be transformed into a staff by Jafar as punishment.
As a teenager, he befriends Zelena and protects her from bullies who thinks she is a freak because of her magical abilities.
Years later, he cuts down a tree in the North. Furious, the Wicked Witch of the North curses him to turn to tin. Before the transformation completes, Stanum goes to Emerald City to seek help from Zelena. Although she initially refuse to help him, she then agrees to do so out of bravery. When Stanum is attacked by the Cowardly Lion, Zelena rescues him and aids him to find the Crimson Heart. Despite finding it, Zelena finds out that she will have to give up her powers to save Stanum, and she refuses to do so. She leaves Stanum be as he fully transforms into tin while suggesting he ask Dorothy for help if she meets him.
When Jacinda shows up late for work one day, Louie scolds her and offends her by mentioning the stereotypical view of a single mother in his point of view. Angered with his remarks, Jacinda calls him a jerk much to his dismay. Threatening Jacinda to apologise or risk losing her job, Jacinda chooses the latter. Later on, Jacinda is forced to get her job back from Louie after Victoria decides to take Lucy away from her. Despite their differences, Louie takes her back.
After helping Cinderella get ready for a royal ball, the Fairy Godmother is caught by Lady Tremaine, who cuts off her wings as punishment for helping Cinderella. Lady Tremaine then takes her wand and calls for Drizella to explain about never using magic as power as it can be taken away, like the Fairy Godmother 's wand. Making an exception, the Fairy Godmother is killed by Lady Tremaine, in front of Drizella, with her own wand.
After betraying Ella, the Prince is responsible for the death of her father, damning Ella to a life of cleaning Lady Tremaine 's chambers. One day, he hosts a ball at his castle, hoping to find a suitor. He is presented with Drizella, but he rejects her. Ella later crashes his ball and tries to kill him to get her revenge, but backs away from the plan at the last minute, with the Prince thankful that she spared him. However, Lady Tremaine uses this opportunity by stabbing the Prince to death and pins the murder on Ella.
In order to speed up the demolition of a community garden, Victoria bribes Michael to get the proper documents needed to start digging the site. Detective Rogers investigates this and witness the exchange of cash between the two. Afar, Detective Weaver always witness this while spying on Detective Rogers. Tracking Michael down to a restaurant, Detective Rogers questions Michael 's role in helping Victoria, something which Michael denies, but Detective Rogers searches him and reveals the bribe money on him. Michael is then arrested and taken to the station. While Detective Rogers is away, Detective Weaver makes a deal with Michael, freedom for loyalty to him by giving information on Victoria whenever she makes a bribery with him. Accepting the deal, Michael leaves the station, smirking to a confused Detective Rogers as he passes him.
After the death of her husband, Queen Eudora is forced to auction items of her castle to pay taxes after the King of their land raises them. Eudora suggests to her daughter that if she found a Prince to marry, then their financial problems may be solved. After Princess Tiana finds out that Prince Marias is just a commoner named Robert, Eudora consoles her daughter, regretting for ever telling Tiana to get married to solve their financial problems. Eudora eventually steps down as Queen as her daughter ascends her.
Cursed by Dr. Facilier into being a human, Robert is forced to work for Dr. Facilier as his lover is held captive by him. Robert poses as Prince Marias to lure Princess Tiana into falling for him in - order to steal Tiana 's father 's war medal. The ruse is then revealed to Tiana after she catches him stealing the medal. Initially not willing to give up her father 's medal, Tiana eventually trades the medal for Robert 's lover from Dr. Facilier. Robert is then reunited with his lover, who is a frog. With true love 's kiss, Robert is turned back to a frog and together with his lover, they return to the swamp.
Originally forced into getting married to him, Drizella takes advantage of the situation in order to threaten her mother. After acquiring better magic skills from Regina, Drizella goes to Prince Gregor for help to take down her mother. Gregor, after learning secrets of Lady Tremaine, heads over to her manor with Drizella by his side to confront Lady Tremaine, As he pulls out his sword against the women, Regina immortalises him to stop him and Drizella from killing Lady Tremaine. However, Drizella reveals that she never intended to do so, instead, she uses her magic and kills Gregor to darken her heart.
In the Wish Realm, while Hook tells Smee and the other crews to prepare his ship for a trip to a new land, the Evil Queen shows up, telling them about her failure to cast her curse because of Snow White and Prince Charming. Due to a deal between Hook and the Evil Queen, Smee goes to the New Enchanted Forest with Hook to obtain a magical flower to defeat Rumplestiltskin. Despite Hook obtaining it, Hook decides to stay in the new realm for a while as Smee returns home. Briefly, he gambles with the Evil Queen as they wait for Hook to return. When Hook decides to stay in the New Enchanted Forest, Smee is given the Jolly Roger and he offers a ride to the Evil Queen to escape the Wish Realm. Sometime later, Hook returns hoping to find Maui 's Fish Hook. Smee helps hook locate it, although they both are disturb with Captain Ahab 's presence, leading to a duel.
Before the Evil Queen got to cast her curse in the Wish Realm, she is defeated by Snow White and Prince Charming. She is unseated from the throne as Snow takes over as Queen and her magic is stripped off. With no where to turn too, she goes to Hook for help to secure a way out of the Wish Realm, making a deal with him to obtain some powerful magic in the New Enchanted Forest to defeat Rumplestiltskin. While Hook is away, she gambles with his crew and later finds out that he gave up on revenge, giving his ship to Smee. He then offers to free her from the Wish Realm, but she is eventually captured by the now Queen Snow and King David and banished from the Wish Realm for good, prevented from ever returning.
Via his first marriage with Rapunzel, he gains two daughters. One day, he falls deadly ill, resulting in Rapunzel to make a deal secure his health. Due to the deal, Rapunzel is captured by Gothel and Marcus is led to believe that she is dead. Marcus eventually falls in love with Cecelia and gains a step - daughter via the second marriage. Six years since Rapunzel 's disappearance, she returns after escaping her captivity, with Marcus welcoming her back home. When Cecelia is cursed by Rapunzel and runs away to New Wonderland, Marcus follows after her to bring her back, but returns home empty - handed. During winter, while playing, Anastasia and Ella falls into thin ice, and Marcus saves Ella first, angering Rapunzel for not saving their daughter first. As Anastasia is in a deep coma, Rapunzel kills Marcus with the help of a Prince out of anger.
After Rapunzel 's disappearance, Marcus falls in love with Cecelia and marries her, gifting her a locket which shows their power of love. Cecelia and her daughter, Ella, then moves into Marcus ' manor where she bonds and eventually gains the approval of his daughters. While Anastasia has hopes of Rapunzel 's return, Drizella warms up to Cecelia as her new mother. Following Rapunzel 's return, Cecelia tries to adjust her life to the new situation, however, she is cursed by a jealous Rapunzel after Drizella refers to her as mother. Forced to be separated from Marcus, Cecelia runs away to New Wonderland and ends up in the Infinite Maze, where she joins Alice in a tea party. One day, they were attacked by a Jabberwock and Cecelia gives up her life to kill it.
During her time in the New Enchanted Forest, the Hedge Witch is sought by Gothel, who recruits her into the Coven of the Eight. Together with the other members, they help Gothel free Drizella from her statue state. She then contributes in the casting of the Dark Curse by providing an ingredient. Once the curse is cast, she is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, she is Dr. Andrea Sage and works at the hospital of Seattle. After Lucy collapses, she is brought to Dr. Sage who tends to Lucy 's unconsciousness. After admitting Lucy, and with her condition not improving, Dr. Sage takes blood samples from Nick, Jacinda, and Henry for future usage. After the blood sample results are sent to her, she examines it in her office and notices that Henry is Lucy 's biological father. However, she finds that someone had poisoned her drink as she collapses onto the floor to her death. An unidentified person then cuts of a lock of her hair for unknown reasons. Detectives Weaver and Rogers learn of her connection to a cult that they 've been investigating as they also found her tattoo connected to the cult surgically - erased.
Living in the Land Without Magic, Seraphina gains the ability of magic, but decides to keep it as a secret and becomes friends with Isla and a few people that hates magic. One day, her group of friends crosses paths with Gothel, who also possess magic. However, it was a ploy to humiliate Gothel for being different. During a ball, Isla and her group pours mud onto Gothel as Seraphina watches on. Seraphina feels bad for Gothel, but decides to stick with Isla. Gothel later returns to the ball after finding out that Isla sent people to burn down her home and kill her family. After killing Isla, Gothel tries to kill Seraphina but finds out that she has magic too. Seraphina is given a second chance by Gothel as she murders everyone in the ballroom. Seraphina then travels to Gothel 's former home with Gothel where Gothel tells her that humans have cleansed the land of magic, but they will return once they assemble a powerful army to take back the Land Without Magic. Using a magic bean, they retreat for the New Enchanted Forest. Many years afterwards, Seraphina is recruited as the first member of Gothel 's Coven of the Eight and aids the coven in freeing Drizella from her frozen state and contributing an ingredient to cast the Dark Curse and is sent back to the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, Seraphina gets a new life with new memories, but regains them with the help from Samuel B. Ryce and reunites with Gothel and the coven witches. She helps the coven to threaten Alice into helping them cast a spell to bring magic back into the Land Without Magic. While giving everything she can into the spell, she eventually completes her part of the spell and transforms into a plant, earning a place in the afterlife.
Stuck in a crystal ball, Madame Leota is found by Gothel who wishes to help free her to lure her into the Coven of the Eight. Gothel tricks Robin Hood into helping her and brings her to Leota 's lair at Memento Mori. Robin 's mother Zelena and Hook comes to rescue her, only for Leota to torment them with her powers prompting them to leave. Tricking Robin, Gothel tries to use a resurrection amulet to free Leota, but fails after Zelena and Hook returns, forcing Gothel and Leota to leave. Leona eventually is not resurrected and not brought into Gothel 's coven.
During his time as a pirate, he acquires Maui 's Fish Hook, an enchanted talisman. Hook, after returning to the Wish Realm from the New Enchanted Forest, gambles with Ahab to get ahold of the item. Once Ahab loses, Hook gains possession of it, however, Ahab has doubts that Hook intends to use it for revenge. Following Hook to an underground prison, Ahab learns that Hook has gone soft and was willing to spare Rumplestiltskin. Ahab then offers another deal, a gun duel in brought daylight, an agreement that Hook agrees in order to defend his pride. During the duel, Ahab manages to shoot Hook, but he himself got shot too. As his First Mate tends to his injury, Hook steals Maui 's Fish Hook and escape the realm.
In the New Enchanted Forest, during a giant troll attack, Clayton leads an angry mob of villagers to hunt for the giant troll that have been tearing down villages. The attack was brutal, leaving many hurt, forcing Clayton to retreat to the nearest tavern to seek shelter for the injured villagers. As he tends to their injury, Robin Hood and Alice walks into the tavern, with the former wanting to hunt down the giant troll, and the latter claiming the Troll is harmless. Thinking Alice is crazy, he orders his men to imprison both Robin and Alice while he lead another group of villagers after the giant troll. As the mob gathers in the wood, Robin and Alice interrupts them. Clayton then orders the villagers to hunt then down, although the giant roll is eventually defeated by Alice.
Living in the Land of Oz, Gretel and her brother crosses paths with the Blind Witch in a gingerbread house. The Blind Witch tried to cook them both, but they narrowly escapes. The experience left Gretel thinking about her future and ways to protect herself, leading to magic for help. While Gretel learns candy - based magic, Hansel eventually leaves her to travel the realms with a new name.
Years later, Gretel learns about the Coven of the Eight in the New Enchanted Forest and wishes to join them. Along with other witches, Gretel compete in a test to find a golden flower to win a spot in the coven. However, during the test, she learns from Gothel that the real test requires her to kill the other witches. As she was accompanying Drizella during the test, Gretel attacks Drizella not knowing that Gothel had gone to her too. As the two fight, Drizella stabs Gretel to death enabling Drizella to pass the initiation.
Sought by Hook in a ploy to give Henry an adventure, Black Beard pretends to be an evil captain who had stolen the Jolly Roger from Smee. When Henry and Hook makes their presence on the ship, Black Beards and his crew captures them and ties them up, but makes sure the knot is loose enough to be opened. Henry and Hook then fights off Black Beard and his crew and upon defeat, Black Beard accidentally mentions about Henry 's future bride when talking about a ring, revealing the ploy. As they batter, their ship approaches a storm and Black Beard tries to steer the ship away. He is knocked out by Hook, who has a different plan with Henry. After the storm is avoided, Black Beard awakens.
While Zelena was under the influence of the Dark Curse, Chad meets her counterpart, Kelly. The two falls in love and Chad eventually proposes to Kelly. Once Kelly regains her memories as Zelena, she reveals that she still indeed truly loves Chad. Nick then abducts Chad in order to get a ransom from Kelly. While Chad is tied up beneath Roni 's bar, he witnesses Kelly fighting Nick which ends with Nick being knocked out. Chad is freed by Kelly who is now aware of her true form. Still choosing to be with Kelly, the two returns to San Francisco.
Living in the Land of Oz, Ivo is a woodcutter who barely pays any attention to his children. One day, in a woodcutting accident, he loses his sight and begins to care for his children. However, a Witch kidnaps them, and ever since, Ivo always searches for them everyday. One night, he finds an unconscious Zelena and brings her to his home and nurture Zelena back to health while talking about his children. Zelena goes to the Witch 's home and steals her sight for Ivo, turning her into the Blind Witch and attempts to save Ivo 's children. Though they had long escaped and told Ivo about Zelena being a witch. When Zelena returns to Ivo 's home, he angrily chases her out, refusing to give her a second chance. Before leaving, Zelena gave Hansel some burns.
She was suspicious of humans while Gothal wanted to know more about them. She was among the Tree Nymphs that were slaughtered by humans.
She pretended to befriend a young Gothel after seeing her abilities only to later humiliate her by dumping dirt on her. After her fellow nymphs were killed, Gothel crashed a party where she used her vine magic to kill Isla and everyone else except for Seraphina.
Living in the Land Without Magic before it loses its magic, Flora is the leader of the Tree Nymphs and is known by all as Mother Nature. As a leader, she teachers her people to show nothing but love for their realm, despite the evolvement of humans and their hatred of magic. However, Flora cautions them from ever trying to make contact with humans. She also grooms her daughter Gothel to ascend her in the future. However, her daughter wishes to travel into the human world to befriend them. Without Flora 's permission, Gothel leaves their home and befriends a group of "sisters '', which later turned out to be a trick. The group of women brings humans into Flora 's realm and injures her and kills her people with fire and axes. As Flora lay on her deathbed, she comforts a saddened Gothel and hopes that Gothel would not get revenge. Instead, Flora tells her daughter to forgive, and to find another safe haven to rejoice once again. Flora then succumbs to her death, and with her death, magic throughout the realm weakens. Gothel refuses to listen to her mother 's dying words and wipes humanity from the land and promises to avenge Flora 's death once humanity evolves again in the realm.
Hired by Rumplestiltskin in the Wish Realm, Cruella guards the Dark Castle from any intruders. One day, the castle is visited by Regina and Henry, both looking for Ella and Lucy. Cruella reveals herself to them and engages in a sword fight with Henry for trespassing. During the duel, Cruella is defeated, and before she can do anything to harm Henry, Regina manifests her into a cell and demands Rumplestiltskin 's whereabouts before leaving. Henry later pays her a visit and steals the magic ink from her hair, turning it to pure white. As Henry leaves her cell, Cruella vows to skin him alive as revenge.
Horses exist in numerous realms in Fairy Tale Land as the mode of transportation in Arendelle, Camelot, DunBroch, the Empire, and the Enchanted Forest. Horse racing is also a thing, especially in Camelot as Violet Morgan, an avid horse racer, is gifted Nicodemus by her dying mother. Horses also possess an enchanted heart, just like humans in realms with magic, which can be crushed. The Evil Queen demonstrates this when trying to enact the Dark Curse by using her prized steed, which ultimately fails. When the Dark Curse is cast, some horses are sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, the horses end up in the stables, living a new life. Violet 's horse, Nicomedus, also ends up in Storybrooke. When it goes missing, Henry helps Violet lure him back to her as a romantic gesture. During Henry 's time in New Fairy Tale Land, a horse is used sometimes as a mode of transport.
There are only male dwarfs and they hatch from eggs, fully grown. If Fairy Dust is sprinkled on an egg, it will hatch earlier with a very positive dwarf, one different than the others, possibly described as special, capable of feeling love an emotion most Dwarfs can not experience. Dreamy / Grumpy is the example seen so far. So far, the lifespan and aging of a Dwarf are left unexplained. Since the casting of the first Dark Curse, only two years of actual time have passed for any of the dwarfs seen in the series since then. Their life 's work in the Enchanted Forest lives work in the Enchanted Forest as well as occasionally in StoryBrook for the fairy dust the fairies depend on each year. Upon their first day of work they are given a dwarf pickaxe which will be inscribed with their new name. The pickaxe is known never to lie. Should an important change in a dwarfs life or change their personality, such as loss, heartbreack, love etc. their pickaxe will follow in suit, possibly with a new name. Again Grumpy / Dreamy is an example.
Pongo is presumedly an Enchanted Forest inhabitant. After the Evil Queen casts the Dark Curse, Pongo, along with the other inhabitants, are sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, Pongo becomes Archie 's companion dog and lives an unchanging life for twenty - eight years. After Emma Swan breaks the curse, Pongo remains with Archie until his apparent death and ends up with Henry temporarily until Archie is found alive. After the undoing of the curse, Pongo is sent back to the Enchanted Forest, but back to Storybrooke after a new curse is cast. During his walking hour, Pongo, along with Archie and Emma, finds the Oracle 's body in the woods of Storybrooke.
There has been a wolf that appear whenever Emma is traveling, as a vision. It is seen when she first approached the Storybrooke town line and again later on as a sign that Emma was on the right path at the time when Emma and Regina were looking for Lily Page.
As Granny implies, she could take wolf form in her prime, but lost the ability with age retaining only the benefit of enhanced senses.
Only female fairies have appeared so far, and it is not known whether there are any male fairies in existence. However, unlike dwarves, fairies are capable of falling in love, and have been known to enter into relationships with humans.
Fairies have their own special form of magic called Fairy Magic. If a fairy strays too far from their chosen path, their leader may stop believing in them, and they will lose their wings, along with their powers, and will no longer be a fairy. However, it is possible for a fairy to regain their powers if their leader and the fairy herself starts believing in her again. A fairy can also give up her wings voluntarily, after which she will no longer be a fairy. According to the Blue Fairy, Fairy Magic is the purest of all light magic. A human who is versed in fairy language can transform herself into a fairy by using another fairy 's wand and the special spell "Le sgiathan cumhachd draoidheil '', which is Scottish Gaelic for "winged magic ''.
Fairies generally spend little time outside their own realm. They go through a training program with other, more experienced fairies, until they are able to work on their own. Fairies dedicate themselves to helping others and doing good. The more experienced fairies often become protectors of children, families, and other people in need, and become their "fairy godmothers ''. Fairies have to respect some rules, including a curfew, dust discipline and not taking on human size for no reason. If a fairy stops being good, she may be exiled. A fairy can not take the heart of any one and try to crush it because its corrupt her magic, and creating a new spell is forbidden. Fairies appear to be a long - lived species.
When a dragon terrorizes a village in King Midas ' kingdom, King George agrees to have his son Prince David slay the beast in exchange for gold, which he successfully manages. King Midas later uses his Golden Touch on the dragon 's head.
The witch Maleficent also has the ability to shape - shift into a dragon. She used this form to give birth to an egg, which would later hatch into her daughter Lily. After having her hand cut by Regina, Lily 's anger caused her to transform into a dragon until she calmed down.
When the Dark Curse is enacted, some dragons are among the wildlife shown trying to evade the cloud that is associated with it.
In "I 'll Be Your Mirror '', the Evil Queen used her magic to turn The Dragon into a Chinese dragon to attack Emma Swam and Regina Mills at the time when they were transported to the Land Behind the Mirror. The Evil Queen tells Henry that he can stop The Dragon by using the Hammer of Hephaestus on The Dragon 's heart. Instead, Henry uses the Hammer of Hephaestus on the nearby mirror to crack it. While saving The Dragon 's heart, Emma and Regina trick The Dragon 's Chinese dragon form into attacking the intact mirror enough for Emma and Regina to escape from the Land Behind the Mirror.
Captain Hook and David later encountered a dragon at the top of the beanstalk that attacked them after they claimed a magic bean. They managed to get away from the dragon.
In the Once Upon a Time in Wonderland episode "Bad Blood '', Jafar in the form of Alice 's father Edwin summoned a dragon (the version that has wings in place of its arms) to attack Alice and the Knave of Hearts. Alice and the Knave of Hearts were able to slay that dragon.
When someone grabs onto a unicorn 's horn, that person can see vision of one 's future.
In the Dark Castle there is a tapestry with a unicorn in a gate. The tapestry is from this world, it is the last tapestry of the series called The Hunt of the Unicorn. The story says that the unicorn was enchanted into the tapestry (reference to Bizard of the Blue Moon). The tapestry can be seen in "Skin Deep '' when Rumplestiltskin yells at the mirror, it can be seen in the reflection.
During the First Ogre Wars, Rumplestiltskin used his magic to slay the Ogres that fought against Beowulf.
During a ride with Belle, Gaston find a young injured Ogre as Belle wanted to know its purpose. Both of them researched a book that told about every magical item listed where Belle found a mirror called the Mirror of Souls. When Belle and Sir Maurice went to where the young Ogre was, Gaston claimed that the young Ogre attacked him leading Sir Maurice to lead a hunting party. When Sir Maurice, Gaston, and the soldiers with them caught up to the young Ogre, Belle arrived stating that she still wants to find the young Ogre 's purpose. When Gaston fires an arrow at the young Ogre, the Mirror of Souls takes the brunt of the attack as the young Ogre gets away. The Mirror of Souls revealed that Gaston tortured the young Ogre.
A band of Ogres invaded Sir Maurice 's castle, but Belle could n't remember what happened to her mother Colette that day. After her visit to Arendelle, Belle learned from Sir Maurice that Colette fought the invading Ogres while Belle was being evacuated by the guards. By the time the guards returned for Colette, she had already been killed by the Ogres. Keeping Belle alive was considered a heroic act by Sir Maurice.
A Scarred Ogre (played by C. Ernst Harth) was among the villains present at the Evil Queen 's first attempt to enact the Dark Curse. In Storybrooke, he is known as the Burly Man.
After Emma Swan and Mary Margaret Blanchard (Snow White) are transported back to the Enchanted Forest in the aftermath of breaking the Dark Curse, Emma is attacked by an Ogre. She is saved by Mary Margaret who slays the creature with an arrow through the eye.
The Bride Trolls are a type of troll that reside under bridges and are based on the troll from Three Billy Goats Gruff. Bridge Trolls enjoy dealing with jewels and would often barter with humans for gold. According to Snow White, Bridge Trolls do not like horses. Snow White comes across a group of Bridge Trolls on the Troll Bridge, attempting to make a deal with them to buy back Prince Charming 's mother 's ring which she had traded after stealing. The Bridge Troll Leader (portrayed by Mark Gibbon) suspects that it is a trap with Charming present and Prince Charming ends up captured. Using fairy dust, Snow turns the Bridge Trolls into cockroaches where they are stepped upon by Charming. When Emma and Captain Hook traveled back to the past, Snow White had already used the dark fairy dust to escape from the Evil Queen 's execution. This time, she had fooled the Bridge Trolls into thinking that she had dark fairy dust with her where it was actually sand. This caused the Bridge Trolls to retreat. The Evil Queen was the one who turned the Bridge Trolls into cockroaches and stepped on them following their failure.
The Rock Trolls are a type of troll in Arendelle that can turn into rocks. They are said to be more friendly than the Bridge Trolls, which is true as they are not aggressive or rude. Grand Pabbie is the leader of the Rock Trolls, and Kristoff 's foster father. A unique magic belonging to Rock Trolls is the ability to manipulate memories, either to recover or erase. A stone is needed as a medium for the magic, given Ingrid used a similar spell on Emma and Elsa.
The Giant Trolls are a type of troll that is larger than normal. One particular Giant Troll freed Alice from Gothel 's tower on one of her lonely birthdays. Sometime later, a Giant Troll was causing havoc in some of the New Enchanted Forest 's villages. Alice met Robin Hood 's daughter of the same name who was hunting the Giant Troll and did not want the villagers harming it. When Alice returned to the tower, the Giant Troll appeared and wrecked. Alice was able to talk the Giant Troll down and it crouched down where it turned into a stone formation. This stone formation became a landmark in Hyperion Hights which Tilly frequents. When the story worlds are united with Storybrooke, the same Giant Troll is seen near the same tower.
Aladdin was mentioned to have been friends with a genie until he set him free upon using his third wish.
The Magic Mirror was originally a genie from Agrabah who came into the Evil Queen 's possession. Using the last wish of his lamp, the genie accidentally trapped himself within every reflective surface the Queen would gaze into, as it was his desire to always see her. Another wish that backfired came from Will Scarlet; he wished for Alice 's suffering to be brought to an end, but since it was mental and physical (she was dying), he ended up taking Cyrus ' place as genie as the price to heal her.
In Once Upon a Time in Wonderland, it was also shown that if someone takes water from the Well of Wonders without Nyx 's approval, Nyx will invoke the genie curse which transforms the person responsible into a genie where their lamp is teleported to another location. Only upon returning the water to the Well of Wonders will the curse be undone. In a twist, Cyrus attempts to return the water, but Jafar destroys it. The Nyx invokes the genie curse on Jafar while freeing her previous victims. Though Jafar later finds his way out of the genie curse by the time Aladdin and Princess Jasmin find his lamp.
In Storybrooke, Henry Mills unleashes the Agrabahn Vipers from their box in the Queen 's vault, which corner him until David Nolan (Prince Charming) appears and closes the box. Years later, King Arthur forces his incarcerated squire Grif to commit suicide via Agrabahn viper venom in order to further his goals to make Storybrooke the new Camelot.
While in the New Enchanted Forest, Henry mentioned that he and Jack once fought off some giants.
According to Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis, Giants are vegetarians.
Yaoguai is a Chinese term that means "demon. ''
The mermaids of Neverland are unpleasant and dangerous. Regina turns one mermaid to wood in an attempt to stop a storm summoned by the mermaid. Captain Hook has said that Neverland mermaids are liars and holding one hostage is good leverage. He also has said mermaids are the most dangerous creatures in all the sea.
Ariel is a mermaid in the oceans near the Enchanted Forest who is known to rescue those who are drowning like she did with Prince Eric and Snow White. King Poseidon is suggested to also reside here, or someplace between realms.
Revering the sea goddess Ursula, King Poseidon named his daughter after her. In a fit of rage after losing her singing voice as part of Captain Hook 's vengeance on King Poseidon, Ursula used her father 's trident to transform herself with octopus tentacles replacing her mermaid tail.
Percy the White Rabbit and his family are known Wonderland Rabbits.
Gorgon the Invincible is a previous Dark One, who was able to take the appearance of a fire - breathing Bandersnatch. Some time after becoming the Dark One, Gorgon tried to steal the Sorcerer 's Hat created by Merlin, but he failed. Eventually, Gorgon is killed or died. He was succeeded by a man named Zoso.
Jafar once used a Blood Scarab to help him find Cyrus ' bottle when he thought it was located under the Tum Tum Tree.
Using a conch shell, Neal Cassidy (Baelfire) had to lure, spear, and reel in a giant squid so that Mr. Gold (Rumplestiltskin) could harvest their ink (which can temporarily paralyze any magical creature) in a plot to disable Peter Pan. The very same kind of ink was used by Prince Thomas and Cinderella in their plan to outwit and imprison Rumplestiltskin before the first Dark Curse.
At one point, King Poseidon offered some to Hook in exchange for stealing Ursula 's singing voice. Both attempted to double - cross King Posideon and take the ink, but it was destroyed and Ursula 's voice was stolen in Captain Hook 's vengeance on King Poseidon.
A mermaid named Ursula (the daughter of the King Poseidon who was named after the Sea Goddess) turned herself into a cecaelia with King Poseidon 's trident after the loss of her singing voice.
Ursula is seen briefly in Season 3 where she warns Regina against impersonating her again.
In Season 4, the Sea Witch version was named after her by the King Poseidon who revered the goddess.
In Season 5, Hades is introduced as the ruler of the Underworld. However, his position was later given to Cruella De Vil and (later) King Arthur. Zeus runs Mount Olympus. Kronos was revealed in a text in the Once Upon a Time book as the former ruler of Mount Olympus.
Hades has mentioned to Zelena that he is n't the Devil, though he implies that the Devil is a real person. Nothing is known about him, however.
Morpheus: God of Dreams was referenced in the episode "The Savior. '' Though the unborn child of Rumplestiltskin and Belle French named Gideon impersonated him in order to convince his mother not to be fooled by his father again, the real Morpheus has not yet appeared and very little is known about him.
Medusa lives in a cavern near the old Summer Palace of the Enchanted Forest. She gains a notorious reputation as a creature who can turn anyone into stone if the person looks straight into her eyes. One day, she chases two intruders, Snow White and Prince Charming, after they purposely enter into her home. While Prince Charming goads Medusa into coming after him, Snow White hides in wait to cut off her head. Surprisingly, the sword has no effect on Medusa and she entraps Prince Charming, forcing him to meet her gaze, and thus transforming him into a stone statue. Medusa goes after Snow White next, but is tricked into meeting her own reflection and immobilizing herself into stone. As a result of this, Prince Charming is freed.
According to Snow White, legends say that Medusa is immortal.
Zelena once sent a Flying Monkey to capture the Scarecrow in order to harvest his brain as part of an attempt to create a time - traveling spell.
Later overtaking her half - sister Regina 's castle, she sends a Flying Monkey to retrieve a sample of her blood. Another monkey later attacks Snow White 's group, attempting to harm Robin Hood 's son Roland. Regina transforms it into a stuffed toy.
In New York City, Zelena sends Walsh in his human form to the location to maintain a relationship with Emma Swan and keep her away from Storybrooke. After Emma rejects his marriage proposal, he reveals his true form and attacks her. Emma fights back and pushes him from her apartment roof, vanishing into smoke before he can hit the ground. In Storybrooke, Zelena abducts the inhabitants and transforms them into Flying Monkeys. Little John is the first to be converted into one of the creatures, who are unaware of their friends and relatives. The Flying Monkeys returned to human form when Zelena was defeated.
Upon Zelena 's return to Oz, the Flying Monkey 's resurfaced where they tried to attack Dorothy and Ruby. Though it was n't confirmed if they were made from humans like the previous ones.
According to the Red Queen, their mouths are full of fangs, which give the appearance they are pressed together by two beds of nails. They are also attracted to bright lights.
In "Forget Me Not '', the Mome Rath was one of the creatures that was among Jafar and the Red Queen 's choices to send after Alice. The illustration in Jafar 's creature book depicted the Mome Rath as a three - headed monster.
In "Nothing to Fear '', five Mome Raths (which look like big black wolves with two sparkling violet eyes) attacked the Red Queen, Alice and Cyrus when they were tied to a post by the local peasants (who are angry at the Red Queen for not aiding them against the wild beasts that attacked their land during her reign). The lit fires surrounding the trio attract them. Even though they put out the torches, they were still attracted to the glow of Alice 's necklace. She throws the pendant at the Mome Raths who then begin fighting over the object while the three of them flee.
In Storybrooke, David faces his own doppelganger after the Wicked Witch of the West spikes his drinking tea with Nightroot. He is taunted by the figure before stabbing and killing it with his sword. However, the sword then disappears and becomes a symbol of courage obtained by the Wicked Witch.
In "Bleeding Through '', Regina had to invoke a seance in order to contact Cora 's ghost and have her tell Regina about why Cora had to abandon Zelena. Regina ended up learning about her mother 's past when Cora possessed Mary Margaret who experienced a flashback of Cora 's early life that led up to Zelena 's birth.
During Amara 's duel with Jafar, she used her magic to summon some Giant Cobras to attack Jafar. Jafar used his magic to vanquish them.
Elsa creates him in order to defend herself and help her find Anna. Marshmallow causes a rampage in Storybrooke and ends up heading towards the forest where he attacks the Merry Men. He nearly kills Marian (actually Zelena in disguise) before being destroyed by Regina Mills.
Deep within Bald Mountain, the Chernabog stands guard over a curse within a crystal ball. Three great obstacles block those who attempt to venture in. However, whoever manages to bypass them and steal the curse incurs the wrath of the Chernabog who serves as the failsafe for the thef. Through Rumplestiltskin 's false promises to provide them with happy endings, Cruella De Vil, Maleficent and Ursula help him nab the curse, but this awakens an angry Chernabog. Before making his own hasty exit, Rumplestiltskin advises the trio about the beast 's ability to detect whoever has the heart with the greatest potential for evil and devour it. Left to the creature 's mercy, the women hide behind rock pillars as they brainstorm a plan to let the Chernabog choose who it wants to kill first while the other two climb up a crack in the ceiling and then rescue the remaining person. Soon, the women step out into view, allowing the Chernabog a good look at each one of them, to which the beast settles for Maleficent, who combats with magic blasts. Once Cruella and Ursula reach safety, Maleficent reminds them of the plan, but when they do not save her, she grudgingly accepts her fate. As the Chernabog lunges at her, she is suddenly grabbed by Ursula 's tentacles and lifted to safety. Unable to reach the intruders, the Chernabog glares up at them with its red glowing eyes and roars in anger.
At some point, the Chernabog ends up trapped in the Sorcerer 's Hat. After the nuns are absorbed in as well, Belle and Hook research for a spell to free them. Belle consults a professor from Oxford to translate the spell, but little does she know, the man who helps her via email is none other than the banished Mr. Gold. Regina succeeds in releasing the nuns, but the Chernabog is also freed and flies off without anyone 's notice. Later, the winged beast perches atop the clock tower and lets out a vicious growl, which attracts much fear and shock from the townspeople. Working together, Emma and Regina combine their magic to physically stun it temporarily. While the Chernabog is still on the loose, the pair gain knowledge from Cruella De Vil and Ursula about the creature 's knack for finding and consuming the heart of a person with the greatest potential for evil. Since the Chernabog is magical, the demon must go across the town line as there is no magic outside of Storybrooke which will cause Chernabog to disappear. Believing that Chernabog wants her, Regina joins Emma in her car as they lure it out of Storybrooke. Instead, the Chernabog is actually stalking Emma and after it causes damage to the car windshield, Regina teleports to the town line and offers herself as bait. While Chernabog is on the car roof, Emma rapidly accelerates the vehicle speed, and then halts the car abruptly, which throws the Chernabog across the town barrier where it disappears.
To keep Nimue from causing damage, Merlin created the Dark One 's Dagger via a tethering spell to control her. However, she stole it and later used it to turn Merlin into a tree. Nimue would later be stabbed by the dagger, allowing her magic and consciousness to possess her attacker. Thus anyone who killed a Dark One gained magic and the Darkness grew more powerful with each new Dark One. This began the Dark One line. Between Nimue and Gorgon the Invincible, there were at least 18 Dark Ones. After these 20 came Zoso and Rumplestiltskin.
When Mr. Gold 's heart is in danger of being devoured by the Darkness, the Apprentice attempts to seal it in the Sorcerer 's Hat; it escapes and fatally wounds him in an attempt to make him its new host. It tries using Regina next, but Emma uses the dagger to force the Darkness to possess her instead.
Though it 's believed Emma has fallen under the Darkness 's sway, flashbacks reveal that she remains un-corrupted by it; in truth she was planning to transfer the Darkness into Zelena after she gives birth, and then slay her to put an end to the Darkness. The reason for this is that half of the Darkness was transferred into Hook to save his life; he had received a wound to his neck from Excalibur, which was unable to be healed, thus forcing Emma to do this out of love.
Unfortunately, Hook has surrendered to the Darkness (and acts quirky as Rumplestiltskin when around Mr. Gold), continuing Nimue 's plan to destroy light magic; he manages to open a portal to the Underworld, bringing back every Dark One from Nimue to Zoso. Luckily, Hook 's love for Emma allows him to see that revenge is not the right path, allowing him to seal all the Dark Ones into Excalibur; rather than have Emma sacrifice herself, as she has family, Hook offers his own life, freeing her of the Darkness. With this, both the Darkness and Excalibur vanish into nothingness.
Unfortunately, Mr. Gold created a new Dark One 's Dagger to absorb all the Dark Ones ' magic making him even stronger than Emma.
Merida once caught a wisp so that it can tell her where the United Clans are holding her three brothers.
The Fury appeared in Camelot when Emma (who was the current Dark One) healed Robin Hood on Regina 's behalf.
In Storybrooke, the Fury arrived where it snatched up Robin Hood. Upon arriving near the lake with Robin Hood 's body, the Fury begins to take Robin Hood 's body only for Regina, Mary Margaret, David, King Arthur, and Leroy to offer themselves enough for the Fury to be overwhelmed and to retreat back to the Underworld. However, it 's possible that she took an equal amount of life from the five of them to pay off the debt.
Furies serve him to a certain degree as they bring him those who were healed from death 's door, but did n't give up something of equal value.
He can be summoned by dropping blood from someone who has come back from the Underworld via proper resurrection into a lake.
At some point in his life, Hercules was on his 12th Labor to defeat Cerberus. When Megara was being pursued by Cerberus, Hercules held Cerberus off for as long as he could where both of them perished offscreen. The reason being all three heads must be destroyed. Hercules ' lesson was to rely on the help of others. Hades could only laugh that Cerberus killing his nephew is what allowed them to be "reunited as a family '' as this sent Hercules to the Underworld.
Captain Hook and Megara were once guarded by him in the Underworld 's tunnels. After Megara got away followed by Captain Hook 's failed attempt to buy her some time, Cerberus pursued Megara into the town where he ran into Hercules and Mary Margaret. With some persuasion from Mary Margaret, Megara helped Hercules and Mary Margaret defeat Cerberus as it disappears in a black smoke upon its defeat. The defeat of Cerberus enabled Hercules to have his unfinished business completed.
Hercules is a known demigod who is the son of Zeus and a mortal woman. He has the power of super strength and is invulnerable to being wounded by mortal means; he was able to hold onto the blade of his sword to lift Snow White of a pit.
During Zelena 's return to Oz, she captured Toto in order to get Dorothy to give up the Silver Slippers. Toto was in a cage at the time when Zelena put a Sleeping Curse on Dorothy.
Following Dorothy 's return to Oz, Zelena confronted the Munchkins to find out which one told Dorothy that she was still alive. When a Munchkin named Boq spoke out against her demands, Zelena turned him to ash. The rest of the Munchkins fled when Hades came into view.
Hook mistakenly referred to a normal giant squid as a Kraken. The same mistake was used by Charming in the third season after the Jolly Roger was attacked by mermaids.
Aladdin and Princess Jasmine were attacked by a Kraken off the coast of the Enchanted Forest until they were saved by Captain Hook and the Nautilus crew.
It was revealed that a component on the Nautilus that enables it to travel to any ocean in any of the known worlds is powered by the blood of a Kraken.
With some help from the Black Fairy, Gideon summoned the Great Spider from the book in a secret plot to kill Emma Swan. Upon Gideon getting away upon revealing this motive and trapping Emma in one of the webs, the Great Spider started to fully web up Emma. Before the Great Spider could eat her, Emma is saved by Mr. Gold. With help from Mr. Gold, Emma shrunk the Great Spider to the size of a normal spider and stepped on it. After this Emma quipped "I 'll never look at Spider - Man the same way again. ''
Fireflies are normally seen at a bayou nearby Princess Tiana 's kingdom. During Tiana 's conversation with Queen Eudora, as well as Regina 's confrontation with Dr. Facilier, the Fireflies can be seen outside the castle 's window, indicating that there 's a bayou nearby.
Somewhere in the realm of Maldonia, the Alligator attacks Prince Naveen 's brother and kills him. Angered by the beast, Naveen tracks down the Alligator to the New Enchanted Forest with plans to kill it. The Alligator, during its time in the New Enchanted Forest, swallows a necklace belonging to the Evil Queen that Dr. Facilier was keeping. It then retreats to an ocean nearby Princess Tiana 's kingdom. When Tiana and Naveen were fighting on a boat at the ocean, the Alligator rocks the boat, causing Naveen to fall in. The Alligator attacks Naveen, badly injuring him, but is killed by Tiana before it got to further damage Naveen. Once dead, Dr. Facilier is able to retrieve the Evil Queen 's necklace from it.
In his wolf pack, lead by Anita, they shelter and take care of a young child that later grew into the Huntsman, who leaves the pack. This betrayal hits Adair hard, especially after Anita 's death. Adair then takes over Anita 's responsibilities to make sure the pack stays united. One day, the pack attack the Huntsman in the woods, but they are turned into their human selves by the Evil Queen. As Adair confronts the Huntsman for abandoning them, the Evil Queen makes a deal with them: hunt Snow White for their safety. The hunt results in the Huntsman, Red, and Snow White falling into thin ice, presumed dead. Afterwards, when Adalyn is poisoned and the Evil Queen refuses to help, Adair questions her motive, but Adair is soon incinerated to death by the Evil Queen.
After Anita 's death, Adalyn helps Adair to keep the pack united. Following an agreement with the Evil Queen, the pack, including Adalyn, hunts down Snow White to guarantee their safety from the Evil Queen. After Snow White, along with Red and the Huntsman, falls into thin ice, she assume the trio died. However, one of a silver arrow poisons her, furiating the pack when the Evil Queen refuses to help.
As part of the crew of the Jewel of the Realm, Lewis witnesses the death of Liam Jones and joins forces with Killian, who renames the ship as the Jolly Roger. On a journey to the Southern Isles in Arendelle, the ship is caught in a storm and Lewis tries to keep the ship steady. Lewis eventually leads the ship to Leviathan Shoals where the crew began work on the ship to set sail after the storm. They are greeted by another ship, with an alive Liam. Lewis believes that Liam is just an enchantment made by the mist, despite Killian not believing. They then proceed to leave the shoals, but are attacked by the Leviathan. During the attack, Lewis assures Killian that Liam is just an hallucination as the Leviathan is killed by dynamite.
Resides in Leviathan Shoals, the Leviathan produces a green illusion - casting mist on the Jolly Roger crew, luring them to the shoal. He also makes an hallucination out of Killian 's deceased brother and attacks the ship as they tied to leave. However, he is killed by dynamite, with ends the hallucination.
Growing up as Belle 's friend, he learns about Belle 's captivity by Rumplestiltskin at his castle. Hoping to free her, Samuel learns about a dagger that can control Rumplestiltskin and immediately decides to find a way to seize it so he can take charge of the Enchanted Forest. Faking an injury so that Belle would take pity on him, Samuel is brought into Rumplestiltskin 's castle with open arms. While healing him, Belle learns about Samuel 's true intention, despite him claiming that her father sent him to rescue her. Belle sends him away so that he can do no harm to Rumplestiltskin, but Rumplestiltskin learns about Samuel 's plan and takes Pandora 's Box from Samuel and imprisons him in a swamp without Belle 's knowledge.
William leaves Daniel when he was still a child to seek fortunes. He begins working with Jefferson and steals treasures from various realms. One day, he learns that Daniel had died and believes that his fiancè Regina is responsible for his death. While making plans to return to the Enchanted Forest, William learns that the Clock of Evermore, which has the ability to manipulate time, is currently in Wonderland and alerts Jefferson to retrieve it while he exact revenge on Regina. Gaining magical sand from a sea nymph, William returns to the Enchanted Forest and confronts Regina, who blames Daniel 's death on Snow White. During the confrontation, William tries to sprinkle the magical sand on her, and she counters it with magic, accidentally harming him to death.
In Camelot, she shows up at a castle at one of its kingdom with plans of stealing riches. During her arrival, another thief, Jefferson, also arrives with plans of his own. In order to scare him off, Priscilla pretends to be a Royal Guard, but Jefferson sees through the disguise. This alerts the actual guards to come after them. Before the guards can get to them, Jefferson considers escaping to another realm via his hat, but Priscilla hauls him and herself out through a window. Outside, Jefferson convinces her to join him in his thieving adventures, in - which Priscilla agrees. Priscilla falls in - love with Jefferson after their many adventures and eventually settles down in the Enchanted Forest to take care of their daughter. Two years later, facing finance problems, Jefferson leaves Priscilla to Wonderlands to gain the Clock of Evermore to sell it for money for the family, but fails to return. Learning that her husband is being h led by the March Hare, Priscilla then seeks the White Rabbit 's help to get to Wonderland. She rescues Jefferson, but is fatally shot by an arrow. Not wanting Grace to grow up as an orphan, she urges Jefferson to leave her and return to Grace. After a tearful goodbye, Jefferson returns to the Enchanted Forest as she dies
Walking on a pavement, the Dodo is greeted by Jefferson who wishes to get to the mansion of the March Hare. He gives Jefferson directions to the mansion, but cautionary warns him about the March Hare, who does not kindly welcome visitors.
Years later, the Red Queen 's Jubjub kills the Dodo by eating him. One of the peasants angrily confronts the Red Queen about the Dodo 's death at Wonderland Castle, among others.
Somehow obtaining the Clock of Evermore, the March Hare stores it safely in his mansion. One day, he catches Jefferson breaking into his mansion to steal the Clock of Evermore. He knocks Jefferson out and ties him to a chair, and takes away his portal hat. He uses the Clock of Evermore and rewinds time so that tea time is never over, as he forces Jefferson to keep him company. Finally getting bored, he leaves a restrained Jefferson for hunting. Upon return, he learns that Jefferson had escaped with his hat with an accomplice and sends his guards after them. Priscilla is harmed by the guards ' arrow, but Jefferson escapes with Priscilla 's blessing.
As a young child, Claire 's father abandons her family, forcing her mother to take care of her brother and herself. During the Ogre Wars, her brother dies in - battle. Her brother 's ring is given to her, which Claire wears as a necklace. Claire then crosses paths with Cora, who promises to help her ride up in the society chain, in return, to befriend and spy on Regina. During a ball at King Leopold 's palace, Claire learns about Cora 's past with the Royal Family and speaks out, something that strengthens her bond with Regina, which eventually leads to a narrow escape from the Blind Witch during one of their adventures. However, the bond is eventually broken after Cora rips Claire 's heart out in another deal. Regina, hoping that Claire gets what she deserves for spying on her, alters Prince Benjamin 's memories into believing that Claire is his bride - to - be, forcing her into marriage.
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the new deal legislation that insures individual deposits up to a specific dollar amount is known as | New Deal - wikipedia
The New Deal was a series of federal programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted in the United States during the 1930s in response to the Great Depression. Some of these federal programs included the CCC, the CWA, the FSA, the NIRA, and the SSA. These programs included support for farmers, the unemployed, youth, and the elderly, as well as new constraints and safeguards on the banking industry and changes to the monetary system.
Most programs were enacted between 1933 -- 38, though some were later. They included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders, most during the first term of the Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. The programs focused on what historians refer to as the "3 Rs '': relief for the unemployed and poor, recovery of the economy back to normal levels, and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.
The New Deal produced a political realignment, making the Democratic Party the majority (as well as the party that held the White House for seven out of the nine Presidential terms from 1933 - 69) with its base in liberal ideas, the South, traditional Democrats, big city machines, and the newly empowered labor unions and ethnic minorities. The Republicans were split, with conservatives opposing the entire New Deal as an alleged enemy of business and growth, and liberals accepting some of it and promising to make it more efficient.
The realignment crystallized into the New Deal Coalition that dominated most presidential elections into the 1960s, while the opposing conservative coalition largely controlled Congress from 1939 - 64. By 1936 the term "liberal '' typically was used for supporters of the New Deal, and "conservative '' for its opponents. From 1934 to 1938, Roosevelt was assisted in his endeavors by a "pro-spender '' majority in Congress (drawn from two - party, competitive, non-machine, Progressive, and Left party districts). In the 1938 midterm election, Roosevelt and his liberal supporters lost control of Congress to the bipartisan conservative coalition.
Many historians distinguish between a "First New Deal '' (1933 -- 34) and a "Second New Deal '' (1935 -- 38), with the second one more liberal and more controversial. The "First New Deal '' (1933 -- 34) dealt with the pressing banking crises through the Emergency Banking Act and the 1933 Banking Act. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration provided $500 million ($9.45 billion today) for relief operations by states and cities, while the short - lived Civil Works Administration (CWA) gave locals money to operate make - work projects in 1933 -- 34. The Securities Act of 1933 was enacted to prevent a repeated stock market crash. The controversial work of the National Recovery Administration was also part of the First New Deal.
The "Second New Deal '' in 1935 -- 38 included the Wagner Act to protect labor organizing, the Works Progress Administration (WPA) relief program (which made the federal government by far the largest single employer in the nation), the Social Security Act, and new programs to aid tenant farmers and migrant workers. The final major items of New Deal legislation were the creation of the United States Housing Authority and Farm Security Administration (FSA), which both occurred in 1937, and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which set maximum hours and minimum wages for most categories of workers. The FSA was also one of the oversight authorities of the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration, which administered relief efforts to Puerto Rican citizens affected by the Great Depression.
The economic downturn of 1937 -- 38, and the bitter split between the AFL and CIO labor unions led to major Republican gains in Congress in 1938. Conservative Republicans and Democrats in Congress joined in the informal Conservative Coalition. By 1942 -- 43 they shut down relief programs such as the WPA and Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and blocked major liberal proposals. Roosevelt turned his attention to the war effort, and won reelection in 1940 - 44.
The Supreme Court declared the National Recovery Administration (NRA) and the first version of the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) unconstitutional, however the AAA was rewritten and then upheld. Republican president Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953 -- 61) left the New Deal largely intact, even expanding it in some areas. In the 1960s, Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society used the New Deal as inspiration for a dramatic expansion of liberal programs, which Republican Richard M. Nixon generally retained. After 1974, however, the call for deregulation of the economy gained bipartisan support. The New Deal regulation of banking (Glass -- Steagall Act) lasted until it was suspended in the 1990s.
Several New Deal programs remain active. Those operating under the original names include the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC), the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). The largest programs still in existence today are the Social Security System and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
From 1929 to 1933 manufacturing output decreased by one third. Prices fell by 20 %, causing deflation that made repaying debts much harder. Unemployment in the U.S. increased from 4 % to 25 %. Additionally, one - third of all employed persons were downgraded to working part - time on much smaller paychecks. In the aggregate, almost 50 % of the nation 's human work - power was going unused.
Before the New Deal, there was no insurance on deposits at banks. When thousands of banks closed, depositors lost their savings. At that time there was no national safety net, no public unemployment insurance, and no Social Security. Relief for the poor was the responsibility of families, private charity, and local governments, but as conditions worsened year by year, demand skyrocketed and their combined resources increasingly fell far short of demand.
The depression had devastated the nation. As Roosevelt took the oath of office at noon on March 4, 1933, all state governors had authorized bank holidays or restricted withdrawals; many Americans had little or no access to their bank accounts. Farm income had fallen by over 50 % since 1929. An estimated 844,000 non-farm mortgages had been foreclosed between 1930 -- 33, out of five million in all. Political and business leaders feared revolution and anarchy. Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr., who remained wealthy during the Depression, stated years later that, "in those days I felt and said I would be willing to part with half of what I had if I could be sure of keeping, under law and order, the other half ''.
The phrase "New Deal '' was coined by an adviser to Roosevelt, Stuart Chase. although the term was originally used by Mark Twain in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court.
Upon accepting the 1932 Democratic nomination for president, Franklin Roosevelt promised "a new deal for the American people ''.
Roosevelt entered office without a specific set of plans for dealing with the Great Depression; so he improvised as Congress listened to a very wide variety of voices. Among Roosevelt 's more famous advisers was an informal "Brain Trust '': a group that tended to view pragmatic government intervention in the economy positively. His choice for Secretary of Labor, Frances Perkins, greatly influenced his initiatives. Her list of what her priorities would be if she took the job illustrates: "a forty - hour workweek, a minimum wage, worker 's compensation, unemployment compensation, a federal law banning child labor, direct federal aid for unemployment relief, Social Security, a revitalized public employment service and health insurance. ''
The New Deal policies drew from many different ideas proposed earlier in the 20th century. Assistant Attorney General Thurman Arnold led efforts that hearkened back to an anti-monopoly tradition rooted in American politics by figures such as Andrew Jackson and Thomas Jefferson. Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis, an influential adviser to many New Dealers, argued that "bigness '' (referring, presumably, to corporations) was a negative economic force, producing waste and inefficiency. However, the anti-monopoly group never had a major impact on New Deal policy. Other leaders such as Hugh S. Johnson of the NRA took ideas from the Woodrow Wilson Administration, advocating techniques used to mobilize the economy for World War I. They brought ideas and experience from the government controls and spending of 1917 -- 18. Other New Deal planners revived experiments suggested in the 1920s, such as the TVA. The "First New Deal '' (1933 -- 34) encompassed the proposals offered by a wide spectrum of groups. (Not included was the Socialist Party, whose influence was all but destroyed.) This first phase of the New Deal was also characterized by fiscal conservatism (see Economy Act, below) and experimentation with several different, sometimes contradictory, cures for economic ills.
There were dozens of new agencies created by Roosevelt through Executive Orders. They are typically known by their alphabetical initials.
The American people were generally extremely dissatisfied with the crumbling economy, mass unemployment, declining wages and profits and especially Hoover 's policies such as the Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act and the Revenue Act of 1932. Roosevelt entered office with enormous political capital. Americans of all political persuasions were demanding immediate action, and Roosevelt responded with a remarkable series of new programs in the "first hundred days '' of the administration, in which he met with Congress for 100 days. During those 100 days of lawmaking, Congress granted every request Roosevelt asked, and passed a few programs (such as the FDIC to insure bank accounts) that he opposed. Ever since, presidents have been judged against Franklin D. Roosevelt for what they accomplished in their first 100 days. Walter Lippmann famously noted:
At the end of February we were a congeries of disorderly panic - stricken mobs and factions. In the hundred days from March to June we became again an organized nation confident of our power to provide for our own security and to control our own destiny.
The economy had hit bottom in March 1933 and then started to expand. Economic indicators show the economy reached nadir in the first days of March, then began a steady, sharp upward recovery. Thus the Federal Reserve Index of Industrial Production sank to its lowest point of 52.8 in July 1932 (with 1935 -- 39 = 100) and was practically unchanged at 54.3 in March 1933; however by July 1933, it reached 85.5, a dramatic rebound of 57 % in four months. Recovery was steady and strong until 1937. Except for employment, the economy by 1937 surpassed the levels of the late 1920s. The Recession of 1937 was a temporary downturn. Private sector employment, especially in manufacturing, recovered to the level of the 1920s but failed to advance further until the war. The U.S. population was 124,840,471 in 1932 and 128,824,829 in 1937, an increase of 3,984,468. The ratio of these numbers, times the number of jobs in 1932, means there was a need for 938,000 more 1937 jobs to maintain the same employment level.
The Economy Act, drafted by Budget Director Lewis Williams Douglas, was passed on March 14, 1933. The act proposed to balance the "regular '' (non-emergency) federal budget by cutting the salaries of government employees and cutting pensions to veterans by fifteen percent. It saved $500 million per year and reassured deficit hawks, such as Douglas, that the new President was fiscally conservative. Roosevelt argued there were two budgets: the "regular '' federal budget, which he balanced, and the emergency budget, which was needed to defeat the depression. It was imbalanced on a temporary basis.
Roosevelt initially favored balancing the budget, but soon found himself running spending deficits to fund his numerous programs. Douglas, however -- rejecting the distinction between a regular and emergency budget -- resigned in 1934 and became an outspoken critic of the New Deal. Roosevelt strenuously opposed the Bonus Bill that would give World War I veterans a cash bonus. Congress finally passed it over his veto in 1936, and the Treasury distributed $1.5 billion in cash as bonus welfare benefits to 4 million veterans just before the 1936 election.
New Dealers never accepted the Keynesian argument for government spending as a vehicle for recovery. Most economists of the era, along with Henry Morgenthau of the Treasury Department, rejected Keynesian solutions and favored balanced budgets.
At the beginning of the Great Depression the economy was destabilized by bank failures followed by credit crunches. The initial reasons were substantial losses in investment banking, followed by bank runs. (Bank runs occurred when a large number of customers withdrew their deposits because they believed the bank might become insolvent. As the bank run progressed, it generated a self - fulfilling prophecy: as more people withdrew their deposits, the likelihood of default increased, and this encouraged further withdrawals.)
Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz have argued that the drain of money out of the banking system caused the monetary supply to shrink, forcing the economy to likewise shrink. As credit and economic activity diminished, price deflation followed, causing further economic contraction with disastrous impact on banks. Between 1929 and 1933 40 % of all banks (9,490 out of 23,697 banks) failed. Much of the Great Depression 's economic damage was caused directly by bank runs.
Herbert Hoover had already considered a bank holiday to prevent further bank runs, but rejected the idea because he was afraid to trip a panic. Roosevelt, however, gave a radio address, held in the atmosphere of a Fireside Chat, and explained to the public in simple terms the causes of the banking crisis, what the government will do and how the population could help. He closed all the banks in the country and kept them all closed until he could pass new legislation.
On March 9, 1933, Roosevelt sent to Congress the Emergency Banking Act, drafted in large part by Hoover 's top advisors. The act was passed and signed into law the same day. It provided for a system of reopening sound banks under Treasury supervision, with federal loans available if needed. Three - quarters of the banks in the Federal Reserve System reopened within the next three days. Billions of dollars in hoarded currency and gold flowed back into them within a month, thus stabilizing the banking system. By the end of 1933, 4,004 small local banks were permanently closed and merged into larger banks. Their deposits totalled $3.6 billion; depositors lost a total of $540 million, and eventually received on average 85 cents on the dollar of their deposits; it is a common myth that they received nothing back.
The Glass -- Steagall Act limited commercial bank securities activities and affiliations between commercial banks and securities firms to regulate speculations. It also established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which insured deposits for up to $2,500, ending the risk of runs on banks. This banking reform offered unprecedented stability: While throughout the 1920s more than five hundred banks failed per year; it was less than ten banks per year after 1933.
Under the gold standard, the United States kept the Dollar convertible to gold. The Federal Reserve would have had to execute an expansionary monetary policy to fight the deflation and to inject liquidity into the banking system to prevent it from crumbling -- but lower interest rates would have led to a gold outflow. Under the gold standards price -- specie flow mechanism countries that lost gold but nevertheless wanted to maintain the gold standard had to permit their money supply to decrease and the domestic price level to decline (deflation). As long as the Federal Reserve had to defend the gold parity of the Dollar it had to sit idle while the banking system crumbled.
In March and April in a series of laws and executive orders, the government suspended the gold standard. Roosevelt stopped the outflow of gold by forbidding the export of gold except under license from the Treasury. Anyone holding significant amounts of gold coinage was mandated to exchange it for the existing fixed price of US dollars. The Treasury no longer paid out gold in exchange for dollars, and gold would no longer be considered valid legal tender for debts in private and public contracts.
The dollar was allowed to float freely on foreign exchange markets with no guaranteed price in gold. With the passage of the Gold Reserve Act in 1934 the nominal price of gold was changed from $20.67 per troy ounce to $35. These measures enabled the Federal Reserve to increase the amount of money in circulation to the level the economy needed. Markets immediately responded well to the suspension, in the hope that the decline in prices would finally end. In her essay "What ended the Great Depression? '' (1992) Christina Romer argued that this policy raised industrial production by 25 % until 1937 and by 50 % until 1942.
Before the Wall Street Crash of 1929, there was no regulation of securities at the federal level. Even firms whose securities were publicly traded published no regular reports or even worse rather misleading reports based on arbitrarily selected data. To avoid another Wall Street Crash, the Securities Act of 1933 was enacted. It required the disclosure of the balance sheet, profit and loss statement, the names and compensations of corporate officers, about firms whose securities were traded. Additionally those reports had to be verified by independent auditors. In 1934 the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission was established to regulate the stock market and prevent corporate abuses relating to the sale of securities and corporate reporting.
In a measure that garnered substantial popular support for his New Deal, Roosevelt moved to put to rest one of the most divisive cultural issues of the 1920s. He signed the bill to legalize the manufacture and sale of alcohol, an interim measure pending the repeal of Prohibition, for which a constitutional amendment of repeal (the 21st) was already in process. The repeal amendment was ratified later in 1933. States and cities gained additional new revenue, and Roosevelt secured his popularity especially in the cities and ethnic areas by helping the beer start flowing.
Relief was the immediate effort to help the one - third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression. Also, relief was aimed at providing temporary help to suffering and unemployed Americans.
To prime the pump and cut unemployment, the NIRA created the Public Works Administration (PWA), a major program of public works, which organized and provided funds for the building of useful works such as government buildings, airports, hospitals, schools, roads, bridges, and dams. From 1933 to 1935 PWA spent $3.3 billion with private companies to build 34,599 projects, many of them quite large.
Under Roosevelt, many unemployed persons were put to work on a wide range of government financed public works projects, building bridges, airports, dams, post offices, courthouses, and thousands of miles of road. Through reforestation and flood control, they reclaimed millions of hectares of soil from erosion and devastation. As noted by one authority, Roosevelt 's New Deal "was literally stamped on the American landscape ''.
Rural America was a high priority for Roosevelt and his energetic Secretary of Agriculture, Henry A. Wallace. Roosevelt believed that full economic recovery depended upon the recovery of agriculture, and raising farm prices was a major tool, even though it meant higher food prices for the poor living in cities.
Many rural people lived in severe poverty, especially in the South. Major programs addressed to their needs included the Resettlement Administration (RA), the Rural Electrification Administration (REA), rural welfare projects sponsored by the WPA, National Youth Administration (NYA), Forest Service and Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), including school lunches, building new schools, opening roads in remote areas, reforestation, and purchase of marginal lands to enlarge national forests.
In 1933, the Administration launched the Tennessee Valley Authority, a project involving dam construction planning on an unprecedented scale to curb flooding, generate electricity, and modernize poor farms in the Tennessee Valley region of the Southern United States. Under the Farmers ' Relief Act of 1933, the government paid compensation to farmers who reduced output, thereby raising prices. As a result of this legislation, the average income of farmers almost doubled by 1937.
In the 1920s farm production had increased dramatically thanks to mechanization, more potent insecticides and increased use of fertilizer. Due to an overproduction of agricultural products farmers faced a severe and chronic agricultural depression throughout the 1920s. The Great Depression even worsened the agricultural crises. At the beginning of 1933 agricultural markets nearly faced collapse. Farm prices were so low that, as an example, in Montana wheat was rotting in the fields because it could not be profitably harvested. In Oregon sheep were slaughtered and left to the buzzards because meat prices were not sufficient to warrant transportation to markets.
Roosevelt was keenly interested in farm issues and believed that true prosperity would not return until farming was prosperous. Many different programs were directed at farmers. The first 100 days produced the Farm Security Act to raise farm incomes by raising the prices farmers received, which was achieved by reducing total farm output. The Agricultural Adjustment Act created the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) in May 1933. The act reflected the demands of leaders of major farm organizations, especially the Farm Bureau, and reflected debates among Roosevelt 's farm advisers such as Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace, M.L. Wilson, Rexford Tugwell, and George Peek.
The AAA aimed to raise prices for commodities through artificial scarcity. The AAA used a system of domestic allotments, setting total output of corn, cotton, dairy products, hogs, rice, tobacco, and wheat. The farmers themselves had a voice in the process of using government to benefit their incomes. The AAA paid land owners subsidies for leaving some of their land idle with funds provided by a new tax on food processing. To force up farm prices to the point of "parity, '' 10 million acres (40,000 km) of growing cotton was plowed up, bountiful crops were left to rot, and six million piglets were killed and discarded.
The idea was to give farmers a "fair exchange value '' for their products in relation to the general economy ("parity level ''). Farm incomes and the income for the general population recovered fast since the beginning of 1933. Still, food prices remained well below the 1929 peak.
The AAA established an important and long - lasting federal role in the planning on the entire agricultural sector of the economy and was the first program on such a scale on behalf of the troubled agricultural economy. The original AAA did not provide for any sharecroppers or tenants or farm laborers who might become unemployed, but there were other New Deal programs especially for them.
A Gallup Poll printed in the Washington Post revealed that a majority of the American public opposed the AAA. In 1936, the Supreme Court declared the AAA to be unconstitutional, stating that "a statutory plan to regulate and control agricultural production, (is) a matter beyond the powers delegated to the federal government ''. The AAA was replaced by a similar program that did win Court approval. Instead of paying farmers for letting fields lie barren, this program instead subsidized them for planting soil enriching crops such as alfalfa that would not be sold on the market. Federal regulation of agricultural production has been modified many times since then, but together with large subsidies is still in effect today.
The Farm Tenancy Act in 1937 was the last major New Deal legislation that concerned farming. It, in turn, created the Farm Security Administration (FSA), which replaced the Resettlement Administration.
The Food Stamp Plan -- a major new welfare program for urban poor -- was established in 1939 to provide stamps to poor people who could use them to purchase food at retail outlets. The program ended during wartime prosperity in 1943, but was restored in 1961. It survived into the 21st century with little controversy because it was seen to benefit the urban poor, food producers, grocers and wholesalers, as well as farmers. Thus it gained support from both liberal and conservative Congressmen. In 2013, however, Tea Party activists in the House tried to end the program, now known as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, while the Senate fought to preserve it.
Recovery was the effort in numerous programs to restore the economy to normal health. By most economic indicators this was achieved by 1937 -- except for unemployment, which remained stubbornly high until World War II began. Recovery was designed to help the economy bounce back from depression.
Economic historians led by Price Fishback have examined the impact of New Deal spending on improving health conditions in the 114 largest cities, 1929 -- 1937. They estimated that every additional $153,000 in relief spending (in 1935 dollars, or $1.95 million in year 2000 dollars) was associated with a reduction of one infant death, one suicide, and 2.4 deaths from infectious disease.
From 1929 to 1933, the industrial economy had been suffering from a vicious cycle of deflation. Since 1931, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the voice of the nation 's organized business, promoted an anti-deflationary scheme that would permit trade associations to cooperate in government - instigated cartels to stabilize prices within their industries. While existing antitrust laws clearly forbade such practices, organized business found a receptive ear in the Roosevelt Administration.
Roosevelt 's advisers believed that excessive competition and technical progress had led to overproduction and lowered wages and prices, which they believed lowered demand and employment (Deflation). He argued that government economic planning was necessary to remedy this. New Deal economists argued that cut - throat competition had hurt many businesses and that with prices having fallen 20 % and more, "deflation '' exacerbated the burden of debt and would delay recovery. They rejected a strong move in Congress to limit the workweek to 30 hours. Instead their remedy, designed in cooperation with big business, was the NIRA. It included stimulus funds for the WPA to spend, and sought to raise prices, give more bargaining power for unions (so the workers could purchase more) and reduce harmful competition.
At the center of the NIRA was the National Recovery Administration (NRA), headed by former General Hugh S. Johnson, who had been a senior economic official in World War I. Johnson called on every business establishment in the nation to accept a stopgap "blanket code '': a minimum wage of between 20 and 45 cents per hour, a maximum workweek of 35 -- 45 hours, and the abolition of child labor. Johnson and Roosevelt contended that the "blanket code '' would raise consumer purchasing power and increase employment. To mobilize political support for the NRA, Johnson launched the "NRA Blue Eagle '' publicity campaign to boost what he called "industrial self - government ''. The NRA brought together leaders in each industry to design specific sets of codes for that industry; the most important provisions were anti-deflationary floors below which no company would lower prices or wages, and agreements on maintaining employment and production. In a remarkably short time, the NRA announced agreements from almost every major industry in the nation. By March 1934, industrial production was 45 % higher than in March 1933.
NRA Administrator Hugh Johnson was showing signs of mental breakdown due to the extreme pressure and workload of running the National Recovery Administration. After two meetings with Roosevelt and an abortive resignation attempt, Johnson resigned on September 24, 1934. Roosevelt replaced the position of Administrator with a new National Industrial Recovery Board, of which Donald Richberg was named Executive Director.
On May 27, 1935, the NRA was found to be unconstitutional by a unanimous decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of Schechter v. United States. After the end of the NRA quotas in the oil industry were fixed by the Railroad Commission of Texas with Tom Connally 's federal Hot Oil Act of 1935, which guaranteed that illegal "hot oil '' would not be sold. By the time NRA ended in May 1935, well over 2 million employers accepted the new standards laid down by the NRA, which had introduced a minimum wage and an eight - hour workday, together with abolishing child labor. These standards were reintroduced by the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938.
The New Deal had an important impact in the housing field. The New Deal followed and increased President Hoover 's lead and seek measures. The New Deal sought to stimulate the private home building industry and increase the number of individuals who owned homes. The New Deal implemented two new housing agencies; Home Owners ' Loan Corporation (HOLC) and the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). HOLC set uniform national appraisal methods and simplified the mortgage process. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) created national standards for home construction.
Reform was based on the assumption that the depression was caused by the inherent instability of the market and that government intervention was necessary to rationalize and stabilize the economy, and to balance the interests of farmers, business and labor. Reforms targeted the causes of the depression and sought to prevent a crisis like it from happening again. In other words, financially rebuilding the U.S. while ensuring not to repeat history.
There is consensus amongst economic historians that protectionist policies, culminating in the Smoot - Hawley Act of 1930, worsened the Depression. Franklin D. Roosevelt already spoke against the act while campaigning for president during 1932. In 1934 the Reciprocal Tariff Act was drafted by Cordell Hull. It gave the president power to negotiate bilateral, reciprocal trade agreements with other countries. The act enabled Roosevelt to liberalize American trade policy around the globe. It is widely credited with ushering in the era of liberal trade policy that persists to this day.
A separate set of programs operated in Puerto Rico, headed by the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration. It promoted land reform and helped small farms; it set up farm cooperatives, promoted crop diversification, and helped local industry. The Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration was directed by Juan Pablo Montoya Sr. from 1935 to 1937.
In the spring of 1935, responding to the setbacks in the Court, a new skepticism in Congress, and the growing popular clamor for more dramatic action, the Administration proposed or endorsed several important new initiatives. Historians refer to them as the "Second New Deal '' and note that it was more liberal and more controversial than the "First New Deal '' of 1933 -- 34.
Until 1935 there were just a dozen states that had old age insurance laws but these programs were woefully underfunded and therefore almost worthless. Just one state (Wisconsin) had an insurance program. The United States was the only modern industrial country where people faced the Depression without any national system of social security. Even the work programs of the "First New Deal '' were just meant as immediate relief, destined to run less than a decade.
The most important program of 1935, and perhaps the New Deal as a whole, was the Social Security Act, drafted by Frances Perkins. It established a permanent system of universal retirement pensions (Social Security), unemployment insurance, and welfare benefits for the handicapped and needy children in families without a father present. It established the framework for the U.S. welfare system. Roosevelt insisted that it should be funded by payroll taxes rather than from the general fund; he said, "We put those payroll contributions there so as to give the contributors a legal, moral, and political right to collect their pensions and unemployment benefits. With those taxes in there, no damn politician can ever scrap my social security program. ''
Compared to the social security systems in western European countries, the Social Security Act of 1935 was rather conservative. But for the first time the federal government took responsibility for the economic security of the aged, the temporarily unemployed, dependent children and the handicapped.
The National Labor Relations Act of 1935, also known as the Wagner Act, finally guaranteed workers the rights to collective bargaining through unions of their own choice. The Act also established the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to facilitate wage agreements and to suppress the repeated labor disturbances. The Wagner Act did not compel employers to reach agreement with their employees, but it opened possibilities for American labor. The result was a tremendous growth of membership in the labor unions, especially in the mass - production sector, composing the American Federation of Labor. Labor thus became a major component of the New Deal political coalition.
The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 set maximum hours (44 per week) and minimum wages (25 cents per hour) for most categories of workers. Child labour of children under the age of 16 was forbidden, children under 18 years were forbidden to work in hazardous employment. As a result, the wages of 300,000 people were increased and the hours of 1.3 million were reduced. It was the last major New Deal legislation that Roosevelt succeeded in enacting into law before the Conservative Coalition of Republicans and conservative Democrats won control of Congress that year. While he could usually use the veto to restrain Congress, it could block any Roosevelt legislation it disliked.
Roosevelt nationalized unemployment relief through the Works Progress Administration (WPA), headed by close friend Harry Hopkins. Roosevelt had insisted that the projects had to be costly in terms of labor, long - term beneficial, and the WPA was forbidden to compete with private enterprises (therefore the workers had to be paid smaller wages). The Works Progress Administration (WPA) was created to return the unemployed to the work force. The WPA financed a variety of projects such as hospitals, schools, and roads, and employed more than 8.5 million workers who built 650,000 miles of highways and roads, 125,000 public buildings, as well as bridges, reservoirs, irrigation systems, parks, playgrounds and so on.
Prominent projects were the Lincoln Tunnel, the Triborough Bridge, the LaGuardia Airport, the Overseas Highway and the San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge. The Rural Electrification Administration used co-ops to bring electricity to rural areas, many of which still operate. The National Youth Administration was another the semi-autonomous WPA program for youth. Its Texas director, Lyndon Baines Johnson, later used the NYA as a model for some of his Great Society programs in the 1960s. The WPA was organized by states, but New York City had its own branch Federal One, which created jobs for writers, musicians, artists, and theater personnel. It became a hunting ground for conservatives searching for Communist employees.
The Federal Writers ' Project operated in every state, where it created a famous guide book; it also catalogued local archives and hired many writers, including Margaret Walker, Zora Neale Hurston, and Anzia Yezierska, to document folklore. Other writers interviewed elderly ex-slaves and recorded their stories. Under the Federal Theater Project, headed by charismatic Hallie Flanagan, actresses and actors, technicians, writers, and directors put on stage productions. The tickets were inexpensive or sometimes free, making theater available to audiences unaccustomed to attending plays.
One Federal Art Project paid 162 trained woman artists on relief to paint murals or create statues for newly built post offices and courthouses. Many of these works of art can still be seen in public buildings around the country, along with murals sponsored by the Treasury Relief Art Project of the Treasury Department. During its existence, the Federal Theatre Project provided jobs for circus people, musicians, actors, artists, and playwrights, together with increasing public appreciation of the arts.
In 1935, Roosevelt called for a tax program called the Wealth Tax Act (Revenue Act of 1935) to redistribute wealth. The bill imposed an income tax of 79 % on incomes over $5 million. Since that was an extraordinary high income in the 1930s, the highest tax rate actually covered just one individual -- John D. Rockefeller. The bill was expected to raise only about $250 million in additional funds, so revenue was not the primary goal. Morgenthau called it "more or less a campaign document ''. In a private conversation with Raymond Moley, Roosevelt admitted that the purpose of the bill was "stealing Huey Long 's thunder '' by making Long 's supporters his own. At the same time, it raised the bitterness of the rich who called Roosevelt "a traitor to his class '' and the wealth tax act a "soak the rich tax ''.
A tax called the undistributed profits tax was enacted in 1936. This time the primary purpose was revenue, since Congress had enacted the Adjusted Compensation Payment Act, calling for payments of $2 billion to World War I veterans. The bill established the persisting principle that retained corporate earnings could be taxed. Paid dividends were tax deductible by corporations. Its proponents intended the bill to replace all other corporation taxes -- believing this would stimulate corporations to distribute earnings and thus put more cash and spending power in the hands of individuals. In the end, Congress watered down the bill, setting the tax rates at 7 to 27 % and largely exempting small enterprises. Facing widespread and fierce criticism, the tax deduction of paid dividends was repealed in 1938.
The United States Housing Act of 1937 created the United States Housing Authority within the U.S. Department of the Interior. It was one of the last New Deal agencies created. The bill passed in 1937 with some Republican support to abolish slums.
When the Supreme Court started abolishing New Deal programs as unconstitutional, Roosevelt launched a surprise counter-attack in early 1937. He proposed adding five new justices, but conservative Democrats revolted, led by Vice president. The Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937 failed -- it never reached a vote. Momentum in Congress and public opinion shifted to the right and very little new legislation was passed expanding the New Deal. However retirements allowed Roosevelt to put supporters on the Court and it stopped killing New Deal programs.
The Roosevelt Administration was under assault during Roosevelt 's second term, which presided over a new dip in the Great Depression in the fall of 1937 that continued until most of 1938. Production and profits declined sharply. Unemployment jumped from 14.3 % in 1937 to 19.0 % in 1938. The downturn was perhaps due to nothing more than the familiar rhythms of the business cycle. But until 1937 Roosevelt had claimed responsibility for the excellent economic performance. That backfired in the recession and the heated political atmosphere of 1937.
The U.S. reached full employment after entering World War II in December 1941. Under the special circumstances of war mobilization, massive war spending doubled the GNP (Gross National Product). Military Keynesianism brought full employment. Federal contracts were cost - plus. Instead of competitive bidding to get lower prices, the government gave out contracts that promised to pay all the expenses plus a modest profit. Factories hired everyone they could find regardless of their lack of skills; they simplified work tasks and trained the workers, with the federal government paying all the costs. Millions of farmers left marginal operations, students quit school, and housewives joined the labor force.
The emphasis was for war supplies as soon as possible, regardless of cost and inefficiencies. Industry quickly absorbed the slack in the labor force, and the tables turned such that employers needed to actively and aggressively recruit workers. As the military grew, new labor sources were needed to replace the 12 million men serving in the military. Propaganda campaigns started pleading for people to work in the war factories. The barriers for married women, the old, the unskilled -- and (in the North and West) the barriers for racial minorities -- were lowered.
In 1929, federal expenditures accounted for only 3 % of GNP. Between 1933 and 1939, federal expenditures tripled, but the national debt as a percent of GNP showed little change. Spending on the war effort quickly eclipsed spending on New Deal programs. In 1944 government spending on the war effort exceeded 40 % of GNP. The US economy experienced dramatic growth during the Second World War mostly due to the deemphasis of free enterprise in favor of the imposition of strict controls on prices and wages. These controls shared broad support among Labor and Business, resulting in cooperation between the two groups and the Federal Government. This cooperation resulted in the government subsidizing business and labor through both direct and indirect methods.
Conservative domination of Congress during the war meant that all welfare projects and reforms had to have their approval, which was given when business supported the project. For example, the Coal Mines Inspection and Investigation Act of 1941 significantly reduced fatality rates in the coal - mining industry, saving workers ' lives and company money. In terms of welfare the New Dealers wanted benefits for everyone according to need. Conservatives, however, proposed benefits based on national service -- especially tied to military service or working in war industries -- and their approach won out.
The Community Facilities Act of 1940 (the Lanham Act) provided federal funds to defense - impacted communities where the population had soared and local facilities were overwhelmed. It provided money for the building of housing for war workers as well as recreational facilities, water and sanitation plants, hospitals, day care centers, and schools.
The Servicemen 's Dependents Allowance Act of 1942 provided family allowances for dependents of enlisted men. Emergency grants to States were authorized in 1942 for programs for day care for children of working mothers. In 1944, pensions were authorized for all physically or mentally helpless children of deceased veterans regardless of the age of the child at the date the claim was filed or at the time of the veteran 's death, provided the child was disabled at the age of sixteen and that the disability continued to the date of the claim. The Public Health Service Act, which was passed that same year, expanded Federal - State public health programs, and increased the annual amount for grants for public health services.
The Emergency Maternity and Infant Care Program (EMIC), introduced in March 1943 by the Children 's Bureau, provided free maternity care and medical treatment during an infant 's first year for the wives and children of military personnel in the four lowest enlisted pay grades. One out of seven births was covered during its operation. EMIC paid $127 million to state health departments to cover the care of 1.2 million new mothers and their babies. The average cost of EMIC maternity cases completed was $92.49 for medical and hospital care. A striking effect was the sudden rapid decline in home births, as most mothers now had paid hospital maternity care.
Under the 1943 Disabled Veterans Rehabilitation Act, vocational rehabilitation services were offered to wounded World War II veterans, and some 621,000 veterans would go on to receive assistance under this program. The G.I. Bill (Servicemen 's Readjustment Act of 1944) was a landmark piece of legislation, providing 16 million returning veterans with benefits such as housing, educational, and unemployment assistance, and played a major role in the postwar expansion of the American middle class.
In response to the March on Washington Movement led by A. Philip Randolph, Roosevelt promulgated Executive Order 8802 in June 1941, which established the President 's Committee on Fair Employment Practices (FEPC) "to receive and investigate complaints of discrimination '' so that "there shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race, creed, color, or national origin. ''
A major result of the full employment at high wages was a sharp, long lasting decrease in the level of income inequality (Great Compression). The gap between rich and poor narrowed dramatically in the area of nutrition, because food rationing and price controls provided a reasonably priced diet to everyone. White collar workers did not typically receive overtime and therefore the gap between white collar and blue collar income narrowed. Large families that had been poor during the 1930s had four or more wage earners, and these families shot to the top one - third income bracket. Overtime provided large paychecks in war industries, and average living standards rose steadily, with real wages rising by 44 % in the four years of war, while the percentage of families with an annual income of less than $2,000 fell from 75 % to 25 % of the population.
In 1941, 40 % of all American families lived on less than the $1,500 per year defined as necessary by the Works Progress Administration for a modest standard of living. The median income stood at $2,000 a year, while 8 million workers earnt below the legal minimum. From 1939 to 1944, however, wages and salaries more than doubled, with overtime pay and the expansion of jobs leading to a 70 % rise in average weekly earnings during the course of the war. Membership in organized labor increased by 50 % between 1941 and 1945, and because the War Labor Board sought labor - management peace, new workers were encouraged to participate in the existing labor organizations, thereby receiving all the benefits of union membership such as improved working conditions, better fringe benefits, and higher wages. As noted by William H. Chafe,
"with full employment, higher wages and social welfare benefits provided under government regulations, American workers experienced a level of well - being that, for many, had never occurred before. ''
As a result of the new prosperity, consumer expenditures rose by nearly 50 %, from $61.7 billion at the start of the war to $98.5 billion by 1944. Individual savings accounts climbed almost sevenfold during the course of the war. The share of total income held by the top 5 % of wage earners fell from 22 % to 17 %, while the bottom 40 % increased their share of the economic pie. In addition, during the course of the war, the proportion of the American population earning less than $3,000 (in 1968 dollars) fell by half.
Analysts agree the New Deal produced a new political coalition that sustained the Democratic Party as the majority party in national politics into the 1960s. A 2013 study found that "an average increase in New Deal relief and public works spending resulted in a 5.4 percentage point increase in the 1936 Democratic voting share, and a smaller amount in 1940. The estimated persistence of this shift suggests that New Deal spending increased long - term Democratic support by 2 to 2.5 percentage points. Thus, it appears that Roosevelt 's early, decisive actions created long - lasting positive benefits for the Democratic party... The New Deal did play an important role in consolidating Democratic gains for at least two decades. ''
However, there is disagreement about whether it marked a permanent change in values. Cowie and Salvatore in 2008 argued that it was a response to depression and did not mark a commitment to a welfare state because America has always been too individualistic. MacLean rejected the idea of a definitive political culture. She says they overemphasized individualism and ignored the enormous power that big capital wields, the Constitutional restraints on radicalism, and the role of racism, antifeminism, and homophobia. She warns that accepting Cowie and Salvatore 's argument that conservatism 's ascendancy is inevitable would dismay and discourage activists on the left. Klein responds that the New Deal did not die a natural death; it was killed off in the 1970s by a business coalition mobilized by such groups as the Business Roundtable, the Chamber of Commerce, trade organizations, conservative think tanks, and decades of sustained legal and political attacks.
Historians generally agree that during Roosevelt 's 12 years in office, there was a dramatic increase in the power of the federal government as a whole. Roosevelt also established the presidency as the prominent center of authority within the federal government. Roosevelt created a large array of agencies protecting various groups of citizens -- workers, farmers, and others -- who suffered from the crisis, and thus enabled them to challenge the powers of the corporations. In this way, the Roosevelt Administration generated a set of political ideas -- known as New Deal liberalism -- that remained a source of inspiration and controversy for decades. New Deal liberalism lay the foundation of a new consensus. Between 1940 and 1980 there was the liberal consensus about the prospects for the widespread distribution of prosperity within an expanding capitalist economy. Especially Harry S. Truman 's Fair Deal and in the 1960s, Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society used the New Deal as inspiration for a dramatic expansion of liberal programs.
The New Deal 's enduring appeal on voters fostered its acceptance by moderate and liberal Republicans.
As the first Republican president elected after Franklin D. Roosevelt, Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953 -- 61) built on the New Deal in a manner that embodied his thoughts on efficiency and cost - effectiveness. He sanctioned a major expansion of Social Security by a self - financed program. He supported such New Deal programs as the minimum wage and public housing; he greatly expanded federal aid to education and built the Interstate Highway system primarily as defense programs (rather than jobs program). In a private letter Eisenhower wrote:
Should any party attempt to abolish social security and eliminate labor laws and farm programs, you would not hear of that party again in our political history. There is a tiny splinter group of course, that believes you can do these things... Their number is negligible and they are stupid.
In 1964 Barry Goldwater, an unreconstructed anti-New Dealer, was the Republican presidential candidate on a platform that attacked the New Deal. The Democrats under Lyndon B. Johnson won a massive landslide and Johnson 's Great Society programs extended the New Deal. However the supporters of Goldwater formed the New Right which helped to bring Ronald Reagan into the White House in the 1980 presidential election. Reagan, once an ardent supporter of the New Deal, turned against it, now viewing government as the problem rather than solution, and as president moved the nation away from the New Deal model of government activism, shifting greater emphasis to the private sector.
A 2017 review study of the existing literature in the Journal of Economic Literature summarized the findings of the research as follows:
The studies find that public works and relief spending had state income multipliers of around one, increased consumption activity, attracted internal migration, reduced crime rates, and lowered several types of mortality. The farm programs typically aided large farm owners but eliminated opportunities for share croppers, tenants, and farm workers. The Home Owners ' Loan Corporation 's purchases and refinancing of troubled mortgages staved off drops in housing prices and home ownership rates at relatively low ex post cost to taxpayers. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation 's loans to banks and railroads appear to have had little positive impact, although the banks were aided when the RFC took ownership stakes.
Historians debating the New Deal have generally divided between liberals who support it, conservatives who oppose it, and some New Left historians who complain it was too favorable to capitalism and did too little for minorities. There is consensus on only a few points, with most commentators favorable toward the CCC and hostile toward the NRA.
Consensus historians of the 1950s, such as Richard Hofstadter, according to Lary May:
Liberal historians argue that Roosevelt restored hope and self - respect to tens of millions of desperate people, built labor unions, upgraded the national infrastructure and saved capitalism in his first term when he could have destroyed it and easily nationalized the banks and the railroads. Historians generally agree that, apart from building up labor unions, the New Deal did not substantially alter the distribution of power within American capitalism. "The New Deal brought about limited change in the nation 's power structure. '' The New Deal preserved democracy in the United States in a historic period of uncertainty and crises when in many other countries democracy failed.
The most common arguments can be summarized as follows:
Julian Zelizer (2000) has argued that fiscal conservatism was a key component of the New Deal. A fiscally conservative approach was supported by Wall Street and local investors and most of the business community; mainstream academic economists believed in it, as apparently did the majority of the public. Conservative southern Democrats, who favored balanced budgets and opposed new taxes, controlled Congress and its major committees. Even liberal Democrats at the time regarded balanced budgets as essential to economic stability in the long run, although they were more willing to accept short - term deficits. As Zelizer notes, public opinion polls consistently showed public opposition to deficits and debt. Throughout his terms, Roosevelt recruited fiscal conservatives to serve in his Administration, most notably Lewis Douglas the Director of Budget in 1933 -- 1934, and Henry Morgenthau Jr., Secretary of the Treasury from 1934 to 1945. They defined policy in terms of budgetary cost and tax burdens rather than needs, rights, obligations, or political benefits. Personally the President embraced their fiscal conservatism. Politically, he realized that fiscal conservatism enjoyed a strong wide base of support among voters, leading Democrats, and businessmen. On the other hand, there was enormous pressure to act -- and spending money on high visibility work programs with millions of paychecks a week.
Douglas proved too inflexible, and he quit in 1934. Morgenthau made it his highest priority to stay close to Roosevelt, no matter what. Douglas 's position, like many of the Old Right, was grounded in a basic distrust of politicians and the deeply ingrained fear that government spending always involved a degree of patronage and corruption that offended his Progressive sense of efficiency. The Economy Act of 1933, passed early in the Hundred Days, was Douglas 's great achievement. It reduced federal expenditures by $500 million, to be achieved by reducing veterans ' payments and federal salaries. Douglas cut government spending through executive orders that cut the military budget by $125 million, $75 million from the Post Office, $12 million from Commerce, $75 million from government salaries, and $100 million from staff layoffs. As Freidel concludes, "The economy program was not a minor aberration of the spring of 1933, or a hypocritical concession to delighted conservatives. Rather it was an integral part of Roosevelt 's overall New Deal. ''
Revenues were so low that borrowing was necessary (only the richest 3 % paid any income tax between 1926 and 1940). Douglas therefore hated the relief programs, which he said reduced business confidence, threatened the government 's future credit, and had the "destructive psychological effects of making mendicants of self - respecting American citizens ''. Roosevelt was pulled toward greater spending by Hopkins and Ickes, and as the 1936 election approached he decided to gain votes by attacking big business.
Morgenthau shifted with Roosevelt, but at all times tried to inject fiscal responsibility; he deeply believed in balanced budgets, stable currency, reduction of the national debt, and the need for more private investment. The Wagner Act met Morgenthau 's requirement because it strengthened the party 's political base and involved no new spending. In contrast to Douglas, Morgenthau accepted Roosevelt 's double budget as legitimate -- that is a balanced regular budget, and an "emergency '' budget for agencies, like the WPA, PWA and CCC, that would be temporary until full recovery was at hand. He fought against the veterans ' bonus until Congress finally overrode Roosevelt 's veto and gave out $2.2 billion in 1936. His biggest success was the new Social Security program; he managed to reverse the proposals to fund it from general revenue and insisted it be funded by new taxes on employees. It was Morgenthau who insisted on excluding farm workers and domestic servants from Social Security because workers outside industry would not be paying their way.
While many Americans suffered economically during the Great Depression, African Americans also had to deal with social ills, such as racism, discrimination, and segregation. Black workers were especially vulnerable to the economic downturn since most of them worked the most marginal jobs such as unskilled or service - oriented work. Therefore, they were the first to be discharged. Additionally many employers preferred white workers. When jobs were scarce some employers even dismissed blacks to create jobs for whites. In the end there were three times more African American workers on public assistance or relief than white workers.
The WPA, NYA, and CCC relief programs allocated 10 % of their budgets to blacks (who comprised about 10 % of the total population, and 20 % of the poor). They operated separate all - black units with the same pay and conditions as white units. Some leading white New Dealers, especially Eleanor Roosevelt, Harold Ickes, and Aubrey Williams worked to ensure blacks received at least 10 % of welfare assistance payments. However, these benefits were small in comparison to the economic and political advantages that whites received. Most unions excluded blacks from joining. Enforcement of anti-discrimination laws in the South was virtually impossible, especially since most blacks worked in hospitality and agricultural sectors.
The New Deal programs put millions of Americans immediately back to work or at least helped them to survive. The programs were not specifically targeted to alleviate the much higher unemployment rate of blacks. Some aspects of the programs were even unfavorable to blacks. The Agricultural Adjustment Acts for example helped farmers which were predominantly white but reduced the need of farmers to hire tenant farmers or sharecroppers which were predominantely black. While the AAA stipulated that a farmer had to share the payments with those who worked the land this policy was never enforced. The Farm Service Agency (FSA), a government relief agency for tenant farmers, created in 1937, made efforts to empower African Americans by appointing them to agency committees in the South. Senator James F. Byrnes of South Carolina raised opposition to the appointments because he stood for white farmers who were threatened by an agency that could organize and empower tenant farmers. Initially, the FSA stood behind their appointments, but after feeling national pressure FSA was forced to release the African Americans of their positions. The goals of the FSA were notoriously liberal and not cohesive with the southern voting elite. Some New Deal measures inadvertently discriminated against harmed blacks. Thousands of blacks were thrown out of work and replaced by whites on jobs where they were paid less than the NRA 's wage minimums because some white employers considered the NRA 's minimum wage "too much money for Negroes. '' By August 1933, blacks called the NRA the "Negro Removal Act. '' An NRA study found that the NIRA put 500,000 African Americans out of work.
But since blacks felt the sting of the depression _́ s wrath even more severely than whites they welcomed any help. Until 1936 almost all African Americans (and many whites) shifted from the "Party of Lincoln '' to the Democratic Party. This was a sharp realignment from 1932, when most African Americans voted the Republican ticket. New Deal policies helped establish a political alliance between blacks and the Democratic Party that survives into the 21st century.
There was no attempt whatsoever to end segregation, or to increase black rights in the South. Roosevelt appointed an unprecedented number of blacks to second - level positions in his administration; these appointees were collectively called the Black Cabinet.
The wartime FEPC executive orders that forbade job discrimination against African Americans, women, and ethnic groups was a major breakthrough that brought better jobs and pay to millions of minority Americans. Historians usually treat FEPC as part of the war effort and not part of the New Deal itself.
The New Deal was racially segregated; blacks and whites rarely worked alongside each other in New Deal programs. The largest relief program by far was the WPA; it operated segregated units, as did its youth affiliate the NYA. Blacks were hired by the WPA as supervisors in the North; however of 10,000 WPA supervisors in the South, only 11 were black. Historian Anthony Badger argues, "New Deal programs in the South routinely discriminated against blacks and perpetuated segregation. In its first few weeks of operation, CCC camps in the North were integrated. By July 1935, however, practically all the camps in the United States were segregated, and blacks were strictly limited in the supervisory roles they were assigned. Kinker and Smith argue that "even the most prominent racial liberals in the New Deal did not dare to criticize Jim Crow. ''
Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes was one of the Roosevelt Administration 's most prominent supporters of blacks and former president of the Chicago chapter of the NAACP. In 1937 when Senator Josiah Bailey Democrat of North Carolina accused him of trying to break down segregation laws, Ickes wrote him to deny that:
The New Deal 's record came under attack by New Left historians in the 1960s for its pusillanimity in not attacking capitalism more vigorously, nor helping blacks achieve equality. The critics emphasize the absence of a philosophy of reform to explain the failure of New Dealers to attack fundamental social problems. They demonstrate the New Deal 's commitment to save capitalism and its refusal to strip away private property. They detect a remoteness from the people and indifference to participatory democracy, and call instead for more emphasis on conflict and exploitation.
At first the New Deal created programs primarily for men. It was assumed that the husband was the "breadwinner '' (the provider) and if they had jobs, whole families would benefit. It was the social norm for women to give up jobs when they married; in many states there were laws that prevented both husband and wife holding regular jobs with the government. So too in the relief world, it was rare for both husband and wife to have a relief job on FERA or the WPA. This prevailing social norm of the breadwinner failed to take into account the numerous households headed by women, but it soon became clear that the government needed to help women as well.
Many women were employed on FERA projects run by the states with federal funds. The first New Deal program to directly assist women was the Works Progress Administration (WPA), begun in 1935. It hired single women, widows, or women with disabled or absent husbands. The WPA employed about 500,000 women; They were assigned mostly to unskilled jobs. 295,000 worked on sewing projects that made 300 million items of clothing and bedding to be given away to families on relief and to hospitals and orphanages. Women also were hired for the WPA 's school lunch program. Both men and women were hired for the small but highly publicized arts programs (such as music, theater and writing).
The Social Security program was designed to help retired workers and widows, but did not include domestic workers, farmers or farm laborers, the jobs most often held by blacks. Social Security however was not a relief program and it was not designed for short - term needs, as very few people received benefits before 1942.
The New Deal expanded the role of the federal government, particularly to help the poor, the unemployed, youth, the elderly, and stranded rural communities. The Hoover administration started the system of funding state relief programs, whereby the states hired people on relief. With the CCC in 1933 and the WPA in 1935 the federal government now became involved in directly hiring people on relief. in granting direct relief or benefits. Total federal, state and local spending on relief rose from 3.9 % of GNP in 1929, to 6.4 % in 1932, and 9.7 % in 1934; the return of prosperity in 1944 lowered the rate to 4.1 %. In 1935 -- 40, welfare spending accounted for 49 % of the federal, state and local government budgets. In his memoirs, Milton Friedman said that the New Deal relief programs were an appropriate response. He and his wife were not on relief but they were employed by the WPA as statisticians. Friedman said that programs like the CCC and WPA were justified as temporary responses to an emergency. Friedman said that Roosevelt deserved considerable credit for relieving immediate distress and restoring confidence.
In a survey of economic historians conducted by Robert Whaples, Professor of Economics at Wake Forest University, anonymous questionnaires were sent to members of the Economic History Association. Members were asked to disagree, agree, or agree with provisos with the statement that read: "Taken as a whole, government policies of the New Deal served to lengthen and deepen the Great Depression. '' While only 6 % of economic historians who worked in the history department of their universities agreed with the statement, 27 % of those that work in the economics department agreed. Almost an identical percent of the two groups (21 % and 22 %) agreed with the statement "with provisos '' (a conditional stipulation), while 74 % of those who worked in the history department, and 51 % in the economic department, disagreed with the statement outright.
In 1933 to 1941 the economy expanded at an average rate of 7.7 % per year. Despite high economic growth, unemployment rates fell slowly.
John Maynard Keynes explained that situation as an underemployment equilibrium where skeptic business prospects prevent companies from hiring new employees. It was seen as a form of cyclical unemployment.
There are different assumptions as well. According to Richard L. Jensen, cyclical unemployment was a grave matter primarily until 1935. Between 1935 and 1941 structural unemployment became the bigger problem. Especially the unions successes in demanding higher wages pushed management into introducing new efficiency - oriented hiring standards. It ended inefficient labor such as child labor, casual unskilled work for subminimum wages, and sweatshop conditions. In the long term the shift to efficiency wages led to high productivity, high wages and a high standard of living. But it necessitated a well - educated, well - trained, hard - working labor force. It was not before war time brought full employment that the supply of unskilled labor (that caused structural unemployment) downsized.
At the beginning of the Great Depression many economists traditionally argued against deficit spending. The fear was that government spending would "crowd out '' private investment and would thus not have any effect on the economy, a proposition known as the Treasury view. Keynesian economics rejected that view. They argued that by spending vastly more money -- using fiscal policy -- the government could provide the needed stimulus through the multiplier effect. Without that stimulus business simply would not hire more people, especially the low skilled and supposedly "untrainable '' men who had been unemployed for years and lost any job skill they once had. Keynes visited the White House in 1934 to urge President Roosevelt to increase deficit spending. Roosevelt afterwards complained that, "he left a whole rigmarole of figures -- he must be a mathematician rather than a political economist. ''
The New Deal tried public works, farm subsidies, and other devices to reduce unemployment, but Roosevelt never completely gave up trying to balance the budget. Between 1933 and 1941 the average federal budget deficit was 3 % per year. Roosevelt did not fully utilize deficit spending. The effects of federal public works spending were largely offset by Herbert Hoover 's large tax increase in 1932, whose full effects for the first time were felt in 1933, and it was undercut by spending cuts, especially the Economy Act. According to Keynesians like Paul Krugman the New Deal therefore was not as successful in the short run as it was in the long run.
Following the Keynesian consensus (that lasted until the 1970s) the traditional view was that federal deficit spending associated with the war brought full - employment output while monetary policy was just aiding the process. In this view the New Deal did not end the Great Depression but halted the economic collapse and ameliorated the worst of the crises.
In recent years more influential among economists has been the monetarist interpretation of Milton Friedman, which includes a full - scale monetary history of what he calls the "Great Contraction ''. Friedman concentrated on the failures before 1933. He points out that between 1929 and 1932, the Federal Reserve allowed the money supply to fall by a third which is seen as the major cause that turned a normal recession into a Great Depression. Friedman especially criticized the decisions of Hoover and the Fed not to save banks going bankrupt. Monetarists state that the banking and monetary reforms were a necessary and sufficient response to the crises. They reject the approach of Keynesian deficit spending.
You have to distinguish between two classes of New Deal policies. One class of New Deal policies was reform: wage and price control, the Blue Eagle, the national industrial recovery movement. I did not support those. The other part of the new deal policy was relief and recovery... providing relief for the unemployed, providing jobs for the unemployed, and motivating the economy to expand... an expansive monetary policy. Those parts of the New Deal I did support.
Ben Bernanke and Martin Parkinson declared in "Unemployment, Inflation, and Wages in the American Depression '' (1989) that "the New Deal is better characterized as having cleared the way for a natural recovery (for example, by ending deflation and rehabilitating the financial system) rather than as being the engine of recovery itself. ''
Challenging the traditional view monetarists and New Keynesians like J. Bradford DeLong, Lawrence Summers and Christina Romer argued that recovery was essentially complete prior to 1942 and that monetary policy was the crucial source of pre-1942 recovery. The extraordinary growth in money supply beginning in 1933 lowered real interest rates and stimulated investment spending. According to Bernanke there was also a debt - deflation effect of the depression which was clearly offset by a reflation through the growth in money supply. But before 1992 scholars did not realize that the New Deal provided for a huge aggregate demand stimulus through a de facto easing of monetary policy. While Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz argued in "Monetary History of the United States '' (1963) that the Federal Reserve System had made no attempt to increase the quantity in high - powered money and thus failed to foster recovery they somehow did not investigate the impact of the monetary policy of the New Deal. In 1992 Christina Romer explained in "What Ended the Great Depression? '' that the rapid growth in money supply beginning in 1933 can be traced back to a large unsterilized gold inflow to the US which was partly due to political instability in Europe but to a larger degree to the revaluation of gold through the Gold Reserve Act. The Roosevelt administration had chosen not to sterilize the gold inflow precisely because they hoped that the growth of money supply would stimulate the economy.
Replying to DeLong et al. in the Journal of Economic History, J.R. Vernon argues that deficit spending leading up to and during World War II still played a large part in the overall recovery, according to his study "half or more of the recovery occurred during 1941 and 1942. ''
According to Peter Temin, Barry Wigmore, Gauti B. Eggertsson and Christina Romer the biggest primary impact of the New Deal on the economy and the key to recovery and to end the Great Depression was brought about by a successful management of public expectations. The thesis is based on the observation that after years of deflation and a very severe recession important economic indicators turned positive just in March 1933 when Roosevelt took office. Consumer prices turned from deflation to a mild inflation, industrial production bottomed out in March 1933, investment doubled in 1933 with a turnaround in March 1933. There were no monetary forces to explain that turnaround. Money supply was still falling and short - term interest rates remained close to zero. Before March 1933 people expected a further deflation and recession so that even interest rates at zero did not stimulate investment. But when Roosevelt announced major regime changes people began to expect inflation and an economic expansion. With those expectations, interest rates at zero began to stimulate investment just as they were expected to do. Roosevelt 's fiscal and monetary policy regime change helped to make his policy objectives credible. The expectation of higher future income and higher future inflation stimulated demand and investments. The analysis suggests that the elimination of the policy dogmas of the gold standard, a balanced budget in times of crises and small government led endogenously to a large shift in expectation that accounts for about 70 -- 80 percent of the recovery of output and prices from 1933 to 1937. If the regime change had not happened and the Hoover policy had continued, the economy would have continued its free - fall in 1933, and output would have been 30 percent lower in 1937 than in 1933.
Followers of the real business - cycle theory believe that the New Deal caused the depression to persist longer than it would otherwise have. Harold L. Cole and Lee E. Ohanian say Roosevelt 's policies prolonged the depression by seven years. According to their study, the "New Deal labor and industrial policies did not lift the economy out of the Depression but that the "New Deal policies are an important contributing factor to the persistence of the Great Depression. '' They claim that the New Deal "cartelization policies are a key factor behind the weak recovery ''. They say that the "abandonment of these policies coincided with the strong economic recovery of the 1940s ''. The study by Cole and Ohanian is based on a real business cycle theory model. The underlying assumptions of this theory are subject to numerous criticisms and the theory is unable to posit any convincing explanations for the initial causes of the Great Depression. Laurence Seidman noted that according to the assumptions of Cole and Ohanian the labor market clears instantaneously, which leads to the incredible conclusion that the surge in unemployment between 1929 and 1932 (before the New Deal) was, in their opinion, both optimal and solely based on voluntary unemployment. Additionally, Cole and Ohanian 's argument does not count workers employed through New Deal programs. Such programs built or renovated 2,500 hospitals, 45,000 schools, 13,000 parks and playgrounds, 7,800 bridges, 700,000 miles (1,100,000 km) of roads, 1,000 airfields and employed 50,000 teachers through programs that rebuilt the country 's entire rural school system.
Lowell E. Gallaway and Richard K. Vedder argue on the basis of libertarian theories that the Great Depression was caused by too high wages which they say had caused a loss of depositor confidence which caused the bank runs. They further conclude that the "Great Depression was very significantly prolonged in both its duration and its magnitude by the impact of New Deal programs. '' They suggest that without Social Security, work relief, unemployment insurance, mandatory minimum wages, and without special government - granted privileges for labor unions, business would have hired more workers and the unemployment rate during the New Deal years would have been 6.7 % instead of 17.2 %. Amity Shlaes wrote that "from 1929 to 1940, from Hoover to Roosevelt, government intervention helped to make the Depression Great. '' Shlaes said that the NRA was misguided because it used price setting to fix monetary problems. According to Shlaes, Roosevelt 's experimentation frightened business into inaction and prevented recovery. Eric Rauchway showed that Shlaes tried to diminish the economic growth by referring to the unrepresentative Dow Jones Industrial Average. He continued that usually a historian or economist would have referred to the gross domestic product which, according to the Historical Statistics of the United States, grew impressively by 9 % annually during Roosevelt 's first term and by 11 % annually after the short recession of 1937 -- 38.
The economic reforms were mainly intended to rescue the capitalist system by providing a more rational framework in which it could operate. The banking system was made less vulnerable. The regulation of the stock market and the prevention of some corporate abuses relating to the sale of securities and corporate reporting addressed the worst excesses. Roosevelt allowed trade unions to take their place in labor relations and created the triangular partnership between employers, employees and government.
David M. Kennedy wrote that "the achievements of the New Deal years surely played a role in determining the degree and the duration of the postwar prosperity ''.
Paul Krugman stated that the institutions built by the New Deal remain the bedrock of the United States economic stability. Against the background of the 2007 -- 2012 global financial crisis he explained that the financial crises would have been much worse if the New Deals Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation had not insured most bank deposits and older Americans would have felt much more insecure without Social Security. Libertarian economist Milton Friedman after 1960 attacked Social Security from a free market view stating that it had created welfare dependency.
The New Deal banking reform was weakened since the 1980s. The repeal of the Glass - Steagall Act in 1999 allowed the shadow banking system to grow rapidly. Since it was neither regulated nor covered by a financial safety net the shadow banking system was central to the Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 and the subsequent Great Recession.
While it is essentially consensus among historians and academics that the New Deal brought about a large increase in the power of the federal government, there has been some scholarly debate concerning the results of this federal expansion. Historians like Arthur M. Schlesinger and James T. Patterson have argued that the augmentation of the federal government exacerbated tensions between the federal and state governments. However, contemporaries such as Ira Katznelson have suggested that, due to certain conditions on the allocation of federal funds, namely that the individual states get to control them, the federal government managed to avoid any tension with states over their rights. This is a prominent debate concerning the historiography of federalism in the United States and, as Schlesinger and Patterson have observed, the New Deal marked an era when the federal - state power balance shifted further in favor of the federal government, which heightened tensions between the two levels of government in the United States.
Ira Katznelson has argued that although the federal government expanded its power and began providing welfare benefits on a scale previously unknown in the United States, it often allowed individual states to control the allocation of the funds provided for such welfare. This meant that the states controlled who had access to these funds, which in turn meant many southern states were able to racially segregate -- or in some cases, like a number of counties in Georgia, completely exclude African - Americans -- the allocation of federal funds. This enabled these states to continue to relatively exercise their rights and also to preserve the institutionalization of the racist order of their societies. While Katznelson has conceded that the expansion of the federal government had the potential to lead to federal - state tension, he has argued it was avoided as these states managed to retain some control. As Katznelson has observed, "furthermore, they (state governments in the South) had to manage the strain that potentially might be placed on local practices by investing authority in federal bureaucracies... To guard against this outcome, they key mechanism deployed was a separation of the source of funding from decisions about how to spend the new monies. ''
However, Schlesinger has disputed Katznelson 's claim and has argued that the increase in the power of the federal government was perceived to come at the cost of states ' rights, thereby aggravating state governments, which exacerbated federal - state tensions. Schlesinger has utilized quotes from the time to highlight this point, for example, Schlesinger has observed, "the actions of the New Deal, (Ogden L.) Mills said, "abolish the sovereignty of the States. They make of a government of limited powers one of unlimited authority over the lives of us all. ''
Moreover, Schlesinger has argued that this federal - state tension was not a one - way street, and that the federal government became just as aggravated with the state governments, as they did with it. State governments were often guilty of inhibiting or delaying federal policies. Whether through intentional methods, like sabotage, or unintentional ones, like simple administrative overload; either way these problems aggravated the federal government and thus heightened federal - state tensions. As Schlesinger has also noted, "students of public administration have never taken sufficient account of the capacity of lower levels of government to sabotage or defy even a masterful President. ''
James T. Patterson has reiterated this argument, however he observes that this increased tension can be accounted for not just from a political perspective, but from an economic one, too. Patterson has argued that the tension between the federal and state governments also, at least partly, resulted from the economic strain under which the states had been put by the federal government 's various policies and agencies. Some states were either simply unable to cope with the federal government 's demand, and thus refused to work with them, or admonished the economic restraints and actively decided to sabotage federal policies. This was demonstrated, Patterson has noted, with the handling of federal relief money by Ohio governor, Martin L. Davey. The case in Ohio became so detrimental to the federal government that Harry Hopkins, supervisor of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, had to federalize Ohio relief. Although this argument differs somewhat from Schlesinger 's, the source of federal - state tension remained the growth of the federal government. As Patterson has asserted, "though the record of the FERA was remarkably good -- almost revolutionary -- in these respects, it was inevitable, given the financial requirements imposed on deficit - ridden states, that friction would develop between governors and federal officials. ''
In this dispute it can be inferred that Katznelson and, Schlesinger and Patterson, have only disagreed on their inference of the historical evidence. While both parties have agreed that the federal government expanded and, even, that states had a degree of control over the allocation of federal funds, they have disputed the consequences of these claims. Katznelson has asserted that it created mutual acquiescence between the levels of government, while Schlesinger and Patterson have suggested that it provoked contempt for the state governments on the part of the federal government, and vice versa, thus exacerbating their relations. In short, irrespective of the interpretation this era marked an important time in the historiography of federalism and also nevertheless provided some narrative on the legacy of federal - state relations.
Worldwide, the Great Depression had the most profound impact in the German Reich and the United States. In both countries the pressure to reform and the perception of the economic crisis were strikingly similar. When Hitler came to power he was faced with exactly the same task that faced Roosevelt, overcoming mass unemployment and the global Depression. The political responses to the crises were essentially different: while American democracy remained strong, Germany replaced democracy with fascism, a Nazi dictatorship.
The initial perception of the New Deal was mixed. On the one hand the eyes of the world were upon America, because many democrats in Europe and the United States saw in Roosevelt _́ s reform program a positive counterweight to the seductive powers of the two great alternative systems, communism and fascism. As the historian Isaiah Berlin wrote in 1955, "The only light in the darkness was the administration of Mr. Roosevelt and the New Deal in the United States. ''
By contrast, enemies of the New Deal sometimes called it "fascist '', but they meant very different things. Communists denounced the New Deal in 1933 and 1934 as fascist in the sense that it was under the control of big business. They dropped that line of thought when Stalin switched to the "Popular Front '' plan of cooperation with liberals.
In 1934, Roosevelt defended himself against those critics in a "fireside chat ''. Some people, he said:
(Some) will try to give you new and strange names for what we are doing. Sometimes they will call it ' Fascism ', sometimes ' Communism ', sometimes ' Regimentation ', sometimes ' Socialism '. But, in so doing, they are trying to make very complex and theoretical something that is really very simple and very practical... Plausible self - seekers and theoretical die - hards will tell you of the loss of individual liberty. Answer this question out of the facts of your own life. Have you lost any of your rights or liberty or constitutional freedom of action and choice?
After 1945 only few observers continued to see similarities. Later on some scholars such as Kiran Klaus Patel, Heinrich August Winkler and John Garraty came to the conclusion that comparisons of the alternative systems don _́ t have to end in an apology for Nazism since comparisons rely on the examination of both similarities and differences. Their preliminary studies on the origins of the fascist dictatorships and the American (reformed) democracy came to the conclusion that besides essential differences "the crises led to a limited degree of convergence '' on the level of economic and social policy. The most important cause was the growth of state interventionism since in the face of the catastrophic economic situation both societies no longer counted on the power of the market to heal itself.
John Garraty wrote that the National Recovery Administration (NRA) was based on economic experiments in Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, without establishing a totalitarian dictatorship. Contrary to that historians such as Hawley have examined the origins of the NRA in detail, showing the main inspiration came from Senators Hugo Black and Robert F. Wagner and from American business leaders such as the Chamber of Commerce. The model for the NRA was Woodrow Wilson 's War Industries Board, in which Johnson had been involved too. Historians argue that direct comparisons between Fascism and New Deal are invalid since there is no distinctive form of fascist economic organization. Gerald Feldman wrote that fascism has not contributed anything to economic thought and had no original vision of a new economic order replacing capitalism. His argument correlates with Mason _́ s that economic factors alone are an insufficient approach to understand fascism and that decisions taken by fascists in power can not be explained within a logical economic framework. In economic terms both ideas were within the general tendency of the 1930s to intervene in the free - market capitalist economy, at the price of its laissez - faire character, "to protect the capitalist structure endangered by endogenous crises tendencies and processes of impaired self - regulation ''.
Stanley Payne, a historian of fascism, examined possible fascist influences in the United States by looking at the KKK and its offshoots, and movements led by Father Coughlin and Huey Long. He concluded that "the various populist, nativist, and rightist movements in the United States during the 1920s and 1930s fell distinctly short of fascism. '' According to Kevin Passmore, lecturer in History at Cardiff University, the failure of fascism in the United States was due to the social policies of the New Deal that channelled anti-establishment populism into the left rather than the extreme right.
For decades the New Deal was generally held in very high regard in the scholarship and the textbooks. That changed in the 1960s when New Left historians began a revisionist critique that said the New Deal was a bandaid for a patient that needed radical surgery to reform capitalism, put private property in its place, and lift up workers, women and minorities. The New Left believed in participatory democracy and therefore rejected the autocratic machine politics typical of the big city Democratic organizations.
In the 1960s, "New Left '' historians have been among the New Deal 's harsh critics. Barton J. Bernstein, in a 1968 essay, compiled a chronicle of missed opportunities and inadequate responses to problems. The New Deal may have saved capitalism from itself, Bernstein charged, but it had failed to help -- and in many cases actually harmed -- those groups most in need of assistance. Paul K. Conkin in The New Deal (1967) similarly chastised the government of the 1930s for its weak policies toward marginal farmers, for its failure to institute sufficiently progressive tax reform, and its excessive generosity toward select business interests. Howard Zinn, in 1966, criticized the New Deal for working actively to actually preserve the worst evils of capitalism.
By the 1970s liberal historians were responding with a defense of the New Deal based on numerous local and microscopic studies. Praise increasingly focused on Eleanor Roosevelt, seen as a more appropriate crusading reformer than her husband. Since then research on the New Deal has been less interested in the question of whether the New Deal was a "conservative '', "liberal '', or "revolutionary '' phenomenon than in the question of constraints within which it was operating.
Political sociologist Theda Skocpol, in a series of articles, has emphasized the issue of "state capacity '' as an often - crippling constraint. Ambitious reform ideas often failed, she argued, because of the absence of a government bureaucracy with significant strength and expertise to administer them. Other more recent works have stressed the political constraints that the New Deal encountered. Conservative skepticism about the efficacy of government was strong both in Congress and among many citizens. Thus some scholars have stressed that the New Deal was not just a product of its liberal backers, but also a product of the pressures of its conservative opponents.
During the New Deal the Communists established a network of a dozen or so members working for the government. They were low level and had a minor influence on policies. Harold Ware led the largest group which worked in the Agriculture Adjustment Administration (AAA). Secretary of Agriculture Wallace got rid of them all in a famous purge in 1935. Ware died in 1935 and some individuals such as Alger Hiss moved to other government jobs. Other Communists worked for the National Labor Relations Board, the National Youth Administration, the Works Progress Administration, the Federal Theater Project, the Treasury, and the Department of State.
Since 1933, politicians and pundits have often called for a "new deal '' regarding an object. That is, they demand a completely new, large - scale approach to a project. As Arthur A. Ekirch Jr. (1971) has shown, the New Deal stimulated utopianism in American political and social thought on a wide range of issues. In Canada, Conservative Prime Minister Richard B. Bennett in 1935 proposed a "new deal '' of regulation, taxation, and social insurance that was a copy of the American program; Bennett 's proposals were not enacted, and he was defeated for reelection in October 1935. In accordance with the rise of the use of U.S. political phraseology in Britain, the Labour Government of Tony Blair termed some of its employment programs "new deal '', in contrast to the Conservative Party 's promise of the ' British Dream '.
The Works Progress Administration subsidized artists, musicians, painters and writers on relief with a group of projects called Federal One. While the WPA program was by far the most widespread, it was preceded by three programs administered by the US Treasury which hired commercial artists at usual commissions to add murals and sculptures to federal buildings. The first of these efforts was the short - lived Public Works of Art Project, organized by Edward Bruce, an American businessman and artist. Bruce also led the Treasury Department 's Section of Painting and Sculpture (later renamed the Section of Fine Arts) and the Treasury Relief Art Project (TRAP). The Resettlement Administration (RA) and Farm Security Administration (FSA) had major photography programs. The New Deal arts programs emphasized regionalism, social realism, class conflict, proletarian interpretations, and audience participation. The unstoppable collective powers of common man, contrasted to the failure of individualism, was a favorite theme.
Post Office murals and other public art, painted by artists in this time, can still be found at many locations around the U.S. The New Deal particularly helped American novelists. For journalists, and the novelists who wrote non-fiction, the agencies and programs that the New Deal provided, allowed these writers to describe about what they really saw around the country.
Many writers chose to write about the New Deal, and whether they were for or against it, and if it was helping the country out. Some of these writers were Ruth McKenney, Edmund Wilson, and Scott Fitzgerald. Another subject that was very popular for novelists was the condition of labor. They ranged from subjects on social protest, to strikes.
Under the WPA, the Federal Theatre project flourished. Countless theatre productions around the country were staged. This allowed thousands of actors and directors to be employed, among them were Orson Welles, and John Huston.
The FSA photography project is most responsible for creating the image of the Depression in the U.S. Many of the images appeared in popular magazines. The photographers were under instruction from Washington as to what overall impression the New Deal wanted to give out. Director Roy Stryker 's agenda focused on his faith in social engineering, the poor conditions among cotton tenant farmers, and the very poor conditions among migrant farm workers; above all he was committed to social reform through New Deal intervention in people 's lives. Stryker demanded photographs that "related people to the land and vice versa '' because these photographs reinforced the RA 's position that poverty could be controlled by "changing land practices ''. Though Stryker did not dictate to his photographers how they should compose the shots, he did send them lists of desirable themes, such as "church '', "court day '', "barns ''.
Films of the late New Deal era such as Citizen Kane (1941) ridiculed so - called "great men '', while the heroism of the common man appeared in numerous movies, such as The Grapes of Wrath (1940). Thus in Frank Capra 's famous films, including Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), Meet John Doe (1941) and It 's a Wonderful Life (1946), the common people come together to battle and overcome villains who are corrupt politicians controlled by very rich, greedy capitalists.
By contrast there was also a smaller but influential stream of anti-New Deal art. Gutzon Borglum 's sculptures on Mount Rushmore emphasized great men in history (his designs had the approval of Calvin Coolidge). Gertrude Stein and Ernest Hemingway disliked the New Deal and celebrated the autonomy of perfected written work as opposed to the New Deal idea of writing as performative labor. The Southern Agrarians celebrated a premodern regionalism and opposed the TVA as a modernizing, disruptive force. Cass Gilbert, a conservative who believed architecture should reflect historic traditions and the established social order, designed the new Supreme Court building (1935). Its classical lines and small size contrasted sharply with the gargantuan modernistic federal buildings going up in the Washington Mall that he detested. Hollywood managed to synthesize liberal and conservative streams, as in Busby Berkeley 's Gold Digger musicals, where the storylines exalt individual autonomy while the spectacular musical numbers show abstract populations of interchangeable dancers securely contained within patterns beyond their control.
The New Deal had many programs and new agencies, most of which were universally known by their initials. Most were abolished during World War II; others remain in operation today. They included the following:
"Most indexes worsened until the summer of 1932, which may be called the low point of the depression economically and psychologically. '' Economic indicators show the American economy reached nadir in summer 1932 to February 1933, then began recovering until the recession of 1937 -- 1938. Thus the Federal Reserve Industrial Production Index hit its low of 52.8 on 1932 - 07 - 01 and was practically unchanged at 54.3 on 1933 - 03 - 01; however by 1933 - 07 - 01, it reached 85.5 (with 1935 -- 39 = 100, and for comparison 2005 = 1,342). In Roosevelt 's 12 years in office, the economy had an 8.5 % compound annual growth of GDP, the highest growth rate in the history of any industrial country, however, recovery was slow; by 1939, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per adult was still 27 % below trend.
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who averaged a triple double in the nba | Double (Basketball) - wikipedia
In basketball, a double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in one of five statistical categories -- points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots -- in a game. Multiple players usually score double - digit points in any given basketball game; the double nomenclature is usually reserved for when a player has double - digit totals in more than one category.
A double - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in two of the statistical five categories in a game. The most common double - double combination is points - rebounds, followed by points - assists. Since the 1983 -- 84 season, Tim Duncan leads the National Basketball Association (NBA) in the points - rebounds combination with 840, and John Stockton leads the points - assists combination with 714.
A triple - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in three of the five categories in a game. The most common way to achieve a triple - double is through points, rebounds, and assists. Oscar Robertson leads the all - time NBA list with 181 career triple - doubles and is, with Russell Westbrook, one of only two players ever to average a triple - double for a season. Westbrook currently holds the record for most triple - doubles in a season with 42 and is the only person to average a triple - double for two consecutive seasons.
A quadruple - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in four of the five categories in a game. This has occurred four times in the NBA.
A quintuple - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in all five categories in a game. Two quintuple - doubles have been recorded at the high school level, by Tamika Catchings and Aimee Oertner, but none have occurred in a college or professional game. A similar accomplishment is the five - by - five, which is the accumulation of at least five points, five rebounds, five assists, five steals, and five blocks in a game. In the NBA, only Hakeem Olajuwon and Andrei Kirilenko have accumulated multiple five - by - fives since the 1984 -- 85 season.
A double - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double - digit number total in two of five statistical categories -- points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots -- in a game. The most common double - double combination is points and rebounds, followed by points and assists. Double - doubles are fairly common in the NBA. During the 2008 -- 09 season, 69 players who were eligible for leadership in the main statistical categories recorded at least 10 double - doubles during the season.
Special double - doubles are rare. One such double - double is called double - double - double (also referred to as 20 -- 20 or Double - 20). It occurs when a player accumulates 20 or more in two different statistical categories in a game. Another such double - double is called a triple - double - double (also referred to as 30 -- 30). The only player in NBA history to record a 40 - 40 is Wilt Chamberlain, who achieved the feat eight times in his career. Of the five instances, four were recorded in his rookie season, and the fifth was achieved the following year where he recorded 78 points and 43 rebounds in a game.
The following is a list of regular season double - double leaders since the 1983 -- 84 season:
A triple - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double digit number total in three of five statistical categories -- points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots -- in a game. The most common way for a player to achieve a triple - double is with points, rebounds, and assists, though on occasion players may record 10 or more steals or blocked shots in a game. The origin of the term "triple - double '' is unclear. Some sources claim that it was coined by former Los Angeles Lakers public relations director Bruce Jolesch in the 1980s in order to showcase Magic Johnson 's versatility, while others claim that it was coined by then Philadelphia 76ers media relations director Harvey Pollack in 1980. The triple - double became an officially recorded statistic during the 1979 -- 80 season.
There has been occasional controversy surrounding triple - doubles made when a player achieves the feat with a late rebound. Players with nine rebounds in a game have sometimes been accused of deliberately missing a shot late in the game in order to recover the rebound; a few have even gone so far as shooting off their opponent 's basket trying to score a triple - double. To deter this, NBA rules allow rebounds to be nullified if the shot is determined not to be a legitimate scoring attempt.
From the 1990 -- 91 to the 2010 -- 11 season, the NBA averaged 34.5 triple - doubles per season, roughly 1 in every 36 games.
From the 2011 -- 12 to the 2016 -- 17 season, the NBA saw a dramatic increase in the number of triple - doubles, with an average of 57.33 triple - doubles per season, roughly 1 in every 22 games. Russell Westbrook was responsible for 74 of the triple - doubles during that span, or 21.5 % of the 344 total triple - doubles.
Since the 1983 -- 84 season, 25 triple - doubles have been recorded by players coming off the bench; Detlef Schrempf recorded three with the Indiana Pacers.
The following is a list of regular season triple - double leaders:
A quadruple - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double digit number total in four of five statistical categories -- points, rebounds, assists, steals and blocked shots -- in a game. This feat is extremely rare: only four players have officially recorded a quadruple - double in National Basketball Association (NBA) history. The first American male player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple - double was Nate Thurmond, who achieved this feat in 1974 while playing for the NBA 's Chicago Bulls. The first American female player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple - double was Ann Meyers, who achieved this feat in 1978 while playing for the UCLA Bruins, when women 's college sports were under the auspices of the AIAW. The first male player in NCAA Division I history to record a quadruple - double was Lester Hudson in 2007. The first Division I women 's player to have officially recorded a quadruple - double since the NCAA began sponsoring women 's sports in 1981 -- 82 was Veronica Pettry of Loyola -- Chicago in 1989. Only three other women have done so since, and Shakyla Hill 's quadruple - double for Grambling State in 2018 was the first since 1993. An earlier player, Jackie Spencer of Louisville, accomplished the feat against Cincinnati during the 1984 -- 85 season, but the NCAA did not record assists and steals throughout Division I women 's basketball at that time. The Metro Conference, then home to both schools, did officially record these statistics, but the NCAA did not start doing so until 1985 -- 86 for assists and 1987 -- 88 for steals.
Quadruple - doubles have only been possible since the 1973 -- 74 season, when the NBA started recording both blocked shots and steals. It is often speculated by observers that other all - time greats, namely Oscar Robertson (all time triple - doubles leader with 181), Wilt Chamberlain, Bill Russell and Jerry West could conceivably have had quadruple - doubles. West 's biography at NBA.com claims that he once recorded an unofficial quadruple - double with 44 points, 12 rebounds, 10 assists and 10 blocks. A biography of Wilt Chamberlain claims that he also recorded an unofficial quadruple - double in Game 1 of the 1967 Eastern Division Finals against the Boston Celtics, when he had 24 points, 32 rebounds, 13 assists and 12 blocks.
The reason why (the quadruple - double) is such a hard thing to accomplish is because it requires a player to be completely dominant on both ends of the court without being too selfish -- so he can get the assists -- and without fouling out trying to block every shot or grab every rebound. A lot of guys can get the points, rebounds and assists, but it 's the defensive stuff that messes everybody up. You have to love defense to get a quadruple - double. There 's no way around it.
The four players listed below are the only players who have officially recorded a quadruple - double in an NBA game. Except for Thurmond, who retired before the award was established in 1983, all of them have won NBA Defensive Player of the Year at least once. Robertson is the only player who was not a center to accomplish the feat, doing so with steals rather than blocks.
Only seven other players (Clyde Drexler did it twice) have managed to finish with triple - doubles and a total of 9 in a fourth statistical category (statistical categories in which they fell short are in bold):
Notes
Notes
A quintuple - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double - digit number total in all five statistical categories -- points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots -- - in a single game. There are only two known quintuple - doubles, both done at the high - school level. The first was recorded by Tamika Catchings of Duncanville High School (Duncanville, Texas) and Adlai Stevenson High School (Lincolnshire, Illinois) with 25 points, 18 rebounds, 11 assists, 10 steals and 10 blocks in 1997. The second was by Aimee Oertner of Northern Lehigh High School (Slatington, Pennsylvania), who had 26 points, 20 rebounds, 10 assists, 10 steals, and 11 blocks on January 7, 2012.
A five - by - five is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a total of five in five statistical categories -- points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocks -- in a single game. Statistics for steals and blocks were not kept in the NBA until the 1973 -- 74 season, so NBA five - by - fives were only possible from that season onward. Hakeem Olajuwon (six times) and Andrei Kirilenko (three times) are the only players to have recorded multiple five - by - fives (based on records since the 1984 -- 85 season). Both are also the only players to record five - by - sixes (at least six in all five statistical categories). Only twice has a five - by - five coincided with a triple - double (both by Olajuwon; one of which was 1 assist shy of a quadruple double) and only three times has a player recorded a five - by - five without registering at least a double - double (two by Kirilenko and one by Marcus Camby).
The following is a list of known five - by - fives. Note the list contains all five - by - fives since the 1984 -- 85 season, as well as one before. There may be other five - by - fives in the NBA that occurred before the 1984 -- 85 season.
All facts based on data since 1985 -- 86:
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spanish colonies in mexico and the american southwest | History of New Mexico - wikipedia
The history of New Mexico is based on both archeological evidence, attesting to varying cultures of humans occupying the area of New Mexico since approximately 9200 BC, and written records. The earliest peoples had migrated from northern areas of North America after leaving Siberia via the Bering Land Bridge. Artifacts and architecture demonstrate ancient complex cultures in this region.
The first written records of the region were made by the Spanish Conquistadors, who encountered Native American Pueblos when they explored the area in the 16th century. Since that time, the Spanish Empire, Mexico, and the United States (since 1848) have claimed control of the area.
The area was governed as New Mexico Territory until 1912, when it was admitted as a state. The relatively isolated state had an economy dependent on mining. Its residents and government suffered from a reputation for corruption and extreme traditionalism. New Mexico introduced the atomic age in 1945, as the first nuclear weapons were developed by the federal government in the research center it established at Los Alamos. Ethnically the state has historically been divided among Native American, Hispanic and Anglo elements -- the latter mostly migrants from Texas in the early years.
Human occupation of New Mexico stretches back at least 11,000 years to the hunter - gatherer Clovis culture. They left evidence of their campsites and stone tools. After the invention of agriculture, the land was inhabited by the Ancient Pueblo Peoples, who built houses out of stone or adobe bricks. They experienced a Golden Age around AD 1000, but climate change led to migration and cultural evolution. From those people arose the historic Pueblo peoples who lived primarily along the few major rivers. The most important rivers are the Rio Grande, the Pecos, the Canadian, the San Juan, and the Gila.
PREHISTORIC NEW MEXICANS
The Pueblo people built a flourishing sedentary culture in the 13th century A.D., constructing small towns in the valley of the Rio Grande and pueblos nearby. By about 700 to 900 AD, the Pueblo began to abandon ancient pit houses dug in cliffs and to construct rectangular rooms arranged in apartment - like structures. By 1050 AD, they had developed planned villages composed of large terraced buildings, each with many rooms. These apartment - house villages were often constructed on defensive sites - on ledges of massive rock, on flat summits, or on steep - sided mesas, locations that would afford the Anasazi protection from their Northern enemies. The largest of these villages, Pueblo Bonito, in the Chaco Canyon of New Mexico, contained around 700 rooms in five stories and may have housed as many as 1000 persons. No larger apartment - house type construction would be seen on the continent until 19th century Chicago and New York. Then, around 1150, Chaco Anasazi society began to unravel. Long before the Spanish arrival, descendants of the Anasazi were using irrigation canals, check dams and hillside terracing as techniques for bringing water to what had for centuries been an arid, agriculturally marginal area. At the same time, the ceramic industry became more elaborate, cotton replaced yucca fiber as the main clothing material and basket weaving became more artistic.
The Spanish encountered Pueblo civilization and elements of the Athabaskans in the 16th century. Cabeza de Vaca in 1535, one of only four survivors of the Panfilo de Narvaez expedition of 1527, tells of hearing Indians talk about fabulous cities somewhere in New Mexico. Fray Marcos de Niza enthusiastically identified these as the fabulously rich Seven Cities of Cíbola, the mythical seven cities of gold. Francisco Vásquez de Coronado led a massive expedition to find these cities in 1540 -- 1542. Coronado camped near an excavated pueblo today preserved as Coronado National Memorial in 1541. The Spanish maltreatment of the Pueblo and Athabaskan people that started with their explorations of the upper Rio Grande valley led to hostility that impeded the Spanish conquest of New Mexico for centuries.
The three largest pueblos of New Mexico are Zuñi, Santo Domingo, and Laguna. There are three different languages spoken by the pueblos.
The Navajo and Apache peoples are members of the large Athabaskan language family, which includes peoples in Alaska and Canada, and along the Pacific Coast.
The historic peoples encountered by the Europeans did not make up unified tribes in the modern sense, as they were highly decentralized, operating in bands of a size adapted to their semi-nomadic cultures. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, the European explorers, missionaries, traders and settlers referred to the different groups of Apache and Navajo by various names, often associated with distinctions of language or geography. The people identified as Diné, which means "the people ''. The Navajo and Apache made up the largest non-Pueblo Indian group in the Southwest. These two tribes led nomadic lifestyles and spoke the same language.
Some experts estimate that the semi-nomadic Apache were active in New Mexico in the 13th century. Spanish records indicated that they traded with the Pueblo. Various bands or tribes participated in the Southwestern Revolt against the Spanish in the 1680s. By the early 18th century the Spanish had built a series of over 25 forts to protect themselves and subjugated populations from the traditional raiding parties of the Athabaskan.
The Navajo Nation, with more than 300,000 citizens the largest federally recognized tribe in the United States, is concentrated in present - day northwestern New Mexico and northeastern Arizona. The Mescalero Apache live east of the Rio Grande. The Jicarilla Apache live west of the Rio Grande. The Chiricahua Apache lived in southwestern New Mexico until the late 19th century.
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado assembled an enormous expedition at Compostela, Mexico in 1540 -- 1542 to explore and find the mythical Seven Golden Cities of Cibola, as described by Cabeza de Vaca, who had just arrived from his eight - year ordeal of survival. He traveled mostly overland from Florida to Mexico. Cabeza de Vaca and three companions were the only survivors of the Panfilo de Narvaez expedition of June 17, 1527 to Florida, losing 80 horses and several hundred explorers. These four survivors had spent eight arduous years getting to Sinaloa, Mexico on the Pacific coast and had visited many Indian tribes.
Coronado and his supporters sank a fortune in this ill - fated enterprise. They took 1300 horses and mules for riding and packing, and hundreds of head of sheep and cattle as a portable food supply. Coronado 's men found several adobe pueblos (towns) in 1541 but no rich cities of gold. Further widespread expeditions found no fabulous cities anywhere in the Southwest or Great Plains. A dispirited and now poor Coronado and his men began their journey back to Mexico, leaving New Mexico behind. it is likely that some of Coronado 's horses escaped, to be captured and adopted for use by Plains Indians. Over the next two centuries, they made horses at the center of their nomadic cultures. Only two of Coronado 's horses were mares.
More than 50 years after Coronado, Juan de Oñate came north from Mexico with 500 Spanish settlers and soldiers and 7,000 head of livestock, founding the first Spanish settlement in New Mexico on July 11, 1598. The governor named the settlement San Juan de los Caballeros. This means "Saint John of the Knights ''. San Juan was in a small valley. Nearby the Chama River flows into the Rio Grande. Oñate pioneered El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, "The Royal Road of the Interior Land, '' a 700 - mile (1,100 km) trail from the rest of New Spain to his remote colony. Oñate was appointed as the first governor of the new province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. Although he Intended to achieve the total subjugation of the Natives, Oñate noted in 1599 that the Pueblo "live very much the same as (the Spanish) do, in houses with two and three terraces. ''
"The Native Americans at Acoma revolted against this Spanish encroachment but faced severe suppression. In battles with the Acomas, Oñate lost 11 soldiers and two servants, killed hundreds of Indians, and punished every man over 25 years of age by the amputation of their left foot. The Franciscans found the pueblo people increasingly unwilling to consent to baptism by newcomers who continued to demand food, clothing and labor. Acoma is also known as the oldest continually inhabited city in the United States. ''
Oñate 's capital of San Juan proved to be vulnerable to "Apache '' (probably Navajo) attacks. Governor Pedro de Peralta moved the capital and established the settlement of Santa Fe in 1610 at the foot of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. Santa Fe is the oldest capital city in the United States. Peralta built the Palace of the Governors in 1610. Although the colony failed to prosper, some Catholic missions survived. Spanish settlers arrived at the site of Albuquerque in the mid-17th century. Missionaries attempted to convert the natives to Christianity, but had little success.
Contemporary scholars believe that the objective of Spanish rule of New Mexico (and all other northern lands) was the full exploitation of the native population and resources. As Frank McNitt writes,
"Governors were a greedy and rapacious lot whose single - minded interest was to wring as much personal wealth from the province as their terms allowed. They exploited Indian labor for transport, sold Indian slaves in New Spain, and sold Indian products... and other goods manufactured by Indian slave labor. ''
The exploitative nature of Spanish rule resulted in their conducting nearly continuous raids and reprisals against the nomadic Indian tribes on the borders, especially the Apache, Navajo, and Comanche.
Franciscan missionaries accompanied Oñate to New Mexico; afterward there was a continuing struggle between secular and religious authorities. Both colonists and the Franciscans depended upon Indian labor, mostly the Pueblo, and competed with each other to control a decreasing Indian population. They suffered high mortality because of infectious European diseases, to which they had no acquired immunity, and exploitation that disrupted their societies. The struggle between the Franciscans and the civil government came to a head in the late 1650s. Governor Bernardo Lopez de Mendizabal and his subordinate Nicolas de Aguilar forbade the Franciscans to punish Indians or employ them without pay. They granted the Pueblo permission to practice their traditional dances and religious ceremonies. After the Franciscans protested, Lopez and Aguilar were arrested, turned over to the Inquisition, and tried in Mexico City. Thereafter, the Franciscans reigned supreme in the province. Pueblo dissatisfaction with the rule of the clerics was the main cause of the Pueblo revolt.
The Spanish in New Mexico were never able to gain dominance over the Indian peoples, who lived among and surrounded them. The isolated colony of New Mexico was characterized by "elaborate webs of ethnic tension, friendship, conflict, and kinship '' among Indian groups and Spanish colonists. Because of the weakness of New Mexico, "rank - and - file settlers in outlying areas had to learn to coexist with Indian neighbors without being able to keep them subordinate. '' The Pueblo Indians were the first group to challenge Spanish rule significantly. Later the nomadic Indians, especially the Comanche, mounted attacks that weakened the Spanish.
Many of the Pueblo people harbored hostility toward the Spanish, due to their oppression of the Indians and prohibition of their practice of traditional religion. The economies of the pueblos were disrupted, as the people were forced to labor on the encomiendas of the colonists. The Spanish introduced new farming implements which the Pueblo adopted and provided some measure of security against Navajo and Apache raiding parties. The Pueblo lived in relative peace with the Spanish from the founding of the Northern New Mexican colony in 1598.
In the 1670s, drought swept the region, causing famine among the Pueblo, and attracting increased attacks from neighboring nomadic tribes trying to gain food supplies. Spanish soldiers were unable to defend the settlements adequately. At the same time, European - introduced diseases caused high mortality among the natives, decimating their communities. Dissatisfied with the protective powers of the Spanish crown and its god of the Catholic Church, the Pueblo returned to their old gods. This provoked a wave of repression on the part of Franciscan missionaries. Following his arrest on a charge of witchcraft and subsequent release, Popé (or Po - pay) planned and orchestrated the Pueblo Revolt.
After being freed, Popé moved to Taos and planned a Pueblo war against the Spaniards. He dispatched runners to all the Pueblos carrying knotted cords, the knots signifying the number of days remaining until the appointed day for them to rise together against the Spaniards. Hearing that the Spaniards had learned of these plans, Popé ordered the attacks advanced to August 13. The Spanish were driven from all but the southern portion of New Mexico. They set up a temporary capital at El Paso while making preparations to reconquer the rest of the province.
The retreat of the Spaniards left New Mexico controlled by the Indians. Popé ordered the Indians, under penalty of death, to burn or destroy crosses and other Catholic religious imagery, as well as any other vestige of the Spanish culture. He also wanted to destroy Spanish livestock and fruit trees. Kivas (rooms for religious rituals) were reopened, and Popé ordered all Indians to bathe in soap made of yucca root. He forbade the planting of Spanish crops of wheat and barley. Popé commanded those Indians married by the rites of the Catholic Church to dismiss their wives, and to take others under their traditional ways. He took over control of the Governor 's Palace as ruler of the Pueblo, and collected tribute from the each Pueblo until his death in 1688.
Following their success, the different Pueblo tribes, separated by hundreds of miles and six different languages, quarreled as to who would occupy Santa Fe and rule over the territory. These power struggles, combined with raids from nomadic tribes and a seven - year drought, weakened the Pueblo strength. In July 1692, Diego de Vargas led Spanish forces that surrounded Santa Fe, where he called on the Indians to surrender, promising clemency if they would swear allegiance to the King of Spain and return to the Christian faith. The Indian leaders gathered in Santa Fe, met with De Vargas, and agreed to peace.
While developing Santa Fe as a trade center, the returning settlers founded Albuquerque in 1706, naming for the viceroy of New Spain, the Duke of Albuquerque. Prior to its founding, Albuquerque consisted of several haciendas and communities along the lower Rio Grande. The settlers constructed the Iglesia de San Felipe Neri (1706). Development of ranching and some farming in the 18th century were the basis for the culture of many of the state 's still - flourishing Hispanics.
While the Pueblo achieved a short - lived independence from the Spaniards, they gained a measure of freedom from future Spanish efforts to impose their culture and religion following the reconquest. The Spanish issued substantial land grants to each Pueblo, and appointed a public defender to protect the rights of the Indians and argue their legal cases in the Spanish courts.
From the date of the founding of New Mexico, the Pueblo Indians and Spanish settlers were plagued by hostile relationships with nomadic and semi-nomadic Navajo, Apache, Ute, and Comanche Indians. These tribes raided the more sedentary peoples for livestock, food supplies and stores, and captives to ransom or use as slaves.
The southwestern Indians developed a horse culture, raiding Spanish ranches and missions for their horses, and ultimately breeding and raising their own herds. The Indian horse culture quickly spread throughout western America. Navajo and Apache raids for horses on Spanish and Pueblo settlements began in the 1650s or earlier. Through the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, the Indians acquired many horses. By the 1750s the Plains Indians horse culture was well established from Texas to Alberta, Canada. The Navajo, in addition to being among the first mounted Indians in the U.S., were unique in developing a pastoral culture based on sheep stolen from the Spanish. By the early 18th century, the Navajo households typically owned herds of sheep.
After the Pueblo revolt, the Comanche posed the most serious threat to the Spanish settlers. Scholar Hämäläinen (2008) argues that from the 1750s to the 1850s, the Comanche were the dominant group in the Southwest, and they ruled a domain known as Comancheria. Hämäläinen calls it an empire. Confronted with Spanish, Mexican, French, and American outposts on their periphery in New Mexico, Texas, Louisiana, and Mexico, they worked to increase their own safety, prosperity and power. The Comanche used their military power to obtain supplies and labor from the Americans, Mexicans, and Indians through cunning, tribute, and kidnappings. The Comanche empire was primarily an economic construction, rooted in an extensive commercial network that facilitated long - distance trade. Dealing with subordinate Indians, the Comanche spread their language and culture across the region. In terms of governance, the Comanche created a decentralized political system, based on a raiding, hunting and pastoral economy. They created a hierarchical social organization in which young men could advance through success in war.
In 1706, colonists in New Mexico first recorded the Comanche; by 1719 they were raiding the colony as well as the other Indian tribes. The other tribes had primarily raided for plunder, but the Comanche introduced a new level of violence to the conflict. They preyed on other Indians. The Comanche were pure nomads, well mounted by the 1730s. They were more elusive and mobile than the semi-nomadic Apache and Navajo, who were dependent upon agriculture or herding for part of their livelihoods. The Comanche both raided and traded with the New Mexicans. They were especially prominent at the annual Taos trade fair, where they peacefully exchanged hides, meat and captive, often before or after raiding other settlements. They endangered the survival of colonial New Mexico, stripping the settlements of horses, forcing the abandonment of many settlements, and in 1778 killing 127 Spanish settlers and Pueblo Indians. Punitive expeditions by the Spanish and their Indian allies against the Comanche were usually ineffective. In 1779 a Spanish and Pueblo Indian force of 560 men, led by Juan Bautista de Anza, surprised a Comanche village near Pueblo, Colorado and killed Cuerno Verde (Green Horn), the most prominent of the Comanche war leaders. The Comanche subsequently sued for peace with New Mexico, joined the New Mexicans in expedition against their common enemy, the Apache, and turned their attention to raiding Spanish settlements in Texas and northern Mexico. The New Mexicans on their part took care not to re-antagonize the Comanche and lavished gifts on them. The peace between New Mexico and the Comanche endured until the United States conquest of the province in 1846 during the Mexican -- American War.
Peace with the Comanche stimulated a growth in the population of New Mexico; settlements expanded eastward on to the Great Plains. The inhabitants of these new settlements were mostly genizaros, Indians and the descendants of Indians who had been ransomed from the Comanche. Navajo and Apache raids continued to affect the territory. The Navajo were defeated in 1864 by Kit Carson, but the Apache leader Geronimo did not surrender until 1886. The Ute had earlier allied with the New Mexicans for mutual protection against the Comanche.
The Comanche empire collapsed after their villages were repeatedly decimated by epidemics of smallpox and cholera, especially in 1849; their population plunged from about 20,000 in the 18th century to 1,500 by 1875, when they surrendered to the U.S. Government. The Comanche no longer had the manpower to deal with the U.S. Army and the wave of white settlers who encroached on their region in the decades after the Mexican -- American War ended in 1848.
Following Lewis and Clark many men started exploring and trapping in the western parts of the United States. Sent out in 1806, Lt. Zebulon Pike 's orders were to find the headwaters of the Arkansas and Red rivers. He was to explore the southwestern part of the Louisiana Purchase. In 1807, when Pike and his men crossed into the San Luis Valley of northern New Mexico they were arrested and taken to Santa Fe, and then sent south to Chihuahua where they appeared before the Commandant General Salcedo. After four months of diplomatic negotiations, Pike and his men were returned to the United States, under protest, across the Red River at Natchitoches.
The decade that led up to independence was a painful period in the history of Mexico. In 1810 catholic priest Miguel Hidalgo instigated a war for independence in central Mexico, a struggle that quickly took on the character of a class war. The following year, military captain Las Casas instigated a coup within the Imperial regime. Sympathizing with the poor underclass, Las Casas opened up a line of dialogue with the revolutionaries. This caused the Spanish elite to instigate its own counter coup and executed Las Casas. For years afterward the regime failed to regain coherency and the mandate to administrate. These ideological struggles affected peripheral New Mexico much less than they did the national center, but it resulted in a sense of alienation with central authority.
Furthermore, in 1818 a longstanding peace between the settled communities of New Mexico and the neighboring nomadic Indian tribes broke down. Just a month after swearing loyalty to the new Mexican government in 1821, governor Melgares led a raid into Navajo country. Isolated from other settled regions and surrounded on all sides by nomadic Indian tribes, New Mexicans tended to a communal sense of imperilment and the placement of security above all other concerns.
For these reasons it is highly surprising that the transition from Spanish to Mexican rule occurred as peacefully as it did. In New Mexico the event passed with few shows of enthusiasm or partisanship. Festivals were largely a lackluster affair and held only at the behest of the revolutionary government which expressed that they should be held, "in all the form and with the magnificence that the oaths of allegiance to the Kings have previously been read ''. But there was no renewed civil war and the provisional government was given the grudging support of most of society.
Trade along the Santa Fe Trail was opened following Mexican independence. With this trade came a new influx of citizens from the United States. Prior to independence, the estranjeros (foreigners) were not allowed to participate in receiving land grants, but now, along with the open trade, a few would become participating owners of these merceds (grants).
In 1824 a new constitution was drafted, that established Mexico as a federalist republic. A generally liberal minded atmosphere that had pervaded Mexico since independence led to generous grants of local autonomy and limited central power. New Mexico in particular was able to take advantage and to carve out significant privileges in this new system. Classified as a territory as opposed to a state, it had reduced representation in the national government but broad local autonomy. Because of the advanced age of New Mexican society and its relative sophistication, it was uniquely placed to take advantage of its position as a frontier but still effecting influence in the rest of the country.
One of the defining features of the Mexican period in the history of New Mexico was the attempt to instill a nationalist sentiment. This was a tremendous challenge considering the nature of identity in Mexico during the Spanish empire. Under the official dictates of the empire, subjects were classified in terms of ethnicity, class and position in society. Between these legal distinctions kept groups separate and movement between groups was regulated. Ethnic Europeans of course made up the upper crust of this system with Peninsulars, those born in Spain itself, comprising the true elite. At the bottom were the masses of Indians and Mestizos, who had few legal rights and protections against the abuse of their superiors.
In contrast the new ' Mexican ' elite attempted to create a common identity between all classes and ethnicities. Embracing an incredibly wide range of peoples and cultures, from nomadic Indians to the high society of Mexico City, this was incredibly ambitious and met with mixed success. In New Mexico, there was already a highly structured and differentiated society at the time of independence, unique along the Mexican frontier. At the top were ethnic Europeans who then merged with a large community of Hispanics. The more Indian blood you possessed, the lower on the social scale you tended to reside until the bottom was made of settled Pueblo communities and the nomadic Indians who existed outside of the polity.
Nationalists attempted to establish equality, if only legally, between these disparate groups. The local autonomy New Mexicans had established inhibited these endeavors and throughout the Mexican period the elite continued to maintain their privileges. Nevertheless, the inhabitants of New Mexico were able to adapt their old identity as Spanish subjects to Mexican nationals. Instead of a purely modern liberal sense of identity, this adapted Spanish feudalism to a geographic area. The evidence of this success in nationalism can be seen in the Pueblo myth of Montezuma. This held that the original Aztec homeland lay in New Mexico, and the original king of the Aztecs was a Pueblo. This creates a symbolic, and completely artificial, connection between the Mexican center and an isolated frontier society.
The federalist and liberal atmosphere that pervaded Mexican thought since independence fell apart in the mid-1830s. Across the political spectrum there was the perception that the previous system had failed and needed readjustment. This led to the dissolution of the 1824 constitution and the drafting of a new one based on centralist lines. As Mexico drifted farther and farther toward despotism, the national project began to fail and the nation fell into a crisis.
Along the frontier, formerly autonomous societies reacted aggressively to a newly assertive central government. The most independent province, Texas, declared its independence in 1835, triggering the sequence of events that led directly to Mexico 's collapse. The Revolt of 1837 in New Mexico itself overthrew and executed the centrally appointed governor and demanded increased regional authority. This revolt was defeated within New Mexican society itself by Manuel Armijo. This was motivated not by nationalist sentiment but by the class antagonism within New Mexican society. When central rule was reestablished, it was done so on Armijo 's lines (he became governor) and he ruled the province with even greater autonomy than any other time during the Mexican period.
As the situation within central Mexico fell further and further into confusion, New Mexico began to draw closer economically to the United States. This was epitomized in the growth in traffic and prominence of the Santa Fe Trail as a means of communication and trade. In the mid-1830s New Mexico began to function as a trading hub between the United States, central Mexico and Mexican California. Merchants making their way over the Great Plains would stop in Santa Fe, where they would meet with their counterparts from Los Angeles and Mexico City. The result was that as central Mexico fell into turmoil, New Mexico grew economically and shifted into the orbit of the United States.
In 1845 the governorship of Armijo was interrupted when the regime of Santa Anna replaced him as governor with political outsider Mariano Martinez. In the growing threat of war with the United States, the national center sought to bring the frontier under tight control as it is there that any war would be fought. Most New Mexicans distrusted the central government by now but that soon turned to fury when, one year into his reign, Martinez sparked a needless war with a neighboring Indian tribe out of incompetence and naïveté. To prevent revolution, Martinez was swiftly removed and Armijo reinstated, but any confidence the central government still enjoyed was completely destroyed.
The following year rumors arrived in New Mexico that the Mexican government was planning on selling the territory to the United States. There was so little trust in the central government by this point that instead of investigating these rumors (which were completely false) leading members of New Mexican society drafted a threat of secession to the government. This stated that if any such actions were taken then New Mexico would declare independence as El Republica Mexicana del Norte. It was not until invading American troops reached New Mexico in August 1846 that they learned of war with the United States.
The Republic of Texas seceded from Mexico in 1836 and claimed but never controlled territory as far south and west as the Rio Grande. While most of the northwestern territory was then the Comancheria, it would have included Santa Fe and divided New Mexico. The only attempt to realize the claim was Texian President Mirabeau Lamar 's Santa Fe Expedition, which failed spectacularly. The wagon train, supplied for a journey of about half the actual distance between Austin and Santa Fe, followed the wrong river, back - tracked, and arrived in New Mexico to find the Mexican governor restored and hostile. Surrendering peaceably upon a pledge to be allowed to return the way they came, the Texians found themselves bound at gunpoint and their execution put to a vote of the garrison. By one vote, they were spared and marched south to Chihuahua and then Mexico City.
In 1846, during the Mexican -- American War, American General Stephen W. Kearny marched down the Santa Fe Trail and entered Santa Fe without opposition to establish a joint civil and military government. Kearny 's invasion force consisted of his army of 300 cavalry men of the First Dragoons, about 1600 Missouri volunteers in the First and Second Regiments of Fort Leavenworth, Missouri Mounted Cavalry, and the 500 man Mormon Battalion. Kearny appointed Charles Bent, a Santa Fe trail trader living in Taos, as acting civil governor. He then divided his forces into four commands: one, under Colonel Sterling Price, appointed military governor, was to occupy and maintain order in New Mexico with his approximately 800 men; a second group under Colonel Alexander William Doniphan, with a little over 800 men was ordered to capture El Paso, in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico and then join up with General Wool; the third, of about 300 dragoons mounted on mules, Kearny led under his command to California. The Mormon Battalion, mostly marching on foot under Lt. Col. Philip St. George Cooke, was directed to follow Kearny with wagons to establish a new southern route to California.
When Kearny encountered Kit Carson, traveling East and bearing messages that California had already been subdued, he sent nearly 200 of his dragoons back to New Mexico. In California about 400 men of the California Battalion under John C. Fremont and another 400 men under Commodore Robert Stockton of the U.S. Navy and Marines had taken control of the approximately 7,000 Californios from San Diego to Sacramento. New Mexico territory, which then included present - day Arizona, was under undisputed United States control, but the exact boundary with Texas was uncertain. Texas initially claimed all land North of the Rio Grande; but later agreed to the present boundaries.
Kearny protected citizens in the new US territories under a form of martial law called the Kearny Code; it was essentially Kearny and the U.S. Army 's promise that the US would respect existing religious and legal claims, and maintain law and order. The Kearny Code became one of the bases of New Mexico 's legal code during its territorial period, which was one of the longest in United States history. Many of the provisions remain substantially unchanged today.
Kearny 's arrival in New Mexico had been essentially without conflict; the governor surrendered without battle, and the Mexican authorities took the money they could find and retreated south into Mexico. However, the U.S. occupation was resented by the New Mexicans. Provisional governor Charles Bent, a longtime resident of New Mexico, implored U.S. army officers to "respect the rights of the inhabitants '' and predicted "serious consequences '' if measures were not taken to prevent abuses. His warning was prophetic, as New Mexican and Pueblo Indian rebels were soon to begin the Taos Revolt.
On January 19, 1847 rebels attacked and killed acting Governor Bent and about ten other American officials. The wives of Bent and Kit Carson, however, managed to escape. Reacting quickly, a U.S. detachment under Colonel Sterling Price marched on Taos and attacked. The rebels retreated to a thick - walled adobe church. U.S. forces breached a wall and directed concentrated cannon fire into the church. About 150 of the rebels were killed, and 400 captured, following close fighting. During one trial, six rebels were arraigned and tried, of whom five were convicted of murder and one of treason. All six were hanged in April, 1847. A young traveler and later author, Lewis Hector Garrard, wrote the only eye witness account of this trial and hanging. He criticized, "It certainly did appear to be a great assumption on the part of the Americans to conquer a country, and then arraign the revolting inhabitants for treason... Treason, indeed! What did the poor devil know about his new allegiance? But so it was; and, as the jail was overstocked with others awaiting trial, it was deemed expedient to hasten the execution... I left the room, sick at heart. Justice! out upon the word, when its distorted meaning is the warrant for murdering those who defend to the last their country and their homes. '' Additional executions followed to total at least 28.
Price fought three more engagements with the rebels, which included many Pueblo Indians, who wanted to push the Americans from the territory. By mid-February he had the revolt well under control. President James K. Polk promoted Price to a brevet rank of Brigadier General for his service. Total fatalities amounted to more than 300 New Mexican native rebels and about 30 Anglos, as non-Latino whites are commonly called in the southwest to this day.
Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848, Mexico ceded much of its mostly unsettled northern holdings, today known as the American Southwest and California, to the United States of America in exchange for an end to hostilities, and the American evacuation of Mexico City and many other areas under its control. Under this treaty, Mexico recognized Texas as a part of the United States. Mexico also received $15 million cash, plus the assumption of slightly more than $3 million in outstanding Mexican debts.
New Mexico, the new name for the region between Texas and California, became a US territory. The Senate struck out Article X of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which said that vast land grants in New Mexico (nearly always gifts by the local authorities to their friends) would all be recognized. The treaty promised to protect the ownership rights of the heirs of the land grants. The decision to strike down Article X eventually led to court cases in which the US removed millions of acres of land, timber, and water from Mexican - issued land grants and placed them back in the public domain. But, Correia points out that the lands involved had typically never been occupied or controlled by the men who had the grants; most were in Indian - controlled areas.
The residents could choose whether they remain and receive United States citizenship or remove to Mexico and retain (or gain) Mexican citizenship. All but 1000 or so settlers -- who were mostly Mexican government officials -- chose American citizenship, which included full voting rights. Because at the time only white men could vote in most states, the Mexicans were considered white under the law.
In later decades, as discrimination by whites increased in numerous areas in relation to growth in the number of Mexican immigrants, some states tried to classify Hispanics as black or colored, and thus exclude them from voting because of barriers to voter registration. These practices were challenged in the mid-20th century and resolved in a case that reached the US Supreme Court.
The Congressional Compromise of 1850 halted a bid for statehood under a proposed antislavery constitution. Texas transferred eastern New Mexico to the federal government, settling a lengthy boundary dispute. Under the compromise, the American government established the New Mexico Territory on September 9, 1850. The territory, which included all of Arizona, New Mexico and parts of Colorado, officially established its capital at Santa Fe in 1851. The U.S. territorial New Mexico census of 1850 found 61,547 people living in all the territory of New Mexico. The people of New Mexico would determine whether to permit slavery under a proposed constitution at statehood, but the status of slavery during the territorial period provoked considerable debate. The granting of statehood was up to a Congress sharply divided on the slavery issue. Some (including Stephen A. Douglas) maintained that the territory could not restrict slavery, as under the earlier Missouri Compromise, while others (including Abraham Lincoln) insisted that older Mexican legal traditions, which forbade slavery, took precedence. Regardless of its official status, black slavery was rarely seen in New Mexico although Indian slavery was common. Statehood was finally granted to New Mexico on January 6, 1912.
Navajo and Apache raids and plundering led Kit Carson to abandon his intent to retire to a sheep ranch near Taos after the Mexican -- American War. Carson accepted an 1853 appointment as U.S. Indian agent with a headquarters at Taos, and fought the Indians with notable success.
The United States acquired the southwestern boot heel of the state and southern Arizona below the Gila river in the mostly desert Gadsden Purchase of 1853. This purchase was desired when it was found that a much easier route for a proposed transcontinental railroad was located slightly south of the Gila river. This territory had not been explored or mapped when the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was negotiated in 1848. The ever - present Santa Anna was in power again in 1853 and needed the money from the Gadsden Purchase to fill his coffers and to pay the Mexican Army for that year. The Southern Pacific built the second transcontinental railroad though this purchased land in 1881.
In the United States House of Representatives the Committee of Thirty - Three on January 14, 1861 reported that it had reached majority agreement on a constitutional amendment to protect slavery where it existed and the immediate admission of New Mexico Territory as a slave state. This latter proposal would result in a de facto extension of the Missouri Compromise line for all existing territories below the line. After the Peace Conference of 1861, a bill for New Mexico statehood was tabled by a vote of 115 to 71 with opposition coming from both Southerners and Republicans.
The first newspaper in New Mexico was El Crepusculo de la Libertad ("The Dawn of Liberty ''), a Spanish - language paper founded in 1834 at Taos. The Santa Fe Republican, founded in 1847, was the first English - language newspaper. By 2000 the state had 18 daily newspapers, 13 Sunday newspapers, and 25 weekly newspapers. Today 's daily papers include the Albuquerque Journal, the Santa Fe New Mexican (founded in 1849), the Las Cruces Sun - News, the Roswell Record, the Farmington Daily Times, and the Deming Headlight. The most widely broadcast radio station since its founding in 1922 has been KKOB (AM) in Albuquerque. With 50,000 watts of transmitter power on a clear channel it reaches audiences in most of New Mexico and parts of neighboring states. There are at least five television stations, based in Albuquerque, representing ABC, NBC, CBS, PBS, and Fox.
During the American Civil War, Confederate troops from Texas commanded by Gen. Henry Sibley briefly occupied southern New Mexico in July 1861, pushing up the Rio Grande valley as far as Santa Fe by February 1862. Defeated in the Battle of Glorieta Pass, they were forced to withdraw south. Union troops from California under Gen. James Carleton re-captured the territory in August 1862. As Union troops were withdrawn to fight elsewhere, Kit Carson helped to organize and command the 1st New Mexican Volunteers to engage in campaigns against the Apache, Navajo, and Comanche in New Mexico and Texas as well as participating in the Battle of Valverde against the Confederates. Confederate troops withdrew after the Battle of Glorieta Pass where Union regulars, Colorado Volunteers (The Pikes Peakers), and New Mexican Volunteers defeated them. The Arizona Territory was split off as a separate territory in 1863.
Centuries of continued conflict with the Apache and the Navajo continued to plague New Mexico. In 1864, the U.S. Army trapped and captured the main Navajo forces, forcing them onto a small reservation in eastern New Mexico in what is called the Long Walk of the Navajo, also called the Long Walk to Bosque Redondo. This put an end to their livestock raids on New Mexican farms, ranches, and Indian pueblos. After several years of severe hardships, during which many Navajos died, they were allowed in 1868 to return to most of their lands. Sporadic Apache small - scale raiding continued until Apache chief Geronimo finally was captured and imprisoned in 1886.
After the Civil War, the Army set up a chain of forts to protect the people and the caravans of commerce. Most tribes were relocated on reservations near the forts, where they were given food and supplies by the federal government. Often supplies and annuities were late, or food spoiled.
After the Mexican -- American War, Anglo Americans began migrating in large numbers to all of the newly acquired territory. Anglos began taking lands from both Native Americans and Nuevomexicanos by different means, most notably by squatting. Squatters often then sold these lands to land speculators for huge profits, especially after the passage of the 1862 Homestead Act encouraging development in the West. Nuevomexicanos demanded the return of their lands, but the governments did not respond favorably. For example, the Surveyor of General Claims Office on New Mexico would at times take up to fifty years to process a claim, meanwhile, the lands were being grabbed up by the newcomers. The first Surveyor General, William Pelham, had two translators assisting him: David Miller and David Whiting. But these two men seemingly did not cut into the fifty years needed to translate.
While the Santa Fe, Atchison, and Topeka railroad was built in the 1890s, speculators known as the Santa Fe Ring, orchestrated schemes to dislodge natives from their lands. In response, Nuevomexicanos gathered to reclaim lands taken by Anglos. Hoping to scare off the new immigrants, they eventually used intimidation and raids to accomplish their goals. They sought to develop a class - based consciousness among local people through the everyday tactics of resistance to the economic and social order confronting common property land grant communities. They called themselves Las Gorras Blancas, a name referring to the white head coverings many wore.
In 1851 the Vatican appointed Jean - Baptiste Lamy (1814 -- 1888), a French cleric, as bishop of the diocese of Sante Fe. There were only nine priests at first; Lamy brought in many more. In 1875 it was upgraded to the status of archdiocese, with supervision over Catholic affairs in New Mexico and Arizona. Lamy had St. Francis Cathedral built in a French style; the work was conducted between 1869 and 1886.
To provide the forts and reservations with food, the federal government contracted for thousands of head of cattle, and Texas cattlemen began entering New Mexico with their herds. Rancher Charles Goodnight blazed the first cattle trail through New Mexico in 1866, extending from the Pecos River northward into Colorado and Wyoming. Over it more than 250,000 head of cattle trailed to market. John Chisum also brought his herds up the Pecos. As employer of the desperado Billy the Kid, he figured prominently in the Lincoln County War of 1878 -- 1880. This was one of the many struggles between cattle herders and territorial officials, among rival cattle barons, and between sheep ranchers and cattle ranchers during this period. The Butterfield Trail, the longest of the cattle trails, had its first important stop in New Mexico at Fort Fillmore. It began operations in 1858 and was superseded by railroad operations in 1881.
The Santa Fe Railroad reached New Mexico in 1878, with the first locomotive crossing Raton Pass that December. It reached Lamy, New Mexico, 16 miles (26 km) from Santa Fe in 1879 and Santa Fe itself in 1880, and Deming in 1881, thereby replacing the storied Santa Fe Trail as a way to ship cattle to market. The new town of Albuquerque, platted in 1880 as the Santa Fe Railroad extended westward, quickly enveloped the old town. The rival Southern Pacific was completed between the Rio Grande valley and the Arizona border in 1881.
From 1880 to 1910 the territory grew rapidly. With the coming of the railroad, many homesteaders moved to New Mexico. In 1886 the New Mexico Education Association of school teachers was organized; in 1889 small state colleges were established at Albuquerque, Las Cruces, and Socorro; and in 1891 the first effective public school law was passed. An irrigation project in the Pecos River valley in 1889 marked the first of many such projects to irrigate farms in the dry state. Discovery of artesian waters at Roswell in 1890 gave both farming and mining a boost. The power of the cattle barons faded as much land was fenced in at the expense of the open range. The cattle ranchers and sheep ranchers also learned to tolerate one other, and both the cattle and sheep industries expanded. Mining became even more important, especially gold and silver. Coal mining developed during the 1890s, primarily to supply the railroads, and oil was discovered in Eddy County in 1909. The population of New Mexico reached 195,000 in 1910.
Conflicting land claims led to bitter quarrels among the original Spanish inhabitants, cattle ranchers, and newer homesteaders. Despite destructive overgrazing, ranching survived as a mainstay of the New Mexican economy.
On January 6, 1912, after years of debate on whether the population of New Mexico was fully assimilated into American culture, or too immersed in corruption, President William Howard Taft twisted arms in Congress and it approved admission of New Mexico as the 47th state of the Union. The admission of neighboring Arizona on February 14, 1912 completed the contiguous 48 states. Thousands of Mexicans fled north during the extremely bloody civil war that broke out in Mexico in 1911. In 1916 Mexican military leader Pancho Villa led an invasion across the border into Columbus, New Mexico, where they burned some homes and killed several Americans.
New Mexico contributed some 17,000 men to the armed services during World War I. Thousands more from the state fought for the Allies during World War II.
When the mainline of the railroad bypassed Santa Fe, the city lost businesses and population. In the 20th century, American and British artists and writers, and retirees were attracted to the cultural richness of the area, the beauty of the landscapes, and dry warm climate. Local leaders took the opportunity to promote the city 's heritage making it a tourist attraction. The city sponsored bold architectural restoration projects and erected new buildings according to traditional techniques and styles, thus creating the "Santa Fe style. '' Edgar L. Hewett, founder and first director of the School of American Research and the Museum of New Mexico in Santa Fe, was a leading promoter. He began the Santa Fe Fiesta in 1919 and the Southwest Indian Fair in 1922 (now known as the Indian Market). When he tried to attract a summer program for Texas women, many artists rebelled saying the city should not promote artificial tourism at the expense of its artistic culture. The writers and artists formed the Old Santa Fe Association and defeated the plan. The old "mud city '' - which short - sighted modernizers laughed at for its adobe houses - was transformed into a city proud of its peculiarities and its blend of tradition and modernity.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the dominant Anglo - Americans relegated the Hispanics living in New Mexico to second - class social status, due to unfamiliarity and prejudice. Some of these "Anglos '' were ethnocentric, deprecating Hispanic / Mexican culture and questioning the people 's fitness for democracy. Some claim, in response, they constructed a "Spanish American '' identity in an early instance of cultural citizenship (expressing Americanism through ethnic identity) but this is strongly disputed by Richard Nostrand.
World War I gave the Hispanics the opportunity to demonstrate American citizenship by participating in the war effort. Like the "new immigrants '' in northeastern cities, who also constructed dual identities, members of the Nuevomexicano middle class exuberantly participated in the war effort. They melded images of their heritage with patriotic symbols of America, especially in the Spanish - language press. Nuevomexicano politicians and community leaders recruited the rural masses into the war cause overseas and on the home front, including the struggle for woman suffrage. Support from New Mexico 's Anglo establishment aided their efforts. Their wartime contributions improved the conditions of minority citizenship for Nuevomexicanos but did not entirely eliminate social inequality. For example, no Hispanics -- not even the son of a regent -- was allowed in a fraternity at the state university.
The Anglos and Hispanics cooperated because both prosperous and poor Hispanics could vote and they outnumbered the Anglos. Around 1920, the term "Spanish - American '' replaced "Mexican '' in polite society and in political debate. The new term served both the interests of both groups. For Spanish speakers, it evoked Spain, not Mexico, recalling images of a romantic colonial past and suggesting a future of equality in Anglo - dominated America. For Anglos, on the other hand, it was a useful term that upgraded the state 's image, for the old image as a "Mexican '' land suggested the violence and disorder associated with that country 's civil war in the early 20th century. This had discouraged capital investment and set back the statehood campaign. The new term gave the impression that "Spanish Americans '' belonged to a true "American '' political culture, making the established order appear all the more democratic.
In the 20th century immigrants and migrants brought new skills, outlooks and values, modernizing the highly traditional culture of the state. They included Midwestern farmers who tried to cultivate humid - area crops to the desert climate, Texas oilmen, tuberculosis patients who sought healing in the dry air (before an appropriate antibiotic was discovered), artists who made Taos a national cultural center, New Dealers who sought to modernize the state as fast as possible and improve infrastructure, soldiers and airmen from all over who came for training at the many military bases, noted scientists who came to Los Alamos to build a super weapon, and stayed on, and retirees from colder climes. They brought money and new ideas. The state residents gradually adopted more of a standard national culture, losing some of its unique qualities.
The building for the State Supreme Court was constructed during the Great Depression as a WPA project, completed in 1937. It 's an example of the numerous projects which the Democratic administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt collaborated on with states in order to improve infrastructure, invest in facilities, and put people to work. Prior to that project, the Supreme Court met in the basement of the state capitol.
The suffrage movement in the state worked hard to get women the vote but were stymied by the conservatism of politicians and the Catholic Church. New Mexico 's legislature was one of the last in 1920 to ratify the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. After it passed, there was quickly a dramatic increase in political participation by both Anglo and Hispanic women, as well as strong mobilization efforts by the major parties to gain the support of the female voters.
New Mexico proportionately suffered the loss of more servicemen than any other state in the nation. The state led in the national war bond drive and had fifty federal installations, including glider and bombardier training schools. The state rapidly modernized during the war, as 65,000 young men (and 700 young women) joined the services, where they received a wide range of technical training and saw the outside world, many for the first time. Federal spending brought wartime prosperity, along with high wages, jobs for everyone, rationing and shortages. Federal facilities have continued to be major contributors to the state 's economy in the postwar years.
The top secret remote Los Alamos Research Center was developed in the mountains of New Mexico as a research facility, opening in 1943 for the purpose of developing the world 's first atomic bomb. Teams of scientists and engineers were recruited to work on this project. The first test at Trinity Site in the desert of the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, now known as White Sands Missile Range, 28 miles southeast of San Antonio, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945 ushered in the atomic age. New Mexico had become a center of world - class science. High - altitude balloon experiments from Holloman Air Force Base caused debris found near Roswell, New Mexico (The Roswell Incident) in 1947. This reputedly led to the persistent (but unproven) claims by a few individuals that the government had captured and concealed extraterrestrial corpses and equipment.
Albuquerque expanded rapidly after the war. The state quickly emerged as a leader in nuclear, solar, and geothermal energy research and development. The Sandia National Laboratories, founded in 1949, carried out nuclear research and special weapons development at Kirtland Air Force Base south of Albuquerque and at Livermore, California.
Since the late 19th century, New Mexico and other arid Western states have sought to assert sovereign control over water allocation policies within their boundaries. In the 1990s the legislature debated H.R. 128, the proposed State Water Sovereignty Protection Act. Since the passage of the Newlands Act in 1902, Western states have benefited from federal water projects. In spite of these projects, water allocation remained a politically charged issue throughout the 20th century. Most states have sought to limit federal control over water distribution, preferring instead to allocate water under the discredited doctrine of prior appropriation.
As a state dependent on both smokestack industry and scenic tourism, New Mexico was at the center of the debates over clean air legislation, particularly the Clean Air Act of 1967 and its amendments in 1970 and 1977. The Kennecott Copper Corporation, which operated a large smelter at Hurley, New Mexico, generating as a byproduct thick clouds of air pollution, led the opposition to the environmentalists, represented by the New Mexico Citizens for Clean Air and Water. Eventually the company was forced to comply with fairly strict federal standards. They often delayed the compliance process for years by threatening economic repercussions, such as plant closings and unemployment, if forced to comply with standards.
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farc is a guerrilla army operating primarily in what country | Revolutionary armed forces of Colombia - Wikipedia
The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia -- People 's Army (Spanish: Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia -- Ejército del Pueblo, FARC -- EP and FARC) was a guerrilla movement involved in the continuing Colombian armed conflict from 1964 to 2017. It was known to employ a variety of military tactics in addition to more unconventional methods, including terrorism. The FARC -- EP was formed during the Cold War period as a Marxist -- Leninist peasant force promoting a political line of agrarianism and anti-imperialism. The operations of the FARC -- EP were funded by kidnap and ransom; illegal mining; extortion or taxation of various forms of economic activity and the taxation, production and distribution of illegal drugs. The United Nations has estimated that 12 % of all killings of civilians in Colombian conflict were committed by FARC and National Liberation Army (ELN) guerrillas, with 80 % committed by right - wing paramilitaries, and the remaining 8 % committed by Colombian security forces.
The strength of the FARC -- EP forces were high; in 2007, the FARC said they were an armed force of 18,000 men and women; in 2010, the Colombian military calculated that FARC forces consisted of about 13,800 members, 50 percent of whom were armed guerrilla combatants; and, in 2011, the President of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos, said that FARC -- EP forces comprised fewer than 10,000 members. In 2013 it was reported that 26,648 FARC and ELN members had decided to demobilize since 2002. According to a report from Human Rights Watch in 2006, approximately 20 -- 30 % of the recruits were minors, some of whom were forced to join the FARC, while women comprise around 40 percent of the guerilla army. The greatest concentrations of FARC forces were in the southeastern, northern and southwestern regions of Colombia 's 500,000 square kilometers (190,000 sq mi) of jungle, in the plains at the base of the Andean mountain chain and in northwestern Colombia. However, the FARC and the ELN lost control of much of the territory, especially in urban areas, forcing them to relocate to remote areas in the jungle and the mountains.
In 1964, the FARC -- EP was established as the military wing of the Colombian Communist Party (Partido Comunista Colombiano, PCC), after the Colombian military attacked rural communist enclaves in the aftermath of The Violence (La Violencia, ca. 1948 -- 58). The FARC were a violent non-state actor (VNSA) whose formal recognition as legitimate belligerent forces is disputed by some organizations. As such, the FARC has been classified as a terrorist organization by the governments of Colombia, the United States, Canada, Chile, New Zealand, and the European Union; whereas the governments of Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina, Ecuador, and Nicaragua do not. In 2008, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez recognized the FARC -- EP as a proper army. President Chávez also asked the Colombian government and their allies to recognize the FARC as a belligerent force, arguing that such political recognition would oblige the FARC to forgo kidnapping and terrorism as methods of civil war and to abide by the Geneva Convention. Juan Manuel Santos, the current President of Colombia, has followed a middle path by recognizing in 2011 that there is an "armed conflict '' in Colombia although his predecessor, Álvaro Uribe, strongly disagreed. In 2012, FARC announced they would no longer participate in kidnappings for ransom and released the last ten soldiers and police officers they kept as prisoners, but it has kept silent about the status of hundreds of civilians still reported as hostages, and continued kidnapping soldiers and civilians. In February 2008, millions of Colombians demonstrated against the FARC.
In 2012, the FARC made 239 attacks on the energy infrastructure. However, they showed signs of fatigue. As of 2014, the FARC were not seeking to engage in outright combat with the army, instead concentrating on small - scale ambushes against isolated army units. Meanwhile, from 2008 to 2017, the FARC opted to attack police patrols with home - made mortars, sniper rifles, and explosives, as they were not considered strong enough to engage police units directly. This followed the trend of the 1990s during the strengthening of Colombian government forces.
In June 2016, the FARC signed a ceasefire accord with the President of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos in Havana. This accord was seen as a historic step to ending the war that has gone on for fifty years. On 25 August 2016, the Colombian president, Juan Manuel Santos, announced that four years of negotiation had secured a peace deal with FARC and that a national referendum would take place on 2 October. The referendum failed with 50.24 % voting against. The Colombian government and the FARC on 12 November 24 signed a revised peace deal, which the Colombian Congress approved on November 30.
On 27 June 2017, FARC ceased to be an armed group, disarming itself and handing over its weapons to the United Nations. One month later, FARC announced its reformation as a legal political party, the Common Alternative Revolutionary Force, in accordance with the terms of the peace deal.
Diary of Ernesto "Che '' Guevara, July 6, 1952
In 1948, in the aftermath of the assassination of the populist politician Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, there occurred a decade of large - scale political violence throughout Colombia, which was a Conservative -- Liberal civil war that killed more than 200,000 people. In Colombian history and culture, the killings are known as La Violencia (The Violence, 1948 -- 58); most of the people killed were peasants and laborers in rural Colombia. In 1957 -- 1958, the political leadership of the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party agreed to establish a bipartisan political system known as the National Front (Frente Nacional, 1958 -- 74). The Liberal and the Conservative parties agreed to alternate in the exercise of government power by presenting a joint National Front candidate to each election and restricting the participation of other political movements. The pact was ratified as a constitutional amendment by a national plebiscite on 1 December 1957 and was supported by the Church as well as Colombia 's business leaders. The initial power - sharing agreement was effective until 1974; nonetheless, with modifications, the Liberal -- Conservative bipartisan system lasted until 1990. The sixteen - year extension of the bipartisan power - sharing agreement permitted the Liberal and Conservative élites to consolidate their socioeconomic control of Colombian society, and to strengthen the military to suppress political reform and radical politics proposing alternative forms of government for Colombia.
During the 1960s, the Colombian government effected a policy of Accelerated Economic Development (AED), the agribusiness plan of Lauchlin Currie, a Canadian - born U.S. economist who owned ranching land in Colombia. The plan promoted industrial farming that would produce great yields of agricultural and animal products for worldwide exportation, while the Colombian government would provide subsidies to large - scale private farms. The AED policy came at the expense of the small - scale family farms that only yielded food supplies for local consumption. Based on a legalistic interpretation of what constituted "efficient use '' of the land, thousands of peasants were forcefully evicted from their farms and migrated to the cities, where they became part of the industrial labor pool. In 1961, the dispossession of farmland had produced 40,000 landless families and by 1969 their numbers amounted to 400,000 throughout Colombia. By 1970, the latifundio type of industrial farm (more than 50 hectares in area) occupied more than 77 per cent of arable land in the country. The AED policy increased the concentration of land ownership among cattle ranchers and urban industrialists, whose businesses expanded their profits as a result of reductions in the cost of labor wages after the influx of thousands of displaced peasants into the cities. During this period, most rural workers lacked basic medical care and malnutrition was almost universal, which increased the rates of preventable disease and infant mortality.
Communists were active throughout rural and urban Colombia in the period immediately following World War I. The Colombian Communist Party (Partido Comunista Colombiano, PCC) was formally accredited by the Comintern in 1930. The PCC began establishing "peasant leagues '' in rural areas and "popular fronts '' in urban areas, calling for improved living and working conditions, education, and rights for the working class. These groups began networking together to present a defensive front against the state - supported violence of large landholders. Members organized strikes, protests, seizures of land, and organized communist - controlled "self - defense communities '' in southern Colombia that were able to resist state military forces, while providing for the subsistence needs of the populace. Many of the PCC 's attempts at organizing peasants were met with violent repression by the Colombian government and the landowning class. U.S. military intelligence estimated that in 1962, the size of the PCC had grown to 8,000 to 10,000 active members, and an additional 28,000 supporters.
In 1961, a guerrilla leader and long - time PCC organizer named Manuel Marulanda Vélez declared an independent "Republic of Marquetalia ''. The Lleras government attempted unsuccessfully to attack the communities to drive out the guerrillas, due to fears that "a Cuban - style revolutionary situation might develop ''. After the failed attacks, several army outposts were set up in the area.
In October 1959, the United States sent a "Special Survey Team '' composed of counterinsurgency experts to investigate Colombia 's internal security situation. Among other policy recommendations the US team advised that "to shield the interests of both Colombian and US authorities against ' interventionist ' charges any special aid given for internal security was to be sterile and covert in nature ''. In February 1962, three years after the 1959 "US Special Survey Team '', a Fort Bragg top - level U.S. Special Warfare team headed by Special Warfare Center commander General William P. Yarborough, visited Colombia for a second survey.
In a secret supplement to his report to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Yarborough encouraged the creation and deployment of a US - backed force to commit "paramilitary, sabotage and / or terrorist activities against known communist proponents ''.
The new counter-insurgency policy was instituted as Plan Lazo in 1962 and called for both military operations and civic action programs in violent areas. Following Yarborough 's recommendations, the Colombian military recruited civilians into "civil defense '' groups which worked alongside the military in its counter-insurgency campaign, as well as in civilian intelligence networks to gather information on guerrilla activity. Doug Stokes argues that it was not until the early part of the 1980s that the Colombian government attempted to move away from the counterinsurgency strategy represented by Plan Lazo and Yarborough 's 1962 recommendations.
The Colombian government began attacking many of the communist groups in the early 1960s, attempting to re-assimilate the territories under the control of the national government. FARC was formed in 1964 by Manuel Marulanda Vélez and other PCC members, after a military attack on the community of Marquetalia. 16,000 Colombian troops attacked the community, which only had 48 armed fighters. Marulanda and 47 others fought against government forces at Marquetalia, and then escaped into the mountains along with the other fighters. These 48 men formed the core of FARC, which later grew in size to hundreds of fighters.
In 1982, FARC -- EP held its Seventh Guerrilla Conference, which called for a major shift in FARC 's strategy. FARC had historically been doing most of its fighting in rural areas, and was limited to small - scale confrontations with Colombian military forces. By 1982, increased income from the "coca boom '' allowed them to expand into an irregular army, which would then stage large - scale attacks on Colombian troops. They also began sending fighters to Vietnam and the Soviet Union for advanced military training. They also planned to move closer to middle - sized cities, as opposed to only remote rural areas, and closer to areas rich in natural resources, in order to create a strong economic infrastructure. It was also at this conference that FARC added the initials "EP '', for "Ejército del Pueblo '' or "People 's Army '', to the organization 's name.
In the early 1980s, President Belisario Betancur began discussing the possibility of peace talks with the guerrillas. This resulted in the 1984 La Uribe Agreement, which called for a cease - fire, which ended up lasting from 1984 to 1987.
In 1985, members of the FARC -- EP, along with a large number of other leftist and communist groups, formed a political party known as the Union Patriótica ("Patriotic Union '', UP). The UP sought political reforms (known as Apertura Democratica) such as constitutional reform, more democratic local elections, political decentralization, and ending the domination of Colombian politics by the Liberal and Conservative parties. They also pursued socioeconomic reforms such land redistribution, greater health and education spending, the nationalization of foreign businesses, Colombian banks, and transportation, and greater public access to mass media. While many members of the UP were involved with the FARC -- EP, the large majority of them were not and came from a wide variety of backgrounds such as labor unions and socialist parties such as the PCC. In the cities, the FARC -- EP began integrating itself with the UP and forming Juntas Patrióticas (or "solidarity cells '') -- small groups of people associated with labor unions, student activist groups, and peasant leagues, who traveled into the barrios discussing social problems, building support for the UP, and determining the sociopolitical stance of the urban peasantry.
The UP performed better in elections than any other leftist party in Colombia 's history. In 1986, UP candidates won 350 local council seats, 23 deputy positions in departmental assemblies, 9 seats in the House, and 6 seats in the Senate. The 1986 Presidential candidate, Jaime Pardo Leal, won 4.6 % of the national vote.
Since 1986, thousands of members of the UP and other leftist parties were murdered (estimates range from 4,000 to 6,000). In 1987, the President of the UP, Jaime Pardo, was murdered. In 1989 a single large landholder had over 400 UP members murdered. Over 70 % of all Colombian presidential candidates in 1990 -- and 100 % of those from center - left parties -- were assassinated.
During this period, the Colombian government continued its negotiations with the FARC -- EP and other armed groups, some of which were successful. Some of the groups which demobilized at this time include the EPL, the ERP, the Quintín Lame Armed Movement, and the M - 19.
On 10 August 1990, senior leader Jacobo Arenas, an ideological leader and founder of FARC -- EP, died of a heart attack at the Casa Verde compound in Colombia 's eastern mountains.
Towards the end of 1990, the army, with no advance warning and while negotiations were still ongoing with the group, attacked and seized four linked bases. The last of these a compound known as Casa Verde, which housed the National Secretariat of the FARC -- EP, was seized on 15 December 1990. The Colombian government argued that the attack was caused by the FARC -- EP 's lack of commitment to the process, demonstrated by continuing its criminal activities and FARC attacks in November.
On 3 June 1991, dialogue resumed between the Simón Bolívar Guerrilla Coordinating Board and the government on neutral territory in Caracas, Venezuela and Tlaxcala, Mexico. However, the war did not stop, and armed attacks by both sides continued. The negotiation process was broken off in 1993 after no agreement was reached. The Coordinating Board disappeared not long after that time, and guerrilla groups continued their activities independently.
Before the break off of dialogue, a letter written by a group of Colombian intellectuals (among whom were Nobel laureate Gabriel García Márquez) to the Simón Bolívar Guerrilla Coordinating Board was released denouncing the approach taken by the FARC -- EP and the dire consequences that it was having for the country.
In the early 1990s, the FARC -- EP had between 7,000 and 10,000 fighters, organized into 70 fronts spread throughout the country. From 1996 to 1998 they inflicted a series of strikes on the Colombian Army, including a three - day offensive in Mitú (Vaupés department), taking a large number of soldiers prisoner.
On 23 September 1994, the FARC kidnapped American agricultural scientist Thomas Hargrove and held him captive for 11 months. After his release, Hargrove wrote a book about his ordeal which inspired the 2000 film Proof of Life starring Meg Ryan and Russell Crowe.
Over this period in Colombia, the cultivation of different drugs expanded and there were widespread coca farmers ' marches. These marches brought to a halt several major arteries in southern Colombia. Government officials said that FARC - EP had forced the protesters to participate. According to social anthropologist María Clemencia Ramírez, the relationship between the guerrillas and the marches was ambivalent: FARC - EP promoted the 1996 protests as part of their participatory democracy policies yet also exercised authoritarianism, which led to tensions and negotiations with peasant leaders, but the cocalero movement brought proposals on behalf of the coca growers and defended its own interests.
French sociologist Alain Labrousse, who has conducted extensive research on the illicit narcotics industry in Latin America and Central Asia, has noted similarities in the reliance on the drug trade by both the FARC - EP and the Taliban. In his thesis, Labrousse asserts that the FARC - EP leadership, like that of the Taliban, explicitly bans the use of drugs by its membership and within the local population, but vigorously advocates for legalization of drug trafficking as a tool to finance its military objectives. In both cases, the insurgency groups manage to garner significant political support of farmers who serve to benefit from the illicit drug trade, prompting grassroots mobilization, political activism, and agitation to demand legalization by the government.
In March 1999 members of a local FARC contingent killed 3 USA - based indigenous rights activists, who were working with the U'Wa people to build a school for U'Wa children, and were fighting against encroachment of U'Wa territory by multinational oil corporations. The killings were questioned by many and condemned by many others, and led the United States to increase pressure on the Pastrana administration to crack down on FARC guerrillas.
With the hope of negotiating a peace settlement, on 7 November 1998, President Andrés Pastrana granted FARC - EP a 42,000 km (16,200 sq mi) safe haven meant to serve as a confidence building measure, centred on the San Vicente del Caguán settlement.
After a series of high - profile guerrilla actions, including the hijacking of an aircraft, the attack on several small towns and cities, the arrest of the Irish Colombia Three (see below) and the alleged training of FARC - EP militants in bomb making by them, and the kidnapping of several political figures, Pastrana ended the peace talks on 21 February 2002 and ordered the armed forces to start retaking the FARC - EP controlled zone, beginning at midnight. A 48 - hour respite that had been previously agreed to with the rebel group was not respected as the government argued that it had already been granted during an earlier crisis in January, when most of the more prominent FARC - EP commanders had apparently left the demilitarised zone. Shortly after the end of talks, the FARC - EP kidnapped Oxygen Green Party presidential candidate Íngrid Betancourt, who was travelling in Colombian territory. Betancourt was rescued by the Colombian government on 2 July 2008 (see Operation Jaque below).
On 24 April 2002, the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on International Relations published the findings of its investigation into IRA activities in Colombia. Their report alleged a longstanding connection between the IRA and FARC -- EP, mentioned at least 15 IRA members who had been travelling in and out of Colombia since 1998, and estimated that the IRA had received at least $2 million in drug proceeds for training FARC - EP members. The IRA / FARC - EP connection was first made public on 11 August 2001, following the arrest in Bogotá of two IRA explosives and urban warfare experts and of a representative of Sinn Féin who was known to be stationed in Cuba. Jim Monaghan, Martin McCauley and Niall Connolly (known as the Colombia Three), were arrested in Colombia in August 2001 and were accused of teaching bomb - making methods to FARC -- EP.
On 15 February 2002, the Colombia Three were charged with training FARC - EP members in bomb - making in Colombia. The Colombian authorities had received satellite footage of the men with FARC - EP in an isolated jungle area, where they were thought to have spent five weeks. They could have spent up to 20 years in gaol if the allegations were proved.
During October 2001, a key witness in the case against the three Irish republicans disappeared. This came as Sinn Féin President Gerry Adams admitted one of the men was the party 's representative in Cuba. The missing witness, a former police inspector, said he had seen Mr McCauley with FARC - EP members in 1998. Without his testimony, legal sources said the chances of convicting the three men were reduced.
They were eventually found guilty of travelling on false passports in June 2004 but were acquitted of training FARC - EP members. That decision was reversed after an appeal by the Attorney General of Colombia and they were sentenced to 17 - year terms. However, they vanished in December 2004 while on bail and returned to Ireland. Tánaiste Mary Harney said no deal had been done with Sinn Féin or the IRA over the three 's return to Ireland adding that the Irish government would consider any request from the Colombian authorities for their extradition. Colombian vice-president Francisco Santos Calderón did not rule out allowing them to serve their sentences in Ireland.
For most of the period between 2002 and 2005, the FARC - EP was in a strategic withdrawal due to the increasing military and police actions of new president Álvaro Uribe, which led to the capture or desertion of many fighters and medium - level commanders. Uribe ran for office on an anti-FARC - EP platform and was determined to defeat FARC - EP in a bid to create "confidence '' in the country. Uribe 's own father had been killed by FARC - EP in an attempted kidnapping in 1983.
In 2002 and 2003, FARC broke up ten large ranches in Meta, an eastern Colombian province, and distributed the land to local subsistence farmers.
During the first two years of the Uribe administration, several FARC - EP fronts, most notably in Cundinamarca and Antioquia, were broken by the government 's military operations.
On 5 May 2003, the FARC assassinated the governor of Antioquia, Guillermo Gaviria Correa, his advisor for peace, former defence minister Gilberto Echeverri Mejía, and 8 soldiers. The FARC had kidnapped Mr. Gaviria and Mr. Echeverri a year earlier, when the 2 men were leading a march for peace from Medellín to Caicedo in Antioquia.
On 13 July 2004, the office of the United Nations ' High Commissioner for Human Rights publicly condemned the group, given evidence that FARC - EP violated article 17 of the additional Protocol II of the Geneva Convention and international humanitarian law, as a result of the 10 July massacre of seven peasants and the subsequent displacement of eighty individuals in San Carlos, Antioquia.
In early February 2005, a series of small - scale actions by the FARC - EP around the southwestern departments of Colombia, resulted in an estimated 40 casualties. The FARC -- EP, in response to government military operations in the south and in the southeast, displaced its military centre of gravity towards the Nariño, Putumayo and Cauca departments.
The FARC - EP originally said that they would only release the police and military members they held captive (whom they considered to be prisoners of war) through exchanges with the government for imprisoned FARC - EP members. During the duration of the DMZ negotiations, a small humanitarian exchange took place.
The group demanded a demilitarised zone including two towns (Florida and Pradera) in the strategic region of Valle del Cauca, where much of the current military action against them has taken place; this region is also an important way of transporting drugs to the Pacific coast. This demand was rejected by the Colombian government based on previous experience during the 2002 peace talks.
On 2 December 2004, the government announced the pardon of 23 FARC -- EP prisoners, to encourage a reciprocal move. The prisoners to be released were all of low rank and had promised not to rejoin the armed struggle. In November 2004, the FARC -- EP had rejected a proposal to hand over 59 of its captives in exchange for 50 guerrillas imprisoned by the government.
In a communique dated 28 November but released publicly on 3 December, the FARC - EP declared that they were no longer insisting on the demilitarisation of San Vicente del Caguán and Cartagena del Chairá as a precondition for the negotiation of the prisoner exchange, but instead that of Florida and Pradera in the Valle department. They state that this area would lie outside the "area of influence '' of both their Southern and Eastern Blocks (the FARC - EP 's strongest) and that of the military operations being carried out by the Uribe administration.
They requested security guarantees both for the displacement of their negotiators and that of the guerrillas that would be freed, which were stated to number as many as 500 or more, and ask the Catholic Church to coordinate the participation of the United Nations and other countries in the process.
The FARC -- EP also mention in the communique that Simón Trinidad 's extradition, would be a serious obstacle to reaching a prisoner exchange agreement with the government. On 17 December 2004, the Colombian government authorised Trinidad 's extradition to the United States, but stated that the measure could be revoked if the FARC - EP released all political hostages and military captives in its possession before 30 December. The FARC - EP rejected the demand.
On 25 March 2006, after a public announcement made weeks earlier, the FARC -- EP released two captured policemen at La Dorada, Putumayo. The release took place some 335 miles (539 km) southwest of Bogotá, near the Ecuadorean border. The Red Cross said the two were released in good health. Military operations in the area and bad weather had prevented the release from occurring one week earlier.
In a separate series of events, civilian hostage and German citizen Lothar Hintze was released by FARC -- EP on 4 April 2006, after five years in captivity. Hintze had been kidnapped for extortion purposes, and his wife had paid three ransom payments without any result.
One prisoner, Julian Ernesto Guevara Castro, a police officer, died of tuberculosis on 28 January 2006. He was a captain and was captured on 1 November 1998. On 29 March 2009, the FARC - EP announced that they would give Guevara 's remains to his mother. The FARC handed over Guevara 's remains on 1 April 2010.
Another civilian hostage, Fernando Araújo, later named Minister of Foreign Relations and formerly Development Minister, escaped his captors on 31 December 2006. Araújo had to walk through the jungle for five days before being found by troops in the hamlet of San Agustin, 350 miles (560 km) north of Bogotá. He was kidnapped on 5 December 2000 while jogging in the Caribbean coastal city of Cartagena. He was reunited with his family on 5 January 2007.
Another prisoner, Jhon Frank Pinchao, a police officer, escaped his captors on 28 April 2007 after nine years in captivity. He was reunited with his family on 15 May 2007.
On 28 June 2007, the FARC -- EP reported the death of 11 out of 12 provincial deputies from the Valle del Cauca Department whom the guerrillas had kidnapped in 2002. The guerrillas claimed that the deputies had been killed by crossfire during an attack by an "unidentified military group. '' The Colombian government stated that government forces had not made any rescue attempts and that the FARC -- EP executed the hostages. FARC did not report any other casualties on either side and delayed months before permitting the Red Cross to recover the remains. According to the government, the guerrillas delayed turning over the corpses to let decomposition hide evidence of how they died. The Red Cross reported that the corpses had been washed and their clothing changed before burial, hiding evidence of how they were killed. The Red Cross also reported that the deputies had been killed by multiple close - range shots, many of them in the back of the victims, and even two by shots to the head.
In February 2009, Sigifredo López, the only deputy who survived and was later released by FARC, accused the group of killing the 11 captives and denied that any military rescue attempt had taken place. According to López, the unexpected arrival of another guerrilla unit resulted in confusion and paranoia, leading the rebels to kill the rest of the Valle deputies. He survived after previously being punished for insubordination and was held in chains nearby but separated from the rest of the group.
On 10 January 2008, former vice presidential candidate Clara Rojas and former congresswoman Consuelo González were freed after nearly six years in captivity. In a Venezuela - brokered deal, a helicopter flew deep into Colombia to pick up both hostages. The women were escorted out of the jungle by armed guerrillas to a clearing where they were picked up by Venezuelan helicopters that bore International Red Cross insignias. In a statement published on a pro-rebel Web site, the FARC - EP said the unilateral release demonstrated the group 's willingness to engage the Colombian government in talks over the release of as many as 800 people who are still being held. In a televised speech, Colombia 's U.S. - allied president, Álvaro Uribe, thanked Chavez for his efforts.
During the period she was held kidnapped in the jungle in 2004, Clara Rojas gave birth to her son by Caesarean. At 8 months old, the baby was removed from the area and Rojas did n't hear of the boy again until 31 December, when she heard Colombian President Álvaro Uribe say on the radio that the child was no longer with her captors. DNA tests later confirmed the boy, who had been living in a Bogotá foster home for more than two years under a different name, was hers. She reclaimed her son. Asked about her opinion of the FARC -- EP as group, Rojas called it "a criminal organisation '', condemning its kidnappings as "a total violation of human dignity '' and saying some captive police and soldiers are constantly chained.
On 31 January 2008, the FARC -- EP announced that they would release civilian hostages Luis Eladio Perez Bonilla, Gloria Polanco, and Orlando Beltran Cuellar to Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez as a humanitarian gesture. On 27 February 2008, the three hostages and Jorge Eduardo Gechem Turbay (who was added to the list due to his poor health) were released by FARC -- EP. With the authorization of the Colombian government and the participation of the International Red Cross, a Venezuelan helicopter transported them to Caracas from San José del Guaviare. The FARC -- EP had called its planned release of the hostages a gesture of recognition for the mediation efforts of Chávez, who had called on the international community to recognize the rebels as belligerents a month prior. Colombian President Álvaro Uribe, who had tense relations with Chavez, thanked the socialist leader and called for the release of all hostages. He said Colombia was still in a fight "against terrorist actions '' but was open to reconciliation.
On 4 February 2008, several rallies were held in Colombia and in other locations around the world, criticising FARC -- EP and demanding the liberation of hundreds of hostages. The protests were originally organised through the popular social networking site Facebook and were also supported by local Colombian media outlets as well as the Colombian government. Participation estimates vary from the hundreds of thousands to several millions of people in Colombia and thousands worldwide.
Kiraz Janicke of leftist "Venezuela News, Views and Analysis '' website criticised the rallies, claiming that "right - wing paramilitary leaders featured prominently '' in their organisation and arguing that workers were also pressured to attend the gatherings. According to her, the purpose of the protests was to promote "Uribe 's policy of perpetuating Colombia 's decades - long civil war. '' Shortly before the rallies took place thirteen demobilised AUC paramilitary leaders, including Salvatore Mancuso, had expressed their support of the protest through a communique. However, this move was rejected by organiser Carlos Andrés Santiago, who stated that such an endorsement was harmful and criticised the AUC 's actions.
On 20 July 2008, a subsequent set of rallies against FARC included thousands of Colombians in Bogotá and hundreds of thousands throughout the rest of the country.
On March 1, 2008, Raul Reyes, a member of FARC 's ruling Secretariat, in the small village of Santa Rosa, Ecuador, was killed just across the border from Colombia, after Colombian planes bombarded a FARC camp there. The bombardment was "followed by troops in helicopters who recovered the bodies of Reyes and another 16 rebels. '' Reyes was the former FARC chief negotiator during the unsuccessful 1998 -- 2002 peace process, and was also a key FARC hostage release negotiator. Reyes ' demise marked the first time that a FARC Secretariat member had been killed in combat.
This incident led to a breakdown in diplomatic relations between Ecuador and Colombia, and between Venezuela and Colombia. Ecuador condemned the attack. The incident also resulted in diplomatic strains between the United States and Ecuador, following revelations that the Central Intelligence Agency provided intelligence that allowed the Colombian military to locate the FARC -- EP commander and ordnance used in the attack.
It has been considered the biggest blow against FARC -- EP in its more than four decades of existence. This event was quickly followed by the death of Iván Ríos, another member of FARC -- EP 's seven - man Secretariat, less than a week later, by the hand of his own bodyguard. It came as a result of heavy Colombian military pressure and a reward offer of up to $5 million from the Colombian government.
After the attack, the Colombian military forced managed to secure 6 laptop computers belonging to Reyes, in which they found information linking several left wing Colombian personalities, such as politicians, journalists and human rights activists with terrorist activities.
Manuel Marulanda Vélez died on 26 March 2008 after a heart attack. His death would be kept a secret, until Colombian magazine Semana published an interview with Colombian defence minister Juan Manuel Santos on 24 May 2008 in which Santos mentions the death of Manuel Marulanda Vélez. The news was confirmed by FARC -- EP commander "Timochenko '' on pan-Latin American television station teleSUR on 25 May 2008. "Timochenko '' announced the new commander in chief was Alfonso Cano After speculations in several national and international media about the "softening up '' of the FARC and the announcement of Colombian President Álvaro Uribe that several FARC leaders were ready to surrender and free their captives, the secretariat of the FARC sent out a communiqué emphasising the death of their founder would not change their approach towards the captives or the humanitarian agreement.
On 11 January 2008 during the annual State of the Nation in the Venezuelan National Assembly, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez referred to the FARC as "a real army that occupies territory in Colombia, they 're not terrorists... They have a political goal and we have to recognise that ''.
However, on 13 January 2008, Chavez retracted his previous statement and stated his disapproval of the FARC -- EP strategy of armed struggle and kidnapping, saying "I do n't agree with kidnapping and I do n't agree with armed struggle ''. President Hugo Chávez has repeatedly expressed his disapproval of the practice of kidnapping stating on 14 April: "If I were a guerrilla, I would n't have the need to hold a woman, a man who are n't soldiers... Free the civilians who do n't have anything to do with the war. I do n't agree with that. '' On 7 March at the Cumbre de Rio, Chavez stated again that the FARC -- EP should lay down their arms "Look at what has happened and is happening in Latin America, reflect on this (FARC - EP), we are done with war... enough with all this death ''. On 8 June Chavez repeated his call for a political solution and an end to the war, "The guerrilla war is history... At this moment in Latin America, an armed guerrilla movement is out of place ''.
On 2 July 2008, under a Colombian military operation called Operation Jaque, the FARC -- EP was tricked by the Colombian Government into releasing 15 captives to Colombian Intelligence agents disguised as journalists and international aid workers in a helicopter rescue. Military intelligence agents infiltrated the guerrilla ranks and led the local commander in charge of the captives, Gerardo Aguilar Ramírez, alias Cesar, to believe they were going to take them by helicopter to Alfonso Cano, the guerrillas ' supreme leader. The rescued included Íngrid Betancourt (former presidential Candidate), U.S. military contractors Marc Gonsalves, Thomas Howes, and Keith Stansell, as well as eleven Colombian police officers and soldiers. The commander, Cesar and one other rebel were taken into custody by agents without incident after boarding the helicopter. On 4 July, some observers questioned whether or not this was an intercepted captive release made to look like a rescue.
In a 5 July communique, FARC itself blamed rebels Cesar and Enrique for the escape of the captives and acknowledged the event as a setback but reiterated their willingness to reach future humanitarian agreements.
Immediately after the captive rescue, Colombian military forces cornered the rest of FARC -- EP 's 1st Front, the unit which had held the captives. Colombian forces did not wish to attack the 1st Front but instead offered them amnesty if they surrender.
Colombia 's Program for Humanitarian Attention for the Demobilized announced in August 2008 that 339 members of Colombia 's rebel groups surrendered and handed in their weapons in July, including 282 guerrillas from the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia.
Óscar Tulio Lizcano, a Colombian Conservative Party congressman, was kidnapped 5 August 2000. On Sunday, 26 October 2008, the ex-congressman escaped from FARC -- EP rebels. Tulio Lizcano was a hostage for over 8 years, and escaped with a FARC -- EP rebel he convinced to travel with him. They evaded pursuit for three days as they trekked through mountains and jungles, encountering the military in the western coastal region of Colombia. Tulio Lizcano is the first hostage to escape since the successful military rescue of Íngrid Betancourt, and the longest held political hostage by the organization. He became the 22nd Colombian political hostage to gain freedom during 2008.
During his final days in captivity, Lizcano told Santos, they had nothing to eat but wild palm hearts and sugar cane. With the military tightening the noose, a FARC -- EP rebel turned himself in and provided Colombian authorities with Lizcano 's exact location in the northwest state of Choco. As police and army troops prepared to launch a rescue operation, Lizcano escaped alongside one of his guerrilla guards who had decided to desert. The two men hiked through the rain forest for three days and nights until they encountered an army patrol. Speaking from a clinic in the western city of Cali, Mr Lizcano said that when soldiers saw him screaming from across a jungle river, they thought he was drunk and ignored him. Only when he lifted the FARC -- EP rebel 's Galil assault rifle did the soldiers begin to understand that he was escaping from the FARC -- EP rebels. "They jumped into the river, and then I started to shout, ' I 'm Lizcano ' '', he said.
Soon after the liberation of this prominent political hostage, the Vice President of Colombia Francisco Santos Calderón called Latin America 's biggest guerrilla group a "paper tiger '' with little control of the nation 's territory, adding that "they have really been diminished to the point where we can say they are a minimal threat to Colombian security '', and that "After six years of going after them, reducing their income and promoting reinsertion of most of their members, they look like a paper tiger. '' However, he warned against any kind of premature triumphalism, because "crushing the rebels will take time ''. The 500,000 square kilometers (190,000 sq mi) of jungle in Colombia makes it hard to track them down to fight.
On 21 December 2008, The FARC -- EP announced that they would release civilian hostages Alan Jara, Sigifredo López, three low - ranking police officers and a low - ranking soldier to Senator Piedad Córdoba as a humanitarian gesture. On 1 February 2009, the FARC -- EP proceeded with the release of the four security force members, Juan Fernando Galicio Uribe, José Walter Lozano Guarnizo, Alexis Torres Zapata and William Giovanni Domínguez Castro. All of them were captured in 2007. Jara (kidnapped in 2001) was released on 3 February and López (kidnapped in 2002) was released on 5 February.
On 17 March 2009, The FARC - EP released Swedish hostage Erik Roland Larsson. Larsson, paralyzed in half his body, was handed over to detectives in a rugged region of the northern state of Córdoba. Larsson was kidnapped from his ranch in Tierralta, not far from where he was freed, on 16 May 2007, along with his Colombian girlfriend, Diana Patricia Pena while paying workers. She escaped that same month following a gun battle between her captors and police. Larsson suffered a stroke while in captivity. The FARC - EP had sought a $5 million ransom. One of Larsson 's sons said that the ransom was not paid.
On 22 December 2009, the body of Luis Francisco Cuéllar, the Governor of Caquetá, was discovered, a day after he had been kidnapped from his house in Florencia, Caquetá. Officials said the abduction and execution had been carried by the FARC. According to officials, he had been killed soon after the abduction. The kidnappers cut the governor 's throat as they evaded security forces. In a statement broadcast on radio, the acting governor, Patricia Vega, said, "I no longer have any doubts that FARC has done it again. '' The FARC claimed responsibility for Cuéllar 's kidnapping and murder in January 2010. The group said that they kidnapped him in order to "put him on trial for corruption '' and blamed his death on an attempt to rescue him by force.
On 16 April 2009, The FARC - EP announced that they would release Army Corporal Pablo Emilio Moncayo Cabrera to Piedad Córdoba as a humanitarian gesture. Moncayo was kidnapped on 21 December 1997. On 28 June 2009, the FARC announced that they would release Professional Soldier Josue Daniel Calvo Sanchez. Calvo was kidnapped on 20 April 2009. Calvo was released on 28 March 2010. Moncayo was released on 30 March 2010.
On 13 June 2010, Colombian troops rescued Police Colonel Luis Herlindo Mendieta Ovalle, Police Captain Enrique Murillo Sanchez and Army Sergeant Arbey Delgado Argote, after being kidnapped for twelve years. Argote was kidnapped on 3 August 1998. Ovalle and Sanchez were kidnapped on 1 November 1998. On 14 June, Police Lieutenant William Donato Gomez was also rescued. He was also kidnapped on 3 August 1998.
President Juan Manuel Santos began his term with a suspected FARC bomb - blast in Bogotá. This followed the resolution of the 2010 Colombia -- Venezuela diplomatic crisis which erupted over outgoing President Álvaro Uribe 's allegations of active Venezuelan support for FARC.
In early September 2010, FARC - EP attacks in the Nariño Department and Putumayo Department in southern Colombia killed some fifty policemen and soldiers in hit - and - run assaults.
According to a December report by the Corporación Nuevo Arco Iris NGO, 473 FARC - EP guerrillas and 357 members of the Colombian security forces died in combat between January and September 2010. An additional 1,382 government soldiers or policemen were wounded during the same period, with the report estimating that the total number of casualties could reach 2,500 by the end of the year. Nuevo Arco Iris head León Valencia considered that FARC guerrillas have reacted to a series of successful military blows against them by splitting up their forces into smaller groups and intensifying the offensive use of anti-personnel land mines, leading to what he called a further "degradation '' of the conflict. Valencia also added that both coca crops and the drug trade have "doubled '' in areas with FARC - EP presence. Researcher Claudia López considered that the Colombian government is winning the strategic and aerial side of the war but not the infantry front, where both the FARC - EP and ELN continue to maintain an offensive capacity.
The International Crisis Group claimed that the military offensives carried out under former President Álvaro Uribe and President Juan Manuel Santos had lead to the number of FARC - EC combattants being reduced to around 7,000, less than half the 20,000 combattants estimated to have been employed by the FARC - EC in the early 2000 's. The same organisation also stated that the military offensive had been able to reduce FARC territorial control and push guerillas to more remote and sparsely populated regions, often close to territorial or internal borders.
Colombian authorities announced the death of Víctor Julio Suárez Rojas, also known as Mono Jojoy, on 23 September 2010. President Juan Manuel Santos stated that the FARC commander was killed in an operation that began in the early hours of 21 September in the department of Meta, 200 miles (320 km) south of the capital Bogotá. According to Santos, he was "the impersonation of terror and a symbol of violence ''. After this event, the FARC - EP released a statement saying that defeating the group would not bring peace to Colombia and called for a negotiated solution, not surrender, to the social and political conflict.
In January 2011 Juan Manuel Santos admitted that FARC - EP had killed 460 government soldiers and wounded over 2,000 in 2010. In April 2011 the Colombian congress issued a statement saying that FARC has a "strong presence '' in roughly one third of the municipalities in Colombia, while their attacks have increased. Overall FARC operations, including attacks against security forces as well as kidnappings and the use of land mines, have increased every year since 2005. In the first 6 months of 2011 the FARC carried out an estimated 1,115 actions, which constitutes a 10 % increase over the same period in 2010.
By early 2011 Colombian authorities and news media reported that the FARC and the clandestine sister groups had partly shifted strategy from guerrilla warfare to "a war of militias '', meaning that they were increasingly operating in civilian clothes while hiding amongst sympathizers in the civilian population. In early January 2011 the Colombian army said that the FARC has some 18,000 members, with 9,000 of those forming part of the militias. The army says it has identified at least 1,400 such militia members in the FARC strongholds of Valle del Cauca and Cauca in 2011. In June 2011 Colombian chief of staff Edgar Cely claimed that the FARC wants to "urbanize their actions '', which could partly explain the increased guerrilla activity in Medellín and particularly Cali. Jeremy McDermott, co-director of Insight Crime, estimates that FARC may have some 30,000 ' part - time fighters ' in 2011, consisting of both armed and unarmed civilian supporters making up the rebel militia network, instead of full - time fighters wearing uniforms.
According to Corporación Nuevo Arco Iris, FARC - EP killed 429 members of the Colombian government 's security forces between January and October 2011. During this same period, the rebel group lost 316 of its own members. The year 2011 saw over 2,000 incidents of FARC activity, which was the highest figure recorded since 1998. The NGO has stated that while most of these incidents remain defensive in nature and were not like the large offensives from years past, FARC actions grew since 2005, and the rebel group was carrying out intense operations against small and medium - sized Colombian military units in vulnerable areas.
Colombian troops killed FARC leader Alfonso Cano in a firefight on 4 November 2011. The 6th Front of the FARC, which was in charge of Cano 's security at the time of his death, retaliated by killing two policemen in Suarez and Jambaló some 24 hours after the death of Cano.
On 26 November 2011, the FARC killed Police Captain Edgar Yesid Duarte Valero, Police Lieutenant Elkin Hernández Rivas, Army Corporal Libio José Martínez Estrada, and Police Intendant Álvaro Moreno after government troops approached the guerrilla camp where they were held in an area of the Caqueta department. Police Sergeant Luis Alberto Erazo Maya managed to escape his captors and was later rescued.
The Colombian military had information indicating that there could be captives in the area and initiated Operation Jupiter in October 2011, using a 56 men Special Forces unit to carry out surveillance for preparing a future rescue mission that would involve additional troops and air support. According to the Colombian military, this same unit remained in the area for 43 days and did not find the captives until they accidentally ran into the FARC camp on the way back, which led to a shootout. Relatives of the captives, former victims and civil society groups blamed both the government and FARC for the outcome, questioning the operation as well as criticizing military rescues.
On 26 February 2012, the FARC announced that they would release their remaining ten political hostages. The hostages were released on 2 April 2012. The president of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos, said that this incident was "not enough '', and asked the FARC to release the civilian hostages they possess.
On 22 November 2012, the FARC released four Chinese oil workers. The hostages were working for the Emerald Energy oil company, a British - based subsidiary of China 's Sinochem Group, when they were kidnapped on 8 June 2011. Their Colombian driver was also kidnapped, but released several hours later. Authorities identified the freed men as Tang Guofu, Zhao Hongwei, Jian Mingfu, and Jiang Shan.
Santos announced on 27 August 2012 that the Colombian government has engaged in talks with FARC in order to seek an end to the conflict:
Exploratory conversations have been held with the FARC to find an end to the conflict. I want to make very clear to Colombians that the approaches that have been carried out and the ones that will happen in the future will be carried out within the framework based on these principles: We are going to learn from the mistakes made in the past so that they are not repeated. Second, any process must lead to the end of the conflict, not making it longer. Third, operations and military presence will be maintained across the entire national territory.
He also said that he would learn from the mistakes of previous leaders, who failed to secure a lasting ceasefire with FARC, though the military would still continue operations throughout Colombia while talks continued. An unnamed Colombian intelligence source said Santos has assured FARC that no one would be extradited to stand trial in another country. Al Jazeera reported that the initiative began after Santos met with Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez and asked him to mediate. Former President Uribe has criticized Santos for seeking peace "at any cost '' and rejected the idea of holding talks. Telesur reported that FARC and the Colombian government had signed a preliminary agreement in Havana the same day. The first round of the talks will take place in Oslo on 5 October and then return to Havana for approximately six months of talks before culminating in Colombia. However, Santos later ruled out a ceasefire pending the talks in Oslo and reiterated that offensive operations against FARC would continue.
ELN leader Nicolás Rodríguez Bautista, otherwise known as Gabino, added that his group was interested in joining the talks too: "Well we are open, it 's exactly our proposal, to seek room for open dialogue without conditions and start to discuss the nation 's biggest problems. But the government has said no! Santos says he has the keys to peace in his pocket, but I think he has lost them because there seems to be no possibility of a serious dialogue, we remain holding out for that. ''
Colombia 's RCN Radio reported on 29 September that a preliminary draft of the proposals indicated that a resolution would involve answering FARC 's historic grievances including rural development and agrarian reform; democracy development via an enhancement of the number of registered political parties; security and compensation for the victims of the conflict. In this regards, the Colombian government has already passed a series of laws that entail compensation for the victims and a return of land to the displaced. FARC also indicated a willingness to give up their arms. Former M19 member Antonio Navarro Wolff said: "If the government wants a serious peace plan they will have to take control of the coca leaf plantations that are currently owned by the FARC because if not another criminal group will take over it. '' Santos later told Al Jazeera that peace was possible if there was "goodwill '' on both sides. Santos told the General debate of the sixty - seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly on 26 September, that Venezuela and Chile were also helping in the discussion along with Cuba and Norway.
Peace talks were formally started on 18 October in a hotel 30 miles north of the Norwegian capital Oslo with a joint - press conference by both delegations. The representatives of the government, led by Humberto de la Calle and the FARC, led by Iván Márquez, said the so - called second phase of the peace process will be inaugurated in Oslo on 15 November, after which the delegations will go to Cuba to work on the negotiation of the peace accord, which will ultimately lead to a permanent agreement and ceasefire. The Colombian government has also stated that they expect that a post-Chavez government will continue to support the peace process. In late 2012, FARC declared a two - month unilateral cease - fire and said that they would be open to extending it as a bilateral truce afterwards during the rest of the negotiations. The Colombian government refused to agree to a bilateral cease - fire, alleging violations of the truce by FARC.
Shortly after lifting the ceasefire, FARC conducted attacks on a coal transport railway, which derailed 17 wagons and forced a suspension of operations and assaulted Milan, a town in the southern Caquetá, killing at least seven government soldiers and injuring five others.
Santos has been far more responsive to threats against social leaders than his predecessors. He has also been decisive in combatting the New Illegal Armed Groups that emerged as a result of the paramilitary process, especially in fighting threats and violence against human rights defenders and social leaders. During Santos ' presidency, private security and proclaimed self - defense movements have also lost their legitimacy.
On 27 May 2013, it was announced that one of the most contentious issues had been resolved. Land reform and compensation was tackled with promises to compensate those who had lost land. This is the first time the government and FARC have reached an agreement on a substantive issue in four different negotiating attempts over 30 years. The peace process then moved on to the issue of "political participation '', during which FARC insisted on its demand for an elected Constituent Assembly to rewrite Colombia 's constitution. This demand has been forcefully rejected by Colombia 's lead government negotiator, Humberto de la Calle.
On 1 July 2013, FARC and the second - largest guerrilla group in Colombia, ELN, announced that they would be working together to find a "political solution to the social and armed conflict. '' The details of this partnership, however, were far from clear; Washington Office on Latin America 's Adam Isacson explains that two issues central to peace accords with ELN -- resource policy and kidnapping -- are currently off the table in the talks in Havana with FARC, and the addition of these topics may complicate and slow down an already sluggish process.
On 6 November 2013 the Colombian government and FARC announced that they had come to an agreement regarding the participation of political opposition and would begin discussing their next issue, the illicit drug trade.
On 23 January 2014 Juan Fernando Cristo, the President of the Senate of Colombia, proposed a second Plan Colombia during a conference on the Colombian peace process in Washington, D.C. Cristo stated that this new plan should be "for the victims '' and should redirect the resources from the original Plan Colombia towards supporting a post-conflict Colombia.
On 16 May 2014, the Colombian government and the FARC rebels agreed to work together against drug trafficking, added to the development of these peace talks.
On 28 June 2015, humanitarian and spiritual leader Ravi Shankar, on a three - day - visit to Cuba, had several rounds of discussions with FARC members in an exercise of confidence - building in the peace process, which had many hurdles from the past three years.
FARC requested Shankar to actively participate in the peace process. He said, "In this conflict, everyone should be considered as victims. And inside every culprit, there is a victim crying for help. ''
After many discussions, FARC finally agreed to embrace the Gandhian principle of non-violence. Commander Ivan Marquez declared in the press conference that they would adopt it. The FARC agreed that hatred had derailed the peace process. Marquez said, "We will work for peace and justice for all the people of Colombia. ''
On 8 July 2015, FARC announced a unilateral ceasefire, which began on 20 July 2015.
On 30 September 2015, Ravi Shankar accused Norway of sidetracking his effort at brokering a peace deal between the Colombian government and FARC, after Norway, which was part of a four - nation group (along with Cuba, Chile and Venezuela) acting as guarantors in the talks, released a statement saying that the peace deal was a result of "painstaking efforts undertaken by a league of Western nations ''.
On 23 June 2016 a ceasefire accord was signed between the FARC Guerilla Army and the Colombian Government, in Havana, Cuba. Leaders of several Latin American countries which contributed to the deal, including Cuba and Venezuela, were present. A final peace accord will required a referendum to be approved.
Under the accord, the Colombian government will support massive investment for rural development and facilitate the FARC 's reincarnation as a legal political party. FARC promised to help eradicate illegal drug crops, remove landmines in the areas of conflict, and offer reparations to victims. FARC leaders can avoid prosecution by acts of reparation to victims and other community work.
On 2 October 2016 Colombians voted and rejected the peace deal with FARC by 50.2 % to 49.8 %.
The government met with victims and peace opponents after the referendum was rejected, receiving over 500 proposed changes, and continued to negotiate with FARC. A revised agreement announced on 12 November 2016, which would require parliamentary approval rather than a nationwide referendum. Former President and chief peace opponent Álvaro Uribe met with President Juan Manuel Santos and thereafter issued a noncommittal statement that he awaited release of the full text. Among the new reported 60 new or modified terms was a provision for FARC assets to be distributed for victim compensation. FARC members would be able to establish a political party, and would in general be granted full immunity for full confession and cooperation, although drug trafficking would be assessed on a case - by - case basis. Peace terms would be enforced by a Special Justice for the Peace, who would report to the Constitutional Court and not to an international body, and both Parliament and the Special Justice would have the ability to modify terms of the agreement as seen necessary.
The Colombian government and the FARC on November 24 signed a revised peace deal, which Congress approved on November 30.
On 18 February 2017, the last FARC guerrillas arrived in a designated transition zone, where they began the process of disarming. The rebels stayed in the zones until May 31, after which they were registered and reintegrated into civilian life.
On 27 June 2017, the FARC ceased to be an armed group, with its forces disarming and handing more than 7,000 weapons to the United Nations at a ceremony hosted by the FARC leadership, and the Colombian government, which included the Cabinet and President Juan Manuel Santos. Peace observers had received the coordinates of 873 weapons caches hidden in Colombia 's remote jungles and mountains. The UN was able to remove 510 of these weapons caches, leaving the remaining 363 caches for the military to pick up.
The last batch of weapons belonging to former Farc rebels has been removed under UN supervision. The United Nations collected 8,112 guns, 1.3 million bullets, 22 tons of explosives, 3,000 grenades and 1,000 land mines from the FARC.
The Special Jurisdiction for Peace (Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz, JEP) would be the transitional justice component of the Comprehensive System, complying with Colombia 's duty to investigate, clarify, prosecute and punish serious human rights violations and grave breaches of international humanitarian law which occurred during the armed conflict. Its objectives would be to satisfy victims ' right to justice, offer truth to the public, contribute to the reparation of victims, contribute to the fight against impunity, adopt decisions which give full legal security to direct and indirect participants in the conflict and contribute to the achievement of a stable and lasting peace. At the end of a six - day visit to Colombia, on 9 October 2017 the UN Assistant Secretary - General for human rights Andrew Gilmour issued statement welcoming progress in the demobilization and disarmament of the FARC. However, He expressed, "concern about problems in the implementation of the accords which relate to the continued attacks against human rights defenders and community leaders. ''
The FARC dissidents refers to a group formerly part of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, who have refused to lay down their arms after the FARC - government peace treaty came into effect in 2016. The dissidents number some 1200 armed combatants with an unknown number of civilian militia supporting them. The FARC dissidents, or "New Farc '' have become "an increasing headache '' for the Colombian armed forces, as they have to fight them, the EPL, ELN and Clan del Golfo at the same time. The "New FARC is lead by former mid-level commanders such as alias Gentil Duarte, alias Euclides Mora, alias John 40, alias Giovanny Chuspas y alias Julián Chollo. The FARC dissidents have been responsible for several attacks on the Colombian armed forces.
Relations between the FARC - EP and local populations vary greatly depending on the history and specific characteristics of each region. In rural areas where the guerrillas have maintained a continuous presence for several decades, there are often organic links between the FARC and peasant communities. Such ties include shared generational membership and historical struggles dating back to the period of La Violencia. These areas have traditionally been located in the departments of Caquetá, Meta, Guaviare and Putumayo, and -- to a lesser extent -- portions of Huila, Tolima and Nariño. Within remote locations under FARC control and where the national government is generally absent, the group can function as a revolutionary vanguard and institutes its de facto rule of law by carrying out activities that aim to combat corruption and reduce small - scale crime.
The FARC had also been able to provide limited social services in these regions, such as health care and education, including building minor infrastructure works in the form of rural roads. Peasants who have grown up in areas under historical FARC control may become accustomed to accepting them as the local authority. The guerrillas also attempt to keep the peace between peasants and drug traffickers in addition to regulating other aspects of daily life and economics.
In other rural regions of the country, where a FARC presence had only been established within the last twenty years of the conflict and primarily remained military in nature, there was often a level of distrust between FARC rebels and the local peasant communities, which lack historical ties to the group. Civilians in these locations also tended to get caught in the middle of the conflict between FARC and its government or paramilitary opponents. In the populated urban areas where the Colombian state has maintained a solid historical presence, some FARC sympathies may have existed in the poorest neighborhoods and among certain progressive sectors of the middle class, but most city inhabitants tended to view the guerrillas as one of Colombia 's main problems.
By the end of 2010, FARC - EP influence was significantly reduced in the regions where it had only carried out a recent military - focused expansion during the 1980s and 1990s, in part due to the failure to establish close social ties with local populations. Government offensives eradicated much of the visible guerrilla presence in northern and central Colombia as well as in Guainía, Vaupés and Amazonas, limiting FARC to clandestine operations. Similar military setbacks and retreats occurred even within its traditional strongholds, forcing the FARC to move towards the most remote areas, but there the guerrillas did appear to maintain popular support among the peasants that had developed organic links to the insurgency.
FARC received most of its funding -- which was estimated to average some US $300 million per year -- from taxation of the illegal drug trade and other activities, ransom kidnappings, bank robberies, and extortion of large landholders, multinational corporations, and agribusiness. From taxation of illegal drugs and other economic activity, FARC was estimated to receive US $60 -- 100 million per year.
The guerillas 's main means of financing was through the drug trade which includes both direct and indirect participation; taxation, administration or control of areas of production and trafficking. A large but often difficult to estimate portion of funding comes from the taxation of businesses and even local farmers, often lumped in with or defined by its opponents as extortion.
FARC was not initially involved in direct drug cultivation, trafficking, or trans - shipment prior to or during the 1980s. Instead, it maintained a system of taxation on the production that took place in the territories that they controlled, in exchange for protecting the growers and establishing law and order in these regions by implementing its own rules and regulations. During the 1990s, FARC expanded its operations, in some areas, to include trafficking and production, which had provided a significant portion of its funding. Right - wing paramilitary groups also receive a large portion of their income from drug trafficking and production operations.
A 1992 Central Intelligence Agency report "acknowledged that the FARC had become increasingly involved in drugs through their "taxing '' of the trade in areas under their geographical control and that in some cases the insurgents protected trafficking infrastructure to further fund their insurgency ", but also described the relationship between the FARC and the drug traffickers as one "characterized by both cooperation and friction '' and concluded that "we do not believe that the drug industry (in Colombia) would be substantially disrupted in the short term by attacks against guerrillas. Indeed, many traffickers would probably welcome, and even assist, increased operations against insurgents. ''
In 1994, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) came to three similar conclusions. First, that any connections between drug trafficking organizations and Colombian insurgents were "ad hoc ' alliances of convenience ' ''. Second, that "the independent involvement of insurgents in Colombia 's domestic drug productions, transportation, and distribution is limited... there is no evidence that the national leadership of either the FARC or the ELN has directed, as a matter of policy, that their respective organizations directly engage in independent illicit drug production, transportation, or distribution. '' Third, the report determined that the DEA "has no evidence that the FARC or ELN have been involved in the transportation, distribution, or marketing of illegal drugs in the United States. Furthermore it is doubtful that either insurgent group could develop the international transportation and logistics infrastructure necessary to establish independent drug distribution in the United States or Europe... DEA believes that the insurgents never will be major players in Colombia 's drug trade. ''
FARC had called for crop substitution programs that would allow coca farmers to find alternative means of income and subsistence. In 1999, FARC worked with a United Nations alternative development project to enable the transition from coca production to sustainable food production. On its own, the group had also implemented agrarian reform programs in Putumayo.
In those FARC controlled territories that do produce coca, it is generally grown by peasants on small plots; in paramilitary or government controlled areas, coca is generally grown on large plantations. The FARC - EP generally made sure that peasant coca growers receive a much larger share of profits than the paramilitaries would give them, and demanded that traffickers pay a decent wage to their workers. When growers in a FARC - controlled area were caught selling coca to non-FARC brokers, they were generally forced to leave the region, but when growers were caught selling to FARC in paramilitary - controlled areas, they were generally killed. Lower prices paid for raw coca in paramilitary - controlled areas lead to significantly larger profits for the drug processing and trafficking organizations, which means that they generally prefer that paramilitaries control an area rather than FARC.
In 2000, FARC Spokesman Simon Trinidad said that taxes on drug laboratories represented an important part of the organization 's income, although he did n't say how much it was. He defended this funding source, arguing that drug trade was endemic in Colombia because it had pervaded many sectors of its economy.
After the 21 April 2001 capture of Brazilian drug lord Luiz Fernando da Costa (a.k.a. Fernandinho Beira - Mar) in Colombia, Colombian and Brazilian authorities accused him of cooperating with FARC - EP through the exchange of weapons for cocaine. They also claimed that he received armed protection from the guerrilla group.
On 18 March 2002 the Attorney General of the United States John Ashcroft indicted leaders of the FARC after an 18 - month investigation into their narcotics trafficking. Tomás Molina Caracas, the commander of the FARC 's 16th Front, led the 16th Front 's drug - trafficking activities together with Carlos Bolas and a rebel known as Oscar El Negro. Between 1994 and 2001, Molina and other 16th Front members controlled Barranco Minas, where they collected cocaine from other FARC fronts to sell it to international drug traffickers for payment in currency, weapons and equipment.
On 22 March 2006 the Attorney General Alberto Gonzales announced the indictment of fifty leaders of FARC for exporting more than $25 billion worth of cocaine to the United States and other countries. Several of the FARC leaders appeared on the Justice Department 's Consolidated Priority Organization target list, which identifies the most dangerous international drug trafficking organizations. Recognizing the increased profits, the FARC moved to become directly involved in the manufacture and distribution of cocaine by setting the price paid for cocaine paste and transporting it to jungle laboratories under FARC control. The charged FARC leaders ordered that Colombian farmers who sold paste to non-FARC buyers would be murdered and that U.S. fumigation planes should be shot down.
On 11 October 2012 Jamal Yousef, a.k.a. "Talal Hassan Ghantou '', a native of Lebanon, was sentenced to 12 years in prison for conspiring to provide military - grade weapons to the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (the FARC), in exchange for over a ton of cocaine. Yousef pleaded guilty in May 2012 to one count of providing material support to the FARC.
The FARC - EP carried out both ransom and politically motivated kidnappings in Colombia and was responsible for the majority of such kidnappings carried out in the country.
The guerrillas initially targeted the families of drug traffickers, the wealthy upper - class and foreigners but the group later expanded its kidnapping and extortion operations to include the middle - class.
During the 1984 peace negotiations, FARC pledged to stop kidnapping and condemned the practice. However, hostage - taking by FARC increased in the years following this declaration. In a 1997 interview, FARC - EP Commander Alfonso Cano argued that some guerrilla units continued to do so for "political and economic reasons '' in spite of the prohibition issued by the leadership.
In 2000, the FARC - EP issued a directive called "Law 002 '' which demanded a "tax '' from all individuals and corporations with assets worth at least US $1 million, warning that those who failed to pay would be detained by the group. In 2001, FARC Commander Simón Trinidad claimed that the FARC - EP does not engage in kidnapping but instead "retains (individuals) in order to obtain resources needed for our struggle ''. Commander Trinidad said he did not know how many people had been taken by FARC or how much money was collected by the organization in exchange for their freedom. In addition, FARC spokesperson Joaquín Gómez stated that the payment demanded was a tax which many people paid "voluntarily '', with kidnapping undertaken because "those who have the resources must pay their share ''.
In 2002, Amnesty International sent a letter to FARC - EP Commander Manuel Marulanda condemning kidnapping and hostage - taking as well as rejecting the threats directed at municipal or judicial officials and their families, arguing that they are civilians who are protected by international humanitarian law as long as they do not participate in hostilities.
According to Amnesty International, the number of kidnappings decreased in the last years of the conflict, but the human rights organization estimated that FARC and ELN guerrillas continued to be behind hundreds of cases until their disarming. In 2008, press reports estimated that about 700 hostages continued to be held captive by FARC. According to the Fundación País Libre anti-kidnapping NGO, an estimated total of 6,778 people were kidnapped by FARC between 1997 and 2007. In 2009, the state 's anti-kidnapping agency Fondelibertad reviewed 3,307 officially unsettled cases and removed those that had already been resolved or for which there was insufficient information. The agency concluded that 125 hostages remained in captivity nationwide of whom 66 were being held by the FARC -- EP. The government 's revised figures were considered "absurdly low '' by Fundación País Libre, which has argued that its own archives suggest an estimated 1,617 people taken hostage between 2000 and 2008 remain in the hands of their captors, including hundreds seized by FARC. FARC claimed at the time that it was holding nine people for ransom in addition to hostages kept for a prisoner exchange.
In 2008, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez expressed his disagreement with FARC - EP 's resorting to kidnappings. Former President Fidel Castro of Cuba also criticized the use of hostage - taking by the guerrillas as "objectively cruel '' and suggested that the group free all of its prisoners and hostages.
In February 2012, FARC announced that it would release ten members of the security forces, who it described as political prisoners, representing the last such captives in its custody. It further announced the repeal of Law 002, bringing to an end its support for the practice of kidnapping for ransom. However, it was not clear from the FARC statement what would happen to the civilians it still held in captivity. Colombian president Juan Manuel Santos used Twitter to welcome the move as a "necessary, if insufficient, step in the right direction ''.
FARC was accused of committing violations of human rights by numerous groups, including Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, the United Nations as well as by the Colombian, U.S. and European Union governments.
A February 2005 report from the United Nations ' High Commissioner for Human Rights mentioned that, during 2004, "FARC - EP continued to commit grave breaches (of human rights) such as murders of protected persons, torture and hostage - taking, which affected many civilians, including men, women, returnees, boys and girls, and ethnic groups. ''
FARC -- EP, the ELN and right - wing paramilitaries all trained teens as soldiers and informants. Human Rights Watch estimates that the FARC - EP had the majority of child combatants in Colombia, and that approximately one quarter of its guerrillas were under 18. Forcible recruitment of children, by either side, was rare in Colombia. They joined for a variety of reasons including poverty, lack of educational opportunities, avoiding dangerous work in coca processing, escaping from domestic violence, offers of money (mostly from paramilitaries, who pay their soldiers). Human Rights Watch noted that "once integrated into the FARC - EP, children are typically barred from leaving ''.
FARC - EP Commander Simón Trinidad has stated that FARC did not allow the enlistment of people under 15 years of age, arguing that this is in accordance with Article 38 of the United Nations ' Convention on the Rights of the Child. He also argued that the alternatives for many children in Colombia are worse, including prostitution and exploitative work in mines and coca production. Amnesty International has rejected the validity of such a position in international law.
In June 2000, FARC - EP Commander Carlos Antonio Lozada told Human Rights Watch that the minimum recruitment age of fifteen years was set in 1996 but admitted that "this norm was not enforced '' until recently. Lozada said, however, that it had become an obligatory standard after Commander Jorge Briceño 's statements on the matter in April 2000. A 2001 Human Rights Watch report considered FARC - EP 's refusal to admit children under fifteen years old into their forces to be "encouraging '' but added that there is "little evidence that this rule is being strictly applied '' and called on the group to demobilize all existing child soldiers and cease this practice in the future.
In 2003, Human Rights Watch reported that FARC - EP showed no leniency to children because of their age, assigning minors the same duties as adults and sometimes requiring them to participate in executions or witness torture.
FARC consistently carried out attacks against civilians specifically targeting suspected supporters of paramilitary groups, political adversaries, journalists, local leaders, and members of certain indigenous groups since at least as early as 1994. From 1994 to 1997 the region of Urabá in Antioquia Department was the site of FARC attacks against civilians. FARC has also executed civilians for failing to pay "war taxes '' to their group.
In 2001, Human Rights Watch (HRW) announced that the FARC - EP had abducted and executed civilians accused of supporting paramilitary groups in the demilitarized zone and elsewhere, without providing any legal defense mechanisms to the suspects and generally refusing to give any information to relatives of the victims. The human rights NGO directly investigated three such cases and received additional information about over twenty possible executions during a visit to the zone.
According to HRW, those extrajudicial executions would qualify as forced disappearances if they had been carried out by agents of the government or on its behalf, but nevertheless remained "blatant violations of the FARC - EP 's obligations under international humanitarian law and in particular key provisions of article 4 of Protocol II, which protects against violence to the life, physical, and mental well - being of persons, torture, and ill - treatment ''.
The Colombian human rights organization CINEP reported that FARC - EP killed an estimated total of 496 civilians during 2000.
The FARC - EP has employed a type of improvised mortars made from gas canisters (or cylinders), when launching attacks.
According to Human Rights Watch, the FARC - EP has killed civilians not involved in the conflict through the use of gas cylinder mortars and its use of landmines.
Human Rights Watch considers that "the FARC - EP 's continued use of gas cylinder mortars shows this armed group 's flagrant disregard for lives of civilians... gas cylinder bombs are impossible to aim with accuracy and, as a result, frequently strike civilian objects and cause avoidable civilian casualties. ''
According to the ICBL Landmine and Cluster Munitions Monitor, "FARC is probably the most prolific current user of antipersonnel mines among rebel groups anywhere in the world. '' Furthermore, FARC use child soldiers to carry and deploy antipersonnel mines.
FARC sometimes threatened or assassinated indigenous Colombian leaders for attempting to prevent FARC incursions into their territory and resisting the forcible recruitment by FARC of indigenous youth. Between 1986 and 2001, FARC was responsible for 27 assassinations, 15 threats, and 14 other abuses of indigenous people in Antioquia Department. In March 1999 members of a local FARC contingent killed 3 indigenous rights activists, who were working with the U'Wa people to build a school for U'Wa children, and were fighting against encroachment of U'Wa territory by multinational oil corporations. The killings were almost universally condemned, and seriously harmed public perceptions of FARC.
Members of indigenous groups have demanded the removal of military bases set up by the Colombian government and guerrilla encampments established by FARC in their territories, claiming that both the Colombian National Army and the FARC should respect indigenous autonomy and international humanitarian law. According to a 2012 research from the National Indigenous Organization of Colombia (ONIC), 80,000 members of indigenous communities have been displaced from their native lands since 2004 because of FARC - related violence. Luis Evelis, an indigenous leader and ONIC representative, has stated that "the armed conflict is still in force, causing damages to the indigenous. Our territories are self - governed and we demand our autonomy. During the year 2011, fifty - six indigenous people have been killed. '' The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples has indicated that no military activities may be carried out within indigenous territories without first undertaking an "effective consultation '' with indigenous representatives and authorities from the communities involved.
The Regional Indigenous Council of Cauca (CRIC) issued a statement concerning the release of two hostages taken by FARC in 2011: "Compared to past statements made by the national government, it is important to reiterate that the presence of armed groups in our territories is a fact that has been imposed by force of arms, against which our communities and their leaders have remained in peaceful resistance. '' The CRIC also indicated that neither the Colombian government nor the mediators and armed groups involved consulted with the indigenous people and their authorities about the hostage release, raising concerns about the application of national and international law guaranteeing their autonomy, self - determination and self - government. The indigenous organization also demanded the immediate end of all violence and conflict within indigenous territories and called for a negotiated solution to the war.
Official Colombian government statistics show that murders of indigenous people between January and May 2011 have increased 38 % compared to the same timeframe in 2010. Colombia is home to nearly 1 million indigenous people, divided into around 100 different ethnicities. The Colombian Constitutional Court has warned that 35 of those groups are in danger of dying out. The Permanent Assembly for the Defense of Life and Territorial Control has stated that the armed conflict "is not only part of one or two areas, it is a problem of all the indigenous people. ''
According to Amnesty International it has been reported that young female recruits were sexually abused by veteran guerrilla soldiers and in several cases pregnancies were aborted against their will by FARC doctors.
FARC -- EP was the largest and oldest insurgent group in the Americas. According to the Colombian government, FARC -- EP had an estimated 6,000 -- 8,000 members in 2008, down from 16,000 in 2001, and lost much of its fighting force since President Álvaro Uribe took office in 2002. Political analyst and former guerrilla León Valencia (es) estimated that FARC 's numbers were reduced to around 11,000 from their 18,000 peak but cautioned against considering the group a defeated force. In 2007, FARC -- EP Commander Raúl Reyes claimed that their force consisted of 18,000 guerrillas.
The largest concentrations of FARC -- EP guerrillas were located in the southeastern parts of Colombia 's 500,000 square kilometers (190,000 sq mi) of jungle and in the plains at the base of the Andean mountains.
FARC was organized hierarchically into military units as follows:
The FARC -- EP secretariat was led by Alfonso Cano and six others after the death of Manuel Marulanda (Pedro Antonio Marín), also known as "Tirofijo '', or Sureshot, in 2008. The "international spokesman '' of the organization was Raúl Reyes, who was killed in a Colombian army raid against a guerrilla camp in Ecuador on 1 March 2008. Cano was killed in a military operation on 4 November 2011.
FARC -- EP was open to a negotiated solution to the nation 's conflict through dialogue with a flexible government that agreed to certain conditions, such as the demilitarization of certain areas, cessation of paramilitary and government violence against rural peasants, social reforms to reduce poverty and inequality, and the release of all jailed (and extradited) FARC -- EP rebels. It said that until these conditions surfaced, the armed revolutionary struggle would remain necessary to fight against Colombia 's elites. The FARC -- EP said it would continue its armed struggle because it perceived the Colombian government as an enemy because of historical politically motivated violence against its members and supporters, including members of the Patriotic Union, a FARC -- EP - created political party.
Participants
Timeline
Key aspects
La Violencia (1948 -- 1958) Marquetalia Republic The National Front Dominican Embassy (1980) Palace of Justice (1985) Patriotic Union Party extermination Humanitarian exchange Mapiripán Massacre (1997) Peace process (1999 -- 2002) Bojayá massacre (2002) Valle del Cauca Deputies hostage crisis (2002 -- 2009) El Nogal Club bombing (2003) Parapolitics scandal (2006 -- 7) Operation Emmanuel "False positives '' scandal Andean diplomatic crisis (2008) Operation Jaque (2008) Operation Fenix (2008) Nariño massacres (2009) 2013 Colombian clashes Peace process (2012 -- present) Peace agreement referendum (2016)
Sinaltrainal v. Coca - Cola (2001) Rodriquez v. Drummond (2003) Doe v. Chiquita (2007)
Kidnappings in Colombia List of political hostages held by FARC
Illegal drug trade in Colombia War on Drugs Narcoterrorism
Democratic security Plan Colombia Plan Patriota Colombia -- United States relations Human rights in Colombia Politics of Colombia
ELN EPL FARC dissidents FARIP
Former guerrillas FARC - EP (List of FARC attacks) M19 MOEC CGSB ERP Movimiento Armado Quintin Lame
Linked to PCCC Foro de São Paulo PC de C (M-L) Cuban revolutionaries Provisional IRA ETA ANNCOL Fighters + Lovers Colombian drug cartels Some politicians
Former government program CONVIVIR
Linked to DynCorp International United Nations United States European Union Canada
Águilas Negras Los Rastrojos The Clan Úsuga
Former paramilitaries AUC AAA
Linked to Spearhead Ltd Colombian drug cartels CONVIVIR Some Colombian military personnel Some politicians
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when is an object said to be in uniform circular motion | Circular motion - wikipedia
In physics, circular motion is a movement of an object along the circumference of a circle or rotation along a circular path. It can be uniform, with constant angular rate of rotation and constant speed, or non-uniform with a changing rate of rotation. The rotation around a fixed axis of a three - dimensional body involves circular motion of its parts. The equations of motion describe the movement of the center of mass of a body.
Examples of circular motion include: an artificial satellite orbiting the Earth at a constant height, a stone which is tied to a rope and is being swung in circles, a car turning through a curve in a race track, an electron moving perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field, and a gear turning inside a mechanism.
Since the object 's velocity vector is constantly changing direction, the moving object is undergoing acceleration by a centripetal force in the direction of the center of rotation. Without this acceleration, the object would move in a straight line, according to Newton 's laws of motion.
In physics, uniform circular motion describes the motion of a body traversing a circular path at constant speed. Since the body describes circular motion, its distance from the axis of rotation remains constant at all times. Though the body 's speed is constant, its velocity is not constant: velocity, a vector quantity, depends on both the body 's speed and its direction of travel. This changing velocity indicates the presence of an acceleration; this centripetal acceleration is of constant magnitude and directed at all times towards the axis of rotation. This acceleration is, in turn, produced by a centripetal force which is also constant in magnitude and directed towards the axis of rotation.
In the case of rotation around a fixed axis of a rigid body that is not negligibly small compared to the radius of the path, each particle of the body describes a uniform circular motion with the same angular velocity, but with velocity and acceleration varying with the position with respect to the axis.
For motion in a circle of radius r, the circumference of the circle is C = 2π r. If the period for one rotation is T, the angular rate of rotation, also known as angular velocity, ω is:
The speed of the object travelling the circle is:
The angle θ swept out in a time t is:
The angular acceleration, α, of the particle is:
In the case of uniform circular motion, α will be zero.
The acceleration due to change in the direction is:
The centripetal and centrifugal force can also be found out using acceleration:
The vector relationships are shown in Figure 1. The axis of rotation is shown as a vector ω perpendicular to the plane of the orbit and with a magnitude ω = dθ / dt. The direction of ω is chosen using the right - hand rule. With this convention for depicting rotation, the velocity is given by a vector cross product as
which is a vector perpendicular to both ω and r (t), tangential to the orbit, and of magnitude ω r. Likewise, the acceleration is given by
which is a vector perpendicular to both ω and v (t) of magnitude ω v = ω r and directed exactly opposite to r (t).
In the simplest case the speed, mass and radius are constant.
Consider a body of one kilogram, moving in a circle of radius one metre, with an angular velocity of one radian per second.
During circular motion the body moves on a curve that can be described in polar coordinate system as a fixed distance R from the center of the orbit taken as origin, oriented at an angle θ (t) from some reference direction. See Figure 4. The displacement vector r → (\ displaystyle (\ vec (r))) is the radial vector from the origin to the particle location:
where u ^ R (t) (\ displaystyle (\ hat (u)) _ (R) (t)) is the unit vector parallel to the radius vector at time t and pointing away from the origin. It is convenient to introduce the unit vector orthogonal to u ^ R (t) (\ displaystyle (\ hat (u)) _ (R) (t)) as well, namely u ^ θ (t) (\ displaystyle (\ hat (u)) _ (\ theta) (t)). It is customary to orient u ^ θ (t) (\ displaystyle (\ hat (u)) _ (\ theta) (t)) to point in the direction of travel along the orbit.
The velocity is the time derivative of the displacement:
Because the radius of the circle is constant, the radial component of the velocity is zero. The unit vector u ^ R (t) (\ displaystyle (\ hat (u)) _ (R) (t)) has a time - invariant magnitude of unity, so as time varies its tip always lies on a circle of unit radius, with an angle θ the same as the angle of r → (t) (\ displaystyle (\ vec (r)) (t)). If the particle displacement rotates through an angle dθ in time dt, so does u ^ R (t) (\ displaystyle (\ hat (u)) _ (R) (t)), describing an arc on the unit circle of magnitude dθ. See the unit circle at the left of Figure 4. Hence:
where the direction of the change must be perpendicular to u ^ R (t) (\ displaystyle (\ hat (u)) _ (R) (t)) (or, in other words, along u ^ θ (t) (\ displaystyle (\ hat (u)) _ (\ theta) (t))) because any change d u ^ R (t) (\ displaystyle d (\ hat (u)) _ (R) (t)) in the direction of u ^ R (t) (\ displaystyle (\ hat (u)) _ (R) (t)) would change the size of u ^ R (t) (\ displaystyle (\ hat (u)) _ (R) (t)). The sign is positive, because an increase in dθ implies the object and u ^ R (t) (\ displaystyle (\ hat (u)) _ (R) (t)) have moved in the direction of u ^ θ (t) (\ displaystyle (\ hat (u)) _ (\ theta) (t)). Hence the velocity becomes:
The acceleration of the body can also be broken into radial and tangential components. The acceleration is the time derivative of the velocity:
The time derivative of u ^ θ (t) (\ displaystyle (\ hat (u)) _ (\ theta) (t)) is found the same way as for u ^ R (t) (\ displaystyle (\ hat (u)) _ (R) (t)). Again, u ^ θ (t) (\ displaystyle (\ hat (u)) _ (\ theta) (t)) is a unit vector and its tip traces a unit circle with an angle that is π / 2 + θ. Hence, an increase in angle dθ by r → (t) (\ displaystyle (\ vec (r)) (t)) implies u ^ θ (t) (\ displaystyle (\ hat (u)) _ (\ theta) (t)) traces an arc of magnitude dθ, and as u ^ θ (t) (\ displaystyle (\ hat (u)) _ (\ theta) (t)) is orthogonal to u ^ R (t) (\ displaystyle (\ hat (u)) _ (R) (t)), we have:
where a negative sign is necessary to keep u ^ θ (t) (\ displaystyle (\ hat (u)) _ (\ theta) (t)) orthogonal to u ^ R (t) (\ displaystyle (\ hat (u)) _ (R) (t)). (Otherwise, the angle between u ^ θ (t) (\ displaystyle (\ hat (u)) _ (\ theta) (t)) and u ^ R (t) (\ displaystyle (\ hat (u)) _ (R) (t)) would decrease with increase in dθ.) See the unit circle at the left of Figure 4. Consequently, the acceleration is:
The centripetal acceleration is the radial component, which is directed radially inward:
while the tangential component changes the magnitude of the velocity:
Circular motion can be described using complex numbers. Let the x axis be the real axis and the y (\ displaystyle y) axis be the imaginary axis. The position of the body can then be given as z (\ displaystyle z), a complex "vector '':
where i is the imaginary unit, and θ (t) (\ displaystyle \ theta (t)) is the argument of the complex number as a function of time, t.
Since the radius is constant:
where a dot indicates differentiation in respect of time.
With this notation the velocity becomes:
and the acceleration becomes:
The first term is opposite in direction to the displacement vector and the second is perpendicular to it, just like the earlier results shown before.
Figure 1 illustrates velocity and acceleration vectors for uniform motion at four different points in the orbit. Because the velocity v is tangent to the circular path, no two velocities point in the same direction. Although the object has a constant speed, its direction is always changing. This change in velocity is caused by an acceleration a, whose magnitude is (like that of the velocity) held constant, but whose direction also is always changing. The acceleration points radially inwards (centripetally) and is perpendicular to the velocity. This acceleration is known as centripetal acceleration.
For a path of radius r, when an angle θ is swept out, the distance travelled on the periphery of the orbit is s = rθ. Therefore, the speed of travel around the orbit is
where the angular rate of rotation is ω. (By rearrangement, ω = v / r.) Thus, v is a constant, and the velocity vector v also rotates with constant magnitude v, at the same angular rate ω.
In this case the three - acceleration vector is perpendicular to the three - velocity vector,
and the square of proper acceleration, expressed as a scalar invariant, the same in all reference frames,
becomes the expression for circular motion,
or, taking the positive square root and using the three - acceleration, we arrive at the proper acceleration for circular motion:
The left - hand circle in Figure 2 is the orbit showing the velocity vectors at two adjacent times. On the right, these two velocities are moved so their tails coincide. Because speed is constant, the velocity vectors on the right sweep out a circle as time advances. For a swept angle dθ = ω dt the change in v is a vector at right angles to v and of magnitude v dθ, which in turn means that the magnitude of the acceleration is given by
In non-uniform circular motion an object is moving in a circular path with a varying speed. Since the speed is changing, there is tangential acceleration in addition to normal acceleration.
In non-uniform circular motion the net acceleration (a) is along direction of Δv which is directed inside circle but does not pass through its center (see figure). The net acceleration may be resolved into two components: tangential acceleration and normal acceleration also known as the centripetal or radial acceleration. Unlike tangential acceleration, centripetal acceleration is present in both uniform and non-uniform circular motion.
In non-uniform circular motion, normal force does not always point in the opposite direction of weight. Here is an example with an object traveling in a straight path then loops a loop back into a straight path again.
This diagram shows the normal force pointing in other directions rather than opposite to the weight force. The normal force is actually the sum of the radial and tangential forces. The component of weight force is responsible for the tangential force here (We have neglected frictional force). The radial force (centripetal force) is due the change in direction of velocity as discussed earlier.
In non-uniform circular motion, normal force and weight may point in the same direction. Both forces can point down, yet the object will remain in a circular path without falling straight down. First let 's see why normal force can point down in the first place. In the first diagram, let 's say the object is a person sitting inside a plane, the two forces point down only when it reaches the top of the circle. The reason for this is that the normal force is the sum of the tangential force and centripetal force. The tangential force is zero at the top (as no work is performed when the motion is perpendicular to the direction of force applied. Here weight force is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the object at the top of the circle) and centripetal force points down, thus normal force will point down as well. From a logical standpoint, a person who is travelling in the plane will be upside down at the top of the circle. At that moment, the person 's seat is actually pushing down on the person, which is the normal force.
The reason why the object does not fall down when subjected to only downward forces is a simple one. Think about what keeps an object up after it is thrown. Once an object is thrown into the air, there is only the downward force of earth 's gravity that acts on the object. That does not mean that once an object is thrown in the air, it will fall instantly. What keeps that object up in the air is its velocity. The first of Newton 's laws of motion states that an object 's inertia keeps it in motion, and since the object in the air has a velocity, it will tend to keep moving in that direction.
A varying angular speed for an object moving in a circular path can also be achieved if the rotating body does not have an homogeneous mass distribution. For inhomogeneous objects, it is necessary to approach the problem as in.
Solving applications dealing with non-uniform circular motion involves force analysis. With uniform circular motion, the only force acting upon an object traveling in a circle is the centripetal force. In non-uniform circular motion, there are additional forces acting on the object due to a non-zero tangential acceleration. Although there are additional forces acting upon the object, the sum of all the forces acting on the object will have to equal to the centripetal force.
Radial acceleration is used when calculating the total force. Tangential acceleration is not used in calculating total force because it is not responsible for keeping the object in a circular path. The only acceleration responsible for keeping an object moving in a circle is the radial acceleration. Since the sum of all forces is the centripetal force, drawing centripetal force into a free body diagram is not necessary and usually not recommended.
Using F n e t = F c (\ displaystyle F_ (net) = F_ (c) \,), we can draw free body diagrams to list all the forces acting on an object then set it equal to F c (\ displaystyle F_ (c) \,). Afterwards, we can solve for what ever is unknown (this can be mass, velocity, radius of curvature, coefficient of friction, normal force, etc.). For example, the visual above showing an object at the top of a semicircle would be expressed as F c = n + m g (\ displaystyle F_ (c) = n + mg \,).
In uniform circular motion, total acceleration of an object in a circular path is equal to the radial acceleration. Due to the presence of tangential acceleration in non uniform circular motion, that does not hold true any more. To find the total acceleration of an object in non uniform circular, find the vector sum of the tangential acceleration and the radial acceleration.
Radial acceleration is still equal to v 2 / r (\ displaystyle v ^ (2) / r). Tangential acceleration is simply the derivative of the velocity at any given point: a t = d v / d t (\ displaystyle a_ (t) = dv / dt \,). This root sum of squares of separate radial and tangential accelerations is only correct for circular motion; for general motion within a plane with polar coordinates (r, θ) (\ displaystyle (r, \ theta)), the Coriolis term a c = 2 (d r / d t) (d θ / d t) (\ displaystyle a_ (c) = 2 (dr / dt) (d \ theta / dt)) should be added to a t (\ displaystyle a_ (t)), whereas radial acceleration then becomes a r = − v 2 / r + d 2 r / d t 2 (\ displaystyle a_ (r) = - v ^ (2) / r + d ^ (2) r / dt ^ (2)).
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what did sir jorah do to bring shame | Jorah Mormont - wikipedia
Jorah Mormont is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R.R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones.
Introduced in 1996 's A Game of Thrones, Jorah is a mercenary knight in exile and the disgraced former lord of Bear Island, and only son of Jeor Mormont, the honorable lord commander of the Nights Watch of the kingdom of Westeros. He subsequently appeared in Martin 's A Clash of Kings (1998), A Storm of Swords (2000) and A Dance with Dragons (2011).
Jorah is portrayed by Scottish actor Iain Glen in the HBO television adaptation.
Ser Jorah Mormont is the only child of the Night 's Watch 's Lord Commander Jeor Mormont, who abdicated shortly before Robert 's Rebellion to join the Night 's Watch and let Jorah assume the lordship of Bear Island. At some point Jorah married a lady of House Glover, who died from miscarriage after ten years of marriage. Jorah fought in Greyjoy 's Rebellion, distinguishing himself by being one of the first to enter the fray during the Siege of Pyke, and was knighted by King Robert Baratheon. At the Tourney of Lannisport celebrating the Baratheon victory, Jorah fell in love with the beautiful Lynesse Hightower (aunt of Margaery Tyrell), and named her Queen of Love and Beauty after winning the tourney. Lynesse 's father agreed to their marriage, and although Lynesse reciprocated his love she soon found herself ill - suited to the rough life on Bear Island, longing for the splendour and comfort of her youth in Oldtown. Jorah bankrupted himself trying to provide her with luxuries, eventually selling poachers to a Tyroshi slaver to fund her lifestyle. His liege lord, Eddard Stark, condemned him to death, but Jorah and Lynesse fled to the Free City of Lys. Jorah made his living as a sellsword, though still unable to provide for Lynesse. One year he returned from fighting Braavos on the River Rhoyne to find that Lynesse had become a concubine of a wealthy Lysene merchant. The merchant warned Jorah that he would be enslaved to settle his debts if he remained in Lys, and Jorah was forced to flee again. Afterwards he drifted between the Free Cities, offering his services to the highest bidder, and at one stage joined the Second Sons mercenary company.
Jorah Mormont is not a point of view character in the novels, so his actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of Daenerys Targaryen and Tyrion Lannister. Jorah mostly serves to provide Daenerys with background information such as Westerosi history and the various cultures of Essos.
In Pentos, Jorah enters the service of House Targaryen during Daenerys Targaryen 's wedding to Khal Drogo, though he is actually spying on behalf of Robert 's Master of Whisperers Varys in the hope of earning a royal pardon. Though Jorah holds Daenerys ' brother Viserys in contempt, he comes to admire Daenerys for her bravery and strength of character and eventually falls in love with her. In Vaes Dothrak he is warned by Illyrio Mopatis that Robert has ordered Daenerys ' assassination, and saves her from being poisoned. After Drogo 's death he is the first to pledge fealty to Daenerys, and is astounded when she emerges from Drogo 's funeral pyre with three dragon hatchlings.
Jorah accompanies Daenerys and the remnants of her khalasar to Qarth. There, Jorah stops sending reports to Varys, having truly fallen in love with Daenerys. Daenerys discovers his love after Jorah notes her physical similarity to Lynesse, but does not tell Jorah that she knows. At Qarth 's docks, Jorah and Daenerys encounter the former pit fighter Strong Belwas and his squire Arstan Whitebeard. Arstan claims to know Jorah; Jorah finds him familiar, but does not recognise him. Despite Jorah 's mistrust, Daenerys accepts the duo into her service.
Jorah confesses his love to Daenerys, who rejects his advances. Jorah recommends that they sail to Astapor to buy an army of Unsullied, and commands the army when they overthrow the masters of Yunkai. As they arrive at Meereen, Arstan is revealed to be Ser Barristan Selmy, former Kingsguard to Aerys II Targaryen and Robert, and he announces Jorah 's former status as a spy. Daenerys orders Jorah and Selmy to infiltrate Meereen and release slaves. Upon their return, Jorah refuses to beg forgiveness, insisting that Daenerys owes him forgiveness as reward for his service. Daenerys agrees but notes that she can not do so without undermining her authority, and banishes Jorah.
Jorah encounters the exiled Tyrion Lannister in a brothel in Selhorys, and abducts him, hoping to return to Daenerys ' graces by presenting a Lannister captive as a gift. In Volantis they encounter the dwarf Penny, whom Tyrion takes pity on and is allowed by Jorah to accompany them. During their voyage to Meereen, their ship is disabled by a storm and later seized by slavers, and Jorah is badly beaten and branded trying to fend them off. In Meereen the trio are sold to the Yunkish master Yezzan zo Qaggaz. Jorah becomes despondent after learning that Daenerys has taken the Meereenese nobleman Hizdhar zo Loraq as her husband. When Yezzan dies from dysentery, Jorah and Tyrion escape to the camp of the sellsword company Second Sons, formerly in service to Daenerys before defecting to the slavers, and Jorah rejoins the company along with Tyrion. Jorah realises that the Yunkai'i will lose the coming battle with Meereen and tells Tyrion that they need to convince the company to defect again.
Jorah Mormont is played by the Scottish actor Iain Glen in the television adaption of the series of books.
Ser Jorah Mormont is an exiled knight in the service of Daenerys Targaryen and the son of Jeor Mormont of the Night 's Watch. To fund his wife 's extravagant lifestyle, he sold poachers on his land to slave traders, which is illegal in the Seven Kingdoms. Rather than face punishment by Lord Stark, he fled to Essos and learned the lifestyle of the Dothraki who embrace him as one of their own and know him as "Jorah the Andal ''. Jorah serves as an adviser to the Targaryens on both political and cultural matters of both the Seven Kingdoms and Essos. Jorah is actually spying on the Targaryens for Lord Varys in exchange for a pardon on his crimes but after learning more about Daenerys, Jorah falls in love with her and decides to protect and help her regain the Iron Throne.
After Daenerys is widowed, Jorah remains with her and becomes the first knight of her Queensguard. He serves Daenerys as an adviser throughout Season 2 and tries to help her claim her birthright as queen of the Seven Kingdoms.
In Season 3, Jorah plays an important part in the capture of Yunkai, together with Unsullied commander Grey Worm and Daario Naharis, Lieutenant and leader of the Second Sons. Led by Daario, the trio infiltrates the city and kills a number of Yunkish guards to open a gate, ensuring the capture of Yunkai. Jorah later assists Daenerys and her army in conquering Meereen, and later informs her of Joffrey 's death, but at the same time dissuades her from invading King 's Landing, since she is not strong enough to take all of Westeros yet. When Daenerys appears to begin a romantic relationship with Daario, Jorah voices his disapproval.
In Season 4, following the Conquering of Meereen, Daenerys discovers that Jorah 's original mission was to spy on her for the "usurper '' Robert Baratheon, which led to her and her unborn son almost being killed by the wine merchant in Vaes Dothrak, and exiles him from Meereen on the threat of death. Jorah subsequently departs alone.
Jorah encounters Tyrion Lannister in Volantis and kidnaps him with the intention of delivering him to Daenerys. Sailing through the ruins of Valyria, the duo is assaulted by "stone men '' -- humans turned insane by the disease greyscale -- and Jorah is infected in the struggle. As they make their way to Meereen on foot, Jorah learns from Tyrion that Jeor was killed in a mutiny beyond the Wall. Jorah and Tyrion are captured by slavers, who are convinced by Tyrion to sell them to the fighting pits in Meereen. At a demonstration of pit fighters, Jorah encounters Daenerys, who orders him freed but refuses to let him return to her service; with nowhere else left to go, Jorah returns to the fighting pits. At the reopening of the fighting pits, Jorah foils an assassination attempt on Daenerys, and protects her from the insurgent Sons of the Harpy in the resulting confrontation. After Daenerys flies away on Drogon, Jorah and Daario Naharis depart Meereen to look for her.
Jorah and Daario discover Daenerys ' intentionally discarded ring in a grass plain, and Jorah deduces that she has been captured by a Dothraki horde and taken to Vaes Dothrak. Upon arriving there, they are reunited with Daenerys, who rejects their offer of fleeing the city and instead asks them to help her with her own plan, to which they reluctantly agree. The next evening, Jorah and Daario watch as Daenerys, after trapping and burning all the Khals alive in the temple building, emerge from it completely unharmed, and kneel before her in awe along with the rest of the Dothraki. As Daenerys and her entourage prepare to leave Vaes Dothrak, Jorah reveals his greyscale to Daenerys and his intention to end his life before his illness overtakes him. Daenerys instead orders him to find a cure for his condition and return to her, declaring that she will need his counsel after conquering Westeros. Jorah then departs alone.
Jorah returns to Westeros, seeking aid at the Citadel in Oldtown. By this time his greyscale has drastically progressed, consuming his entire arm. Archmaester Ebrose diagnoses Jorah 's greyscale as untreatably advanced and informs Jorah that he has six months of sanity left and will be exiled from the Citadel the next day. Samwell Tarly, who formerly served under Jeor in the Night 's Watch, rediscovers a cure for greyscale; despite being forbidden to administer it, he treats Jorah in secret and successfully heals Jorah 's greyscale. Ebrose, though unimpressed by Jorah 's attempts to conceal Sam 's treatment, discharges Jorah. Jorah then returns to Daenerys who is happy to meet him and accepts him into her service once again. He then joins the expedition led by Jon Snow beyond the wall to capture a wight and prove its existence to Cersei Lannister. He survives the expedition and returns to Dragonstone.
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where does the first scene of national treasure take place | National Treasure (film) - wikipedia
National Treasure is a 2004 American adventure heist film produced and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It was written by Jim Kouf and the Wibberleys, produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and directed by Jon Turteltaub. It is the first film in the National Treasure franchise and stars Nicolas Cage, Harvey Keitel, Jon Voight, Diane Kruger, Sean Bean, Justin Bartha and Christopher Plummer.
Cage plays Benjamin Franklin Gates, a historian and amateur cryptologist searching for a lost treasure of precious metals, jewelry, artwork and other artifacts that was accumulated into a single massive stockpile by looters and warriors over many millennia starting in Ancient Egypt, later rediscovered by warriors who form themselves into the Knights Templar to protect the treasure, eventually hidden by American Freemasons during the American Revolutionary War. A coded map on the back of the Declaration of Independence points to the location of the "national treasure '', but Gates is not alone in his quest. Whoever can steal the Declaration and decode it first will find the greatest treasure in history.
National Treasure was released worldwide on November 19, 2004. The film received mixed reviews from critics, but was a box office success, grossing over $347 million worldwide.
A sequel, titled National Treasure: Book of Secrets, was released in December 2007.
Benjamin Franklin Gates is an American historian, cryptologist, and treasure hunter. As a child, his grandfather John told him of a story that Charles Carroll of Carrollton passed on a secret to their ancestor in 1832 of a fabled national treasure hidden in America by the Founding Fathers and Freemasons. The clue leading to the treasure is the phrase "The secret lies with Charlotte ''. While Ben is convinced by the story, his skeptical father Patrick dismisses it as nonsense.
Thirty years later, Ben leads an expedition with Ian Howe, and his friend, Riley Poole, a computer expert, to find the Charlotte, a ship lost in the Arctic, which holds the first clue to finding the national treasure. They find a meerschaum pipe, which has a clue implying the next is on the Declaration of Independence. When Ian suggests they steal the Declaration of Independence, Ben opposes, causing a fight to ensue resulting in a massive fire fueled by gunpowder, and the group split in two. Ian and his men escape the ship while Ben and Riley take cover just before the ship explodes.
Ben and Riley return to Washington D.C. and report the potential theft of the Declaration to the FBI and Dr. Abigail Chase of the National Archives, but Abigail dismisses their claim. Ben decides to steal the document himself from the Archives ' preservation room during a gala event. Obtaining Abigail 's fingerprints, Ben successfully obtains the Declaration but is spotted by Ian 's group just as they break in to steal it. Ben tries to leave via the gift shop but has to buy the Declaration when the clerk mistakes it for a souvenir copy. Abigail, suspecting something is astray, pursues Ben and takes back the document. Ian kidnaps her, but Ben and Riley rescue Abigail, tricking Ian by leaving behind a purchased copy of the Declaration. FBI Agent Sadusky begins tracking Ben down.
Going to Patrick 's house, the trio study the Declaration and discover an Ottendorf cipher written in invisible ink. The message refers to the Silence Dogood letters written by Benjamin Franklin. Patrick formerly owned them but donated them to the Franklin Institute. Using a school boy to acquire the letters ' key words, Ben, Riley, and Abigail discover a message pointing to the bell tower of Independence Hall. They find a hidden cache containing a pair of glasses with multiple coloured lenses invented by Benjamin Franklin, which, when used to read the back of the Declaration reveal a clue pointing to the symbol of Trinity Church which is located on Wall Street and Broadway in New York City.
The group is chased by Ian 's associates. Ben is arrested by the FBI, while Abigail and Riley lose the Declaration to Ian. However, Abigail convinces Ian to help them rescue Ben in exchange for the next clue. Ian agrees, arranging a meeting at the USS Intrepid where they help Ben evade the FBI.
Ian returns the Declaration and asks for the next clue, but when Ben remains coy, Ian reveals he has kidnapped Patrick as a hostage. They travel to the Trinity Church where they find an underground passage but it appears to lead to a dead end lit by a lone lantern. Patrick claims it is referencing the Midnight Ride of Paul Revere, pointing Ian to the Old North Church in Boston. Ian leaves Gates trapped in the chamber, heading for Boston. Patrick reveals the clue was a fake. They find a notch which the meerschaum pipe fits into, opening a large chamber containing the treasure. Ben contacts Sadusky, actually a Freemason, surrendering the Declaration and the treasure 's location in exchange for clemency. Ian is later arrested when Ben tips the FBI off.
Later, Ben and Abigail have started a relationship, while Riley is somewhat upset that Ben turned down the 10 % finder 's fee for the treasure and accepting a much smaller amount that still has netted them all significant wealth.
Additionally, David Dayan Fisher appears as Shaw, Stewart Finlay - McLennan as Powell, Oleg Taktarov as Victor Shippen, and Stephen Pope as Phil McGregor (all four being Ian 's henchmen); Annie Parisse, Mark Pellegrino, Armando Riesco, and Erik King play agents Johnson, Dawes, Hendricks, and Colfax, respectively. Jason Earles portrays Thomas Gates.
Early 1999, it was revealed that Jon Turteltaub was developing National Treasure based upon an idea developed by Oren Aviv and Charles Segars two years earlier, with the script penned by Jim Kouf. By 2001, the project was relocated to Touchstone Pictures.
In May 2003, Nicolas Cage was cast as lead in the film. New drafts were written by nine scribers, including Cormac and Marianne Wibberley, E. Max Frye and Jon Turteltaub. By October, Sean Bean was cast.
National Treasure was filmed primarily in Washington, New York, Philadelphia and Utah. Most scenes were filmed on location, with the exceptions of the Independence Hall scene, which was filmed at the replica of Independence Hall at Knott 's Berry Farm, and the Arctic scene, which was filmed in Utah.
All tracks written by Trevor Rabin.
National Treasure received mixed reviews from critics, some of whom lauded it as a fun, straightforward family adventure, while others ridiculed its numerous implausibilities and unbelievable plot twists. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 44 %, based on 169 reviews, with an average rating of 5.3 / 10. The site 's consensus reads, "National Treasure is no treasure, but it 's a fun ride for those who can forgive its highly improbable plot. '' On Metacritic, the film has a score of 39 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews ''.
Roger Ebert gave the film 2 / 4 stars, calling it "so silly that the Monty Python version could use the same screenplay, line for line. '' Academic David Bordwell has expressed a liking for the film, placing it in the tradition of 1950s Disney children 's adventure movies, and using it as the basis for an essay on scene transitions in classical Hollywood cinema.
National Treasure grossed $173 million in the United States and Canada, and $174.5 million in other territories, for a total of $347.5 million against a $100 million budget.
In its opening weekend the film grossed $35.1 million, finishing in 1st place at the box office, beating out fellow newcomer The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie ($32 million).
In Japan National Treasure beat out the double - billing MegaMan NT Warrior: Program of Light and Dark and Duel Masters: Curse of the Deathphoenix by grossing $11,666,763 in its first week. It remained number one for three weeks.
A special collector 's edition, two - disc DVD set of the movie was released on December 18, 2007.
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Blu - ray Disc versions of National Treasure and its sequel, National Treasure 2: Book of Secrets, on May 20, 2008.
Although the DVD commentary stated that there were no plans for a sequel, the film 's box office gross of an unexpected $347.5 million worldwide warranted a second film, which was given the green light in 2005. National Treasure: Book of Secrets, on the DVD as National Treasure 2: Book of Secrets, was released on December 21, 2007.
Director Jon Turteltaub said that the filmmaking team will take its time on another National Treasure sequel, but Disney has already registered the domains for NationalTreasure3.com and NationalTreasure4.com. Though the second film ended with the question about page 47 of the President 's book of secrets, the new movie may or may not be a sequel about the "Page 47 ''. Turteltaub responded in a press interview that the idea was not set in stone as the basis for National Treasure 3.
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why we need rain water harvesting in india | Rainwater harvesting - wikipedia
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and storage of rainwater for reuse on - site, rather than allowing it to run off. Rainwater can be collected from rivers or roofs, and in many places, the water collected is redirected to a deep pit (well, shaft, or borehole), a reservoir with percolation, or collected from dew or fog with nets or other tools. Its uses include water for gardens, livestock, irrigation, domestic use with proper treatment, indoor heating for houses, etc. The harvested water can also be used as drinking water, longer - term storage, and for other purposes such as groundwater recharge.
Rainwater harvesting is one of the simplest and oldest methods of self - supply of water for households usually financed by the user.
Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during regional water restrictions, and in developed countries, is often used to supplement the main supply. It provides water when a drought occurs, can help mitigate flooding of low - lying areas, and reduces demand on wells which may enable groundwater levels to be sustained. It also helps in the availability of potable water, as rainwater is substantially free of salinity and other salts. Application of rainwater harvesting in urban water system provides a substantial benefit for both water supply and wastewater subsystems by reducing the need for clean water in water distribution system, less generated stormwater in sewer system, and a reduction in stormwater runoff polluting freshwater bodies.
A large body of work has focused on the development of lifecycle assessment and lifecycle costing methodologies to assess the level of environmental impacts and money that can be saved by implementing rainwater harvesting systems.
More development and knowledge is required to understand the benefits of rainwater harvesting that can provide to agriculture. Many countries, especially those with arid environments, use rainwater harvesting as a cheap and reliable source of clean water. To enhance irrigation in arid environments, ridges of soil are constructed to trap and prevent rainwater from running down hills and slopes. Even in periods of low rainfall, enough water is collected for crops to grow. Water can be collected from roofs, and dams and ponds can be constructed to hold large quantities of rainwater so that even on days when little to no rainfall occurs, enough is available to irrigate crops.
The concentration of contaminants is reduced significantly by diverting the initial flow of run - off water to waste. Improved water quality can also be obtained by using a floating draw - off mechanism (rather than from the base of the tank) and by using a series of tanks, withdraw from the last in series. Prefiltration is a common practice used in the industry to ensure that the water entering the tank is free of large sediment. Prefiltration is important to keep the system healthy.
Conceptually, a water supply system should match the quality of water with the end use. However, in most of the developed world, high - quality potable water is used for all end uses. This approach wastes money and energy and imposes unnecessary impacts to the environment. Supplying rainwater that has gone through preliminary filtration measures for nonpotable water uses, such as toilet flushing, irrigation and laundry, may be a significant part of a sustainable water management strategy.
Rainwater harvesting systems can range in complexity, from systems that can be installed with minimal skills, to automated systems that require advanced setup and installation. The basic rainwater harvesting system is more of a plumbing job than a technical job, as all the outlets from the building terrace are connected through a pipe to an underground tank that stores water.
Systems are ideally sized to meet the water demand throughout the dry season, since it must be big enough to support daily water consumption. Specifically, the rainfall capturing area such as a building roof must be large enough to maintain adequate flow of water. The water storage tank size should be large enough to contain the captured water.
For low - tech systems, many low - tech methods are used to capture rainwater: rooftop systems, surface water capture, and pumping the rainwater that has already soaked into the ground or captured in reservoirs and storing it in tanks (cisterns).
Before a rainwater harvesting system is built, use of digital tools is useful. For instance, to detect if a region has a high rainwater harvesting potential, rainwater - harvesting GIS maps can be made using an online interactive tool. Or, to estimate how much water is needed to fulfill a community 's water needs, the Rain is Gain tool helps. Tools like these can save time and money before a commitment to build a system is undertaken, in addition to making the project sustainable and last a long time.
Contemporary system designs require an analysis of not only the economic and technical performance of a system, but also the environmental performance. Lifecycle assessment is a methodology used to evaluate the environmental impacts of a precut or systems, from cradle - to - grave of its lifetime. Devkota et al., developed such a methodology for rainwater harvesting, and found that the building design (e.g., dimensions) and function (e.g., educational, residential, etc.) play critical roles in the environmental performance of the system. The Economic and Environmental Analysis of Sanitations Technologies, EEAST model evaluates the greenhouse gas emissions and cost of such systems over the lifetime of a variety of building types.
To address the functional parameters of rainwater harvesting systems, a new metric was developed - the demand to supply ratio (D / S) - identifying the ideal building design (supply) and function (demand) in regard to the environmental performance of rainwater harvesting for toilet flushing. With the idea that supply of rainwater not only saves the potable water, but also saves the stormwater entering the combined sewer network (thereby requiring treatment), the savings in environmental emissions were higher if the buildings are connected to a combined sewer network compared to separate one.
Rainwater harvesting is possible by growing freshwater - flooded forests without losing the income from the used, submerged land. The main purpose of the rainwater harvesting is to use the locally available rainwater to meet water requirements throughout the year without the need of huge capital expenditure. This would facilitate the availability of uncontaminated water for domestic, industrial, and irrigation needs.
Instead of using the roof for catchment, the RainSaucer, which looks like an upside - down umbrella, collects rain straight from the sky. This decreases the potential for contamination and makes potable water for developing countries a potential application. Other applications of this free - standing rainwater collection approach are sustainable gardening and small - plot farming.
A Dutch invention called the Groasis Waterboxx is also useful for growing trees with harvested and stored dew and rainwater.
Traditionally, stormwater management using detention basins served a single purpose. However, optimized real - time control lets this infrastructure double as a source of rainwater harvesting without compromising the existing detention capacity. This has been used in the EPA headquarters to evacuate stored water prior to storm events, thus reducing wet weather flow while ensuring water availability for later reuse. This has the benefit of increasing water quality released and decreasing the volume of water released during combined sewer overflow events.
Generally, check dams are constructed across the streams to enhance the percolation of surface water into the subsoil strata. The water percolation in the water - impounded area of the check dams can be enhanced artificially manyfold by loosening the subsoil strata and overburden using ANFO explosives as used in open cast mining. Thus, local aquifers can be recharged quickly using the available surface water fully for use in the dry season.
Around the third century BCE, the farming communities in Balochistan (now located in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran), and Kutch, India, used rainwater harvesting for agriculture and many other uses. In ancient Tamil Nadu, rainwater harvesting was done by Chola kings. Rainwater from the Brihadeeswarar temple (located in Balaganpathy Nagar, Thanjavur, India) was collected in Shivaganga tank. During the later Chola period, the Vīrānam tank was built (1011 to 1037 CE) in Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu state to store water for drinking and irrigation purposes. Vīrānam is a 16 - km - long tank with a storage capacity of 1,465,000,000 cu ft (41,500,000 m).
Though little - known, for centuries, the town of Venice depended on rainwater harvesting. The lagoon which surrounds Venice is brackish water, which is not suitable for drinking. The ancient inhabitants of Venice established a system of rainwater collection which was based on man - made insulated collection wells. Water percolated down the specially designed stone flooring, and was filtered by a layer of sand, then collected at the bottom of the well. Later, as Venice acquired territories on the mainland, it started to import water by boat from local rivers, but the wells remained in use, and were especially important in time of war when access to the mainland water could be blocked by an enemy.
A number of Canadians have started implementing rainwater harvesting systems for use in stormwater reduction, irrigation, laundry, and lavatory plumbing. Substantial reform to Canadian law since the mid-2000s has increased the use of this technology in agricultural, industrial, and residential use, but ambiguity remains amongst legislation in many provinces. Bylaws and local municipal codes often regulate rainwater harvesting.
The Mumbai City council is planning to make rainwater harvesting mandatory for large societies. An attempt has been made at the Department of Chemical Engineering, IISc, Bangalore to harvest rainwater using upper surface of a solar still, which was used for water distillation
The Southwest Center for the Study of Hospital and Healthcare Systems in cooperation with Rotary International is sponsoring a rainwater harvesting model program across the country. The first rainwater catchment system was installed at an elementary school in Lod, Israel. The project is looking to expand to Haifa in its third phase. The Southwest Center has also partnered with the Water Resources Action Project of Washington, DC, which currently has rainwater harvesting projects in the West Bank. Rainwater harvesting systems are being installed in local schools for the purpose of educating schoolchildren about water conservation principles and bridging divides between people of different religious and ethnic backgrounds, all while addressing the water scarcity issue that the Middle East faces.
Although New Zealand has plentiful rainfall in the West and South, for much of the country, rainwater harvesting is the normal practice for most rural housing and is encouraged by most councils.
Rainwater harvesting has been a popular method of obtaining water for agriculture and for drinking purposes in rural homes. The legislation to promote rainwater harvesting was enacted through the Urban Development Authority (Amendment) Act, No. 36 of 2007. Lanka rainwater harvesting forum is leading the Sri Lanka 's initiative.
The South African Water Research Commission has supported research into rainwater harvesting. Reports on this research are available on their ' Knowledge Hub '. Studies in arid, semiarid, and humid regions have confirmed that techniques such as mulching, pitting, ridging, and modified run - on plots are effective for small - scale crop production.
In the United Kingdom, water butts are often found in domestic gardens and on allotments to collect rainwater, which is then used to water the garden. However, the British government 's Code For Sustainable Homes encouraged fitting large underground tanks to newly built homes to collect rainwater for flushing toilets, watering, and washing. Ideal designs had the potential to reduce demand on mains water supply by half. The code was revoked in 2015.
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how many dialects does the irish language have | Irish language - Wikipedia
Irish (Gaeilge), also referred to as Gaelic or Irish Gaelic, is a Goidelic language (Gaelic) of the Indo - European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people. Irish is spoken as a first language by a small minority of Irish people, and as a second language by a larger group of non-native speakers. Irish enjoys constitutional status as the national and first official language of the Republic of Ireland, and is an officially recognised minority language in Northern Ireland. It is also among the official languages of the European Union. The public body Foras na Gaeilge is responsible for the promotion of the language throughout the island of Ireland. Irish was the predominant language of the Irish people for most of their recorded history, and they brought it with them to other regions, notably Scotland and the Isle of Man, where Middle Irish gave rise to Scottish Gaelic and Manx respectively. It has the oldest vernacular literature in Western Europe.
In An Caighdeán Oifigiúil (the official written standard) the name of the language is Gaeilge (Irish pronunciation: (ˈɡeːljɟə)). Before the spelling reform of 1948, this form was spelled Gaedhilge; originally this was the genitive of Gaedhealg, the form used in Classical Irish. Older spellings of this include Gaoidhealg in Classical Irish (ˈɡeːʝəlɣɡ) and Goídelc (ˈɡoiðelɣɡ) in Old Irish. The modern spelling results from the deletion of the silent dh in the middle of Gaedhilge, whereas Goidelic, used to refer to the language family including Irish, is derived from the Old Irish term.
Other forms of the name found in the various modern Irish dialects (in addition to south Connacht Gaeilge above) include Gaedhilic / Gaeilic / Gaeilig ((ˈɡeːljɪc)) or Gaedhlag ((ˈɡeːl̪ɣəɡ)) in Ulster Irish and northern Connacht Irish and Gaedhealaing / Gaoluinn / Gaelainn ((ˈɡeːl̪ɣɪŋj / ˈɡeːl̪ɣɪnj)) in Munster Irish.
In Europe the language is usually referred to as Irish, with Gaelic or Irish Gaelic used in some instances elsewhere. The term Irish Gaelic is often used when English speakers discuss the relationship between the three Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx).
Written Irish is first attested in Ogham inscriptions from the 4th century AD; this stage of the language is known as Primitive Irish. These writings have been found throughout Ireland and the west coast of Great Britain. Primitive Irish transitioned into Old Irish through the 5th century. Old Irish, dating from the 6th century, used the Latin alphabet and is attested primarily in marginalia to Latin manuscripts. During this time, the Irish language absorbed some Latin words, some via Old Welsh, including ecclesiastical terms: examples are easpag (bishop) from episcopus, and Domhnach (Sunday, from dominica).
By the 10th century, Old Irish had evolved into Middle Irish, which was spoken throughout Ireland and in Scotland and the Isle of Man. It is the language of a large corpus of literature, including the Ulster Cycle. From the 12th century, Middle Irish began to evolve into modern Irish in Ireland, into Scottish Gaelic in Scotland, and into the Manx language in the Isle of Man. Early Modern Irish, dating from the 13th century, was the basis of the literary language of both Ireland and Gaelic - speaking Scotland. Modern Irish, as attested in the work of such writers as Geoffrey Keating, may be said to date from the 17th century, and was the medium of popular literature from that time on.
From the 18th century on, the language lost ground in the east of the country. The reasons behind this shift were complex but came down to a number of factors:
It was a change characterised by diglossia (two languages being used by the same community in different social and economic situations) and transitional bilingualism (monoglot Irish - speaking grandparents with bilingual children and monoglot English - speaking grandchildren). By the mid-18th century, English was becoming a language of the Catholic middle class, the Catholic Church and public intellectuals, especially in the east of the country. Increasingly, as the value of English became apparent, the prohibition on Irish in schools had the sanction of parents. Once it became apparent that immigration to the United States and Canada was likely for a large portion of the population, the importance of learning English became relevant. This allowed the new immigrants to get jobs in areas other than farming. It has been estimated that, due to the immigration to the United States because of the Famine, anywhere from a quarter to a third of the immigrants were Irish speakers.
Irish was not marginal to Ireland 's modernisation in the 19th century, as often assumed. In the first half of the century there were still around three million people for whom Irish was the primary language, and their numbers alone made them a cultural and social force. Irish speakers often insisted on using the language in the law courts (even when they knew English), and Irish was also common in commercial transactions. The language was heavily implicated in the "devotional revolution '' which marked the standardisation of Catholic religious practice and was also widely used in a political context. Down to the time of the Great Famine and even afterwards, the language was in use by all classes, Irish being an urban as well as a rural language.
This linguistic dynamism was reflected in the efforts of certain public intellectuals to counter the decline of the language. At the end of the 19th century, they launched the Gaelic revival in an attempt to encourage the learning and use of Irish, although few adult learners mastered the language. The vehicle of the revival was the Gaelic League (Conradh na Gaeilge), and particular emphasis was placed on the folk tradition, which in Irish is particularly rich. Efforts were also made to develop journalism and a modern literature.
Assessing the overlooked role of the Catholic church in the decline of Irish, Tom Garvin wrote:
At the end of the nineteenth century, the Catholic Church, having been a major agent of the linguistic anglicisation of Ireland for two centuries (i.e., since c. 1680s), perpetrated an apparent volte - face. While continuing to ensure that its flock had a command of the English language, elements within the church suddenly proceeded to back the nationalist project of reviving the almost moribund Irish Gaelic language as the common tongue of the new Ireland that was imagined as emerging in the twentieth century. Many clerics denounced the British for what was described as the terrible crime of eradicating the Irish language through the school system, a crass distortion of historical fact. In reality, the Church had itself clearly been a major anglicising influence in the country and had commonly ensured that the language of political and social power was transmitted to the younger generation, usually at the expense of eradicating the older language. The sudden support for the Irish language was driven in part by an opportunistic and Machiavellian wish to appropriate a cultural property which was evidently a source of political power... The alliance of priests and patriots that was being forged required some clerical tergiversation.
Although It has been noted that the Catholic Church played a role in the decline of the Irish Language, the church did make certain efforts to encourage the Irish language and find common ground through religion. The Old Testament was translated into Irish and came out around 1685 in order to reach out to the Irish speaking community. Bishop Bedell influenced the print and publishing of the Old Testament. The New Testament was also translated into Irish by an Archbishop of the church. Currently, modern day Irish speakers in the church are pushing for language revival.
Irish is given recognition by the Constitution of Ireland as the national and first official language of the Republic of Ireland (English is the other official language). Despite this, almost all government debates and business are conducted in English. In 1938, the founder of Conradh na Gaeilge (Gaelic League), Douglas Hyde, was inaugurated as the first President of Ireland. The record of his delivering his inaugural Declaration of Office in Roscommon Irish remains almost the only surviving remnant of anyone speaking in that dialect.
From the foundation of the Irish Free State in 1922 (see also History of the Republic of Ireland), a degree of proficiency in Irish was required of all those newly appointed to the Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland, including postal workers, tax collectors, agricultural inspectors, etc. Proficiency in just one official language for entrance to the public service was introduced in 1974, in part through the actions of protest organisations like the Language Freedom Movement.
Although the Irish requirement was also dropped for wider public service jobs, Irish remains a required subject of study in all schools within the Republic which receive public money (see also Education in the Republic of Ireland). Those wishing to teach in primary schools in the State must also pass a compulsory examination called Scrúdú Cáilíochta sa Ghaeilge. The need for a pass in Leaving Certificate Irish or English for entry to the Garda Síochána (police) was introduced in September 2005, and recruits are given lessons in the language during their two years of training. The most important official documents of the Irish government must be published in both Irish and English or Irish alone (in accordance with the Official Languages Act 2003, enforced by An Coimisinéir Teanga, the Irish language ombudsman).
The National University of Ireland requires all students wishing to embark on a degree course in the NUI federal system to pass the subject of Irish in the Leaving Certificate or GCE / GCSE examinations. Exemptions are made from this requirement for students born outside of the Republic of Ireland, those who were born in the Republic but completed primary education outside it, and students diagnosed with dyslexia. NUI Galway is required to appoint people who are competent in the Irish language, as long as they are also competent in all other aspects of the vacancy they are appointed to. This requirement is laid down by the University College Galway Act, 1929 (Section 3).
For a number of years there has been vigorous debate in political, academic and other circles about the failure of most students in the mainstream (English - medium) schools to achieve competence in the language, even after fourteen years. The concomitant decline in the number of traditional native speakers has also been a cause of great concern. In 2007, filmmaker Manchán Magan found few speakers and some incredulity while speaking only Irish in Dublin. He was unable to accomplish some everyday tasks, as portrayed in his documentary No Béarla.
There is, however, a growing body of Irish speakers in the cities. Most of these are products of an independent education system in which Irish is the sole language of instruction. Such schools are known as Gaelscoileanna. These Irish - medium schools send a much higher proportion of pupils on to tertiary level than do the mainstream schools, and it seems increasingly likely that, within a generation, habitual users of Irish will typically be members of an urban, middle class and highly educated minority. Parliamentary legislation is supposed to be available in both Irish and English but is frequently only available in English. This is notwithstanding that Article 25.4 of the Constitution of Ireland requires that an "official translation '' of any law in one official language be provided immediately in the other official language, if not already passed in both official languages.
In November 2016, it was reported that many people worldwide were learning Irish through the Duolingo app. Irish president Michael Higgins officially honoured several volunteer translators for developing the Irish edition, and said the push for Irish language rights remains an "unfinished project ''.
There are rural areas of Ireland where Irish is still spoken daily to some extent as a first language. These regions are known individually and collectively as the Gaeltacht, or in the plural as Gaeltachtaí. While the Gaeltacht 's fluent Irish speakers, whose numbers have been estimated at twenty or thirty thousand, are a minority of the total number of fluent Irish speakers, they represent a higher concentration of Irish speakers than other parts of the country and it is only in Gaeltacht areas that Irish continues, to some extent, to be spoken as a community vernacular.
According to data compiled by the Department of Community, Equality and Gaeltacht Affairs, only one quarter of households in officially Gaeltacht areas are fluent in Irish. The author of a detailed analysis of the survey, Donncha Ó hÉallaithe of the Galway - Mayo Institute of Technology, described the Irish language policy followed by Irish governments as a "complete and absolute disaster ''. The Irish Times, referring to his analysis published in the Irish language newspaper Foinse, quoted him as follows: "It is an absolute indictment of successive Irish Governments that at the foundation of the Irish State there were 250,000 fluent Irish speakers living in Irish - speaking or semi Irish - speaking areas, but the number now is between 20,000 and 30,000 ''.
In the 1920s, when the Irish Free State was founded, Irish was still a vernacular in some western coastal areas. In the 1930s, areas where more than 25 % of the population spoke Irish were classified as Gaeltacht. The strongest Gaeltacht areas, numerically and socially, are those of South Connemara, the west of the Dingle Peninsula and northwest Donegal, where many residents still use Irish as their primary language. These areas are often referred to as the Fíor - Ghaeltacht ("true Gaeltacht ''), a term originally officially applied to areas where over 50 % of the population spoke Irish.
There are larger Gaeltacht regions in County Galway (Contae na Gaillimhe), including Connemara (Conamara), the Aran Islands (Oileáin Árann), Carraroe (An Cheathrú Rua) and Spiddal (An Spidéal), on the west coast of County Donegal (Contae Dhún na nGall), and on the Dingle (Corca Dhuibhne) and Iveragh Peninsulas (Uibh Rathach) in County Kerry (Contae Chiarraí).
Smaller ones also exist in Counties Mayo (Contae Mhaigh Eo), Meath (Contae na Mí), Waterford (An Rinn, Contae Phort Láirge), and Cork (Contae Chorcaí). Gweedore (Gaoth Dobhair), County Donegal, is the largest Gaeltacht parish in Ireland.
Irish language summer colleges in the Gaeltacht are attended by tens of thousands of teenagers annually. Students live with Gaeltacht families, attend classes, participate in sports, go to céilithe and are obliged to speak Irish. All aspects of Irish culture and tradition are encouraged. The most popular summertime Gaeltacht is Coláiste Lurgan in Galway. Its main aim is to promote Irish speaking among young people in an enjoyable and stimulating way.
Before the partition of Ireland in 1921, Irish was recognised as a school subject and as "Celtic '' in some third level institutions. Between 1921 and 1972, Northern Ireland had devolved government. During those years the political party holding power in the Stormont Parliament, the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), was hostile to the language. The context of this hostility was the use of the language by nationalists. In broadcasting, there was an exclusion on the reporting of minority cultural issues, and Irish was excluded from radio and television for almost the first fifty years of the previous devolved government. The language received a degree of formal recognition in Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom, under the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, and then, in 2003, by the British government 's ratification in respect of the language of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. While the British government promised to create legislation encouraging the language as part of the 2006 St Andrews Agreement, it has yet to do so. The Irish Language is often used as a bargaining chip during government formation in Northern Ireland, something which is often protested by organisations and groups such as An Dream Dearg.
Irish became an official language of the EU on 1 January 2007, meaning that MEPs with Irish fluency can now speak the language in the European Parliament and at committees, although in the case of the latter they have to give prior notice to a simultaneous interpreter in order to ensure that what they say can be interpreted into other languages. While an official language of the European Union, only co-decision regulations must be available in Irish for the moment, due to a renewable five - year derogation on what has to be translated, requested by the Irish Government when negotiating the language 's new official status. Any expansion in the range of documents to be translated will depend on the results of the first five - year review and on whether the Irish authorities decide to seek an extension. The Irish government has committed itself to train the necessary number of translators and interpreters and to bear the related costs. Derogation is expected to end completely by 2022.
Before Irish became an official language it was afforded the status of treaty language and only the highest - level documents of the EU were made available in Irish.
The Irish language was carried abroad in the modern period by a vast diaspora, chiefly to Britain and North America, but also to Australia, New Zealand and Argentina. The first large movements began in the 17th century, largely as a result of the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, which saw many Irish sent to the West Indies. Irish emigration to the United States was well established by the 18th century, and was reinforced in the 1840s by thousands fleeing from the Famine. This flight also affected Britain. Up until that time most emigrants spoke Irish as their first language, though English was steadily establishing itself as the primary language. Irish speakers had first arrived in Australia in the late 18th century as convicts and soldiers, and many Irish - speaking settlers followed, particularly in the 1860s. New Zealand also received some of this influx. Argentina was the only non-English - speaking country to receive large numbers of Irish emigrants, and there were few Irish speakers among them.
Relatively few of the emigrants were literate in Irish, but manuscripts in the language were brought to both Australia and the United States, and it was in the United States that the first newspaper to make significant use of Irish was established. In Australia, too, the language found its way into print. The Gaelic revival, which started in Ireland in the 1890s, found a response abroad, with branches of Conradh na Gaeilge being established in all the countries to which Irish speakers had emigrated.
The decline of Irish in Ireland and a slowing of emigration helped to ensure a decline in the language abroad, along with natural attrition in the host countries. Despite this, a handful of enthusiasts continued to learn and cultivate Irish in diaspora countries and elsewhere, a trend which strengthened in the second half of the 20th century. Today the language is taught at tertiary level in North America, Australia and Europe, and Irish speakers outside Ireland contribute to journalism and literature in the language. There are significant Irish - speaking networks in the United States and Canada; figures released for the period 2006 -- 2008 show that 22,279 Americans claimed to speak Irish at home.
The Irish language is also one of the languages of the Celtic League, a non-governmental organisation that promotes self - determination and Celtic identity and culture in Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Brittany, Cornwall and the Isle of Man, known as the Celtic nations. It places particular emphasis on the indigenous Celtic languages. It is recognised by the United Nations as a non-governmental organisation with "Roster Status '' and is part of the UN 's Economic and Social Council. The organisation has branches in all the Celtic nations and in Patagonia, Argentina, New York City, US, and London, UK.
Irish was spoken as a community language until the early 20th century on the island of Newfoundland, in a form known as Newfoundland Irish.
The following 2016 census data shows:
The total number of people who answered ' yes ' to being able to speak Irish in April 2016 was 1,761,420, a slight decrease (0.7 per cent) on the 2011 figure of 1,774,437. This represents 39.8 per cent of respondents compared with 41.4 in 2011... Of the 73,803 daily Irish speakers (outside the education system), 20,586 (27.9 %) lived in Gaeltacht areas.
Irish is represented by several traditional dialects and by various varieties of "urban '' Irish. The latter, though sometimes referred to as "modern Irish, '' has acquired a life of its own and a growing number of native speakers. Differences between the dialects make themselves felt in stress, intonation, vocabulary and structural features.
Roughly speaking, the three major dialect areas which survive coincide with the provinces of Munster (Cúige Mumhan), Connacht (Cúige Chonnacht) and Ulster (Cúige Uladh). Records of some dialects of Leinster were made by the Irish Folklore Commission and others prior to their extinction. Newfoundland, in eastern Canada, had a form of Irish derived from the Munster Irish of the later 18th century (see Newfoundland Irish).
Down to the early 19th century and even later, Irish was spoken in all the counties of Leinster: Carlow, Dublin, Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois, Longford, Louth, Meath, Westmeath, Offaly, Wexford and Wicklow. The evidence furnished by placenames, literary sources and recorded speech indicates that there were three dialects spoken in Leinster: one main dialect and two of lesser significance. The minor dialects were represented by the Ulster speech of counties Meath and Louth, which extended as far south as the Boyne valley, and a Munster dialect found in Kilkenny and south Laois. The main dialect was represented by a broad central belt stretching from west Connacht eastwards to the Liffey estuary and southwards to Wexford, though with many local variations.
The main dialect had characteristics which survive today only in the Irish of Connacht. It typically placed the stress on the first syllable of a word, and showed a preference (found in placenames) for the pronunciation cr where the standard spelling is cn. The word cnoc (hill) would therefore be pronounced croc. Examples are the placenames Crooksling (Cnoc Slinne) in County Dublin and Crukeen (Cnoicín) in Carlow. East Leinster showed the same diphthongisation or vowel lengthening as in Munster and Connacht Irish in words like poll (hole), cill (monastery), coill (wood), ceann (head), cam (crooked) and dream (crowd). A feature of the dialect was the pronunciation of the vowel ao, which generally became ae in east Leinster (as in Munster), and í in the west (as in Connacht).
Early evidence regarding colloquial Irish in east Leinster is found in The Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge (1547), by the English physician and traveller Andrew Borde. The illustrative phrases he uses include the following (with regularised Irish spelling in brackets):
The Pale (An Pháil) was an area around late medieval Dublin under the control of the English government. By the late 15th century it consisted of an area along the coast from Dalkey, south of Dublin, to the garrison town of Dundalk, with an inland boundary encompassing Naas and Leixlip in the Earldom of Kildare and Trim and Kells in County Meath to the north. Into this area of "Englyshe tunge '' the Irish language steadily advanced. An English official remarked of the Pale in 1515 that "all the common people of the said half counties that obeyeth the King 's laws, for the most part be of Irish birth, of Irish habit and of Irish language ''.
With the strengthening of English cultural and political control, language reversal began to occur, but this did not become clearly evident until the 18th century. Even then, in the decennial period 1771 -- 81, the percentage of Irish speakers in Meath was at least 41 %. By 1851 this had fallen to less than 3 %.
English expanded strongly in Leinster in the 18th century, but Irish speakers were still numerous. In the decennial period 1771 -- 81 certain counties had estimated percentages of Irish speakers as follows (though the estimates are likely to be too low):
The language saw its most rapid initial decline in Laois, Wexford, Wicklow, County Dublin and perhaps Kildare. The proportion of Irish - speaking children in Leinster went down as follows: 17 % in the 1700s, 11 % in the 1800s, 3 % in the 1830s and virtually none in the 1860s.
The Irish census of 1851 showed that there were still a number of older speakers in County Dublin. Sound recordings were made between 1928 and 1931 of some of the last speakers in Omeath, County Louth (now available in digital form). The last known traditional native speaker in Omeath, and in Leinster as a whole, was Annie O'Hanlon (née Dobbin), who died in 1960.
Munster Irish is mainly spoken in the Gaeltacht areas of Kerry (Contae Chiarraí), Ring (An Rinn) near Dungarvan (Dún Garbháin) in Waterford (Contae Phort Láirge) and Muskerry (Múscraí) and Cape Clear Island (Oileán Chléire) in the western part of Cork (Contae Chorcaí). The most important subdivision in Munster is that between Decies Irish (Na Déise) (spoken in Waterford) and the rest of Munster Irish.
Some typical features of Munster Irish are:
Historically, Connacht Irish represents the westernmost remnant of a dialect area which stretched across the centre of Ireland to the east coast. The strongest dialect of Connacht Irish is to be found in Connemara and the Aran Islands. Much closer to the larger Connacht Gaeltacht is the dialect spoken in the smaller region on the border between Galway (Gaillimh) and Mayo (Maigh Eo). The northern Mayo dialect of Erris (Iorras) and Achill (Acaill) is in grammar and morphology essentially a Connacht dialect, but shows some similarities to Ulster Irish due to large - scale immigration of dispossessed people following the Plantation of Ulster though it is this form of Irish which is closest to the true original Connacht dialect which would have been spoken in Counties Sligo, Roscommon, Leitrim and East Galway.
Features in Connacht Irish differing from the official standard include a preference for verbal nouns ending in - achan, e.g. lagachan instead of lagú, "weakening ''. The non-standard pronunciation of the Gaeltacht Cois Fharraige area with lengthened vowels and heavily reduced endings gives it a distinct sound. Distinguishing features of Connacht and Ulster dialect include the pronunciation of word final broad bh and mh as (w), rather than as (vɣ) in Munster. For example, sliabh ("mountain '') is pronounced (ʃljiəw) in Connacht and Ulster as opposed to (ʃljiəβ) in the south. In addition Connacht and Ulster speakers tend to include the "we '' pronoun rather than use the standard compound form used in Munster e.g. bhí muid is used for "we were '' instead of bhíomar.
As in Munster Irish, some short vowels are lengthened and others diphthongised before - nn, - m, - rr, - rd, - ll, in monosyllabic words and in the stressed syllable of multisyllabic words where the syllable is followed by a consonant. This can be seen in ceann (cɑ: n) "head '', cam (kɑ: m) "crooked '', gearr (gjɑ: r) "short '', ord (ourd) "sledgehammer '', gall (gɑ: l) "foreigner, non-Gael '', iontas (i: ntəs) "a wonder, a marvel '', etc. The form ' - aibh ', when occurring at the end of words like ' agaibh ', tends to be pronounced as an ' ee ' sound.
There are a number of differences between the popular South Connemara form of Irish, the Mid-Connacht / Joyce Country form (on the border between Mayo and Galway) and the Achill and Erris forms in the north of the province.
In South Connemara, for example, there is an tendency to substitute a "b '' sound at the end of words ending in "bh '' (β), such as sibh, libh and dóibh, something not found in the rest of Connacht (these words would be pronounced respectively as "shiv, '' "liv '' and "dófa '' in the other areas). This placing of the B - sound is also present at the end of words ending in vowels, such as acu (pronounced as "acub '') and leo (pronounced as "lyohab ''). There is also a tendency to omit the "g '' sound in words such as agam, agat and againn, a characteristic also of other Connacht dialects. All these pronunciations are distinctively regional.
The pronunciation prevalent in the Joyce Country (the area around Lough Corrib and Lough Mask) is quite similar to that of South Connemara, with a similar approach to the words agam, agat and againn and a similar approach to pronunciation of vowels and consonants. But there are noticeable differences in vocabulary, with certain words such as doiligh (difficult) and foscailte being preferred to the more usual deacair and oscailte. Another interesting aspect of this sub-dialect is that almost all vowels at the end of words tend to be pronounced as í: eile (other), cosa (feet) and déanta (done) tend to be pronounced as eilí, cosaí and déantaí respectively.
The Irish of Achill and Erris tends to differ from that of South Connacht in many aspects of vocabulary and, in some instances, of pronunciation. It is often stated that the Irish of these regions has much in common with Ulster Irish, with words ending - mh and - bh having a much softer sound, with a tendency to terminate words such as leo and dóibh with "f '', giving leofa and dófa respectively. In addition to a vocabulary typical of other area of Connacht, one also finds words like amharc (meaning "to look '' and pronounced "onk ''), nimhneach (painful or sore), druid (close), mothaigh (hear), doiligh (difficult), úr (new), and tig le (to be able to -- i.e. a form similar to féidir).
Irish President Douglas Hyde was possibly one of the last speakers of the Roscommon dialect of Irish.
Linguistically the most important of the Ulster dialects today is that of the Rosses (na Rossa), which has been used extensively in literature by such authors as the brothers Séamus Ó Grianna and Seosamh Mac Grianna, locally known as Jimí Fheilimí and Joe Fheilimí. This dialect is essentially the same as that in Gweedore (Gaoth Dobhair = Inlet of Streaming Water), and used by native singers Enya (Eithne) and Moya Brennan and their siblings in Clannad (Clann as Dobhar = Family from the Dobhar (a section of Gweedore)) Na Casaidigh, and Mairéad Ní Mhaonaigh from another local band Altan.
Ulster Irish sounds very different and shares several features with southern dialects of Scottish Gaelic and Manx, as well as having lots of characteristic words and shades of meanings. However, since the demise of those Irish dialects spoken natively in what is today Northern Ireland, it is probably an exaggeration to see present - day Ulster Irish as an intermediary form between Scottish Gaelic and the southern and western dialects of Irish. Northern Scottish Gaelic has many non-Ulster features in common with Munster Irish.
One noticeable trait of Ulster Irish, Manx Gaelic and Scots Gaelic is the use of the negative particle cha (n) in place of the Munster and Connacht ní. Though southern Ulster Irish tends to use ní more than cha (n), cha (n) has almost ousted ní in northernmost dialects (e.g. Rosguill and Tory Island), though even in these areas níl "is not '' is more common than chan fhuil or cha bhfuil.
Another noticeable trait is the pronunciation of the first person singular verb ending - im as - am, also common to Ulster, Man and Scotland (Munster / Connacht / Leinster siúlaim "I walk '', Ulster siúlam).
Irish was spoken as a community language in Irish towns and cities down to the 19th century. In the 16th and 17th centuries it was widespread even in Dublin and the Pale.
The Irish of Dublin, situated as it was between the east Ulster dialect of Meath and Louth to the north and the Leinster - Connacht dialect further south, may have reflected the characteristics of both in phonology and grammar. In County Dublin itself the general rule was to place the stress on the initial vowel of words. With time it appears that the forms of the dative case took over the other case endings in the plural (a tendency found to a lesser extent in other dialects). In a letter written in Dublin in 1691 we find such examples as the following: gnóthuimh (accusative case, the standard form being gnóthaí), tíorthuibh (accusative case, the standard form being tíortha) and leithscéalaibh (genitive case, the standard form being leithscéalta).
English authorities of the Cromwellian period, aware that Irish was widely spoken in Dublin, arranged for its official use. In 1655 several local dignitaries were ordered to oversee a lecture in Irish to be given in Dublin. In March 1656 a converted Catholic priest, Séamas Corcy, was appointed to preach in Irish at Bride 's parish every Sunday, and was also ordered to preach at Drogheda and Athy. In 1657 the English colonists in Dublin presented a petition to the Municipal Council complaining that in Dublin itself "there is Irish commonly and usually spoken ''.
There is contemporary evidence of the use of Irish in other urban areas at the time. In 1657 it was found necessary to have an Oath of Abjuration (rejecting the authority of the Pope) read in Irish in Cork so that people could understand it.
Irish was sufficiently strong in early 18th century Dublin to be the language of a coterie of poets and scribes led by Seán and Tadhg Ó Neachtain, both poets of note. Scribal activity in Irish persisted in Dublin right through the 18th century. An outstanding example was Muiris Ó Gormáin (Maurice Gorman), a prolific producer of manuscripts who advertised his services (in English) in Faulkner 's Dublin Journal.
In other urban centres the descendants of medieval Anglo - Norman settlers, the so - called Old English, were Irish - speaking or bilingual by the 16th century. The English administrator and traveller Fynes Moryson, writing in the last years of the 16th century, said that "the English Irish and the very citizens (excepting those of Dublin where the lord deputy resides) though they could speak English as well as we, yet commonly speak Irish among themselves, and were hardly induced by our familiar conversation to speak English with us ''. The demise of native cultural institutions in the seventeenth century saw the social prestige of Irish diminish, and the gradual Anglicisation of the middle classes followed.
The census of 1851 showed that the towns and cities of Munster still had significant Irish - speaking populations. In 1819 James McQuige, a veteran Methodist lay preacher in Irish, wrote: "In some of the largest southern towns, Cork, Kinsale and even the Protestant town of Bandon, provisions are sold in the markets, and cried in the streets, in Irish ''. Irish speakers constituted over 40 % of the population of Cork even in 1851.
The 19th century saw a reduction in the number of Dublin 's Irish speakers, in keeping with the trend elsewhere. This continued until the end of the century, when the Gaelic revival saw the creation of a strong Irish -- speaking network, typically united by various branches of the Conradh na Gaeilge, and accompanied by renewed literary activity. By the 1930s Dublin had a lively literary life in Irish.
Urban Irish has been the beneficiary, over the last few decades, of a rapidly expanding independent school system, known generally as Gaelscoileanna. These schools teach entirely through Irish, and there are over thirty in Dublin alone.
It is likely that the number of urban native speakers (i.e. people who were born into Irish - speaking households and educated through Irish) is on the increase. It has been suggested that Ireland 's towns and cities are acquiring a critical mass of Irish speakers, reflected in the expansion of Irish language media. Colloquial urban Irish is changing in unforeseen ways, with attention being drawn to the rapid loss of consonantal mutations (which are intrinsic to the language). It is presently uncertain whether the urban Irish of non-native speakers will become a dialect in its own right or grow further apart from native Gaeltacht Irish and become a creole (i.e. a new language).
An Caighdeán Oifigiúil ("The Official Standard ''), often shortened to An Caighdeán, is the standard language, which is taught in most schools in Ireland, though with strong influences from local dialects. It was published by the translators in Dáil Éireann in the 1950s.
Its development in the 1950s and 1960s had two purposes. One was to simplify Irish spelling, which had retained its Classical spelling, by removing many silent letters, and to give a standard written form that was mutually intelligible by speakers with different dialects. Many aspects of the Caighdeán are essentially those of Connacht Irish; this is because this is the "central '' dialect which forms a "bridge '', as it were, between the North and South. In practice, dialect speakers pronounce words as in their own dialect; the spelling reflects the pronunciation of Classical Irish. For example, ceann "head '' in early modern Irish was pronounced (cenːɣ). The spelling has been retained, but the word is variously pronounced (caunɣ) in the South, (cɑːnɣ) in Connacht, and (cænːɣ) in the North. Beag "small '' was (bjɛɡ) in early modern Irish, and is now (bjɛɡ) in Waterford Irish; (bjɔɡ) in Cork - Kerry Irish; varies between (bjɔɡ) and (bjæɡ) in the West; and is (bjœɡ) in the North.
The simplification was weighted in favour of the Western dialect. For example, the early modern Irish leaba, dative case leabaidh (ljebɣɨʝ) "bed '' is pronounced (ljabɣə) as well as (ljabɣɨɟ) in Waterford Irish, (ljabɣɨɟ) in Cork - Kerry Irish, (ljæbɣə) in Connacht Irish ((ljæːbɣə) in Cois Fharraige Irish) and (ljæbɣi) in the North. Native speakers from the North and South may consider that leabaidh should be the representation in the Caighdeán rather than the actual leaba. However, leaba is the historically correct nominative form and arguably preferable to the historically incorrect yet common use of the dative form for the nominative.
On the other hand, in some cases the Caighdeán retained classical spellings even though none of the dialects had retained the corresponding pronunciation. For example, it has retained the Classical Irish spelling of ar ("on '', "for '', etc.) and ag ("at '', "by '', "of '', etc.). The first is pronounced (ɛɾj) throughout the Goidelic - speaking world (and is written er in Manx, and air in Scottish Gaelic), and should be written either eir or oir in Irish. The second is pronounced (iɟ) in the South, and (eɟ) in the North and West. Again, Manx and Scottish Gaelic reflect this pronunciation much more clearly than Irish does (Manx ec, Scottish aig).
In many cases, however, the Caighdeán can only refer to the Classical language, in that every dialect is different, as for example in the personal forms of ag.
The second purpose was to create a grammatically regularised or "simplified '' standard which would make the language more accessible for the majority English - speaking school population. In part this is why the Caighdeán is not universally respected by native speakers. Native speakers traditionally spoke their own dialect (or the Classical dialect if they had knowledge of that). Of course, the simplification of Irish was not the original aim of the developers, who rather saw the Caighdeán as a means of easing second - language learners into the task of learning "full '' Irish. The Caighdeán verb system is a prime example, with the reduction in irregular verb forms and personal forms of the verb -- except for the first person.
The Caighdeán, in general, is used by non-native speakers, frequently from the capital, and is sometimes also called "Dublin Irish '' or "Urban Irish ''. As it is taught in many Irish - language schools (where Irish is the main, or sometimes only, medium of instruction), it is also sometimes called "Gaelscoil Irish ''. The so - called "Belfast Irish '', spoken in that city 's Gaeltacht Quarter, is the Caighdeán heavily influenced by Ulster Irish and Belfast English.
The differences between dialects are considerable, and have led to recurrent difficulties in defining standard Irish. In recent decades contacts between speakers of different dialects have become more frequent and the differences between the dialects are less noticeable.
As of August 2012, the first major revision of the Caighdeán Oifigiúil is available, both online and in print. Among the changes to be found in the revised version are, for example, various attempts to bring the recommendations of the Caighdeán closer to the spoken dialect of Gaeltacht speakers, including allowing further use of the nominative case where the genitive would historically have been found.
In pronunciation, Irish most closely resembles its nearest relatives, Scottish Gaelic and Manx. One notable feature is that consonants (except / h /) come in pairs, one "broad '' (velarised, pronounced with the back of the tongue pulled back towards the soft palate) and one "slender '' (palatalised, pronounced with the middle of the tongue pushed up towards the hard palate). While broad -- slender pairs are not unique to Irish (being found, for example, in Russian), in Irish they have a grammatical function.
Diphthongs: iə, uə, əi, əu.
Irish is a fusional, VSO, nominative - accusative language. Irish is neither verb nor satellite framed, and makes liberal use of deictic verbs.
Nouns decline for 3 numbers: singular, dual, plural; 2 genders: masculine, feminine; and 4 cases: ainmneach (nominative and accusative), gairmeach (vocative), ginideach (genitive), and tabharthach (prepositional). Adjectives agree with nouns in number, gender, and case. Adjectives generally follow nouns, though some precede or prefix nouns. Demonstrative adjectives have proximal, medial, and distal forms. The prepositional case is called the dative by convention.
Verbs conjugate for 3 tenses: past, present, future; 2 aspects: simple, habitual; 2 numbers: singular, plural; 4 moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperative; relative forms; and in some verbs, independent and dependent forms. Verbs conjugate for 3 persons and an impersonal form in which no agent can be determined. There are two verbs for "to be '', one for inherent qualities, and one for transient qualities. The passive voice and many other forms are periphrastic. There are number of preverbal particles marking the negative, interrogative, subjunctive, relative clauses, etc. There is a verbal noun, and verbal adjective. Verb forms are highly regular, many grammars recognise only 11 irregular verbs.
Prepositions inflect for person and number. Different prepositions govern different cases. Some prepositions govern different cases depending on intended semantics. The word ag (at), becomes agam (at me) in the first person singular. When used with the verb bí (to be), ag indicates possession. Irish shares this attribute with Russian.
Numerals have 4 forms: abstract, impersonal, personal, and ordinal.
In Irish, there are two classes of initial consonant mutations, which express grammatical relationship and meaning in verbs, nouns and adjectives:
Mutations are often the only way to distinguish grammatical forms. For example, the only non-contextual way to distinguish possessive pronouns "her, '' "his '' and "their '', is through initial mutations since all meanings are represented by the same word a.
Due to initial mutation, prefixes, clitics, suffixes, root inflection, ending morphology, elision, sandhi, epinthesis, and assimilation; the beginning, core, and end of words can each change radically and even simultaneously depending on context.
Modern Irish traditionally used the ISO basic Latin alphabet without the letters j, k, q, w, x, y and z, but with the addition of one diacritic sign, the acute accent (á é í ó ú), known in Irish as the síneadh fada ("long mark ''; plural: sínte fada). However, some gaelicised words use those letters: for instance, ' Jeep ' is written as ' Jíp ' (the letter v has been naturalised into the language, although it is not part of the traditional alphabet, and has the same pronunciation as "bh ''). In idiomatic English usage, this diacritic is frequently referred to simply as the fada, where the adjective is used as a noun. The fada serves to lengthen the sound of the vowels and in some cases also changes their quality. For example, in Munster Irish (Kerry), a is / a / or / ɑ / and á is / ɑː / in "father '' but in Ulster Irish (Donegal), á tends to be / æː /.
Traditional orthography had an additional diacritic -- a dot over some consonants to indicate lenition. In modern Irish, the letter h suffixed to a consonant indicates that the consonant is lenited. Thus, for example, ' Gaelaċ ' has become ' Gaelach '.
Around the time of the Second World War, Séamas Daltún, in charge of Rannóg an Aistriúcháin (the official translations department of the Irish government), issued his own guidelines about how to standardise Irish spelling and grammar. This de facto standard was subsequently approved by the State and called the Official Standard or Caighdeán Oifigiúil. It simplified and standardised the orthography. Many words had silent letters removed and vowel combination brought closer to the spoken language. Where multiple versions existed in different dialects for the same word, one or more were selected.
Examples:
The standard spelling does not necessarily reflect the pronunciation used in particular dialects. For example, in standard Irish, bia, "food '', has the genitive bia. In Munster Irish, however, the genitive is pronounced / bjiːɟ /. For this reason, the spelling biadh is still used by the speakers of some dialects, in particular those that show a meaningful and audible difference between biadh (nominative case) and bídh (genitive case) "of food, food 's ''. In Munster the latter spelling regularly produces the pronunciation / bjiːɟ / because final - idh, - igh regularly delenites to - ig in Munster pronunciation. Another example would be the word crua, meaning "hard ''. This pronounced / kruəɟ / in Munster, in line with the pre-Caighdeán spelling, cruaidh. In Munster, ao is pronounced / eː / and aoi pronounced / iː /, but the new spellings of saoghal, "life, world '', genitive: saoghail, have become saol, genitive saoil. This produces irregularities in the match - up between the spelling and pronunciation in Munster, because the word is pronounced / sɣeːl̪ɣ /, genitive / sɣeːlj /.
The dot - above diacritic, called a ponc séimhithe or sí buailte (often shortened to buailte), derives from the punctum delens used in medieval manuscripts to indicate deletion, similar to crossing out unwanted words in handwriting today. From this usage it was used to indicate the lenition of s (from / s / to / h /) and f (from / f / to zero) in Old Irish texts.
Lenition of c, p, and t was indicated by placing the letter h after the affected consonant; lenition of other sounds was left unmarked. Later both methods were extended to be indicators of lenition of any sound except l and n, and two competing systems were used: lenition could be marked by a buailte or by a postposed h. Eventually, use of the buailte predominated when texts were written using Gaelic letters, while the h predominated when writing using Roman letters.
Today, Gaelic type and the buailte are rarely used except where a "traditional '' style is required, e.g. the motto on the University College Dublin coat of arms or the symbol of the Irish Defence Forces, The Irish Defence Forces cap badge (Óglaiġ na h - Éireann). Letters with the buailte are available in Unicode and Latin - 8 character sets (see Latin Extended Additional chart).
http://www.drb.ie/essays/c%C3%A9-fada-le-f%C3%A1n.
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who played the wives in mad max fury road | Mad Max: Fury Road - Wikipedia
Mad Max: Fury Road is a 2015 action film co-written, co-produced and directed by George Miller. Miller collaborated with Brendan McCarthy and Nico Lathouris on the screenplay. The fourth installment and a reboot of the Mad Max franchise, it is a joint Australian - American venture produced by Kennedy Miller Mitchell, RatPac - Dune Entertainment and Village Roadshow Pictures. The film is set in a post apocalyptic desert wasteland where gasoline and water are scarce commodities. It follows Max Rockatansky (Tom Hardy), who joins forces with Imperator Furiosa (Charlize Theron) to flee from cult leader Immortan Joe (Hugh Keays - Byrne) and his army in an armoured tanker truck, which leads to a lengthy road battle. The film also features Nicholas Hoult, Rosie Huntington - Whiteley, Riley Keough, Zoë Kravitz, Abbey Lee, and Courtney Eaton.
Fury Road was in development hell for many years, with pre-production starting as early as 1997. Attempts were made to shoot the film in 2001 and 2003, but were delayed due to the September 11 attacks and the Iraq War. In 2007, after focusing on Happy Feet, Miller decided to pursue producing the film again. He briefly considered producing it as a computer - animated film but abandoned it in favor of live - action. In 2009, Miller announced that filming would begin in early 2011. Hardy was cast as Max in June 2010, with production planned to begin that November. Principal photography was delayed several more times before beginning in July 2012. The film wrapped in December 2012, although additional film footage was shot in November 2013.
The film had its world premiere on 7 May 2015 at the TCL Chinese Theatre. It began a worldwide theatrical release on 14 May 2015, including an out - of - competition screening at the 68th Cannes Film Festival, in 2D, 3D, IMAX 3D and 4DX. It has grossed over $378 million worldwide, making it the highest - grossing film in the Mad Max franchise. The film was ranked by many critics as the best film of 2015, and is considered one of the greatest action films ever made; acclaim went to its direction, screenplay, action sequences, and ensemble cast. Fury Road won multiple critical and guild awards, and received ten Academy Award nominations including Best Picture and Best Director for George Miller. It won six: Costume Design, Production Design, Makeup and Hairstyling, Film Editing, Sound Editing and Sound Mixing.
Following a nuclear holocaust, the world has become a desert wasteland and civilization has collapsed. Max Rockatansky, a survivor, is captured by the War Boys, the army of the tyrannical Immortan Joe, and taken to Joe 's Citadel. Designated a universal blood donor, Max is imprisoned and used as a "blood bag '' for a sick War Boy called Nux. Meanwhile, Imperator Furiosa, one of Joe 's lieutenants, is sent in her armoured semi-truck, the "War Rig '', to collect gasoline. When she drives off - route, Joe realizes that his five wives -- women selected for breeding -- are missing, and fleeing with her. Joe leads his entire army in pursuit of Furiosa, calling on the aid of nearby Gas Town and the Bullet Farm.
Nux joins the pursuit with Max strapped to his car to continue supplying blood. A battle ensues between the War Rig and Joe 's forces. Furiosa drives into a sand storm, evading her pursuers, except Nux, who attempts to sacrifice himself to destroy the Rig. Max escapes and restrains Nux, but the car is destroyed. After the storm, Max finds Furiosa repairing the Rig, accompanied by the wives: Capable, Cheedo, Toast, the Dag and the Splendid Angharad, who is heavily pregnant with Joe 's child. Max steals the Rig, but its kill switch disables it. Max reluctantly agrees to let Furiosa and the wives accompany him; Nux climbs on the Rig as it leaves and attempts to kill Furiosa, but is overcome and thrown out, and is picked up by Joe 's army.
Furiosa drives through a biker gang - controlled canyon to barter a deal for safe passage. However, with Joe 's forces pursuing, the gang turns on her, forcing her and the group to flee, while the bikers detonate the canyon walls to block Joe. Max and Furiosa fight pursuing bikers as Joe 's car, with Nux now on board, breaks through the blockade and eventually attacks the War Rig, allowing Nux to board. However, as the Rig escapes, Angharad falls off in an attempt to protect Max and is run over by Joe 's car, killing her and her child. Furiosa explains to Max that they are escaping to the "Green Place '', an idyllic land she remembers from her childhood. Capable finds Nux hiding in the Rig, distraught over his failure, and consoles him. That night, the Rig gets stuck in the mud. Furiosa and Max slow Joe 's forces with mines, but Joe 's ally, the Bullet Farmer, continues pursuing them. Nux helps Max free the Rig while Furiosa shoots and blinds the Bullet Farmer. Max walks into the dark to confront the Bullet Farmer and his men, returning with guns and ammunition.
They drive the War Rig overnight through swampland and desert, coming across a naked woman the next day. Max suspects a trap, though Furiosa approaches the woman and states her history and clan affiliation. The naked woman summons her clan, the Vuvalini, who recognize Furiosa as one of their own who was kidnapped as a child. Furiosa is devastated to learn that the swampland they passed was indeed the Green Place, now uninhabitable. The group then plans to ride motorbikes across immense salt flats in the hope of finding a new home. Max chooses to stay behind, but after seeing visions of a child he failed to save, he convinces them to return to the undefended Citadel, which has ample water and greenery that Joe keeps for himself, and trap Joe and his army in the bikers ' canyon.
The group heads back to the Citadel, but they are attacked en route by Joe 's forces, and Furiosa is seriously wounded. Joe positions his car in front of the War Rig to slow it, while Max fights Joe 's giant son, Rictus Erectus. Joe captures Toast, who manages to distract him long enough for Furiosa to kill him. Nux sacrifices himself by wrecking the Rig, killing Rictus and blocking the canyon, allowing Max, Furiosa, the wives, and the surviving Vuvalini to escape in Joe 's car, where Max transfuses his blood to Furiosa, saving her life.
At the Citadel, the impoverished citizens react to Joe 's death with joy. Furiosa, the wives, and the Vuvalini are cheered by the people and welcomed by the remaining War Boys. Max shares a respectful glance with Furiosa before blending into the crowd and again departing for parts unknown.
The primary theme of Mad Max: Fury Road is survival and retention of humanity in the face of apocalyptic events. The theme of humanity is illustrated by Max beginning the film a feral wanderer, then rediscovering his former dignity by partnering with Furiosa. As the underlying goal for Max, the theme of staying alive has been carried over from the previous installments of the series that also highlight issues such as ecological collapse and moral decadence. "Survival is key '', explained Miller. "I think it 's a reason why the American Western was such a staple for the better part of a century in American cinema. They were allegorical tales with figures in the landscape working these things out ''.
Feminism is another theme that has received notice. Charlize Theron is a "dramatic center for the film. '' Throughout the film, her character demonstrates the physicality of a hero committed to a rescue mission. Sarah Stewart of IndieWire writes: "in the end, the movie... sets up the start of a matriarchal society as an antidote to the barbarian, warlike tribes that came before ''. These elements contrast this film with the male - centered hero in the previous Mad Max films.
Theron 's character, Furiosa, "has a shaved head... a fierce leather outfit... a mechanical arm she jerry - rigged from salvaged tools, '' and "is a sharpshooting powerhouse who can also handle an 18 - wheel war rig charging through the desert. '' She is "a female road warrior. '' Throughout the film, Furiosa "is a character exactly equal to Max. '' Furiosa and Max are presented as protagonist / antagonist.
Kyle Smith of the New York Post said that the title character, Mad Max, is "actually a secondary figure '' in a film that is not about a roaming Max Rockatansky. Instead, the movie is "actually '' about a "feminist revolt led by Imperator Furiosa '' against Immortan Joe.
Further themes pointed out by critics have included vengeance, solidarity, home, and redemption. In his review of Mad Max: Fury Road, film critic A.O. Scott wrote: "The themes of vengeance and solidarity, the wide - open spaces and the kinetic, ground - level movement mark Fury Road as a western, and the filmmakers pay tribute to such masters of the genre as John Ford, Budd Boetticher and, not least, Chuck Jones, whose Road Runner cartoons are models of ingenuity and rigor. '' Similar to the previous Mad Max films, home has been regarded as a central theme in Mad Max: Fury Road as it dominates the motivations of Max, Furiosa, and the Five Wives: his home was destroyed, she was taken from her home, and the wives are in search of a new home to raise their children. The unity of these characters also harnesses a concern for family, a common theme within Miller 's filmography.
Plans for a fourth film in the Mad Max series hit financial difficulties and the project spent several years in "development hell ''. In 1995, George Miller re-acquired the rights to future Mad Max films from Warner Bros. The idea for a fourth instalment occurred to Miller in August 1998 when he was walking in an intersection in Los Angeles. About a year later, while travelling from Los Angeles to Australia, the idea coalesced. Miller conceived a story where "violent marauders were fighting, not for oil or for material goods, but for human beings. '' The film was set to shoot in 2001 through 20th Century Fox, but was postponed because of the September 11 attacks that same year. "The American dollar collapsed against the Australian dollar, and our budget ballooned '', Miller said, adding that he "had to move on to Happy Feet because there was a small window when that was ready ''. Mel Gibson, who starred in the original three previous films, would not return to his role as the lead character. Miller ended up re-casting the role because of controversies surrounding Gibson and because he wanted Max to remain at a younger age, as the "same contemporary warrior ''. Miller announced in 2003 that a script had been written for a fourth film, and that pre-production was in the early stages. The project was given the green light to begin filming in the Australian desert in May 2003 with a budget of US $ 100 million, but the location was ruined by rainfall. Mad Max 4 entered then a hiatus in light of security concerns related to its Namibian shoot because of tightened travel and shipping restrictions at the onset of the Iraq War.
In November 2006, Miller stated that he intended to make Fury Road and that the film was never going to involve Gibson: "There 's a real hope. The last thing I wanted to do is another Mad Max, but this script came along, and I 'm completely carried away with it. '' The film 's screenplay was co-written with cult British comic creator Brendan McCarthy, who also designed many of the new characters and vehicles. Miller again confirmed his intention to make another Mad Max at the 2007 Aurora filmmaker initiative. However, he stated that he thought Gibson would not be interested in the film because of his age. Heath Ledger was reportedly considered for the lead before his death in 2008. On 5 March 2009, it was announced that an R - rated 3D animated feature film was in pre-production and would be taking much of the plot from Fury Road, although Gibson would not be in the film and Miller was looking for a "different route '', a "renaissance '' of the franchise. Miller cited director Akira Kurosawa as an inspiration for what he wanted to do with the franchise. Miller was also developing an action - adventure tie - in video game based on the fourth film, along with God of War II video game designer Cory Barlog. Both projects were expected to take two to two - and - a-half years, according to Miller, with a release date of either 2011 or 2012. Fury Road was going to be produced at Dr. D Studios, a digital art studios founded in 2008 by Miller and Doug Mitchell.
On 18 May 2009, it was reported that location scouting was underway for Mad Max 4. After exploring the possibility of an animated 3D film, Miller decided instead to shoot a 3D live action film. By this time, production had moved to Warner Bros. In October 2009, Miller announced that principal photography on Fury Road would commence at Broken Hill, New South Wales in early 2011, ending years of speculation. This announcement attracted widespread media attention in Australia, with speculation on whether Gibson would return as Max. That same month, British actor Tom Hardy was in negotiations to take the lead role of Max, while it was also announced that Charlize Theron would play a major role in the film. In June 2010, Hardy announced on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross that he would play the title role. In July 2010, Miller announced plans to shoot two Mad Max films back - to - back, entitled Mad Max: Fury Road and Mad Max: Furiosa. Weta Digital was originally involved with the film when it was scheduled for a 2012 release. The company was to be handling visual effects, conceptual designs, speciality make - up effects, and costume designs until production was postponed from its November 2010 start date.
In November 2011, filming was moved from Broken Hill back to Namibia, after unexpected heavy rains caused wildflowers to grow in the desert, inappropriate for the look of the film. Other potential locations scouted included the Atacama Desert in Chile, Chott el Djerid in Tunisia, and Azerbaijan.
In a July 2014 interview at San Diego Comic - Con International, Miller said he designed the film in storyboard form before writing the screenplay, working with five storyboard artists. It came out as about 3,500 panels, almost the same number of shots as in the finished film. He wanted the film to be almost a continuous chase, with relatively little dialogue, and to have the visuals come first. Paraphrasing Alfred Hitchcock, Miller said that he wanted the film to be understood in Japan without the use of subtitles.
Principal photography began on 26 June 2012 in Namibia. Filming also took place at Potts Hill and Penrith Lakes in Western Sydney. In October 2012, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Warner Bros. sent an executive to keep the production on track. Filming wrapped on 17 December 2012 and lasted for 120 days. In February 2013, a leaked draft from the Namibian Coast Conservation and Management group accused the producers of damaging parts of the Namib Desert, endangering a number of plant and animal species. However, the Namibia Film Commission said it had "no reservations '' after visiting the set during production. It disputed claims reported in the media, calling the accusations "unjust rhetoric ''. In September 2013, it was announced that the film would undergo reshoots in November 2013.
Miller said that he did not feel he had to top himself in terms of production design compared to the previous films in the series. Instead, he wanted the production design to harken back to the earlier films and reflect the changes of the past 30 years. Colin Gibson, the production designer, said that they developed an internally consistent history to explain the film 's look and justify its use of hot rods. Gibson designed the film 's vehicles, all of which are fully functional. Construction of some of the vehicles began as early as 2003. The cars were designed to show characterisation and detail in the world, including the characters ' feelings of guilt, loss, and their attempts to recycle the remains of civilisation. Both the Doof Wagon and the Doof Warrior 's guitar are fully functional -- none of his scenes were rendered in CGI.
Cinematographer John Seale came out of retirement to shoot Fury Road. He replaced Dean Semler, the cinematographer of the previous two films, after Semler left. Seale outfitted his camera crew with six Arri Alexa Pluses and four Alexa Ms, as well as a number of Canon EOS 5Ds and Olympus PEN E-P5s that were used as crash cams for the action sequences. It was the first time Seale shot with digital cameras. Because of the fast nature required for edits, Miller asked Seale to keep the focus of the shot centered for each scene, thus allowing the audience to quickly orient towards it.
In July 2014, director George Miller described the film as "a very simple allegory, almost a western on wheels ''. Miller said that 90 % of the effects were practical. Second unit director and supervising stunt coordinator Guy Norris was in charge of over 150 stunt performers, which included Cirque du Soleil performers and Olympic athletes. Miller invited playwright Eve Ensler to act as an on - set adviser. Impressed with the script 's depth and what she saw as feminist themes, she spent a week in Namibia, where she spoke to the actors about issues of violence against women.
Mad Max: Fury Road contains 2,000 visual effects shots. The lead effects company was Iloura, who delivered more than 1,500 effects shots for the film. Additional visual effects studios that worked on the film include Method Studios, Stereo D, 4DMax, BlackGinger, The Third Floor, and Dr. D Studios. Miller recruited his wife, Margaret Sixel, to edit the film, as he felt she could make it stand out from other action films. Sixel had 480 hours of footage to edit; watching it took three months. The film contains about 2,700 cuts of its entire running length, which is equivalent to 22.5 cuts per minute compared to The Road Warrior 's 1,200 cuts of its 90 - minute running time equivalent to 13.33 cuts per minute. The frame rate was also manipulated. "Something like 50 or 60 percent of the film is not running at 24 frames a second, which is the traditional frame rate, '' said Seale. "It 'll be running below 24 frames because George, if he could n't understand what was happening in the shot, he slowed it down until you could. Or if it was too well understood, he 'd shorten it or he 'd speed it up back towards 24. His manipulation of every shot in that movie is intense. '' The Washington Post would later note that the changing frame rate gave the film an "almost cartoonishly jerky '' look.
The extensive effects work included altering lighting and time of day, weather effects, terrain replacement and plate composition. Night scenes were filmed in bright daylight, deliberately overexposed and colour - manipulated. In many shots, the sky was digitally replaced with more detailed or interesting skies. Charlize Theron wore a green cover over her left arm to aid effects artists in digitally removing her arm from her scenes. BAFTA - winning costume designer Jenny Beavan said "As far as I know, the only VFX on our costume was the green glove Charlize wore to hide her arm and they also took out wires from the harnesses. Otherwise, every costume is what it is. It 's costume. It 's their clothing. It 's just made for real! Oh yes and some of the extras -- the wretched -- they were enhanced. Only for the wide shots. ''
Sound designer Mark Mangini stated that he viewed the War Rig as an allegory for Moby - Dick with Immortan Joe playing the role of Captain Ahab. As such, the mechanical truck sounds were layered with whale calls to provide a more animal - like quality to the truck. When the tank is pierced with harpoons and milk sprays out, the sound of whale blow - holes were used. For the final destruction of the War Rig, the only sounds used were slowed down bear growls to symbolise the death of the truck as a living creature.
Both a PG - 13 and R - rated version had been shown separately in different test screenings. The R - rated version was better received by test audiences, leading Warner Bros. to release it.
The musical score for Mad Max: Fury Road was written by the Dutch composer Junkie XL. Prior to Junkie XL 's involvement, Hans Zimmer, John Powell and Marco Beltrami were attached at separate times to score the film. After hearing Junkie XL 's score for 300: Rise of an Empire, Miller met with the composer in Sydney. "I got very inspired and started writing pieces of music for scenes, '' said Junkie XL. "The initial main themes were written in the four weeks after that first meeting and those themes never changed. '' A soundtrack album was released by WaterTower Music on 12 May 2015.
A deluxe edition hardcover collection of art titled Mad Max: Fury Road - Inspired Artists Deluxe Edition inspired by the film was released on 6 May 2015. Mad Max: Fury Road had its world premiere on 7 May 2015 at the TCL Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles. On 14 May 2015, it screened out - of - competition at the 68th Cannes Film Festival, and then was released in theatres on 15 May 2015. Leading up its release, the film was digitally re-mastered into the IMAX 3D format. It was released into IMAX theatres in select international territories on 13 May 2015. It also received a one - week only IMAX 3D re-release in America starting 11 September 2015. Warner Bros. spent a total of $43.7 million on advertisement for the film. It was re-released in India on March 11, 2016 in 3D and IMAX 3D. Fury Road was however never granted a release in China, the world 's second biggest movie market, due to its intense nature, but it was almost immediately available for legal streaming on various online platforms.
In May 2015, Vertigo began publishing a comic book prequel limited series. Each issue focuses on the backstory of one or two of the film 's characters. The first issue, titled Mad Max: Fury Road - Nux and Immortan Joe # 1, was released on 20 May. The second, Mad Max: Fury Road - Furiosa # 1, was released on 17 June. The third, Mad Max: Fury Road - Mad Max # 1, was released on 8 July. The final issue, Mad Max: Fury Road - Mad Max # 2, was released on 5 August. A single - volume collection containing the stories of all four issues was released on 26 August.
Miller stated that the Blu - ray Disc release would include black - and - white and silent versions of the film, with the latter accompanied by the musical score. Miller described the black - and - white cut as the best version of the film. However, when details for both the United Kingdom and United States releases of the Blu - ray were announced, the alternate cuts were absent. Producer Doug Mitchell in December 2015 confirmed that the black and white version existed and could potentially see a future theatrical release. In January 2016, Miller announced the black - and - white versions would appear in another DVD release.
The film was released on Blu - ray and DVD in the United Kingdom on 5 October 2015. In the United States, the film was released digitally on 11 August 2015, and physically on 1 September. In addition to the stand - alone release, a box set containing all four films and a documentary about the series titled "Madness of Max '' was released the same day. In October 2016, the black and white version of Fury Road, called Mad Max: Black & Chrome debuted in the Mad Max: High Octane anthology; a stand - alone version of the film was also available for streaming at the same time and was released on physical media on December 6, 2016.
Mad Max: Fury Road became a moderate box office success theatrically. When comparing the final theatrical gross to its $200 million budget (including production, marketing and distribution costs), it was an average hit, with Forbes comparing the box office figures of the film to Edge of Tomorrow, calling it "too expensive, but not really a flop. '' The Hollywood Reporter calculated that the loss incurred by the film was around $20 -- 40 million. According to Forbes, one of the reasons the film emerged less successful than hoped was its cancelled release in China; success there could have aided the film in at least passing $400 million. It grossed $153.6 million in North America and $224.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $378.4 million. It had a worldwide opening weekend total of $109 million, and went on to become the second highest - grossing Warner Bros. film of 2015 (behind San Andreas), and the nineteenth highest - grossing film of 2015 worldwide overall.
In the United States and Canada, Mad Max: Fury Road opened simultaneously with Pitch Perfect 2. It opened Friday, 15 May 2015, across 3,702 theatres, and earned $16.77 million on its opening day. This included $3.7 million it made from Thursday night run from 3,000 theatres. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $45.4 million, finishing in second at the box office behind Pitch Perfect 2 ($69.2 million). Mad Max: Fury Road, unlike the other seven 2015 Academy Award for Best Picture nominees, became the only film which did not get any box office bump after the nominees were announced in January 2016. However, Fury Road was released eight months prior to the announcement and had ended its theatrical run on September 24, 2015.
Outside North America, it opened on 14 May on 12,000 screens in 48 countries, earning $10.4 million. It opened in 20 more countries on 15 May, earning $14.2 million from 16,700 screens in 68 countries, for a two - day total of $24.6 million. Through Sunday, 17 May, it had an opening weekend total of $65 million from over 9.1 million admissions on nearly 16,900 screens across 68 countries, debuting at second place behind Avengers: Age of Ultron. It went number one in 40 countries. Its highest openings were recorded in the UK ($7 million), South Korea ($6.6 million), France ($6.1 million), Russia and the CIS ($6 million) and Australia ($4.9 million). It opened in its last market, Japan, on June 20, earning $2.2 million from 175,000 admissions in its opening weekend debuting at No. 2 behind local film Love Live! The School Idol Movie. In total earnings, its three largest markets outside of the US and Canada are South Korea ($29.7 million), followed by the UK ($26.9 million) and France ($18.1 million).
Mad Max: Fury Road received widespread critical acclaim. Some critics have named the film one of the greatest action films ever made. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 97 % approval rating and rating average score of 8.6 out of 10 based on 374 reviews. The site 's consensus reads, "With exhilarating action and a surprising amount of narrative heft, Mad Max: Fury Road brings George Miller 's post-apocalyptic franchise roaring vigorously back to life. '' On Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating, the film has a score of 90 out of 100 based on 51 critics, indicating "universal acclaim ''. CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade cinema audiences gave the film was a "B + '' on an A+ to F scale.
Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave the film a full five stars and praised the film for its acting, screenplay, choreography, stunts, humor, and direction calling the film a "spiritual sequel '' and an "eruption of craziness. '' Writing for The Guardian and awarding the film four stars out of five, Peter Bradshaw wrote, "Extravagantly deranged, ear - splittingly cacophonous, and entirely over the top, George Miller has revived his Mad Max punk - western franchise as a bizarre convoy chase action - thriller in the post-apocalyptic desert. '' The New York Times wrote, "Miller has reminded us that blockbusters have the potential to not only be art, but radically visionary -- even the fourth in a series. What a lovely day, indeed. '' Scott Mendelson of Forbes gave the film 10 out of 10 stars and wrote, "Mad Max: Fury Road is a remarkable and glorious motion picture, not just one of the great action movies of our time but also a great and timely film, period. '' Alonso Duralde of TheWrap wrote, "In the same way that the original 1979 Mad Max was the Citizen Kane of gut - bucket Australian exploitation cinema, Mad Max: Fury Road may well be the Götterdämmerung of drive - in movies. It has its roots in the Western and the post-apocalyptic road - rage action saga (...), where Miller dares anyone else to follow in his tire treads. '' IGN reviewer Scott Collura gave the film 9.2 out of 10, saying: "The over-the - top stunts and eccentric characters and designs are all hugely important to Fury Road,... but it 's the overriding sense of the film 's uniqueness, its striving to be something more than just another action movie, that is most impressive. ''
The film has also been praised by scholars on several fronts. Feminist critics have praised the dominant role taken by Furiosa and the range of atypical female roles including the wives and the gun - toting Vuvalini, and disability studies scholars have commended the film for its positive, non-stigmatizing portrayals of physical and psychological disabilities.
Mad Max: Fury Road was named one of the best films of 2015 by numerous critics and publications, including ranked first on the rogerebert.com Ten Best Films of 2015, and was Rotten Tomatoes ' best scoring film of 2015. The film topped Metacritic 's tally of film critics year - end best film lists, with 58 critics naming it their best film of the year.
Mad Max: Fury Road was named the nineteen - greatest film of the 21st century in a 2016 BBC critics ' poll. In 2017, it was named the nineteenth "Best Film of the 21st Century So Far '' by The New York Times.
The film won many critical and guild awards, and received ten Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Director, the second most - nominated film of the 88th Academy Awards after The Revenant, also starring Hardy. It is the first film of the Mad Max franchise to receive Academy Award recognition, and one of the few sequels to be nominated for Best Picture. The film won six Academy Awards for Best Film Editing, Best Production Design, Best Costume Design, Best Makeup and Hairstyling, Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing, surpassing all other films at the awards ceremony, and broke the record for the most wins for an Australian film, previously held by The Piano (1993), which won three Oscars.
In 2011, Miller and McCarthy found during the writing process for Fury Road that they had enough story material for two additional scripts. One of these, entitled Mad Max: Furiosa, had already been completed, and Miller hoped to film it after the release of Fury Road. In March 2015, during an interview with Esquire, Hardy revealed that he was attached to star in three more Mad Max films following Fury Road. In May 2015, Miller told Wired: "Should Fury Road be successful, I 've got two other stories to tell. '' Later in May, Miller revealed that plans for the sequel had changed and the fifth film in the franchise will instead be titled Mad Max: The Wasteland. In October 2015, Miller 's team had two scripts for sequels which they ended up with during the writing process. Later that month, he clarified that Mad Max: The Wasteland was a working title for the sequel. Miller reaffirmed his intent to continue the franchise after reports to the contrary surfaced following an interview in January 2016. In November 2017, it was reported that a lawsuit filed by Miller 's production company against Warner Bros. over a disputed $7 million bonus was likely to delay the production of any sequels.
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who is the singer in the movie love you like christmas | Jennifer Love Hewitt - wikipedia
Jennifer Love Hewitt (born February 21, 1979) is an American actress, singer, songwriter, producer and director. Hewitt began her career as a child actress and singer, appearing in national television commercials before joining the cast of the Disney Channel series Kids Incorporated (1989 -- 1991) as well as performing as a backup singer before recording her debut studio album at the age of 12, Love Songs (1992), which was released exclusively in Japan. Hewitt received her breakthrough role as Sarah Reeves Merrin on the Fox teen drama Party of Five (1995 -- 1999), and rose to fame as a teen star for her role as Julie James in the horror film I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997) and its 1998 sequel.
Hewitt released her second and third studio albums with Atlantic Records, Let 's Go Bang (1995) and Jennifer Love Hewitt (1996), both of which saw little commercial success. Thereafter, she starred alongside Sigourney Weaver in the romantic comedy film Heartbreakers (2001) and alongside Jackie Chan in the action comedy film The Tuxedo (2002). Hewitt released her fourth studio album and most recent to date with Jive Records in 2002, BareNaked, which became her first album to chart in the United States, peaking at number 37 on the Billboard 200 chart. Her most successful single on the Billboard Hot 100 was the 1999 release "How Do I Deal '', which peaked at number 59.
From 2005 to 2010, Hewitt starred as Melinda Gordon on the CBS supernatural drama Ghost Whisperer, for which she received two Saturn Awards in 2007 and 2008. She later starred on the Lifetime drama series The Client List from 2012 to 2013, and was previously nominated for a Golden Globe Award for the pilot film. From 2014 to 2015, she starred as Special Agent Kate Callahan on the CBS crime drama Criminal Minds. In addition to acting, she has served as a producer on some of her film and television projects. Hewitt was identified as the "number one reader choice '' on the November 1999 and May 2009 covers of Maxim magazine. TV Guide named her the sexiest woman on television in 2008.
Hewitt was born in Waco, Texas, to Patricia Mae (née Shipp), a speech - language pathologist, and Herbert Daniel Hewitt, a medical technician. Hewitt grew up in Nolanville, in Central Texas, and has close kinship ties in parts of Arkansas. After their parents divorced, Hewitt and her older brother Todd were raised by their mother. Patricia Mae Hewitt died on June 12, 2012, aged 67, following a battle with cancer.
As a young girl, Hewitt was attracted to music, which led to her first encounters with the entertainment industry. At the age of three, she sang "The Greatest Love of All '' at a livestock show. The following year, at a restaurant - dance hall, she entertained an audience with her version of "Help Me Make it Through the Night ''. By age five, she had tap dancing and ballet in her portfolio. At nine, she became a member of the Texas Show Team (which also toured in the Soviet Union).
At age ten, at the suggestion of talent scouts and after winning the title of "Texas Our Little Miss Talent Winner '', she moved to Los Angeles with her mother to pursue a career in both acting and singing. In Los Angeles, she attended Lincoln High School where her classmates included Jonathan Neville, who became a talent scout and recommended Hewitt for her role in Party of Five.
After moving to Los Angeles, Hewitt appeared in more than twenty television commercials, including some for Mattel toys. Her first break came as a child actor on the Disney Channel variety show Kids Incorporated (1989 -- 1991), where she was credited as "Love Hewitt. '' She later appeared in the live action video short Dance! Workout with Barbie (1992), released by Buena Vista.
She played Pierce Brosnan 's daughter in a pilot for NBC called Running Wilde (1993), which featured Brosnan as a reporter for Auto World magazine, whose stories cover his own wild auto adventures. However, the series was not picked up and the pilot never aired. Hewitt later had roles in several short - lived television series, such as Fox 's Shaky Ground (1992 -- 1993), ABC 's The Byrds of Paradise (1994), and McKenna (1994 -- 95), and finally became a young star after landing the role of Sarah Reeves Merrin on the popular Fox show Party of Five (1995 -- 99). She assumed the role of Sarah after joining that show during its second season and continued it on the short - lived Party of Five spin - off, Time of Your Life (1999), which she also co-produced. The show was cancelled after half a season.
Hewitt 's first feature film role was in the independent film Munchie (1992). A year later, she achieved her first starring film role in Little Miss Millions (1993). She appeared as a choir member in Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit (1993). Hewitt became a film star after a lead role in the horror film I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997), which enjoyed great box office success ($125,000,000 USD). Hewitt and her co-stars gained popular exposure from the film. She appeared in the sequel I Still Know What You Did Last Summer (1998), which, though not as successful as the first film, took in more money on its opening weekend. She starred in the high - school comedy Ca n't Hardly Wait (1998).
Hewitt starred in The Audrey Hepburn Story (2000). That same year, she was the "most popular actress on television '' for her Q - rating (a measurement of a celebrity 's popularity) of 37. Noting her "Q - rating, '' Nokia chose her to become its spokesperson.
She starred alongside Sigourney Weaver in the romantic comedy Heartbreakers (2001) and did voiceover work in the animated film The Hunchback of Notre Dame II (2002) as Madellaine, the main protagonist 's love interest. Hewitt wrote and performed "I 'm Gonna Love You '' for the film; the song won "Best Original Song '' at the DVD Premiere Awards. She starred alongside Jackie Chan in The Tuxedo (2002), which received negative reviews from critics but was a box office success. Hewitt appeared in If Only (2004) and co-wrote and performed "Love Will Show You Everything '' and "Take My Heart Back '' for the film 's soundtrack. She starred in Garfield (2004), which became her highest - grossing film to date ($200,804,534 USD). She reprised her role for the sequel, Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties (2006), which, though it did not perform as well as its predecessor, achieved a strong box office gross.
Hewitt starred in the television series Ghost Whisperer (2005 -- 2010), which ran on CBS for five seasons before being canceled by the network in May 2010. She reunited with her I Know What You Did Last Summer co-star, Freddie Prinze Jr., in Delgo; but when released in 2008, the film was a massive box office bomb, taking in only US $694,782 domestically.
Hewitt 's next feature film was the independent drama Café (2010) with her then - boyfriend Jamie Kennedy. She starred in the Lifetime film The Client List (2010), for which she received a Golden Globe nomination. The next year, Hewitt starred in the Hallmark Hall of Fame film The Lost Valentine (2011).
In 2011, Hewitt was announced to direct the film Wait Till Helen Comes (based on the novel by Mary Downing Hahn). She had previously directed three episodes of Ghost Whisperer, and this would be her feature film directorial debut. Production on the film was slated to begin in the summer of 2011, but no further announcements about the film have been made as of January 2015. She also starred alongside Ivan Sergei and Joel David Moore in the independent comedy Jewtopia (2012).
Hewitt was a guest star on TV Land 's Hot in Cleveland in 2011 and 2012. She starred in the television series The Client List (2012 -- 13) until its cancellation in late 2013.
In July 2014, CBS announced that Hewitt had joined the cast of Criminal Minds as Agent Kate Callahan in the series ' 10th season. However, Hewitt became pregnant with her second child during the production of season 10 of Criminal Minds, and left the cast of the show at the end of the season, with the possibility of further appearances left open.
Hewitt was one of the back - up singers in Martika 's number - one single, "Toy Soldiers '' (1989). At the age of 12, Meldac funded the recording of Hewitt 's debut studio album, Love Songs (1992). The album was released exclusively in Japan, where Hewitt became a pop star. Her explanation for her success in Japan is that the Japanese "love perky music. The poppier the music, the better. ''
After she joined the cast of Party of Five, she signed to Atlantic Records, who rushed her second studio album, Let 's Go Bang (1995), out in October. The album and its three singles failed to chart. Juggling her music career with her acting career, she recorded and released her self - titled follow - up album, Jennifer Love Hewitt (1996). The album, along with its four singles, failed to chart and Atlantic dropped Hewitt, who did not return to the music scene for three years.
She recorded the single "How Do I Deal '' (1999) for the I Still Know What You Did Last Summer soundtrack. The song became Hewitt 's first charting single, climbing to No. 59 on the Hot 100 and No. 36 on the Top 40 Mainstream. It reached No. 8 in Australia. Hewitt also recorded a cover of the Gloria Gaynor song "I Will Survive '', which features briefly in the film.
She appeared in the LFO video for "Girl on TV '' (1999), a song which band member Rich Cronin band wrote for her while the two were dating. She also appeared in the music video for the Enrique Iglesias song, "Hero '' (2001), as the singer 's love interest.
In 2002, Hewitt signed to Jive Records and recorded her fourth studio album with singer, songwriter, and producer Meredith Brooks. The first single, "BareNaked '' (2002), became her biggest radio hit to date when it peaked at No. 24 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart, No. 31 on the Adult Top 40 and No. 25 on the Top 40 Mainstream. It climbed to No. 6 in Australia, remaining there for two weeks, and reached No. 33 in the Netherlands. The song later featured in two episodes of Ghost Whisperer: "The Vanishing '' (Season 1, episode 20) and "The Collector '' (Season 2, episode 20). The moderate success of the single propelled the album to peak at No. 37 on the Billboard 200 and No. 31 in Australia. However, it only remained on the chart for three weeks. The second single, "Can I Go Now '' (2003), failed to chart in the US, while managing to peak at No. 8 in the Netherlands and No. 12 in Australia.
Since 2004, Hewitt has remained inactive in the music industry, but she released the compilation albums Cool with You: The Platinum Collection (2006) in Asia and Hey Everybody (2007) in Brazil. In 2009, reports surfaced that Hewitt was planning on making a country album and was in the process of writing material for it. Jamie Kennedy, Hewitt 's boyfriend at the time, said: "I really want to make her a new demo for her music, because I think she should do singing again. She 's so good. '' However, nothing has of yet come of the reports. Hewitt has remained mostly absent from the music industry, but in 2013, she recorded a cover of "I 'm a Woman '' to promote the second season of The Client List and shot a music video for the song, which reached the top ten in the iTunes Music Video chart.
In November 2009, Hewitt made a foray into comic books. Writer Scott Lobdell scripted the five - issue anthology, Jennifer Love Hewitt 's Music Box (2009 -- 2010), based on Hewitt 's ideas. The series was published by IDW Publishing, and was collected in a trade paperback.
She wrote a book titled The Day I Shot Cupid (2010), in which she speaks of her experiences with love and dating. During a January 2010 interview on Lopez Tonight, Hewitt said that there was a chapter in the book about "vajazzling '' her "vajayjay '' (decorating her vulva with Swarovski crystals); Hewitt is said to have contributed to the popularization of this trend. The book became a New York Times Bestseller the week of its release. She announced via her Twitter page in June 2011 that she was penning a follow - up.
In 2002, a conspiracy theorist and former social worker, Diana Napolis, was arrested for stalking and uttering death threats against Hewitt and Steven Spielberg after "verbally confronting '' the actress at the 2002 Grammy Awards and attempting to pose as one of Hewitt 's friends to enter the premiere of The Tuxedo.
Napolis admitted to being involved in a shoving match with Hewitt 's mother while confronting the actress. Napolis accused Hewitt, along with director Spielberg, of controlling her thoughts through "cybertronic '' technology and being part of a Satanic conspiracy against her. Napolis was charged with six felonies related to the incidents. After a year of involuntary commitment, Napolis pleaded guilty and was released on bail with a condition that she was barred from any contact with both Spielberg and Hewitt.
In late 2005, Hewitt began dating Scottish actor Ross McCall after he made an appearance on her show Ghost Whisperer. They became engaged in November 2007, while vacationing in Hawaii. People magazine reported that Hewitt called off their engagement in late 2008.
In March 2012, Hewitt began dating her The Client List co-star Brian Hallisay. In June 2013, Hewitt announced that she and Hallisay were engaged and expecting their first child. They married later in 2013, before the birth of their daughter Autumn in November. In January 2015, the couple announced they were expecting their second child. In June, their second child, a son named Atticus, was born.
Hewitt is a supporter of Scottish Football team Glasgow Celtic. This is possibly because of her past relationship with Scottish actor Ross McCall, who is also a Celtic Supporter. On the Craig Ferguson show in the US, she has also stated that this is her team of choice.
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what was jack nicholson's character name in one flew over the cuckoo's nest | One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest (film) - wikipedia
One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest is a 1975 American comedy - drama film directed by Miloš Forman, based on the 1962 novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest by Ken Kesey. The film stars Jack Nicholson, and features a supporting cast of Louise Fletcher, William Redfield, Will Sampson, and Brad Dourif. The film also featured Christopher Lloyd in his film debut.
Considered to be one of the greatest films ever made, One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest is No. 33 on the American Film Institute 's 100 Years... 100 Movies list. The film was the second to win all five major Academy Awards (Best Picture, Actor in Lead Role, Actress in Lead Role, Director, and Screenplay) following It Happened One Night in 1934, an accomplishment not repeated until 1991 by The Silence of the Lambs. It also won numerous Golden Globe and BAFTA Awards.
In 1993, the film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant '' by the United States Library of Congress, and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.
In 1963 Oregon, recidivist criminal Randle McMurphy is moved to a mental institution after serving a short sentence on a prison farm for statutory rape of a 15 - year - old. Though not actually mentally ill, McMurphy hopes to avoid hard labor and serve the rest of his sentence in a relaxed environment. Upon arriving at the hospital, he finds the ward run by the steely, strict Nurse Ratched, who subtly suppresses the actions of her patients through a passive - aggressive routine, intimidating the patients.
The other patients include anxious, stuttering Billy Bibbit; Charlie Cheswick, who is prone to childish tantrums; delusional Martini; the well - educated, paranoid Dale Harding; belligerent Max Taber; epileptic Jim Sefelt; and "Chief '' Bromden, a tall Native American believed to be deaf and mute. Ratched soon sees McMurphy 's lively, rebellious presence to be a threat to her authority, confiscating the patients ' cigarettes and rationing them. During his time in the ward, McMurphy gets into a battle of wits with Ratched. He steals a hospital bus, escaping with several patients to go on a fishing trip, encouraging his friends to become more self - confident.
McMurphy learns his sentence may become indefinite, and he makes plans to escape, exhorting Chief to throw a hydrotherapy cart through a window. He, Chief, and Cheswick get into a fight with the orderlies after the latter becomes agitated over his stolen cigarettes. Ratched sends them to the "shock shop, '' and McMurphy discovers Chief can actually speak, feigning being deaf and mute to avoid engaging with anyone. After being subjected to electroconvulsive therapy, McMurphy returns to the ward pretending to have brain damage, but reveals the treatment has charged him up even more. McMurphy and Chief make plans to escape, but decide to throw a secret Christmas party for their friends after Ratched leaves for the night.
McMurphy sneaks two women, Candy and Rose, into the ward, and bribes the night guard. After a night of partying, McMurphy and Chief prepare to escape, inviting Billy to come with them. He refuses, not ready to leave the hospital. McMurphy instead convinces him to have sex with Candy. Ratched arrives in the morning to find the ward in disarray and most of the patients passed out drunk. She discovers Billy and Candy together, the former now free of his stutter, until Ratched threatens to inform his mother about his escapade. Billy is overwhelmed with fear and locks himself in the doctor 's office and commits suicide. The enraged McMurphy chokes Ratched, before being knocked out by an orderly.
Ratched comes back with a neck brace and a scratchy voice. Rumors spread that McMurphy escaped, rather than be taken "upstairs ''. Later that night, Chief sees McMurphy being returned to his bed. He discovers McMurphy has lobotomy scars on his forehead, and smothers his friend with a pillow. Chief finally throws the hydrotherapy cart through the window and escapes into the night, cheered on by Taber.
Actor Kirk Douglas -- who had originated the role of McMurphy in the 1963 -- 1964 Broadway stage version of the Ken Kesey novel -- had purchased the film rights to the story, and tried for a decade to bring it to the big screen, but was unable to find a studio willing to make it with him. Eventually, he gave the rights to his son Michael Douglas, who succeeded in getting the film produced -- but the elder Douglas, by then nearly 60, was considered too old for the McMurphy role, which ultimately went to 38 - year - old Jack Nicholson.
Douglas brought in Saul Zaentz as co-producer.
The film 's first screenwriter, Lawrence Hauben, introduced Douglas to the work of Miloš Forman, whose 1967 Czechoslovak film The Firemen 's Ball had the sort of qualities they were looking for. Forman flew to California and went through the script page by page and outlined what he would do, in contrast with other directors who had been approached who were less than forthcoming. Forman wrote in 2012: "To me (the story) was not just literature but real life, the life I lived in Czechoslovakia from my birth in 1932 until 1968. The Communist Party was my Nurse Ratched, telling me what I could and could not do; what I was or was not allowed to say; where I was and was not allowed to go; even who I was and was not. ''
Saul Zaentz, a voracious reader, felt an affinity with Kesey, and so after Hauben 's first attempt he asked Kesey to write the screenplay, and promised him a piece of the action, but it did n't work out and ended in a financial dispute.
Hal Ashby, who had been an early consideration for director, suggested Jack Nicholson for the role of McMurphy. Production was delayed for about six months because of Nicholson 's schedule. However, Douglas later felt that this ended up as a blessing, as it gave more time to get the ensemble right.
Danny DeVito, who was Douglas 's oldest friend, was the first to be cast as he had played Martini, one of the patients, in the 1971 off - Broadway production. Douglas found Will Sampson, who played Chief Bromden, through a used car dealer that Douglas was sitting next to on an aircraft. Douglas had told him that they were looking for a big guy to play the chief. He sold a lot of cars to Native Americans and six months later called Douglas to say: "the biggest sonofabitch Indian came in the other day! ''
Miloš Forman had considered Shelley Duvall for the role of Candy. While screening Thieves Like Us (1974) to see if she was right for the role, he became interested in Louise Fletcher, who had a supporting role, for the role of Nurse Ratched. A mutual acquaintance, the casting director Fred Roos, had already mentioned her name as a possibility. Even so it took four or five meetings, over a year, (during which the role was offered to other actresses) for Fletcher to secure the role of Nurse Ratched. Her final audition was late in 1974, with Forman, Zaentz and Douglas. The day after Christmas, her agent called to say she was expected at the Oregon State Hospital in Salem on 4 January to begin rehearsals.
Prior to commencement of filming, a week of rehearsals started on 4 January 1975 in Oregon, during which the actors watched the patients in their daily routine and at group therapy. Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher also witnessed electroconvulsive therapy on a patient.
Other than Nicholson, the rest of the cast were working for scale, or a little above that. Fletcher worked for 11 weeks, and made $10,000 before taxes.
Filming began in January 1975, and concluded approximately three months later, and was shot on location in Salem, Oregon, and the surrounding area, as well as on the Oregon coast.
The producers decided to shoot the film in the Oregon State Hospital, an actual mental hospital, as this was also the setting of the novel. The hospital 's director, Dean Brooks, was supportive of the filming and eventually ended up playing the character of Dr. John Spivey in the film. Brooks identified a patient for each of the actors to shadow, and some of the cast even slept on the wards at night. He also wanted to incorporate his patients into the crew, to which the producers agreed. Douglas recalls that it was n't until later that he found out that many of them were criminally insane.
As Forman did n't allow the actors to see the day 's filming, this led to the cast losing confidence in him, while Nicholson also began to wonder about his performance. Douglas convinced Forman to show Nicholson something, which he did, and restored the actor 's confidence.
Haskell Wexler was fired as cinematographer and replaced by Bill Butler. Wexler believed his dismissal was due to his concurrent work on the documentary Underground, in which the radical terrorist group The Weather Underground were being interviewed while hiding from the law. However, Miloš Forman said he had terminated Wexler over artistic differences. Both Wexler and Butler received Academy Award nominations for Best Cinematography for One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest, though Wexler said there was "only about a minute or two minutes in that film I did n't shoot. ''
According to Butler, Jack Nicholson refused to speak to Forman: "... (Jack) never talked to Miloš at all, he only talked to me. ''
Filming went over the initial budget of $2 m and over-schedule, but Saul Zaentz, who was personally financing the movie, was able to fund this by borrowing against his company, Fantasy Records. The movie cost in total $4.4 m to make.
The film was met with overwhelming critical acclaim; Roger Ebert said "Miloš Forman 's One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest is a film so good in so many of its parts that there 's a temptation to forgive it when it goes wrong. But it does go wrong, insisting on making larger points than its story really should carry, so that at the end, the human qualities of the characters get lost in the significance of it all. And yet there are those moments of brilliance. '' Ebert would later put the film on his "Great Movies '' list. A.D. Murphy of Variety wrote a mixed review as well, as did Vincent Canby: Writing in The New York Times, Canby called the film "a comedy that ca n't quite support its tragic conclusion, which is too schematic to be honestly moving, but it is acted with such a sense of life that one responds to its demonstration of humanity if not to its programmed metaphors ''.
The film opens with original music by composer Jack Nitzsche, featuring an eerie bowed saw (performed by Robert Armstrong) and wine glasses. Commenting on the score, reviewer Steven McDonald has said, "The edgy nature of the film extends into the score, giving it a profoundly disturbing feel at times -- even when it appears to be relatively normal. The music has a tendency to always be a little off - kilter, and from time to time it tilts completely over into a strange little world of its own... ''
The film went on to win the "Big Five '' Academy Awards at the 48th Oscar ceremony. These include the Best Actor for Jack Nicholson, Best Actress for Louise Fletcher, Best Direction for Forman, Best Picture, and Best Adapted Screenplay for Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman. The film currently has a 95 % "Certified Fresh '' rating at Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 9 / 10. Its consensus states: "The onscreen battle between Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher serves as a personal microcosm of the culture wars of the 1970s - and testament to the director 's vision that the film retains its power more than three decades later. ''
One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest is considered to be one of the greatest American films. Ken Kesey participated in the early stages of script development, but withdrew after creative differences with the producers over casting and narrative point of view; ultimately he filed suit against the production and won a settlement. Kesey himself claimed never to have seen the movie, but said he disliked what he knew of it, a fact confirmed by Chuck Palahniuk who wrote, "The first time I heard this story, it was through the movie starring Jack Nicholson. A movie that Kesey once told me he disliked. ''
In 1993, this film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant '' by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in their National Film Registry.
American Film Institute
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which of the following sources has the largest share in power generation in india | Electricity sector in India - Wikipedia
The utility electricity sector in India has one National Grid with an installed capacity of 329.30 GW as on 30 September 2017. Renewable power plants constituted 31.3 % of total installed capacity. During the fiscal year 2016 - 17, the gross electricity generated by utilities in India was 1,236.39 TWh and the total electricity generation (utilities and non utilities) in the country was 1,433.4 TWh. The gross electricity consumption was 1,122 kWh per capita in the year 2016 - 17. India is the world 's third largest producer and fourth largest consumer of electricity. Electric energy consumption in agriculture was recorded highest (17.89 %) in 2015 - 16 among all countries. The per capita electricity consumption is low compared to many countries despite cheaper electricity tariff in India.
In order to address the lack of adequate electricity availability to all the people in the country by March 2019, the Government of India launched a scheme called "Power for All ''. This scheme will ensure continuous and uninterrupted electricity supply to all households, industries and commercial establishments by creating and improving necessary infrastructure. Its a joint collaboration of the Government of India with states to share funding and create overall economic growth.
Draft National Electricity Plan, 2016 prepared by the Government of India states that India does not need additional non-renewable power plants till 2027 with the commissioning of 50,025 MW coal based power plants under construction and additional 100,000 MW renewable power capacity. The improvements in solar thermal storage power technology in recent years has made non polluting and cheaper solar power plants undisputed choice to replace all fossil fuel fired power generation.
The first demonstration of an electric light in Calcutta (now Kolkata) was conducted on 24 July 1879 by P.W. Fleury & Co. On 7 January 1897, Kilburn & Co secured the Calcutta electric lighting licence as agents of the Indian Electric Co, which was registered in London on 15 January 1897. A month later, the company was renamed the Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation. The control of the company was transferred from London to Calcutta only in 1970. Enthused by the success of electricity in Calcutta, power was thereafter introduced in Bombay (now Mumbai). Mumbai saw electric lighting demonstration for the first time in 1882 at Crawford Market and the Bombay Electric Supply & Tramways Company (BEST) set up a generating station in 1905 to provide electricity for the tramway.
The first hydroelectric installation in India was installed near a tea estate at Sidrapong for the Darjeeling Municipality in 1897. The first electric street light in Asia was lit on 5 August 1905 in Bangalore. The first electric train in the country ran on the Harbour Line between Bombay 's Victoria Terminus and Kurla on 3 February 1925. On 18 August 2015, Cochin International Airport became the world 's first fully solar powered airport with the inauguration of a dedicated solar plant.
India began utilizing grid management on a regional basis in the 1960s. Individual State grids were interconnected to form 5 regional grids covering mainland India. The grids were the Northern, Eastern, Western, North Eastern and Southern Grids. These regional links were established to enable transmission of surplus electricity between States in each region. In the 1990s, the Indian government began planning for a national grid. Regional grids were initially interconnected by asynchronous HVDC back - to - back links facilitating limited exchange of regulated power. The links were subsequently upgraded to high capacity synchronous links.
The first interconnection of regional grids was established in October 1991 when the North Eastern and Eastern grids were interconnected. The Western Grid was interconnected with the aforementioned grids in March 2003. The Northern grid was also interconnected in August 2006, forming a Central Grid synchronously connected operating at one frequency. The sole remaining regional grid, the Southern Grid, was synchronously interconnected to the Central Grid on 31 December 2013 with the commissioning of the 765 kV Raichur - Solapur transmission line, thereby establishing the National Grid.
By the end of calendar year 2015, despite poor hydro electricity generation, India had become a power surplus nation with huge electric power generation capacity idling for want of power demand. The calendar year 2016 started with steep fall in the international price of energy commodities such as coal, diesel oil, naphtha, bunker fuel and LNG which are used in electricity generation in India. Earlier many of the power stations which are using fuels other than coal are unable to operate due to high cost of LNG and petro products. This situation has changed due to glut in petroleum products globally. The prices are falling to such an extent that these fuels have become cheaper to give competition for pit head coal based power generators. Many of the stranded gas and liquid fuel based power stations would be competing with indigenous coal based power stations in an electricity market where demand growth is not encouraging. All the segments of the electricity sector such as fuel suppliers, fuel transporters (railways, harbours, pipelines, etc.), electricity generators, electricity transmission companies and distribution companies would be facing severe competition to cut down the prices and improve their operating efficiency in a final consumer dictated market. Due to tepid growth in electricity consumption, coal stocks are continuously building up at power stations as well as coal mines.
On March 29, 2017 the Central Electricity Authority stated that for the first time India has become net exporter of electricity. India exported 5,798 GWh to neighbouring countries, against a total import of 5,585 GWh.
The total installed power generation capacity is sum of utility capacity, captive power capacity and other non-utilities
The total installed capacity is after deducting the retired capacity (if any) which are very old and obsolete. As of 31 March 2017 (i.e. end of 12th five - year plan), the achieved thermal power generation capacity addition excluding renewable power is 91,730 MW against the target of 161,403 MW during the 12th five - year plan. Nearly 70,000 MW is in various stages of construction as on 31 March 2017.
The total installed utility power generation capacity as on 30 April 2017 with sector wise & type wise break up is as given below.
The installed captive power generation capacity (above 1 MW capacity) in the industries is 50,289 MW as on 31 March 2017. Another 75,000 MW capacity diesel power generation sets (excluding sets of size above 1 MW and below 100 kVA) are also installed in the country. In addition, there are innumerable DG sets of capacity less than 100 kVA to cater to emergency power needs during the power outages in all sectors such as industrial, commercial, domestic and agriculture.
During the fiscal year 2016 - 17, the energy availability was 1,135.334 billion KWh with a short fall of requirement by 7.595 billion KWh (- 0.7 %) against the 1.1 % surplus anticipated. The peak load met was 156,934 MW with a short fall of requirement by 2,608 MW (- 1.6 %) against the 2.6 % surplus anticipated. In LGBR 2017 report, India 's Central Electricity Authority anticipated for the 2017 -- 18 fiscal year, energy surplus and peaking surplus to be 8.8 % and 6.8 % respectively. Though few states are expected to face energy shortage, power would be made available adequately from the surplus regions with the higher capacity inter regional transmission links. By the end of calendar year 2015, India has become power surplus country despite lower power tariffs.
Of the 1.4 billion people in the world who have no access to electricity, India accounts for over 300 million. The International Energy Agency estimates India will add between 600 GW to 1,200 GW of additional new power generation capacity before 2050. This added new capacity is equivalent to the 740 GW of total power generation capacity of European Union (EU - 27) in 2005. The technologies and fuel sources India adopts, as it adds this electricity generation capacity, may make significant impact to global resource usage and environmental issues.
Some 500 million Indians (40 %) use traditional fuels -- fuelwood, agricultural waste and biomass cakes -- for cooking and general heating needs. These traditional fuels are burnt in cook stoves, known as chulah or chulha in some parts of India. Traditional fuel is inefficient source of energy, its burning releases high levels of smoke, PM10 particulate matter, NOX, SOX, PAHs, polyaromatics, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and other air pollutants. Some reports, including one by the World Health Organisation, claim 300,000 to 400,000 people in India die of indoor air pollution and carbon monoxide poisoning every year because of biomass burning and use of chullahs. Traditional fuel burning in conventional cook stoves releases unnecessarily large amounts of pollutants, between 5 and 15 times higher than industrial combustion of coal, thereby affecting outdoor air quality, haze and smog, chronic health problems, damage to forests, ecosystems and global climate. Burning of biomass and firewood will not stop, these reports claim, unless electricity or clean burning fuel and combustion technologies become reliably available and widely adopted in rural and urban India. The growth of electricity sector in India may help find a sustainable alternative to traditional fuel burning.
In addition to air pollution problems, a 2007 study finds that discharge of untreated sewage is single most important cause for pollution of surface and ground water in India. There is a large gap between generation and treatment of domestic wastewater in India. The problem is not only that India lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that the sewage treatment plants that exist do not operate and are not maintained. Majority of the government - owned sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time in part because of the lack of reliable electricity supply to operate the plants. The wastewater generated in these areas normally percolates in the soil or evaporates. The uncollected wastes accumulate in the urban areas cause unhygienic conditions, release heavy metals and pollutants that leaches to surface and groundwater. Almost all rivers, lakes and water bodies are severely polluted in India. Water pollution also adversely impacts river, wetland and ocean life. Reliable generation and supply of electricity is essential for addressing India 's water pollution and associated environmental issues.
Other drivers for India 's electricity sector are its rapidly growing economy, rising exports, improving infrastructure and increasing household incomes.
The per capita annual domestic electricity consumption in India during the year 2009 was 96 kWh in rural areas and 288 kWh in urban areas for those with access to electricity in contrast to the worldwide per capita annual average of 2,600 kWh and 6,200 kWh in the European Union.
As of 31 July 2017, 99.41 % of 597,464 villages in India are electrified. Of those who did have access to electricity in rural India, the supply was intermittent and unreliable.
India 's Ministry of Power launched Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) as one of its flagship programme in July 2015 with the objective of providing round the clock power to the rural areas. It focuses on reforms in rural power sector by separation of feeder lines (rural households & agricultural) and strengthening of transmission and distribution infrastructure. The earlier scheme for rural electrification viz. Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) has been subsumed in the new scheme as its rural electrification component.
Up to 31 December 2016, only 133,177,143 rural house holds are provided with electricity which is 74 % of total 179,231,219 rural house holds.
Note: Per Capita Consumption = (Gross Electricity Generation + Net Import) / Mid Year Population.
India 's electricity generation from 1950 to 1985 were very low when compared to developed nations. Since 1990, India has recorded faster growth in electricity generation. India 's electricity generation has increased from 179 TW - hr in 1985 to 1,057 TW - hr in 2012. Power generation by coal fired plants and non conventional renewal energy sources (RES) has mainly contributed to the growth in the total electricity generation whereas the contribution from natural gas, oil and hydro plants has decreased in last five years (2012 - 2017). The gross utility electricity generation (excluding imports from Bhutan) is 1,236 billion kWh during the year 2016 - 17 against the corresponding actual generation of 1,168 billion Kwh during the year 2015 - 16 with 5.81 % annual growth. The CEA generation data is nearly 5 % more than the NLDC data which is based on prompt data on daily basis.
Notes: Coal includes lignite also; na → data not available;
The total generation from all renewable energy sources is nearly 15 % of the total electricity generation (utility and captive) in India.
India 's electricity sector consumes about 72 % of the coal produced in the country.
The high ash content in India 's coal affects the thermal power plant 's potential emissions. Therefore, India 's Ministry of Environment and Forests has mandated the use of beneficiated coals whose ash content has been reduced to 34 % (or lower) in power plants in urban, ecologically sensitive and other critically polluted areas, and ecologically sensitive areas. Coal benefaction industry has rapidly grown in India, with current capacity topping 90 MT.
India has an extensive review process, one that includes environment impact assessment, prior to a thermal power plant being approved for construction and commissioning. The Ministry of Environment and Forests has published a technical guidance manual to help project proposers and to prevent environmental pollution in India from thermal power plants. The operating coal fired power stations need to invest nearly INR 12.5 millions per MW capacity for installing pollution control equipment to comply with the latest emission norms notified by the Ministry of Environment and Forests in the year 2016.
A large part of Indian coal reserve is similar to Gondwana coal. It is of low calorific value and high ash content. The carbon content is low in India 's coal, and toxic trace element concentrations are negligible. The natural fuel value of Indian coal is poor. On average, the Indian power plants using India 's coal supply consume about 0.7 kg of coal to generate a kWh, whereas United States thermal power plants consume about 0.45 kg of coal per kWh. This is because of the difference in the quality of the coal, as measured by the Gross Calorific Value (GCV). On average, Indian coal has a GCV of about 4500 Kcal / kg, whereas the quality elsewhere in the world is much better; for example, in Australia, the GCV is 6500 Kcal / kg approximately. India imported nearly 95 Mtoe of steam coal and coking coal which is 29 % of total consumption to meet the demand in electricity, cement and steel production. China has banned import of high ash coal, high sulphur coal and contaminated coal with trace metals which are causing air pollution.
The state and central power generation companies are permitted by Government of India with flexible coal linkage swaps from inefficient plants to efficient plants and from plants situated away from coal mines to pit head to minimize cost of coal transportation thus leading to reduction in cost of power
The installed capacity of natural gas - based power plants and the ready to be commissioned with the commencement of natural gas supply is nearly 26,765 MW at the end of financial year 2014 - 15. These base load power plants are operating at overall PLF of 25 % only due to severe shortage of Natural gas in the country. Imported LNG was too costly for the power generation. Many of these power stations are shut down throughout the year for lack of natural gas supply. Natural gas shortage for power sector alone is nearly 100 MMSCMD. The break even price for switching from imported coal to LNG in electricity generation is estimated near 6 US $ / mmBtu. Indian government has taken steps to enhance the generation from the stranded gas based power plants for meeting peak load demand by waiving applicable import duties and taxes due to drastic fall in the LNG and crude oil international prices.
During the year 2016, global LNG spot prices have been falling drastically below 6 US $ / mmBtu due to excess production capacity. Though LNG landed prices are competitive to the electricity generation from the imported coal, there is limitation to import LNG due to lack of adequate regasification capacity. By the middle of 2016, LPG international spot prices have also fallen drastically due to LPG market glut. This would facilitate use of LPG in place of Naphtha or diesel oil (23 kg of LPG is equal to one mmbtu) where the gas based power plants are not able to receive re-gasified LNG. This is possible by injecting cheap imported LPG in to the natural gas supply pipelines up to the permitted hydrocarbon dew point.
Gasification of coal or lignite or pet coke or biomass, produces syngas or coal gas or wood gas which is a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide gases. Coal gas can be converted into synthetic natural gas by using Fischer -- Tropsch process at low pressure and high temperature. Coal gas can also be produced by underground coal gasification where the coal deposits are located deep in the ground or uneconomical to mine the coal. Synthetic natural gas production technologies have tremendous scope to meet the SNG requirements of gas - based power stations fully using the locally available coal (or imported coal in short run). Dankuni coal complex is producing syngas which is piped to the industrial users in Calcutta. Many coal based fertiliser plants which are shut down can also be retrofitted economically to produce synthetic natural gas for bridging natural gas shortages. It is estimated that SNG production cost would be below 6 $ per mmBtu. The indigenously produced natural gas by the Exploration & Production (E&P) contractors sold at prevailing international gas prices do not guarantee the natural gas supply whereas the SNG produced from coal / biomass is reliable & dependable fuel supply to the gas based power stations and other natural gas consumers.
India 's coal - fired, oil - fired and natural gas - fired thermal power plants are inefficient and offer significant potential for greenhouse gas (CO) emission reduction through better technologies. India 's thermal power plants emit 50 % to 120 % more CO per kWh produced when compared to the average emissions from their European Union (EU - 27) counterparts. The central government has firmed up plans to shut down 11,000 MW of thermal power generation capacity that are at least 25 years old and replace with bigger size plants of super-critical pressure technology totalling to at least 20,000 MW with for an estimated investment of ₹ 70,000 crore (US $11 billion). As part of this plan around 100 old units of capacities ranging between 60 MW to 220 MW will be replaced by around 30 state - of - the - art super-critical units ranging between 660 MW to 800 MW, thus saving ₹ 40,000 crore (US $6.2 billion) on land acquisition as well infrastructure cost like rail and water linkages along with facilities like ash pond and power evacuation lines.
Recently few old diesel generator plants and gas turbine plants (Vatwa 100 MW) were also decommissioned. However their residual life can be used effectively for grid reserve service by keeping them in working condition and connected to grid.
India 's renewable energy sector is amongst the world 's most active players in renewable energy utilization, especially solar and wind electricity generation. As of 31 March 2017, India had grid connected installed capacity of about 57.24 GW non-conventional renewable technologies - based electricity capacity, about 16 % of its total; exceeding the capacity of major hydroelectric power for the first time in history.
As of August 2011, India had deployed renewable energy to provide electricity in 8,846 remote villages, installed 4.4 million family biogas plants, 1,800 microhydroelectric units and 4.7 million square metres of solar water heating capacity.
The hydro - electric power plants at Darjeeling and Shivanasamudram were established in 1898 and 1902 respectively and were among the first in Asia.
India is endowed with economically exploitable and viable hydro potential assessed to be about 84,000 MW at 60 % load factor. In addition, 6740 MW in terms of installed capacity from Small, Mini, and Micro Hydro schemes have been assessed. Also, 56 sites for pumped storage schemes with an aggregate installed capacity of 94,000 MW have been identified. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy. India is blessed with immense amount of hydro - electric potential and ranks 5th in terms of exploitable hydro - potential on global scenario.
The present installed capacity as of 31 May 2014 is approximately 40,661.41 MW which is 16.36 % of total electricity generation in India. The public sector has a predominant share of 97 % in this sector. National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC), Northeast Electric Power Company (NEEPCO), Satluj jal vidyut nigam (SJVNL), Tehri Hydro Development Corporation, NTPC - Hydro are a few public sector companies engaged in development of hydroelectric power in India.
Pumped storage schemes are perfect centralised peaking power stations for the load management in the electricity grid. Pumped storage schemes would be in high demand for meeting peak load demand and storing the surplus electricity as India graduates from electricity deficit to electricity surplus. They also produce secondary / seasonal power at no additional cost when rivers are flooding with excess water. Storing electricity by other alternative systems such as batteries, compressed air storage systems, etc. is more costly than electricity production by standby generator. India has already established nearly 4785 MW pumped storage capacity which is part of its installed hydro power plants.
India is endowed with vast solar energy. The solar radiation of about 5,000 trillion kWh per year is incident over its land mass with average daily solar power potential of 0.25 kWh per m of used land area with the available commercially proven technologies. As of 31 January 2017, the installed capacity was 9 GW meeting 1 % of the utility electricity generation. New solar installations in India is expected to be 4.8 GW in 2016 - 17 with nearly 21 GW development in pipeline.
Installation of solar power plants require nearly 2.4 hectares (0.024 km) land per MW capacity which is similar to coal - fired power plants when life cycle coal mining, consumptive water storage & ash disposal areas are also accounted and hydro power plants when submergence area of water reservoir is also accounted. 1.33 million MW capacity solar plants can be installed in India on its 1 % land (32,000 square km). There are vast tracts of land suitable for solar power in all parts of India exceeding 8 % of its total area which are unproductive barren and devoid of vegetation. Part of waste lands (32,000 square km) when installed with solar power plants can produce 2,000 billion Kwh of electricity (two times the total generation in the year 2013 - 14) with land annual productivity / yield of ₹ 1.0 million (US $16,000) per acre (at 4 Rs / kWh price) which is at par with many industrial areas and many times more than the best productive irrigated agriculture lands. Moreover, these solar power plants are not dependent on supply of any raw material and are self productive. There is unlimited scope for solar electricity to replace all fossil fuel energy requirements (natural gas, coal, lignite, nuclear fuels and crude oil) if all the marginally productive lands are occupied by solar power plants in future. The solar power potential of India can meet perennially to cater per capita energy consumption at par with USA / Japan for the peak population in its demographic transition.
Indian solar PV power tariff has fallen to ₹ 2.44 (3.8 ¢ US) per kWh in May 2017 which is lower than any other type of power generation in India. In the year 2016, the levelized tariff in US $ for solar electricity has fallen below 2.42 cents / kWh which is far cheaper than the fuel cost incurred by coal based power plants in India.
Solar thermal power plants with thermal storage are emerging as cheaper (US 6.1 ¢ / kWh) and clean load following power plants compared to fossil fuel power plants. They can cater the load / demand round the clock perfectly and work as base load power plants also when the extracted solar energy is found excess in a day. Proper mix of solar thermal and solar PV can fully match the load fluctuations without the support of costly battery storage or costly non solar power plants with dispatchability and reliability.
Land acquisition is a challenge to solar farm projects in India. Some state governments are exploring means to address land availability through innovation; for example, by exploring means to deploy solar capacity above their extensive irrigation canal projects, thereby harvesting solar energy while reducing the loss of irrigation water by solar evaporation. The state of Gujarat was first to implement the Canal Solar Power Project, to use 19,000 km (12,000 mi) long network of Narmada canals across the state for setting up solar panels to generate electricity. It was the first ever such project in India.
Synergy with irrigation water pumping and hydro power stations
The major disadvantage of solar power (PV type only) is that it can not produce electricity during the night time and cloudy daytime also. In India, this disadvantage can be overcome by installing pumped - storage hydroelectricity stations. Ultimate electricity requirement for river water pumping (excluding ground water pumping) is 570 billion kWh to pump one cubic meter of water for each square meter area by 125 m height on average for irrigating 140 million hectares of net sown area (42 % of total land) for three crops in a year. This is achieved by utilising all the usable river waters by interlinking Indian rivers. These river water pumping stations would also be envisaged with pumped - storage hydroelectricity features to generate electricity when necessary to stabilise the grid needs. Also, all existing and future hydro power stations can be expanded with additional pumped - storage hydroelectricity units to cater night time electricity consumption. Most of the ground water pumping power can be met directly by solar power during the day time.
India has the fifth largest installed wind power capacity in the world. In the year 2015 - 16, wind power accounted for 8.5 % of India 's total installed power capacity, and 2.5 % of the country 's power output. India targets to install an additional 60 GW of wind power capacity by 2022
The development of wind power in India began in the 1990s by Tamil Nadu Electric Board near Tuticorin, and has significantly increased in the last decade. As of 31 March 2016, the installed capacity of wind power was 26.74 GW, spread across many states of India. The largest wind power generating state is Tamil Nadu accounting for nearly 30 % of installed capacity, followed in decreasing order by Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Karnataka.
Biomass is organic matter derived from living, or recently living organisms. As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel. Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different methods which are broadly classified into: thermal, chemical, and biochemical methods. In this system biomass, bagasse, forestry, domestic organic wastes, industrial organic wastes and agro residue & agricultural wastes are used as fuel to produce electricity. Nearly 750 million tons of non edible (by cattle) biomass is available annually in India which can be put to use for higher value addition. Biomass is a renewable energy source as it is generated by extracting the carbon dioxide gas from the atmosphere. Its use for electricity generation is carbon - neutral fuel because it would also release global warming green house gasses like methane and carbon dioxide when it is left to decay / degenerate without using as an energy source. The total biomass traditional use in India is nearly 177 Mtoe in the year 2013.
40 % of house holds in India use biomass and charcoal for cooking purpose. As traditional use of biomass is being replaced by LPG in rural areas at faster pace, biomass burning in agriculture fields would become major source for causing higher level air pollution.
Huge quantity of imported coal is being used in pulverised coal - fired power stations. Raw biomass is not suitable for use in the pulverised coal mills as they are difficult to grind into fine powder due to its caking problem. However 100 % biomass can be fired after Torrefaction in the pulverised coal mills for replacing imported coal. Torrefied biomass plants can be integrated with existing pulverised coal - fired power stations using the available hot flue gas as heat source. Cofiring dry biomass up to 20 % heat input with coal is possible directly in pulverised coal - fired power stations without facing caking problem. North west and southern regions can replace imported coal use with biomass where surplus agriculture / crop residue biomass is burnt in the fields causing pollution problems. Many old and smaller capacity coal fired power plants are being shut down permanently due to pollution problems. These units can be retrofitted economically to produce electricity from biomass without appreciable pollution.
India has been promoting biomass gasifier technologies in its rural areas, to utilise surplus biomass resources such as rice husk, crop stalks, small wood chips, other agro-residues. The goal was to produce electricity for villages with power plants of up to 2 MW capacities. During 2011, India installed 25 rice husk based gasifier systems for distributed power generation in 70 remote villages of Bihar. The largest biomass - based power plant in India is at Sirohi, Rajasthan, having the capacity of 20 MW, i.e., Sambhav Energy Limited. In addition, gasifier systems are being installed at 60 rice mills in India. During the year, biomass gasifier projects of 1.20 MW in Gujarat and 0.5 MW in Tamil Nadu were successfully installed.
This pilot programme aims to install small - scale biogas plants for meeting the cooking energy needs in rural areas of India. During 2011, some 45000 small - scale biogas plants were installed. Cumulatively, India has installed 4.44 million small - scale biogas plants.
In 2011, India started a new initiative with the aim to demonstrate medium size mixed feed biogas - fertiliser pilot plants. This technology aims for generation, purification / enrichment, bottling and piped distribution of biogas. India approved 21 of these projects with aggregate capacity of 37016 cubic metre per day, of which 2 projects have been successfully commissioned by December 2011.
India has additionally commissioned 158 projects under its Biogas based Distributed / Grid Power Generation programme, with a total installed capacity of about 2 MW.
India is rich in biomass and has a potential of 16,881 MW (agro-residues and plantations), 5000 MW (bagasse cogeneration) and 2700 MW (energy recovery from waste). Biomass power generation in India is an industry that attracts investments of over INR 6 billion every year, generating more than 5000 million units of electricity and yearly employment of more than 10 million man - days in the rural areas.
As of 2010, India burnt over 200 million tonnes of coal replacement worth of traditional biomass fuel every year to meet its energy need for cooking and other domestic use. This traditional biomass fuel -- fuelwood, crop waste and animal dung -- is a potential raw material for the application of biomass technologies for the recovery of cleaner fuel, fertilisers and electricity with significantly lower pollution.
Biomass available in India can and has been playing an important role as fuel for sugar mills, textiles, paper mills, and small and medium enterprises (SME). In particular there is a significant potential in breweries, textile mills, fertiliser plants, the paper and pulp industry, solvent extraction units, rice mills, petrochemical plants and other industries to harness biomass power.
Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. India 's geothermal energy installed capacity is experimental. Commercial use is insignificant.
According to some ambitious estimates, India has 10,600 MW of potential in the geothermal provinces but it still needs to be exploited. India has potential resources to harvest geothermal energy. The resource map for India has been grouped into six geothermal provinces:
India has about 340 hot springs spread over the country. Of this, 62 are distributed along the northwest Himalaya, in the States of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. They are found concentrated along a 30 - 50 - km wide thermal band mostly along the river valleys. Naga - Lusai and West Coast Provinces manifest a series of thermal springs. Andaman and Nicobar arc is the only place in India where volcanic activity, a continuation of the Indonesian geothermal fields, and can be good potential sites for geothermal energy. Cambay graben geothermal belt is 200 km long and 50 km wide with Tertiary sediments. Thermal springs have been reported from the belt although they are not of very high temperature and discharge. During oil and gas drilling in this area, in recent times, high subsurface temperature and thermal fluid have been reported in deep drill wells in depth ranges of 1.7 to 1.9 km. Steam blowout have also been reported in the drill holes in depth range of 1.5 to 3.4 km. The thermal springs in India 's peninsular region are more related to the faults, which allow down circulation of meteoric water to considerable depths. The circulating water acquires heat from the normal thermal gradient in the area, and depending upon local condition, emerges out at suitable localities. The area includes Aravalli range, Son - Narmada - Tapti lineament, Godavari and Mahanadi valleys and South Cratonic Belts.
In a December 2011 report, India identified six most promising geothermal sites for the development of geothermal energy. These are, in decreasing order of potential:
India plans to set up its first geothermal power plant, with 2 -- 5 MW capacity at Puga in Jammu and Kashmir.
Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy obtained from tides into useful forms of power, mainly electricity. The potential of tidal wave energy becomes higher in certain regions by local effects such as shelving, funnelling, reflection and resonance.
India is surrounded by sea on three sides, its potential to harness tidal energy is significant. Energy can be extracted from tides in several ways. In one method, a reservoir is created behind a barrage and then tidal waters pass through turbines in the barrage to generate electricity. This method requires mean tidal differences greater than 4 metres and also favourable topographical conditions to keep installation costs low. One report claims the most attractive locations in India, for the barrage technology, are the Gulf of Khambhat and the Gulf of Kutch on India 's west coast where the maximum tidal range is 11 m and 8 m with average tidal range of 6.77 m and 5.23 m respectively. The Ganges Delta in the Sunderbans, West Bengal is another possibility, although with significantly less recoverable energy; the maximum tidal range in Sunderbans is approximately 5 m with an average tidal range of 2.97 m. The report claims, barrage technology could harvest about 8 GW from tidal energy in India, mostly in Gujarat. The barrage approach has several disadvantages, one being the effect of any badly engineered barrage on the migratory fishes, marine ecosystem and aquatic life. Integrated barrage technology plants can be expensive to build.
In December 2011, the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, Government of India and the Renewable Energy Development Agency of Govt. of West Bengal jointly approved and agreed to implement India 's first 3.75 MW Durgaduani mini tidal power project. Indian government believes that tidal energy may be an attractive solution to meet the local energy demands of this remote delta region.
Another tidal wave technology harvests energy from surface waves or from pressure fluctuations below the sea surface. A report from the Ocean Engineering Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras estimates the annual wave energy potential along the Indian coast is between 5 MW to 15 MW per metre, suggesting a theoretical maximum potential for electricity harvesting from India 's 7500 kilometre coast line may be about 40 GW. However, the realistic economical potential, the report claims, is likely to be considerably less. A significant barrier to surface energy harvesting is the interference of its equipment to fishing and other sea bound vessels, particularly in unsettled weather. India built its first seas surface energy harvesting technology demonstration plant in Vizhinjam, near Thiruruvananthpuram.
The third approach to harvesting tidal energy consists of ocean thermal energy technology. This approach tries to harvest the solar energy trapped in ocean waters into usable energy. Oceans have a thermal gradient, the surface being much warmer than deeper levels of ocean. This thermal gradient may be harvested using modified Rankine cycle. India 's National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) attempted this approach over the last 20 years, but without success. In 2003, with Saga University of Japan, NIOT attempted to build and deploy a 1 MW demonstration plant. However, mechanical problems prevented success. After initial tests near Kerala, the unit was scheduled for redeployment and further development in the Lakshadweep Islands in 2005. The demonstration project 's experience have limited follow - on efforts with ocean thermal energy technology in India.
As of Mar 01, 2017 India had 6.78 GW of installed nuclear electricity generation capacity or 1.91 % of total installed electricity generation capacity in India. India 's Nuclear plants generated 37,835 million units in year 2014 - 15.
India 's nuclear power plant development began in 1964. India signed an agreement with General Electric of the United States for the construction and commissioning of two boiling water reactors at Tarapur. In 1967, this effort was placed under India 's Department of Atomic Energy. In 1971, India set up its first pressurized heavy water reactors with Canadian collaboration in Rajasthan. In 1987, India created Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited to commercialize nuclear power.
Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited is a public sector enterprise, wholly owned by the Government of India, under the administrative control of its Department of Atomic Energy. Its objective is to implement and operate nuclear power stations for India 's electricity sector. The state - owned company has ambitious plans to establish 63 GW generation capacity by 2032, as a safe, environmentally benign and economically viable source of electrical energy to meet the increasing electricity needs of India.
India 's nuclear power generation effort satisfies many safeguards and oversights, such as getting ISO - 14001 accreditation for environment management system and peer review by World Association of Nuclear Operators including a pre-start up peer review. Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited admits, in its annual report for 2011, that its biggest challenge is to address the public and policy maker perceptions about the safety of nuclear power, particularly after the Fukushima incident in Japan.
In 2011, India had 18 pressurized heavy water reactors in operation, with another four projects of 2.8 GW capacity launched. The country plans to implement fast breeder reactors, using plutonium based fuel. Plutonium is obtained by reprocessing spent fuel of first stage reactors. India is in the process of launching its first prototype fast breeder reactor of 500 MW capacity in Tamil Nadu.
India has nuclear power plants operating in the following states: Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. These reactors have an installed electricity generation capacity between 100 MW and 540 MW each. KKNPP Unit - 1 with a capacity of 1,000 MWe was commissioned in July, 2013 while KKNPP Unit - 2, also with a capacity of 1,000 MWe is nearing first approach to criticality in 2016.
In 2011, The Wall Street Journal reported the discovery of uranium in a new mine in India, the country 's largest ever. The estimated reserves of 64,000 tonnes, could be as large as 150,000 tonnes (making the mine one of the world 's largest). The new mine is expected to provide India with a fuel that it now imports. Nuclear fuel supply constraints had limited India 's ability to grow its nuclear power generation capacity. The newly discovered ore, unlike those in Australia, is of slightly lower grade. This mine is expected to be in operation in 2012.
India 's share of nuclear power plant generation capacity is just 1.2 % of worldwide nuclear power production capacity, making it the 15th largest nuclear power producer. India aims to supply 9 % of it electricity needs with nuclear power by 2032. India 's largest nuclear power plant project is planned to be implementedat Jaitapur, Maharashtra in partnership with Areva, France.
India 's government is also developing up to 62, mostly thorium reactors, which it expects to be operational by 2025. It is the "only country in the world with a detailed, funded, government - approved plan '' to focus on thorium - based nuclear power. The country currently gets under 2 % of its electricity from nuclear power, with the rest coming from coal (60 %), hydroelectricity (16 %), other renewable sources (12 %) and natural gas (9 %). It expects to produce around 25 % of its electricity from nuclear power.
As of 2013, India has a single wide area synchronous grid that covers the country.
The spread of high voltage transmission lines is such that it can form a square matrix of area 416 km (i.e. on average, at least one HV line within 10.2 km distance / vicinity) in entire area of the country. The length of high - voltage transmission lines is nearly equal to that of the United States (322,000 km (200,000 mi) of 230 kV and above) but transmits far less electricity. The HV transmission lines (132 kV and above) installed in the country is nearly 700,000 km (430,000 mi) (i.e. on average, at least one ≥ 13 kV transmission line within 4.5 km distance). The length of transmission lines (400 V and above and excluding 220 V lines) is 10,558,177 km (6,560,547 mi) as on 31 March 2015 in the country. The spread of total transmission lines (≥ 400 V) is such that it can form a square matrix of area 36.8 km (i.e. on average, at least one transmission line within 3 km distance) in entire area of the country.
The all - time maximum peak load is not exceeding 158,713 MW in the unified grid whereas the all - time peak load met is 156,058 MW on 9 September 2016. The maximum achieved demand factor of substations is not exceeding 60 % at 200 kV level. The operational performance of the huge capacity substations and the vast network of high voltage transmission lines with low demand factor is not satisfactory in meeting the peak electricity load. Detailed forensic engineering studies are to be undertaken and system inadequacies rectified to evolve into smart grid for maximising utility of the existing transmission infrastructure with optimum future capital investments.
The July 2012 blackout, affecting the north of the country, was the largest power grid failure in history by number of people affected. The introduction of Availability Based Tariff (ABT) has brought about stability to a great extent in the Indian transmission grids. However, presently it is becoming outdated in a power surplus grid.
India 's Aggregate Transmission and Commercial (ATC) losses is 27 % in 2011 - 12. Whereas the total ATC loss was only 9.43 % out of the 4,113 billion kWh electricity supplied in USA during the year 2013. The Government has pegged the national ATC losses at around 24 % for the year 2011 & has set a target of reducing them to 17.1 % by 2017 & to 14.1 % by 2022. A high proportion of non-technical losses are caused by illegal tapping of lines, and faulty electric meters that underestimate actual consumption also contribute to reduced payment collection. A case study in Kerala estimated that replacing faulty meters could reduce distribution losses from 34 % to 29 %.
The Ministry of Power is India 's apex central government body regulating the electrical energy sector in India. This ministry was created on 2 July 1992. It is responsible for planning, policy formulation, processing of projects for investment decisions, monitoring project implementation, training and manpower development, and the administration and enactment of legislation in regard to thermal, hydro power generation, transmission and distribution. It is also responsible for the administration of India 's Electricity Act (2003), the Energy Conservation Act (2001) and to undertake such amendments to these Acts, as and when necessary, in conformity with the Indian government 's policy objectives.
Electricity is a concurrent list subject at Entry 38 in List III of the seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India. In India 's federal governance structure, this means that both the central government and India 's state governments are involved in establishing policy and laws for its electricity sector. This principle motivates central government of India and individual state governments to enter into memorandum of understanding to help expedite projects and reform electricity sector in respective state. To bring transferency and dissemination of information to the public in power purchases by the DisComs, Government of India recently stated posting data on daily basis in its website.
Bulk power purchasers can buy electricity on daily basis for short, medium and long term duration from reverse e-auction facility. The electricity prices transacted under reverse e-auction facility are far less than the prices agreed under bilateral agreements. Multi Commodity Exchange has sought permission to offer electricity future markets in India.
India 's Ministry of Power administers central government owned companies involved in the generation of electricity in India. These include National Thermal Power Corporation, Damodar Valley Corporation, National Hydroelectric Power Corporation and Nuclear Power Corporation of India. The Power Grid Corporation of India is also administered by the Ministry; it is responsible for the inter-state transmission of electricity and the development of national grid.
The Ministry works with various state governments in matters related to state government owned corporations in India 's electricity sector. Examples of state corporations include Telangana Power Generation Corporation, Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation Limited, Assam Power Generation Corporation Limited, Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, Maharashtra State Electricity Board, Kerala State Electricity Board, and Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited.
India 's Ministry of Power administers Rural Electrification Corporation Limited and Power Finance Corporation Limited. These central government owned public sector enterprises provide loans and guarantees for public and private electricity sector infrastructure projects in India.
After the enactment of Electricity Act 2003 budgetary support to power sector is negligible. State Electricity Boards get initial financial help from Central Government in the event of their unbundling.
Rapid growth of electricity sector in India demands that talent and trained personnel become available as India 's new installed capacity adds new jobs. India has initiated the process to rapidly expand energy education in the country, to enable the existing educational institutions to introduce courses related to energy capacity addition, production, operations and maintenance, in their regular curriculum. This initiative includes conventional and renewal energy.
A Ministry of Renewal and New Energy announcement claims State Renewable Energy Agencies are being supported to organise short - term training programmes for installation, operation and maintenance and repair of renewable energy systems in such places where intensive RE programme are being implemented. Renewable Energy Chairs have been established in IIT Roorkee and IIT Kharagpur. Central Training Institute Jabalpur is a primer Power Distribution Engineering and Management training Institute.
Education and availability of skilled workers is expected to be a key challenge in India 's effort to rapidly expand its electricity sector.
India 's electricity sector faces many issues. Some are:
India 's National Grid is synchronously interconnected to Bhutan, and asynchronously linked with Bangladesh and Nepal. An interconnection with Myanmar, and an undersea interconnection to Sri Lanka (India -- Sri Lanka HVDC Interconnection) has also been proposed.
Despite low electricity per capita consumption in India, the country is going to achieve surplus electricity generation during the 12th plan (2012 to 2017) period provided its coal production and transport infrastructure is developed adequately. India has been exporting electricity to Bangladesh and Nepal and importing excess electricity from Bhutan. In 2015, Nepal imported 224.21 MW of electric power from India, and Bangladesh imported 500 MW.
Bangladesh, Myanmar and Pakistan are producing substantial natural gas and using for electricity generation purpose. Bangladesh, Myanmar and Pakistan produce 55 million cubic metres per day (mcmd), 9 mcmd and 118 mcmd out of which 20 mcmd, 1.4 mcmd and 34 mcmd are consumed for electricity generation respectively. Whereas the natural gas production in India is not even adequate to meet its non-electricity requirements.
Bangladesh, Myanmar and Pakistan have proven reserves of 184 billion cubic metres (bcm), 283 bcm and 754 bcm respectively. There is ample opportunity for mutually beneficial trading in energy resources with these countries. India can supply its surplus electricity to Pakistan and Bangladesh in return for the natural gas imports by gas pipe lines. Similarly India can develop on BOOT basis hydro power projects in Bhutan, Nepal and Myanmar. India can also enter into long term power purchase agreements with China for developing the hydro power potential in Brahmaputra river basin of Tibet region. India can also supply its surplus electricity to Sri Lanka by undersea cable link. There is ample trading synergy for India with its neighbouring countries in securing its energy requirements.
The net import of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is 6.093 million tons and the domestic consumption is 13.568 million tons with Rs. 41,546 crores subsidy to the domestic consumers in the year 2012 - 13. The LPG import content is nearly 40 % of total consumption in India. The affordable electricity retail tariff (860 Kcal / Kwh at 90 % heating efficiency) to replace LPG (lower heating value 11,000 Kcal / Kg at 75 % heating efficiency) in domestic cooking is 6.47 Rs / Kwh when the retail price of LPG cylinder is Rs 1000 (without subsidy) with 14.2 kg LPG content. Replacing LPG consumption with electricity reduces its imports substantially.
The domestic consumption of kerosene is 7.349 million tons with Rs. 30,151 crores subsidy to the domestic consumers in the year 2012 - 13. The subsidised retail price of kerosene is 13.69 Rs / litre whereas the export / import price is 48.00 Rs / litre. The affordable electricity retail tariff (860 Kcal / Kwh at 90 % heating efficiency) to replace kerosene (lower heating value 8240 Kcal / litre at 75 % heating efficiency) in domestic cooking is 6.00 Rs / Kwh when Kerosene retail price is 48 Rs / litre (without subsidy).
In the year 2014 - 15, the plant load factor (PLF) of coal - fired thermal power stations is only 64.46 % whereas these stations can run above 85 % PLF comfortably provided there is adequate electricity demand in the country. The additional electricity generation at 85 % PLF is nearly 240 billion units which is adequate to replace all the LPG and kerosene consumption in domestic sector. The incremental cost of generating additional electricity is only their coal fuel cost which is less than 3 Rs / Kwh. Enhancing the PLF of coal - fired stations and encouraging domestic electricity consumers to substitute electricity in place of LPG and kerosene in household cooking, would reduce the government subsidies and idle capacity of thermal power stations can be put to use economically. The domestic consumers who are willing to surrender the subsidised LPG / kerosene permits or eligible for subsidized LPG / kerosene permits, may be given free electricity connection and subsidised electricity tariff.
During the year 2014, IPPs are offering to sell solar power below 5.50 Rs / Kwh to feed into the high voltage grid. This price is close to affordable electricity tariff for the solar power to replace LPG and Kerosene use (after including subsidy on LPG & Kerosene) in domestic sector.
The retail prices of petrol and diesel are high in India to make electricity driven vehicles more economical as more and more electricity is generated from solar energy in near future without appreciable environmental effects. The retail price of diesel is 53.00 Rs / litre in the year 2012 - 13. The affordable electricity retail price (860 Kcal / Kwh at 75 % input electricity to shaft power efficiency) to replace diesel (lower heating value 8572 Kcal / litre at 40 % fuel energy to crank shaft power efficiency) is 9.97 Rs / Kwh. The retail price of petrol is 75.00 Rs / litre in the year 2012 - 13. The affordable electricity retail price (860 Kcal / Kwh at 75 % input electricity to shaft power efficiency) to replace petrol (lower heating value 7693 Kcal / litre at 33 % fuel energy to crank shaft power efficiency) is 19.06 Rs / Kwh. In the year 2012 - 13, India consumed 15.744 million tons petrol and 69.179 millon tons diesel which are mainly produced from imported crude oil at huge foreign exchange out go.
Electricity driven vehicles would become popular in future when its energy storage / battery technology becomes more long lasting and maintenance free. V2G is also feasible with electricity driven vehicles to contribute for catering the peak load in the electricity grid. Electricity driven vehicles can also be continuously charged with Wireless Electricity Transmission (WET) technology which transmits electricity over 5 km distance without wires to charge devices (mobile and stationary) between the range of 3 - 12 volts under any weather conditions.
India being located mostly south of Tropic of Cancer, its abundant solar power potential along with its wind, hydro and biomass power potential can meet all its energy needs perennially without depending on fossil fuels. According to Oil and Gas Journal, India had approximately 38 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves as of January 2011, world 's 26th largest. United States Energy Information Administration estimates that India produced approximately 1.8 Tcf of natural gas in 2010, while consuming roughly 2.3 Tcf of natural gas. The electrical power and fertiliser sectors account for nearly three - quarters of natural gas consumption in India. Natural gas is expected to be an increasingly important component of energy consumption as the country pursues energy resource diversification and overall energy security.
Until 2008, the majority of India 's natural gas production came from the Mumbai High complex in the northwest part of the country. Recent discoveries in the Bay of Bengal have shifted the centre of gravity of Indian natural gas production.
The country already produces some coalbed methane and has major potential to expand this source of cleaner fuel. According to a 2011 Oil and Gas Journal report, India is estimated to have between 600 and 2000 Tcf of shale gas resources (one of the world 's largest). Despite its natural resource potential, and an opportunity to create energy industry jobs, India has yet to hold a licensing round for its shale gas blocks. It is not even mentioned in India 's central government energy infrastructure or electricity generation plan documents through 2025. The traditional natural gas reserves too have been very slow to develop in India because regulatory burdens and bureaucratic red tape severely limit the country 's ability to harness its natural gas resources.
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where have you been where are you going meaning | Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? - Wikipedia
"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? '' is a frequently anthologized short story written by Joyce Carol Oates. The story first appeared in the Fall 1966 edition of Epoch magazine. It was inspired by four Tucson, Arizona murders committed by Charles Schmid, which were profiled in Life magazine in an article written by Don Moser on March 4, 1966. Oates said that she dedicated the story to Bob Dylan because she was inspired to write it after listening to his song "It 's All Over Now, Baby Blue. ''
The story was originally named "Death and the Maiden ''. The main character of Oates ' story is Connie, a beautiful, self - absorbed 15 - year - old girl, who is at odds with her mother -- once a beauty herself -- and with her dutiful, "steady '', and homely older sister. Without her parents ' knowledge, she spends most of her evenings picking up boys at a Big Boy restaurant, and one evening captures the attention of a stranger in a gold convertible covered with cryptic writing. While her parents are away at her aunt 's barbecue, two men pull up in front of Connie 's house and call her out. She recognizes the driver, Arnold Friend, as the man from the drive - in restaurant, and is initially charmed by the smooth - talking, charismatic stranger. He tells Connie he is 18 and has come to take her for a ride in his car with his sidekick Ellie. Connie slowly realizes that he is actually much older, and grows afraid. When she refuses to go with them, Friend becomes more forceful and threatening, saying that he will harm her family, while at the same time appealing to her vanity, saying that she is too good for them. Connie is compelled to leave with him and do what he demands of her.
Considerable academic analysis has been written about the story, with scholars divided on whether it is intended to be taken literally or as allegory. Several writers focus on the series of numbers written on Friend 's car, which he indicates are a code of some sort, but which is never explained:
Literary scholars have interpreted this series of numbers as different Biblical references, as an underlining of Friend 's sexual deviancy, or as a reference to the ages of Friend and his victims.
The narrative has also been viewed as an allegory for initiation into sexual adulthood, an encounter with the devil, a critique of modern youth 's obsession with sexual themes in popular music, or as a dream sequence.
The story was loosely adapted into the 1985 film Smooth Talk, starring Laura Dern and Treat Williams. Oates has written an essay named "Smooth Talk: Short Story into Film '' about the adaptation.
The short story is the inspiration and basis for The Blood Brothers ' song "The Salesman, Denver Max ''.
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when did china take control of hong kong | Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong - Wikipedia
The transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to China, referred to as "the Handover '' or "the Return '' internationally, took place on 1 July 1997. The landmark event marked the end of British administration in Hong Kong, and is often regarded as marking the end of the British Empire.
Hong Kong 's territory was acquired from three separate treaties: the Treaty of Nanking in 1842, the Convention of Peking in 1860, and The Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory in 1898, which gave the UK the control of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon (area south of Boundary Street), and the New Territories (area north of Boundary Street and south of the Sham Chun River, and outlying islands), respectively.
Although Hong Kong Island and Kowloon had been ceded to the United Kingdom in perpetuity, the control on the New Territories was a 99 - year lease. The finite nature of the 99 - year lease did not hinder Hong Kong 's development as the New Territories were combined as a part of Hong Kong.
However, by 1997, it was impractical to separate the three territories and only return the New Territories. In addition, with the scarcity of land and natural resources in Hong Kong Island and Kowloon, the New Territories were being developed with large - scale infrastructures and other developments, with the break - even day lying well past 30 June 1997. Thus, the status of the New Territories after the expiry of the 99 - year lease became important for Hong Kong 's economic development.
When the People 's Republic of China obtained its seat in the United Nations as a result of the UN General Assembly Resolution 2758 in 1971, it began to act diplomatically on the sovereignty issues of Hong Kong and Macau. In March 1972, the Chinese UN representative, Huang Hua, wrote to the United Nations Decolonization Committee to state the position of the Chinese government:
The same year, on 8 November, the United Nations General Assembly passed the resolution on removing Hong Kong and Macau from the official list of colonies.
In March 1979 the Governor of Hong Kong, Murray MacLehose, paid his first official visit to the People 's Republic of China (PRC), taking the initiative to raise the question of Hong Kong 's sovereignty with Deng Xiaoping. Without clarifying and establishing the official position of the PRC government, the arranging of real estate leases and loans agreements in Hong Kong within the next 18 years would become difficult.
In response to concerns over land leases in the New Territories, MacLehose proposed that British administration of the whole of Hong Kong, as opposed to sovereignty, be allowed to continue after 1997. He also proposed that contracts include the phrase "for so long as the Crown administers the territory ''.
In fact, as early as the mid-1970s, Hong Kong had faced additional risks raising loans for large - scale infrastructure projects such as its Mass Transit Railway (MTR) system and a new airport. Caught unprepared, Deng asserted the necessity of Hong Kong 's return to China, upon which Hong Kong would be given special status by the PRC government.
MacLehose 's visit to the PRC raised the curtain on the issue of Hong Kong 's sovereignty: Britain was made aware of the PRC 's aspiration to resume sovereignty over Hong Kong and began to make arrangements accordingly to ensure the sustenance of her interests within the territory, as well as initiating the creation of a withdrawal plan in case of emergency.
Three years later, Deng received the former British Prime Minister Edward Heath, who had been dispatched as the special envoy of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher to establish an understanding of the PRC 's view with regards to the question of Hong Kong; during their meeting, Deng outlined his plans to make the territory a special economic zone, which would retain its capitalist system under Chinese sovereignty.
In the same year, Edward Youde, who succeeded MacLehose as the 26th Governor of Hong Kong, led a delegation of five Executive Councillors to London, including Chung Sze - yuen, Lydia Dunn, and Roger Lobo. Chung presented their position on the sovereignty of Hong Kong to Thatcher, encouraging her to take into consideration the interests of the native Hong Kong population in her upcoming visit to China.
In light of the increasing openness of the PRC government and economic reforms on the mainland, the then British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher sought the PRC 's agreement to a continued British presence in the territory.
However, the PRC took a contrary position: not only did the PRC wish for the New Territories, on lease until 1997, to be placed under the PRC 's jurisdiction, it also refused to recognize the "unfair and unequal treaties '' under which Hong Kong Island and Kowloon had been ceded to Britain in perpetuity. Consequently, the PRC recognized only the British administration in Hong Kong, but not British sovereignty.
In the wake of Governor MacLehose 's visit, Britain and the PRC established initial diplomatic contact for further discussions of the Hong Kong question, paving the way for Thatcher 's first visit to the PRC in September 1982.
Margaret Thatcher, in discussion with Deng Xiaoping, reiterated the validity of an extension of the lease of Hong Kong territory, particularly in light of binding treaties, including the Treaty of Nanking in 1842, the Convention of Peking in 1856, and the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory signed in 1890.
In response, Deng Xiaoping cited clearly the lack of room for compromise on the question of sovereignty over Hong Kong; the PRC, as the successor of Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China on the mainland, would recover the entirety of the New Territories, Kowloon and Hong Kong Island. China considered treaties about Hong Kong as unequal and ultimately refused to accept any outcome that would indicate permanent loss of sovereignty over Hong Kong 's area, whatever wording the former treaties had.
During talks with Thatcher, China planned to invade and seize Hong Kong if the negotiations set off unrest in the colony. Thatcher later said that Deng told her bluntly that China could easily take Hong Kong by force, stating that "I could walk in and take the whole lot this afternoon '', to which she replied that "there is nothing I could do to stop you, but the eyes of the world would now know what China is like ''.
After her visit with Deng in Beijing, Thatcher was received in Hong Kong as the first British Prime Minister to set foot on the territory whilst in office. At a press conference, Thatcher re-emphasised the validity of the three treaties, asserting the need for countries to respect treaties on universal terms: "There are three treaties in existence; we stick by our treaties unless we decide on something else. At the moment, we stick by our treaties. ''.
At the same time, at the 5th session of the 5th National People 's Congress, the constitution was amended to include a new Article 31 which stated that the country might establish Special Administrative Regions (SARs) when necessary.
The additional Article would hold tremendous significance in settling the question of Hong Kong and later Macau, putting into social consciousness the concept of "One country, two systems ''. The concept would prove useful to deploy until the territories were secured and conditions were ripe for its gradual abrogation.
A few months after Thatcher 's visit to Beijing, the PRC government had yet to open negotiations with the British government regarding the sovereignty of Hong Kong.
Shortly before the initiation of sovereignty talks, Governor Youde declared his intention to represent the population of Hong Kong at the negotiations. This statement sparked a strong response from the PRC, prompting Deng Xiaoping to denounce talk of "the so - called ' three - legged stool ' '', which implied that Hong Kong was a party to talks on its future, alongside Beijing and London.
At the preliminary stage of the talks, the British government proposed an exchange of sovereignty for administration and the implementation of a British administration post-handover.
The PRC government refused, contending that the notions of sovereignty and administration were inseparable, and although it recognised Macau as a "Chinese territory under Portuguese administration '', this was only temporary.
In fact, during informal exchanges between 1979 and 1981, the PRC had proposed a "Macau solution '' in Hong Kong, under which it would remain under British administration at China 's discretion.
However, this had previously been rejected following the 1967 Leftist riots, with the then Governor, David Trench, claiming the leftists ' aim was to leave the UK without effective control, or "to Macau us ''.
The conflict that arose at that point of the negotiations ended the possibility of further negotiation. During the reception of former British Prime Minister Edward Heath during his sixth visit to the PRC, Deng Xiaoping commented quite clearly on the impossibility of exchanging sovereignty for administration, declaring an ultimatum: the British government must modify or give up its position or the PRC will announce its resolution of the issue of Hong Kong sovereignty unilaterally.
In 1983, Typhoon Ellen ravaged Hong Kong, causing great amounts of damage to both life and property. The Hong Kong dollar plummeted on Black Saturday, and the Financial Secretary John Bremridge publicly associated the economic uncertainty with the instability of the political climate. In response, the PRC government condemned Britain through the press for "playing the economic card '' in order to achieve their ends: to intimidate the PRC into conceding to British demands.
Governor Youde with nine members of the Hong Kong Executive Council travelled to London to discuss with Prime Minister Thatcher the crisis of confidence -- the problem with morale among the people of Hong Kong arising from the ruination of the Sino - British talks. The session concluded with Thatcher 's writing of a letter addressed to the PRC Premier Zhao Ziyang.
In the letter, she expressed Britain 's willingness to explore arrangements optimising the future prospects of Hong Kong while utilising the PRC 's proposals as a foundation. Furthermore, and perhaps most significantly, she expressed Britain 's concession on its position of a continued British presence in the form of an administration post-handover.
Two rounds of negotiations were held in October and November. On the sixth round of talks in November, Britain formally conceded its intentions of either maintaining a British administration in Hong Kong or seeking some form of co-administration with the PRC, and showed its sincerity in discussing PRC 's proposal on the 1997 issue. Obstacles were cleared.
Simon Keswick, chairman of Jardine Matheson & Co., said they were not pulling out of Hong Kong, but a new holding company would be established in Bermuda instead. The PRC took this as yet another plot by the British. The Hong Kong government explained that it had been informed about the move only a few days before the announcement. The government would not and could not stop the company from making a business decision.
Just as the atmosphere of the talks was becoming cordial, members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong felt impatient at the long - running secrecy over the progress of Sino - British talks on the Hong Kong issue. A motion, tabled by legislator Roger Lobo, declared "This Council deems it essential that any proposals for the future of Hong Kong should be debated in this Council before agreement is reached '', was passed unanimously.
The PRC attacked the motion furiously, referring to it as "somebody 's attempt to play the three - legged stool trick again ''. At length, the PRC and Britain initiated the Joint Declaration on the question of Hong Kong 's future in Beijing. Zhou Nan, the then PRC Deputy Foreign Minister and leader of the negotiation team, and Sir Richard Evans, British Ambassador to Beijing and leader of the team, signed respectively on behalf of the two governments.
The Sino - British Joint Declaration was signed by the Prime Ministers of the People 's Republic of China and the United Kingdom governments on 19 December 1984 in Beijing. The Declaration entered into force with the exchange of instruments of ratification on 27 May 1985 and was registered by the People 's Republic of China and United Kingdom governments at the United Nations on 12 June 1985.
In the Joint Declaration, the People 's Republic of China Government stated that it had decided to resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong (including Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, and the New Territories) with effect from 1 July 1997 and the United Kingdom Government declared that it would restore Hong Kong to the PRC with effect from 1 July 1997. In the document, the People 's Republic of China Government also declared its basic policies regarding Hong Kong.
In accordance with the "One Country, Two Systems '' principle agreed between the United Kingdom and the People 's Republic of China, the socialist system of the People 's Republic of China would not be practised in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), and Hong Kong 's previous capitalist system and its way of life would remain unchanged for a period of 50 years. This would have left Hong Kong unchanged until 2047.
The Joint Declaration provided that these basic policies should be stipulated in the Hong Kong Basic Law. The ceremony of the signing of the Sino - British Joint Declaration took place at 18: 00, 19 December 1984 at the Western Main Chamber of the Great Hall of the People. The Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office at first proposed a list of 60 - 80 Hong Kong people to attend the ceremony. The number was finally extended to 101.
The list included Hong Kong government officials, members of the Legislative and Executive Councils, chairmen of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation and Standard Chartered Bank, prominent businessmen such as Li Ka - shing, Pao Yue - kong and Fok Ying - tung, and also Martin Lee Chu - ming and Szeto Wah.
The Basic Law was drafted by a Drafting Committee composed of members from both Hong Kong and mainland China. A Basic Law Consultative Committee formed purely by Hong Kong people was established in 1985 to canvas views in Hong Kong on the drafts.
The first draft was published in April 1988, followed by a five - month public consultation exercise. The second draft was published in February 1989, and the subsequent consultation period ended in October 1989.
The Basic Law was formally promulgated on 4 April 1990 by the NPC, together with the designs for the flag and emblem of the HKSAR. Some members of the Basic Law drafting committee were ousted by Beijing following the 4 June 1989 Tiananmen Square protests, after voicing views supporting the students.
The Basic Law was said to be a mini-constitution drafted with the participation of Hong Kong people. The political system had been the most controversial issue in the drafting of the Basic Law. The special issue sub-group adopted the political model put forward by Louis Cha. This "mainstream '' proposal was criticised for being too conservative.
According to Clauses 158 and 159 of the Basic Law, powers of interpretation and amendment of the Basic Law are vested in the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress and the National People 's Congress, respectively. Hong Kong 's people have limited influence.
After the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, the Executive Councillors and the Legislative Councillors unexpectedly held an urgent meeting, in which they agreed unanimously that the British Government should give the people of Hong Kong the right of abode in the United Kingdom.
More than 10,000 Hong Kong residents rushed to Central in order to get an application form for residency in the United Kingdom. On the eve of the deadline, over 100,000 lined up overnight for a BN (O) application form. While mass migration did begin well before 1989, the event did lead to the peak migration year in 1992 with 66,000 leaving.
Many citizens were pessimistic towards the future of Hong Kong and the transfer of the region 's sovereignty. A tide of emigration, which was to last for no less than five years, broke out. At its peak, citizenship of small countries, such as Tonga, was also in great demand.
Singapore, which also had a predominantly Chinese population, was another popular destination, with the country 's Commission (now Consulate - General) being besieged by anxious Hong Kong residents. By September 1989, 6000 applications for residency in Singapore had been approved by the Commission.
Some consul staff were suspended or arrested for their corrupt behaviour in granting immigration visas. In April 1997, the acting immigration officer at the US Consulate - General, James DeBates, was suspended after his wife was arrested for smuggling of Chinese migrants into the United States. The previous year, his predecessor, Jerry Stuchiner, had been arrested for smuggling forged Honduran passports into the territory before being sentenced to 40 months in prison.
Canada (Vancouver and Toronto), United Kingdom (London, Glasgow, and Manchester), Australia (Sydney and Melbourne), and the United States (San Francisco and New York) were, by and large, the most popular destinations. The United Kingdom devised the British Nationality Selection Scheme, granting 50,000 families British citizenship under the British Nationality Act (Hong Kong) 1990.
Vancouver was among the most popular destinations, earning the nickname of "Hongcouver ''. Richmond, a suburb of Vancouver, was nicknamed "Little Hong Kong ''. Other popular settlements are found in Auckland, New Zealand and Dublin, Ireland. All in all, from the start of the settlement of the negotiation in 1984 to 1997, nearly 1 million people emigrated; consequently, Hong Kong suffered serious loss of capital.
Chris Patten became the last governor of Hong Kong. This was regarded as a turning point in Hong Kong 's history. Unlike his predecessors, Patten was not a diplomat, but a career politician and former Member of Parliament. He introduced democratic reforms which pushed PRC -- British relations to a standstill and affected the negotiations for a smooth handover.
Patten introduced a package of electoral reforms in the Legislative Council. These reforms proposed to enlarge the electorate, thus making voting in the Legislative Council more democratic. This move posed significant changes because Hong Kong citizens would have the power to make decisions regarding their future.
The handover ceremony was held at the new wing of the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre in Wan Chai on the night of 30 June 1997.
The principal British guest was Prince Charles, who read a farewell speech on behalf of the Queen. The newly elected Prime Minister, Tony Blair, the Foreign Secretary Robin Cook, the departing Governor Chris Patten and General Sir Charles Guthrie, Chief of the Defence Staff, also attended.
Representing the People 's Republic of China were the President, Jiang Zemin, the Premier, Li Peng, and the first Chief Executive Tung Chee - hwa. The event was broadcast around the world.
After the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, the Hong Kong government proposed a grand "Rose Garden Project '' to restore faith and solidarity among the residents. As the construction of the new Hong Kong International Airport would extend well after the handover, Governor Wilson met PRC Premier Li Peng in Beijing to ease the mind of the PRC government.
The communist press published stories that the project was an evil plan to bleed Hong Kong dry before the handover, leaving the territory in serious debt. After three years of negotiations, Britain and the PRC finally reached an agreement over the construction of the new airport, and signed a Memorandum of Understanding. Removing hills and reclaiming land, it took only a few years to construct the new airport.
The Walled City was originally a single fort built in the mid-19th century on the site of an earlier 17th century watch post on the Kowloon Peninsula of Hong Kong. After the ceding of Hong Kong Island to Britain in 1842 (Treaty of Nanjing), Manchu Qing Dynasty authorities of China felt it necessary for them to establish a military and administrative post to rule the area and to check further British influence in the area.
The 1898 Convention which handed additional parts of Hong Kong (the New Territories) to Britain for 99 years excluded the Walled City, with a population of roughly 700. It stated that China could continue to keep troops there, so long as they did not interfere with Britain 's temporary rule.
Britain quickly went back on this unofficial part of the agreement, attacking Kowloon Walled City in 1899, only to find it deserted. They did nothing with it, or the outpost, and thus posed the question of Kowloon Walled City 's ownership squarely up in the air. The outpost consisted of a yamen, as well as buildings which grew into low - lying, densely packed neighbourhoods from the 1890s to 1940s.
The enclave remained part of Chinese territory despite the turbulent events of the early 20th century that saw the fall of the Qing government, the establishment of the Republic of China and later, a Communist Chinese government (PRC).
Squatters began to occupy the Walled City, resisting several attempts by Britain in 1948 to drive them out. The Walled City became a haven for criminals and drug addicts, as the Hong Kong Police had no right to enter the City and China refused maintainability. The 1949 foundation of the People 's Republic of China added thousands of refugees to the population, many from Guangdong; by this time, Britain had had enough, and simply adopted a "hands - off '' policy.
A murder that occurred in Kowloon Walled City in 1959 set off a small diplomatic crisis, as the two nations each tried to get the other to accept responsibility for a vast tract of land now virtually ruled by anti-Manchurian Triads.
After the Joint Declaration in 1984, the PRC allowed British authorities to demolish the City and resettle its inhabitants. The mutual decision to tear down the walled city was made in 1987. The government spent up to HK $ 3 billion to resettle the residents and shops.
Some residents were not satisfied with the compensation, and some even obstructed the demolition in every possible way. Ultimately, everything was settled, and the Walled City became a park.
Rennie 's Mill got its name from a Canadian businessman named Alfred Herbert Rennie, who established a flour mill at Junk Bay. The business failed, and Rennie hanged himself there in 1908. The incident gave the Chinese name for the site Tiu Keng Leng (吊 頸 嶺), meaning "Hanging (neck) Ridge ''. The name was later formally changed to similar - sounding Tiu King Leng (調 景 嶺) because it was regarded as inauspicious.
In the 1950s the (British) Government of Hong Kong settled a considerable number of refugees from China -- former Nationalist soldiers and other Kuomintang supporters -- at Rennie 's Mill, following the Chinese civil war. For many years the area was a Kuomintang enclave known as "Little Taiwan '', with the flag of the Republic of China flying, its own school system and practically off - limits to the Royal Hong Kong Police Force.
In 1996 the Hong Kong government finally forcibly evicted Rennie 's Mill 's residents, ostensibly to make room for new town developments, as part of the Tseung Kwan O New Town, but widely understood to be a move to please the Communist Chinese government before Hong Kong reverted to Communist Chinese rule in 1997.
Before the eviction, Rennie 's Mill could be reached by the winding, hilly and narrow Po Lam Road South. At that time, Rennie 's Mill 's only means of public transport were the routes 90 and 290 of Kowloon Motor Bus, which were operated by minibuses, and by water transport.
The Republic of China on Taiwan promulgated the Laws and Regulations Regarding Hong Kong & Macao Affairs on 2 April 1997 by Presidential Order, and the Executive Yuan on 19 June 1997 ordered the provisions pertaining to Hong Kong to take effect on 1 July 1997.
The United States -- Hong Kong Policy Act or more commonly known as the Hong Kong Policy Act (P.L no. 102 - 383m 106 Stat. 1448) is a 1992 act enacted by the United States Congress. It allows the United States to continue to treat Hong Kong separately from China for matters concerning trade export and economics control after the handover.
The United States was represented by then Secretary of State Madeleine Albright at the Hong Kong handover ceremony. However, she partially boycotted it in protest of China 's dissolution of the democratically elected Hong Kong legislature.
Scholars have begun to study the complexities of the transfer as shown in the popular media, such as films, television and video and online games. For example, Hong Kong director Fruit Chan made a sci - fi thriller The Midnight After (2014) that stressed the sense of loss and alienation represented by survivors in an apocalyptic Hong Kong. Chan infuses a political agenda in the film by playing on Hong Kongers ' collective anxiety towards communist China. Yiman Wang has argued that America has viewed China through the prisms of films from Shanghai and Hong Kong, with a recent emphasis on futuristic disaster films set in Hong Kong after the transfer goes awry.
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what are all the countries in the united kingdom | Countries of the United Kingdom - wikipedia
The United Kingdom (UK) comprises four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.
Within the United Kingdom, a unitary sovereign state, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales have gained a degree of autonomy through the process of devolution. The UK Parliament and British Government deal with all reserved matters for Northern Ireland and Scotland and all non-transferred matters for Wales, but not in general matters that have been devolved to the Northern Ireland Assembly, Scottish Parliament and National Assembly for Wales. Additionally, devolution in Northern Ireland is conditional on co-operation between the Northern Ireland Executive and the Government of Ireland (see North / South Ministerial Council) and the British Government consults with the Government of Ireland to reach agreement on some non-devolved matters for Northern Ireland (see British -- Irish Intergovernmental Conference). England, comprising the majority of the population and area of the United Kingdom, remains fully the responsibility of the UK Parliament centralised in London.
England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales are not themselves listed in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) list of countries. However the ISO list of the subdivisions of the UK, compiled by British Standards and the UK 's Office for National Statistics, uses "country '' to describe England, Scotland and Wales. Northern Ireland, in contrast, is described as a "province '' in the same lists. Each has separate national governing bodies for sports and compete separately in many international sporting competitions, including the Commonwealth Games. Northern Ireland also forms joint All - Island sporting bodies with the Republic of Ireland for most sports, including rugby union.
The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are dependencies of the Crown and are not part of the UK. Similarly, the British overseas territories, remnants of the British Empire, are not part of the UK.
Historically, from 1801, following the Acts of Union, until 1921 the whole island of Ireland was a country within the UK. Ireland was split into two separate jurisdictions in 1921: Southern Ireland and Northern Ireland. Southern Ireland left the United Kingdom under the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922.
The UK parliament makes all English legislation. The former flag of Northern Ireland, the Ulster Banner, is still used in some sport - related contexts.
* Figures for GVA do not include oil and gas revenues generated beyond the UK 's territorial waters, in the country 's continental shelf region.
Various terms have been used to describe England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.
The Interpretation Act 1978 provides statutory definitions of the terms "England '', "Wales '' and the "United Kingdom '', but neither that Act nor any other current statute defines "Scotland '' or "Northern Ireland ''. Use of the first three terms in other legislation is interpreted following the definitions in the 1978 Act. The definitions in the 1978 Act are listed below:
In the Scotland Act 1998 there is no delineation of Scotland, with the definition in section 126 simply providing that Scotland includes "so much of the internal waters and territorial sea of the United Kingdom as are adjacent to Scotland ''.
The Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011 refers to England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland as "parts '' of the United Kingdom in the following clause: "Each constituency shall be wholly in one of the four parts of the United Kingdom (England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland). ''
The Royal Fine Art Commission 's 1847 report on decorating the Palace of Westminster referred to "the nationality of the component parts of the United Kingdom '' being represented by their four respective patron saints.
"Regions '': For purposes of NUTS 1 collection of statistical data in a format that is compatible with similar data that is collected elsewhere in the European Union, the United Kingdom has been divided into twelve regions of approximately equal size. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are regions in their own right while England has been divided into nine regions.
The official term rest of the UK (RUK or rUK) is used in Scotland, for example in export statistics and in legislating for student funding. This term is also used in the context of potential Scottish independence to mean the UK without Scotland.
The alternative term Home Nations is sometimes used in sporting contexts and may include all of the island of Ireland.
According to the British Social Attitudes Survey, there are broadly two interpretations of British identity, with ethnic and civic dimensions:
The first group, which we term the ethnic dimension, contained the items about birthplace, ancestry, living in Britain, and sharing British customs and traditions. The second, or civic group, contained the items about feeling British, respecting laws and institutions, speaking English, and having British citizenship.
Of the two perspectives of British identity, the civic definition has become the dominant idea and in this capacity, Britishness is sometimes considered an institutional or overarching state identity. This has been used to explain why first -, second - and third - generation immigrants are more likely to describe themselves as British, rather than English, Northern Irish, Scottish or Welsh, because it is an "institutional, inclusive '' identity, that can be acquired through naturalisation and British nationality law; the vast majority of people in the United Kingdom who are from an ethnic minority feel British. However, this attitude is more common in England than in Scotland or Wales; "white English people perceived themselves as English first and as British second, and most people from ethnic minority backgrounds perceived themselves as British, but none identified as English, a label they associated exclusively with white people ''. Contrariwise, in Scotland and Wales "there was a much stronger identification with each country than with Britain. ''
Studies and surveys have reported that the majority of the Scots and Welsh see themselves as both Scottish / Welsh and British though with some differences in emphasis. The Commission for Racial Equality found that with respect to notions of nationality in Britain, "the most basic, objective and uncontroversial conception of the British people is one that includes the English, the Scots and the Welsh ''. However, "English participants tended to think of themselves as indistinguishably English or British, while both Scottish and Welsh participants identified themselves much more readily as Scottish or Welsh than as British ''. Some people opted "to combine both identities '' as "they felt Scottish or Welsh, but held a British passport and were therefore British '', whereas others saw themselves as exclusively Scottish or exclusively Welsh and "felt quite divorced from the British, whom they saw as the English ''. Commentators have described this latter phenomenon as "nationalism '', a rejection of British identity because some Scots and Welsh interpret it as "cultural imperialism imposed '' upon the United Kingdom by "English ruling elites '', or else a response to a historical misappropriation of equating the word "English '' with "British '', which has "brought about a desire among Scots, Welsh and Irish to learn more about their heritage and distinguish themselves from the broader British identity ''. The propensity for nationalistic feeling varies greatly across the UK, and can rise and fall over time.
The state - funded Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey, part of a joint project between the University of Ulster and Queen 's University Belfast, has addressed the issue of identity in since it started polling in 1998. It reported that 37 % of people identified as British, whilst 29 % identified as Irish and 24 % identified as Northern Irish. 3 % opted to identify themselves as Ulster, whereas 7 % stated ' other '. Of the two main religious groups, 68 % of Protestants identified as British as did 6 % of Catholics; 60 % of Catholics identified as Irish as did 3 % of Protestants. 21 % of Protestants and 26 % of Catholics identified as Northern Irish.
For Northern Ireland, however, the results of the Life & Times Survey are not the whole story. The poll asks for a single preference, whereas many people easily identify as any combination of British and Irish, or British, Northern Irish and Irish, or Irish and Northern Irish. The 2014 Life & Times Survey addressed this to an extent by choosing two of the options from the identity question: British and Irish. It found that, while 28 % of respondents stated they felt "British not Irish '' and 26 % felt "Irish not British '', 39 % of respondents felt some combination of both identities. Six percent chose ' other description '.
The identity question is confounded further by identity with politics and religion, and particularly by a stance on the constitutional status of Northern Ireland. Again in 2014, the Life & Times Survey asked what respondents felt should be the "long term future for Northern Ireland ''. 66 % of respondents felt the future should be as a part of the UK, with or without devolved government. 17 % felt that Northern Ireland should unify with the Republic of Ireland. 50 % of specifically Roman Catholics considered that the long - term future should be as part of the UK, with 32 % opting for separation. 87 % of respondents identifying as any Protestant denomination opted for remaining part of the UK, with only 4 % opting for separation. Of those respondents who declared no religion, 62 % opted for remaining part of the UK, with 9 % opting for separation.
Following devolution and the significant broadening of autonomous governance throughout the UK in the late 1990s, debate has taken place across the United Kingdom on the relative value of full independence, an option that was rejected by the Scottish people in the Scottish independence referendum, 2014.
Cornwall is administered as a county of England, but the Cornish people are a recognised national minority, included under the terms of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities in 2014.
Each of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales has separate national governing bodies for sports and competes separately in many international sporting competitions. Each country of the United Kingdom has a national football team, and competes as a separate national team in the various disciplines in the Commonwealth Games. At the Olympic Games, the United Kingdom is represented by the Great Britain and Northern Ireland team, although athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to join the Republic of Ireland 's Olympic team. In addition to Northern Ireland having its own national governing bodies for some sports such as Association football and Netball, for others, such as rugby union and cricket, Northern Ireland participates with the Republic of Ireland in a joint All - Ireland team. England and Wales field a joint cricket team.
The United Kingdom participates in the Eurovision Song Contest as a single entity, though there have been calls for separate and Scottish and Welsh entrants. In 2018, Wales participated alone in the spin - off "Choir of the Year '', placing second.
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how many times has gail platt been married in coronation street | Gail McIntyre - wikipedia
Gail Rodwell (also Potter, Tilsley, Platt, Hillman and McIntyre) is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera, Coronation Street. Portrayed by Helen Worth, the character first appeared on - screen on 29 July 1974. As of 2018, Gail has been on the show for 44 years, which currently makes her the third longest - running character on the show after Ken Barlow and Rita Tanner.
Gail is the daughter of Audrey Roberts (Sue Nicholls) and Ted Page (Michael Byrne) and is the mother of Nick Tilsley (Ben Price), Sarah Platt (Tina O'Brien) and David Platt (Jack P. Shepherd) and has featured in some of the most controversial and high - profile storylines in the soap involving her family and her number of relationships -- jointly with Steve McDonald, she is the soap 's most married character, having been married six times.
Gail 's storylines include her marriage to Brian Tilsley (Christopher Quinten); her vicious feud with her mother - in - law Ivy Tilsley (Lynne Perrie); coping when Brian is killed in a knife attack; marrying the much younger Martin Platt (Sean Wilson); coping when her teenage daughter Sarah falls pregnant at the age of 13; divorcing Martin and marrying serial killer Richard Hillman (Brian Capron); being kidnapped with Sarah, David and her granddaughter Bethany Platt (Emily Walton / Lucy Fallon) by Richard and being driven into the canal by him; her feud with Eileen Grimshaw (Sue Cleaver) after her son Todd (Bruno Langley) comes out as gay while dating Sarah; throwing David out after he hides drugs in Bethany 's toys; being pushed down the stairs by David after he discovers that she took Tina McIntyre (Michelle Keegan) to a private abortion clinic to terminate a pregnancy fathered by David, marrying Tina 's father Joe McIntyre (Reece Dinsdale); being imprisoned for Joe 's murder when his plan to fake his own death goes wrong; a feud with David 's wife Kylie Turner (Paula Lane); coping with the secret that Kylie slept with Nick and that her unborn baby may not be David 's; marrying the burglar who robbed her home, Michael Rodwell (Les Dennis); keeping the secret that Andy Carver (Oliver Farnworth) is not actually Michael 's son but an impostor; trying to help David come to terms with Kylie 's death; and locking David in the cellar of the Bistro after discovering that he is going to kill Kylie 's murderer.
Gail Potter is a friend of Tricia Hopkins (Kathy Jones) and a boss. She is first seen when she tells Ray Langton (Neville Buswell) that Tricia fancies him. In April 1975, Gail discovers that the man her mother was living with - Frank Peterson - is n't her father as she thought. Angry, Gail leaves home, moving into the shop flat with her co-worker / former schoolfriend, Tricia. Gail is plagued by nuisance telephone calls and when phone engineer, John Lane, turns up one evening to catch the culprit, Gail realises that it is him. Luckily, Emily Bishop (Eileen Derbyshire) sees him go in, her suspicions aroused, and the police are called.
After the warehouse they work in burns down, Gail and Tricia work in the Corner Shop, but when Renee Bradshaw (Madge Hindle) buys the shop and flat in June 1976, the girls are evicted. Tricia leaves Weatherfield and Elsie Tanner (Pat Phoenix) returns, fortunately for Gail as Elsie ensures that she can stay in the flat. Elsie and Gail find work at Sylvia 's Separates and move into No 11. She loses her virginity to Roy Thornley, but discovers that he is married and Gail is cited in a messy divorce. In December 1976, Sylvia 's Separates is taken over by Mike Baldwin (Johnny Briggs) and renamed the Western Front. Elsie is moved from boutique manager to factory supervisor and Gail is promoted to manager with Suzie Birchall (Cheryl Murray), working for her. In early 1977, Suzie joins Elsie and Gail at No 11, and the three women become one of the programme 's most popular groups.
In November 1978, Mike Baldwin closes down the Western Front, but things look up for Gail in December when Brian Tilsley (Christopher Quinten) gatecrashes a party at Elsie 's and asks her out. In January 1979, Gail gets a job working with Emily Bishop in Dawson 's Cafe. By April, Brian and Gail are engaged, beginning a long feud between Gail and Brian 's mother, Ivy (Lynne Perrie), and saw the arrival of Gail 's mother, Audrey Potter (Sue Nicholls). Brian and Gail are married that November and move in with Brian 's parents at number five. Gail and Brian move to a one - bedroomed house at 5 Buxton Close in August 1980 and on New Year 's Eve, their son, Nicky (Warren Jackson) is born. The Tilsleys ' marriage never seems wholly secure, especially with narcissistic Brian being given free rein by his doting mother, and soon hits a rocky spot. Gail is propositioned by Brian 's friend, Colin Jackson, and Brian is dazzled by customer Glenda Fox. In January 1982, Brian 's boss, Ron Sykes, announces that he is selling the business and emigrating to the Persian Gulf. Faced with the choice of working away or redundancy, Brian goes to work in Qatar. Gail makes friends with neighbour, Jackie Moffatt, but bored at home on her own, asks Jackie to look after Nicky while she works part - time in Jim Sedgewick 's café (she had briefly worked there when it first opened in 1980), now run by Jim 's ex-wife, Alma Sedgewick, (Amanda Barrie).
Brian announces that he is staying in the Gulf, extending his contract by two months. Lonely, Gail agrees to go for a drink with truck driver, Les Charlton, (Graham Fellows) but Nicky goes missing and is eventually found in the newly rebuilt number seven. A distressed Gail thinks about giving up her job and loses interest in Les. Unfortunately, Les 's last visit coincides with Brian 's return and he makes it very clear to Les that he is not welcome. Brian decides not to return to Qatar and admits having "had a drink '' with a nurse and Gail realizes that his friendship with her was a lot closer than he is admitting. In August 1982, using the money he made in Qatar, Brian opens a garage in partnership with Ron Sykes and for a while, the Tilsleys are happy. In March 1983, things seem to be going so well that Brian takes out a bank loan and buys Ron Sykes 's share of the garage. However, there is a change in fortunes - Brian 's father, Bert (Peter Dudley), is seriously injured while overinflating a tyre at the garage and dies soon afterwards, and the business starts losing money - forcing Brian to put it up for sale. He is talked out of selling by Gail and Mike Baldwin, deciding to sell the house in Buxton Close instead, and move back in with Ivy. The Tilsleys ' marriage now begins to crumble as living under the same roof irritates Ivy and Gail and when in August 1984, Gail is offered the job of manageress at Jim 's Cafe, she takes it - annoying Brian and Ivy. A couple of months later, there is more friction when Brian finds that Audrey 's latest boyfriend, George Hepworth (Richard Moore), made a pass at Gail. By April 1985, Gail has had enough and leaves Brian, moving her and Nicky into a bedsit. This finally makes Brian get a council house so Gail and Nicky move in there with him.
Early in 1986, Brian 's Australian cousin, Ian Latimer (Michael Loney) visits and stays with Ivy. Soon he and Gail are having an affair. Gail admits this to Brian on learning that she is pregnant and does n't know who is the father. Blood tests show that Sarah - Louise (Lynsay & Leah King), who is born in January 1987, can not be Ian 's but Brian never really bonds with Sarah - Louise, and moves in with his new girlfriend, Liz Turnbull (Catriona A Elliott). Soon after, Brian divorces Gail. Gail starts dating Jeff Singleton (Jonathan Barlow), and Brian does n't like the idea of him being a stand - in father. After Brian 's abortive attempt to kidnap Nicky, Brian and Gail reconcile and he moves back into Hammond Road, and they remarry in February 1988. However, Gail realises that she married too young and Brian 's old - fashioned attitudes about wives mean that the marriage will never work so they separate again but continue living under the same roof. Eventually, Gail asks for another divorce after a massive row one evening in February 1989. Brian 's attempt to find other female company that same evening results in him stabbed to death outside a nightclub.
Alma returns to Weatherfield from Spain late in 1988, and in June 1989, offers Gail a 40 % partnership in Jim 's Café, which she accepts. Martin Platt (Sean Wilson) has been working at the café since 1985. To Gail 's surprise, she finds herself attracted to Martin, who is 10 years younger than her. Martin comforts Gail when she is upset about recent events and a few kisses leads to them ending up in bed together.
Much against Ivy and Audrey 's wishes, Martin moves in with Gail and the children and she soon becomes pregnant. Feeling that she ca n't cope with three children and does n't want Martin to be tied down too young, she decides to have an abortion. Martin catches her just as her train pulls out of the station and persuades her not to go ahead so David (Thomas Ormson) is born on Christmas Day 1990. Gail and Martin marry in September 1991 and in December, Martin buys number eight and the Platt family move in. Gail 's emotional trials are far from over. When Martin studies to become a nurse, Carmel Finnan (Catherine Cusack), a fellow student, stays with them in late 1992 and becomes besotted with Martin. Gail angrily throws her out after Carmel tells Gail that she is too old for Martin but she returns a few weeks later, claiming she 's expecting Martin 's baby, and tries to kidnap David. This causes a fight between her and Gail and Carmel falls down the stairs. At hospital, it is found that she is n't pregnant and her grandfather arrives, explaining her mental history.
During 1994, tensions build as Nicky refuses to acknowledge Martin as a "father '', causing problems for Martin and Gail. Depressed after Christmas celebrations at work, Martin sleeps with Cathy Power, (Theresa Brindley) and is caught kissing her Audrey 's husband, Alf Roberts, (Bryan Mosley). Alf and Martin agree to keep it between them but when Audrey finds out, Martin confesses everything to Gail. Gail takes the betrayal very badly, and although they continue to live together, she and Martin barely speak but reconcile after a family holiday in North Wales. However, tensions with Nick (as he now wants to be called) grow and are aggravated by Ivy 's death in August 1995. She leaves most of her estate to Nick - providing he changes his name back to Tilsley. Months of wrangling and bad feeling ensue, with Gail, Martin, Nick and Don Brennan (Geoffrey Hinsliff), Ivy 's second husband, constantly arguing. In January 1996, Gail settles the row by getting Don to pay Nick £ 12,000 for the house. Soon after, Gail meets her half - brother, Stephen Reid (Todd Boyce) when he visits Weatherfield. Later in 1996, Martin and Gail 's marriage is strained, due to conflict between Nick and Martin so Stephen invites them to Canada for a holiday and Nick decides to go to school there, using the money Don paid him for Ivy 's house.
Roy Cropper (David Neilson) begins working in the café with Gail when Alma wants to spend less time there and eventually, Alma sells her share in the café to Roy after she and Gail fall out over Stephen 's decision to cancel his contract with Mike. Gail and Roy get on very well and things tick over as usual. Roy even gives Gail and Martin a weekend trip to Paris from vouchers he has saved. In 1997, Don is in prison after attacking Mike and Alma but is diagnosed with terminal cancer and asks to see Gail to make amends for the trouble he caused since Ivy 's death. Don leaves hospital, attacks Mike and crashes Alma 's car into the viaduct, killing himself. Nick (now played by Adam Rickett) returns for the funeral and starts dating Leanne Battersby (Jane Danson), part of a loud, obnoxious family now living in number five. Gail is furious when Nick and Leanne elope to Scotland in January 1998.
Brian 's murderer, Darren Whately, is released from prison on parole and Nick persuades Leanne to write to him so he starts stalking her. Gail urges Nick to report him to the police when things get out of control and Darren is returned to prison. Leanne and Nick are shocked to learn that Leanne is pregnant, something Gail disapproves of, and their marriage ends after Nick pressures her to have an abortion and tell people that she miscarried. Nick returns to Canada, much to Gail 's delight that he is no longer with Leanne, behaviour very similar to her former mother - in - law, Ivy.
Gail tires of her responsibility of the café and sells her share to Roy and his new girlfriend Hayley Patterson (Julie Hesmondhalgh), but continues to work there. The café relocates in 1999 to a new development on Victoria Street and is renamed Roy 's Rolls. 1999 also sees Gail and Martin 's marriage get into serious trouble after Gail demands Martin have a vasectomy after she has a pregnancy scare and does n't want any more children. Martin refuses and Gail 's unreasonable behaviour and anger pushes Martin to become good friends with another nurse, Rebecca Hopkins (Jill Halfpenny). They initially bond over troublesome spouses but soon begin an affair that lasts into 2000. Martin plans on leaving Gail for Rebecca, but this is put on hold when they discover that Sarah (now played by Tina O'Brien), now 13, is refusing to eat and being sick. Fearing that she is developing an eating disorder, Gail takes her to the doctors and learns that Sarah is five months pregnant and gives birth to Bethany (Emily & Amy Walton) in June 2000. Sarah struggles with motherhood and Gail quits her job so she can look after Bethany while Sarah is at school and enjoy being a teenager occasionally. The truth about Martin 's affair comes out soon after the baby 's birth and Gail is devastated. She tries to keep the family together but it does n't work as Gail kept on taking her frustration out on Sarah, accusing her of being a bad mother which caused her to run away and to move into the Croppers ' flat. Gail felt very guilty after Sarah returned home. She breaks down and tells Martin she wants a divorce. Martin leaves in October 2000, and he and Gail divorce in early 2001. Soon after Martin leaves, Gail gets a job as a receptionist in the newly built medical centre.
The character of Gail then becomes central to one of the soap 's most high - profile plot lines in which episodes would go on to get viewing figures more than 17 million. At first, Gail grows closer to her good friend Alma 's cousin, Richard Hillman (Brian Capron), a financial advisor, after Alma 's death. Smooth - talking Richard whisks Gail off her feet, and they marry in 2002. Little does she know that her apparently perfect husband, due to financial difficulties after proposals for a bail hostel to be built near apartments he had developed causes them not to sell, has become a serial killer to inherit money, murdering several Weatherfield residents and tries to kill others including Gail 's mother, Audrey. When Audrey begins to suspect Richard, she tries to warn Gail but Gail believes Audrey is suffering from dementia as Richard made everyone, including Audrey at first believe through the use of secret mind games. This leads to a row and Gail cuts off contact with Audrey when she continues to call Richard a murderer, much to Audrey 's heartache. Also, while Gail was still oblivious to Richard 's actions, Sarah was involved in a serious car crash with then boyfriend, Aidan Critchley (Dean Ashton), after he steals Ken Barlow 's (William Roache) car. Aidan escapes from the wreckage, leaving Sarah for dead. Fortunately she makes a full recovery but never forgives Aiden for what he did. When Gail begins to suspect that her husband is more than he seems, she confronts him with her suspicions and Richard admits everything to her in a special two - hander episode broadcast on 24 February 2003, admitting he killed Maxine Peacock (Tracy Shaw) and his ex-wife Patricia (Annabelle Apsion). He also reveals that he tried to kill Emily, Audrey, and left Rovers ' landlord Duggie Ferguson (John Bowe) to die, all for his financial benefit. Gail also discovers Richard is a serial con - artist. Absolutely horrified, Gail brands him "Norman Bates With A Briefcase '' and throws him out before giving a statement to the police about Richard 's confessions. Gail also reconciles with Audrey and just as Gail starts to rebuild her life, Richard returns in March 2003. He takes Gail, Sarah, David (now played by Jack P. Shepherd) and Bethany hostage and attempts to gas them in the garage but people notice the noise from the garage so he drives them all into the canal. Gail, Sarah, David and Bethany survive but Richard drowns. Gail later finds out that she faces financial ruin, due to Richard 's actions and could lose her house. Vera Duckworth (Elizabeth Dawn) accuses her of being in league with Richard, as she and her husband Jack (Bill Tarmey) also face financial instability as Richard was their financial advisor. However, Audrey saves the day by using her life savings to buy the house for Gail and her family but Gail 's troubles continue. There is soon conflict with Sarah when Sarah and Bethany move into a flat with Todd Grimshaw (Bruno Langley). Gail calls Social Services, hoping to get Bethany returned to her so Sarah will have to return too. When this does n't work, Gail and Sarah have no contact for several months. Sarah becomes pregnant again and she and Todd get engaged, further angering Gail, just like her relationship with her former mother - in - law Ivy. However, Todd admits to Sarah that he is gay so they break up and Sarah & Bethany move out, returning to live with Gail. When Sarah tells Gail what has happened, the fight between Gail and Eileen (Sue Cleaver), Todd 's mother, turns physical as Gail is furious at the position Todd has left Sarah in, 16 years old and 7 months pregnant with her 2nd child. Unfortunately Sarah is rushed to hospital with a placental abruption and needs an emergency caesarean. She survives but baby Billy is very ill and dies the day after he is born.
Gail also does her best to come between Nick and his new girlfriend, Maria Sutherland (Samia Ghadie), believing that Maria will break Nick 's heart again as she emigrated with him to Canada briefly once before but returned alone, as she was n't happy there. They eventually do break up, and despite being very cold with each other for several months, Gail comforts Maria when she is devastated that Nick leaves to start a new job in Nottingham.
In 2005, Gail begins a relationship with chiropodist Phil Nail (Clive Russell), much to David 's annoyance and he constantly tries to come between them.
From early 2006, Gail receives cards from her late husband Richard, unnerving her so much that she becomes reliant on sleeping pills and drink. She contacts the police and thinks that new boyfriend, Phil, is responsible and this causes Phil and David to argue, resulting in him and Gail breaking up and Phil leaving. Her relationship with David is strained to the point of breakdown when she realizes that he is sending the cards. She takes him to the police to close the case but does n't press charges. Gail forgives David and believes that she can keep him in line, only to find that he is not going to school. On Christmas Day 2006, David unveils Ivy Brennan 's diary, revealing Gail 's planned abortion and he also exposes Audrey 's affair with Bill Webster (Peter Armitage). David runs away from home when Gail tells him she wants him to start paying rent, but returns with the police after claiming that Gail is abusing him. The final straw is when Bethany swallows an ecstasy tablet that was hidden in her doll 's head by David in September 2007. Bethany is rushed to intensive care, and following an ultimatum from Sarah, Gail makes David move out and orders him not to attend Sarah 's wedding to Jason Grimshaw (Ryan Thomas). As revenge, David writes a suicide note and leaves it on the kitchen table for Gail to find the day before the wedding. However, Sarah finds it first and believing it to be another attention - seeking stunt, she puts it in the bin. The next day, David sees his family celebrating the wedding, despite the suicide note. To prove his point, he drives his car into the same part of the canal that Richard had driven them all into four years earlier. A distraught Gail waits for hours for news on whether he is alive or dead, and when he eventually turns up at the house, Gail swears to him that she will never let the situation get so out of hand again. Her relationship with Sarah becomes strained when it is revealed that Sarah was aware of the suicide note when in fact he had n't intended on killing himself at all, just ruin Sarah 's wedding. She began to blamed herself, how her son David becomes evil since his father Martin left the town, and wish that she and Martin never divorce.
Gail 's half brother Stephen comes to stay for Christmas and offers David a job in Milan which he accepts. However, as revenge for spoiling her wedding day, Sarah plants ecstasy tablets in his drawer at Audrey 's salon and when Audrey finds them, Gail insists that David is not to go to Milan. Sarah is offered the job instead and plans on leaving with Jason and Bethany. However, she joyfully tells Jason what she did at the airport and disgusted with her, Jason returns to Weatherfield alone and tells Gail what really happened.
In March 2008, David 's new girlfriend Tina McIntyre (Michelle Keegan) tells Gail that she is pregnant with David 's baby. Believing that neither of them are ready for parenthood, Gail offers to pay for Tina to have an abortion and to keep it from David, which Tina accepts. However, David soon finds out and is angry with Gail. He goes to pack his bags and Gail begs him not to go and tries to explain her reasons, but David does n't want to know and pushes her away from him. Unfortunately, she is at the top of the stairs and has a terrible fall resulting in her being hospitalised and suffering from short - term amnesia. Gail eventually remembers who pushed her but forgives David believing she pushed him to it. However, believing that he should be punished for nearly killing his mother, he begins smashing up windows in the street resulting in him spending several weeks in prison. Ted Page (Michael Byrne), Gail 's long lost father, gets in touch with Audrey. Gail finds out and is angry that she was not told. However, she arranges to meet Ted after he discovers he has a daughter, 3 grandchildren and 1 great - grandchild.
Gail takes a shine to Tina 's father, Joe McIntyre (Reece Dinsdale), and they start dating. Joe later proposes to Gail on a boat he renovated. However, Gail is unaware that Joe is deeply in debt, as his business has collapsed and is frequently visited by a debt collector. Gail marries Joe in January 2010 despite his debt. While Gail and Joe are on holiday the next month, Joe tries to fake his own death for the life insurance money. He tells Gail, who is horrified, and asks him to go to the police but they argue on the boat and Joe falls, spraining his wrist. The fight is witnessed by another couple. Joe eventually manages to push Gail back on to the dock and he sets sail. Shortly afterwards, Joe is knocked from the boat and drowns but Gail thinks he has gone ahead with his plan so she calls David and tells him about Joe 's plan and they agree to tell people that Joe has got a job in the Lake District, thinking he will return. They take Joe 's boat in from the lake and go home. Gail is devastated when Joe 's body is found. However, the police find many inconsistencies in her story, especially when the couple from the lakes come forward as witnesses. She is arrested during Joe 's wake for his murder and later charged after an indignant Tina tells the police that Gail intends to visit her daughter in Milan and that she asked Tina to lie to them. Consequently, Gail is denied bail and her trial is scheduled for three months later. Gail fears the worst, especially when former neighbour Tracy Barlow (Kate Ford) makes a false testimony against her claiming that Gail admitted in their prison cell to killing Joe with a rolling pin, but is relieved when she is found not guilty.
Gail learns that David is engaged to Kylie Turner (Paula Lane) and is against the marriage. Once David and Kylie are married Gail later warms to the marriage and allows them both to continue living with her. Gail and Audrey bump into Audrey 's ex-boyfriend, professional con artist, Lewis Archer (Nigel Havers). They report him to the police but he is not charged and returns to Weatherfield, much to Audrey 's horror. They reconcile, much to Gail 's disgust, and live happily together. Lewis also gets a job at Nick 's Bistro. However, Gail is sure that sooner or later Lewis will hurt Audrey so she plots with Gloria Price (Sue Johnston) to get proof that Lewis is really in love with Audrey. Audrey, however, finds out about this and does n't stop them so when Lewis realizes that she knew, he leaves her. Wanting revenge, he later fools Gail into falling in love with him and they plan to remortgage her house and buy a hotel business in Italy. After telling her family this, and with Audrey and David disgusted, Lewis (by text) instructs Gail to turn on the DVD of ' Italian for Lovers ' which David does. To the family 's horror, Lewis has hacked her bank account, taken the money and left the country.
Gail meets a man named Michael Rodwell (Les Dennis), who turns up at her house pretending to be a gas man, who has come to the house to look at the "gas leak ''. He is revealed as a burglar and pushes Gail, causing her to fall over, and Kylie chases him out of the street, but he gets into his van and drives off. Gail starts to become anxious when she is home alone due to the burglary and is helped by her son David, Kylie and Audrey. However, Gail and Michael gradually grow close as Gail helps him to rebuild his life and she begins to stick up for him in front of David and Kylie. Eventually, Michael moves in with her.
In January 2015, Michael proposes to Gail, however she is taken aback by the proposal and Michael is scared that he had rushed into things and that she would leave him. However that evening at the bistro, Gail turns the tables and proposes to Michael. The celebrations are cut short when Michael collapses and is rushed to Weatherfield General. He later discovers he will require open heart surgery. When Sarah returns to Weatherfield in March 2015, she meets Michael but rudely refers to him as the ' burglar ' before shaking hands. Gail and Michael are eventually married in April 2015.
However, in June 2015 after Michael receives a photo album from his former wife Susan detailing the life of their son Gavin, it is revealed to Michael that Andy Carver has been posing as his son and the real Gavin is dead. Michael is horrified to learn that Gail (as well as David and Andy 's girlfriend Steph) knew about the fake identity and aided Andy in keeping the lie secret. Michael walks out on Gail. Unable to forgive her, Michael later demands a divorce and moves in with his new friend Eileen Grimshaw. Later Michael tells Gail that he and Eileen shared a kiss and Gail and Eileen end up fighting in the street. In July, Gail is upset when Michael and Eileen begin a relationship.
Gail stands by David and Kylie when Max 's biological father, Callum Logan (Sean Ward), begins terrorising the family, as he wants custody of Max. Gail tries to co-operate with Callum 's own mother, Marion, but the mediation sessions between him and David end in failure, worsening the situation as time goes on. After Max says he saw Callum and some other gangsters beating up Jason, Gail forces him out of the house when he stops by for one of his impromptu visits, only for Max to tell Callum he "wishes he was dead '', leading to Callum chasing Max into the road. Max is then hit by Nick in a van. Thankfully, he recovers. Gail 's hatred for Callum reaches new heights when he has thugs raid Audrey 's salon. Following this, Callum suddenly disappears, and Gail assumes he has decided to leave the family alone from now on.
In September 2015, as uncertainty grows about the future living situation at No. 8, Gail and David agree to convert the garage into a "granny annexe '' for Gail to live in. After it is finished, Gail discovers there is damp underneath the floor. This eventually dissipates, but Gail begins to notice David, Kylie, and Sarah acting out of the ordinary. She passes it off, and officially moves into the annexe. However, in January 2016, Gail tells David and Kylie she wants underfloor heating for her annexe. She gets Jason to take a look at it, but David, frustrated, stops him from doing so, raising Gail 's evermore suspicions about her son 's temperament.
In 2016, it was revealed that there was a decomposed body in the manhole underneath Gail 's annexe after a car crash involving Tyrone Dobbs (Alan Halsall) and Fiz Stape (Jennie McAlpine). The body was later revealed as Callum, who was missing for a couple of months. Gail considered her family responsible for the murder but looked passed it after it was later said that Jason 's father, Tony Stewart (Terence Maynard) was "guilty '' of murdering him.
Gail 's daughter Sarah began experiencing mental issues after believing that Callum was n't dead and was still on the run and coming to kill her. Billy Mayhew 's (Daniel Brocklebank) brother Lee ended up kidnapping Sarah before she went into hospital, telling her that Callum is indeed "alive ''. Sarah angers him by pushing him into a table, injuring him. Lee pushes her, looking like he is going to rape her and then Gail 's son David kicks open the door and saves her from him. Sarah then goes into hospital leaving her newborn baby Harry with Gail 's daughter in - law, Kylie. Michael also later reconciles with Gail after splitting with Eileen, and moves back into No 8.
In July 2016, Gail 's son David and his wife Kylie agreed to leave Weatherfield and move to Barbados with Kylie 's half sister Becky McDonald. This was cancelled because of the sudden death of Kylie after she was stabbed by Clayton Hibbs after protecting Gemma Winter (Dolly Rose - Campbelle). Gail and her family grieved following this especially David, Max and Lily. This memories bring Gail back from her first husband Brian when he was stabbed thirty years ago.
In October 2016, Gail was horrified by David as he tried to kill Clayton and himself by crashing into his police van with his car full of petrol and by lighting a flame. Gail later found a suicide video, by David, stating that he did n't want to upset the kids but was doing this for Kylie. Gail 's method for preventing David from suicide was by trapping him in the Bistro 's wine cellar during the trial.
David later escaped the cellar and ended up crashing into Gary Windass (Mikey North) and his own daughter, Lily. They both survived but soon after the explosion, Gary 's mother Anna Windass (Debbie Rush) got caught up in flames after she fell into a petrol puddle and ended up receiving serious burns to the legs. Gail understood to not ask further questions to David as he felt terrible about it all.
In November 2016, Michael is found dead after Pat Phelan (Connor McIntyre) allowed him to die of a heart attack. Gail is devastated, and she and Eileen put aside their differences for Michael 's funeral. Michael is cremated off screen, and Gail scatters his ashes into a pond near to where they were planning to renew their vows.
In January 2017, Gail 's granddaughter Bethany, begins dating an older man called Nathan Curtis (Christopher Harper) who ended up only being with her to exploit her and groom her. At the same time, David becomes involved with new girl, Shona Ramsey (Julia Goulding), who was also involved with Nathan.
In November 2016, Michael is found dead after being left for dead by Pat Phelan (Connor McIntyre). Gail is devastated, and she and Eileen put aside their differences for Michael 's funeral.
In May 2017, Gail begins pairing up David and fellow hairdresser Maria Connor (Samia Ghadie) after believing that they had feelings for each other and were the "perfect match ''. David and Maria find out about Gail 's plans and agree to mess with her. They pretend to be engaged and in love and later take it to the next level and pretend that Maria is pregnant with David 's baby. Audrey discovers that they are lying to them and tells Gail. Gail pretends to organise the wedding plans and David tells her that it was all a joke.
In June 2017, Gail discovers that Bethany has been involved in a sex ring and is horrified. After believing that Nathan does n't really love her, Bethany leaves him and gets him arrested. Gail 's precious son Nick decides to leave Weatherfield for good because he has nothing left in Weatherfield. They have a touching moment together.
Gail 's son David and Shona get closer and share a kiss in hospital together. This annoys Gail because she knows that Shona is the mother of Kylie 's killer Clayton. She warns Shona to stay away and even offers her £ 600 to make her move away. Shona ends up telling David the truth and she leaves Weatherfield after being upset by David. David finds out that Gail knew about everything and kicks her out of his house, but eventually lets her back in.
Actress Helen Worth was cast as Gail Potter in 1974. The role of Gail was initially intended to be very minor, a friend of the more established character Tricia Hopkins (Kathy Jones), who was introduced as part of a new family. The Hopkins family made little impact on the show, and, after they were written out, Gail went on to become one of the most popular and high - profile characters in the history of the series. Although Worth was 23 at the time of her casting, the character of Gail was supposed to be 16 when she first appeared.
The character of Gail was first portrayed as a teenager who liked to have fun with her best friends, first Tricia, then Suzie Birchall and Sally Webster. However, following her first marriage to mechanic Brian Tilsley her storylines have seen her constantly suffer many blows and misery. She has had five husbands, three children, and four grandchildren, although her grandson died in infancy. Her storylines have seen her feuding with a domineering mother - in - law, deal with affairs, three divorces, being widowed three times, deal with traumas from each of her children, marry a serial killer who in turn tried to kill her and her family, and even been imprisoned to await a murder trial after being falsely accused of murdering her fourth husband. Throughout each of these ordeals, her personality altered from laid back to a bitter, miserable, whiny and bossy woman, a clone of her former mother - in - law Ivy Tilsley. She has been known to interfere in her children 's lives as family is important to her and she did n't come from a stable family background. Her mother gave birth to her at 18 because she thought it would help her get the baby back that she had been forced to give up for adoption two years previously. Gail 's father was never told about her and as a result, she was mostly brought up by her grandmother or to fend for herself while her mother went out with a string of men. This caused Gail to become a headstrong, independent young woman. However, she always swore that her own children would have a proper family life, living with both their parents. However this has n't worked out and she has been left with repeated failed marriages and being a single mother to her children. She interferes in her children 's lives, thinking she is helping and knows what 's best, causing many arguments in the process and feuding with whoever gets involved with her children, just like her own relationship with Ivy. Particularly after marrying a serial killer and putting her children 's lives in danger, Gail 's interfering has increased immensely. Actress Helen Worth has stated that she loves Gail 's storylines as the many traumas give her great opportunities as an actress.
Just like her relationship and feud with her former mother - in - law Ivy Tilsley, the character 's feud with Eileen Grimshaw portrayed by Sue Cleaver has become a popular feud. The characters have a long history of catfights and insults between them, animosity that stems from the acrimonious break - up of Gail 's daughter Sarah - Louise (Tina O'Brien) and Eileen 's son, Todd (Bruno Langley). In one famous scene, Gail flings herself at Eileen after being soundly slapped and told to "Go home, Gail! '' Despite this, various things, including the 2010 tram crash, have caused them to put aside their differences.
Cleaver who plays Eileen has commented, "Eileen 's relationship with Gail is horrendous (...) I love all the scraps in the street with Gail. Helen Worth (Gail) and I love doing all that - we have such a laugh with the abusive comments we make for each other. The constant battle is fun. It 's a love - hate relationship. '' Worth has suggested that Gail probably thinks she is "a little better than Eileen ''. Jenny Platt, who played Violet Wilson between 2004 and 2008 has noted that "Gail 's found her nemesis in Eileen, but it 's so stupid because actually they are so similar. They are both single mums looking out for their kids. ''
Gail and Eileen continue to feud, clashing in the Rovers on Gail 's hen night to Michael in 2015. In June 2015, they ended up fighting in the street again after Gail discovered Eileen had kissed her estranged husband Michael Rodwell.
In 2008, Gail began a relationship with Joe McIntyre portrayed by Reece Dinsdale. The relationship was rocky just like most of other Gail 's relationships but the two characters later went on to marry. Conclusion to the storyline and ending of the relationship resulting in Joe 's death. In November 2009, The Sun reported Joe would decide to disappear on a boating holiday in the Lake District after experiencing a debt crisis which begins to spiral out of control, in a surprise twist, Joe ends up losing his life for real when a sail pole knocks him unconscious and into freezing cold water before he can carry out his plan in full. The plot mirrored real - life case of fraudster John Darwin, who faked his own death while out canoeing before turning up alive five years later in December 2007. A source said: "It 's a copycat storyline of Darwin 's insurance scam. Corrie bosses have decided that Joe will meet a watery end. He decides to fake his own death to avoid his crippling debt problems and leave wife Gail with the proceeds from his life insurance. ''
Speaking of how Joe compared to Gail 's other husband, Helen Worth said; "On paper, Joe looks quite normal! He 's like any other normal man with problems and they 're getting on top of him. Gail will share those problems. Like she says, when Gail marries him, Joe 's problems become her problems and that 's the way it should be. That sums their relationship up, really. She 'll do anything for him because Gail ca n't let her dream go. To realise that he 's the wrong man would spell the end of her dream, so she 's not going to do it. ''
In 2009, Worth revealed in an interview with the Daily Mirror that she thought Coronation Street bosses were going to write the character out of the soap as an upcoming storyline would see her on trial for murder: "At the time I was genuinely anxious as to whether it was the end of the road for me and Coronation Street... I was n't shocked, because it can happen to an actor at any time. But I was very pleased when I found out that whatever happens at Gail 's trial, I will be staying in the show. ''
In January 2014, it was announced that Les Dennis has joined the cast of Coronation Street as Michael Rodwell. In February 2014, it was revealed that Michael Rodwell was being lined up as a love interest for Gail. The Mirror reported that Michael will arrive in Weatherfield and burgle Gail 's house. However, Michael will then turn up again in the summer to try to make amends with Gail as part of a restorative justice storyline. The restorative justice scheme involves people who have admitted crimes meeting their victims or making amends by doing some sort of remedial work. Worth revealed that Gail would sacrifice everything for her relationship with Michael particular her relationship with son Nick Tilsley (Ben Price) who would disapprove of the relationship. Speaking of the scenes, Worth explained: "Nick comes back to the house and spies Gail and Michael in the garden, enjoying a bottle of wine and kissing. It completely pushes him over the edge and as he leaves, he spots Michael 's ice cream van and vandalises it. "Gail is absolutely devastated and completely humiliated - she knows full well who is behind it. Gail confronts Nick about it and he admits to it and tells her it 's because he saw them kissing in the garden. ''
In June 2012, the Daily Mail 's Jaci Stephen praised Worth and Gail, saying "The character has been through the mill with husbands -- one murdered, one dull, one a serial killer and one a kitchen - fitter - cum - fraudster -- and Worth has handled every plot with aplomb. She also has great comic timing, and Gail 's incompetence in the Bistro is now making for terrific scenes with Nick. ''
On 25 May 2014, Worth won "Outstanding Achievement Award '' at The British Soap Awards 2014 for her portrayal of Gail over the last 40 years.
On 9 June 2014, a 30 - minute documentary entitled "Gail & Me: 40 Years on Coronation Street '' was aired at 20: 00 dedicated to Worth 's 40 years on the soap. In the show, Worth was reunited with past actors Brian Capron (Richard Hillman) and Amanda Barrie (Alma Halliwell), and spoke out about Gail 's most controversial storylines.
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who sang heaven's just a sin away | Heaven 's Just a Sin Away - Wikipedia
"Heaven 's Just a Sin Away '' is a song composed by Jerry Gillespie, which was recorded in 1977 by The Kendalls. Released in 1977, the song went to Number One on the Billboard Hot Country Singles (now Hot Country Songs) charts. It was the duo 's first Top 40 entry on that chart, and the second single from the album Let the Music Play / Heaven 's Just a Sin Away, released on Ovation. It also reached number 69 on the Billboard Hot 100.
The song won The Kendalls a Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Single of the Year win from the Country Music Association.
Kelly Willis recorded the song on her 1993 album Kelly Willis for MCA Nashville Records. Her version, the second and final single from that album, reached number 63 on the country singles charts that year.
In 2009, former Creedence Clearwater Revival vocalist / guitarist John Fogerty recorded the song for his The Blue Ridge Rangers Rides Again album.
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british crane hire v ipswich plant hire 1975 qb 303 | British Crane Hire corp Ltd v Ipswich Plant Hire Ltd - wikipedia
British Crane Hire Corporation Ltd v Ipswich Plant Hire Ltd (1973) EWCA Civ 6 is an English contract law case concerning the issue of incorporation of terms with regular business dealings.
British Crane Hire Corporation Ltd and Ipswich Plant Hire Ltd carried on plant hire businesses. They had contracted with one another previously in February and October 1969, when a printed form was used. In June 1970, Ipswich Plant needed a crane urgently. Ipswich Plant 's manager had been unaware of previous dealings, but hire and transport charges were agreed by phone, and British Crane delivered. A form followed. This provided the hirers would pay for recovery expenses. Ipswich Plant did not sign it on this occasion. The crane sank into marshland and got stuck in the mud. British Crane recovered the crane with considerable cost. British Crane argued that the unsigned form was incorporated into the oral contract, given their previous dealings.
At first instance the judge held the term putting the cost of recovery on the hirer was not incorporated. British Crane appealed.
Lord Denning MR 's ruling is known for its typically laconic opening sentence:
Denning held the clause was incorporated, so Ipswich Plant had to reimburse for the recovery expenses.
But here the parties were both in the trade and were of equal bargaining power. Each was a firm of plant hirers who hired out plant. The Defendants themselves knew that firms in the plant - hiring trade always imposed conditions in regard to the hiring of plant: and that their conditions were on much the same lines. The Defendants ' manager, Mr Turner (who knew the crane), was asked about it. He agreed that he had seen these conditions or similar ones in regard to the hiring of plant. He said that most of them were, to one extent or another, variations of a form which he called "the Contractors ' Plant Association form ''. The Defendants themselves (when they let out cranes) used the conditions of that form. The conditions on the Plaintiffs ' form were in rather different words, but nevertheless to much the same effect... (Lord Denning MR quoted from exchanges at trial)
From that evidence it is clear that both parties knew quite well that conditions were habitually imposed by the supplier of these machines: and both parties knew the substance of those conditions. In particular that, if the crane sank in soft ground, it was the hirer 's job to recover it: and that there was an indemnity clause. In these circumstances, I think the conditions on the form should be regarded as Incorporated into the contract. I would not put it so much on the course of dealing, but rather on the common understanding which is to be derived from the conduct of the parties, namely, that the hiring was to be on the terms of the Plaintiffs ' usual conditions.
Megaw LJ and Sir Eric Sachs concurred.
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who plays khaleesi brother in game of thrones | Harry Lloyd - wikipedia
Harry Charles Salusbury Lloyd (born 17 November 1983) is an English actor. He is known for his roles as Will Scarlet in the 2006 BBC drama Robin Hood, Jeremy Baines in the 2007 Doctor Who episodes "Human Nature '' and "The Family of Blood '', and Viserys Targaryen in the HBO series Game of Thrones. He has also appeared on stage, and in films including The Theory of Everything and Anthropoid.
Lloyd was born in London, the son of Marion Evelyn (née Dickens), a children 's publisher, and Jonathan Lloyd, who heads a literary agency. He is a great - great - great - grandson of Victorian writer Charles Dickens through his mother, who is the daughter of Captain Peter Dickens, RN. One of his maternal great - grandfathers was Rear - Admiral Henry Blagrove. He is a cousin of biographer and writer Lucinda Hawksley, and actor and performer Gerald Dickens.
Lloyd was educated at Eton College and, while there, made his television debut at the age of 16 as James Steerforth in the BBC 's 1999 adaptation of David Copperfield opposite Daniel Radcliffe. In 2002, he was cast as young Rivers in Goodbye Mr Chips. He went on to study English at Christ Church, Oxford, where he joined the Oxford University Dramatic Society and appeared in several plays like Kiss of the Spider Woman and The Comedy of Errors. He toured Japan with The Comedy of Errors for the society 's 2005 summer tour, starring alongside Felicity Jones. He left the University of Oxford in 2005, graduating with an upper second - class degree.
In 2007, Lloyd made his professional stage debut at the Trafalgar Studios in A Gaggle of Saints, one of three short plays that make up Neil LaBute 's Bash, for which he received many positive reviews. He played Jeremy Baines, a student whose mind is taken over by a species of aliens called the Family of Blood, in the Doctor Who episodes "Human Nature '' and "The Family of Blood ''. He was suggested as a possible candidate to play the Doctor when David Tennant left the role.
In 2011, Lloyd appeared as Viserys Targaryen in the HBO series Game of Thrones. He also appeared in the BBC comedy Taking The Flak, and as Herbert Pocket in Great Expectations. He had small roles in Jane Eyre and The Iron Lady, and starred as the son of a gangster in The Fear, which aired on Channel 4 in December 2012. In 2012, he appeared as Sir Edmund Mortimer in the BBC television film The Hollow Crown: Henry IV, Part 1, and he played Ferdinand, The Duke of Calabria, in The Duchess of Malfi at the Old Vic in London. He took on his first leading role in the feature film Closer to the Moon, released in 2014. Lloyd also appeared as Stephen Hawking 's fictionalized roommate Brian in the Best Picture - nominated film The Theory of Everything, alongside Academy Award winner Eddie Redmayne and Academy Award nominee Felicity Jones.
In 2015, Lloyd co-created the web series Supreme Tweeter, in which he stars as a fictionalized version of himself. The following year he played Adolf Opálka in the epic war film Anthropoid, also starring Jamie Dornan and Cillian Murphy. He also appeared in the ITV series Marcella. He returned to the stage for the production Good Canary at the Rose Theatre, which was directed by John Malkovich in the role of the protagonist. In 2017, he filmed for the part of Peter Quayle in the upcoming series Counterpart with J.K. Simmons, and starred as young Joe Castleman in the film The Wife, an adaptation of the book by Meg Wolitzer, opposite Glenn Close and Jonathan Pryce.
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medical term that means inflammation of a vein | Granuloma - wikipedia
Granuloma is an inflammation found in many diseases. It is a collection of immune cells known as histiocytes (macrophages). Granulomas form when the immune system attempts to wall off substances it perceives as foreign but is unable to eliminate. Such substances include infectious organisms including bacteria and fungi, as well as other materials such as keratin and suture fragments.
In Dr. Aaron Moses: pathology, a granuloma is an organized collection of macrophages.
In medical practice, doctors occasionally use the term "granuloma '' loosely to mean "a small nodule ''. Since a small nodule can represent anything from a harmless nevus to a malignant tumor, this usage of the term is not very specific. Examples of the inaccurate use of the term granuloma are the lesions known as vocal cord granuloma (known as contact granuloma), pyogenic granuloma and intubation granuloma, all of which are examples of granulation tissue, not granulomas. "Pulmonary hyalinizing granuloma '' is a lesion characterized by keloid - like fibrosis in the lung, and is not granulomatous. Similarly, radiologists often use the term granuloma when they see a calcified nodule on X-ray or CT scan of the chest. They make this assumption since granulomas usually contain calcium, although the cells that form a granuloma are too tiny to be seen by a radiologist. The most accurate use of the term "granuloma '' requires a pathologist to examine surgically removed and specially colored (stained) tissue under a microscope.
Macrophages (specifically histiocytes) are the cells that define a granuloma. They often, but not invariably, fuse to form multinucleated giant cells (Langhans giant cell). The macrophages in granulomas are often referred to as "epithelioid ''. This term refers to the vague resemblance of these macrophages to epithelial cells. Epithelioid macrophages differ from ordinary macrophages in that they have elongated nuclei that often resemble the sole of a slipper or shoe. They also have larger nuclei than ordinary macrophages and their cytoplasm is typically more pink when stained with eosin. These changes are thought to be a consequence of "activation '' of the macrophage by the offending antigen.
The other key term in the above definition is the word "organized '' that refers to a tight, ball - like formation. The macrophages in these formations are typically so tightly clustered that the borders of individual cells are difficult to appreciate. Loosely dispersed macrophages are not considered to be granulomas.
All granulomas, regardless of cause, may contain additional cells and matrix. These include lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, multinucleated giant cells, fibroblasts and collagen (fibrosis). The additional cells are sometimes a clue to the cause of the granuloma. For example, granulomas with numerous eosinophils may be a clue to coccidioidomycosis or allergic bronchopulmonary fungal disease, and granulomas with numerous neutrophils suggest blastomycosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, aspiration pneumonia or cat - scratch disease.
In terms of the underlying cause, the difference between granulomas and other types of inflammation is that granulomas form in response to antigens that are resistant to "first - responder '' inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and eosinophils. The antigen causing the formation of a granuloma is most often an infectious pathogen or a substance foreign to the body, but sometimes the offending antigen is unknown (as in sarcoidosis).
Granulomas are seen in a wide variety of diseases, both infectious and non-infectious. Infections that are characterized by granulomas include tuberculosis, leprosy, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis and cat scratch disease. Examples of non-infectious granulomatous diseases are sarcoidosis, Crohn 's disease, berylliosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, pulmonary rheumatoid nodules and aspiration of food and other particulate material into the lung.
An important feature of granulomas is whether or not they contain necrosis. Necrosis refers to dead cells that, under the microscope, appear as a mass of formless debris with no nuclei present. A related term, "caseation '' (literally: turning to cheese) refers to a form of necrosis that, to the unaided eye (i.e., without a microscope), appears cheese - like ("caseous ''), and is typically (but not uniquely) a feature of the granulomas of tuberculosis. The identification of necrosis in granulomas is important because granulomas with necrosis tend to have infectious causes. There are several exceptions to this general rule, but it nevertheless remains useful in day - to - day diagnostic pathology.
Granuloma without necrosis in a lymph node of a person with sarcoidosis.
Granuloma with central necrosis in a lung of a person with tuberculosis. Note the Langhans - type giant cells (with many nuclei arranged in a horseshoe - like pattern at the edge of the cell) around the periphery of the granuloma. Langhans - type giant cells are seen in many types of granulomas, and are not specific for tuberculosis.
The granulomas of tuberculosis tend to contain necrosis ("caseating tubercules ''), but non-necrotizing granulomas may also be present. Multinucleated giant cells with nuclei arranged like a horseshoe (Langhans giant cell) and foreign body giant cells are often present, but are not specific for tuberculosis. A definitive diagnosis of tuberculosis requires identification of the causative organism by microbiologic cultures.
In leprosy, granulomas are found in the skin and tend to involve nerves. The appearance of the granulomas differs according to the precise type of leprosy.
Some schistosome ova that are laid in intestinal and urinary venules backwash into the liver via the portal vein causing granuloma formation in the liver.
Granulomas are seen in most forms of histoplasmosis (acute histoplasmosis, histoplasmoma, chronic histoplasmosis). Histoplasma organisms can sometimes be demonstrated within the granulomas by biopsy or microbiological cultures.
When Cryptococcus infection occurs in persons whose immune systems are intact, granulomatous inflammation is typically encountered. The granulomas can be necrotizing or non-necrotizing. Using a microscope and appropriate stains, organisms can be seen within the granulomas.
Cat - scratch disease is an infection caused by the bacterial organism Bartonella henselae, typically acquired by a scratch from a kitten infected with the organism. The granulomas in this disease are found in the lymph nodes draining the site of the scratch. They are characteristically "suppurative '', i.e., pus forming, containing large numbers of neutrophils. Organisms are usually difficult to find within the granulomas using methods routinely used in pathology laboratories.
Rheumatic fever is a systemic disease affecting the peri-arteriolar connective tissue and can occur after an untreated Group A Beta - hemolytic streptococcal pharyngeal infection. It is believed to be caused by antibody cross-reactivity.
Sarcoidosis is a disease of unknown cause characterized by non-necrotizing ("non-caseating '') granulomas in multiple organs and body sites, most commonly the lungs and lymph nodes within the chest cavity. Other common sites of involvement include the liver, spleen, skin and eyes. The granulomas of sarcoidosis are similar to the granulomas of tuberculosis and other infectious granulomatous diseases. However, in most cases of sarcoidosis, the granulomas do not contain necrosis and are surrounded by concentric scar tissue (fibrosis). Sarcoid granulomas often contain star - shaped structures termed asteroid bodies or lamellar structures termed Schaumann bodies. However, these structures are not specific for sarcoidosis. Sarcoid granulomas can resolve spontaneously without complications or heal with residual scarring. In the lungs, this scarring can cause a condition known as pulmonary fibrosis that impairs breathing. In the heart, it can lead to rhythm disturbances, heart failure, and even death.
Crohn 's disease is an inflammatory condition of uncertain cause characterized by severe inflammation in the wall of the intestines and other parts of the abdomen. Within the inflammation in the gut wall, granulomas are often found and are a clue to the diagnosis.
Listeria monocytogenes infection in infants can cause potentially fatal disseminated granulomas, called granulomatosis infantiseptica, following in utero infection.
Pneumocystis infection in the lungs is usually not associated with granulomas, but rare cases are well documented to cause granulomatous inflammation. The diagnosis is established by finding Pneumocystis yeasts within the granulomas on lung biopsies.
Aspiration pneumonia is typically caused by aspiration of bacteria from the oral cavity into the lungs, and does not result in the formation of granulomas. However, granulomas may form when food particles or other particulate substances like pill fragments are aspirated into the lungs. Patients typically aspirate food because they have esophageal, gastric or neurologic problems. Intake of drugs that depress neurologic function may also lead to aspiration. The resultant granulomas are typically found around the airways (bronchioles) and are often accompanied by foreign - body - type multinucleated giant cells, acute inflammation or organizing pneumonia. The finding of food particles in lung biopsies is diagnostic.
Necrotizing granulomas can develop in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, typically manifesting as bumps in the soft tissues around the joints (so - called rheumatoid nodules) or in the lungs.
Granuloma annulare is a skin disease of unknown cause in which granulomas are found in the dermis of the skin. However, it is not a true granuloma. Typically there is a central zone of necrobiotic generation of collagen with surrounding inflammation and mucin deposition on pathology.
A foreign - body granuloma occurs when a foreign body (such as a wood splinter, piece of metal, glass etc.) penetrates the body 's soft tissue followed by acute inflammation and formation of a granuloma. In some cases the foreign body can be found and removed even years after the precipitating event.
Certain inflammatory diseases are characterised by a combination of granulomatous inflammation and vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels). Both the granulomas as well as the vasculitis tend to occur in association with necrosis. Classic examples of such diseases include granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA; previously referred to by the eponym Wegener 's granulomatosis) and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA; formerly known as Churg - Strauss syndrome).
The term is from granule + - oma. The plural is granulomas or granulomata. The adjective granulomatous means characterized by granulomas.
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when did the 7 deadly sins come about | Seven deadly sins - wikipedia
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The seven deadly sins, also known as the capital vices or cardinal sins, is a grouping and classification of vices within Christian teachings. Behaviours or habits are classified under this category if they directly give birth to other immoralities. According to the standard list, they are pride, greed, lust, envy, gluttony, wrath and sloth, which are also contrary to the seven virtues. These sins are often thought to be abuses or excessive versions of one 's natural faculties or passions (for example, gluttony abuses one 's desire to eat).
This classification originated with the desert fathers, especially Evagrius Ponticus, who identified seven or eight evil thoughts or spirits that one needed to overcome. Evagrius ' pupil John Cassian, with his book The Institutes, brought the classification to Europe, where it became fundamental to Catholic confessional practices as evident in penitential manuals, sermons like "The Parson 's Tale '' from Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales, and artworks like Dante 's Purgatory (where the penitents of Mount Purgatory are depicted as being grouped and penanced according to the worst capital sin they committed). The Catholic Church used the concept of the deadly sins in order to help people curb their inclination towards evil before dire consequences and misdeeds could occur; the leader - teachers especially focused on pride (which is thought to be the sin that severs the soul from Grace, and the one that is representative and the very essence of all evil) and greed, both of which are seen as inherently sinful and as underlying all other sins to be prevented. To inspire people to focus on the seven deadly sins, the vices are discussed in treatises and depicted in paintings and sculpture decorations on Catholic churches as well as older textbooks.
While the seven deadly sins as we know them did not originate with the Greeks or Romans, there were ancient precedents for them. Aristotle 's Nicomachean Ethics lists several positive, healthy human qualities, excellences, or virtues. Aristotle argues that for each positive quality there are two negative vices that are found on each extreme of the virtue. Courage, for example, is the human excellence or virtue in facing fear and risk. Excessive courage makes one rash, while a deficiency of courage makes one cowardly. This principle of virtue found in the middle or "mean '' between excess and deficiency is Aristotle 's notion of the golden mean. Aristotle lists virtues like courage, temperance or self - control, generosity, "greatness of soul, '' proper response to anger, friendliness, and wit or charm.
Roman writers like Horace extolled the value of virtue while listing and warning against vices. His first epistles says that "to flee vice is the beginning of virtue, and to have got rid of folly is the beginning of wisdom. ''
The modern concept of the seven deadly sins is linked to the works of the fourth - century monk Evagrius Ponticus, who listed eight evil thoughts in Greek as follows:
They were translated into the Latin of Western Christianity (largely due to the writings of John Cassian), thus becoming part of the Western tradition 's spiritual pietas (or Catholic devotions), as follows:
These "evil thoughts '' can be categorized into three types:
In AD 590 Pope Gregory I revised this list to form the more common list. Gregory combined tristitia with acedia, and vanagloria with superbia, and added envy, in Latin, invidia. Gregory 's list became the standard list of sins. Thomas Aquinas uses and defends Gregory 's list in his Summa Theologica. The Anglican Communion, Lutheran Church, and Methodist Church, among other Christian denominations, continue to retain this list. Moreover, modern day evangelists, such as Billy Graham have explicated the seven deadly sins.
Most of the capital sins, with the sole exception of sloth, are defined by Dante Alighieri as perverse or corrupt versions of love for something or another: lust, gluttony, and greed are all excessive or disordered love of good things; sloth is a deficiency of love; wrath, envy, and pride are perverted love directed toward other 's harm. In the seven capital sins are seven ways of eternal death. The capital sins from lust to envy are generally associated with pride, which has been labeled as the father of all sins, etc.
Lust, or lechery (Latin, "luxuria '' (carnal)), is intense longing. It is usually thought of as intense or unbridled sexual desire, which leads to fornication, adultery, rape, bestiality, and other immoral sexual acts. However, lust could also mean simply desire in general; thus, lust for money, power, and other things are sinful. In accordance with the words of Henry Edward Manning, the impurity of lust transforms one into "a slave of the devil ''.
Lust, if not managed properly, can subvert propriety.
German philosopher Schopenhauer wrote as follows:
"Lust is the ultimate goal of almost all human endeavour, exerts an adverse influence on the most important affairs, interrupts the most serious business, sometimes for a while confuses even the greatest minds, does not hesitate with its trumpery to disrupt the negotiations of statesmen and the research of scholars, has the knack of slipping its love - letters and ringlets even into ministerial portfolios and philosophical manuscripts ''.
Dante defined lust as the disordered love for individuals, thus possessing at least the redeeming feature of mutuality, unlike the graver sins, which constitute an increasingly agonised focussing upon the solitary self (a process begun with the more serious sin of gluttony). It is generally thought to be the least serious capital sin as it is an abuse of a faculty that humans share with animals, and sins of the flesh are less grievous than spiritual sins (love excessive, not love turning ever further awry toward hatred of man and God).
In Dante 's Purgatorio, the penitents walk deliberately through the purifying flames of the uppermost of the terraces of Mount Purgatory so as to purge themselves of lustful thoughts and feelings and finally win the right to reach the Earthly Paradise at the summit. In Dante 's Inferno, unforgiven souls guilty of the sin of lust are whirled around for all eternity in a perpetual tempest, symbolic of the passions by which, through lack of self - control, they were buffeted helplessly about in their earthly lives.
Gluttony (Latin, gula) is the overindulgence and overconsumption of anything to the point of waste. The word derives from the Latin gluttire, meaning to gulp down or swallow.
In Christianity, it is considered a sin if the excessive desire for food causes it to be withheld from the needy.
Because of these scripts, gluttony can be interpreted as selfishness; essentially placing concern with one 's own impulses or interests above the well - being or interests of others.
During times of famine, war, and similar periods when food is scarce, it is possible for one to indirectly kill other people through starvation just by eating too much or even too soon.
Medieval church leaders (e.g., Thomas Aquinas) took a more expansive view of gluttony, arguing that it could also include an obsessive anticipation of meals, and the constant eating of delicacies and excessively costly foods. Aquinas went so far as to prepare a list of five ways to commit gluttony, comprising:
Of these, ardenter is often considered the most serious, since it is extreme attachment to the pleasure of mere eating, which can make the committer eat impulsively; absolutely and without qualification live merely to eat and drink; lose attachment to health - related, social, intellectual, and spiritual pleasures; and lose proper judgement: an example is Esau selling his birthright for ordinary food of bread and pottage of lentils. His punishment was that of the "profane person... who, for a morsel of meat sold his birthright. '' We learn that "he found no place for repentance, though he sought it carefully, with tears. ''
Greed (Latin, avaritia), also known as avarice, cupidity, or covetousness, is, like lust and gluttony, a sin of desire. However, greed (as seen by the Church) is applied to an artificial, rapacious desire and pursuit of material possessions. Thomas Aquinas wrote, "Greed is a sin against God, just as all mortal sins, in as much as man condemns things eternal for the sake of temporal things. '' In Dante 's Purgatory, the penitents were bound and laid face down on the ground for having concentrated excessively on earthly thoughts. Hoarding of materials or objects, theft and robbery, especially by means of violence, trickery, or manipulation of authority are all actions that may be inspired by Greed. Such misdeeds can include simony, where one attempts to purchase or sell sacraments, including Holy Orders and, therefore, positions of authority in the Church hierarchy.
In the words of Henry Edward, avarice "plunges a man deep into the mire of this world, so that he makes it to be his god. ''
As defined outside Christian writings, greed is an inordinate desire to acquire or possess more than one needs, especially with respect to material wealth. Like pride, it can lead to not just some, but all evil.
Sloth (Latin, tristitia or acedia ("without care '')) refers to a peculiar jumble of notions, dating from antiquity and including mental, spiritual, pathological, and physical states. It may be defined as absence of interest or habitual disinclination to exertion.
In his Summa Theologica, Saint Thomas Aquinas defined sloth as "sorrow about spiritual good ''.
The scope of sloth is wide. Spiritually, acedia first referred to an affliction attending religious persons, especially monks, wherein they became indifferent to their duties and obligations to God. Mentally, acedia has a number of distinctive components of which the most important is affectlessness, a lack of any feeling about self or other, a mind - state that gives rise to boredom, rancor, apathy, and a passive inert or sluggish mentation, Physically, acedia is fundamentally associated with a cessation of motion and an indifference to work; it finds expression in laziness, idleness, and indolence.
Sloth includes ceasing to utilize the seven gifts of grace given by the Holy Spirit (Wisdom, Understanding, Counsel, Knowledge, Piety, Fortitude, and Fear of the Lord); such disregard may lead to the slowing of one 's spiritual progress towards eternal life, to the neglect of manifold duties of charity towards the neighbor, and to animosity towards those who love God.
Sloth has also been defined as a failure to do things that one should do. By this definition, evil exists when "good '' people fail to act.
Edmund Burke (1729 -- 1797) wrote in Present Discontents (II. 78) "No man, who is not inflamed by vain - glory into enthusiasm, can flatter himself that his single, unsupported, desultory, unsystematic endeavours are of power to defeat the subtle designs and united Cabals of ambitious citizens. When bad men combine, the good must associate; else they will fall, one by one, an unpitied sacrifice in a contemptible struggle. ''
Unlike the other capital sins, which are sins of committing immorality, sloth is a sin of omitting responsibilities. It may arise from any of the other capital vices; for example, a son may omit his duty to his father through anger. While the state and habit of sloth is a mortal sin, the habit of the soul tending towards the last mortal state of sloth is not mortal in and of itself except under certain circumstances.
Emotionally and cognitively, the evil of acedia finds expression in a lack of any feeling for the world, for the people in it, or for the self. Acedia takes form as an alienation of the sentient self first from the world and then from itself. Although the most profound versions of this condition are found in a withdrawal from all forms of participation in or care for others or oneself, a lesser but more noisome element was also noted by theologians. From tristitia, asserted Gregory the Great, "there arise malice, rancour, cowardice, (and) despair... '' Chaucer, too, dealt with this attribute of acedia, counting the characteristics of the sin to include despair, somnolence, idleness, tardiness, negligence, indolence, and wrawnesse, the last variously translated as "anger '' or better as "peevishness ''. For Chaucer, human 's sin consists of languishing and holding back, refusing to undertake works of goodness because, he / she tells him / her self, the circumstances surrounding the establishment of good are too grievous and too difficult to suffer. Acedia in Chaucer 's view is thus the enemy of every source and motive for work.
Sloth not only subverts the livelihood of the body, taking no care for its day - to - day provisions, but also slows down the mind, halting its attention to matters of great importance. Sloth hinders the man in his righteous undertakings and thus becomes a terrible source of human 's undoing.
In his Purgatorio Dante portrayed the penance for acedia as running continuously at top speed.
Dante describes acedia as the failure to love God with all one 's heart, all one 's mind and all one 's soul; to him it was the middle sin, the only one characterised by an absence or insufficiency of love. Some scholars have said that the ultimate form of acedia was despair which leads to suicide.
Wrath (Latin, ira) can be defined as uncontrolled feelings of anger, rage, and even hatred. Wrath often reveals itself in the wish to seek vengeance. In its purest form, wrath presents with injury, violence, and hate that may provoke feuds that can go on for centuries. Wrath may persist long after the person who did another a grievous wrong is dead. Feelings of wrath can manifest in different ways, including impatience, hateful misanthropy, revenge, and self - destructive behavior, such as drug abuse or suicide.
"People who fly into a rage always make a bad landing. ''
According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church, the neutral act of anger becomes the sin of wrath when it 's directed against an innocent person, when it 's unduly strong or long - lasting, or when it desires excessive punishment. "If anger reaches the point of a deliberate desire to kill or seriously wound a neighbor, it is gravely against charity; it is a mortal sin. '' (CCC 2302) Hatred is the sin of desiring that someone else may suffer misfortune or evil, and is a mortal sin when one desires grave harm. (CCC 2302 - 03)
People feel angry when they sense that they or someone they care about has been offended, when they are certain about the nature and cause of the angering event, when they are certain someone else is responsible, and when they feel they can still influence the situation or cope with it.
Dante described vengeance as "love of justice perverted to revenge and spite ''.
In accordance with Henry Edward, angry people are "slaves to themselves ''.
Envy (Latin, invidia), like greed and lust, is characterized by an insatiable desire. It can be described as a sad or resentful covetousness towards the traits or possessions of someone else. It arises from vainglory, and severs a man from his neighbor.
Malicious envy is similar to jealousy in that they both feel discontent towards someone 's traits, status, abilities, or rewards. A difference is that the envious also desire the entity and covet it. Envy can be directly related to the Ten Commandments, specifically, "Neither shall you covet... anything that belongs to your neighbour '' - a statement that may also be related to greed. Dante defined envy as "a desire to deprive other men of theirs ''. In Dante 's Purgatory, the punishment for the envious is to have their eyes sewn shut with wire because they gained sinful pleasure from seeing others brought low. According to St. Thomas Aquinas, the struggle aroused by envy has three stages: during the first stage, the envious person attempts to lower another 's reputation; in the middle stage, the envious person receives either "joy at another 's misfortune '' (if he succeeds in defaming the other person) or "grief at another 's prosperity '' (if he fails); the third stage is hatred because "sorrow causes hatred ''.
Envy is said to be the motivation behind Cain murdering his brother, Abel, as Cain envied Abel because God favored Abel 's sacrifice over Cain 's.
Bertrand Russell said that envy was one of the most potent causes of unhappiness, bringing sorrow to committers of envy whilst giving them the urge to inflict pain upon others.
In accordance with the most widely accepted views, only pride weighs down the soul more than envy among the capital sins. Just like pride, envy has been associated directly with the devil, for Wisdom 2: 24 states: '' the envy of the devil brought death to the world, ".
Pride (Latin, superbia) is considered, on almost every list, the original and most serious of the seven deadly sins: the perversion of the faculties that make humans more like God -- dignity and holiness. It is also thought to be the source of the other capital sins. Also known as hubris (from ancient Greek ὕβρις), or futility, it is identified as dangerously corrupt selfishness, the putting of one 's own desires, urges, wants, and whims before the welfare of people.
In even more destructive cases, it is irrationally believing that one is essentially and necessarily better, superior, or more important than others, failing to acknowledge the accomplishments of others, and excessive admiration of the personal image or self (especially forgetting one 's own lack of divinity, and refusing to acknowledge one 's own limits, faults, or wrongs as a human being).
What the weak head with strongest bias rules, Is pride, the never - failing vice of fools.
As pride has been labelled the father of all sins, it has been deemed the devil 's most prominent trait. C.S. Lewis writes, in Mere Christianity, that pride is the "anti-God '' state, the position in which the ego and the self are directly opposed to God: "Unchastity, anger, greed, drunkenness, and all that, are mere fleabites in comparison: it was through Pride that the devil became the devil: Pride leads to every other vice: it is the complete anti-God state of mind. '' Pride is understood to sever the spirit from God, as well as His life - and - grace - giving Presence.
One can be prideful for different reasons. Author Ichabod Spencer states that "(s) piritual pride is the worst kind of pride, if not worst snare of the devil. The heart is particularly deceitful on this one thing. '' Jonathan Edwards said "(r) emember that pride is the worst viper that is in the heart, the greatest disturber of the soul 's peace and sweet communion with Christ; it was the first sin that ever was, and lies lowest in the foundation of Satan 's whole building, and is the most difficultly rooted out, and is the most hidden, secret and deceitful of all lusts, and often creeps in, insensibly, into the midst of religion and sometimes under the disguise of humility. ''
In Ancient Athens, hubris was considered one of the greatest crimes and was used to refer to insolent contempt that can cause one to use violence to shame the victim. This sense of hubris could also characterize rape. Aristotle defined hubris as shaming the victim, not because of anything that happened to the committer or might happen to the committer, but merely for the committer 's own gratification. The word 's connotation changed somewhat over time, with some additional emphasis towards a gross over-estimation of one 's abilities.
The term has been used to analyse and make sense of the actions of contemporary heads of government by Ian Kershaw (1998), Peter Beinart (2010) and in a much more physiological manner by David Owen (2012). In this context the term has been used to describe how certain leaders, when put to positions of immense power, seem to become irrationally self - confident in their own abilities, increasingly reluctant to listen to the advice of others and progressively more impulsive in their actions.
Dante 's definition of pride was "love of self perverted to hatred and contempt for one 's neighbour ''.
Pride is associated with more intra-individual negative outcomes and is commonly related to expressions of aggression and hostility (Tangney, 1999). As one might expect, pride is not always associated with high self - esteem but with highly fluctuating or variable self - esteem. Excessive feelings of pride have a tendency to create conflict and sometimes terminating close relationships, which has led it to be understood as one of the few emotions with no clear positive or adaptive functions (Rhodwalt, et al.).
Pride is generally associated with an absence of humility. It may also be associated with a lack of knowledge. John Gay states that "By ignorance is pride increased; They most assume who know the least. ''
In accordance with the Sirach 's author 's wording, the heart of a proud man is "like a partridge in its cage acting as a decoy; like a spy he watches for your weaknesses. He changes good things into evil, he lays his traps. Just as a spark sets coals on fire, the wicked man prepares his snares in order to draw blood. Beware of the wicked man for he is planning evil. He might dishonor you forever. '' In another chapter, he says that "the acquisitive man is not content with what he has, wicked injustice shrivels the heart. ''
Benjamin Franklin said "In reality there is, perhaps no one of our natural passions so hard to subdue as pride. Disguise it, struggle with it, stifle it, mortify it as much as one pleases, it is still alive and will every now and then peep out and show itself; you will see it, perhaps, often in this history. For even if I could conceive that I had completely overcome it, I should probably be proud of my humility. '' Joseph Addison states that "There is no passion that steals into the heart more imperceptibly and covers itself under more disguises than pride. ''
The proverb "pride goeth (goes) before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall '' (from the biblical Book of Proverbs, 16: 18) (or pride goeth before the fall) is thought to sum up the modern use of pride. Pride is also referred to as "pride that blinds, '' as it often causes a committer of pride to act in foolish ways that belie common sense. In other words, the modern definition may be thought of as, "that pride that goes just before the fall. '' In his two - volume biography of Adolf Hitler, historian Ian Kershaw uses both ' hubris ' and ' nemesis ' as titles. The first volume, Hubris, describes Hitler 's early life and rise to political power. The second, Nemesis, gives details of Hitler 's role in the Second World War, and concludes with his fall and suicide in 1945.
Much of the 10th and part of 11th chapter of the Book of Sirach discusses and advises about pride, hubris, and who is rationally worthy of honor. It goes:
"Do not store up resentment against your neighbor, no matter what his offence; do nothing in a fit of anger. Pride is odious to both God and man; injustice is abhorrent to both of them. Sovereignty is forced from one nation to another because of injustice, violence, and wealth. How can there be such pride in someone who is nothing but dust and ashes? Even while he is living, man 's bowels are full of rottenness. Look: the illness lasts while the doctor makes light of it; and one who is king today will die tomorrow. Once a man is dead, grubs, insects, and worms are his lot. The beginning of man 's pride is to separate himself from the Lord and to rebel against his Creator. The beginning of pride is sin. Whoever perseveres in sinning opens the floodgates to everything that is evil. For this the Lord has inflicted dire punishment on sinners; he has reduced them to nothing. The Lord has overturned the thrones of princes and set up the meek in their place. The Lord has torn up the proud by their roots and has planted the humble in their place. The Lord has overturned the land of pagans and totally destroyed them. He has devastated several of them, destroyed them and removed all remembrance of them from the face of the earth. Pride was not created for man, nor violent anger for those born of woman. Which race is worthy of honor? The human race. Which race is worthy of honor? Those who are good. Which race is despicable? The human race. Which race is despicable? Those who break the commandments. The leader is worthy of respect in the midst of his brethren, but he has respect for those who are good. Whether, they be rich, honored or poor, their pride should be in being good. It is not right to despise the poor man who keeps the law; it is not fitting to honor the sinful man. The leader, the judge, and the powerful man are worthy of honor, but no one is greater than the man who is good. A prudent slave will have free men as servants, and the sensible man will not complain. Do not feel proud when you accomplished your work; do not put on airs when times are difficult for you. Of greater worth is the man who works and lives in abundance than the one who shows off and yet has nothing to live on. My son, have a modest appreciation of yourself, estimate yourself at your true value. Who will defend the man who takes his own life? Who will respect the man who despises himself? The poor man will be honored for his wisdom and the rich man, for his riches. Honored when poor - how much more honored when rich! Dishonored when rich - how much more dishonored when poor! The poor man who is intelligent carries his head high and sits among the great. Do not praise a man because he is handsome and do not hold a man in contempt because of his appearance. The bee is one of the smallest winged insects but she excels in the exquisite sweetness of her honey. Do not be irrationally proud just because of the clothes you wear; do not be proud when people honor you. Do you know what the Lord is planning in a mysterious way? Many tyrants have been overthrown and someone unknown has received the crown. Many powerful men have been disgraced and famous men handed over to the power of others. Do not reprehend anyone unless you have been first fully informed, consider the case first and thereafter make your reproach. Do not reply before you have listened; do not meddle in the disputes of sinners. My child, do not undertake too many activities. If you keep adding to them, you will not be without reproach; if you run after them, you will not succeed nor will you ever be free, although you try to escape. ''
Jacob Bidermann 's medieval miracle play, Cenodoxus, pride is the deadliest of all the sins and leads directly to the damnation of the titulary famed Parisian doctor. In Dante 's Divine Comedy, the penitents are burdened with stone slabs on their necks to keep their heads bowed.
Acedia (Latin, acedia "without care '') (from Greek ἀκηδία) is the neglect to take care of something that one should do. It is translated to apathetic listlessness; depression without joy. It is related to melancholy: acedia describes the behaviour and melancholy suggests the emotion producing it. In early Christian thought, the lack of joy was regarded as a willful refusal to enjoy the goodness of God; by contrast, apathy was considered a refusal to help others in time of need.
Acēdia is negative form of the Greek term κηδεία, which has a more restricted usage. ' Kēdeia ' refers specifically to spousal love and respect for the dead. The positive term ' kēdeia ' thus indicates love for one 's family, even through death. It also indicates love for those outside one 's immediate family, specifically forming a new family with one 's "beloved. '' Seen in this way, ' acēdia ' indicates a rejection of familial love. Nonetheless, the meaning of ' acēdia ' is far more broad, signifying indifference to everything one experiences.
Pope Gregory combined this with tristitia into sloth for his list. When Thomas Aquinas described acedia in his interpretation of the list, he described it as an uneasiness of the mind, being a progenitor for lesser sins such as restlessness and instability. Dante refined this definition further, describing acedia as the failure to love God with all one 's heart, all one 's mind and all one 's soul; to him it was the middle sin, the only one characterised by an absence or insufficiency of love. Some scholars have said that the ultimate form of acedia was despair which leads to suicide.
Acedia is currently defined in the Catechism of the Catholic Church as spiritual sloth, which would be believing spiritual tasks to be too difficult. In the fourth century, Christian monks believed acedia was not primarily caused by laziness, but by a state of depression that caused spiritual detachment.
Vainglory (Latin, vanagloria) is unjustified boasting. Pope Gregory viewed it as a form of pride, so he folded vainglory into pride for his listing of sins. According to Thomas Aquinas, it is the progenitor of envy.
The Latin term gloria roughly means boasting, although its English cognate -- glory -- has come to have an exclusively positive meaning; historically, the term vain roughly meant futile, but by the 14th century had come to have the strong narcissistic undertones, that it still retains today. As a result of these semantic changes, vainglory has become a rarely used word in itself, and is now commonly interpreted as referring to vanity (in its modern narcissistic sense).
With Christianity, historic Christian denominations such as the Catholic Church and Protestant Churches, including the Lutheran Church, recognize seven virtues, which correspond inversely to each of the seven deadly sins.
Confession is the act of admitting the commission of a sin to a priest, who in turn will forgive the person in the name (in the person) of Christ, give a penance to (partially) make up for the offense, and advise the person on what he or she should do afterwards.
According to a 2009 study by Fr Roberto Busa, a Jesuit scholar, the most common deadly sin confessed by men is supposedly lust, and by women, pride. It was unclear whether these differences were due to the actual number of transgressions committed by each sex, or whether differing views on what "counts '' or should be confessed caused the observed pattern.
The second book of Dante 's epic poem The Divine Comedy is structured around the seven deadly sins. The most serious sins, found at the lowest level, are the abuses of the most divine faculty. For Dante and other thinkers, a human 's rational faculty makes humans more like God. Abusing that faculty with pride or envy weighs down the soul the most. Abusing one 's passions with wrath or a lack of passion as with sloth also weighs down the soul but not as much as the abuse of one 's rational faculty. Finally, abusing one 's desires to have one 's physical needs met via greed, gluttony, or lust abuses a faculty that humans share with animals. This is still an abuse that weighs down the soul, but it does not weigh it down like other abuses. Thus, the top levels of the Mountain of Purgatory have the top listed sins, while the lowest levels have the more serious sins of wrath, envy, and pride.
The last tale of the Canterbury Tales, the "Parson 's Tale '' is not a tale but a sermon that the parson gives against the seven deadly sins. This sermon brings together many common ideas and images about the seven deadly sins. This tale and Dante 's work both show how the seven deadly sins were used for confessional purposes or as a way to identify, repent of, and find forgiveness for one 's sins.
The Dutch artist created a series of prints showing each of the seven deadly sins. Each print features a central, labeled image that represents the sin. Around the figure are images that show the distortions, degenerations, and destructions caused by the sin. Many of these images come from contemporary Dutch aphorisms.
Spenser 's work, which was meant to educate young people to embrace virtue and avoid vice, includes a colourful depiction of the House of Pride. Lucifera, the lady of the house, is accompanied by advisers who represent the other seven deadly sins.
This work satirized capitalism and its painful abuses as its central character, the victim of a split personality, travels to seven different cities in search of money for her family. In each city she encounters one of the seven deadly sins, but those sins ironically reverse one 's expectations. When the character goes to Los Angeles, for example, she is outraged by injustice, but is told that wrath against capitalism is a sin that she must avoid.
Between 1945 and 1949, the American painter Paul Cadmus created a series of vivid, powerful, and gruesome paintings of each of the seven deadly sins.
Ferdinand Mount maintains that liquid currentness, especially through tabloids, has surprisingly given valor to vices, causing society to regress into that of primitive pagans: "covetousness has been rebranded as retail therapy, sloth is downtime, lust is exploring your sexuality, anger is opening up your feelings, vanity is looking good because you 're worth it and gluttony is the religion of foodies ''.
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how many times has nadal won the barcelona open | Barcelona Open (tennis) - wikipedia
The Barcelona Open (currently sponsored by Banc Sabadell) is an annual tennis tournament for male professional players. The event has been held in Barcelona, Spain every year since 1953, and is played on clay courts at the Real Club de Tenis Barcelona. It was an event of the Grand Prix tennis circuit between (1970 -- 1989), except in 1971 when it was part of the World Championship Tennis (WCT) circuit, although it was also open to non-WCT players. The tournament is part of the 500 series on the ATP World Tour. It is also known as Torneo Godó, Trofeo Conde de Godó, and Open Banc Sabadell.
It is Spain 's second most important tournament on the ATP tour after the Madrid Open and the event generally takes place in the last week of April, when temperatures in Barcelona average a daily high of 19 ° C (66 ° F). Rafael Nadal has won the singles title a record eleven times.
ST = Singles Titles / SF = Singles Finals / DT = Doubles Titles / DF = Doubles Finals / TT = Total Titles / TF = Total Finals / (Seniors not included)
NYP = Number of Years Participated / MP = Matches Played / W -- L = Wins -- Losses / WR = Win Rate / YP = Years Participated / BR = Best Result
Coordinates: 41 ° 23 ′ 35 '' N 2 ° 07 ′ 05 '' E / 41.393 ° N 2.118 ° E / 41.393; 2.118
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when do schools have the right to restrict their students 1st amendment rights to free speech | School speech (First Amendment) - wikipedia
The issue of school speech or curricular speech as it relates to the First Amendment to the United States Constitution has been the center of controversy and litigation since the mid-20th century. The First Amendment 's guarantee of freedom of speech applies to students in the public schools. In the landmark decision Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, the U.S. Supreme Court formally recognized that students do not "shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate ''.
The core principles of Tinker remain unaltered, but are tempered by several important decisions, including Bethel School District v. Fraser, Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, and Morse v. Frederick. Despite respect for the legitimate educational interests of school officials, the Supreme Court has not abandoned Tinker; it continues to recognize the basis precept of Tinker that viewpoint - specific speech restrictions are an egregious violation of the First Amendment. In Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, the Supreme Court declared: "Discrimination against speech because of its message is presumed to be unconstitutional ''. Rosenberger held that denial of funds to a student organization on the sole basis that the funds were used to publish a religiously oriented student newspaper was an unconstitutional violation of the right of free speech guaranteed by the First Amendment. Accordingly, for other on - campus speech that is neither obscene, vulgar, lewd, indecent, or plainly offensive under Fraser nor school - sponsored under Hazelwood nor advocating illegal drugs at a school - sponsored event under Frederick, Tinker applies limiting the authority of schools to regulate the speech, whether on or off - campus, unless it would materially and substantially disrupt classwork and discipline in the school.
In Tinker, several students were suspended for wearing black armbands that protested against the Vietnam War.
In Fraser, a high school student was disciplined following his speech to a school assembly at which he nominated a fellow student for a student elective office. The speech contained sexual innuendos, but not obscenities. The Supreme Court found that school officials could discipline the student. In doing so, it recognized that "the process of educating our youth for citizenship in public schools is not confined to books, the curriculum, and the civics class; schools must teach by example the shared values of a civilized social order ''. Recognizing that one of the important purposes of public education is to inculcate the habits and manners of civility as valued conducive both to happiness and to the practice of self - government, the Supreme Court emphasized that "consciously or otherwise, teachers -- and indeed the older students -- demonstrate the appropriate form of civil discourse and political expression by their conduct and deportment in and out of class ''. Under the Fraser standard, school officials look not merely to the reasonable risk of disruption -- the Tinker standard -- but would also balance the freedom of a student 's speech rights against the school 's interest in teaching students the boundaries of socially appropriate behavior. Schools have discretion to curtail not only obscene speech, but speech that is vulgar, lewd, indecent, or plainly offensive.
The Hazelwood School District case applies the principles set forth in Fraser to curricular matters. In Hazelwood, the Supreme Court upheld a school 's decision to censor certain articles in the school newspaper which was produced as part of the school 's journalism curriculum. Echoing Fraser, the Supreme Court observed that "(a) school need not tolerate student speech that is inconsistent with ' its basic educational mission '... even though the government could not censor similar speech outside the school ''. School authorities and educators do not offend the First Amendment by exercising editorial control over the style and content of student speech in school - sponsored expressive activities so long as their actions are reasonably related to legitimate pedagogical concerns.
Morse v. Frederick blends Fraser and Hazelwood, applying them to a school - sanctioned event or activity. While students were along a public street in front of school watching the Olympic Torch Relay pass through, Frederick unfurled a banner bearing the phrase: "BONG HiTS (sic) 4 JESUS ''. The banner was in plain view of other students. The high school principal seized the banner and suspended Frederick because the banner was perceived to advocate the use of illegal drugs. The Supreme Court held that a principal may, consistent with the First Amendment, restrict student speech at a school event, when that speech is reasonably viewed as promoting illegal drug use. Not only was a school activity involved, but the banner 's promotion of illegal drugs was contrary to the school 's policy or mission to prevent student drug abuse.
The right of free speech is not itself absolute: the Court has consistently upheld regulations as to time, place, and manner of speech, provided that they are "reasonable ''. In applying this reasonableness test to regulations limiting student expression, the Court has recognized that the age and maturity of students is an important factor to be considered.
In the school context, the United States Supreme Court has identified three major relevant considerations:
Each of these considerations has given rise to a separate mode of analysis, and in Morse v. Frederick the Court implied that any one of these may serve as an independent basis for restricting student speech.
The problem of disruption is perhaps the most fundamental issue addressed by the courts in student free speech cases.
The second major question addressed by the courts is closely related to, but nevertheless distinct from, the question of disruption. This is the question of speech which is offensive to prevailing community standards by reason of being vulgar, lewd, indecent, racist, or otherwise inappropriate in a school setting. In Bethel School District v. Fraser, the Supreme Court recognized the special responsibility of the public schools to inculcate moral values and to teach students the boundaries of socially acceptable behavior. It therefore permitted a public school to discipline a student for making sexually suggestive remarks in an address to a school assembly, even though the remarks were not obscene in the traditional sense.
The ability to regulate inappropriate speech has been found to be especially important in situations where the student speech may have the appearance of being sponsored or endorsed by the school.
The third major area of concern addressed in student free speech cases is whether a particular instance of student speech may be viewed as impairing the school 's ability to carry out its educational mission. This concern arises where the speech in question occurs in connection with a school - sponsored or school - controlled activity but is inconsistent with a legitimate pedagogical concern. In such circumstances, the United States Supreme Court has found that student speech may be regulated. For example, in Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, it held that a school may exercise control over the content of a student newspaper when it attempts to address issues of divorce and teenage pregnancy; in Morse v. Frederick, it permitted a school to exercise control over the words displayed on a large banner at a school - sponsored event, when those words convey a message promoting the use of illegal drugs.
One of these factors is whether the activity sought to be controlled is "pure speech '', or sufficiently related to the expression of ideas to fall under the umbrella of the First Amendment. "Pure speech '' does not need to involve words but is generally represented by symbols or actions.
The focus of the protected speech activity, whether pure speech or not, may affect the propriety of regulation by school officials.
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why is incomplete dominance not evidence for the blending theory of inheritance | Blending inheritance - wikipedia
Blending inheritance is a 19th century concept implied by some contemporary theories of evolution, implying that the inheritance of any characteristic would operate by averaging out the parents ' values of that characteristic. This would mean that crossing a red flower variety with a white variety of the same species would yield pink - flowered offspring.
Charles Darwin 's theory of inheritance by pangenesis, with contributions to egg or sperm from every part of the body, implied blending inheritance. His reliance on this mechanism led Fleeming Jenkin to attack natural selection on the grounds that blending inheritance would average out any novel beneficial characteristic before selection had time to act.
Blending inheritance was discarded with the general acceptance of particulate Mendelian inheritance during the development of modern genetics after 1900.
Charles Darwin developed his theory of evolution by natural selection on the basis of an understanding of uniform processes in geology, acting over very long periods of time on inheritable variation within populations. One of those processes was competition for resources, as Thomas Malthus had indicated, leading to a struggle to survive and to reproduce. Since some individuals would by chance have traits that allowed them to leave more offspring, those traits would tend to increase in the population. Darwin assembled many lines of evidence to show that variation occurred and that artificial selection by animal and plant breeding had caused change. All of this demanded a reliable mechanism of inheritance.
Pangenesis was Darwin 's attempt to provide such a mechanism of inheritance. The idea was that each part of the parent 's body emitted tiny particles called gemmules, which migrated through the body to contribute to that parent 's gametes, their eggs or sperms. The theory had an intuitive appeal, as characteristics of all parts of the body, such as shape of nose, width of shoulders and length of legs are inherited from both the father and the mother. However, it had some serious weaknesses. Firstly, many characteristics can change during an individual 's lifetime, and are affected by the environment: blacksmiths can develop strong arm muscles during their work, so the gemmules from these muscles ought to carry this acquired characteristic. That implies the Lamarckian inheritance of acquired characteristics. Secondly, the fact that the gemmules were supposed to mix together on fertilisation implies blending inheritance, namely that the offspring wwould all be intermediate between the father and the mother in every characteristic. That directly contradicts the observed facts of inheritance, not least that children are usually either male or female rather than all intersex, and that traits such as flower colour often re-emerge after a generation, even when they seem to disappear when two varieties are crossed. Darwin was aware of both these objections, and accordingly had strong doubts about blending inheritance, as evidenced in his private correspondence. In a letter to T.H. Huxley, dated November 12, 1857, Darwin wrote:
I have lately been inclined to speculate very crudely & indistinctly, that propagation by true fertilisation, will turn out to be a sort of mixture & not true fusion, of two distinct individuals, or rather of innumerable individuals, as each parent has its parents & ancestors: -- I can understand on no other view the way in which crossed forms go back to so large an extent to ancestral forms. ''
In a letter to Alfred Wallace, dated February 6, 1866, Darwin mentioned conducting hybridization experiments with pea plants, not unlike those done by Gregor Mendel, and like him obtaining segregating (unblended) varieties, effectively disproving his theory of pangenesis with blending:
I do not think you understand what I mean by the non-blending of certain varieties. It does not refer to fertility; an instance I will explain. I crossed the Painted Lady and Purple sweetpeas, which are very differently coloured varieties, and got, even out of the same pod, both varieties perfect but not intermediate. Something of this kind I should think must occur at least with your butterflies & the three forms of Lythrum; tho ' those cases are in appearance so wonderful. I do not know that they are really more so than every female in the world producing distinct male and female offspring...
Blending inheritance was also clearly incompatible with Darwin 's theory of evolution by natural selection. The engineer Fleeming Jenkin used this to attack natural selection in his 1867 review of Darwin 's On the Origin of Species. Jenkin noted, correctly, that if inheritance were by blending, any beneficial trait that might arise in a lineage would have "blended away '' long before natural selection had time to act. The evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins commented that "blending inheritance is incompatible... with obvious fact. If it were really true that variation disappeared, every generation should be more uniform than the previous one. By now, all individuals should be as indistinguishable as clones '', and that Darwin should have said as much to Jenkin. The problem was not with natural selection, but with blending, and in Dawkins 's view, Darwin should have settled for saying that the mechanism of inheritance was unknown, but certainly non-blending.
Blending inheritance was dismissed by the eventual widespread acceptance, after his death, of Gregor Mendel 's theory of particulate inheritance, which he had presented in Experiments on Plant Hybridization (1865). In 1892, August Weismann set out the idea of a hereditary material, which he called the germ plasm, confined to the gonads and independent of the rest of the body (the soma). In Weismann 's view, the germ plasm formed the body, but the body did not influence the germ plasm, except indirectly by natural selection. This contradicted both Darwin 's pangenesis and Lamarckian inheritance. Mendel 's work was rediscovered in 1900 by the geneticist Hugo de Vries and others, soon confirmed that same year by experiments by William Bateson. Mendelian inheritance with segregating, particulate alleles came to be understood as the explanation for both discrete and continuously varying characteristics.
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when does clark get his powers back in season 8 | Smallville (season 8) - wikipedia
Season eight of Smallville, an American television series, began airing on September 18, 2008. The series recounts the early adventures of Kryptonian Clark Kent as he adjusts to life in the fictional town of Smallville, Kansas, during the years before he becomes Superman. The eighth season comprises 22 episodes and concluded its initial airing on May 14, 2009, marking the third season to air on The CW television network. Regular cast members during season eight include Tom Welling, Allison Mack, Erica Durance, Aaron Ashmore, along with new series regulars Cassidy Freeman, Sam Witwer, and Justin Hartley.
This season focuses on Clark Kent as he starts his job at the Daily Planet, begins to accept more of his destiny as Earth 's hero, and develops romantic feelings for Lois Lane. While Lex Luthor is presumed dead, and Lana Lang has left Smallville for good, Clark also meets new characters Davis Bloome, Smallville 's interpretation of Doomsday, as well as the new CEO of LuthorCorp, Tess Mercer. In other storylines, Clark and Oliver Queen clash over how to handle Lex when he resurfaces, while Chloe Sullivan and Jimmy Olsen take their relationship to the next level. In addition, this season sees the appearance of more DC Comics characters, including recurring appearances from Plastique and members of the Legion of Super-Heroes.
Following the end of season seven, it was announced that series regulars Kristin Kreuk and Michael Rosenbaum, who had been with the show since the first episode, would not return as regulars for the eighth season, though Kreuk did return as a recurring guest to conclude her story. while Laura Vandervoort and John Glover departed the series alongside Kreuk and Rosenbaum; Glover was killed off in season seven 's "Descent '', while Vandervoort was written out of the series after one season but made one guest appearance in this season. Show creators Alfred Gough and Miles Millar also departed the series, allowing Kelly Souders, Brian Peterson, Todd Slavkin and Darren Swimmer to continue as executive producers. This allowed the show to "reinvigorate '' itself by introducing new characters and storylines, as well as developing Clark 's understanding of his destiny.
Averaging 3.74 million viewers per episode, the season out - ranked other high - profile shows on the network, such as Reaper and Gossip Girl. It also received an Emmy Award nomination in the Sound Editing for a Series category.
Executive producer Kelly Souders explained that the loss of show creators Alfred Gough and Miles Millar, as well as series regulars Michael Rosenbaum and Kristin Kreuk at the end of the seventh season, forced the creative team to look at the show from a new angle. As Souders explained, it allowed the writers to work with "blank slates '', and come up with ways to "reinvigorate and reinvent the show ''. Executive producer Darren Swimmer explained that this season would feature Chloe 's powers manifesting in a way that they have not previously been seen. He went on to express that the theme of season eight would be "double identity ''; specifically, Swimmer explained that Clark would begin to understand that he is going to have to live a double life, or he will never be able to continue forward with his destiny. Season eight would be about Clark moving forward to his destiny in a way that the show has never attempted before. Swimmer further explained that Clark will be acting more with his superpowers, whereas previously he would "react '' to the situation; "he 's going to seek out trouble. '' Clark joined the Daily Planet to help his cause, using the Planet as a means to get information about where there is trouble. Clark 's heroic actions put him in Jimmy 's sights, who starts connecting things to Clark; this helped fuel Clark 's decision to develop a "secret identity ''. Another reason for Clark 's decision to develop a secret identity will be the stark contrast between saving people in the secluded streets of Smallville, and saving people in the crowded streets of Metropolis. While working at the Daily Planet, Clark was paired up with Lois on various assignments. Lois Lane actress Erica Durance, explained the episodes would be more focused on her character than they have been in the past, and that Lois and Clark would be both rivals and supportive partners to each other. Durance also revealed that Lois would begin to realize her true romantic feelings for Clark, but that she does not want him to know the truth because she does not know what she wants to do with those feelings. Season eight explored these romantic notions between the two characters. Jeph Loeb added that season eight would explore more of the DC Comics mythology, and would introduce new characters, as well as expand on already existing ones in Smallville continuity. Peterson also revealed that there would be a chance that the show would break the "No flights, no tights '' rule, at least in regard to the flying part of the rule.
With Justin Hartley added as a series regular, Smallville would explore more of his backstory, including why he chose to become Green Arrow, how he accomplished it, and how he became good at archery. This season would also explore more of the friendship between Oliver Queen and Clark. Oliver would be broken down emotionally -- questioning whether he made the right choice to sacrifice all for the sake of being Green Arrow -- and that causes him to "butt heads '' with Clark, who is beginning to embrace his destiny. Allison Mack 's character, Chloe Sullivan, would have more romantic interests this season. Not only would the character still have Jimmy Olsen, but there is still the question of her romantic interest in Clark, as well as a new interest in the character of Davis Bloome. Mack 's character would also be picking up the Isis Foundation, a counseling center for people infected by kryptonite, that Lana founded before she left Smallville. Mack explained that Chloe would be forging her own destiny this season, and letting Clark learn to deal with problems on his own -- previous seasons saw Clark relying heavily on Chloe to help solve the crime.
Brian Wayne Peterson and Todd Slavkin revealed that they planned to introduce more DC Comics characters into Smallville this season. Among those appearing were Plastique and Maxima, the latter coming to Smallville to try to mate with Clark. This version of Maxima had the ability to make herself irresistible to men, including Clark, whom she set her sights on; actress Charlotte Sullivan was cast as Maxima. Smallville also introduced the futuristic heroes from the Legion of Super-Heroes. Comic book scribe Geoff Johns wrote the episode that featured the Legion of Super-Heroes, and suggested that people familiar with the Legion would recognize them when they appeared on the show, as they had some of the quintessential elements of their comic book counterparts. Darren Swimmer stated that they would be using Saturn Girl, Cosmic Boy and Lightning Lad for this episode. In the seventeenth episode, "Hex '', Smallville puts its spin on the DC character Zatanna. Portrayed by Serinda Swan, Zatanna is a magician who comes to town and grants Chloe a birthday wish that results in Chloe 's body transforming into Lois. In an interview, writer Bryan Q. Miller explains that he read through archived comics featuring the Zatanna character, but was more influenced by Grant Morrison 's writing turn on Seven Soldiers, as well as the television episodes of Batman: The Animated Series and Justice League Unlimited that Zatanna made appearances on. Swan won the role of Zatanna after "acing '' her audition thanks to the actress recording Zatanna 's spells into her iPod and studying them in reverse -- to cast a spell Zatanna recites the words in reverse.
There are two new characters added to the show as series regulars, Tess Mercer and Davis Bloome. The name "Tess Mercer '' is a homage to two characters from Superman lore, Eve Teschmacher and Mercy Graves. As Freeman describes her character, Tess Mercer is Lex 's handpicked successor; she is "fierce '', "fun '' and intelligent. Tess Mercer 's primary goal for this season was finding Lex, which drew her inquisitively to Clark, who she believed would be able to help her. Darren Swimmer revealed that Tess would develop a romantic interest in Clark as well. Davis Bloome would actually be Smallville 's interpretation of Doomsday, the only character to have succeeded at killing Superman. In Smallville, Doomsday was represented by a "nice guy '' paramedic, who grew up moving from foster home to foster home. His storyline was very dark in that the character would uncover horrible truths about himself. Witwer explained that over the course of the season, his character would come to resemble that of the comic book counterpart he is based on. Brian Peterson explained that the new executive producers were looking for a villainous character that was "as great as Lex '', with Michael Rosenbaum 's departure, and Doomsday fit what they were looking for.
Season eight finished 152 out of the 190 shows ranked in the Nielsen ratings, averaging 3.74 million viewers a week. Smallville 's eighth season received an Emmy Award nomination in the Sound Editing for a Series category. In the 2009 Teen Choice Awards, Tom Welling received the award for Choice TV Actor -- Action Adventure.
The season eight DVD box set was officially released on August 25, 2009, and sold approximately 183,000 units in its first week; it generated an estimated $6.7 million. Comparatively, the DVD revenue decreased from the previous year, with the season seven box set having sold over 212,000 units and generating an estimated $8 million during its first week. Regardless, it was enough for Smallville to earn second place in most units sold during the ending week of August 30, 2009, just behind the season five boxset of House which sold approximately 223,000 units. Even though House sold more units, Smallville 's $6.7 million in revenue was more than House 's $6.0 million, making it the top money earner for the week. In its second week, the eighth season only sold 55,000 units, and earning more than $2 million. The third week of release saw another dip in sales, with the season eight boxset only selling 30,000 units. At the same time, the end of week three brought the season eight sales past the $10 million mark.
The complete eighth season of Smallville was released on August 25, 2009 in North America in both DVD and Blu - ray format. The DVD and Blu - ray box set were also released in region 2 and region 4 on October 12, 2009 and March 31, 2010, respectively. The box set included various special features, including episode commentary, a behind - the - scenes featurettes titled "Smallville 's Doomsday: The Making of a Monster '' and "In the Director 's Chair: Behind the Lens and Calling the Shots with Allison Mack ''.
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who took the picture of the flag raising at iwo jima | Raising the flag on Iwo Jima - Wikipedia
Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima is an iconic photograph taken by Joe Rosenthal on February 23, 1945, which depicts six United States Marines raising a U.S. flag atop Mount Suribachi, during the Battle of Iwo Jima, in World War II.
The photograph was first published in Sunday newspapers on February 25, 1945. It was extremely popular and was reprinted in thousands of publications. Later, it became the only photograph to win the Pulitzer Prize for Photography in the same year as its publication, and came to be regarded in the United States as one of the most significant and recognizable images of the war.
Three Marines in the photograph, Sergeant Michael Strank, Corporal Harlon Block (misidentified as Sergeant Hank Hansen until January 1947), and Private First Class Franklin Sousley were killed in action over the next few days. The other three surviving flag - raisers in the photograph were Corporals (then Private First Class) Rene Gagnon, Ira Hayes, and Harold Schultz (misidentified as PhM2c. John Bradley until June 2016). Both men originally misidentified as flag raisers had helped raise a smaller flag about 90 minutes earlier, and were both still on the mountaintop and witnessed -- but were not part of -- the specific moment of raising the larger flag that was captured in the Pulitzer Prize - winning photo.
The image was later used by Felix de Weldon to sculpt the Marine Corps War Memorial, which was dedicated in 1954 to all Marines who died for their country and is located in Arlington Ridge Park, near the Ord - Weitzel Gate to Arlington National Cemetery and the Netherlands Carillon.
On February 19, 1945, the United States invaded Iwo Jima as part of its island - hopping strategy to defeat Japan. Iwo Jima originally was not a target, but the relatively quick fall of the Philippines left the Americans with a longer - than - expected lull prior to the planned invasion of Okinawa. Iwo Jima is located halfway between Japan and the Mariana Islands, where American long - range bombers were based, and was used by the Japanese as an early warning station, radioing warnings of incoming American bombers to the Japanese homeland. The Americans, after capturing the island, weakened the Japanese early warning system, and used it as an emergency landing strip for damaged bombers.
Iwo Jima is a volcanic island, shaped like a trapezoid. Marines on the island described it as "a large, gray pork chop ''. The island was heavily fortified, and the invading Marines suffered high casualties. Politically, the island is part of the prefecture of Tokyo. It would be the first Japanese homeland soil to be captured by the Americans, and it was a matter of honor for the Japanese to prevent its capture.
The island is dominated by Mount Suribachi, a 546 - foot (166 m) dormant volcanic cone at the southern tip of the island. Tactically, the top of Suribachi was one of the most important locations on the island. From that vantage point, the Japanese defenders were able to spot artillery accurately onto the Americans -- particularly the landing beaches. The Japanese fought most of the battle from underground bunkers and pillboxes. It was common for Marines to knock out one pillbox using grenades or a flamethrower, only to come under renewed fire from it a few minutes later, after more Japanese infantry slipped into the pillbox using a tunnel. The American effort concentrated on isolating and capturing Suribachi first, a goal that was achieved on February 23, four days after the battle began. Despite capturing Suribachi, the battle continued to rage for many days, and the island would not be declared "secure '' until 31 days later, on March 26.
There were two American flags raised on top of Mount Suribachi, on February 23, 1945. The photograph Rosenthal took was actually of the second flag - raising in which a larger replacement flag was raised by Marines who did not raise the first flag.
A U.S. flag was first raised atop Mount Suribachi soon after the mountaintop was captured at around 10: 20 on February 23, 1945.
Lieutenant Colonel Chandler Johnson, commander of the 2nd Battalion, 28th Marine Regiment, 5th Marine Division, ordered Marine Captain Dave Severance, commander of Easy Company, 2nd Battalion, 28th Marines, to send a platoon to seize and occupy the crest of Mount Suribachi. First Lieutenant Harold G. Schrier, executive officer of Easy Company, who had replaced the wounded Third Platoon commander, John Keith Wells, volunteered to lead a 40 - man combat patrol up the mountain. Lieutenant Colonel Johnson (or 1st Lieutenant George G. Wells, the battalion adjutant, whose job it was to carry the flag) had taken the 54 - by - 28 - inch / 140 - by - 71 - centimeter flag from the battalion 's transport ship, USS Missoula, and handed the flag to Schrier. Johnson said to Schrier, "If you get to the top, put it up. '' Schrier assembled the patrol at 8 AM to begin the climb up the mountain.
Despite the large numbers of Japanese troops in the immediate vicinity, Schrier 's patrol made it to the rim of the crater at about 10: 15 am, having come under little or no enemy fire, as the Japanese were being bombarded at the time. The flag was attached by Schrier and two Marines to a Japanese iron water pipe found on top, and the flagstaff was raised and planted by Schrier, assisted by Platoon Sergeant Ernest Thomas and Sergeant Oliver Hansen at about 10: 30 am (on February 25, during a CBS press interview aboard the flagship USS Eldorado about the flag - raising, Thomas stated that he, Schrier, and Hansen (platoon guide) had actually raised the flag). The raising of the national colors immediately caused a loud cheering reaction from the Marines, sailors, and coast guardsmen on the beach below and from the men on the ships near the beach. The loud noise made by the servicemen and blasts of the ship horns alerted the Japanese, who up to this point had stayed in their cave bunkers. Schrier and his men near the flagstaff then came under fire from Japanese troops, but the Marines quickly eliminated the threat. Schrier was later awarded the Navy Cross for volunteering to take the patrol up Mount Suribachi and raising the American flag, and a Silver Star Medal for a heroic action in March while in command of D Company, 2 / 28 Marines on Iwo Jima.
Photographs of the first flag flown on Mount Suribachi were taken by Staff Sergeant Louis R. Lowery of Leatherneck magazine, who accompanied the patrol up the mountain, and other photographers. Others involved with the first flag - raising include Corporal Charles W. Lindberg, Privates First Class James Michels and Raymond Jacobs, Private Phil Ward, and Navy corpsman John Bradley This flag was too small, however, to be easily seen from the northern side of Mount Suribachi, where heavy fighting would go on for several more days.
The Secretary of the Navy, James Forrestal, had decided the previous night that he wanted to go ashore and witness the final stage of the fight for the mountain. Now, under a stern commitment to take orders from Howlin ' Mad Smith, the secretary was churning ashore in the company of the blunt, earthy general. Their boat touched the beach just after the flag went up, and the mood among the high command turned jubilant. Gazing upward, at the red, white, and blue speck, Forrestal remarked to Smith: "Holland, the raising of that flag on Suribachi means a Marine Corps for the next five hundred years ''.
Forrestal was so taken with fervor of the moment that he decided he wanted the Second Battalion 's flag flying on Mt. Suribachi as a souvenir. The news of this wish did not sit well with 2nd Battalion Commander Chandler Johnson, whose temperament was every bit as fiery as Howlin Mad 's. "To hell with that! '' the colonel spat when the message reached him. The flag belonged to the battalion, as far as Johnson was concerned. He decided to secure it as soon as possible, and dispatched his assistant operations officer, Lieutenant Ted Tuttle, to the beach to obtain a replacement flag. As an afterthought, Johnson called after Tuttle: "And make it a bigger one. ''
The photograph taken by Rosenthal was the second flag - raising on top of Mount Suribachi, on February 23, 1945.
On orders from Colonel Chandler Johnson -- passed on by Easy Company 's commander, Captain Dave Severance -- Sergeant Michael Strank, one of Second Platoon 's squad leaders, was to take three members of his rifle squad (Corporal Harlon H. Block and Private First Classes Franklin R. Sousley and Ira H. Hayes) and climb up Mount Suribachi to raise a replacement flag on top; the three took supplies or laid telephone wire on the way up to the top. Severance also dispatched Private First Class Rene A. Gagnon, the battalion runner (messenger) for Easy Company, to the command post for fresh SCR - 300 walkie - talkie batteries to take to the top.
Meanwhile, Lieutenant Albert Theodore Tuttle under Johnson 's orders, had found a large (96 - by - 56 -- inch) flag in nearby Tank Landing Ship USS LST - 779. He made his way back to the command post and gave it to Johnson. Johnson, in turn, gave it to Rene Gagnon, with orders to take it up to Schrier on Mount Suribachi and raise it. The official Marine Corps history of the event is that Tuttle received the flag from Navy Ensign Alan Wood of USS LST - 779, who in turn had received the flag from a supply depot in Pearl Harbor. Severance had confirmed that the second larger flag was in fact provided by Alan Wood even though Wood could not recognize any of the pictures of the 2nd flag raisers as Gagnon. The flag was sewn by Mabel Sauvageau, a worker at the "flag loft '' of the Mare Island Naval Shipyard.
First Lieutenant George Greeley Wells, who had been the Second Battalion, 28th Marines adjutant officially in charge of the two American flags flown on Mount Suribachi, stated in the New York Times in 1991, that Lieutenant Colonel Johnson ordered him (Wells) to get the second flag, and that he (Wells) sent Rene Gagnon his battalion runner, to the ships on shore for the flag, and that Gagnon returned with a flag and gave it to him (Wells), and that Gagnon took this flag up Mt. Suribachi with a message for Schrier to raise it and send the other flag down with Gagnon. Wells stated that he received the first flag back from Gagnon and secured it at the Marine headquarters command post. Wells also stated that he had handed the first flag to Lieutenant Schrier to take up Mount Suribachi.
The Coast Guard Historian 's Office recognizes the claims made by former U.S. Coast Guardsman Quartermaster Robert Resnick, who served aboard the USS Duval County at Iwo Jima. "Before he died in November 2004, Resnick said Gagnon came aboard LST - 758 the morning of February 23 looking for a flag. Resnick said he grabbed a flag from a bunting box and asked permission from his ship 's commanding officer Lt. Felix Molenda to donate it. Resnick kept quiet about his participation until 2001. ''
Strank with his three Marines, and Gagnon, reached the top of the mountain around noon without being fired upon. Rosenthal, along with Marine photographers Sergeant Bill Genaust (who was killed in action after the flag - raising) and Private First Class Bob Campbell were climbing Suribachi at this time. On the way up, the trio met Lowery, who had photographed the first flag - raising, coming down. They considered turning around, but Lowery told them that the summit was an excellent vantage point from which to take photographs. The three photographers reached the summit as the Marines were attaching the flag to an old Japanese water pipe.
Rosenthal put his Speed Graphic camera on the ground (set to 1 / 400 sec shutter speed, with the f - stop between 8 and 11 and Agfa film) so he could pile rocks to stand on for a better vantage point. In doing so, he nearly missed the shot. The Marines began raising the flag. Realizing he was about to miss the action, Rosenthal quickly swung his camera up and snapped the photograph without using the viewfinder. Ten years after the flag - raising, Rosenthal wrote:
Out of the corner of my eye, I had seen the men start the flag up. I swung my camera and shot the scene. That is how the picture was taken, and when you take a picture like that, you do n't come away saying you got a great shot. You do n't know.
Sergeant Genaust, who was standing almost shoulder - to - shoulder with Rosenthal about three feet away, was shooting motion - picture film during the second flag - raising. His film captures the second event at an almost - identical angle to Rosenthal 's shot. Of the six flag - raisers in the picture -- Ira Hayes, Harold Schultz (identified in June 2016), Michael Strank, Franklin Sousley, Rene Gagnon, and Harlon Block -- only Hayes, Gagnon, and Schultz (Navy corpsman John Bradley was incorrectly identified in the Rosenthal flag - raising photo) survived the battle. Strank and Block were killed on March 1, six days after the flag - raising, Strank by a shell, possibly fired from an offshore American destroyer and Block a few hours later by a mortar round. Sousley was shot and killed by a Japanese sniper on March 21, a few days before the island was declared secure.
Following the flag - raising, Rosenthal sent his film to Guam to be developed and printed. George Tjaden of Hendricks, Minnesota, was likely the technician who printed it. Upon seeing it, Associated Press (AP) photograph editor John Bodkin exclaimed "Here 's one for all time! '' and immediately transmitted the image to the AP headquarters in New York City at 7: 00 am, Eastern War Time. The photograph was quickly picked up off the wire by hundreds of newspapers. It "was distributed by Associated Press within seventeen and one - half hours after Rosenthal shot it -- an astonishingly fast turnaround time in those days. ''
However, the photograph was not without controversy. Following the second flag - raising, Rosenthal had the Marines of Easy Company pose for a group shot, the "gung - ho '' shot. A few days after the photograph was taken, Rosenthal -- back on Guam -- was asked if he had posed the photograph. Thinking the questioner was referring to the ' gung - ho ' photograph, he replied "Sure. '' After that, Robert Sherrod, a Time - Life correspondent, told his editors in New York that Rosenthal had staged the flag - raising photograph. Time 's radio show, Time Views the News, broadcast a report, charging that "Rosenthal climbed Suribachi after the flag had already been planted... Like most photographers (he) could not resist reposing his characters in historic fashion. '' As a result of this report, Rosenthal was repeatedly accused of staging the photograph or covering up the first flag - raising. One New York Times book reviewer even went so far as to suggest revoking his Pulitzer Prize. In the following decades, Rosenthal repeatedly and vociferously denied claims that the flag - raising was staged. "I do n't think it is in me to do much more of this sort of thing... I do n't know how to get across to anybody what 50 years of constant repetition means. '' Genaust 's film also shows that the flag - raising was not staged.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt, upon seeing Joe Rosenthal 's flag - raising photograph, realized the image would make an excellent symbol for the upcoming Seventh War Loan Drive to help pay for the war, and ordered the flag - raisers identified and sent to Washington, D.C. after the fighting on the island ended (March 26, 1945). Using a photographic enlargement, Rene Gagnon identified four other flag - raisers in the photograph besides himself, but refused to identify Ira Hayes as the sixth flag - raiser because Hayes warned him not to. Gagnon revealed Hayes ' name only after being brought to Marine Corps headquarters and informed that he was being ordered by the President to reveal the information and that refusing would be a serious crime.
President Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945. The three surviving second flag - raisers, identified then as Bradley, Gagnon, and Hayes, met President Truman on April 20 at the White House before going on the bond tour which began on May 11 in New York City; Hayes had drinking problems during the tour and was ordered back to his former combat unit in Hawaii on May 24 before the tour ended on July 4 in Washington, D.C. The bond drive was a success, raising $26.3 billion, twice the tour 's goal.
Gagnon misidentified Corporal Harlon Block as Sergeant Henry O. "Hank '' Hansen in Rosenthal 's photo (both were killed in action on March 1). Initially, Bradley concurred with all of Gagnon 's identifications. On April 8, 1945, the Marine Corps released the identification of five of the six flag raisers including Hansen rather than Block -- Sousley 's identity was temporarily withheld pending notification of his family of his death during the battle. Block 's mother, Belle Block, refused to accept the official identification, noting that she had "changed so many diapers on that boy 's butt, I know it 's my boy. '' Immediately upon his arrival in Washington, D.C. on April 19, Hayes noticed the incorrect identification in the photograph. When he was interviewed about the identities in the photo by the Marine colonel assigned to the flag - raisers and told him that it was definitely Harlon Block and not Hansen in the photograph, the public relations officer then told Hayes that the identifications had already been officially released, and ordered Hayes to keep silent about it (during the investigation, the colonel denied Hayes told him about Block). Block, Sousley, and Hayes, were close friends in the same squad of Second Platoon, E Company, while Hansen who helped raise the first flag, was a member of Third Platoon, E Company.
In 1946, Hayes hitchhiked to Texas and informed Harlon Block 's father and mother that Harlon had, in fact, been one of the six flag raisers. Block 's mother, Belle, immediately sent a letter that Hayes gave her explaining the error to her congressional representative Milton West. West, in turn, forwarded the letter to Marine Corps Commandant Alexander Vandegrift, who ordered an investigation. John Bradley (formerly in Third Platoon with Hansen), upon being shown the evidence (Hansen a former Paramarine, wore his large parachutist boots in an exposed manner on Iwo Jima), agreed that it was probably Block and not Hansen. In January 1947, the Marine Corps officially concluded and announced it was Block in the photo and not Hansen.
Ira remembered what Rene Gagnon and John Bradley could not have remembered, because they did not join the little cluster until the last moment: that it was Harlon (Block), Mike (Strank), Franklin (Sousley) and (Hayes) who had ascended Suribachi midmorning to lay telephone wire; it was Rene (Gagnon) who had come along with the replacement flag. Hansen had not been part of this action.
The Marine Corps made a public announcement on June 23, 2016 stating that Marine Corporal (then Private First Class) Harold Schultz was in the Rosenthal photograph of the flag - raising and Navy Corpsman John Bradley was not (Schultz is now in Franklin Sousley 's named position in the photo and Sousley is in Bradley 's). Schultz and John Bradley were both present at the first and second flag raising and Sousley only the second raising.
Bradley, who died in 1994, gave few interviews, at times saying that he raised the flag, pitched in to raise the flag, raised the second flag (he also said he was on, and not on, Mount Suribachi when the first flag was raised). Bradley was usually tight - lipped after the war about his wartime experiences, including both flag raisings and did not attend Iwo Jima veterans reunions. He often deflected questions by claiming he had forgotten. During his 47 - year marriage, he only talked about it with his wife Betty once, on their first date, and never again afterwards. Within the Bradley family, it was considered a taboo subject, and when they received calls or invitations to speak on certain holidays, they were told to say he was away fishing at his cottage. One of the few interviews he did was in 1985 at the urging of his wife, who had told him to do it for the sake of their grandchildren. Following his death in 1994, his family went to Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima in 1997 and placed a plaque in memory of John Bradley "Flag Raiser '' (made of Wisconsin granite and shaped like that state) at the spot where the flag - raising took place. At the time of Bradley 's death, his son James claimed he knew almost nothing from his father about his wartime experiences. James Bradley spent four years interviewing the families of all the flag raisers, and in 2000, published Flags of Our Fathers, a definitive book on the flag - raising and its participants. This book inspired a 2006 movie of the same name, directed by Clint Eastwood. Schultz died in 1995.
Photographic comparisons gathered on the first and second flag - raising which were made public in November 2014 by Eric Krelle, a history buff and collector of World War II - era Marine Corps memorabilia, strongly suggested that John Bradley was not one of the actual six flag raisers. According to this research, Franklin Sousley was in the fourth position (left to right) instead of Bradley, and Harold Schultz of Los Angeles (originally from Detroit) was in the second position, previously attributed to Franklin Sousley. Initially, Marine Corps historians and officials and others were not willing to accept these findings. On May 2, 2016, the Marine Corps announced that it was investigating the possibility that Bradley was not one of the flag raisers and Schultz was, a fact they confirmed on June 23, 2016. James Bradley has also subsequently stated that he no longer believes that his father was one of the six men in the Rosenthal photograph.
Rosenthal 's photograph won the 1945 Pulitzer Prize for Photography, the only photograph to win the prize in the same year it was taken.
News pros were not the only ones greatly impressed by the photo. Navy Captain T.B. Clark was on duty at Patuxent Air Station in Maryland that Saturday when it came humming off the wire in 1945. He studied it for a minute, and then thrust it under the gaze of Navy Petty Officer Felix de Weldon. De Weldon was an Austrian immigrant schooled in European painting and sculpture. De Weldon could not take his eyes off the photo. In its classic triangular lines he recognized similarities with the ancient statues he had studied. He reflexively reached for some sculptor 's clay and tools. With the photograph before him he labored through the night. Within 72 hours of the photo 's release, he had replicated the six boys pushing a pole, raising a flag. Upon seeing the finished model, the Marine Corps commandant had de Weldon assigned to the Marine Corps until de Weldon was discharged from the navy after the war was over.
Starting in 1951, de Weldon was commissioned to design a memorial to the Marine Corps. It took de Weldon and hundreds of his assistants three years to finish it. Hayes, Gagnon, and Bradley, posed for de Weldon, who used their faces as a model. The three Marine flag raisers who did not survive the battle were sculpted from photographs.
The flag - raising Rosenthal (and Genaust) photographed was the replacement flag / flagstaff for the first flag / flagstaff that was raised on Mount Suribachi on February 23, 1945. There was some resentment from former Marines of the original 40 - man patrol that went up Mount Suribachi including by those involved with the first flag - raising, that they did not receive the recognition they deserved. Staff Sgt. Lou Lowery who took the first photos of the first flag flying over Mt. Suribachi, Charles W. Lindberg, who helped tie the first American flag to the first flagpole on Mount Suribachi (and who was, until his death in June 2007, one of the last living person depicted in either flag - flying scenes), complained for several years that he helped to raise the flag and "was called a liar and everything else. It was terrible '' (because of all the recognition and publicity over and directed to the replacement flag - raisers and that flag - raising), and Raymond Jacobs, photographed with the patrol commander around the base of the first flag flying over Mt. Suribachi, complained until he died in 2008, that he is still not recognized by the Marine Corps by name as being the radioman in the photo.
The original Rosenthal photograph is currently in the possession of Roy H. Williams, who bought it from the estate of John Faber, the official historian for the National Press Photographers Association, who had received it from Rosenthal. Both flags (from the first and second flag - raisings) are now located in the National Museum of the Marine Corps in Quantico, Virginia.
Ira Hayes, following the war, was plagued with depression brought on by survivor guilt and became an alcoholic. His tragic life and death in 1955 at the age of 32 were memorialized in the motion picture The Outsider starring actor Tony Curtis as Hayes in 1961, and the folk song "The Ballad of Ira Hayes '', written by Peter LaFarge and recorded by Johnny Cash in 1964. Bob Dylan later covered the song, as did Kinky Friedman. According to the song, after the war:
Then Ira started drinkin ' hard Jail was often his home They 'd let him raise the flag and lower it Like you 'd throw a dog a bone! He died drunk early one mornin ' Alone in the land he fought to save Two inches of water in a lonely ditch Was a grave for Ira Hayes.
Rene Gagnon, his wife, and his son, visited Tokyo and Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima during the 20th anniversary of the battle of Iwo Jima in 1965. He worked at Delta Air Lines as a ticket agent, opened his own travel agency, and was a maintenance director of an apartment complex in Manchester. He died at work in Manchester in 1979 at the age of 54.
Rosenthal 's photograph has been reproduced in a number of other formats. It appeared on 3.5 million posters for the seventh war bond drive. It has also been reproduced with many unconventional media such as Lego bricks, butter, ice, Etch A Sketch and corn mazes.
The Iwo Jima flag - raising has been depicted in other films including 1949 's Sands of Iwo Jima (in which the three surviving flag raisers make a cameo appearance at the end of the film) and 1961 's The Outsider, a biography of Ira Hayes starring Tony Curtis.
In July 1945, the United States Postal Service released a postage stamp bearing the image. The U.S. issued another stamp in 1995 showing the flag - raising as part of its 10 - stamp series marking the 50th anniversary of World War II. In 2005, the United States Mint released a commemorative silver dollar bearing the image.
A similar photograph was taken by Thomas E. Franklin of the Bergen Record in the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks. Officially known as Ground Zero Spirit, the photograph is perhaps better known as Raising the Flag at Ground Zero, and shows three firefighters raising a U.S. flag in the ruins of the World Trade Center shortly after 5 pm. Painter Jamie Wyeth also painted a related image entitled September 11th based on this scene. It illustrates rescue workers raising a flag at Ground Zero. Other iconic photographs frequently compared include V -- J day in Times Square, Into the Jaws of Death, Raising a flag over the Reichstag, and the Raising of the Ink Flag.
The highly recognizable image is one of the most parodied photographs in history. Anti-war activists in the 1960s altered the flag to bear a peace symbol, as well as several anti-establishment artworks. Edward Kienholz 's Portable War Memorial in 1968 depicted faceless Marines raising the flag on an outdoor picnic table in a typical American consumerist environment of the 1960s. It was parodied again during the Iran hostage crisis of 1979 to depict the flag being planted into Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini 's behind. In the early 2000s, to represent gay pride, photographer Ed Freeman shot a photograph for the cover of an issue of Frontiers magazine, reenacting the scene with a rainbow flag instead of an American flag. Time magazine came under fire in 2008 after altering the image for use on its cover, replacing the American flag with a tree for an issue focused on global warming. The British Airlines Stewards and Stewardesses Association likewise came under criticism in 2010 for a poster depicting employees raising a flag marked "BASSA '' at the edge of a runway.
The photograph also received another brief parody in July 2015 in the Syfy television movie Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!, when Fin, April, the President of the United States and a few others hold up the American Flag at the White House in a similar way to the real photograph to impale an incoming shark, with Fin reciting "God bless America. ''
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in which 3 hemispheres is south america located | South America - Wikipedia
South America is a continent located in the western hemisphere, mostly in the southern hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the northern hemisphere. It may also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas, which is how it is viewed in the Spanish and Portuguese - speaking regions of the Americas. The reference to South America instead of other regions (like Latin America or the Southern Cone) has increased in the last decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics (in particular, the rise of Brazil).
It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest. It includes twelve sovereign states (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela), a part of France (French Guiana), and a non-sovereign area (the Falkland Islands, a British Overseas Territory though this is disputed by Argentina). In addition to this, the ABC islands of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago, and Panama may also be considered part of South America.
South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers (6,890,000 sq mi). Its population as of 2016 has been estimated at more than 420 million. South America ranks fourth in area (after Asia, Africa, and North America) and fifth in population (after Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America). Brazil is by far the most populous South American country, with more than half of the continent 's population, followed by Colombia, Argentina, Venezuela and Peru. In recent decades Brazil has also concentrated half of the region 's GDP and has become a first regional power.
Most of the population lives near the continent 's western or eastern coasts while the interior and the far south are sparsely populated. The geography of western South America is dominated by the Andes mountains; in contrast, the eastern part contains both highland regions and large lowlands where rivers such as the Amazon, Orinoco, and Paraná flow. Most of the continent lies in the tropics.
The continent 's cultural and ethnic outlook has its origin with the interaction of indigenous peoples with European conquerors and immigrants and, more locally, with African slaves. Given a long history of colonialism, the overwhelming majority of South Americans speak Portuguese or Spanish, and societies and states commonly reflect Western traditions.
South America occupies the southern portion of the Americas. The continent is generally delimited on the northwest by the Darién watershed along the Colombia -- Panama border, although some may consider the border instead to be the Panama Canal. Geopolitically and geographically all of Panama -- including the segment east of the Panama Canal in the isthmus -- is typically included in North America alone and among the countries of Central America. Almost all of mainland South America sits on the South American Plate.
South America is home to the world 's highest uninterrupted waterfall, Angel Falls in Venezuela; the highest single drop waterfall Kaieteur Falls in Guyana; the largest river (by volume), the Amazon River; the longest mountain range, the Andes (whose highest mountain is Aconcagua at 6,962 m (22,841 ft)); the driest non-polar place on earth, the Atacama Desert; the largest rainforest, the Amazon Rainforest; the highest capital city, La Paz, Bolivia; the highest commercially navigable lake in the world, Lake Titicaca; and, excluding research stations in Antarctica, the world 's southernmost permanently inhabited community, Puerto Toro, Chile.
South America 's major mineral resources are gold, silver, copper, iron ore, tin, and petroleum. These resources found in South America have brought high income to its countries especially in times of war or of rapid economic growth by industrialized countries elsewhere. However, the concentration in producing one major export commodity often has hindered the development of diversified economies. The fluctuation in the price of commodities in the international markets has led historically to major highs and lows in the economies of South American states, often causing extreme political instability. This is leading to efforts to diversify production to drive away from staying as economies dedicated to one major export.
South America is one of the most biodiverse continents on earth. South America is home to many interesting and unique species of animals including the llama, anaconda, piranha, jaguar, vicuña, and tapir. The Amazon rainforests possess high biodiversity, containing a major proportion of the Earth 's species.
Brazil is the largest country in South America, encompassing around half of the continent 's land area and population. The remaining countries and territories are divided among three regions: The Andean States, the Guianas and the Southern Cone.
Torres del Paine in Chile.
Ausangate mountain in Peru.
Porto de Galinhas beach in Brazil.
Amazon rainforest, the richest and most megadiverse forest in the world.
Angel Falls in Venezuela, the highest waterfall in the world.
Quebrada de Cafayate in Argentina.
Atacama Desert (Chile) the driest desert in the world.
Pirineus State Park in Brazil.
Serra da Capivara National Park in Brazil.
Monte Roraima between Brazil, Venezuela and Guyana.
Traditionally, South America also includes some of the nearby islands. Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Trinidad, Tobago, and the federal dependencies of Venezuela sit on the northerly South American continental shelf and are often considered part of the continent. Geo - politically, the island states and overseas territories of the Caribbean are generally grouped as a part or subregion of North America, since they are more distant on the Caribbean Plate, even though San Andres and Providencia are politically part of Colombia and Aves Island is controlled by Venezuela.
Other islands that are included with South America are the Galápagos Islands that belong to Ecuador and Easter Island (in Oceania but belonging to Chile), Robinson Crusoe Island, Chiloé (both Chilean) and Tierra del Fuego (split between Chile and Argentina). In the Atlantic, Brazil owns Fernando de Noronha, Trindade and Martim Vaz, and the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, while the Falkland Islands are governed by the United Kingdom, whose sovereignty over the islands is disputed by Argentina. South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands may be associated with either South America or Antarctica.
Falkland Islands, overseas of the United Kingdom.
Easter Island, in the picture Rano Raraku volcano.
Fernando de Noronha, Brazilian archipelago.
Trindade and Martin Vaz, a volcanic archipelago of Brazil.
Galápagos Islands off coast of Ecuador
The distribution of the average temperatures in the region presents a constant regularity from the 30 ° of latitude south, when the isotherms tend, more and more, to be confused with the degrees of latitude.
In temperate latitudes, winters are milder and summers warmer than in North America. Because its most extensive part of the continent is located in the equatorial zone, the region has more areas of equatorial plains than any other region.
The average annual temperatures in the Amazon basin oscillate around 27 ° C, with low thermal amplitudes and high rainfall indices. Between the Maracaibo Lake and the mouth of the Orinoco, predominates an equatorial climate of the type Congolese, that also includes parts of the Brazilian territory.
The east - central Brazilian plateau has a humid and warm tropical climate. The northern and eastern parts of the Argentine pampas have a humid subtropical climate with dry winters and humid summers of the Chinese type, while the western and eastern ranges have a subtropical climate of the dinaric type. At the highest points of the Andean region, climates are colder than the ones occurring at the highest point of the Norwegian fjords. In the Andean plateaus, the warm climate prevails, although it is tempered by the altitude, while in the coastal strip, there is an equatorial climate of the Guinean type. From this point until the north of the Chilean coast appear, successively, Mediterranean oceanic climate, temperate of the Breton type and, already in Tierra del Fuego, cold climate of the Siberian type.
The distribution of rainfall is related to the regime of winds and air masses. In most of the tropical region east of the Andes, winds blowing from the northeast, east and southeast carry moisture from the Atlantic, causing abundant rainfall. In the Orinoco lhanos and in the Guianas plateau, the precipitations go from moderate to high. The Pacific coast of Colombia and northern Ecuador are rainy regions. The Atacama Desert, along this stretch of coast, is one of the driest regions in the world. The central and southern parts of Chile are subject to cyclones, and most of the Argentine Patagonia is desert. In the pampas of Argentina, Uruguay and South of Brazil the rainfall is moderate, with rains well distributed during the year. The moderately dry conditions of the Chaco oppose the intense rainfall of the eastern region of Paraguay. In the semiarid coast of the Brazilian Northeast the rains are linked to a monsoon regime.
Important factors in the determination of climates are sea currents, such as the current Humboldt and Falklands. The equatorial current of the South Atlantic strikes the coast of the Northeast and there is divided into two others: the current of Brazil and a coastal current that flows to the northwest towards the Antilles, where there it moves towards northeast course thus forming the most Important and famous ocean current in the world, the Gulf Stream.
South America is believed to have been joined with Africa from the late Paleozoic Era to the early Mesozoic Era, until the supercontinent Pangaea began to rift and break apart about 225 million years ago. Therefore, South America and Africa share similar fossils and rock layers.
South America is thought to have been first inhabited by humans when people were crossing the Bering Land Bridge (now the Bering Strait) at least 15,000 years ago from the territory that is present - day Russia. They migrated south through North America, and eventually reached South America through the Isthmus of Panama.
The first evidence for the existence of the human race in South America dates back to about 9000 BC, when squashes, chili peppers and beans began to be cultivated for food in the highlands of the Amazon Basin. Pottery evidence further suggests that manioc, which remains a staple food today, was being cultivated as early as 2000 BC.
By 2000 BC, many agrarian communities had been settled throughout the Andes and the surrounding regions. Fishing became a widespread practice along the coast, helping establish fish as a primary source of food. Irrigation systems were also developed at this time, which aided in the rise of an agrarian society.
South American cultures began domesticating llamas, vicuñas, guanacos, and alpacas in the highlands of the Andes circa 3500 BC. Besides their use as sources of meat and wool, these animals were used for transportation of goods.
The rise of plant growing and the subsequent appearance of permanent human settlements allowed for the multiple and overlapping beginnings of civilizations in South America.
One of the earliest known South American civilizations was at Norte Chico, on the central Peruvian coast. Though a pre-ceramic culture, the monumental architecture of Norte Chico is contemporaneous with the pyramids of Ancient Egypt. Norte Chico governing class established a trade network and developed agriculture then followed by Chavín by 900 BC, according to some estimates and archaeological finds. Artifacts were found at a site called Chavín de Huantar in modern Peru at an elevation of 3,177 meters. Chavín civilization spanned 900 BC to 300 BC.
In the central coast of Peru, around the beginning of the 1st millennium AD, Moche (100 BC -- 700 AD, at the northern coast of Peru), Paracas and Nazca (400 BC -- 800 AD, Peru) cultures flourished with centralized states with permanent militia improving agriculture through irrigation and new styles of ceramic art. At the Altiplano, Tiahuanaco or Tiwanaku (100 BC -- 1200 AD, Bolivia) managed a large commercial network based on religion.
Around the 7th century, both Tiahuanaco and Wari or Huari Empire (600 -- 1200, Central and northern Peru) expanded its influence to all the Andean region, imposing the Huari urbanism and Tiahuanaco religious iconography.
The Muisca were the main indigenous civilization in what is now Colombia. They established the Muisca Confederation of many clans, or cacicazgos, that had a free trade network among themselves. They were goldsmiths and farmers.
Other important Pre-Columbian cultures include: the Cañaris (in south central Ecuador), Chimú Empire (1300 -- 1470, Peruvian northern coast), Chachapoyas, and the Aymaran kingdoms (1000 -- 1450, Western Bolivia and southern Peru).
Holding their capital at the great city of Cusco, the Inca civilization dominated the Andes region from 1438 to 1533. Known as Tawantin suyu, and "the land of the four regions, '' in Quechua, the Inca Empire was highly distinct and developed. Inca rule extended to nearly a hundred linguistic or ethnic communities, some 9 to 14 million people connected by a 25,000 kilometer road system. Cities were built with precise, unmatched stonework, constructed over many levels of mountain terrain. Terrace farming was a useful form of agriculture.
The Mapuche in Central and Southern Chile resisted the European and Chilean settlers, waging the Arauco War for more than 300 years.
In 1494, Portugal and Spain, the two great maritime European powers of that time, on the expectation of new lands being discovered in the west, signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, by which they agreed, with the support of the Pope, that all the land outside Europe should be an exclusive duopoly between the two countries.
The treaty established an imaginary line along a north - south meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, roughly 46 ° 37 ' W. In terms of the treaty, all land to the west of the line (known to comprise most of the South American soil) would belong to Spain, and all land to the east, to Portugal. As accurate measurements of longitude were impossible at that time, the line was not strictly enforced, resulting in a Portuguese expansion of Brazil across the meridian.
Beginning in the 1530s, the people and natural resources of South America were repeatedly exploited by foreign conquistadors, first from Spain and later from Portugal. These competing colonial nations claimed the land and resources as their own and divided it in colonies.
European infectious diseases (smallpox, influenza, measles, and typhus) -- to which the native populations had no immune resistance -- caused large - scale depopulation of the native population under Spanish control. Systems of forced labor, such as the haciendas and mining industry 's mit'a also contributed to the depopulation. After this, African slaves, who had developed immunities to these diseases, were quickly brought in to replace them.
The Spaniards were committed to convert their native subjects to Christianity and were quick to purge any native cultural practices that hindered this end; however, many initial attempts at this were only partially successful, as native groups simply blended Catholicism with their established beliefs and practices. Furthermore, the Spaniards brought their language to the degree they did with their religion, although the Roman Catholic Church 's evangelization in Quechua, Aymara, and Guaraní actually contributed to the continuous use of these native languages albeit only in the oral form.
Eventually, the natives and the Spaniards interbred, forming a mestizo class. At the beginning, many mestizos of the Andean region were offspring of Amerindian mothers and Spanish fathers. After independence, most mestizos had native fathers and European or mestizo mothers.
Many native artworks were considered pagan idols and destroyed by Spanish explorers; this included many gold and silver sculptures and other artifacts found in South America, which were melted down before their transport to Spain or Portugal. Spaniards and Portuguese brought the western European architectural style to the continent, and helped to improve infrastructures like bridges, roads, and the sewer system of the cities they discovered or conquered. They also significantly increased economic and trade relations, not just between the old and new world but between the different South American regions and peoples. Finally, with the expansion of the Portuguese and Spanish languages, many cultures that were previously separated became united through that of Latin American.
Guyana was first a Dutch, and then a British colony, though there was a brief period during the Napoleonic Wars when it was colonized by the French. The country was once partitioned into three parts, each being controlled by one of the colonial powers until the country was finally taken over fully by the British.
Indigenous peoples of the Americas in various European colonies were forced to work in European plantations and mines; along with African slaves who were also introduced in the proceeding centuries. The colonists were heavily dependent on indigenous labor during the initial phases of European settlement to maintain the subsistence economy, and natives were often captured by expeditions. The importation of African slaves began midway through the 16th century, but the enslavement of indigenous peoples continued well into the 17th and 18th centuries. The Atlantic slave trade brought African slaves primarily to South American colonies, beginning with the Portuguese since 1502. The main destinations of this phase were the Caribbean colonies and Brazil, as European nations built up economically slave - dependent colonies in the New World. Nearly 40 % of all African slaves trafficked to the Americas went to Brazil. An estimated 4.9 million slaves from Africa came to Brazil during the period from 1501 to 1866.
While the Portuguese, English and French settlers enslaved mainly African blacks, the Spaniards became very disposed of the natives. In 1750 Portugal abolished native slavery in the colonies because they considered them unfit for labour and began to import even more African slaves. Slaves were brought to the mainland on so - called slave ships, under subhuman conditions and ill - treatment, and those who survived were sold into the slave markets.
After independence, all South American countries maintained slavery for some time. The first South American country to abolish slavery was Chile in 1823, Uruguay in 1830, Bolivia in 1831, Colombia and Ecuador in 1851, Argentina in 1853, Peru and Venezuela in 1854, Paraguay in 1869, and in 1888 Brazil was the last South American nation and the last country in western world to abolish slavery.
The European Peninsular War (1807 -- 1814), a theater of the Napoleonic Wars, changed the political situation of both the Spanish and Portuguese colonies. First, Napoleon invaded Portugal, but the House of Braganza avoided capture by escaping to Brazil. Napoleon also captured King Ferdinand VII of Spain, and appointed his own brother instead. This appointment provoked severe popular resistance, which created Juntas to rule in the name of the captured king.
Many cities in the Spanish colonies, however, considered themselves equally authorized to appoint local Juntas like those of Spain. This began the Spanish American wars of independence between the patriots, who promoted such autonomy, and the royalists, who supported Spanish authority over the Americas. The Juntas, in both Spain and the Americas, promoted the ideas of the Enlightenment. Five years after the beginning of the war, Ferdinand VII returned to the throne and began the Absolutist Restoration as the royalists got the upper hand in the conflict.
The independence of South America was secured by Simón Bolívar (Venezuela) and José de San Martín (Argentina), the two most important Libertadores. Bolívar led a great uprising in the north, then led his army southward towards Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Meanwhile, San Martín led an army across the Andes Mountains, along with Chilean expatriates, and liberated Chile. He organized a fleet to reach Peru by sea, and sought the military support of various rebels from the Viceroyalty of Peru. The two armies finally met in Guayaquil, Ecuador, where they cornered the Royal Army of the Spanish Crown and forced its surrender.
In the Portuguese Kingdom of Brazil, Dom Pedro I (also Pedro IV of Portugal), son of the Portuguese King Dom João VI, proclaimed the independent Kingdom of Brazil in 1822, which later became the Empire of Brazil. Despite the Portuguese loyalties of garrisons in Bahia, Cisplatina and Pará, independence was diplomatically accepted by the crown in Portugal in 1825, on condition of a high compensation paid by Brazil mediatized by the United Kingdom.
The newly independent nations began a process of fragmentation, with several civil and international wars. However, it was not as strong as in Central America. Some countries created from provinces of larger countries stayed as such up to modern day (such as Paraguay or Uruguay), while others were reconquered and reincorporated into their former countries (such as the Republic of Entre Ríos and the Riograndense Republic).
The first separatist attempt was in 1820 by the Argentine province of Entre Ríos by a caudillo. In spite of the "Republic '' in its title, General Ramírez, its caudillo, never really intended to declare an independent Entre Rios. Rather, he was making a political statement in opposition to the monarchist and centralist ideas that back then permeated Buenos Aires politics. The "country '' was reincorporated at the United Provinces in 1821.
In 1825 the Cisplatine Province declared its independence from the Empire of Brazil, which led the Cisplatine War between the imperials and the Argentine from the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata to control the region. Three years later, the United Kingdom intervened in question by proclaiming a tie and creating in the former Cisplatina a new independent country: The Oriental Republic of Uruguay which was the only separatist province that maintained its independence.
Later in 1836, while Brazil was experiencing the chaos of the regency, Rio Grande do Sul proclaimed its independence motivated by a tax crisis. This was the longest and most bloody separatist conflict in South America. With the anticipation of the coronation of Pedro II to the throne of Brazil, the country could stabilize and fight the separatists, which the province of Santa Catarina had joined in 1839. The Conflict came to an end with the total defeat of both Riograndense Republic and Juliana Republic and their reincorporation as provinces in 1845.
The Peru -- Bolivian Confederation, a short - lived union of Peru and Bolivia, was blocked by Chile in the War of the Confederation (1836 -- 1839) and again during the War of the Pacific (1879 -- 1883). Paraguay was virtually destroyed by Argentina and Brazil in the Paraguayan War.
South - American history in early 19th century was built almost exclusively on wars. Despite the Spanish American wars of independence and the Brazilian War of Independence, the new nations quickly began to suffer with internal conflicts and wars among themselves.
In 1825 the proclamation of independence of Cisplatina led to the Cisplatine War between historical rivals the Empire of Brazil and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, Argentina 's predecessor. The result was a stalemate with the British ending in the independence of Uruguay. Soon after, another Brazilian province proclaimed its independence leading to the Ragamuffin War which Brazil won.
Between 1836 and 1839 the War of the Confederation broke out between the short - lived Peru - Bolivian Confederation and Chile, with the support of the Argentine Confederation. The war was fought mostly in the actual territory of Peru and ended with a Confederate defeat and the dissolution of the Confederacy and annexation of many territories by Argentina.
Meanwhile, the Argentine Civil Wars plagued Argentina since its independence. The conflict was mainly between those who defended the centralization of power in Buenos Aires and those who defended a confederation. During this period it can be said that "there were two Argentines '': the Argentine Confederation and the Argentine Republic. At the same time the political instability in Uruguay led to the Uruguayan Civil War among the main political factions of the country. All this instability in the platine region interfered with the goals of other countries such as Brazil, which was soon forced to take sides. In 1851 the Brazilian Empire, supporting the centralizing unitarians, and the uruguayn government invaded Argentina and deposed the caudillo, Juan Manuel Rosas, who ruled the confederation with an iron hand. Although the Platine War did not put an end to the political chaos and civil war in Argentina, it brought temporary peace to Uruguay where the Colorados faction won, supported by the Brazilian Empire, British Empire, French Empire and the Unitarian Party of Argentina.
Peace lasted only a short time: in 1864 the Uruguayan factions faced each other again in the Uruguayan War. The Blancos supported by Paraguay started to attack Brazilian and Argentine farmers near the borders. The Empire made an initial attempt to settle the dispute between Blancos and Colorados without success. In 1864, after a Brazilian ultimatum was refused, the imperial government declared that Brazil 's military would begin reprisals. Brazil declined to acknowledge a formal state of war, and, for most of its duration, the Uruguayan -- Brazilian armed conflict was an undeclared war which led to the deposition of the Blancos and the rise of the pro-Brazilian Colorados to power again. This angered the Paraguayan government, which even before the end of the war invaded Brazil, beginning the biggest and deadliest war in both South American and Latin American histories: the Paraguayan War.
The Paraguayan War began when the Paraguayan dictator Francisco Solano López ordered the invasion of the Brazilian provinces of Mato Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul. His attempt to cross Argentinian territory without Argentinian approval led the pro-Brazilian Argentine government into the war. The pro-Brazilian Uruguayan government showed its support by sending troops. In 1865 the three countries signed the Treaty of the Triple Alliance against Paraguay. At the beginning of the war, the Paraguayans took the lead with several victories, until the Triple Alliance organized to repel the invaders and fight effectively. This was the second total war experience in the world after the American Civil War. It was deemed the greatest war effort in the history of all participating countries, taking almost 6 years and ending with the complete devastation of Paraguay. The country lost 40 % of its territory to Brazil and Argentina and lost 60 % of its population, including 90 % of the men. The dictator Lopez was killed in battle and a new government was instituted in alliance with Brazil, which maintained occupation forces in the country until 1876.
The last South American war in the 19th century was the War of the Pacific with Bolivia and Peru on one side and Chile on the other. In 1879 the war began with Chilean troops occupying Bolivian ports, followed by Bolivia declaring war on Chile which activated an alliance treaty with Peru. The Bolivians were completely defeated in 1880 and Lima was occupied in 1881. The peace was signed with Peru in 1883 while a truce was signed with Bolivia in 1884. Chile annexed territories of both countries leaving Bolivia with no path to the sea.
In the new century, as wars became less violent and less frequent, Brazil entered into a small conflict with Bolivia for the possession of the Acre, which was acquired by Brazil in 1902. In 1917 Brazil declared war on the Central Powers and join the allied side in the World War I, sending a small fleet to the Mediterranean Sea and some troops to be integrated with the British and French troops. Brazil was the only South American country that fought in WWI. Later in 1932 Colombia and Peru entered a short armed conflict for territory in the Amazon. In the same year Paraguay declared war on Bolivia for possession of the Chaco, in a conflict that ended three years later with Paraguay 's victory. Between 1941 and 1942 Peru and Ecuador fought decisively for territories claimed by both that were annexed by Peru, usurping Ecuador 's frontier with Brazil.
Also in this period the first naval battle of World War II was fought on the continent, in the River Plate, between British forces and German submarines. The Germans still made numerous attacks on Brazilian ships on the coast, causing Brazil to declare war on the Axis powers in 1942, being the only South American country to fight in this war (and in both World Wars). Brazil sent naval and air forces to combat German and Italian submarines off the continent and throughout the South Atlantic, in addition to sending an expeditionary force to fight in the Italian Campaign.
The last war to be fought on South American soil was the Falkland War between Argentina and the United Kingdom for possession of the islands of the same name. Argentina was defeated in 1982.
Wars became less frequent in the 20th century, with Bolivia - Paraguay and Peru - Ecuador fighting the last inter-state wars. Early in the 20th century, the three wealthiest South American countries engaged in a vastly expensive naval arms race which was catalyzed by the introduction of a new warship type, the "dreadnought ''. At one point, the Argentine government was spending a fifth of its entire yearly budget for just two dreadnoughts, a price that did not include later in - service costs, which for the Brazilian dreadnoughts was sixty percent of the initial purchase.
The continent became a battlefield of the Cold War in the late 20th century. Some democratically elected governments of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Paraguay were overthrown or displaced by military dictatorships in the 1960s and 1970s. To curtail opposition, their governments detained tens of thousands of political prisoners, many of whom were tortured and / or killed on inter-state collaboration. Economically, they began a transition to neoliberal economic policies. They placed their own actions within the US Cold War doctrine of "National Security '' against internal subversion. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Peru suffered from an internal conflict.
Argentina and Britain fought the Falklands War in 1982.
Colombia has had an ongoing, though diminished internal conflict, which started in 1964 with the creation of Marxist guerrillas (FARC - EP) and then involved several illegal armed groups of leftist - leaning ideology as well as the private armies of powerful drug lords. Many of these are now defunct, and only a small portion of the ELN remains, along with the stronger, though also greatly reduced, FARC. These leftist groups smuggle narcotics out of Colombia to fund their operations, while also using kidnapping, bombings, land mines and assassinations as weapons against both elected and non-elected citizens.
Revolutionary movements and right - wing military dictatorships became common after World War II, but since the 1980s, a wave of democratization passed through the continent, and democratic rule is widespread now. Nonetheless, allegations of corruption are still very common, and several countries have developed crises which have forced the resignation of their governments, although, on most occasions, regular civilian succession has continued.
International indebtedness turned into a severe problem in the late 1980s, and some countries, despite having strong democracies, have not yet developed political institutions capable of handling such crises without resorting to unorthodox economic policies, as most recently illustrated by Argentina 's default in the early 21st century. The last twenty years have seen an increased push towards regional integration, with the creation of uniquely South American institutions such as the Andean Community, Mercosur and Unasur. Notably, starting with the election of Hugo Chávez in Venezuela in 1998, the region experienced what has been termed a pink tide -- the election of several leftist and center - left administrations to most countries of the area, except for the Guianas and Colombia.
Historically, the Hispanic countries were founded as Republican dictatorships led by caudillos. Brazil was the only exception, being a constitutional monarchy for its first 67 years of independence, until a coup d'ètat proclaimed a republic. In the late 19th century, the most democratic countries were Brazil, Chile, Argentina and Uruguay.
In the interwar period, nationalism grew stronger on the continent, influenced by countries like Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. A series of authoritarian rules broke out in South American countries with views bringing them closer to the Axis Powers, like Vargas 's Brazil or Perón 's Argentina. In the late 20th century, during the Cold War, many countries became military dictatorships under American tutelage in attempts to avoid the influence of the Soviet Union. After the fall of the authoritarian regimes, these countries became democratic republics.
During the first decade of the 21st century, South American governments have drifted to the political left, with leftist leaders being elected in Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina, Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru and Venezuela. Most South American countries are making increasing use of protectionist policies, helping local development.
All South American countries are presidential republics with the exceptions of Peru, which is a semi-presidential republic, and Suriname, a parliamentary republic. French Guiana is a French overseas department, while the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are British colonies. It is currently the only inhabited continent in the world without monarchies; the Empire of Brazil existed during the 19th century and there was an unsuccessful attempt to establish a Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia in southern Argentina and Chile. Also in the twentieth century, Suriname was established as a constituent kingdom of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and Guyana retained the British monarch as head of state for 4 years after its independence.
Recently, an intergovernmental entity has been formed which aims to merge the two existing customs unions: Mercosur and the Andean Community, thus forming the third - largest trade bloc in the world. This new political organization, known as Union of South American Nations, seeks to establish free movement of people, economic development, a common defense policy and the elimination of tariffs.
South America has over 420 million inhabitants and a rate of population growth of about 0.6 % per year. There are several areas of sparse demographics such as tropical forests, the Atacama Desert and the icy portions of Patagonia. On the other hand, the continent presents regions of high population density, such as the great urban centers. The population is formed by descendants of Europeans (mainly Spaniards, Portuguese and Italians), Africans and indigenous peoples. There is a high percentage of mestizos that vary greatly in composition by place. There is also a minor population of Asians, especially in Brazil. The two main languages are by far Spanish and Portuguese, followed by French, English and Dutch in smaller numbers. Economically, Brazil, Argentina and Chile are the wealthiest and most developed nations in the continent.
Spanish and Portuguese are the most spoken languages in South America, with approximately 200 million speakers each. Spanish is the official language of most countries, along with other native languages in some countries. Portuguese is the official language of Brazil. Dutch is the official language of Suriname; English is the official language of Guyana, although there are at least twelve other languages spoken in the country, including Portuguese, Chinese, Hindustani and several native languages. English is also spoken in the Falkland Islands. French is the official language of French Guiana and the second language in Amapá, Brazil.
Indigenous languages of South America include Quechua in Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina, Chile and Colombia; Wayuunaiki in northern Colombia (La Guajira) and northwestern Venezuela (Zulia); Guaraní in Paraguay and, to a much lesser extent, in Bolivia; Aymara in Bolivia, Peru, and less often in Chile; and Mapudungun is spoken in certain pockets of southern Chile and, more rarely, Argentina. At least three South American indigenous languages (Quechua, Aymara, and Guarani) are recognized along with Spanish as national languages.
Other languages found in South America include Hindustani and Javanese in Suriname; Italian in Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Venezuela and Chile; and German in certain pockets of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. German is also spoken in many regions of the southern states of Brazil, Riograndenser Hunsrückisch being the most widely spoken German dialect in the country; among other Germanic dialects, a Brazilian form of East Pomeranian is also well represented and is experiencing a revival. Welsh remains spoken and written in the historic towns of Trelew and Rawson in the Argentine Patagonia. There are also small clusters of Japanese - speakers in Brazil, Colombia and Peru. Arabic speakers, often of Lebanese, Syrian, or Palestinian descent, can be found in Arab communities in Argentina, Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela and in Paraguay.
An estimated 90 % of South Americans are Christians (82 % Roman Catholic, 8 % other Christian denominations mainly traditional Protestants and Evangelicals but also Orthodox), accounting for ca. 19 % of Christians worldwide.
Crypto - Jews or Marranos, conversos, and Anusim were an important part of colonial life in Latin America.
Both Buenos Aires, Argentina and São Paulo, Brazil figure among the largest Jewish populations by urban area.
Japanese Buddhism and Shinto - derived Japanese New Religions are common in Brazil and Peru. Korean Confucianism is especially found in Brazil while Chinese Buddhism and Chinese Confucianism have spread throughout the continent.
Kardecist Spiritism can be found in several countries.
Part of Religions in South America (2013):
Genetic admixture occurs at very high levels in South America. In Argentina, the European influence accounts for 65 % -- 79 % of the genetic background, Amerindian for 17 % -- 31 % and sub-Saharan African for 2 % -- 4 %. In Colombia, the sub-Saharan African genetic background varied from 1 % to 89 %, while the European genetic background varied from 20 % to 79 %, depending on the region. In Peru, European ancestries ranged from 1 % to 31 %, while the African contribution was only 1 % to 3 %. The Genographic Project determined the average Peruvian from Lima had about 28 % European ancestry, 68 % Native American, 2 % Asian ancestry and 2 % sub-Saharan African.
Descendants of indigenous peoples, such as the Quechua and Aymara, or the Urarina of Amazonia make up the majority of the population in Bolivia (56 %) and, per some sources, in Peru (44 %). In Ecuador, Amerindians are a large minority that comprises two - fifths of the population. The native European population is also a significant element in most other former Portuguese colonies.
People who identify as of primarily or totally European descent, or identify their phenotype as corresponding to such group, are more of a majority in Argentina, and Uruguay and are about half of the population of Chile (52.7 %) and Brazil (48.43 %). In Venezuela, according to the national census 42 % of the population is primarily native Spanish, Italian and Portuguese descendants. In Colombia, people who identify as European descendant are about 37 %. In Peru, European descendants are the third group in number (15 %).
Mestizos (mixed European and Amerindian) are the largest ethnic group in Paraguay, Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador and the second group in Peru.
South America is also home to one of the largest populations of Africans. This group is significantly present in Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Venezuela and Ecuador.
Brazil followed by Peru have the largest Japanese, Korean and Chinese communities in South America. East Indians form the largest ethnic group in Guyana and Suriname.
In many places indigenous people still practice a traditional lifestyle based on subsistence agriculture or as hunter - gatherers. There are still some uncontacted tribes residing in the Amazon Rainforest.
The most populous country in South America is Brazil with 207.7 million persons. The second largest country is Colombia with a population of 48,653,419. Argentina is the third most populous country with 43,847,430.
While Brazil, Argentina, and Colombia maintain the largest populations, large city populations are not restricted to those nations. The largest cities in South America, by far, are São Paulo, Bogotá, and Lima. These cities are the only cities on the continent to exceed eight million, and three of five in the Americas. Next in size are Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Caracas, Buenos Aires and Salvador.
Five of the top ten metropolitan areas are located in the Brazil. These metropolitan areas all have a population of above 4 million and include the São Paulo metropolitan area, Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, and Belo Horizonte metropolitan area. Whilst the majority of the largest metropolitan areas are within Brazil, Argentina is host to the second largest metropolitan area by population in South America: the Buenos Aires metropolitan region is above 13 million inhabitants.
South America has also been witness to the growth of megapolitan areas. In Brazil four megaregions exist including the Expanded Metropolitan Complex of São Paulo with more than 32 million inhabitants. The others are the Greater Rio, Greater Belo Horizonte and Greater Porto Alegre. Colombia also has four megaregions which comprise 72 % of its population, followed by Venezuela, Argentina and Peru which are also homes of megaregions.
The top ten largest South American metropolitan areas by population as of 2015, based on national census numbers from each country:
2015 Census figures.
South America relies less on the export of both manufactured goods and natural resources than the world average; merchandise exports from the continent were 16 % of GDP on an exchange rate basis, compared to 25 % for the world as a whole. Brazil (the seventh largest economy in the world and the largest in South America) leads in terms of merchandise exports at $251 billion, followed by Venezuela at $93 billion, Chile at $86 billion, and Argentina at $84 billion.
Since 1930, the continent has experienced remarkable growth and diversification in most economic sectors. Most agricultural and livestock products are destined for the domestic market and local consumption. However, the export of agricultural products is essential for the balance of trade in most countries.
The main agrarian crops are export crops, such as soy and wheat. The production of staple foods such as vegetables, corn or beans is large, but focused on domestic consumption. Livestock raising for meat exports is important in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and Colombia. In tropical regions the most important crops are coffee, cocoa and bananas, mainly in Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador. Traditionally, the countries producing sugar for export are Peru, Guyana and Suriname, and in Brazil, sugar cane is also used to make ethanol. On the coast of Peru, northeast and south of Brazil, cotton is grown. Fifty percent of the South American surface is covered by forests, but timber industries are small and directed to domestic markets. In recent years, however, transnational companies have been settling in the Amazon to exploit noble timber destined for export. The Pacific coastal waters of South America are the most important for commercial fishing. The anchovy catch reaches thousands of tons, and tuna is also abundant (Peru is a major exporter). The capture of crustaceans is remarkable, particularly in northeastern Brazil and Chile.
Only Brazil and Argentina are part of the G20 (industrial countries), while only Brazil is part of the G8 + 5 (the most powerful and influential nations in the world). In the tourism sector, a series of negotiations began in 2005 to promote tourism and increase air connections within the region. Punta del Este, Florianópolis and Mar del Plata are among the most important resorts in South America.
The most industrialized countries in South America are Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela and Uruguay respectively. These countries alone account for more than 75 percent of the region 's economy and add up to a GDP of more than US $3.0 trillion. Industries in South America began to take on the economies of the region from the 1930s when the Great Depression in the United States and other countries of the world boosted industrial production in the continent. From that period the region left the agricultural side behind and began to achieve high rates of economic growth that remained until the early 1990s when they slowed due to political instabilities, economic crises and neoliberal policies.
Since the end of the economic crisis in Brazil and Argentina that occurred in the period from 1998 to 2002, which has led to economic recession, rising unemployment and falling population income, the industrial and service sectors have been recovering rapidly. Chile, Argentina and Brazil have recovered fastest, growing at an average of 5 % per year. All of South America after this period has been recovering and showing good signs of economic stability, with controlled inflation and exchange rates, continuous growth, a decrease in social inequality and unemployment -- factors that favor industry.
The main industries are: electronics, textiles, food, automotive, metallurgy, aviation, naval, clothing, beverage, steel, tobacco, timber, chemical, among others. Exports reach almost US $400 billion annually, with Brazil accounting for half of this.
The economic gap between the rich and poor in most South American nations is larger than on most other continents. The richest 10 % receive over 40 % of the nation 's income in Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Paraguay, while the poorest 20 % receive 3 % or less in Bolivia, Brazil, and Colombia. This wide gap can be seen in many large South American cities where makeshift shacks and slums lie in the vicinity of skyscrapers and upper - class luxury apartments; nearly one in nine South Americans live on less than $2 per day (on a purchasing power parity basis).
Tourism has increasingly become a significant source of income for many South American countries. Historical relics, architectural and natural wonders, a diverse range of foods and culture, vibrant and colorful cities, and stunning landscapes attract millions of tourists every year to South America. Some of the most visited places in the region are Iguazu Falls, Recife, Olinda, Machu Picchu, Bariloche, the Amazon rainforest, Rio de Janeiro, São Luís, Salvador, Fortaleza, Maceió, Buenos Aires, Florianópolis, San Ignacio Miní, Isla Margarita, Natal, Lima, São Paulo, Angel Falls, Brasília, Nazca Lines, Cuzco, Belo Horizonte, Lake Titicaca, Salar de Uyuni, Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos, Los Roques archipelago, Gran Sabana, Patagonia, Tayrona National Natural Park, Santa Marta, Bogotá, Medellín, Cartagena, Perito Moreno Glacier and the Galápagos Islands.
In 2016 Brazil hosted the 2016 Summer Olympics.
South Americans are culturally influenced by their indigenous peoples, the historic connection with the Iberian Peninsula and Africa, and waves of immigrants from around the globe.
South American nations have a rich variety of music. Some of the most famous genres include vallenato and cumbia from Colombia, pasillo from Colombia and Ecuador, samba, bossa nova and música sertaneja from Brazil, and tango from Argentina and Uruguay. Also well known is the non-commercial folk genre Nueva Canción movement which was founded in Argentina and Chile and quickly spread to the rest of the Latin America. People on the Peruvian coast created the fine guitar and cajon duos or trios in the most mestizo (mixed) of South American rhythms such as the Marinera (from Lima), the Tondero (from Piura), the 19th century popular Creole Valse or Peruvian Valse, the soulful Arequipan Yaravi, and the early 20th century Paraguayan Guarania. In the late 20th century, Spanish rock emerged by young hipsters influenced by British pop and American rock. Brazil has a Portuguese - language pop rock industry as well a great variety of other music genres.
The literature of South America has attracted considerable critical and popular acclaim, especially with the Latin American Boom of the 1960s and 1970s, and the rise of authors such as Mario Vargas Llosa, Gabriel García Márquez in novels and Jorge Luis Borges and Pablo Neruda in other genres. The Brazilians Machado de Assis and João Guimarães Rosa are widely regarded as the greatest Brazilian writers.
Because of South America 's broad ethnic mix, South American cuisine has African, South American Indian, Asian, and European influences. Bahia, Brazil, is especially well known for its West African -- influenced cuisine. Argentines, Chileans, Uruguayans, Brazilians, Bolivians, and Venezuelans regularly consume wine. People in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, southern Chile, Bolivia and Brazil drink mate, an herb which is brewed. The Paraguayan version, terere, differs from other forms of mate in that it is served cold. Pisco is a liquor distilled from grapes in Peru and Chile. Peruvian cuisine mixes elements from Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, Italian, African, Arab, Andean, and Amazonic food.
The artist Oswaldo Guayasamín (1919 - 1999) from Ecuador, represented with his painting style the feeling of the peoples of Latin America highlighting social injustices in various parts of the world. The Colombian Fernando Botero (1932) is one of the greatest exponents of painting and sculpture that continues still active and has been able to develop a recognizable style of his own. For his part, the Venezuelan Carlos Cruz - Diez has contributed significantly to contemporary art, with the presence of works around the world.
Currently several emerging South American artists are recognized by international art critics: Guillermo Lorca -- Chilean painter, Teddy Cobeña -- Ecuadorian sculptor and recipient of international sculpture award in France) and Argentine artist Adrián Villar Rojas -- winner of the Zurich Museum Art Award among many others.
A wide range of sports are played in the continent of South America, with football (a / k / a soccer) being the most popular overall, while baseball is the most popular in Venezuela.
Other sports include basketball, cycling, polo, volleyball, futsal, motorsports, rugby (mostly in Argentina and Uruguay), handball, tennis, golf, field hockey and boxing.
South America hosted its first Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 2016 and will host the Youth Olympic Games in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 2018.
South America shares with Europe supremacy over the sport of football as all winners in FIFA World Cup history and all winning teams in the FIFA Club World Cup have come from these two continents. Brazil holds the record at the FIFA World Cup with five titles in total. Argentina and Uruguay have two titles each. So far four South American nations have hosted the tournament including the first edition in Uruguay (1930). The other three were Brazil (1950, 2014), Chile (1962), and Argentina (1978).
South America is home to the longest running international football tournament; the Copa América, which has been regularly contested since 1916. Uruguay won the Copa América a record 15 times, surpassing hosts Argentina in 2011 to reach 15 titles (they were previously equal at 14 titles each during the 2011 Copa América).
Also, in South America, a multi-sport event, the South American Games, are held every four years. The first edition was held in La Paz in 1978 and the most recent took place in Santiago in 2014.
Due to the diversity of topography and pluviometric precipitation conditions, the region 's water resources vary enormously in different areas. In the Andes, navigation possibilities are limited, except for the Magdalena River, Lake Titicaca and the lakes of the southern regions of Chile and Argentina. Irrigation is an important factor for agriculture from northwestern Peru to Patagonia. Less than 10 % of the known electrical potential of the Andes had been used until the mid-1960s.
The Brazilian Highlands has a much higher hydroelectric potential than the Andean region and its possibilities of exploitation are greater due to the existence of several large rivers with high margins and the occurrence of great differences forming huge cataracts, such as those of Paulo Afonso, Iguaçu and others. The Amazon River system has about 13,000 km of waterways, but its possibilities for hydroelectric use are still unknown.
Most of the continent 's energy is generated through hydroelectric power plants, but there is also an important share of thermoelectric and wind energy. Brazil and Argentina are the only South American countries that generate nuclear power, each with two nuclear power plants. In 1991 these countries signed a peaceful nuclear cooperation agreement.
South American transportation systems are still deficient, with low kilometric densities. The region has about 1,700,000 km of highways and 100,000 km of railways, which are concentrated in the coastal strip, and the interior is still devoid of communication.
Only two railroads are continental: the Transandina, which connects Buenos Aires, in Argentina to Valparaíso, in Chile, and the Brazil - Bolivia Railroad, which makes it the connection between the port of Santos in Brazil and the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, in Bolivia. In addition, there is the Pan-American Highway, which crosses the Andean countries from north to south, although some stretches are unfinished.
Two areas of greater density occur in the railway sector: the platinum network, which develops around the Platine region, largely belonging to Argentina, with more than 45,000 km in length; And the Southeast Brazil network, which mainly serves the state of São Paulo, state of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais. Brazil and Argentina also stand out in the road sector. In addition to the modern roads that extend through northern Argentina and south - east and south of Brazil, a vast road complex aims to link Brasilia, the federal capital, to the South, Southeast, Northeast and Northern regions of Brazil.
The Port of Callao is the main port of Peru. South America has one of the largest bays of navigable inland waterways in the world, represented mainly by the Amazon basin, the Platine basin, the São Francisco and the Orinoco basins, Brazil having about 54,000 km navigable, while Argentina has 6,500 km and Venezuela, 1,200 km.
The two main merchant fleets also belong to Brazil and Argentina. The following are those of Chile, Venezuela, Peru and Colombia. The largest ports in commercial movement are those of Buenos Aires, Santos, Rio de Janeiro, Bahía Blanca, Rosario, Valparaiso, Recife, Salvador, Montevideo, Paranaguá, Rio Grande, Fortaleza, Belém and Maracaibo.
In South America, commercial aviation has a magnificent expansion field, which has one of the largest traffic density lines in the world, Rio de Janeiro - São Paulo, and large airports, such as Congonhas, São Paulo - Guarulhos International and Viracopos (São Paulo), Rio de Janeiro International and Santos Dumont (Rio de Janeiro), Ezeiza (Buenos Aires), Confins International Airport (Belo Horizonte), Curitiba International Airport (Curitiba), Brasilia, Caracas, Montevideo, Lima, Bogotá, Recife, Salvador, Salgado Filho International Airport (Porto Alegre), Fortaleza, Manaus and Belém.
The main public transport in major cities is the bus. Many cities also have a diverse system of metro and subway trains. The Santiago subway is the largest network in South America, with 103 km, while the São Paulo subway is the largest in transportation, with more than 4.6 million passengers per day and was voted the best in the Americas. In Rio de Janeiro was installed the first railroad of the continent, in 1854. Today the city has a vast and diversified system of metropolitan trains, integrated with buses and subway. Recently it was also inaugurated in the city a Light Rail System called VLT, a small electrical trams at low speed, while São Paulo inaugurated its monorail, the first of South America. In Brazil, an express bus system called Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), which operates in several cities, has also been developed.
^ Continent model: In some parts of the world South America is viewed as a subcontinent of the Americas (a single continent in these areas), for example Latin America, Latin Europe, and Iran. In most of the countries with English as an official language, however, it is considered a continent; see Americas (terminology).
Africa
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fiddler on the roof movie part 3 of 3 | Fiddler on the Roof (film) - wikipedia
Fiddler on the Roof is a 1971 American musical comedy - drama film produced and directed by Norman Jewison. It is an adaptation of the 1964 Broadway musical of the same name, with music composed by Jerry Bock, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick, and screenplay by Joseph Stein. Starring Topol, Norma Crane, Leonard Frey, Molly Picon, and Paul Mann, the film centers on Tevye, the father of five daughters, and his attempts to maintain his Jewish religious and cultural traditions as outside influences encroach upon the family 's lives. He must cope both with the strong - willed actions of his three older daughters, who wish to marry for love -- each one 's choice of a husband moves further away from the customs of his faith -- and with the edict of the Tsar that evicts the Jews from the town of Anatevka. Throughout the film, Tevye breaks the fourth wall by talking directly to the audience as well as to God. In addition to the difficulties of being poor, Tevye speaks of the Jewish community 's constant fear of harassment from their non-Jewish neighbors.
The film was released to critical acclaim and won three Academy Awards, including Best Music, Scoring Adaptation and Original Song Score for arranger - conductor John Williams. It was nominated for several more, including Best Picture, Best Actor for Topol as Tevye, and Best Supporting Actor for Frey, who played Motel Kamzoil the Tailor. Both Topol and Frey had previously performed in stage productions of the musical; Topol as Tevye in the London production and Frey in a minor part as Mendel, the rabbi 's son, on Broadway.
The film 's plot largely follows that of the musical from which it is adapted.
In 1905, Tevye, a poor Jewish milkman living in the Ukrainian village of Anatevka, a typical shtetl in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia, compares the lives of the Jews of Anatevka to a fiddler on the roof (who appears throughout the film in this metaphorical role), using tradition to "scratch out a pleasant, simple tune '' without breaking their necks. In town, Tevye meets Perchik, a radical Marxist from Kiev. Tevye invites Perchik to stay with his family, and offers him food in exchange for Perchik tutoring his daughters.
Tevye arranges for his oldest daughter, Tzeitel, to marry Lazar Wolf, a wealthy butcher. Tzeitel is in love with her childhood sweetheart, Motel Kamzoil, and begs her father not to make her marry Lazar Wolf. Although he is initially angry, Tevye realizes that Tzeitel loves Motel and yields to his daughter 's demands. In order to convince his wife Golde that Tzeitel should not be married to Lazar Wolf, Tevye claims to have had a nightmare. He says that Golde 's deceased grandmother told him Tzeitel is supposed to marry Motel, and that Lazar Wolf 's late wife, Fruma - Sarah, threatened to kill Tzeitel if the two are married. Golde concludes that the dream was a message from their ancestors, and Tzeitel and Motel arrange to be married.
Meanwhile, Tevye 's second daughter, Hodel, and Perchik begin to fall in love. They argue over the story of Leah and the place of old religious traditions in a changing world. The two dance together, which is considered forbidden by Orthodox Jewish tradition. Perchik tells Hodel that they just changed an old tradition.
At Tzeitel and Motel 's wedding, an argument breaks out after Lazar Wolf presents the newlyweds with gifts. When Tevye tries to speak to Lazar about the Torah, Lazar refuses to listen, arguing that the wedding should have been his all along. Minutes later, another argument breaks out over whether a girl should be able to choose her own husband. Perchik addresses the crowd and says that, since they love each other, it should be left for the couple to decide. He creates further controversy by asking Hodel to dance with him. The crowd gradually warms to the idea and Tevye and Golde, then Motel and Tzeitel, join in dancing. The wedding proceeds with great joy. Suddenly, the military presence in the town and the constable arrive and begin a pogrom. The constable stops the attack on the wedding celebration after Perchik is wounded in the scuffle with the Tsar 's men; however, he allows the men to continue destroying property in the village. Tevye and the immediate family stand still, until Tevye angrily orders them to clean up instead of standing around. Tevye silently asks why God allowed this to happen to them.
In its original theatrical release, the film was shown with an intermission and entr'acte music.
Months later, Perchik prepares to leave Anatevka for the revolution. He proposes to Hodel, and she accepts. When they tell Tevye, he is furious that they have decided to marry without his permission, but he again relents because they love each other. Tevye tells Golde his reasons for consenting to their daughter 's marriage, which leads them to re-evaluate their own arranged marriage. Tevye and Golde ultimately realize that, despite having been paired by a matchmaker, they do love each other.
Weeks later, Perchik is arrested in Kiev and is exiled to Siberia. Hodel decides to join him there. She promises Tevye that she and Perchik will be married under a canopy. Meanwhile, Tzeitel and Motel become parents, and Motel finally buys the sewing machine for which he has long scrimped and saved.
Tevye 's third daughter Chava falls in love with a Russian Orthodox Christian named Fyedka. Tevye tells Chava to be distant friends with Fyedka, because of the difference in their religions. When Chava eventually works up the courage to ask Tevye 's permission to marry Fyedka, Tevye tells her that marrying outside the family 's faith is against tradition. He forbids her from having any contact with Fyedka or from even mentioning his name. The next morning, Fyedka and Chava elope and are married in a Russian Orthodox church. Golde learns of the marriage when she meets up with the priest. When a grief - stricken Golde tells Tevye about the marriage, he tells her that Chava is dead to the family and that they shall forget her altogether. Chava asks Tevye to accept her marriage. In a soliloquy, Tevye concludes that he can not accept Chava marrying a non-Jew. He accuses her of abandoning the Jewish faith and disowns her.
One winter day, the Jews of Anatevka are notified that they have three days to leave the village or be forced out by the government. Tevye, his family and friends begin packing up to leave, heading for various parts of Europe, Palestine, and the United States. Lazar Wolf plans to emigrate to Chicago, to live with his former brother in law, whom he detests, but has no other living options. Lazar and Tevye share one last embrace before departing. Yente, the Matchmaker, plans to emigrate to Jerusalem, Palestine, and says goodbye to Golde with an embrace before departing. Tevye receives letters from Hodel mentioning that she is working hard while Perchik stays in the Siberian prison. It is hoped that when Perchik is released, they will join the others in the United States. Chava and her husband Fyedka come to Tevye 's house and tell the family that they are leaving, being unable to stay in a place that would force innocent people out. They head to Kraków, Poland. Tevye shows signs of forgiving Chava by murmuring under his breath "And God be with you, '' silently urging Tzeitel to repeat his words to Chava. Golde calls out to Chava and Fyedka, telling them where they will be living in New York.
The Constable silently watches as the mass evacuation of Anatevka takes place. The community forms their circle at a crossroad one last time before scattering in different directions. Tevye spots the fiddler and motions to him to come along, symbolizing that even though he must leave his town, his traditions will always be with him.
The decision to cast Topol, instead of Zero Mostel, as Tevye was a somewhat controversial one, as the role had originated with Mostel and he had made it famous. Years later, Jewison said he felt Mostel 's larger - than - life personality, while fine on stage, would cause film audiences to see him as Mostel, rather than the character of Tevye.
Principal photography was done at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire, England. Most of the exterior shots were done in SFR Yugoslavia -- specifically in Mala Gorica, Lekenik, and Zagreb within the Yugoslav constituent republic of Croatia. Though the area was under heavy snow during location scouting in 1969, during the filming the producers had to ship in marble dust to stand in for snow. Three hundred extras conversant in various foreign languages were used, as were flocks of geese and pigs and their handlers. Isaac Stern performed the violin solos.
Director Jewison has a cameo as a rabbi during Tevye 's dream sequence.
The film follows the plot of the stage play very closely, retaining nearly all of the play 's dialogue, although it omits the songs "Now I Have Everything '' and "The Rumor (I Just Heard) ''. Lyrical portions of "Tevye 's Dream (Tailor Motel Kemzoil) '', were omitted to avoid repetition. The film 's soundtrack release notably contained some of these omissions, indicating they were removed during filming. These include Golde blessing herself, before going back to sleep.
Changes were also made in the song "Tradition, '' with the film omitting the dialogue between Reb Nachum the beggar (who, in the film, can not speak) and Lazar Wolf as well as dialogue spoken by Yente and Avram. In addition, in the film, two men argue about whether a horse claimed to be six years old was actually twelve, rather than whether the horse was actually a mule. The LP film soundtrack notably retained their names Yitzhak and Avram, however this too was omitted in the final film which instead used an onset improvised take of Topol (saying ' He sold him '), rather than the recorded dubbing.
Seven additional scenes were added to the film:
The scene with Hodel and Perchik, where he plans to leave to start a revolution, was extended in the film. A new song sung by Perchik was recorded ("Any Day Now ''), but was omitted from the final print; however, it was included in the 2004 reissue of the soundtrack. When the film was re-released to theaters in 1979, 32 minutes were cut, including the songs "Far from the Home I Love '' and "Anatevka ''.
In the film, Tevye and Lazar Wolf discuss Wolf 's proposed marriage to Tzeitel in Wolf 's home, while in the stage version, the two meet in a tavern. The film shows Wolf 's home as filled with golden artifacts. Prior to Lazar Wolf entering the scene, Tevye speaks to a female servant, who tells him not to touch anything.
Although a faithful adaptation of the original stage version, Fiddler scholar Jan Lisa Huttner has noted several differences between stage and screen. She argues that changes in American culture and politics and developments in Israel led the filmmakers to portray certain characters differently and to offer a different version of Anatevka. For example, the Broadway production cast Bea Arthur as a tall, booming Yente, while the film portrays Yente as tiny and timid. Huttner also notes that the "Chagall color palette '' of the original Broadway production was exchanged for a grittier, more realistic depiction of the village of Anatevka.
Because the film follows the stage musical so closely, and the musical did not have an overture, the filmmakers chose to eliminate the customary film overture played before the beginning of most motion pictures shown in a roadshow - style presentation. However, there is a solo by the Fiddler played over the opening credits (after the conclusion of "Tradition ''), there is an intermission featuring entr'acte music, and exit music is played at the end after the closing credits.
The film was a success, earning United Artists profits of $6.1 million, plus distribution profits of $8 million.
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an 81 % rating based on 37 reviews, with an average of 7.7 / 10.
American Film Institute recognition
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who was the bad guy in guardians of the galaxy | Guardians of the Galaxy (film) - Wikipedia
Guardians of the Galaxy (retroactively referred to as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 1) is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the tenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was directed by James Gunn, who wrote the screenplay with Nicole Perlman, and features an ensemble cast including Chris Pratt, Zoe Saldana, Dave Bautista, Vin Diesel, and Bradley Cooper as the titular Guardians, along with Lee Pace, Michael Rooker, Karen Gillan, Djimon Hounsou, John C. Reilly, Glenn Close, and Benicio del Toro. In Guardians of the Galaxy, Peter Quill forms an uneasy alliance with a group of extraterrestrial criminals who are fleeing after stealing a powerful artifact.
Perlman began working on the screenplay in 2009. Producer Kevin Feige first publicly mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film in 2010 and Marvel Studios announced it was in active development at the San Diego Comic - Con International in July 2012. Gunn was hired to write and direct the film that September. In February 2013, Pratt was hired to play Peter Quill / Star - Lord, and the supporting cast members were subsequently confirmed. Principal photography began in July 2013 at Shepperton Studios in England, with filming continuing in London before wrapping up in October 2013. Post-production was finished on July 7, 2014.
The film premiered in Hollywood on July 21, 2014, and was released in theaters on August 1, 2014 in the United States in the 3D and IMAX 3D formats. The film became a critical and commercial success, grossing $773.3 million worldwide and becoming the highest - grossing superhero film of 2014, as well as the third - highest - grossing film of 2014. The film was praised for its humor, action, soundtrack, visual effects, direction, musical score, and acting. At the 87th Academy Awards, the film received nominations for Best Visual Effects and Best Makeup and Hairstyling.
A sequel, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, was released on May 5, 2017, with a third film, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, scheduled to be released in 2020.
In 1988, following his mother 's death, a young Peter Quill is abducted from Earth by the Ravagers, a group of space pirates led by Yondu Udonta. Twenty - six years later on the planet Morag, Quill steals an orb but is attacked by Korath, a subordinate to the fanatical Kree, Ronan. Although Quill escapes with the orb, Yondu discovers his theft and issues a bounty for his capture, while Ronan sends the assassin Gamora after the orb.
When Quill attempts to sell the orb on Xandar, capital of the Nova Empire, Gamora ambushes him and steals it. A fight ensues, drawing in a pair of bounty hunters: the genetically and cybernetically modified raccoon Rocket, and the tree - like humanoid Groot. Nova Corps officers capture the four, detaining them in the Kyln. A powerful inmate there, Drax, attempts to kill Gamora due to her association with Ronan and Thanos, who killed his family. Quill convinces Drax that Gamora can bring Ronan to him, though Gamora reveals that she has betrayed Ronan, unwilling to let him use the orb 's power. Learning that Gamora has a buyer for the orb, Quill, Rocket, Groot, and Drax work with her to escape the Kyln in Quill 's ship, the Milano.
Ronan meets with Gamora 's adoptive father, Thanos, to discuss her betrayal. Quill 's group flee to Knowhere, a remote criminal outpost in space built in the giant severed head of a Celestial. A drunken Drax summons Ronan while the rest of the group meet Gamora 's contact, the collector Taneleer Tivan. Tivan opens the orb, revealing an Infinity Stone, an item of immeasurable power that destroys all but the most powerful beings who wield it. Tivan 's tormented assistant Carina grabs the Stone, triggering an explosion that engulfs Tivan 's archive.
Ronan arrives and easily defeats Drax, while the others flee by ship, pursued by Ronan 's followers and Gamora 's adoptive sister Nebula. Nebula destroys Gamora 's ship, leaving her floating in space, and Ronan 's fighters capture the orb. Quill contacts Yondu before following Gamora into space, giving her his helmet to survive; Yondu arrives and retrieves the pair. Rocket, Drax, and Groot threaten to attack Yondu 's ship to rescue them, but Quill negotiates a truce, promising the orb to Yondu. Quill 's group agrees that facing Ronan means certain death, but that they can not let him use the Infinity Stone to destroy the galaxy. On Ronan 's flagship, the Dark Aster, Ronan embeds the Stone in his warhammer, taking its power for himself. He contacts Thanos, threatening to kill him after first destroying Xandar; hateful of her adoptive father, Nebula allies with Ronan.
The Ravagers and Quill 's group join with the Nova Corps to confront the Dark Aster at Xandar, with Quill 's group breaching the Dark Aster with the Milano. Ronan uses his empowered warhammer to destroy the Nova Corps fleet. Gamora fights and defeats Nebula, who then escapes, but the group find themselves outmatched by Ronan 's power until Rocket crashes a Ravager ship through the Dark Aster. The damaged Dark Aster crash - lands on Xandar, with Groot sacrificing himself to shield the group. Ronan emerges from the wreck and prepares to destroy Xandar, but Quill distracts him, allowing Drax and Rocket to destroy Ronan 's warhammer. Quill grabs the freed Stone, and with Gamora, Drax, and Rocket sharing its burden, they use it to destroy Ronan.
In the aftermath, Quill tricks Yondu into taking a container supposedly containing the Stone, and gives the real Stone to the Nova Corps. As the Ravagers leave Xandar, Yondu remarks that it turned out well that they did not deliver Quill to his father per their contract. Quill 's group, now known as the Guardians of the Galaxy, have their criminal records expunged, and Quill learns that he is only half - human, his father being part of an ancient, unknown species. Quill finally opens the last present he received from his mother: a cassette tape filled with her favorite songs. The Guardians leave in the rebuilt Milano along with a sapling cut from Groot.
In a post-credits scene, Tivan sits in his destroyed archive with two of his living exhibits: a canine cosmonaut and an anthropomorphic duck.
Additionally, Josh Brolin appears, uncredited, as Thanos through voice acting and performance capture. Sean Gunn stood in for Thanos during filming and portrays Kraglin, Yondu 's first mate in the Ravagers. Alexis Denisof reprises his role as Thanos 's vizier, "The Other '', from The Avengers. Ophelia Lovibond plays Carina, the Collector 's slave; Peter Serafinowicz plays Denarian Garthan Saal, a Nova Corps officer; Gregg Henry plays Quill 's grandfather; Laura Haddock plays Quill 's mother, Meredith; Melia Kreiling plays Bereet; Christopher Fairbank plays The Broker; Mikaela Hoover plays Nova Prime 's assistant; Marama Corlett plays a pit boss at the bar, The Boot; Emmett J. Scanlan plays a Nova riot guard; Alexis Rodney plays Moloka Dar; Tom Proctor plays Horuz, a Ravager; and Spencer Wilding plays a prison guard who confiscates Quill 's Walkman. Canine actor Fred appears as Cosmo. Stephen Blackehart had a supporting role. Naomi Ryan also had a supporting role in the film, though it was cut in the final version. Cameos in the film include: James Gunn as a Sakaaran; Stan Lee as a Xandarian Ladies ' Man; Lloyd Kaufman as an inmate; Nathan Fillion as the voice of an inmate; Rob Zombie as the voice of the Ravager Navigator; composer Tyler Bates as a Ravager pilot; and Seth Green as the voice of Howard the Duck.
-- Dan Abnett, co-writer of the 2008 Guardians of the Galaxy relaunch, on the project
Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige first mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International, stating, "There are some obscure titles, too, like Guardians of the Galaxy. I think they 've been revamped recently in a fun way in the (comic) book. '' Feige reiterated that sentiment in a September 2011 issue of Entertainment Weekly, saying, "There 's an opportunity to do a big space epic, which Thor sort of hints at, in the cosmic side '' of the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Feige added, should the film be made, it would feature an ensemble of characters, similar to X-Men and The Avengers.
Feige announced that the film was in active development at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International during the Marvel Studios panel, with an intended release date of August 1, 2014. He stated that the film 's titular team would consist of the characters Star - Lord, Drax the Destroyer, Gamora, Groot, and Rocket Raccoon. Two pieces of concept art were also displayed, one of Rocket Raccoon, and one featuring the entire team. In August 2012, James Gunn entered talks to direct the film, beating out other contenders, including Peyton Reed and the duo Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck. The Avengers director Joss Whedon, who signed a deal to creatively consult on all of the films leading up to The Avengers sequel, was enthusiastic about the selection of Gunn to direct, saying "James (Gunn) is what makes me think it will work... He is so off the wall, and so crazy, but so smart, such a craftsman and he builds from his heart. He loves the raccoon. Needs the raccoon... He has a very twisted take on it, but it all comes from a real love for the material. It 's going to be hard for (the human characters) to keep up. ''
Nicole Perlman, who was enrolled in Marvel 's screenwriting program in 2009, was offered several of their lesser known properties to base a screenplay on. Out of those, Perlman chose Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning 's Guardians of the Galaxy, due to her interest in space and science fiction, adding, "I think (Marvel) were a little taken aback when I chose Guardians, because there were ones that would make a lot more sense if you were a romantic - comedy writer or something like that. '' Perlman spent two years writing a draft, immersing herself in the Guardians universe, and was asked in late 2011 to create another draft, before Gunn was brought in in early 2012 to contribute to the script. Gunn eventually rewrote the script entirely because "it did n't work '' for him; he would use the film The Dirty Dozen as a reference to convey his ideas of the film to Marvel. Gunn later explained that Perlman 's draft was very different from the script he used during filming, including a different story, character arcs and no Walkman; he stated, "In Nicole 's script everything is pretty different... it 's not about the same stuff. But that 's how the WGA works. They like first writers an awful lot. '' In August 2012, Marvel Studios hired writer Chris McCoy to rewrite Perlman 's script, however, it is unclear what contribution he had to the final script, since he did not receive production credit.
Gunn revealed that character introductions were the "hardest scenes to crack '', with Thanos ' introduction being the most difficult. He felt that "having Thanos be in that scene was more helpful to the (MCU) than it was to Guardians of the Galaxy, '' yet he still wanted Thanos in the film, without "(belittling) the actual antagonist of the film, which is Ronan. '' To solve his dilemma, Gunn chose to have Ronan kill "The Other '', Thanos ' vizier, saying, "I thought that was interesting, because we 've had the Other, who 's obviously very powerful even in comparison to Loki, and then we see Ronan wipe his ass with him. So that I liked, but even that was sort of difficult, because it played as funnier when I first wrote it, and the humor did n't work so much. ''
In September 2012, Gunn confirmed that he had signed on to direct the film and rewrite the script. By the end of November, Joel Edgerton, Jack Huston, Jim Sturgess, and Eddie Redmayne signed deals to test for the role of Peter Quill, as did Lee Pace, which he confirmed a week later in early December. Other actors who were considered for the role included Thor: The Dark World 's Zachary Levi, Joseph Gordon - Levitt, Michael Rosenbaum, and John Gallagher Jr. Chris Pratt was cast in the role in February 2013, as part of a multi-film deal that he signed with Marvel.
In January 2013, filming was scheduled to take place at Shepperton Studios in London, United Kingdom, and Marvel Studios announced that the film would be released in 3D. Victoria Alonso, an executive producer on the film, said that filming would begin in June. She also said that both Rocket Raccoon and Groot would be created through a combination of CGI and motion capture, going on to say that "You ca n't do any motion capture with a raccoon -- they wo n't let you put the suit on. But we will do rotomation, probably, for some of the behavior... we definitely will have performers to emulate what James Gunn will lead to be, the behavior and the performance. He 's very clear on where he wants to take the characters. '' In March 2013, Feige discussed Guardians of the Galaxy in relation to the Marvel Cinematic Universe, saying, "It 's much more of a standalone film. It takes place in the same universe. And when we 've been on the other side of that universe in other movies, you might see those characteristics in Guardians, but the Avengers are not involved with what 's happening out there at this time. '' Feige also stated that 95 % of the film would take place in space. In mid-March, Dave Bautista was signed to play Drax the Destroyer. Other actors who had been considered for the role included Isaiah Mustafa, Brian Patrick Wade, and Jason Momoa. By the following week, sculptor Brian Muir, who sculpted Darth Vader 's mask for the Star Wars films, was revealed to be working on the film.
In early April 2013, Zoe Saldana entered into negotiations to star as Gamora in the film, and it was confirmed she had been cast later that month. Also in April, Michael Rooker joined the film 's cast as Yondu, and it was announced that Ophelia Lovibond had been cast in a supporting role. By this point in time, Lee Pace was in final negotiations to play the villain of the film. In May, Marvel offered John C. Reilly the role of Rhomann Dey. At the same time, it was disclosed that filmmakers were looking at actors including Hugh Laurie, Alan Rickman, and Ken Watanabe, for another role, and that Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely were providing finishing touches to the script. A few days later, Glenn Close was cast as the head of the Nova Corps in the film, followed shortly by the casting of Karen Gillan as the film 's lead female villain. By June 2013, Benicio del Toro was cast in the film, as part of a multi-film deal with Marvel Studios. Later in the month, it was confirmed that Reilly had been cast as Rhomann Dey.
Special effects makeup designer David White took head and body casts of actors, such as Bautista, to experiment with materials used to create the characters. White said, "James always pushed for practical and makeup effects. He wanted, like me, to see the real deal there on set. '' White was careful not to use "modern '' creature designs to ensure they did not fall short in Gunn 's uniquely envisioned world. White and his team created upwards of 1,000 prosthetic makeup applications and 2,000 molds of different - colored aliens. For the specific aesthetic look to the film, Gunn wanted to create "a colorful science - fiction world '', and include elements of 1950s and ' 60s pulp movies, citing the Ravagers ' spaceships, which he compared to muscle cars, as an example of the latter. Science fiction artist Chris Foss inspired and helped design the final look of some of the spacecrafts that appear in the film. The Mass Effect video game series, Flash Gordon, Farscape, and Star Wars were primary inspirations for Gunn on the film.
Principal photography began around July 6, 2013 in London, United Kingdom, under the working title of Full Tilt. Filming took place at Shepperton Studios and Longcross Studios. Later in July, Gunn and the film 's cast flew from London to attend San Diego Comic - Con International, where it was revealed that Pace would play Ronan the Accuser, Gillan would be Nebula, del Toro as The Collector, and that Djimon Hounsou had been cast as Korath. Close was later revealed to play Nova Prime Irani Rael. Also at San Diego Comic - Con, Feige stated that Thanos would be a part of the film as the "mastermind ''. On August 11, 2013, filming began at London 's Millennium Bridge, which was selected as a double for Xandar. In August 2013, Marvel announced that Bradley Cooper would voice Rocket. On September 3, 2013, Gunn said that filming was "a little over half (way) '' complete. Also in September, Vin Diesel stated that he was voicing Groot. However, Marvel did not confirm Diesel 's involvement in the film at the time. On October 12, 2013, Gunn announced on social media that filming had completed.
Director of photography Ben Davis used Arri Alexa XT cameras for the film, saying, "I 'm traditionally a photochemical fan, but going with the digital format was the right way for this movie... the Alexa (provided) the right look for this particular film. '' During the opening scenes in the 1980s, Davis chose JDC Cooke Xtal (Crystal) Express anamorphic prime lenses because they "had more anamorphic artifacts and aberrations, which (he) felt added something. '' Davis used spherical Panavision Primos for the rest of the film. Additionally, Davis worked closely with production designer Charles Wood in order to achieve the correct lighting looks for each scene. Dealing with two fully CGI characters forced Davis to shoot scenes multiple times, usually once with the references for the characters and once without them in the shot.
Gunn revealed that his brother, Sean Gunn, took on multiple roles during the filming process, such as standing in for Rocket, which he noted was beneficial for the other actors, including Saldana, Pratt, and Bautista, who responded positively to Sean and his on - set performances. Special effects makeup designer David White made two life - size versions of Rocket and a bust of Groot as aids for visual effects, with White saying, "it gives (the filmmakers) a good indication of where visual effects needs to pick up and whether Rocket can actually reach certain things or use certain devices. '' These busts were also used to see how the on - set lighting would affect the characters, to assist with the visual effects lighting process.
In January 2015, Disney revealed that the film came in "slightly over the agreed budget '' at $232.3 million, with Disney receiving a rebate of $36.4 million from the British government. It was previously estimated to have had a $170 million budget.
In November 2013, Gunn stated that he attempted to use as many practical effects as possible while filming to aid the use of CGI and motion capture during post-production, saying, "Our sets are enormous. We have a prison that is 350,000 pounds of steel. Anybody who knows me knows I love the mix of practical and CGI effects... I ca n't wait for people to see it, because it 's astonishingly beautiful. '' After the release of Thor: The Dark World, Feige stated that the Infinity Stones would be a focus in the film, as well as going forward into the Phase Three slate of films within the MCU. In a separate interview for The Dark World in November, Feige added that a third, unknown Infinity Stone would be seen in the film, referred to as the "Power Stone '' by the Collector. The mid-credits scene in The Dark World revealed Lovibond 's role as the Collector 's aide, later named Carina. In December 2013, Marvel confirmed that Diesel would voice Groot.
A few weeks of additional filming, involving the film 's main cast and crew, occurred in March 2014 at Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. In April 2014, Gunn described Thanos as the "head of the snake '' in the film, and confirmed he would appear via performance capture. In May 2014, Gunn stated that the film features an "enormous '' amount of smaller and minor characters from the Marvel Universe, adding that he felt the film had the most characters overall of any Marvel Studios film to date. Costume supervisor Dan Grace added to this by saying, "We really, really get the feeling of the scale and scope of the galaxy. We visit five planets, we see a hundred different races. '' The film introduces the alien race Sakaaran, who act as Ronan 's mercenaries, as a replacement to the Badoon, as the Badoon film rights belonged to 20th Century Fox.
By the end of May, Josh Brolin was revealed as the voice of Thanos, with Feige confirming in July that Brolin also provided the performance capture for the character. Thanos communicates via hologram for much of the film, though he does appear in a scene with Ronan and Nebula. In June 2014, Feige added that Thanos and his followers are "the biggest piece of connective tissue that will eventually lead us back into Avengers films in the future. '' On casting Brolin, Feige said,
We reached out to him and it was one of those things that does not happen all the time but when it does it 's very nice, where he was totally intrigued. He was a fan of what we did, he met with Jeremy Latcham in a hotel in London and learned about the characters a little bit. I spoke to him on the phone a few times. We ran it by James who loved it, ran it by Joss (Whedon) who loved it because Thanos is in this universe because of Avengers. Then we shot him and recorded for it.
On July 7, 2014, Gunn announced on social media that he had completed work on the film. In August, regarding the post-credit scene, Gunn revealed that the scene did not involve Howard the Duck when it was originally filmed, rather he was added during post-production, a decision made by "some combination of (Gunn) and the editor Fred Raskin ''. As the decision to add the character was made late in the post-production process, he had to be designed that day, before being handed off to Sony Pictures Imageworks to animate. Also in August, regarding the pre-credit scene of Groot dancing, Gunn stated that he himself danced to provide motion reference for the animators, and that the decision was made to place the scene before the credits, rather than during or after them, because of positive responses from a test audience, which made Marvel and Gunn feel that they did not want "people walking out and missing this thing ''. Marvel used design firm Sarofsky once again for the film 's title sequences, after liking their work for Captain America: The Winter Soldier. Sarofsky developed a custom typeface based on the font used in the teaser posters for the opening credits, which was tinted orange to offer a better contrast to the film 's blue and grey imagery. One of the typography solutions offered before the final product wound up being repurposed as the locator cards seen throughout the film.
The film featured 2,750 visual effects shots, which make up approximately 90 % of the film. The visual effects were created by: Moving Picture Company (MPC), who worked on creating Groot, as well as Morag, Xandar, the Dark Aster and the final battle on Xandar; Framestore, who worked on creating Rocket, extending the Kyln prison set and constructing Knowhere; Luma Pictures, who worked on Thanos; Method Studios, who worked on creating the Orb opening and revealing its powers, as well as the holographic displays at the Nova Corps command center; Lola VFX; Cantina Creative; Sony Pictures Imageworks, who worked on Howard the Duck and creating the Dark Aster shots with MPC; CoSA VFX; Secret Lab; Rise Visual Effects Studios; and Technicolor VFX. Pre - and post-visualizations were done by Proof and The Third Floor, with Proof also contributing to the creation of Rocket and Groot.
Producer Nik Korda noted how helpful it was to have Sean Gunn and Krystian Godlewski portray Rocket and Groot on set, as it provided references for lighting and on - set performances to the animators. When creating Groot, MPC realized early on that his eyes would be essential in maintaining the character 's human qualities, as his face could n't move in the way that humans ' do. MPC visual effects supervisor Nicolas Aithadi explained that, "When you look at humans what makes the eyes interesting is the imperfections -- trying to make these two irises not aimed at the same place -- trying to make them strange and look more human. '' Textures for Groot came from a number of sources, including inspiration from a botanical garden in London, and the character was modeled as individual branches, rigged individually, to simulate a muscle system for the character.
One of the major challenges for Framestore in creating Rocket was his fur. Framestore 's Rachel Williams explained that, since "raccoon fur is made up from a layer of short fine hair and a layer of longer thicker hairs '', these layers were separated and animated individually, removing the need to use "guide hairs '' to control the movements of thick sections of fur. Framestore and MPC worked closely sharing assets, to ensure shots of Rocket at MPC would match the Rocket created by Framestore, and vice versa for when Groot was needed by the other studio.
In order to give Thanos "the performance and the weight that he deserved '', Luma Pictures created a new facial animation system to re-create Josh Brolin as a fully CG character, using his "eyes, some of his cheek, how his muscles move when he talks ''. The character 's large jaw, and the deep groves that run down his face, had "to be carefully planned out with the movement of his face. ''
In August 2013, Gunn revealed that Tyler Bates would be composing the film 's score. Gunn stated that Bates would write some of the score first so that he can film to the music, as opposed to scoring to the film. In February 2014, Gunn revealed that the film would incorporate songs from the 1960s and 1970s, such as "Hooked on a Feeling '', on a mixtape in Quill 's Walkman, which acts as a way for him to stay connected to the Earth, home, and family he lost. In May 2014, Gunn added that using the songs from the ' 60s and ' 70s were "cultural reference points '', saying, "It 's striking the balance throughout the whole movie, through something that is very unique, but also something that is easily accessible to people at the same time. The music and the Earth stuff is one of those touchstones that we have to remind us that, yeah, (Quill) is a real person from planet Earth who 's just like you and me. Except that he 's in this big outer space adventure. ''
When choosing the songs, Gunn revealed he "started the process by reading the Billboard charts for all of the top hits of the ' 70s '', downloading "a few hundred '' songs that were "semi-familiar -- ones you recognize but might not be able to name off the top of your head '' and creating a playlist for all the songs that would fit the film tonally. He added that he "would listen to the playlist on my speakers around the house -- sometimes I would be inspired to create a scene around a song, and other times I had a scene that needed music and I would listen through the playlist, visualizing various songs, figuring out which would work the best. '' Most of the songs were played on set to help "the actors and the camera operators find the perfect groove for the shot '', with David Bowie 's "Moonage Daydream '' the only song chosen and added during post-production. Gunn also said that the opening scenes were designed with "Hooked on a Feeling '' in mind; however, once Gunn discovered "Come and Get Your Love '', the song used in the sequence, Gunn felt it was a "better fit. ''
Three albums were released by Hollywood Records on July 29, 2014: The film 's score, Guardians of the Galaxy (Original Score), which features the music composed by Bates for the film; Guardians of the Galaxy: Awesome Mix Vol. 1 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack), which comprises the twelve songs from Quill 's mixtape; and a deluxe edition featuring both albums. By August 2014, the album which mirrored Quill 's mixtape had reached the top of the Billboard 200 chart, becoming the first soundtrack album in history consisting entirely of previously released songs to top the chart. Hollywood Records also released a cassette version of the Awesome Mix Vol. 1 soundtrack on November 28, 2014, as an exclusive to Record Store Day participants. The cassette, which is the first cassette Disney Music Group has released since 2003, comes with a digital download version of the album.
The world premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy was held on July 21, 2014, at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood. The film was released theatrically in the United Kingdom on July 31, 2014, and in the United States on August 1, in 3D and IMAX 3D. The film was released in 4,080 theaters in the United States, making it the widest August release, breaking the five - year record held by G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra (4,007 theatres). The breakdown of venues was: 354 IMAX screens, 3,200 3D screens, 350 large format screens and 240 D - Box screens. In its sixth weekend, Guardians of the Galaxy was playing in 69 territories, its most.
In June 2014, Gunn stated that the film had always been planned as a 3D film, and "Unlike many directors, I 've been actively involved with converting every shot to 3D, making sure it works perfectly for the story and the film, making sure it 's spectacular and immersive without being silly, distracting, or overly showy. '' Gunn also revealed that the IMAX 3D version would include shifting aspect ratios, to make the viewing experience "even fuller and more encompassing. I 've personally chosen all the places where the changes occur... The changing aspect ratios in this case are actually a part of the storytelling. '' In July 2014, Gunn revealed that there were multiple scenes he had cut from the film, and he was investigating how to release them, either in an extended cut of the film, or as bonus features on the film 's home media release.
At Disney 's D23 Expo in August 2013, Feige presented footage first revealed at the San Diego Comic - Con in July 2013. The first trailer for the film debuted on Jimmy Kimmel Live! on February 18, 2014, with a special introduction by Chris Pratt. The Los Angeles Times said the trailer delivered "some spirited alien action, with exploding spaceships and muscled bad guys, not to mention a few purely comedic moments, '' while spotlighting "a number of the offbeat characters. '' Total Film noted the similarity of the trailer 's opening clip to the 1981 film, Raiders of the Lost Ark, which Gunn stated was a big influence for Guardians, and made note of the "edgy '' humor used throughout. Total Film also noted the similarity of the trailer to the one debuted at Comic - Con and D23, with a few new shots featuring Nebula and the Collector. Social media response to the trailer was strong, with 88,000 mentions across Twitter, Facebook and various blogs in a 12 - hour period. Those numbers were comparable to trailers for other superhero films like Man of Steel and The Amazing Spider - Man 2, and noteworthy for the late night - time period in which it premiered. The trailer received 22.8 million views in the 24 hours after it debuted. After the debut of the trailer, Blue Swede 's version of "Hooked on a Feeling '', which was prominently used throughout the trailer, went up 700 % in sales the following day. The line from Serafinowicz 's character, "What a bunch of a-holes '', was only intended to be featured in the trailers, but due to its positive reception, was included in the final cut of the film. Gunn noted that a different teaser was almost released "that was very cheesy (and) sold the movie as something different than what it was '', as it tested better than the version that was ultimately released. Gunn credited the marketing teams at Marvel and Disney for having faith in the latter version, despite how it tested, over choosing the version that would have mis - marketed the film.
In March 2014, the Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode "T.A.H.I.T.I. '' introduced the Kree race to the MCU, which began a storyline that recurs throughout the series and involves finding a hidden Kree city. Also in March, ABC aired a one - hour television special titled, Marvel Studios: Assembling a Universe, which included a sneak peek of Guardians of the Galaxy. Starting in April 2014, a two - part comic was released, titled Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Prelude. Written by Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning, with art by Wellington Alves, the first issue focused on the background of Nebula and her bond with Thanos; the second issue featured the adventures of Rocket and Groot before they join forces with the other Guardians. In June 2014, Mike Pasciullo, senior VP of Marvel Studios, described the marketing approach for Guardians of the Galaxy by saying that Marvel had "built a robust marketing program for the theatrical release that carefully integrates traditional advertising, social media, digital marketing, strategic promotional partnerships, organic entertainment integrations (and) publicity. ''
In July 2014, Marvel launched a viral marketing campaign for the film called "Galaxy Getaways '', a fictional travel website that allows users to book passage to some of the planets depicted in the film, including Xandar, Morag, and Knowhere. Beginning July 4, 2014, a sneak peek of the film was presented at Disneyland and Disney 's Hollywood Studios in the Magic Eye and ABC Sound Studio theaters, respectively. Approximately 14 minutes of the film was screened on July 7, 2014, in IMAX 3D in the United States, and 3D theaters and IMAX 3D in Canada, along with two trailers. The screening was met with positive reviews, praising the humor, the 3D and IMAX conversion, and Cooper 's portrayal of Rocket. However, it was criticized for beginning partway through the film, not allowing viewers to easily acclimate to the film 's tone, and for how the general audience might respond to a film within the MCU without established characters making appearances.
On July 12, 2014, Gunn and the actors from the film promoted Guardians of the Galaxy at the Lido 8 Cineplex in Singapore. On July 17, 2014, Disney Interactive released an action RPG video game titled Guardians of the Galaxy: The Universal Weapon for iOS, Android and Windows devices. The game 's original story was written by Dan Abnett, and was meant to complement the film. On July 21, Pratt, Saldana, Bautista, Diesel and Cooper appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live! to promote the film and debut some additional exclusive content. On July 29, Pratt and Saldana rang the opening bell of the New York Stock Exchange as part of the film 's marketing strategy.
On August 14, Marvel released the scene of Groot dancing, which was shortly followed by an announcement from Funko that they were releasing a toy "Dancing Groot ''. The Hollywood Reporter noted that the quick release of the scene from Marvel two weeks after the film 's theatrical release, along with the rush announcement from Funko, indicated the popularity of both the character and the scene. The scene also produced the word "grooting '', coined by Michael Rooker, in which a person dances similar to Groot, with the word entering the social media lexicon. Also in August, Marvel held a special screening of the film at Children 's Hospital Los Angeles, where Pratt dressed as Star - Lord to entertain the patients.
In June 2012, Marvel filed eleven trademark applications for Guardians of the Galaxy, covering a variety of consumer products, from video games to cosmetics. Disney Consumer Products partnered with Mad Engine, C - Life, New Era, Hasbro, Disguise, Rubies, Sideshow Collectibles, Lego, KIDdesigns, iHome, Funko, Freeze, Fast Forward, and Innovative Designs to produce merchandise for the film, with releases starting in June 2014. Mad Engine and C - Life were partnered as the core apparel outfitters, producing a line of T - shirts and fleece jackets, while New Era produced headwear and hats. Hasbro produced toys for the film; Disguise and Rubies produced the costumes; and Sideshow Collectibles was given charge of the collectibles. Lego announced three toy sets based on scenes from the film, while iHome created character speakers, Funko made vinyl bobbleheads, Freeze crafted 1980s - inspired apparel, and backpacks and stationery were made by Fast Forward and Innovative Designs. Despite first films in a potential new franchise usually being off - limits to licensees, Marvel used Iron Man 's success as evidence of unknown characters becoming hits with audiences to attract partnerships. Licensees embraced Rocket as the film 's potential breakout character, with Drax and Gamora being used for older demographics; Star - Lord 's obsession with 1980s nostalgia, including his "Awesome Mix Vo. 1 '' cassette, has also served as a basis for tie - in products. In August 2014, Funko announced a toy based on "Dancing Groot '', while in October 2014, Marvel and KID designs announced a replica of dancing Groot, for release in December 2014.
In December 2014, Disney made a second marketing push, to coincide with the film 's home media release with additional merchandise. Merchandise partners included: KID designs with its replica dancing Groot; Funko 's Fabrikations line with a plush Rocket; Mattel 's Hot Wheels character cars; C - Life, Hybrid - Jem Sportswear, Freeze, MZ Berger, Accutime, AME and Her Universe with apparel; ThinkGeek with jewelry and watches; American Greetings with cards; Jay Franco with homegoods; and Vandor with drinkware. Additional partners included Mad Engine, Just Play, and Dragon Models. Paul Gitter, senior vice-president of Marvel licensing at Disney Consumer Products said, "The demand for Guardians of the Galaxy merchandise has been truly out of this world. Our merchandising and retail partners are doing a tremendous job of providing creative and innovative ways for fans to continue interacting with these popular characters and showcase their fandom year round. ''
Guardians of the Galaxy was released for digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on November 18, 2014 and on Blu - ray, Blu - ray 3D, and DVD on November 24, 2014, in the United Kingdom and on December 9 in the United States. The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes, audio commentary, deleted scenes, a blooper reel, and an exclusive preview of Avengers: Age of Ultron. As of October 4, 2015, the film has earned over $118 million in sales in the US.
The film was also included in the 13 - disc box set, titled "Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Two Collection '', which includes all of the Phase Two films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. It was released on December 8, 2015.
Guardians of the Galaxy earned $333.2 million in North America and an estimated $440.2 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $773.3 million. The film became the third - highest - grossing film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, behind The Avengers and Iron Man 3. It was the third - highest - grossing 2014 film (behind Transformers: Age of Extinction and The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies) and the highest - grossing superhero film of 2014. It had a worldwide opening weekend of $160.7 million. Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit for the film to be $204.2 million, when factoring together "production budgets, P&A, talent participations and other costs, with box office grosses, and ancillary revenues from VOD to DVD and TV, '' placing it fifth on their list of 2014 's "Most Valuable Blockbusters ''.
Guardians of the Galaxy earned $11.2 million on its Thursday night pre-opening, surpassing Captain America: The Winter Soldier 's gross ($10.2 million) for the biggest Thursday evening start for a movie in 2014. IMAX accounted for 17 % of the total gross ($1.9 million), which was the biggest August pre-release in IMAX format. On its opening day, the film earned $37.8 million, including the Thursday night earnings. Guardians of the Galaxy was the number one movie during its opening weekend and grossed $94.3 million, setting an August weekend record. During the opening weekend, IMAX earnings amounted to $11.7 million and 3 - D showings accounted for 45 % of ticket sales. The film 's success was partially attributed to its appeal to both genders: the opening - weekend audience was 44 % female, which is the biggest proportion ever for a MCU film; 55 % of the opening - weekend audience was over the age of 25.
Although the film fell to second place in its second and third weekends, behind Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, the film was number one in its fourth, fifth, and sixth weekend. By doing so, it became the first film in 2014 to top the domestic box office in non-consecutive weeks, the first film of the summer (May -- August) to be the number one film in three weekends and the first MCU film to be the top film for four weeks, surpassing Captain America: The Winter Soldier and The Avengers, both of which were number one for three weeks, and tied The Dark Knight for the most weeks at number one among comic book - based films. Phil Contrino, vice president and chief analyst of BoxOffice.com felt Guardians success was "unconventional '' and was "shattering expectations ''. The film remained in the top 10 for ten weekends.
The film was the top - grossing film of summer 2014 (ahead of Transformers: Age of Extinction), first of 2014 to pass $300 million for its domestic gross, and was the third - highest - grossing domestic film of 2014 (behind American Sniper and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay -- Part 1). The film was said to have "injected life '' into an otherwise lower - than - normal summer box office.
Guardians of the Galaxy was released in 42 international markets and grossed $66.4 million on its opening weekend. The biggest debuts came from Russia ($13 million), the United Kingdom ($10.8 million), Mexico ($6.5 million), Brazil ($6.5 million), and South Korea ($4.7 million). The film topped the weekend box office two times, in its first and second weekends. In its eleventh weekend, the film opened in China, earning $29.8 million, its largest, and became the third - highest opening in the country for any Disney release, behind Iron Man 3 and Captain America: The Winter Soldier, and was an all - time industry record opening in October. The following weekend saw an additional $21.3 million from China, making China the highest - grossing market with $69 million. The film 's three biggest markets in total earnings were: China ($96.5 million), the UK ($47.4 million), and Russia ($37.5 million).
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 91 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 based on 297 reviews. The website 's consensus reads, "Guardians of the Galaxy is just as irreverent as fans of the frequently zany Marvel comic would expect -- as well as funny, thrilling, full of heart, and packed with visual splendor. '' Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 76 out of 100, based on 52 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews ''. CinemaScore audiences gave Guardians of the Galaxy an "A '' grade rating on an A+ to F scale, while earning an "A + '' among under - 18 and 25 - to 34 - year - old viewers.
Scott Foundas of Variety said "James Gunn 's presumptive franchise - starter is overlong, overstuffed and sometimes too eager to please, but the cheeky comic tone keeps things buoyant -- as does Chris Pratt 's winning performance '', and praised the film 's look created by cinematographer Ben Davis, production designer Charles Wood, and special effects makeup designer David White. Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter also praised the film 's look, and felt "A well - matched ensemble rises to the challenge of launching a heroic origin film with distinctive style, abundant thrills and no shortage of humor. '' The Daily Telegraph 's Robbie Collin said, "A brand new summer family blockbuster this may be, but it plays by old, half - forgotten rules; trimming out the clutter and cross-referencing for snappy, streamlined, Saturday - cartoon fun ''. Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said, "Blessed with a loose, anarchic B - picture soul that encourages you to enjoy yourself even when you 're not quite sure what 's going on, the scruffy Guardians is irreverent in a way that can bring the first Star Wars to mind, in part because it has some of the most unconventional heroes this side of the Mos Eisley Cantina. '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said, "While Guardians takes you down one after another crazy narrative turn, it also pulls you into -- and, for the most part, keeps you in -- a fully realized other world. '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times said, "Guardians of the Galaxy is a late summer treat -- a mostly lighthearted and self - referential comic - book movie with loads of whiz - bang action, some laugh - out - loud moments and a couple of surprisingly beautiful and touching scenes as well, '' calling it "a refreshing confection of entertainment. '' Jim Starlin, creator of Drax the Destroyer, Gamora, and Thanos, said it "might be Marvel 's best movie yet ''.
Jake Coyle of the Associated Press was more critical of the film, calling it "terribly overstuffed and many of the jokes get drowned out by the special effects... The pervasive movie references detract from the stab at freshness, and Guardians depends all too much on the whimsy of ' 70s anthems for an original beat. '' He also felt that Close, Reilly and del Toro were underused in the film. Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said, "In place of wit, Guardians offers a sort of generalized willingness to be amusing, an atmosphere of high spirits that feels like lots of people pumping air into a tire that has a hole in it. Everyone is clearly working, but nothing is really happening -- and yet the effort is so evident that there 's an impulse to reward it. '' Kyle Smith of the New York Post also had a negative response to the film, comparing it to Howard the Duck and Green Lantern, and criticizing the dialogue, villains, soundtrack, lack of suspense, and the characters of Quill, Rocket, and Drax. The film received mixed reviews in China, where viewers complained that the film 's "poor subtitle translation not only spoiled the fun of watching it, but also made it difficult to understand its humor. ''
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 was released on May 5, 2017, again written and directed by James Gunn. Pratt, Saldana, Bautista, Diesel, Cooper, Rooker, Gillan, and Sean Gunn all reprise their roles in the film, and are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis, Elizabeth Debicki as Ayesha, Chris Sullivan as Taserface, and Kurt Russell as Quill 's father Ego.
In April 2017, Gunn announced he would return to write and direct Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3. It is scheduled to be released in 2020.
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where does high school musical 3 take place | High School Musical 3: Senior Year - Wikipedia
High School Musical 3: Senior Year is a 2008 American musical film and is the third installment in the High School Musical trilogy. Produced and released on October 24, 2008, by Walt Disney Pictures, the film is a sequel to Disney Channel Original Movie 2006 television film High School Musical. It was the only film in the series to be released theatrically. Kenny Ortega returned as director and choreographer, as did all six primary actors.
The sequel follows the main six high school seniors: Troy, Gabriella, Ryan, Sharpay, Chad, and Taylor as they are faced with the challenging prospect of being separated after graduating from high school. Joined by the rest of their East High Wildcat classmates, they stage an elaborate spring musical reflecting their experiences, hopes, and fears about the future.
The film received mixed reviews, though relatively better than the first installment of the series, and, in its first three days of release, Senior Year grossed $50 million in North America and an additional $40 million overseas, setting a new record for the largest opening weekend for a musical film.
It was followed up by a spin - off, starring Ashley Tisdale. Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure was released direct - to - DVD on April 19, 2011, and premiered on Disney Channel on May 22, 2011.
The movie begins with the Wildcats trailing the West High Knights, with the Wildcats entering the locker room for the final half feeling bitter. Team captain Troy rallies the team 's spirit ("Now or Never '') and, with the help of new transfer Jimmie "Rocket - man '' Zara, the Wildcats win the championship game which is the last one for the seniors on the squad at East High. Later, at Troy 's after - match party at his house, Troy and Gabriella are seen thinking about their future and wishing that their last few months at East High would not end ("Right Here, Right Now '').
Sharpay meets Tiara Gold, a British exchange student whom she hires to be her personal assistant. When drama teacher Ms. Darbus notices that there were so few sign - ups for the spring musical, Sharpay suggests she could do a one - woman show. This alarms Kelsi, who is writing the show, so she immediately signs up everyone in their homeroom for it instead. This results in Ms. Darbus announcing they will create a play about their final days at East High, called Senior Year. In addition, she reveals that Sharpay, Ryan, Kelsi, and Troy have all been considered for a scholarship at Juilliard School, but only one of them is to be chosen. Troy is confused because he did not apply to Juilliard. Seeing his friends laughing, he believes they gave his name to Juilliard. Sharpay becomes desperate to win the scholarship, and knowing that Kelsi will give the best songs to Troy and Gabriella in the musical, she gets Ryan to try to persuade Kelsi to give them a song, by predicting her (and Ryan 's) future ("I Want It All '').
The very next day, Troy asks Gabriella to the dance while on the rooftop (seen previously in the first film as The Garden Club, a place where Troy goes seeking some quiet). She then teaches him how to waltz ("Can I Have This Dance? ''). After that, Troy and Chad steal Jimmie and Donnie 's clothes, thus leading through a big chase and Ms. Darbus forced them to volunteer as understudies. Chad then asks Taylor to go to prom with him with a cheesy pick - up line. She initially refuses, but later relents when Chad proves he can put in some effort and asks again in front of everyone in school. The group rehearses for the musical, a scene about their prom night ("A Night to Remember ''). The next day, Ryan walks in on Kelsi composing in the music room and they start to sing ("Just Wanna Be with You '') which leads to Ryan asking Kelsi to prom. While Troy and Chad reminisce about their past ("The Boys Are Back ''), Tiara overhears Gabriella and Taylor 's conversation about the Stanford Freshman 's Honors Program and informs Sharpay about it, while Sharpay convinces Troy that he is the only thing keeping Gabriella from her dream. Troy talks to Gabriella about this and after sharing an awkward goodnight, Gabriella sings ("Walk Away '') and leaves for college the next day.
Troy 's father, Jack, talks to him about his academic future, which he expects will be in the University of Albuquerque. This assumption makes Troy become angry and confused about which college he is going to, and he runs away, storming around East High bewildered until he finally screams at the top of his lungs in the theater ("Scream ''). Ms. Darbus is secretly watching and reveals that she sent in his application for Juilliard. Troy later gets a call from Gabriella saying that although she loves him, she will not return to Albuquerque for prom or graduation. However, on the day of the prom, Troy visits Gabriella at Stanford University and convinces her to return and they kiss during the lunch break ("Can I Have This Dance? (Reprise) ''). Back at East High, Sharpay is prepared for the last musical at East High and Troy 's fellow basketball player Jimmie receives a text from Troy to tell him to cover for him onstage because he is going to be late. The Juilliard representatives are there, and watch as the show seems to go well.
Kelsi and Ryan start out the show followed by a couple other numbers; Jimmie then performs with Sharpay and embarrasses her, although the audience applauds the performance. Troy and Gabriella appear during the second half of the show and sing their duet together. Tiara then betrays Sharpay and tells her how she is going to take over next year in the drama department. Sharpay finally learns how it feels to be manipulated and humiliated, but nevertheless does not wish to go down. While Tiara performs, Sharpay immediately crashes her performance and upstages her ("Senior Year Spring Musical '').
At the end of the musical, Ms. Darbus reveals that both Kelsi and Ryan have won the Juilliard scholarship and tells about everyone 's future plans, in which Troy reveals he 's chosen University of California, Berkeley so he can be close to Gabriella where he can play basketball and perform in theater ("We 're All in This Together '' (Graduation Mix)).
At the graduation ceremony, Troy gives the class speech after being selected by Ms. Darbus. Throwing their caps in the air, the graduates form a giant "wildcat '' before breaking out into song and dance ("High School Musical ''). As the film ends, the graduates run across the field, the curtain falls, and they appear on the East High stage. The main cast performs the song, "High School Musical '', before jumping and bowing when the curtain falls.
According to the Salt Lake City Tribune, "... to help lure the production back to where it all began -- at Salt Lake City 's East High School -- the GOED board Friday approved a maximum $2 million incentive for the production, the largest ever given to entice a filmmaker to Utah. ''
Principal photography began on May 3, 2008; the 41 days scheduled for shooting was a longer period than for the first two films.
Stan Carrizosa, the winner of ABC 's summer reality show, High School Musical: Get in the Picture appears in a music video "Just Getting Started '' that is shown over the end credits of the theatrical release of the film. The show 's other 11 finalists were featured in the music video as well.
Zac Efron was quoted in People Magazine as saying, "I can tell you that if the script is good and if we all agree on a final script, then there 's nothing that is going to hold us back from doing it. We have fun making these movies and that 's very rare in this business. '' Rumors persisted of ongoing salary disputes between Disney and the lead performers, particularly Efron. According to Rachel Abramowitz, as reported online by the Chicago Tribune, "an eclectic cross-section of Hollywood insiders think Efron should get a cool $5 million for High School Musical 3, the theatrical version of the franchise, which Disney hoped to make before the Writers Guild strike and Screen Actors Guild strike shut down Hollywood for several months. Efron declined to comment for the article, and although contract negotiations still are ongoing, sources say Efron is being offered a salary closer to $3 million, not $5 million, for the follow - up, which focuses on senior year at East High. Whatever the price, he 's still perceived as a steal. '' The movie was originally titled "Haunted High School Musical '' with plans of a Halloween theme but was later scrapped.
Ortega stated that pre-production would most likely start in January 2008. Filming began May 3, 2008, at East High School in Salt Lake City, Utah. He stated that the script had been submitted before the writers ' strike started and that they were developing music. He added that filming will happen in Salt Lake City, Utah (as the first two films), hinted that the plot will be something of the nature of the Wildcat 's final year in High School and stated, "it looks like we 've rounded up the cast. ''
Before filming began, the HSM3 board and cast held a press conference at East High School announcing the start of filming. The film would be released in theaters (in the United States) on October 24, 2008, though the film was to open in several countries including the UK at least one week earlier. The film had a $11 million budget and a 40 - day shooting period. The film was said at the time to be the final installment with the current cast. The London premiere was the biggest London premiere of all time.
Despite early speculation that Vanessa Hudgens would be dropped from the film due to her nude photo scandal, The Walt Disney Company denied the reports, saying, "Vanessa has apologized for what was obviously a lapse in judgment. We hope she 's learned a valuable lesson. ''
On November 7, 2008, High School Musical 3: Senior Year: The Sing - Along Edition with lyrics highlighted on the screen was released in selected theaters. The sing along version was released on May 21, 2011.
High School Musical 3: Senior Year received generally mixed to positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 65 %, based on 121 reviews, with an average rating of 6.1 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, "It wo n't win many converts, but High School Musical 3 is bright, energetic, and well - crafted. '' The site also gave it a Golden Tomato for best musical film of 2008. Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score, the film has a score of 57 out of 100, based on 26 critics, "mixed or average reviews ''.
The Telegraph praised the changes brought about by the higher budget of a theatrical release: "High School Musical 3 uses its bigger budget to inject colour, scale, and visual depth. The opening basketball game alone is dizzying as the camera swoops high and wide before a winning point makes the crowd erupt ''.
Stephen Farber, for Reuters UK, says the film "will please fan base but wo n't win converts '', as the story "never really does kick in '' and that "the picture quickly grows tedious '', while MSNBC 's Alonso Duralde describes it as "a stitched - together Frankenstein monster of an entertainment, featuring major components that were already trotted out the first two times. ''
Peter Johnson of The Guardian describes the film as so bland that it "makes cellophane taste like chicken jalfrezi '', and says that "the sheer squeaky - cleanness of everything is creepy, and when the characters are called upon to dance, they do so with robotic efficiency, and sing in that decaffeinated high vibrato, like 21st - century Hollywood castrati. ''
Entertainment Weekly, on the other hand, was very positive towards the film, praising the stars ' energy: "the beauty of Efron 's performance is that he 's a vibrant athletic hoofer who leaps and clowns with the heartthrob vigor of a young Erika Casanova, yet he 's also achingly sincere. His fast - break alertness makes him the most empathetic of teen idols; he 's like a David Cassidy who knows how to act, and who can swoon without getting too moist about it. Apart from Efron, the breakout star is Ashley Tisdale, whose Sharpay makes narcissism a goofy, bedazzled pleasure. ''
MovieGuide has also favorably reviewed the film, strongly recommending it for the family as "fun, clean and full of energy '' and describing it as "thin on plot '' yet nevertheless "a phenomenon. ''
The BBC film critic Mark Kermode loved the film and said it was in his top 5 films for the year, and named Tisdale the "Best Supporting Actress '' of 2008.
The Fort Worth Star - Telegram stated that the latest installment was "critic - proof '' and "everything fans could hope for and more. '' They go on to say that "the kids finally look like true performers rather than Disney Channel mainstays desperately trying to remain relevant, and they deserve the lucrative careers that lie ahead '' and gave the film a rating of four out of five stars. The film was also well received in the UK. Hudgens was recognized as Favorite Movie Actress at Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards, Efron was voted Best Male Performance at the 2009 MTV awards and Choice Actor: Music / Dance at the 2009 Teen Choice Awards and Tisdale was voted Breakthrough Performance Female at the 2009 MTV Movie awards and Best Supporting Actress at the 2009 UK Kermode Awards.
The film opened with $16 million on Friday for the biggest opening day for a musical film of all time until the record was topped in 2012 by Les Miserables ($18.1 million). It also debuted at the # 1 spot (beating out Saw V in box office earnings) with an opening weekend of over $42,030,184 in the United States and breaking the record, previously held by Enchanted, for the biggest opening ever for a movie musical. This record would later be broken by Pitch Perfect 2 in 2015 ($69.2 million). The film also opened at # 1 overseas, with an international opening of $42,622,505. High School Musical 3: Senior Year grossed $90,559,416 in North America and $162,349,761 in other territories leading to a worldwide total of $252,909,177, which was above even Disney 's expectations.
High School Musical 3: Senior Year was released in Region 1 DVD and Blu - ray on February 17, 2009, in Region 2 DVD on February 16, 2009 and in Region 3 DVD on February 24, 2009. The DVD was released in single - and two - disc editions.
In Region 2, the single - disc edition DVD featured most of the two - disc edition bonus features such as bloopers, deleted scenes, extended version of the film, sing - along and cast goodbyes. In Region 3, only the single - disc edition DVD was released with all of the two - disc bonus features as well the extended edition of the film. In the Philippines, it was released on February 25, 2009. The Region 4 DVD was released on April 8, 2009. As of November 1, 2009, the DVD has sold over 23 million copies and generated over $200 million in sales revenue.
On March 2, 2016, 10 years after the first High School Musical movie, Disney announced that there would be a fourth High School Musical film. Casting calls for actors to audition as new characters are underway but there has n't been a release date for the film as of yet.
The film premiered on Disney Channel before the series premiere of Good Luck Charlie. The premiere on Disney Channel US brought 4 million viewers.
The film premiered on Disney Channel India on 18 October 2009 and on 5 December 2009 in Disney Channel Asia. On 4 December 2009, for one night only, it premiered on Disney Cinemagic, and it premiered on Disney Channel in the United Kingdom and Ireland in January / February 2010. It premiered on 12 December 2009 on Disney Channel New Zealand / Australia. And 16 March 2011 in Latin America. It premiered in France on 31 October 2011 on M6.
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speech sounds made with restricted airflow are known as | Articulatory phonetics - wikipedia
The field of articulatory phonetics is a subfield of phonetics. In studying articulation, phoneticians explain how humans produce speech sounds via the interaction of different physiological structures.
Generally, articulatory phonetics is concerned with the transformation of aerodynamic energy into acoustic energy. Aerodynamic energy refers to the airflow through the vocal tract. Its potential form is air pressure; its kinetic form is the actual dynamic airflow. Acoustic energy is variation in the air pressure that can be represented as sound waves, which are then perceived by the human auditory system as sound.
The vocal tract can be viewed through an aerodynamic - biomechanic model that includes three main components:
Air cavities are containers of air molecules of specific volumes and masses. The main air cavities present in the articulatory system are the supraglottal cavity and the subglottal cavity. They are so - named because the glottis, the openable space between the vocal folds internal to the larynx, separates the two cavities. The supraglottal cavity or the orinasal cavity is divided into an oral subcavity (the cavity from the glottis to the lips excluding the nasal cavity) and a nasal subcavity (the cavity from the velopharyngeal port, which can be closed by raising the velum). The subglottal cavity consists of the trachea and the lungs. The atmosphere external to the articulatory stem may also be considered an air cavity whose potential connecting points with respect to the body are the nostrils and the lips.
Pistons are initiators. The term initiator refers to the fact that they are used to initiate a change in the volumes of air cavities, and, by Boyle 's Law, the corresponding air pressure of the cavity. The term initiation refers to the change. Since changes in air pressures between connected cavities lead to airflow between the cavities, initiation is also referred to as an airstream mechanism. The three pistons present in the articulatory system are the larynx, the tongue body, and the physiological structures used to manipulate lung volume (in particular, the floor and the walls of the chest). The lung pistons are used to initiate a pulmonic airstream (found in all human languages). The larynx is used to initiate the glottalic airstream mechanism by changing the volume of the supraglottal and subglottal cavities via vertical movement of the larynx (with a closed glottis). Ejectives and implosives are made with this airstream mechanism. The tongue body creates a velaric airsteam by changing the pressure within the oral cavity: the tongue body changes the mouth subcavity. Click consonants use the velaric airstream mechanism. Pistons are controlled by various muscles.
Valves regulate airflow between cavities. Airflow occurs when an air valve is open and there is a pressure difference between the connecting cavities. When an air valve is closed, there is no airflow. The air valves are the vocal folds (the glottis), which regulate between the supraglottal and subglottal cavities, the velopharyngeal port, which regulates between the oral and nasal cavities, the tongue, which regulates between the oral cavity and the atmosphere, and the lips, which also regulate between the oral cavity and the atmosphere. Like the pistons, the air valves are also controlled by various muscles.
To produce any kind of sound, there must be movement of air. To produce sounds that people today can interpret as words, the movement of air must pass through the vocal chords, up through the throat and, into the mouth or nose to then leave the body. Different sounds are formed by different positions of the mouth -- or, as linguists call it, "the oral cavity '' (to distinguish it from the nasal cavity).
Sounds of all languages fall under two categories: Consonants and Vowels.
Consonants are produced with some form of restriction or closing in the vocal tract that hinders the airflow from the lungs. Consonants are classified according to where in the vocal tract the airflow has been restricted. This is also known as the place of articulation.
Movement of the tongue and lips can create these constrictions and by forming the oral cavity in different ways, different sounds can be produced.
Bilabial sounds are produced with both lips, such as (b), (m), and (p).
(f) and (v) are articulated by placing the upper teeth against the lower lip.
(θ) and (ð) are both spelled as "th '' (θ as in think) (ð as in the). They are pronounced by inserting the tip of the tongue between the teeth.
(t) (d) (n) (s) (z) (l) (r) are produced in many ways where the tongue is raised towards the alveolar ridge.
(t, d, n) the tip of the tongue is raised and touches the ridge.
(s, z) the sides of the front of the tongue are raised, but the tip is lowered so that air escapes over it.
(l) the tip of the tongue is raised while the rest of the tongue remains down, permitting air to escape over its sides. Hence, (l) is called a lateral sound (âm biên).
(r) (IPA ɹ) curl the tip of tongue back behind the alveolar ridge, or bunch up the top of the tongue behind the ridge, the air escapes through the central part of the mouth. It is a central liquid.
(ʃ) (ʒ) (tʃ) (dʒ) (j) are produced by raising the front part of the tongue to the palate.
(k) (ɡ) (ŋ) are produced by raising the back part of the tongue to the soft palate or the velum.
(ʀ) (q) (ԍ) these sounds are produced by raising the back of the tongue to the uvula. The ' r ' in French and German may be an uvular trill (symbolized by (ʀ)). The uvular sounds (q) and (ԍ) occur in Arabic. These do not normally occur in English.
(h) (ʔ) the sound (h) is from the flow of air coming from an open glottis, past the tongue and lips as they prepare to pronounce a vowel sound, which always follows (h). if the air is stopped completely at the glottis by tightly closed vocal chords the sound upon release of the chords is called a glottal stop (ʔ).
For all practical purposes, temperature can be treated as constant in the articulatory system. Thus, Boyle 's Law can usefully be written as the following two equations.
What the above equations express is that given an initial pressure P and volume V at time 1 the product of these two values will be equal to the product of the pressure P and volume V at a later time 2. This means that if there is an increase in the volume of cavity, there will be a corresponding decrease in pressure of that same cavity, and vice versa. In other words, volume and pressure are inversely proportional (or negatively correlated) to each other. As applied to a description of the subglottal cavity, when the lung pistons contract the lungs, the volume of the subglottal cavity decreases while the subglottal air pressure increases. Conversely, if the lungs are expanded, the pressure decreases.
A situation can be considered where (1) the vocal fold valve is closed separating the supraglottal cavity from the subglottal cavity, (2) the mouth is open and, therefore, supraglottal air pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure, and (3) the lungs are contracted resulting in a subglottal pressure that has increased to a pressure that is greater than atmospheric pressure. If the vocal fold valve is subsequently opened, the previously two separate cavities become one unified cavity although the cavities will still be aerodynamically isolated because the glottic valve between them is relatively small and constrictive. Pascal 's Law states that the pressure within a system must be equal throughout the system. When the subglottal pressure is greater than supraglottal pressure, there is a pressure inequality in the unified cavity. Since pressure is a force applied to a surface area by definition and a force is the product of mass and acceleration according to Newton 's Second Law of Motion, the pressure inequality will be resolved by having part of the mass in air molecules found in the subglottal cavity move to the supraglottal cavity. This movement of mass is airflow. The airflow will continue until a pressure equilibrium is reached. Similarly, in an ejective consonant with a glottalic airstream mechanism, the lips or the tongue (i.e., the buccal or lingual valve) are initially closed and the closed glottis (the laryngeal piston) is raised decreasing the oral cavity volume behind the valve closure and increasing the pressure compared to the volume and pressure at a resting state. When the closed valve is opened, airflow will result from the cavity behind the initial closure outward until intraoral pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure. That is, air will flow from a cavity of higher pressure to a cavity of lower pressure until the equilibrium point; the pressure as potential energy is, thus, converted into airflow as kinetic energy.
Sound sources refer to the conversion of aerodynamic energy into acoustic energy. There are two main types of sound sources in the articulatory system: periodic (or more precisely semi-periodic) and aperiodic. A periodic sound source is vocal fold vibration produced at the glottis found in vowels and voiced consonants. A less common periodic sound source is the vibration of an oral articulator like the tongue found in alveolar trills. Aperiodic sound sources are the turbulent noise of fricative consonants and the short - noise burst of plosive releases produced in the oral cavity.
In order to understand how sounds are made, experimental procedures are often adopted. Palatography is one of the oldest instrumental phonetic techniques used to record data regarding articulators. In traditional, static palatography, a speaker 's palate is coated with a dark powder. The speaker then produces a word, usually with a single consonant. The tongue wipes away some of the powder at the place of articulation. The experimenter can then use a mirror to photograph the entire upper surface of the speaker 's mouth. This photograph, in which the place of articulation can be seen as the area where the powder has been removed, is called a palatogram.
Technology has since made possible electropalatography (or EPG). In order to collect EPG data, the speaker is fitted with a special prosthetic palate, which contains a number of electrodes. The way in which the electrodes are "contacted '' by the tongue during speech provides phoneticians with important information, such as how much of the palate is contacted in different speech sounds, or which regions of the palate are contacted, or what the duration of the contact is.
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who is jacks dad in this is us | This Is Us (TV series) - wikipedia
This Is Us is an American television series created by Dan Fogelman that premiered on NBC on September 20, 2016. The series stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia, Mandy Moore, Sterling K. Brown, Chrissy Metz, Justin Hartley, Susan Kelechi Watson, Chris Sullivan, Ron Cephas Jones, Jon Huertas, Alexandra Breckenridge, Niles Fitch, Logan Shroyer, Hannah Zeile, Mackenzie Hancsicsak, Parker Bates, Lonnie Chavis, Eris Baker, and Faithe Herman. It is about the family lives and connections of several people who all share the same birthday and the ways in which they are similar and different.
The series has received positive reviews since its premiere, receiving nominations for Best Television Series -- Drama at the 74th Golden Globe Awards and Best Drama Series at the 7th Critics ' Choice Awards, as well as being chosen as a Top Television Program by the American Film Institute. The cast has received accolades, with Mandy Moore and Chrissy Metz receiving Golden Globe nominations for Best Supporting Actress, and Sterling K. Brown receiving a SAG nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series. In 2017, the series received ten Emmy nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series, with Brown winning for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series.
On September 27, 2016, NBC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes. In January 2017, NBC renewed the series for two additional seasons of 18 episodes each. The second season premiered on September 26, 2017.
The series follows siblings Kate, Kevin and Randall as their lives intertwine. Kate and Kevin were originally part of a triplet pregnancy, conceived in the bathroom of Froggy 's, a bar, during Super Bowl XIV. Their due date was October 12, 1980, but they were born six weeks early on August 31; their biological brother was stillborn. Their parents, Jack and Rebecca, having expected to bring home three babies, decide to adopt another newborn: Randall, a black child born the same day and brought to the same hospital after his biological father abandoned him at a fire station.
Episodes weave through the stories of the past and present of the characters, with most scenes taking place in 1980, 1989 -- 1995, and the present day (2016 -- 2017). Flashback scenes take place in Pittsburgh, while current scenes are typically split between Los Angeles, New Jersey, and New York City.
In May 2017, Hulu acquired the SVOD rights to new and past episodes of the series to air exclusively on Hulu, in addition to NBC.com and the NBC app.
The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % approval rating for the first season with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 based on 56 reviews. The website 's critical consensus reads, "Featuring full - tilt heartstring - tugging family drama, This Is Us will provide a suitable surrogate for those who have felt a void in their lives since Parenthood went off the air. '' Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews ''. Season 2 received a 94 % approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes based on 16 reviews.
Entertainment Weekly gave the first few episodes of This Is Us a rating of B, calling it "a refreshing respite from the relational violence and pessimism that marks the other buzz soaps that have bubbled forth from a culture of divisiveness ''. Moreover, they praised all the actors, specifically Sterling K. Brown, for being able to navigate "his scenes with such intelligence, authenticity, and charisma ''.
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when did liverpool last win the league counter | Liverpool F.C. in European Football - wikipedia
Liverpool Football Club, an English professional association football club, is Britain 's most successful team in Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) competitions. Since 1964, they have won eleven European trophies: the UEFA Champions League (formerly known as the European Cup) five times, the UEFA Europa League (formerly known as the UEFA Cup) three times, and the UEFA Super Cup three times.
Qualification for European competitions is determined by a team 's success in its domestic league and cup competitions from the previous season. Liverpool competed in European competitions for 21 consecutive seasons until the 1985 European Cup Final, the occasion of the Heysel Stadium disaster, following which the club was banned from European competitions for six seasons. Since being readmitted in 1991, they have qualified for the Champions League (the successor to the European Cup) nine times and the Europa League (the successor to the Uefa Cup) nine times.
As a result of their victory in the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final, Liverpool won the European Champion Clubs ' Cup trophy outright, and were awarded a multiple winner badge. Liverpool 's total of three UEFA Cup wins has been bettered only by Sevilla, who have won the competition five times. They have also won the UEFA Super Cup on three occasions, a total only Milan and Barcelona (five titles each) have bettered.
Bob Paisley is the club 's most successful manager in Europe, with five trophies. Liverpool 's biggest - margin win in Europe is an 11 -- 0 victory over Strømsgodset in the 1974 -- 75 European Cup Winners ' Cup. In European competitions, Jamie Carragher holds the club record for the most appearances, with 150, and Steven Gerrard is the club 's record goalscorer, with 41 goals.
Club competitions between teams from different European countries can trace their origins as far back as 1897, when the Challenge Cup was created for clubs in the Austro - Hungarian Empire, who did not meet under normal circumstances. The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy, named after entrepreneur and sportsman Thomas Lipton, was established in 1909 and was contested between clubs from Italy, Great Britain, Germany and Switzerland; the competition lasted for two years. The earliest attempt to create a cup for national champion clubs of Europe was made by Swiss club FC Servette. Founded in 1930, the Coupe des Nations featured clubs of ten major European football leagues and was deemed a success. Due to financial reasons, the competition was abandoned.
The first continental competition organised by UEFA was the European Cup in 1955. Conceived by Gabriel Hanot, the editor of L'Équipe, as a competition for winners of the European national football leagues, it is considered the most prestigious European football competition. When the European Cup was first played, Liverpool were in the Second Division, following relegation from the First Division after the 1953 -- 54 season, and thus were ineligible for the competition. During their time in the Second Division, two further competitions were created: the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup. Established in 1955, the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup was later re-branded as the UEFA Cup when it came under the auspices of UEFA in 1971. Since the 2009 -- 10 season, the competition has been known as the UEFA Europa League. The UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup was inaugurated in 1960 for the winners of domestic cup competitions.
In 1962 Liverpool were promoted to the First Division. Two years later, they won the Football League championship, thus making their European debut in the 1964 -- 65 European Cup. In the following years, further European competitions were inaugurated. The first, the UEFA Super Cup, was originally a match played between the winners of the European Cup and the Cup Winners ' Cup. First established in 1973, it changed formats in 2000; since then, it has been contested between the winners of the Champions League (formerly the European Cup) and the Europa League (formerly the UEFA Cup), following the Cup Winners ' Cup amalgamation into the latter. The Intercontinental Cup was a competition for the winners of the European Cup (later, the UEFA Champions League) and the South American equivalent, the Copa Libertadores. Established in 1960, the Intercontinental Cup was jointly organised by UEFA and the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL). It ran until 2004, when the FIFA Club World Cup, which includes the winners of all six confederations ' regional championships replaced it.
Bill Shankly began managing Liverpool in 1959, and it was under him that the team first competed in European competition in 1964 -- 65, qualifying for the European Cup by winning the First Division championship the previous season. The club 's first opponents were Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur of Iceland, who they played in the preliminary round. Liverpool won 11 -- 1 on aggregate. The next round, against Belgian club Anderlecht, was the first time in Liverpool 's history that they wore their now common all - red strip. The decision was made to change from red shirts, white shorts and socks by Shankly, who wanted his players to make more of a psychological impact on opponents. They beat Anderlecht and progressed to the semi-finals, where they met Italian team Internazionale. Before the first leg at Anfield, Shankly asked two injured players to parade the FA Cup, which Liverpool had won the previous week, to intimidate the Italians. The team won the match 3 -- 1, but Inter won the second leg 3 -- 0, securing a 4 -- 3 aggregate victory. The second leg was controversial; Shankly described it as "a war ''. He felt that the referee, Jose Maria Ortiz de Mendibel, had shown bias towards Internazionale, and the Liverpool players felt cheated by his decisions. The club 's 1964 -- 65 FA Cup victory ensured qualification for the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup the following season, and in that competition, they reached their first European final. Borussia Dortmund, Liverpool 's opponents, employed counter-attacking tactics that had paid dividends in previous rounds and did so again, with the West Germans beating Liverpool 2 -- 1 after extra time.
In the next four seasons, they competed in the European Cup and Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, but failed to progress past the third round in either competition. A tie against Dutch team Ajax during the 1966 -- 67 European Cup was to prove pivotal in the history of Liverpool in European competition. Ajax beat Liverpool 7 -- 3 on aggregate. However, the style of football that Ajax played -- a patient passing game, inspired by Johann Cruyff -- convinced Shankly that Liverpool had to replicate this style to be successful in Europe. Liverpool reached the semi-finals of the 1970 -- 71 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, losing 1 -- 0 on aggregate to Leeds United. They competed in the 1971 -- 72 European Cup Winners ' Cup, despite losing the 1971 FA Cup Final, as the FA Cup winners, Arsenal, had also qualified for the European Cup by winning the league championship. Liverpool were eliminated in the second round by Bayern Munich of Germany, losing 3 -- 1 on aggregate.
The changes made to Liverpool 's tactics came to fruition during the 1972 -- 73 UEFA Cup. The club reached their second European final, where they faced Borussia Mönchengladbach of Germany. Liverpool won the first leg 3 -- 0 as a result of two goals from Kevin Keegan and one from Larry Lloyd. Victory in this first leg meant Liverpool only needed to avoid losing by three or more goals in order to win the final. This influenced their tactics -- The Times reported that Liverpool employed a "holding action '' against the "attacking Germans ''. The tactics worked, allowing Mönchengladbach only two goals, granting Liverpool a 3 -- 2 aggregate victory. Liverpool also won the First Division championship that season, and as a result qualified for the 1973 -- 74 European Cup, where they were eliminated in the second round by Red Star Belgrade of Yugoslavia. At the end of that season, Shankly retired.
Shankly was succeeded by his assistant, Bob Paisley, in 1974. Liverpool competed in the Cup Winners ' Cup during Paisley 's first season and defeated Strømsgodset of Norway 11 -- 0 at Anfield. This remains the club 's largest margin of victory in all matches. They lost in the next round to Hungarian side Ferencváros on the away goals rule. In 1975 -- 76 the club entered the UEFA Cup after a second - place finish in the First Division. Victories over Hibernian (Scotland), Real Sociedad (Spain), Śląsk Wrocław (Poland), Dynamo Dresden (East Germany) and Barcelona (Spain) took Liverpool to their third European final. Crucial to their progress was goalkeeper Ray Clemence, who made two important penalty saves against Hibernian and Dresden, saving Liverpool from elimination on the away goals rule on both occasions. Their opponents in the final were Club Brugge of Belgium. Liverpool recovered from a two - goal deficit to win the first leg at Anfield 3 -- 2, with Ray Kennedy, Jimmy Case, and Keegan scoring a goal each in a span of six minutes. A 1 -- 1 draw at the Jan Breydel Stadion in Bruges meant Liverpool won 4 -- 3 on aggregate, earning their second UEFA Cup.
As the 1975 -- 76 league champions, the club entered the 1976 -- 77 European Cup. They defeated Crusaders of Northern Ireland and Trabzonspor of Turkey to reach the quarter - finals, where they faced the runners - up from the previous season, Saint - Étienne. The French team won the first leg 1 -- 0. The second leg at Anfield began well for Liverpool when Keegan scored in the first two minutes. Saint - Étienne equalised to make the score 2 -- 1 on aggregate in their favour. Kennedy scored for Liverpool, but the away goals rule meant they still needed another goal to win the tie. With six minutes remaining, David Fairclough was brought on to replace John Toshack; he immediately scored in front of the Kop, ensuring a 3 -- 2 aggregate victory for Liverpool. In the semi-finals, they defeated FC Zürich of Switzerland 6 -- 1 on aggregate to reach the final, where they met their opponents from the 1973 UEFA Cup Final, Borussia Mönchengladbach. The final was held in Rome, four days after the club had lost the 1977 FA Cup Final to Manchester United. Before the match, Paisley announced that striker Toshack would be fit to start. However, he was not named in the matchday squad. This change upset the Germans ' game plan and allowed Keegan to torment his marker, Berti Vogts. Liverpool won 3 -- 1 to become European champions for the first time.
By winning the European Cup, they qualified for the European Super Cup and played the winners of the Cup Winners ' Cup, German team Hamburg, who had just signed Keegan. Liverpool won the tie 7 -- 1 on aggregate. Liverpool entered the 1977 -- 78 European Cup as champions and received a bye in the first round. They defeated Dynamo Dresden and Portuguese team Benfica in the second round and quarter - finals, respectively. In the semi-final, the club again met Borussia Mönchengladbach, who won the first leg 2 -- 1. Liverpool won the second leg 3 -- 0, progressing to a second successive European Cup final, this time against Club Brugge at Wembley Stadium in London. In the final Kenny Dalglish, who had been signed to replace Keegan, scored the winning goal after receiving the ball from a Graeme Souness pass. The 1 -- 0 victory meant Liverpool became the first British team to retain the European Cup. They faced Anderlecht in the 1978 European Super Cup, but failed to retain the trophy, losing 4 -- 3 on aggregate against the Belgian side. Liverpool were eliminated in the first round of the 1978 -- 79 European Cup by English champions Nottingham Forest. Nottingham Forest won the tie 2 -- 0 on aggregate, and went on to win the competition. Liverpool entered the 1979 -- 80 European Cup as English champions but were again eliminated in the first round, this time beaten 4 -- 2 on aggregate by Dinamo Tbilisi of the Soviet Union.
Liverpool participated in the 1980 -- 81 European Cup as English league champions, defeating Finnish champions Oulun Palloseura, Scottish club Aberdeen and CSKA Sofia of Bulgaria to qualify for the semi-finals, where they faced three - time champions Bayern Munich. The first leg at Anfield finished goalless. In the second leg at the Olympiastadion in Munich, Ray Kennedy scored in the 83rd minute and, although the German side equalised, Liverpool went through to the final on the away goals rule. They faced Spanish side Real Madrid in the final, held at the Parc des Princes in Paris. Alan Kennedy scored the only goal to give Liverpool a 1 -- 0 victory, which secured the club 's -- and Paisley 's -- third European Cup. As champions of Europe, Liverpool competed in the Intercontinental Cup against South American champions Flamengo of Brazil. Liverpool lost the match 3 -- 0. The club 's defence of the European Cup in 1981 -- 82 was ended by CSKA Sofia in the quarter - finals. Another quarter - final exit occurred in the 1982 -- 83 European Cup when Polish club Widzew Łódź eliminated Liverpool 4 -- 3 on aggregate. Paisley retired as manager at the end of the season and was succeeded by his assistant, Joe Fagan.
Liverpool entered the 1983 -- 84 European Cup as league champions for the fourth time in five seasons. Victories over Odense of Denmark and Spanish champions Athletic Bilbao brought Liverpool to face Portuguese champions Benfica in the quarter - finals. Liverpool won the first leg at Anfield 1 -- 0. In the second leg, their tactic of withdrawing Dalglish into midfield put Benfica 's game plan into disarray, leading to a 4 -- 1 match victory and a 5 -- 1 aggregate victory. Their opponents in the semi-finals were Dinamo București of Romania. The tie proved a brutal encounter, characterised by Souness breaking the jaw of the Bucharest captain Lică Movilă, and was won 3 -- 1 on aggregate by Liverpool.
Fagan 's first season in charge of Liverpool had been a successful one. When they reached their fourth European Cup final, they had already won the Football League Cup and the league championship; victory in the European final against Italian side Roma would complete an unprecedented treble. The final was played at Rome 's Stadio Olimpico, and Liverpool went ahead in the 13th minute when Phil Neal scored, though Roma equalised towards the end of the first half. The score remained the same throughout full and extra time; Liverpool won the subsequent penalty shoot - out, with Alan Kennedy scoring the winning penalty after goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar had put off Francesco Graziani, causing him to place his penalty over the crossbar. After the game, gangs of Roma fans assaulted Liverpool supporters travelling back to their hotels. Success in the European Cup entitled Liverpool to compete in the 1984 Intercontinental Cup. However, they were unable to beat the winners of the Copa Libertadores, Independiente of Argentina, who claimed a 1 -- 0 victory.
Liverpool entered the 1984 -- 85 European Cup as champions, and once again progressed to the final, where their opponents were Juventus of Italy. They aimed to win their fifth European Cup and keep the trophy. The 1985 European Cup Final was held at the Heysel Stadium in Brussels. The choice of venue had been criticised due to the dilapidated state of the stadium, and the club tried to persuade UEFA to change the venue. Before the kick - off, Liverpool fans breached a fence separating the two groups of supporters and charged the Juventus fans. The resulting weight of people caused a retaining wall to collapse, killing 39 people and injuring hundreds more. Despite calls for an abandonment, the match was played, as it was felt that further trouble would be caused otherwise.
Juventus won the match 1 -- 0; Michel Platini scored from the penalty spot to give Juventus their first European Cup. UEFA laid the blame for the incident solely on the Liverpool fans: the official UEFA observer stated, "Only the English fans were responsible. Of that there is no doubt ''. Three days after the final, UEFA banned all English clubs from European competition for an indefinite period. Liverpool were initially given an additional three - year ban. Fagan retired after the 1984 -- 85 season and was succeeded by Dalglish, who took over as player - manager.
The ban on English clubs in European competitions ultimately lasted for five years, and even when the ban was lifted in 1990, Liverpool were not re-admitted; they had to serve an extra year. The ban prevented them qualifying for the European Cup in 1986 (as league champions and FA Cup winners), the UEFA Cup in 1987 (as league runners - up), the European Cup in 1988 (as league champions), the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1989 (as FA Cup winners) and the European Cup in 1990 (as league champions).
Liverpool were allowed to return to European competition in the 1991 -- 92 season, a year later than other English clubs. They qualified for the UEFA Cup as runners - up in the English league. Their manager by this stage was Graeme Souness, who had taken over towards the end of the previous season following Dalglish 's resignation.
Their first match, in the UEFA Cup, was against Finnish side Kuusyi Lahti, which they won 6 -- 1. A 6 -- 2 aggregate victory set up a tie against Auxerre of France in the second round who they beat 3 -- 2 on aggregate. The club defeated Swarovski Tirol of Austria in the third round 6 -- 0 on aggregate before losing to Genoa (Italy) 4 -- 1 over two legs in the quarter finals.
Liverpool 's victory over Sunderland in the 1992 FA Cup Final qualified them for the 1992 -- 93 European Cup Winners ' Cup, but this campaign was short - lived, as they were eliminated in the second round by Russian side Spartak Moscow. Liverpool finished no higher than sixth in the Premier League during the next two seasons, thus failing to qualify for European competition. In the 1995 -- 96 season, they entered the UEFA Cup, but again progressed no further than the second round, this time losing to Brøndby of Denmark.
As runners - up to League champions Manchester United in the 1996 FA Cup Final, Liverpool were able to compete in the 1996 -- 97 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup. This proved the club 's most successful campaign since their return to European competition, as they reached the semi-finals, where they were eliminated 3 -- 2 on aggregate by Paris Saint -- Germain. In the next two seasons, Liverpool played in the UEFA Cup but were eliminated at an early stage of the competition, by Strasbourg and Celta de Vigo, respectively. A seventh - place finish in the 1998 -- 99 FA Premier League meant the club did not qualify for Europe in 1999 -- 2000.
Having finished fourth in the 1999 -- 2000 FA Premier League, Liverpool qualified for the 2000 -- 01 UEFA Cup. Their victory in this competition marked a third win for a club. The entire season was the club 's most successful since the 1983 -- 84 season, as they won a cup treble consisting of the UEFA Cup, the FA Cup and the League Cup. Their opponents in the final in Dortmund were Alavés of Spain. The match was tied at 4 -- 4 in extra time when Alavés defender Delfí Geli scored an own goal to give Liverpool victory on the golden goal rule. The performance of Gary McAllister, whose free - kick resulted in the winning goal, was praised as "outstanding '' by Trevor Brooking. This was the club 's first European trophy since their European Cup victory in 1984. As UEFA Cup winners, Liverpool played in the 2001 UEFA Super Cup against Champions League winners Bayern Munich and won 3 -- 2.
In the 2001 -- 02 season, Liverpool returned to the European Cup, now called the UEFA Champions League, for the first time since the Heysel disaster. A 2 -- 0 victory over Roma in the second group stage meant they progressed to the quarter - finals. They faced German club Bayer Leverkusen and won the first leg 1 -- 0. The outlook for the second leg appeared to be to Liverpool 's advantage, as their counter-attacking style of play had served them well during away matches throughout the season; however, they lost the second leg 4 -- 2 and were eliminated 4 -- 3 on aggregate.
A second - place finish in the 2001 -- 02 FA Premier League entitled Liverpool to participate in the Champions League for a second successive season, but they only finished third in their group and were eliminated from the competition. The third - place finish meant they entered the 2002 -- 03 UEFA Cup. Liverpool beat Dutch team Vitesse Arnhem and Auxerre to set up an all - British tie with Scottish team Celtic. A 1 -- 1 draw in the first leg meant Liverpool would progress to the semi-finals if they did not concede a goal in the second leg at Anfield. However, Celtic scored before half - time and again in the second half to win 3 -- 1 on aggregate.
Liverpool entered the UEFA Cup for the 2003 -- 04 season, after Chelsea beat them on the final day of the previous league season to claim the fourth place needed to qualify for the Champions League. Liverpool were eliminated in the fourth round by eventual runners - up Marseille of France. At the end of the season, manager Gérard Houllier was replaced by Rafael Benítez.
Liverpool had finished fourth in the 2003 -- 04 season, which qualified them to compete in the Champions League in the 2004 -- 05 season. A poor start in the group stages, with two losses in their first five games, had the club facing elimination. A 3 -- 1 victory over Greek side Olympiacos, however, eventually ensured their passage to the knock - out rounds. Liverpool beat Bayer Leverkusen and Juventus to reach the semi-finals, and progressed to the final after they beat Chelsea 1 -- 0 on aggregate; the goal scored by Luis García was referred to as a "ghost goal '' by Chelsea manager José Mourinho, as it was unclear whether the ball crossed the goal line. Liverpool 's performances in Europe contrasted strongly with their league form, where they struggled to finish in the top - four and thus ensure qualification for the next Champions League season.
Liverpool faced six - time European champions Milan in the final at the Atatürk Stadium in Istanbul on 25 May 2005. Trailing 3 -- 0 at half - time, they scored three goals in a six - minute spell in the second half to level the score at 3 -- 3. There were no goals during extra time, so the match was decided by a penalty shoot - out. With the shoot - out score at 3 -- 2, Liverpool goalkeeper Jerzy Dudek saved Andriy Shevchenko 's penalty to give Liverpool victory. The nature of Liverpool 's comeback victory has led to the match being referred to as the "miracle of Istanbul. '' As this was the club 's fifth European Cup victory, Liverpool were allowed to keep the European Champion Clubs ' Cup permanently, and a new trophy was commissioned for the following year 's competition. The victory also entitled Liverpool to compete in the 2005 UEFA Super Cup at Stade Louis II, Monaco in August. They defeated UEFA Cup winners CSKA Moscow of Russia 3 -- 1 (aet.) to win their third Super Cup. Their success in the Champions League meant Liverpool also qualified for the 2005 FIFA Club World Championship, where they lost 1 -- 0 in the final to Brazilian team São Paulo.
A fifth - place finish in the Premier League in 2004 -- 05 meant Liverpool were not guaranteed entry into the Champions League, and faced the prospect of not being able to defend their European title. UEFA eventually ruled that they would be allowed to do so, but would be required to start in the first qualifying round, with no country protection, meaning they could face a team from England in the group stages. This turned out to be the case -- Liverpool advanced through three qualifying rounds and were drawn with Chelsea in the group stages. They progressed from their group as winners but were beaten by Benfica in the first knock - out round.
In the 2006 -- 07 Champions League, Liverpool progressed from the group stages and beat holders Barcelona, PSV and Chelsea to face Milan in a rematch of the 2005 final. The Liverpool team, which contained only five players from the 2005 final, enjoyed more possession than in 2005, but two goals from Filippo Inzaghi gave Milan their seventh European Cup in a 2 -- 1 win.
Liverpool were eliminated from the 2007 -- 08 Champions League in the semi-finals by Chelsea, who they had beaten in the semi-finals in 2005 and 2007. A fourth - place finish in the 2007 -- 08 Premier League secured their entry into the 2008 -- 09 Champions League. Liverpool reached the quarter - finals and again faced Chelsea, but lost 7 -- 5 on aggregate.
A second - place finish in the 2008 -- 09 Premier League entitled Liverpool to compete in the 2009 -- 10 UEFA Champions League, but their campaign was short - lived; they finished third in their group, and were eliminated from the competition. They entered the 2009 -- 10 UEFA Europa League, progressing to the semi-finals, where they were eliminated by eventual winners Atlético Madrid of Spain on the away goals rule after the tie finished 2 -- 2 on aggregate.
Rafael Benítez left the club at the end of the 2009 -- 10 season and was replaced by Roy Hodgson. A seventh - place finish in the 2009 -- 10 Premier League meant Liverpool would be competing in the 2010 -- 11 Europa League. They beat Rabotnički of Macedonia and Trabzonspor of Turkey to progress to the group stage, where Liverpool were drawn alongside Napoli, FC Utrecht and Steaua București. They won two games and drew four to finish top of their group with ten points and progress to the round of 32. They were drawn against Sparta Prague in the next round. Before the tie was played, however, Hodgson was replaced by former manager Kenny Dalglish, who initially served as a caretaker manager. A 1 -- 0 aggregate victory ensured progression to the round of 16, in which Liverpool lost 1 -- 0 on aggregate to eventual runners - up Braga. A sixth - place finish in the 2010 -- 11 Premier League meant the club failed to qualify for European competition for the first time since 1999. On the following season, victory in the League Cup final ensured Liverpool a place in the 2012 -- 13 Europa League.
Liverpool qualified for the knockout phase of the 2012 -- 13 Europa League after winning their group at the group stage, but were eliminated from the competition at the round of 32 by Zenit Saint Petersburg on the away goals rule after a 0 -- 2 loss away and a 3 -- 1 win at home. A seventh - place finish in the 2012 -- 13 Premier League and a failure to secure qualification via domestic cups meant Liverpool failed to qualify for any European competition in the 2013 -- 14 season. A second - placed finish in the 2013 -- 14 Premier League, ensured Liverpool qualified for the group stage of the 2014 -- 15 Champions League. One win out of six in the group stage meant they were eliminated and entered into the knockout phase of the 2014 -- 15 Europa League. The campaign was short - lived, as Liverpool eliminated by Beşiktaş in the round of 32.
Finishing sixth in the 2014 -- 15 Premier League qualified Liverpool directly to the group stage of the 2015 -- 16 Europa League, where they faced Sion, Bordeaux and for the first time, Russian side Rubin Kazan. During the group stage, manager Brendan Rodgers was replaced by Jürgen Klopp. After winning the group, Liverpool qualified for the knockout phase, beating FC Augsburg in the round of 32 before facing bitter rivals Manchester United in the round of 16, the two clubs ' first meeting in Europe. Liverpool defeated them 3 -- 1 on aggregate and victory led to a quarter - final tie with Klopp 's former team Borussia Dortmund. After a 1 -- 1 draw in the first leg at Signal Iduna Park, Dortmund went 3 -- 1 up in the return leg at Anfield with 33 minutes remaining, requiring Liverpool to score three goals due to the Away goals rule. Goals from Philippe Coutinho, Mamadou Sakho and a last minute winner from Dejan Lovren, however, saw Liverpool complete the comeback and qualify for their first European semi-final since 2010. There they faced Villarreal, completing a second comeback after overturning a 1 -- 0 defeat in the first leg at El Madrigal to qualify for the final with a 3 -- 1 aggregate win. Liverpool played Sevilla in the final at St. Jakob - Park, Basel, on 18 May, losing 3 -- 1. A 4th - place finish in the 2016 -- 17 Premier League qualified Liverpool for the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League and a return to Europe 's premier club tournament for only the second time in 8 years during the 2010s. On 17 October 2017, Liverpool won 7 - 0 away to Maribor in the third round of matches of the group stage of the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League. The win was a record away win for Liverpool in European competitions and also the biggest away win by an English team in the history of the European Cup. After qualifying top of their group, they proceeded to defeat Porto 5 - 0 at the Estadio de Dragao, before holding them to a 0 - 0 draw on the return leg, then defeated domestic rivals Manchester City 3 - 0 and 2 - 1, and in the semi-finals, defeated Roma 5 - 2 at Anfield, before a 4 - 2 loss led to a 7 - 6 aggregate win, taking them to the final, against holders Real Madrid. Liverpool lost the final by 3 - 1 but finished 4th in the 2017 -- 18 Premier League to qualify for the 2018 -- 19 UEFA Champions League.
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city and date on which the natural disaster occurred in india | Natural disasters in India - wikipedia
Natural disasters in India, many of them related to the climate of India, cause massive losses of life and property. Droughts, flash floods, cyclones, avalanches, landslides brought on by torrential rains, and snowstorms pose the greatest threats. A natural disaster might be caused by earthquakes, flooding, volcanic eruption, landslides, hurricanes etc. In order to be classified as a disaster it will have profound environmental effect and / or human loss and frequently incurs financial loss. Other dangers include frequent summer dust storms, which usually track from north to south; they cause extensive property damage in North India and deposit large amounts of dust from arid regions. Hail is also common in parts of India, causing severe damage to standing crops such as rice and wheat and many more crops.
Landslides are very common indeed in the Lower Himalayas. The young age of the region 's hills result in labile rock formations, which are susceptible to slippages. Rising population and development pressures, particularly from logging and tourism, cause deforestation. The result is denuded hillsides which exacerbate the severity of landslides; since tree cover impedes the downhill flow of water. Parts of the Western Ghats also suffer from low - intensity landslides. Avalanches occurrences are common in Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Sikkim.
Floods are the most common natural disaster in India. The heavy southwest monsoon rains cause the Brahmaputra and other rivers to distend their banks, often flooding surrounding areas. Though they provide rice paddy farmers with a largely dependable source of natural irrigation and fertilisation, the floods can kill thousands and displace millions. Excess, erratic, or untimely monsoon rainfall may also wash away or otherwise ruin crops. Almost all of India is flood - prone, and extreme precipitation events, such as flash floods and torrential rains, have become increasingly common in central India over the past several decades, coinciding with rising temperatures. Meanwhile, the annual precipitation totals have shown a gradual decline, due to a weakening monsoon circulation as a result of the rapid warming in the Indian Ocean and a reduced land - sea temperature difference. This means that there are more extreme rainfall events intermittent with longer dry spells over central India in the recent decades.
Intertropical Convergence Zone, may affect thousands of Indians living in the coastal regions. Tropical cyclogenesis is particularly common in the northern reaches of the Indian Ocean in and around the Bay of Bengal. Cyclones bring with them heavy rains, storm surges, and winds that often cut affected areas off from relief and supplies. In the North Indian Ocean Basin, the cyclone season runs from April to December, with peak activity between May and November. Each year, an average of eight storms with sustained wind speeds greater than 63 kilometres per hour (39 mph) form; of these, two strengthen into true tropical cyclones, which have sustained gusts greater than 117 kilometres per hour (73 mph). On average, a major (Category 3 or higher) cyclone develops every other year.
During summer, the Bay of Bengal is subject to intense heating, giving rise to humid and unstable air masses that produce cyclones. Many powerful cyclones, including the 1737 Calcutta cyclone, the 1970 Bhola cyclone, the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone and the 1999 Odisha cyclone have led to widespread devastation along parts of the eastern coast of India and neighboring Bangladesh. Widespread death and property destruction are reported every year in exposed coastal states such as Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal. India 's western coast, bordering the more placid Arabian Sea, experiences cyclones only rarely; these mainly strike Gujarat and, less frequently, Kerala.
In terms of damage and loss of life, Cyclone 05B, a supercyclone that struck Orissa on 29 October 1999, was the worst in more than a quarter - century. With peak winds of 160 miles per hour (257 km / h), it was the equivalent of a Category 5 hurricane. Almost two million people were left homeless; another 20 million people lives were disrupted by the cyclone. Officially, 9,803 people died from the storm; unofficial estimates place the death toll at over 10,100.
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where are the lost ten tribes of israel lds | Ten Lost Tribes - wikipedia
The ten lost tribes were the ten of the twelve tribes of ancient Israel that were said to have been deported from the Kingdom of Israel after its conquest by the Neo-Assyrian Empire circa 722 BCE. These are the tribes of Reuben, Simeon, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, Manasseh and Ephraim. Claims of descent from the "lost '' tribes have been proposed in relation to many groups, and some religions espouse a messianic view that the tribes will return.
In the 7th and 8th centuries CE, the return of the lost tribes was associated with the concept of the coming of the messiah.
The Jewish historian Josephus (37 -- 100 CE) wrote that "the ten tribes are beyond the Euphrates till now, and are an immense multitude and not to be estimated in numbers ''.
Historian Tudor Parfitt has declared that "the Lost Tribes are indeed nothing but a myth '', and he writes that "this myth is a vital feature of colonial discourse throughout the long period of European overseas empires, from the beginning of the fifteenth century, until the later half of the twentieth ''. Zvi Ben - Dor Benite states: "The fascination with the tribes has generated, alongside ostensibly nonfictional scholarly studies, a massive body of fictional literature and folktale. '' Anthropologist Shalva Weil has documented differing tribes and peoples claiming affiliation to the Lost Tribes throughout the world.
The scriptural basis for the idea of "10 Lost Tribes '' is 2 Kings 17: 6: "In the ninth year of Hoshea, the king of Assyria captured Samaria and deported the Israelites to Assyria. He settled them in Halah, in Gozan on the Habor River and in the towns of the Medes. '' According to the Hebrew Bible, Jacob (who was later named Israel; Genesis 35: 10) had 12 sons and at least one daughter (Dinah) by two wives and two concubines. The twelve sons fathered the twelve Tribes of Israel.
Thus, the two divisions of the tribes are:
According to the Bible, the Kingdom of Israel (or Northern Kingdom) was one of the successor states to the older United Monarchy (also called the Kingdom of Israel), which came into existence in about the 930s BCE after the northern Tribes of Israel rejected Solomon 's son Rehoboam as their king. Nine landed tribes formed the Northern Kingdom: the tribes of Reuben, Issachar, Zebulun, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Ephraim, and Manasseh. In addition, some members of the Tribe of Levi, who had no land allocation, were found in the Northern Kingdom. The Tribes of Judah and Benjamin remained loyal to Rehoboam, and formed the Kingdom of Judah (or Southern Kingdom). Members of Levi and the remnant of Simeon were also found in the Southern Kingdom.
According to 2 Chronicles 15: 9, members of the tribes of Ephraim, Manasseh, and Simeon "fled '' to Judah during the reign of Asa of Judah (c. 911 -- 870 BCE). Whether these groups were absorbed into the population or remained distinct groups, or returned to their tribal lands is not indicated.
In c. 732 BCE, the Assyrian king Tiglath - Pileser III sacked Damascus and Israel, annexing Aramea and territory of the tribes of Reuben, Gad and Manasseh in Gilead including the desert outposts of Jetur, Naphish, and Nodab. People from these tribes, including the Reubenite leader, were taken captive and resettled in the region of the Khabur River system in Assyria / Mesopotamia. Tiglath - Pilesar also captured the territory of Naphtali and the city of Janoah in Ephraim, and an Assyrian governor was placed over the region of Naphtali. According to 2 Kings 16: 9 and 15: 29, the population of Aram and the annexed part of Israel was deported to Assyria.
Israel continued to exist within the reduced territory as an independent kingdom subject to Assyria until around 725 -- 720 BCE, when it was again invaded by Assyria and the rest of the population deported. The Bible relates that the population of Israel was exiled, leaving only the Tribe of Judah, the Tribe of Simeon (that was "absorbed '' into Judah), the Tribe of Benjamin, and the people of the Tribe of Levi who lived among them of the original Israelite tribes in the southern Kingdom of Judah. However, Israel Finkelstein estimated that only a fifth of the population (about 40,000) were actually resettled out of the area during the two deportation periods under Tiglath - Pileser III, Shalmaneser V, and Sargon II. Many also fled south to Jerusalem, which appears to have expanded in size fivefold during this period, requiring a new wall to be built, and a new source of water (Siloam) to be provided by King Hezekiah. Furthermore, 2 Chronicles 30: 1 - 11 explicitly mentions northern Israelites who had been spared by the Assyrians -- in particular, members of Dan, Ephraim, Manasseh, Asher, and Zebulun -- and how members of the latter three returned to worship at the Temple in Jerusalem at that time.
2 Kings 17: 34 says, "To this day they persist in their former practices. They neither worship Yahweh nor adhere to the decrees and regulations, the laws and commands that Yahweh gave the descendants of Jacob, whom he named Israel. '' The medieval rabbi and biblical commentator David Kimhi explains that this is in reference to the tribes that were exiled, and that they remained in their ways, neither accepting a monotheistic God nor in adhering to any of the laws and regulations that were common to all Jews.
The Hebrew Bible does not use the phrase "ten lost tribes '', leading some to question the number of tribes involved. 1 Kings 11: 31 states that the kingdom would be taken from Solomon and ten tribes given to Jeroboam:
And he said to Jeroboam, Take thee ten pieces: for thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel, Behold, I will rend the kingdom out of the hand of Solomon, and will give ten tribes to thee.
...
But I will take the kingdom out of his son 's hand, and will give it unto thee, even ten tribes.
According to Zvi Ben - Dor Benite:
Centuries after their disappearance, the ten lost tribes sent an indirect but vital sign... In 2 Esdras, we read about the ten tribes and "their long journey through that region, which is called Arzareth ''... The book of the "Vision of Ezra '', or Esdras, was written in Hebrew or Aramaic by a Palestinian Jew sometime before the end of the first century CE, shortly after the destruction of the temple by the Romans. It is one of a group of texts later designated as the so - called Apocrypha -- pseudoepigraphal books attached to but not included in the Hebrew biblical canon.
Some evidence exists of a continuing identification in later centuries of individual Israelites to the Lost Tribes. For example, in Luke 2: 36 of the New Testament, an individual is identified with the tribe of Asher.
In Ezekiel 37: 16 - 17, the prophet is told:
"Son of man, take a stick and write on it, ' For Judah, and the people of Israel associated with him '; then take another stick and write on it, ' For Joseph (the stick of Ephraim) and all the house of Israel associated with him '. And join them one to another into one stick, that they may become one in your hand. ''
There are discussions in the Talmud as to whether the ten lost tribes will eventually be reunited with the Tribe of Judah; that is, with the Jewish people. In the Talmud, the Sanhedrin equate the exile of the lost tribes with being morally and spiritually lost. In Tractate Sanhedrin 110B, Rabbi Eliezer states:
Just like a day is followed by darkness, and the light later returns, so too, although it will become ' dark '. for the ten tribes, G ‐ d will ultimately take them out of their darkness.
In the Jerusalem Talmud, Rabbi Shimon ben Yehudah, of the town of Acco, states in the name of Rabbi Shimon:
If their deeds are as this day 's, they will not return; otherwise they shall.
Augustine of Hippo also had no regard for the ten lost tribes theory, by mentioning that "each of the twelve tribes six men '' were selected, by Eleazer the High Priest of Jerusalem, during the reign of "Ptolemy, called Philadelphus '', concerning the translation of the Hebrew scripture into Greek. The supposed translation of the Hebrew Scriptures took place before the Common Era, hundreds of years after the Ten Lost Tribes narrative.
The increased currency of tales relating to lost tribes that occurred in the 17th century was due to the confluence of several factors. According to Parfitt:
As Michael Pollack shows, Menassah 's argument was based on "three separate and seemingly unrelated sources: a verse from the book of Isaiah, Matteo Ricci 's discovery of an old Jewish community in the heart of China and Antonio Montezinos ' reported encounter with members of the Lost Tribes in the wilds of South America ''.
In 1605, Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci discovered a small community consisting of approximately ten to twelve families of Chinese Jews in Kaifeng, China, the Kaifeng Jews. According to historical records, a Jewish community in Kaifaeng built a synagogue in 1163 during the Southern Song Dynasty, which existed until the late nineteenth century.
The Portuguese traveler and Marrano Sephardic Jew Antonio de Montezinos returned to Europe with accounts that some of the Lost Tribes were living as Native Americans of the Andes in South America. Menasseh ben Israel, a noted rabbi and printer in Amsterdam, was excited by this news. He believed that a Messianic age was approaching, and that having Jewish people settled around the world was necessary for it.
In 1649 Menassah published his book, The Hope of Israel, in Spanish and in Latin in Amsterdam; it included Montezinos ' account of the Lost Tribes in the New World. An English translation was published in London in 1650. In it Menasseh argued, and for the first time tried to give learned support in European thought and printing, to the theory that the native inhabitants of America at the time of the European discovery were actually descendants of the (lost) Ten Tribes of Israel. Menasseh noted how important Montezinos ' account was,
for the Scriptures do not tell what people first inhabited those Countries; neither was there mention of them by any, til Christop. Columbus, Americus, Vespacius, Ferdinandus, Cortez, the Marquesse Del Valle, and Franciscus Pizarrus went thither...
He wrote on 23 December 1649:
I think that the Ten Tribes live not only there... but also in other lands scattered everywhere; these never did come back to the Second Temple and they keep till this day still the Jewish Religion...
In 1655, Menasseh ben Israel petitioned Oliver Cromwell to allow the Jews to return to England in furtherance of the Messianic goal. (Since the Edict of Expulsion in 1290, Jews had been prohibited by law from living in England.) With the approach of 1666, considered a significant date, Cromwell was allegedly interested in the return of the Jews to England because of the many theories circulating related to millennial thinking about the end of the world. Many of these ideas were fixed upon the year 1666 and the Fifth Monarchy Men who were looking for the return of Jesus as the Messiah; he was expected to establish a final kingdom to rule the physical world for a thousand years. Messianic believers supported Cromwell 's Republic in the expectation that it was a preparation for the fifth monarchy -- that is, the monarchy that should succeed the Babylonian, Persian, Greek, and Roman world empires.
Apocryphal accounts concerning the Lost Tribes, based to varying degrees on biblical accounts, have been produced by both Jews and Christians since at least the 17th century. An Ashkenazi Jewish tradition speaks of these tribes as Die Roite Yiddelech, "the little red Jews '', cut off from the rest of Jewry by the legendary river Sambation, "whose foaming waters raise high up into the sky a wall of fire and smoke that is impossible to pass through ''.
Historians generally concluded that the groups referred to as the Lost Tribes merged with the local population. For instance, the New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia states:
In historic fact, some members of the Ten Tribes remained in Palestine, where apart from the Samaritans some of their descendants long preserved their identity among the Jewish population, others were assimilated, while others were presumably absorbed by the last Judean exiles who in 597 -- 586 BC were deported to Assyria... Unlike the Judeans of the southern Kingdom, who survived a similar fate 135 years later, they soon assimilated...
The Book of Mormon is based on the premise that two families of Israelites escaped from Israel shortly before the sacking of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar and that they constructed a boat, crossed the ocean, and arrived in the New World as founders of Native American tribes and eventually the Polynesians. Mormons believe the two founding tribes were called Nephites and Lamanites, that the Nephites were white and practiced Christianity, and that the Lamanites were rebellious and received dark skin from God as a mark to separate the two tribes. Eventually the Lamanites wiped out the Nephites around 400 AD, leaving only dark skinned Native Americans. The descent of Native Americans from Israel is a key part of Mormonism 's foundational beliefs. For example, Native American Mormons are almost always declared to be of the house of Manasseh when receiving Patriarchal Blessings, which purport to reveal ethnic lineage.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints (LDS Church) believes in the literal gathering of Israel, and the LDS Church actively preaches the gathering of people from the twelve tribes. "Today Israelites are found in all countries of the world. Many of these people do not know that they are descended from the ancient house of Israel, '' the church teaches in its basic Gospel Principles manual. "The Lord promised that His covenant people would someday be gathered... God gathers His children through missionary work. As people come to a knowledge of Jesus Christ, receiving the ordinances of salvation and keeping the associated covenants, they become ' the children of the covenant ' (3 Nephi 20: 26). ''
The LDS church also teaches that "The power and authority to direct the work of gathering the house of Israel was given to Joseph Smith by the prophet Moses, who appeared in 1836 in the Kirtland Temple... The Israelites are to be gathered spiritually first and then physically. They are gathered spiritually as they join The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints and make and keep sacred covenants... The physical gathering of Israel means that the covenant people will be "gathered home to the lands of their inheritance, and shall be established in all their lands of promise '' (2 Nephi 9: 2). The tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh will be gathered in the Americas. The tribe of Judah will return to the city of Jerusalem and the area surrounding it. The ten lost tribes will receive from the tribe of Ephraim their promised blessings (see D&C 133: 26 -- 34)... The physical gathering of Israel will not be complete until the Second Coming of the Savior and on into the Millennium (see Joseph Smith -- Matthew 1: 37). ''
One of their main Articles of Faith, written by Joseph Smith, is as follows: "We believe in the literal gathering of Israel and in the restoration of the Ten Tribes; that Zion (the New Jerusalem) will be built upon the American continent; that Christ will reign personally upon the earth; and, that the earth will be renewed and receive its paradisiacal glory. '' (LDS Articles of Faith # 10)
Regarding the Ezekiel 37 prophecy, the LDS church teaches that the Book of Mormon is the stick of Ephraim (or Joseph) mentioned and that the Bible is the stick of Judah, thus comprising two witnesses for Jesus Christ. The LDS church believes the Book of Mormon to be a collection of records by prophets of the ancient Americas, written on plates of gold and translated by Joseph Smith c. 1830. The LDS church considers the Book of Mormon one of the main tools for the spiritual gathering of Israel.
Expanded exploration and study of groups throughout the world through archeology and the new field of anthropology in the late 19th century led to a revival or reworking of accounts of the Lost Tribes. For instance, because archeological finds of the Mississippian culture 's complex earthwork mounds seemed beyond the skills of the Native American cultures known to European Americans at the time of their discovery, it was theorized that the ancient civilizations involved in the mounds ' construction were linked to the Lost Tribes. They tried to fit new information into a biblical construct. However, the earthworks across North America have been conclusively linked to various Native groups, and most archaeologists now consider the theory of non-Native origin to be pseudo-science.
After learning about normative Judaism in the 19th century, the Bene Israel often migrated from villages in Konkan to nearby cities, which included Mumbai, Pune, Ahmedabad, and Karachi. Based on Bene Israel tradition, after centuries of traveling through Western Asia from Israel, their ancestors migrated to India and slowly assimilated into the surrounding community, while maintaining particular Jewish traditions. David Rahabi, an Indian Jew, found the Bene Israel in the 18th century and took note of their Jewish customs. Some historians note that the ancestors of the Bene Israel belonged to one of the Lost Tribes of Israel; however, Jewish authorities have not officially recognized the Bene Israel as one of the Lost Tribes. In 1964 the Israeli Rabbinate ruled that the Bene Israel are "full Jews in every respect ''.
The Report of the High Level Commission on the Indian Diaspora (2012) reviewed life in Israel for the Bene Israel community. It noted that the city of Beersheba in Southern Israel has the largest community of Bene Israel, with a sizable one in Ramla. They have a new kind of transnational family. Generally the Bene Israel have not been politically active and have had modest means. They have not formed continuing economic connections to India and have limited political status in Israel. Jews of Indian origin are generally regarded as Sephardic; they have become well integrated religiously with the Sephardhim community in Israel. Since the late 20th century, members of Bene Israel have also settled in North America, mostly in Canada.
Since the late 20th century, some tribes in the Indian North - Eastern states of Mizoram and Manipur claim they are Lost Israelites and have been studying Hebrew and Judaism. The chief rabbi of Israel ruled in 2005 that the Bnei Menashe was recognized as part of a lost tribe, allowing aliyah after formal conversion.
The Beta Israel ("House of Israel '') are Ethiopian Jews, who were also called "Falashas '' in the past. Some members of the Beta Israel, as well as several Jewish scholars, believe that they are descended from the lost Tribe of Dan, as opposed to the traditional story of their descent from the Queen of Sheba. They have a tradition of being connected to Jerusalem. Early DNA studies showed that they were descended from Ethiopians, but in the 21st century, new studies have shown their possible descent from a few Jews who lived in either the 4th or 5th century, possibly in Sudan. The Beta Israel made contacts with other Jewish communities in the later 20th century. After Halakhic and constitutional discussions, Israeli officials decided on 14 March 1977 that the Israeli Law of Return applied to the Beta Israel.
The Igbo Jews of Nigeria claim descent variously from the tribes of Ephraim, Naphtali, Menasseh, Levi, Zebulun and Gad. The theory, however, does not hold up to historical scrutiny. Historians have examined the historical literature on West Africa from the colonial era and they have elucidated diverse functions which such theories served for the writers who proposed them.
The Pashtuns are a predominantly Muslim Iranic people, native to Afghanistan and Pakistan, who adhere to a pre-Islamic indigenous religious code of honor and culture, Pashtunwali. The myth about Pashtuns being from the lost tribes of Israel has never been substantiated through concrete historical evidence. Many members of the Taliban hail from the Pashtun tribes and they do not necessarily disclaim their alleged "Israelite '' descent.
The tribal name ' Yusef Zai ' in Pashto translates as the "sons of Joseph '', as described in Makhzan - i - Afghani, a historical work from the 17th century by Nehamtullah, an official in the royal court of Mughal Emperor Jehangir. A similar story is told by the Iranian historian Ferishta.
A number of genetic studies refute the possibility of a connection, whereas others maintain a link.
In 2010, The Guardian reported that the Israeli government was planning to fund a genetic study in order to test the veracity of a genetic link between the Pashtuns and the lost tribes of Israel. The article stated "Historical and anecdotal evidence strongly suggests a connection, but definitive scientific proof has never been found. Some leading Israeli anthropologists believe that, of all the many groups in the world who claim a connection to the 10 lost tribes, the Pashtuns, or Pathans, have the most compelling case. ''
The Sefwi tribe in Ghana had a history of some Judaic practices, including observing the Sabbath, circumcision at eight days (brit milah), a rite of manhood at 13 years, observing laws of family purity (taharat mishpacha or niddah). In 1977 a member of the tribe, Aaron Ahotre Toakyirafa had a vision that he was Jewish and part of a lost tribe of Israel. Some scholars believe the Jewish customs likely represent Jews who were part of the expulsion from Spain in 1492 who migrated south from Morocco. The community is now known as the "House of Israel ''.
Several theories claim that the Scythians and / or Cimmerians were in whole or in part the Lost Tribes of Israel. These are generally based on the belief that the Northern Kingdom of Israel, which had been deported by the Assyrians, became known in history as the Scythians and / or Cimmerians. Various points of view exist as to their modern descendants.
The Behistun Inscription is often cited as a link between the deported Israelites, the Cimmerians and the Scythians (Saka).
The 19th - century British scholar George Rawlinson wrote:
We have reasonable grounds for regarding the Gimirri, or Cimmerians, who first appeared on the confines of Assyria and Media in the seventh century B.C., and the Sacae of the Behistun Rock, nearly two centuries later, as identical with the Beth - Khumree of Samaria, or the Ten Tribes of the House of Israel.
Adherents point out that the Behistun Inscription connects the people known in Old Persian and Elamite as Saka, Sacae or Scythian with the people known in Babylonian as Gimirri or Cimmerian.
It should be made clear from the start that the terms ' Cimmerian ' and ' Scythian ' were interchangeable: in Akkadian the name Iskuzai (Asguzai) occurs only exceptionally. Gimirrai (Gamir) was the normal designation for ' Cimmerians ' as well as ' Scythians ' in Akkadian.
E. Raymond Capt, a British Israelite, claimed similarities between King Jehu 's pointed headdress and that of the captive Saka king seen to the far right on the Behistun Inscription. He also posited that the Assyrian word for the House of Israel, Khumri, which was named after Israel 's King Omri of the 8th century BC, is connected phonetically to Gimirri (Cimmerian).
Dimont (1933) says of the Israel / Scythian theory that the customs of the Scythians and the Cimmerians differ from those of the Ancient Israelites.
In 1650, a British minister named Thomas Thorowgood, who was a preacher in Norfolk, published a book entitled Jewes in America or Probabilities that the Americans are of that Race, which he had prepared for the New England missionary society. Tudor Parfitt writes:
The society was active in trying to convert the Indians but suspected that they might be Jews and realized they better be prepared for an arduous task. Thorowgood 's tract argued that the native population of North America were descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes.
In 1652 Sir Hamon L'Estrange, an English author writing on topics such as history and theology published an exegetical tract called Americans no Jews, or improbabilities that the Americans are of that Race in response to the tract by Thorowgood. In response to L'Estrange, Thorowgood published a second edition of his book in 1660 with a revised title and included a foreword written by John Eliot, a Puritan missionary to the Indians who had translated the Bible into an Indian language.
Some writers have speculated that the Japanese people may be the direct descendants of some of the Ten Lost Tribes. Tudor Parfitt writes that "the spread of the fantasy of Israelite origin... forms a consistent feature of the Western colonial enterprise '':
It is in fact in Japan that we can trace the most remarkable evolution in the Pacific of an imagined Judaic past. As elsewhere in the world, the theory that aspects of the country were to be explained via an Israelite model was introduced by Western agents.
In 1878, Scottish immigrant to Japan Nicholas McLeod self - published Epitome of the Ancient History of Japan. McLeod drew correlations between his observations of Japan and the fulfillment of biblical prophecy:
The civilized race of the Aa. Inus, the Tokugawa and the Machi No Hito of the large towns, by dwelling in the tent or tabernacle shaped houses first erected by Jin Mu Tenno, have fulfilled Noah 's prophecy regarding Japhet, "He shall dwell in the tents of Shem. ''
Several other authors have followed McLeod in speculating about parallels between Japanese and Israelite rituals, culture and language in an attempt to support the hypothesis. Arimasa Kubo, an ordained Christian minister, has translated McLeod 's book into Japanese, and has published a number of works on the topic. In his article, "Mystery of the Ten Lost Tribes: Japan '', he asserts that many traditional customs and ceremonies in Japan are very similar to those of ancient Israel. He postulates that perhaps these rituals came from the Jews through members of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel, who might have come to ancient Japan.
Jon Entine emphasizes that DNA evidence shows that there are no genetic links between Japanese and Israelite people.
Emperor Jimmu (神武 天皇 Jinmu - tennō) was the first Emperor of Japan, according to legend. His accession is traditionally dated as 660 BC. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu (737 -- 806), the eighth - century scholar Ōmi no Mifune designated rulers before Ōjin as tennō (天皇, "heavenly sovereign ''), a Japanese pendant to the Chinese imperial title Tiān - dì (天帝), and posthumously gave several of them including Emperor Jimmu their canonical names. Prior to this time, these rulers had been known as sumera no mikoto / ōkimi. The - no - mikoto ending is a common honorific suffix for the names of gods, of similar meaning to "the grand, the great, the exalted ''. Some may theorize that the term sumera is a variant of Sumer. However, this sumera is formed from honorific root sume + suffix ra, rendering any etymological connection unlikely.
The Lemba people (Vhalemba) from Southern Africa claim to be the descendants of several Jewish men who traveled from what is now Yemen to Africa in search of gold, where they took wives and established new communities. Recent research published in the South African Medical Journal studied Y - chromosomes variations in two groups of Lemba, one South African and the other Zimbabwean (the Remba). It concluded that "While it was not possible to trace unequivocally the origins of the non-African Y chromosomes in the Lemba and Remba, this study does not support the earlier claims of their Jewish genetic heritage. '' The researcher suggested "a stronger link with Middle Eastern populations, probably the result of trade activity in the Indian Ocean ''. They have specific religious practices similar to those in Judaism and a tradition of being a migrant people, with clues pointing to an origin in West Asia or North Africa. According to the oral history of the Lemba, their ancestors were Jews who came from a place called Sena several hundred years ago and settled in East Africa. Sena is an abandoned ancient town in Yemen, located in the eastern Hadramaut valley, which history indicates Jews inhabited in past centuries. Some research suggests that "Sena '' may refer to Wadi Masilah (near Sayhut) in Yemen, often called Sena, or alternatively to the city of Sana'a, also located in Yemen.
British Israelism (also known as ' Anglo - Israelism ') espouses the theory that people of northwestern European descent, especially those who live in the United Kingdom and the United States, are descended from the lost tribes of Israel.
Adherents believe that the deported Israelites became Scythians / Cimmerians who they say are ancestors of the Celts / Anglo - Saxons of Western Europe. The theory arose in England, from whence it spread to the United States. During the 20th century, British Israelism was promoted by Herbert W. Armstrong, founder of the Worldwide Church of God. The Worldwide Church of God no longer teaches the theory, but some offshoot churches such as the Philadelphia Church of God, the Church of God, an International Community, the Church of God, a Worldwide Association, United Church of God and the Living Church of God continue to teach it. One notable adherent of British Israelism was Alberta premier "Bible Bill '' Aberhart.
Tudor Parfitt, author of The Lost Tribes: The History of a Myth, states that the proof cited by adherents of British Israelism is "of a feeble composition even by the low standards of the genre '' (Parfitt, 2003. p. 61).
Brit - Am, sometimes confused with British Israelism, is an organization centered in Jerusalem, and composed of Jews and non-Jews. Brit - Am, like British Israel, identifies the Lost Ten Tribes with peoples of West European descent, but does so from a Jewish perspective, quoting both biblical and Rabbinical sources. It uses Rabbinical Commentary supplemented by secular theories that posit the Lost Tribes / Scythian / Cimmerian connection, which are believed to have been ancestors of current Western European cultures and nations. An example of Brit - Am scholarship may be seen from its treatment of Obadiah 1: 20 in Hebrew. Obadiah mentions "Galut HaHail HaZeh '' i.e. "this First Exile '' being in "Tsarafath '', where the original Hebrew was understood by Rabbinical commentators such as Rashi and Don Isaac Abrabanel as referring to the Lost Ten Tribes in France and England. Brit - Am also believes that "Other Israelite Tribes gave rise to elements within Finland, Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, Ireland, Wales, France, The Netherlands, and Belgium '' and that "The Tribe of Dan is to be found amongst part of the Danish, Irish, and Welsh. '' Brit - Am also believes that the Khazars were descended from the Ten Tribes and quotes Jewish and non-Jewish sources that were contemporaneous with them.
Other organizations teach other variants of the theory, including the claim that the Scythians / Cimmerians represented in whole or in part the Ten Lost Tribes. One such theory posits that the lost Israelites can be defined by the Y - DNA haplogroup R, which makes up much of the population of Europe and Russia, which is in conjunction with British Israelism and Brit - Am, which believe that the Israelites crossed the Bosphorus into modern day Turkey, from there they made their way to Odessa on the Black Sea (formerly in Russia) and over a period of time travelled through Eastern Europe, then into Western Europe through France and onto the British Isles, including Ireland.
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when does despicable me 3 come out in mexico | Despicable Me 3 - wikipedia
Despicable Me 3 (stylized in marketing and onscreen as Despicable M3) is a 2017 American 3D computer - animated comedy film produced by Illumination Entertainment for Universal Pictures. It is the third main installment in the Despicable Me film series and the sequel to Despicable Me 2 (2013). The film is directed by Pierre Coffin and Kyle Balda, co-directed by Eric Guillon and written by Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio.
In the film, Gru teams up with his long - lost twin brother Dru in order to defeat a new enemy named Balthazar Bratt, a 1980s child actor who grows up to become a villain. Steve Carell, Miranda Cosgrove and Dana Gaier reprise their roles of Gru, Margo and Edith from the first two films and Julie Andrews returns as Marlena, Gru 's mother from Despicable Me (2010). Kristen Wiig and Steve Coogan return from Despicable Me 2 and Trey Parker, Jenny Slate and Nev Scharrel (replacing Elsie Fisher as Agnes) join the cast. Russell Brand does not reprise his role as Dr. Nefario from the first two films.
Despicable Me 3 premiered on June 14, 2017, at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival, and was released in the United States on June 30, 2017, by Universal Pictures. The film received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed $1 billion worldwide, making it the third - highest - grossing film of 2017, 6th - highest - grossing animated film of all time and 30th - highest - grossing overall; and also as well as being Illumination 's second film to gross a billion, after the previous film Minions.
Former villain Gru is now an agent for the Anti-Villain League (AVL). He and his partner / wife Lucy are sent to foil the plans of Balthazar Bratt, a former child star turned evil. Gru manages to stop Bratt from stealing the world 's largest diamond, but is unable to capture him. As a result of failing to capture Bratt, Gru and Lucy are fired from the AVL by its unreasonable new director Valerie Da Vinci, following the retirement of Silas Ramsbottom.
Gru and Lucy reluctantly tell their children, Margo, Edith, and Agnes, of their termination, but assure them they will find new jobs. Most of Gru 's Minions leave Gru when he refuses to return to villainy despite losing his job. Meanwhile, Lucy struggles to adapt to her new role as the children 's new mom. The next morning, the family is approached by Fritz, the butler of Gru 's cheerful twin brother Dru, who lives in a distant country named Freedonia and longs to meet him. Gru is shocked to learn he has a twin. He confronts his mother, who reveals that when she and her husband divorced, they agreed to keep one child each. The family decides to travel to meet Dru, and they are surprised at his immense wealth, which Fritz attributes to their pig farm business. Meanwhile, the Minions are arrested for trespassing at a talent show set. Bratt manages to steal the diamond again, intending to use it to power a giant robot and destroy Hollywood as revenge for the cancellation of his show.
Dru reveals to Gru that their recently deceased father was a legendary supervillain, whose villainous activities are the real source of the family 's wealth. As Dru was dismissed by their father as a disgrace, he asks his brother to teach him how to be a villain. When Gru refuses to revert to his old ways, Dru takes him on a joyride around Freedonia in their father 's technologically advanced car and the siblings bond. Meanwhile, Lucy tries to balance her tasks as a mom, which she exhibits after turning away a young boy named Niko who had fallen for Margo in the midst of a traditional cheese festival, while Edith and Agnes stumble into a local tavern and learn from the bartender about a mythical unicorn which lurks in a nearby forest. Gru tries to convince Agnes that unicorns are imaginary, but decides against it to avoid hurting her feelings. The next day, Agnes and Edith set out into the woods to track the mythical horse, only to find a one - horned goat whom Agnes adopts and dubs "Lucky. '' Meanwhile, the Minions ' longing for Gru motivates them to escape from prison.
Dru convinces Gru to steal the diamond, with Gru secretly intending to bring it to the AVL, which he hopes will convince Da Vinci to rehire him. Despite several setbacks, they manage to retrieve the diamond and are rescued by Lucy after narrowly escaping. After finding out Gru 's true motives, Dru confronts his brother about his lie. In return, Gru insults him and decides to leave Freedonia. Bratt, disguised as Lucy, kidnaps the children, and once again acquires the diamond. Gru and Dru resolve their differences and pursue him.
With his robot powered by the diamond, Bratt terrorizes Hollywood, intending to send it into space with the use of superpowered gum. Lucy saves the children while Gru and Dru weaken Bratt 's robot with the weapons of their father 's car. Gru is knocked unconscious when the car is destroyed, and Dru manages to destroy the robot 's core from the inside when Bratt threatens to kill Gru. When Gru recovers, he battles Bratt in a dance fight, using it as a distraction to grab his weaponized keytar, and defeats him. Having rendezvoused with Gru, the Minions manage to destroy the gum already covering the city, and Gru and Dru reunite.
Soon afterward, Gru and Lucy are reinstated in the AVL and the newly united family celebrate in Gru 's home. Lucy is acknowledged by the children as their mother. Lured back to villainy, Dru steals Gru 's ship, accompanied by the Minions. Gru and Lucy decide to give them a five - minute head - start before engaging pursuit.
Steve Burke, the NBCUniversal CEO, confirmed in September 2013 that a third film in the Despicable Me series was in development. Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio, the writers of the first two films, announced that they would return to write the screenplay for the film. On April 13, 2016, Trey Parker, co-creator of South Park, was cast as the main antagonist for the film, Balthazar Bratt.
The soundtrack for Despicable Me 3 was released on June 23, 2017. Pharrell Williams released the new song "Yellow Light '' for the soundtrack, which was made available through digital download and streaming.
Notes
The film premiered on June 14, 2017, at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival. It was released in the United States on June 30, 2017.
The first official trailer for the film was released on December 14, 2016; with the second released on March 14, 2017. A secondary trailer, designed for TV usage was released on April 21, 2017. A third trailer was released on May 24, 2017.
Despicable Me 3 will be released on DVD and Blu - ray on October 10, 2017 in the US, and November 6, 2017 in the UK.
As of September 24, 2017, Despicable Me 3 has grossed $261.8 million in the United States and Canada and $758.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $1.020 billion, against a production budget of $80 million. On September 8, it passed the $1 billion threshold, becoming the second Despicable Me film (after Minions), second non-Disney - animated film (after Minions), third film of 2017 (after Beauty and the Beast and The Fate of the Furious), the sixth animated film (after Toy Story 3, Frozen, Minions, Zootopia, and Finding Dory), and the thirty - first film overall to pass the mark. It became the first film since The Fate of the Furious (also a Universal property) in April 2017 to make over a billion dollars.
In North America, the film opened alongside The House and Baby Driver, as well as the wide expansion of The Beguiled, and was projected to gross $85 -- 95 million in its opening weekend. It played in 4,529 theaters, setting the record for widest release of all time, beating the amount set by The Twilight Saga: Eclipse in 2010. It made $4.1 million from Thursday night previews, down slightly from the $4.7 million of the second film and $6.2 million made by Minions, and $29.2 million on its first day. It went on to debut to $72.4 million, slightly below expectations and the lowest of the series since the first film, but still topped the box office and was the 4th - best opening for Illumination. It also opened to more than the next five films did combined (Baby Driver 's $20.6 million, Transformers: The Last Knight 's $16.9 million, Wonder Woman 's $15.7 million, Cars 3 's $9.7 million and The House 's $8.7 million). In its second weekend the film grossed $33.6 million (a drop of 53.6 %, more than the previous Despicable Me films but similar to Minions), finishing second at the box office behind newcomer Spider - Man: Homecoming ($117 million).
Internationally the film was released in five markets on June 16, 2017, and grossed $9.9 million in its opening weekend. In its third week of release the film opened in 46 more markets, grossing $95.6 million.
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 61 % based on 160 reviews, and an average rating of 5.7 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, "Despicable Me 3 should keep fans of the franchise consistently entertained with another round of colorful animation and zany -- albeit somewhat scattershot -- humor. '' On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score of 49 out of 100 based on 37 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews ''. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A − '' on an A+ to F scale.
IGN gave the film a score of 6 / 10, saying, "It 's not much, but Despicable Me 3 is at least enough for the younger fans of the franchise. '' Peter Debruge of Variety wrote, "Despicable Me 3 is unwieldy, but it mostly works, as co-directors Pierre Coffin (who also voices the Minions) and Kyle Balda never lose sight of the film 's emotional center, packing the rest with as much humor as they can manage. The jokes come so fast and furious, the movie can hardly find room for Heitor Pereira 's funky score, and though Pharrell Williams has contributed five new songs to sell soundtracks (including the sweet There 's Something Special), the movie hardly needs them. '' Alonso Duralde of TheWrap gave the film a mixed review, saying: "Ultimately, none of these flaws will matter to the throngs of little kids who have made the previous Despicable Me movies (and the superior Minions spin - off) into giant global hits. ''
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who was credited with building the first baptist church in rhode island | First Baptist church in America - wikipedia
The First Baptist Church in America is the First Baptist Church of Providence, Rhode Island, also known as First Baptist Meetinghouse. It is the oldest Baptist church congregation in the United States, founded by Roger Williams in Providence, Rhode Island in 1638. The present church building was erected in 1774 -- 75 and held its first meetings in May 1775. It is located at 75 North Main Street in Providence 's College Hill neighborhood and is a National Historic Landmark.
Roger Williams had been holding religious services in his home for nearly a year before he converted his congregation into a Baptist church in 1638. This followed his founding of Providence in 1636. For the next sixty years, the congregation met outside in nice weather or in congregants ' homes. Baptists in Rhode Island through most of the 17th century declined to erect meetinghouses because they felt that buildings reflected vanity. Eventually, however, they came to see the utility of some gathering place, and they erected severely plain - style meetinghouses like the Quakers.
Roger Williams was a Calvinist, but within a few years of its founding, the congregation became more Arminian, and was clearly a General Six - Principle Baptist church by 1652. It remained a General Baptist church until it switched back to a Calvinist variety under the leadership of James Manning in the 1770s. Following Williams as pastor of the church was Rev. Chad Brown, founder of the famous Brown family of Rhode Island. A number of the streets in Providence bear the names of pastors of First Baptist Church, including Williams, Brown, Gregory Dexter, Thomas Olney, William Wickenden, Manning, and Stephen Gano. In 1700 Reverend Pardon Tillinghast built the first church building, a 400 - square - foot (37 m) structure, near the corner of Smith and North Main Streets. In 1711 he donated the building and land to the church in a deed describing the church as General Six - Principle Baptist in theology. In 1736 the congregation built its second meetinghouse on an adjoining lot at the corner of Smith and North Main Streets. This building was about 40 × 40 feet square.
When it was built in 1774 -- 75, the current Meeting House represented a dramatic departure from the traditional Baptist meetinghouse style. It was the first Baptist meetinghouse to have a steeple and bell, making it more like Anglican and Congregational church buildings. The builders were part of a movement among Baptists in the urban centers of Boston, Newport, New York, and Philadelphia to bring respectability and recognition to Baptists.
Central to that movement was the creation of an educated ministry and the founding of a college. The Philadelphia Association of Baptist Churches sent Dr. James Manning to Rhode Island to found the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (later renamed Brown University) in 1764. Beginning in Warren, the college then relocated to Providence in 1770. The college president, the Reverend Manning was called to be the pastor of the Providence church in 1771, and during his ministry the present Meeting House was erected "for the publick worship of Almighty God and also for holding commencement in. '' Subsequent Brown presidents Maxcy and Wayland also served as ministers at the church. The Brown family that soon gave its name to the University were prominent members of the Church, and descendants of founders of the Church, as well as, the Rhode Island Colony (the second pastor of the congregation after Roger Williams was Rev. Chad Brown). Although the university is now secular, in honor of its history and tradition, the Meeting House continues, as it has since 1776, to be the site for Brown University 's undergraduate commencement.
Construction began on the building in the summer of 1774, and it was the biggest building project in New England at the time. Due to the closure of the Massachusetts ports by the British as punishment for the Boston Tea Party, out - of - work ship builders and carpenters came to Providence to work on the Meeting House. The main portion of the Meeting House was dedicated in mid-May 1775, and the steeple erected in just three days in the first week of June. Notable additions to the Meeting House have included a Waterford crystal chandelier given by Hope Brown Ives (1792), a large pipe organ given by her brother Nicholas Brown, Jr., the younger (1834), the creation of rooms for Sunday school, fellowship hall, and offices on the lower level (1819 -- 59), and an addition to the east end of the Meeting House to accommodate an indoor baptistery (1884). The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.
In addition to weekly worship services, the Meeting House hosts concerts, talks, and lectures by world - renowned artists, performers, academics, and elected officials. Brown University holds commencement services at The Meeting House.
In 2001, History professor J. Stanley Lemons wrote a history of the church, entitled First: The History of the First Baptist Church in America
The First Baptist Church in America is affiliated with the American Baptist Churches of Rhode Island (ABCORI) and the American Baptist Churches / USA (ABCUSA). The church actively supports the Rhode Island State Council of Churches, the National Council of Churches, the Baptist World Alliance, and the Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty. Many members have served in various denominational, academic, and divinity school positions, including the presidency of Brown University.
First Baptist Church in America in the 1800s
First Baptist Church in undated postcard
Interior view
Steeple viewed from east.
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the capital of india was shifted to delhi during the region of | New Delhi - Wikipedia
New Delhi (/ ˌnjuː ˈdɛli / (listen)) is the capital of India and one of Delhi city 's 11 districts. Although colloquially Delhi and New Delhi are used interchangeably to refer to the National Capital Territory of Delhi, these are two distinct entities, with New Delhi forming a small part of Delhi. The National Capital Region is a much larger entity comprising the entire National Capital Territory of Delhi along with adjoining districts. It is surrounded by Haryana on three sides and Uttar Pradesh on the east.
The foundation stone of the city was laid by George V, Emperor of India during the Delhi Durbar of 1911. It was designed by British architects, Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker. The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931, by Viceroy and Governor - General of India Lord Irwin.
New Delhi has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi 's flagship Smart Cities Mission.
Calcutta (now Kolkata) was the capital of India during the British Raj until December 1911.
Delhi had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of ancient India and the Delhi Sultanate, most notably of the Mughal Empire from 1649 to 1857. During the early 1900s, a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire, as India was officially named, from Calcutta on the east coast, to Delhi. The Government of British India felt that it would be logistically easier to administer India from Delhi in the centre of northern India.
The land for building the new city of Delhi was acquired under the Land Acquisition Act 1894.
On 12 December 1911, during the Delhi Durbar, George V, then Emperor of India, along with Queen Mary, his Consort, made the announcement that the capital of the Raj was to be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi, while laying the foundation stone for the Viceroy 's residence in the Coronation Park, Kingsway Camp. The foundation stone of New Delhi was laid by King George V and Queen Mary at the site of Delhi Durbar of 1911 at Kingsway Camp on 15 December 1911, during their imperial visit. Large parts of New Delhi were planned by Edwin Lutyens, who first visited Delhi in 1912, and Herbert Baker, both leading 20th - century British architects. The contract was given to Sobha Singh. The original plan called for its construction in Tughlaqabad, inside the Tughlaqabad fort, but this was given up because of the Delhi - Calcutta trunk line that passed through the fort. Construction really began after World War I and was completed by 1931. The city that was later dubbed "Lutyens ' Delhi '' was inaugurated in ceremonies beginning on 10 February 1931 by Lord Irwin, the Viceroy. Lutyens designed the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain 's imperial aspirations.
Soon Lutyens started considering other places. Indeed, the Delhi Town Planning Committee, set up to plan the new imperial capital, with George Swinton as chairman and John A. Brodie and Lutyens as members, submitted reports for both North and South sites. However, it was rejected by the Viceroy when the cost of acquiring the necessary properties was found to be too high. The central axis of New Delhi, which today faces east at India Gate, was previously meant to be a north - south axis linking the Viceroy 's House at one end with Paharganj at the other. During the project 's early years, many tourists believed it was a gate from Earth to Heaven itself. Eventually, owing to space constraints and the presence of a large number of heritage sites in the North side, the committee settled on the South site. A site atop the Raisina Hill, formerly Raisina Village, a Meo village, was chosen for the Rashtrapati Bhawan, then known as the Viceroy 's House. The reason for this choice was that the hill lay directly opposite the Dinapanah citadel, which was also considered the site of Indraprastha, the ancient region of Delhi. Subsequently, the foundation stone was shifted from the site of Delhi Durbar of 1911 -- 1912, where the Coronation Pillar stood, and embedded in the walls of the forecourt of the Secretariat. The Rajpath, also known as King 's Way, stretched from the India Gate to the Rashtrapati Bhawan. The Secretariat building, the two blocks of which flank the Rashtrapati Bhawan and houses ministries of the Government of India, and the Parliament House, both designed by Baker, are located at the Sansad Marg and run parallel to the Rajpath.
In the south, land up to Safdarjung 's Tomb was acquired to create what is today known as Lutyens ' Bungalow Zone. Before construction could begin on the rocky ridge of Raisina Hill, a circular railway line around the Council House (now Parliament House), called the Imperial Delhi Railway, was built to transport construction material and workers for the next twenty years. The last stumbling block was the Agra - Delhi railway line that cut right through the site earmarked for the hexagonal All - India War Memorial (India Gate) and Kingsway (Rajpath), which was a problem because the Old Delhi Railway Station served the entire city at that time. The line was shifted to run along the Yamuna river, and it began operating in 1924. The New Delhi Railway Station opened in 1926 with a single platform at Ajmeri Gate near Paharganj and was completed in time for the city 's inauguration in 1931. As construction of the Viceroy 's House (the present Rashtrapati Bhavan), Central Secretariat, Parliament House, and All - India War Memorial (India Gate) was winding down, the building of a shopping district and a new plaza, Connaught Place, began in 1929, and was completed by 1933. Named after Prince Arthur, 1st Duke of Connaught (1850 -- 1942), it was designed by Robert Tor Russell, chief architect to the Public Works Department (PWD).
After the capital of India moved to Delhi, a temporary secretariat building was constructed in a few months in 1912 in North Delhi. Most of the government offices of the new capital moved here from the ' Old secretariat ' in Old Delhi (the building now houses the Delhi Legislative Assembly), a decade before the new capital was inaugurated in 1931. Many employees were brought into the new capital from distant parts of India, including the Bengal Presidency and Madras Presidency. Subsequently, housing for them was developed around Gole Market area in the 1920s. Built in the 1940s, to house government employees, with bungalows for senior officials in the nearby Lodhi Estate area, Lodhi colony near historic Lodhi Gardens, was the last residential areas built by the British Raj.
After India gained independence in 1947, a limited autonomy was conferred to New Delhi and was administered by a Chief Commissioner appointed by the Government of India. In 1966, Delhi was converted into a union territory and eventually the Chief Commissioner was replaced by a Lieutenant Governor. The Constitution (Sixty - ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as National Capital Territory of Delhi. A system was introduced under which the elected Government was given wide powers, excluding law and order which remained with the Central Government. The actual enforcement of the legislation came in 1993.
The first major extension of New Delhi outside of Lutyens ' Delhi came in the 1950s when the Central Public Works Department (CPWD) developed a large area of land southwest of Lutyens ' Delhi to create the diplomatic enclave of Chanakyapuri, where land was allotted for embassies, chanceries, high commissions and residences of ambassadors, around a wide central vista, Shanti Path.
With a total area of 42.7 km (16.5 sq mi), New Delhi forms a small part of the Delhi metropolitan area. Since the city is located on the Indo - Gangetic Plain, there is little difference in elevation across the city. New Delhi and surrounding areas were once a part of the Aravali Range; all that is left of those mountains is the Delhi Ridge, which is also called the Lungs of Delhi. While New Delhi lies on the floodplains of the Yamuna River, it is essentially a landlocked city. East of the river is the urban area of Shahdara. New Delhi falls under the seismic zone - IV, making it vulnerable to earthquakes.
New Delhi lies on several fault lines and thus experiences frequent earthquakes, most of them of mild intensity. There has, however, been a spike in the number of earthquakes in the last six years, most notable being a 5.4 magnitude earthquake in 2015 with its epicentre in Nepal, a 4.7 - magnitude earthquake on 25 November 2007, a 4.2 - magnitude earthquake on 7 September 2011, a 5.2 - magnitude earthquake on 5 March 2012, and a swarm of twelve earthquakes, including four of magnitudes 2.5, 2.8, 3.1, and 3.3, on 12 November 2013.
The climate of New Delhi is a monsoon - influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) bordering a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh) with high variation between summer and winter in terms of both temperature and rainfall. The temperature varies from 46 ° C (115 ° F) in summers to around 0 ° C (32 ° F) in winters. The area 's version of a humid subtropical climate is noticeably different from many other cities with this climate classification in that it features long and very hot summers, relatively dry and mild winters, a monsoonal period, and dust storms. Summers are long, extending from early April to October, with the monsoon season occurring in the middle of the summer. Winter starts in November and peaks in January. The annual mean temperature is around 25 ° C (77 ° F); monthly daily mean temperatures range from approximately 14 to 34 ° C (57 to 93 ° F). New Delhi 's highest temperature ever recorded is 48.4 ° C (119.1 ° F) on June 28, 1883 while the lowest temperature ever recorded is − 2.2 ° C (28.0 ° F) on January 11, 1967, both of which are recorded at Indira Gandhi International Airport (formerly known as Palam Airport). The average annual rainfall is 714 millimetres (28.1 in), most of which is during the monsoons in July and August.
In recent Mercer 's 2015 annual quality - of - living survey, New Delhi ranks at number 154 out of 230 cities due to bad air quality and pollution. The World Health Organization ranked New Delhi as the world 's worst polluted city in 2014 among about 1,600 cities the organisation tracked around the world. In 2016, United States Environmental Protection Agency listed New Delhi as the most polluted city on Earth.
In an attempt to curb air pollution in New Delhi, which gets worse during the winter, a temporary alternate - day travel scheme for cars using the odd - and even - numbered license plates system was announced by Delhi government in December 2015. In addition, trucks were to be allowed to enter India 's capital only after 11 pm, two hours later than the existing restriction. The driving restriction scheme was planned to be implemented as a trial from 1 January 2016 for an initial period of 15 days. The restriction was in force between 8 am and 8 pm, and traffic was not restricted on Sundays. Public transportation service was increased during the restriction period.
On 16 December 2015, the Supreme Court of India mandated several restrictions on Delhi 's transportation system to curb pollution. Among the measures, the court ordered to stop registrations of diesel cars and sport utility vehicles with an engine capacity of 2,000 cc and over until 31 March 2016. The court also ordered all taxis in the Delhi region to switch to compressed natural gas by 1 March 2016. Transportation vehicles that are more than 10 years old were banned from entering the capital.
Analysing real - time vehicle speed data from Uber Delhi revealed that during the odd - even program, average speeds went up by a statistically significant 5.4 per cent (2.8 standard deviation from normal). This means vehicles have lesser idling time in traffic and vehicle engines would run closer to minimum fuel consumption. "In bordering areas, PM 2.5 levels were recorded more than 400 (ug / m3) while in inner areas in Delhi, they were recorded between 150 and 210 on an average. '' However, the subcity of Dwarka, located in the southwest district, has a substantially low level of air pollution. At the NSIT University campus, located in sector 3 Dwarka, pollution levels were as low as 93 PPM.
On 7 November 2017, the Indian Medical Association declared a public health emergency due to high pollution levels. The highest being in the Punjabi Bagh district with an Air Quality Index of 999 and in the RK Puram district with an index of 852. The lowest index recorded was in the Anand Vihar district with an index of 319. Levels of PM2. 5 were recorded at 710μg / m3, more than 11 times the World Health Organisation 's safe limit.
New Delhi has a population of 257,803. Hindi is the most widely spoken language in New Delhi and the lingua franca of the city. English is primarily used as the formal language by business and government institutes. New Delhi has a literacy rate of 89.38 % according to 2011 census, which is highest in Delhi.
Except for Hinduism, the proportions of other religions are different and relatively lower in New Delhi as compared to entire NCT. According to 2011 census, Hinduism is the religion of 89.8 % of New Delhi 's population. There are also communities of Muslims (4.5 %), Christians (2.9 %), Sikhs (2.0 %), Jains (0.4 %). Other religious groups include Parsis, Buddhists and Jews.
The national capital of India, New Delhi is jointly administered by both the Central Government of India and the local Government of Delhi, it is also the capital of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi.
As of 2015, the government structure of the New Delhi Municipal Council includes a chairperson, three members of New Delhi 's Legislative Assembly, two members nominated by the Chief Minister of the NCT of Delhi and five members nominated by the central government.
The head of state of Delhi is the Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Delhi, appointed by the President of India on the advice of the Central government and the post is largely ceremonial, as the Chief Minister of the Union Territory of Delhi is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers. According to the Indian constitution, if a law passed by Delhi 's legislative assembly is repugnant to any law passed by the Parliament of India, then the law enacted by the parliament will prevail over the law enacted by the assembly.
New Delhi is governed through a municipal government, known as the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC). Other urban areas of the metropolis of Delhi are administered by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD). However, the entire metropolis of Delhi is commonly known as New Delhi in contrast to Old Delhi.
New Delhi is the largest commercial city in northern India. It has an estimated net State Domestic Product (FY 2010) of ₹ 1,595 billion (US $24 billion) in nominal terms and ~ ₹ 6,800 billion (US $100 billion) in PPP terms. As of 2013, the per capita income of Delhi was Rs. 230000, second highest in India after Goa. GSDP in Delhi at the current prices for 2012 -- 13 is estimated at Rs 3.88 trillion (short scale) against Rs 3.11 trillion (short scale) in 2011 -- 12.
Connaught Place, one of North India 's largest commercial and financial centres, is located in the northern part of New Delhi. Adjoining areas such as Barakhamba Road, ITO are also major commercial centres. Government and quasi government sector was the primary employer in New Delhi. The city 's service sector has expanded due in part to the large skilled English - speaking workforce that has attracted many multinational companies. Key service industries include information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media and tourism.
The 2011 World Wealth Report ranks economic activity in New Delhi at 39, but overall the capital is ranked at 37, above cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg. New Delhi with Beijing shares the top position as the most targeted emerging markets retail destination among Asia - Pacific markets.
The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi does not release any economic figures specifically for New Delhi but publishes an official economic report on the whole of Delhi annually. According to the Economic Survey of Delhi, the metropolis has a net State Domestic Product (SDP) of Rs. 830.85 billion (for the year 2004 -- 05) and a per capita income of Rs. 53,976 ($1,200). In the year 2008 -- 09 New Delhi had a Per Capita Income of Rs. 116,886 ($2,595). It grew by 16.2 % to reach Rs. 135,814 ($3,018) in 2009 -- 10 fiscal. New Delhi 's Per Capita GDP (at PPP) was at $6,860 during 2009 -- 10 fiscal, making it one of the richest cities in India. The tertiary sector contributes 78.4 % of Delhi 's gross SDP followed by secondary and primary sectors with 20.2 % and 1.4 % contribution respectively.
The gross state domestic product (GSDP) of Delhi at current prices for the year 2011 -- 12 has been estimated at Rs 3.13 trillion (short scale), which is an increase of 18.7 per cent over the previous fiscal.
New Delhi is a cosmopolitan city due to the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural presence of the vast Indian bureaucracy and political system. The city 's capital status has amplified the importance of national events and holidays. National events such as Republic Day, Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti (Gandhi 's birthday) are celebrated with great enthusiasm in New Delhi and the rest of India. On India 's Independence Day (15 August) the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation from the Red Fort. Most Delhiites celebrate the day by flying kites, which are considered a symbol of freedom. The Republic Day Parade is a large cultural and military parade showcasing India 's cultural diversity and military might.
Religious festivals include Diwali (the festival of light), Maha Shivaratri, Teej, Durga Puja, Mahavir Jayanti, Guru Nanak Jayanti, Holi, Lohri, Eid ul - Fitr, Eid ul - Adha, Raksha Bandhan, Christmas and Chhath Puja. The Qutub Festival is a cultural event during which performances of musicians and dancers from all over India are showcased at night, with the Qutub Minar as the chosen backdrop of the event. Other events such as Kite Flying Festival, International Mango Festival and Vasant Panchami (the Spring Festival) are held every year in Delhi.
There are also a number of Iglesia ni Cristo members, most of them Filipinos and some Indians who are married to the members.
In 2007, the Japanese Buddhist organisation Nipponzan Myohoji decided to build a Peace Pagoda in the city containing Buddha relics. It was inaugurated by the current Dalai Lama.
New Delhi is home to several historic sites and museums. The National Museum which began with an exhibition of Indian art and artefacts at the Royal Academy in London in the winter of 1947 -- 48 was later at the end was shown at the Rashtrapati Bhawan in 1949. Later it was to form a permanent National Museum. On 15 August 1949, the National Museum was formally inaugurated and currently has 200,000 works of art, both of Indian and foreign origin, covering over 5,000 years.
The India Gate built in 1931 was inspired by the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. It is the national monument of India commemorating the 90,000 soldiers of the Indian Army who lost their lives while fighting for the British Raj in World War I and the Third Anglo - Afghan War. The monument is barricaded now with entry to inside arch restricted.
The Rajpath which was built similar to the Champs - Élysées in Paris is the ceremonial boulevard for the Republic of India located in New Delhi. The annual Republic Day parade takes place here on 26 January. The Beating retreat takes place here 2 days later.
Gandhi Smriti in New Delhi is the location where Mahatma Gandhi spent the last 144 days of his life and was assassinated on 30 January 1948. Rajghat is the place where Mahatma Gandhi was cremated on 31 January 1948 after his assassination and his ashes were buried and make it a final resting place beside the sanctity of the Yamuna River. The Raj Ghat in the shape of large square platform with black marble was designed by architect Vanu Bhuta.
Jantar Mantar located in Connaught Place was built by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur. It consists of 13 architectural astronomy instruments. The primary purpose of the observatory was to compile astronomical tables, and to predict the times and movements of the sun, moon and planets.
New Delhi is home to Indira Gandhi Memorial Museum, National Gallery of Modern Art, National Museum of Natural History, National Rail Museum, National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum, National Philatelic Museum, Nehru Planetarium, Shankar 's International Dolls Museum. and Supreme Court of India Museum.
In the coming years, a new National War Memorial and Museum will be constructed in New Delhi for ₹ 4,000 million (US $61 million).
New Delhi is particularly renowned for its beautifully landscaped gardens that can look quite stunning in spring. The largest of these include Buddha Jayanti Park and the historic Lodi Gardens. In addition, there are the gardens in the Presidential Estate, the gardens along the Rajpath and India Gate, the gardens along Shanti Path, the Rose Garden, Nehru Park and the Railway Garden in Chanakya Puri. Also of note is the garden adjacent to the Jangpura Metro Station near the Defence Colony Flyover, as are the roundabout and neighbourhood gardens throughout the city.
The New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) area was declared the cleanest in North India, based on solid waste management, access to sanitation and other parameters of cleanliness, under the zone-wise Swachh Survekshan 2017.
Indira Gandhi International Airport, situated to the southwest of Delhi, is the main gateway for the city 's domestic and international civilian air traffic. In 2012 -- 13, the airport was used by more than 35 million passengers, making it one of the busiest airports in South Asia. Terminal 3, which cost ₹ 96.8 billion (US $1.5 billion) to construct between 2007 and 2010, handles an additional 37 million passengers annually.
The Delhi Flying Club, established in 1928 with two de Havilland Moth aircraft named Delhi and Roshanara, was based at Safdarjung Airport which started operations in 1929, when it was the Delhi 's only airport and the second in India. The airport functioned until 2001, however in January 2002 the government closed the airport for flying activities because of security concerns following the New York attacks in September 2001. Since then, the club only carries out aircraft maintenance courses, and is used for helicopter rides to Indira Gandhi International Airport for VIP including the president and the prime minister.
In 2010, Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGIA) was conferred the fourth best airport award in the world in the 15 -- 25 million category, and Best Improved Airport in the Asia - Pacific Region by Airports Council International. The airport was rated as the Best airport in the world in the 25 -- 40 million passengers category in 2015, by Airports Council International. Delhi Airport also bags two awards for The Best Airport in Central Asia / India and Best Airport Staff in Central Asia / India at the Skytrax World Airport Awards 2015.
New Delhi has one of India 's largest bus transport systems. Buses are operated by the state - owned Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC), which owns largest fleet of compressed natural gas (CNG) - fueled buses in the world. Personal vehicles especially cars also form a major chunk of vehicles plying on New Delhi roads. New Delhi has the highest number of registered cars compared to any other metropolitan city in India. Taxis and Auto Rickshaws also ply on New Delhi roads in large numbers. New Delhi has one of the highest road density in India and average vehicle speed is around 15 - 20 kmph in peak hours in the city.
Important Roads in New Delhi
Some roads and expressways serve as important pillars of New Delhi 's road infrastructure:
National Highways passing through New Delhi
New Delhi is connected by road to the rest of India through National highways:
New Delhi is a major junction in the Indian railway network and is the headquarters of the Northern Railway. The five main railway stations are New Delhi railway station, Old Delhi, Nizamuddin Railway Station, Anand Vihar Railway Terminal and Sarai Rohilla. The Delhi Metro, a mass rapid transit system built and operated by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), serves many parts of Delhi and the neighbouring cities Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida and Ghaziabad. As of December 2016, the metro consists of six operational lines with a total length of 213 km (132 mi) and 160 stations. Several other lines are under construction and expected to be commissioned in 2017 adding another 150 km length. It carries almost 3 million passengers every day. In addition to the Delhi Metro, a suburban railway, the Delhi Suburban Railway exists.
The Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system serving New Delhi, Delhi, Gurgaon, Faridabad, Noida, and Ghaziabad in the National Capital Region of India. Delhi Metro is the world 's 12th largest metro system in terms of length. Delhi Metro was India 's first modern public transportation system, which had revolutionised travel by providing a fast, reliable, safe, and comfortable means of transport. Presently, the Delhi Metro network consists of 213 kilometres (132 miles) of track, with 160 stations along with six more stations of the Airport Express Link. The network has now crossed the boundaries of Delhi to reach NOIDA and Ghaziabad in Uttar Pradesh, Gurgaon and faridabad in Haryana. All stations have escalators, elevators, and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains. It has a combination of elevated, at - grade, and underground lines, and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi - ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi - ROTEM Standard gauge, and CAF Beasain Standard gauge. According to a study, Delhi Metro has helped in removing about 390,000 vehicles from the streets of Delhi.
Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC), a state - owned company with equal equity participation from Government of India and Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. However, the organisation is under administrative control of Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Besides construction and operation of Delhi metro, DMRC is also involved in the planning and implementation of metro rail, monorail and high - speed rail projects in India and providing consultancy services to other metro projects in the country as well as abroad. The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan, the managing director of DMRC and popularly known as the "Metro Man '' of India. He famously resigned from DMRC, taking moral responsibility for a metro bridge collapse which took five lives. Sreedharan was awarded with the prestigious Legion of Honour by the French Government for his contribution to Delhi Metro.
Much of New Delhi, planned by the leading 20th - century British architect Edwin Lutyens, was laid out to be the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain 's imperial ambitions. New Delhi is structured around two central promenades called the Rajpath and the Janpath. The Rajpath, or King 's Way, stretches from the Rashtrapati Bhavan to the India Gate. The Janpath (Hindi: "Path of the People ''), formerly Queen 's Way, begins at Connaught Circus and cuts the Rajpath at right angles. 19 foreign embassies are located on the nearby Shantipath (Hindi: "Path of Peace ''), making it the largest diplomatic enclave in India.
At the heart of the city is the magnificent Rashtrapati Bhavan (formerly known as Viceroy 's House) which sits atop Raisina Hill. The Secretariat, which houses ministries of the Government of India, flanks out of the Rashtrapati Bhavan. The Parliament House, designed by Herbert Baker, is located at the Sansad Marg, which runs parallel to the Rajpath. Connaught Place is a large, circular commercial area in New Delhi, modelled after the Royal Crescent in England. Twelve separate roads lead out of the outer ring of Connaught Place, one of them being the Janpath.
The New Delhi town plan, like its architecture, was chosen with one single chief consideration: to be a symbol of British power and supremacy. All other decisions were subordinate to this, and it was this framework that dictated the choice and application of symbology and influences from both Hindu and Islamic architecture.
It took about 20 years to build the city from 1911. Many elements of New Delhi architecture borrow from indigenous sources; however, they fit into a British Classical / Palladian tradition. The fact that there were any indigenous features in the design were due to the persistence and urging of both the Viceroy Lord Hardinge and historians like E.B. Havell.
The city hosted the 2010 Commonwealth Games and annually hosts Delhi Half Marathon foot - race. The city has previously hosted the 1951 Asian Games and the 1982 Asian Games. New Delhi was interested in bidding for the 2019 Asian Games but was turned down by the government on 2 August 2010 amid allegations of corruption in 2010 Commonwealth Games.
Major sporting venues in New Delhi include the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Ambedkar Stadium, Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium, Feroz Shah Kotla Ground, R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex, Dhyan Chand National Stadium and Siri Fort Sports Complex.
The city is home to numerous international organisations. The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology of the UNESCAP servicing the Asia - Pacific region is headquartered in New Delhi. New Delhi is home to most UN regional offices in India namely the UNDP, UNODC, UNESCO, UNICEF, WFP, UNV, UNCTAD, FAO, UNFPA, WHO, World Bank, ILO, IMF, UNIFEM, IFC and UNAIDS. UNHCR Representation in India is also located in the city.
New Delhi hosts 145 foreign embassies and high commissions.
New Delhi hosted the 7th NAM Summit in 1983, 4th BRICS Summit in 2012 and the IBSA Summit in 2015. It will also host 5th Global Conference on CyberSpace in November 2017.
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who is the oldest brother in ray donovan | Ray Donovan - wikipedia
Ray Donovan is an American television crime drama series created by Ann Biderman for Showtime. The twelve - episode first season premiered on June 30, 2013. The pilot episode broke viewership records, becoming the biggest premiere of all time on Showtime. Showtime renewed the show for a fourth season, which premiered on June 26, 2016. On August 11, 2016, Showtime renewed the show for a fifth season, which premiered on August 6, 2017. On October 23, 2017, the series was renewed for a 12 - episode sixth season, to be filmed in New York City and debut in 2018.
The drama is set in Los Angeles, California, where Irish - American Ray Donovan (Liev Schreiber), originally from South Boston, works for the powerful law firm Goldman & Drexler, representing the rich and famous. Donovan is a "fixer '': a person who arranges bribes, payoffs, threats, and other shady activities, to ensure the outcome desired by the client. Good at his job, and no common hood, Ray is normally a devoted family man as well. He experiences his own problems when his menacing father, Mickey Donovan (Jon Voight), is unexpectedly released from prison, and the FBI attempts to bring down Ray and his associates.
Ray Donovan has received positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the first season a rating of 76 % based on reviews from 38 critics, with the sites consensus stating: "Ray Donovan moves quickly between genres and tones, with Liev Schreiber and Jon Voight 's performances making the whiplash worth it ''. Metacritic gives the first season a weighted average score of 75 out of 100, based on reviews from 36 critics, indicating "generally positive reviews ''.
Tim Goodman, writing for The Hollywood Reporter, said that "Showtime has another gem on their hands '' and the casting of Liev Schreiber and Jon Voight was "gold ''.
The first season was released on DVD and Blu - ray on June 10, 2014. The second season was released on both media on May 26, 2015. The third season was released on DVD on December 29, 2015. The fourth season was released on DVD on December 27, 2016
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the word zion is an ancient biblical term that referred to what city | Zion - wikipedia
Zion (Hebrew: צִיּוֹן Tsiyyon), also transliterated Sion, Sayon, Syon, Tzion or Tsion, is a placename often used as a synonym for Jerusalem. The word is first found in 2 Samuel 5: 7 which dates from c. 630 -- 540 BC according to modern scholarship. It commonly referred to a specific hill in Jerusalem, (Mount Zion) located to the south of Mount Moriah or the Temple Mount, on which stood a Jebusite fortress of the same name that was conquered by David and was named the City of David. The hill ("mount '') is one of the many squat hills that form Jerusalem, to include the Mount of Olives etc. In the past many centuries, that was the only section of Jerusalem inside city wall that was the Jewish quarter.
The term Tzion came to designate the area of Jerusalem where the fortress stood, and later became a metonym for Solomon 's Temple, the city of Jerusalem and "the World to Come '', the Jewish understanding of the afterlife.
In Kabbalah, the more esoteric reference is made to Tzion being the spiritual point from which reality emerges, located in the Holy of Holies of the First, Second and Third Temple.
The etymology of the word Zion (ṣiyôn) is uncertain. Mentioned in the Old Testament in the Books of Samuel (2 Samuel 5: 7) as the name of the Jebusite fortress conquered by David, its origin likely predates the Israelites. If Semitic, it may be derived from the Hebrew root ṣiyyôn ("castle '') or the Hebrew ṣiyya ("dry land, '' Jeremiah 51: 43). A non-Semitic relationship to the Hurrian word šeya ("river '' or "brook '') has also been suggested.
The form Tzion (Hebrew: ציון ; Tiberian vocalization: Ṣiyyôn) appears 108 times in the Hebrew Bible, and once as HaTzion. It is spelled with a tsade and not zayin. The commonly used English form is based on German orthography, where z is always pronounced (t͡s) (e.g. "zog '' (t͡soːk)), hence "Zion '' in German literature. A tz would only be used if the preceding vowel is short, and hence use of Zion in 19th - century German Biblical criticism. This orthography was adopted because in German, the correct transliteration can only be rendered from the one instance of HaTzion in Kings II 23: 17, where the a vowel is followed by a double consonant tz.
Zion is the Hebrew name for hill south of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, upon which was built the City of David. Mount Zion is not to be confused with Mount Moriah, better known as the Temple Mount, upon which the Temple of Solomon and the Second Temple were built are the most holy place in the world for the Jewish people, seen as the connection between God and humanity. Observant Jews recite the Amidah three times a day facing Zion in Jerusalem, praying for the rebuilding of the Holy Temple, the restoration of the Temple service, the redemption of the world, and for the coming of the Messiah.
Some examples from the book of Psalms, which have been frequently recited and memorized by Jews for centuries, state:
Mentioned 26 times in the Tanakh, the biblical phrase "Daughter of Tzion '' (Hebrew "bat Tzion '') is not a reference to Moriah in Jerusalem, but the hill upon which the old City of David was built in the immediate south of Mount Moriah. A cryptic verse in the book of Zechariah, Zechariah 4: 7, seems to refer to Mount Moriah, but may be ambiguous, depending on the punctuation. In Hebrew it reads "Mi attah Har - haGadol lifnei Zerubbabel l'mishor... ''; the plain text has no punctuation, but the Masoretic Text puts a pause following Har - haGadol, to mean "Who are you, great mountain? Before Zerubbabel, (you will become just) a plain... '' However, if the pause is placed following Zerubbabel, it would mean instead "What are you, "great mountain '' before Zerubbabel? (You are just) a plain... '' Since this hill is where Zerubbabel built the Second Temple, it appears to be a reference to the "Daughter of Zion '' (the hill), as distinct from Tzion (the mountain). Naming the holy city "daughter Zion '' was a common practice in the Hebrew language. Not only was Jerusalem called this way, but Babylon, Tyre and Tarshish were also referred to as "daughter ''.
However, "Daughter of Zion '', and a variety of other names like "Daughter of Jerusalem '', might also be interpreted as referring to Jerusalem, the Holy Temple, and the Jewish people personified, instead of a Mount Moriah specifically.
Within the Latter Day Saint movement, Zion is often used to connote a utopian association of the righteous. This association would practice a form of communitarian economics called the United Order meant to ensure that all members maintained an acceptable quality of life, class distinctions were minimized, and group unity achieved. While Zion has often been linked with theocracy, the concept of Zion did not theoretically require such a governmental system. In this way, Zion must be distinguished from the ideal political system called theodemocracy which Mormons believed would be adopted upon Christ 's Second Coming.
Ṣahyūn (Arabic: صهيون , Ṣahyūn or Ṣihyūn) is the word for Zion in Arabic and Syriac. Drawing on biblical tradition, it is one of the names accorded to Jerusalem in Arabic and Islamic tradition. A valley called Wādī Sahyũn seemingly preserves the name and is located approximately one and three - quarter miles from the Old City 's Jaffa Gate.
For example, the reference to the "precious cornerstone '' of the new Jerusalem in the Book of Isaiah 28: 16 is identified in Islamic scholarship as the Black Stone of the Kaaba. This interpretation is said by ibn Qayyim al - Jawziyya (1292 -- 1350) to have come from the People of the Book, though earlier Christian scholarship identifies the cornerstone with Jesus.
In Rastafari, "Zion '' stands for a utopian place of unity, peace and freedom, as opposed to "Babylon '', the oppressing and exploiting system of the materialistic modern world and a place of evil.
It proclaims Zion, as reference to Ethiopia, the original birthplace of humankind, and from the beginning of the movement calls to repatriation to Zion, the Promised Land and Heaven on Earth. Some Rastafari believe themselves to represent the real Children of Israel in modern times, and their goal is to repatriate to Ethiopia, or to Zion. The Ge'ez - language Kebra Nagast serves as inspiration for the idea that the "Glory of Zion '' transferred from Jerusalem to Ethiopia in the time of Solomon and Sheba, c. 950 BC.
Rastafari reggae contains many references to Zion; among the best - known examples are the Bob Marley songs "Zion Train '', "Iron Lion Zion '', the Bunny Wailer song "Rastaman '' ("The Rasta come from Zion, Rastaman a Lion! ''), The Melodians song "Rivers of Babylon '' (based on Psalm 137, where the captivity of Babylon is contrasted with the freedom in Zion), the Bad Brains song "Leaving Babylon '', the Damian Marley song featuring Nas "Road to Zion, '' The Abyssinians ' "Forward Unto Zion '' and Kiddus I 's "Graduation In Zion, '' which is featured in the 1977 cult roots rock reggae film Rockers, and "Let 's Go To Zion '' by Winston Francis. Reggae groups such as Steel Pulse and Cocoa Tea also have many references to Zion in their various songs.
The term "Zionism '' coined by Austrian Nathan Birnbaum, was derived from the German rendering of Tzion in his journal Selbstemanzipation (Self Emancipation) in 1890. Zionism as a political movement started in 1897 and supported a ' national home ', and later a state, for the Jewish people in Palestine. The Zionist movement declared the re-establishment of its State of Israel in 1948, following the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine. Since then and with varying ideologies, Zionists have focused on developing and protecting this state.
The last line of the Israeli national anthem Hatikvah (Hebrew for Hope) is "... Eretz Zion, ViYerushalayim '', which means literally "The land of Zion and Jerusalem ''.
The Jewish longing for Zion, starting with the deportation and enslavement of Jews during the Babylonian captivity, was adopted as a metaphor by Christian Black slaves in the United States, and after the Civil War by blacks who were still oppressed. Thus, Zion symbolizes a longing by wandering peoples for a safe homeland. This could be an actual place such as Ethiopia for Rastafari or Israel for some of the Igbos in Nigeria for example. For others, it has taken on a more spiritual meaning -- a safe spiritual homeland, like in heaven, or a kind of peace of mind in one 's present life.
Today, Mount Zion refers to a hill south of the Old City 's Armenian Quarter, not to the Temple Mount. This apparent misidentification dates at least from the 1st century AD, when Josephus calls Jerusalem 's Western Hill "Mount Zion ''. The Abbey of the Dormition is located upon the hill currently called Mount Zion.
Coordinates: 31 ° 46 ′ 18 '' N 35 ° 13 ′ 45 '' E / 31.77167 ° N 35.22917 ° E / 31.77167; 35.22917
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who plays kathryn kennish in switched at birth | Lea Thompson - wikipedia
Lea Katherine Thompson (born May 31, 1961) is an American actress, director, and television producer. She is known for her role as Lorraine Baines in the Back to the Future trilogy and as the title character in the 1990s NBC sitcom Caroline in the City. Other films for which she is known include All the Right Moves (1983), Red Dawn (1984), Howard the Duck (1986), Some Kind of Wonderful (1987), and The Beverly Hillbillies (1993). From 2011 - 2017, she co-starred as Kathryn Kennish in the Freeform (formerly ABC Family) series Switched at Birth.
Thompson was born in Rochester, Minnesota, one of five children of Clifford and Barbara Barry Thompson. She has two sisters, Coleen Goodrich and Shannon Katona and two brothers, Andrew (ballet dancer) and Barry. Her mother is of Irish descent.
She studied ballet as a girl and danced professionally by the age of 14, winning scholarships to the American Ballet Theatre, the San Francisco Ballet, and the Pennsylvania Ballet. Told she did not have the right body to become a prima ballerina by Mikhail Baryshnikov himself, she changed her focus to acting.
At the time, she was 20 years old and dancing professionally with American Ballet Theatre 's Studio Company (then known as ABT II), and when the time came to decide if she would move to the main company, Baryshnikov, who was the artistic director at the time, told her, "You 're a lovely dancer, but you 're too stocky. '' In her words, that was "my epiphany when I decided to stop dancing and not be a ballet dancer. It was a wonderful moment because I could 've been banging my head against the wall for another 10 years. ''
Moving to New York at age 20, she performed in a number of Burger King advertisements in the 1980s along with Sarah Michelle Gellar and Elisabeth Shue, her eventual co-star in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III.
Thompson made her home - media screen debut in 1982 as Cecily "Sissy '' Loper in the interactive live - action video game MysteryDisc: Murder, Anyone? and her movie debut in 1983, with Jaws 3 - D. She recalled the film as "the very first movie I ever got, but I lied and said I had done a couple of other movies, so when I showed up, I really knew absolutely nothing. Also, I had said that I knew how to water ski. And I did not. So I had, like, five days to learn really, really complicated water - skiing things, because I had to fit into the Sea World water - skiing show. I do n't even know how to swim! '' She followed this with All the Right Moves (1983), Red Dawn (1984), and The Wild Life (1984).
Thompson 's most famous role is that of Lorraine Baines McFly in the Back to the Future trilogy, with the first film released in 1985. Thompson 's character is the mother of Marty McFly, played by Michael J. Fox, whom Marty meets when she is a 1950s adolescent age after he travels back in time; he has to avoid having Lorraine fall in love with him instead of with his future father, George (Crispin Glover), which leads to awkward scenes where Lorraine is attracted to him.
In 1986, Thompson starred in SpaceCamp and Howard the Duck. For the latter film, she sang several songs on the soundtrack in character, as musician Beverly Switzler, who was the lead vocalist for a band called Cherry Bomb. The recordings appeared on the soundtrack album and on singles. Rounding out film appearances in the late 1980s, Thompson starred in Some Kind of Wonderful, Casual Sex?, and The Wizard of Loneliness. She also had a prominent role in the 1989 TV film Nightbreaker, for which she was nominated for a CableACE Award. In the early 1990s, Thompson starred as the mother of the eponymous character in Dennis the Menace (1993), the villainess in The Beverly Hillbillies (1993), and a snooty ballet instructor in The Little Rascals (1994). She also appeared in several TV films throughout the 1990s, including The Substitute Wife (1994) and The Right To Remain Silent (1996).
Thompson found moderate critical and popular success as the star of the NBC sitcom Caroline in the City from 1995 to 1999. In 1996, Thompson received a People 's Choice Award for Favorite Female Performer in a New TV Series, while her show won for Favorite New TV Comedy Series. Thompson also starred in a A Will of their Own, a 1998 American television mini-series directed by Karen Arthur. The film follows six generations of females within one family, and their struggle for power and independence in America. The film debuted on October 18, 1998, on the NBC network to strong critical reviews.
After a break from acting, Thompson went on to star in several Broadway plays. She later appeared in a TV series called For the People, which only lasted one season. She then starred in a TV film, Stealing Christmas (2003), starring Tony Danza and Betty White. Thompson also appeared in several episodes of the dramedy series Ed and in a guest role for one episode in 2004 on NBC 's Law & Order: Special Victims Unit; she played a woman whose embryos were stolen.
In 2005, Thompson began a series of made - for - TV films for the Hallmark Channel, in which she plays Jane Doe, an ex-secret agent turned housewife, who helps the government solve mysteries. Thompson directed two films from the Jane Doe series -- Jane Doe: The Harder They Fall and Jane Doe: Eye of the Beholder.
Thompson was a featured singer on Celebrity Duets and the second contestant eliminated in 2006. In April 2007, she starred in another television film, A Life Interrupted, which premiered on Lifetime television.
Thompson guest - starred on the show Head Case in January 2008. She appeared in the TV film Final Approach, which debuted in the U.S. on May 24, 2008. Her film credits include Exit Speed, Spy School, Splinterheads, and Adventures of a Teenage Dragon Slayer. She starred in the television movie The Christmas Clause, which received good reviews and ratings.
Thompson stars in Mystery Case Files: Shadow Lake, an adventure game released in November 2012 by Big Fish Games. Thompson 's daughter Madeline Deutch plays a paranormal television - series host.
From 2011 - 2017, Thompson starred in the ABC Family series Switched at Birth, about a family realizing their 16 - year - old daughter is not biologically theirs and was switched with another baby at the hospital.
In 2014, Thompson was a competitor on the 19th season of Dancing with the Stars. She was paired with professional dancer Artem Chigvintsev. The couple was eliminated in the quarterfinals, finishing sixth place. She also played Irene Steele in the 2014 film Left Behind.
On April 27, 2017, Thompson was cast in the upcoming film Little Women, a modern adaption of Louisa May Alcott 's novel of the same name, to be written and directed by Clare Niederpruem, who will be making her directorial debut. The film will also star her former Switched at Birth co-star Lucas Grabeel, Ian Bohen, and Sarah Davenport. Thompson is set to portray Marmee March, the mother who helps her daughters Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy navigate the struggles and heartbreaks of adolescence and adulthood. The film will be released in 2018 to coincide with the book 's 150th - anniversary publishing date.
She has been married to film director Howard Deutch since 1989. They met on the set of Some Kind of Wonderful (1987).
Thompson and Deutch have two daughters, Madelyn (born 1991) and Zoey (born 1994), with whom she sang on stage in the Bye Bye Birdie production for the 16th annual Alzheimer 's Association "A Night at Sardi 's '' in March 2008.
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returns from delphi with a command from the oracle to find and punish the murderer of laius | Oedipus - wikipedia
Oedipus (UK: / ˈiːdɪpəs /, US: / ˈiːdəpəs, ˈɛdə - /; Greek: Οἰδίπους Oidípous meaning "swollen foot '') was a mythical Greek king of Thebes. A tragic hero in Greek mythology, Oedipus accidentally fulfilled a prophecy that he would end up killing his father and marrying his mother, thereby bringing disaster to his city and family.
The story of Oedipus is the subject of Sophocles ' tragedy Oedipus Rex, which was followed by Oedipus at Colonus and then Antigone. Together, these plays make up Sophocles ' three Theban plays. Oedipus represents two enduring themes of Greek myth and drama: the flawed nature of humanity and an individual 's role in the course of destiny in a harsh universe.
In the most well - known version of the myth, Oedipus was born to King Laius and Queen Jocasta. Laius wished to thwart a prophecy, so he left Oedipus to die on a mountainside. However, the baby was found by shepherds and raised by King Polybus and Queen Merope as their own. Oedipus learned from the oracle at Delphi of the prophecy that he would end up killing his father and marrying his mother but, unaware of his true parentage, believed he was fated to murder Polybus and marry Merope, so left for Thebes. On his way he met an older man and quarrelled, and Oedipus killed the stranger. Continuing on to Thebes, he found that the king of the city (Laius) had been recently killed, and that the city was at the mercy of the Sphinx. Oedipus answered the monster 's riddle correctly, defeating it and winning the throne of the dead king -- and the hand in marriage of the king 's widow, and (unbeknownst to him) his mother Jocasta.
Years later, to end a plague on Thebes, Oedipus searched to find who had killed Laius, and discovered that he himself was responsible. Jocasta, upon realizing that she had married both her own son, and her husband 's murderer, hanged herself. Oedipus then seized two pins from her dress and blinded himself with them.
The legend of Oedipus has been retold in many versions, and was used by Sigmund Freud to name and give mythic precedent to the Oedipus complex.
Variations on the legend of Oedipus are mentioned in fragments by several ancient Greek poets including Homer, Hesiod, Pindar, Aeschylus and Euripides. However, the most popular version of the legend comes from the set of Theban plays by Sophocles: Oedipus Rex, Oedipus at Colonus, and Antigone.
Oedipus was the son of Laius and Jocasta, king and queen of Thebes. Having been childless for some time, Laius consulted the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi. The Oracle prophesied that any son born to Laius would kill him. In an attempt to prevent this prophecy 's fulfillment, when Jocasta indeed bore a son, Laius had his ankles pierced and tethered together so that he could not crawl; Jocasta then gave the boy to a servant to abandon ("expose '') on the nearby mountain. However, rather than leave the child to die of exposure, as Laius intended, the servant passed the baby on to a shepherd from Corinth and who then gave the child to another shepherd.
The infant Oedipus eventually came to the house of Polybus, king of Corinth and his queen, Merope, who adopted him, as they were without children of their own. Little Oedipus / Oidipous was named after the swelling from the injuries to his feet and ankles ("swollen foot ''). The word "oedema '' (British English) or "edema '' (American English) is from this same Greek word for swelling: οἴδημα, or oedēma.
After many years, Oedipus was told by a drunk that he was a "bastard '', meaning at that time that he was not their biological son. Oedipus confronted his parents with the news, but they denied this. Oedipus went to the same oracle in Delphi that his birth parents had consulted. The oracle informed him that he was destined to murder his father and marry his mother. In an attempt to avoid such a fate, he decided to not return home to Corinth, but to travel to Thebes, which was closer to Delphi.
On the way, Oedipus came to Davlia, where three roads crossed each other. There he encountered a chariot driven by his birth - father, King Laius. They fought over who had the right to go first and Oedipus killed Laius when the charioteer tried to run him over. The only witness of the king 's death was a slave who fled from a caravan of slaves also traveling on the road at the time.
Continuing his journey to Thebes, Oedipus encountered a Sphinx, who would stop all travelers to Thebes and ask them a riddle. If the travelers were unable to answer her correctly, they would be killed and eaten; if they were successful, they would be free to continue on their journey. The riddle was: "What walks on four feet in the morning, two in the afternoon and three at night? ''. Oedipus answered: "Man: as an infant, he crawls on all fours; as an adult, he walks on two legs and; in old age, he uses a ' walking ' stick ''. Oedipus was the first to answer the riddle correctly and, having heard Oedipus ' answer, the Sphinx allowed him to carry on forward.
Queen Jocasta 's brother, Creon, had announced that any man who could rid the city of the Sphinx would be made king of Thebes, and given the recently widowed Queen Jocasta 's hand in marriage. This marriage of Oedipus to Jocasta fulfilled the rest of the prophecy. Oedipus and Jocasta had four children: two sons, Eteocles and Polynices (see Seven Against Thebes), and two daughters, Antigone and Ismene.
Many years after the marriage of Oedipus and Jocasta, a plague of infertility struck the city of Thebes, affecting crops, livestock and the people. Oedipus asserted that he would end the pestilence. He sent his uncle, Creon, to the Oracle at Delphi, seeking guidance. When Creon returned, Oedipus learned that the murderer of the former King Laius must be brought to justice, and Oedipus himself cursed the killer of his wife 's late husband, saying that he would be exiled. Creon also suggested that they try to find the blind prophet, Tiresias who was widely respected. Oedipus sent for Tiresias, who warned him not to seek Laius ' killer. In a heated exchange, Tiresias was provoked into exposing Oedipus himself as the killer, and the fact that Oedipus was living in shame because he did not know who his true parents were. Oedipus angrily blamed Creon for the false accusations, and the two argued. Jocasta entered and tried to calm Oedipus by telling him the story of her first - born son and his supposed death. Oedipus became nervous as he realized that he may have murdered Laius and so brought about the plague. Suddenly, a messenger arrived from Corinth with the news that King Polybus had died. Oedipus was relieved for the prophecy could no longer be fulfilled if Polybus, whom he considered his birth father, was now dead.
Still, he knew that his mother was still alive and refused to attend the funeral at Corinth. To ease the tension, the messenger then said that Oedipus was, in fact, adopted. Jocasta, finally realizing that he was her son, begged him to stop his search for Laius ' murderer. Oedipus misunderstood her motivation, thinking that she was ashamed of him because he might have been born of low birth. Jocasta in great distress went into the palace where she hanged herself. Oedipus sought verification of the messenger 's story from the very same herdsman who was supposed to have left Oedipus to die as a baby. From the herdsman, Oedipus learned that the infant raised as the adopted son of Polybus and Merope was the son of Laius and Jocasta. Thus, Oedipus finally realized that the man he had killed so many years before, at the place where the three roads met, was his own father, King Laius, and that he had married his mother, Jocasta.
Events after the revelation depend on the source. In Sophocles ' plays, Oedipus went in search of Jocasta and found she had killed herself. Using the pin from a brooch he took off Jocasta 's gown, Oedipus blinded himself and was then exiled. His daughter Antigone acted as his guide as he wandered through the country, finally dying at Colonus where they had been welcomed by King Theseus of Athens. However, in Euripides ' plays on the subject, Jocasta did not kill herself upon learning of Oedipus ' birth, and Oedipus was blinded by a servant of Laius. The blinding of Oedipus does not appear in sources earlier than Aeschylus. Some older sources of the myth, including Homer, state that Oedipus continued to rule Thebes after the revelations and after Jocasta 's death.
Oedipus ' two sons, Eteocles and Polynices, arranged to share the kingdom, each taking an alternating one - year reign. However, Eteocles refused to cede his throne after his year as king. Polynices brought in an army to oust Eteocles from his position and a battle ensued. At the end of the battle the brothers killed each other after which Jocasta 's brother, Creon, took the throne. He decided that Polynices was a "traitor, '' and should not be given burial rites. Defying this edict, Antigone attempted to bury her brother. In Sophocles ' Antigone, Creon had her buried in a rock cavern for defying him, whereupon she hanged herself. However, in Euripides ' lost version of the story, it appears that Antigone survives.
Most writing on Oedipus comes from the 5th century BC, though the stories deal mostly with Oedipus ' downfall. Various details appear on how Oedipus rose to power.
King Laius of Thebes hears of a prophecy that his infant son will one day kill him. He pierces Oedipus ' feet and leaves him out to die, but a shepherd finds him and carries him away. Years later, Oedipus, not knowing he was adopted, leaves home in fear of the same prophecy that he will kill his father and marry his mother. Laius journeys out to seek a solution to the Sphinx 's mysterious riddle. As prophesied, Oedipus and Laius cross paths, but they do not recognize each other. A fight ensues, and Oedipus kills Laius and most of his guards. Oedipus goes on to defeat the Sphinx by solving a riddle to become king. He marries the widowed Queen Jocasta, unaware that she is his mother. A plague falls on the people of Thebes. Upon discovering the truth, Oedipus blinds himself, and Jocasta hangs herself. After Oedipus is no longer king, Oedipus ' brother - sons kill each other.
Some differences with older stories emerge. The curse of the Oedipus ' sons is expanded backward to include Oedipus and his father, Laius. Oedipus now steps down from the throne instead of dying in battle. Additionally, rather than his children being by a second wife, Oedipus ' children are now by Jocasta.
In the Second Olympians Ode Pindar wrote: Laius ' tragic son, crossing his father 's path, killed him and fulfilled the oracle spoken of old at Pytho. And sharp - eyed Erinys saw and slew his warlike children at each other 's hands. Yet Thersandros survived fallen Polyneikes and won honor in youthful contests and the brunt of war, a scion of aid to the house of Adrastos...
In 467 BC the Athenian playwright, Aeschylus, is known to have presented an entire trilogy based upon the Oedipus myth, winning the first prize at the City Dionysia. The First play was Laius, the second was Oedipus, and the third was Seven against Thebes. Only the third play survives, in which Oedipus ' sons Eteocles and Polynices kill each other warring over the throne. Much like his Oresteia, this trilogy would have detailed the tribulations of a House over three successive generations. The satyr play that followed the trilogy was called The Sphinx.
As Sophocles ' Oedipus Rex begins, the people of Thebes are begging the king for help, begging him to discover the cause of the plague. Oedipus stands before them and swears to find the root of their suffering and to end it. Just then, Creon returns to Thebes from a visit to the oracle. Apollo has made it known that Thebes is harbouring a terrible abomination and that the plague will only be lifted when the true murderer of old King Laius is discovered and punished for his crime. Oedipus swears to do this, not realizing that he is himself the culprit. The stark truth emerges slowly over the course of the play, as Oedipus clashes with the blind seer Tiresias, who senses the truth. Oedipus remains in strict denial, though, becoming convinced that Tiresias is somehow plotting with Creon to usurp the throne.
Realization begins to slowly dawn in Scene II of the play when Jocasta mentions out of hand that Laius was slain at a place where three roads meet. This stirs something in Oedipus ' memory and he suddenly remembers the men that he fought and killed one day long ago at a place where three roads met. He realizes, horrified, that he might be the man he 's seeking. One household servant survived the attack and now lives out his old age in a frontier district of Thebes. Oedipus sends immediately for the man to either confirm or deny his guilt. At the very worst, though, he expects to find himself to be the unsuspecting murderer of a man unknown to him. The truth has not yet been made clear.
The moment of epiphany comes late in the play. At the beginning of Scene III, Oedipus is still waiting for the servant to be brought into the city, when a messenger arrives from Corinth to declare that King Polybus of Corinth is dead. Oedipus, when he hears this news, feels much relieved, because he believed that Polybus was the father whom the oracle had destined him to murder, and he momentarily believes himself to have escaped fate. He tells this all to the present company, including the messenger, but the messenger knows that it is not true. He is the man who found Oedipus as a baby in the pass of Cithaeron and gave him to King Polybus to raise. He reveals, furthermore that the servant who is being brought to the city as they speak is the very same man who took Oedipus up into the mountains as a baby. Jocasta realizes now all that has happened. She begs Oedipus not to pursue the matter further. He refuses, and she withdraws into the palace as the servant is arriving. The old man arrives, and it is clear at once that he knows everything. At the behest of Oedipus, he tells it all.
Overwhelmed with the knowledge of all his crimes, Oedipus rushes into the palace where he finds his mother - wife, dead by her own hand. Ripping a brooch from her dress, Oedipus blinds himself with it. Bleeding from the eyes, he begs his uncle and brother - in - law Creon, who has just arrived on the scene, to exile him forever from Thebes. Creon agrees to this request. Oedipus begs to hold his two daughters Antigone and Ismene with his hands one more time to have their eyes fill of tears and Creon out of pity sends the girls in to see Oedipus one more time.
In Sophocles ' Oedipus at Colonus, Oedipus becomes a wanderer, pursued by Creon and his men. He finally finds refuge at the holy wilderness right outside Athens, where it is said that Theseus took care of Oedipus and his daughter, Antigone. Creon eventually catches up to Oedipus. He asks Oedipus to come back from Colonus to bless his son, Eteocles. Angry that his son did not love him enough to take care of him, he curses both Eteocles and his brother, condemning them both to kill each other in battle. Oedipus dies a peaceful death; his grave is said to be sacred to the gods.
In Sophocles ' Antigone, when Oedipus stepped down as king of Thebes, he gave the kingdom to his two sons, Eteocles and Polynices, both of whom agreed to alternate the throne every year. However, they showed no concern for their father, who cursed them for their negligence. After the first year, Eteocles refused to step down and Polynices attacked Thebes with his supporters (as portrayed in the Seven Against Thebes by Aeschylus and the Phoenician Women by Euripides). The two brothers killed each other in battle. King Creon, who ascended to the throne of Thebes, decreed that Polynices was not to be buried. Antigone, Polynices ' sister, defied the order, but was caught. Creon decreed that she was to be put into a stone box in the ground, this in spite of her betrothal to his son Haemon. Antigone 's sister, Ismene, then declared she had aided Antigone and wanted the same fate, but Creon eventually declined executing her. The gods, through the blind prophet Tiresias, expressed their disapproval of Creon 's decision, which convinced him to rescind his order, and he went to bury Polynices himself. However, Antigone had already hanged herself in her tomb, rather than suffering the slow death of being buried alive. When Creon arrived at the tomb where she had been interred, his son Haemon attacked him upon seeing the body of his deceased fiancée, but failing to kill Creon he killed himself. When Creon 's wife, Eurydice, was informed of the death of Haemon, she too took her own life.
In the beginning of Euripides ' Phoenissae, Jocasta recalls the story of Oedipus. Generally, the play weaves together the plots of the Seven Against Thebes and Antigone. The play differs from the other tales in two major respects. First, it describes in detail why Laius and Oedipus had a feud: Laius ordered Oedipus out of the road so his chariot could pass, but proud Oedipus refused to move. Second, in the play Jocasta has not killed herself at the discovery of her incest -- otherwise she could not play the prologue, for fathomable reasons -- nor has Oedipus fled into exile, but they have stayed in Thebes only to delay their doom until the fatal duel of their sons / brothers / nephews Eteocles and Polynices: Jocasta commits suicide over the two men 's dead bodies, and Antigone follows Oedipus into exile.
In Chrysippus, Euripides develops backstory on the curse: Laius ' sin was to have kidnapped Chrysippus, Pelops ' son, in order to violate him, and this caused the gods ' revenge on all his family. Laius was the tutor of Chrysippus, and raping his student was a severe violation of his position as both guest and tutor in the house of the royal family hosting him at the time. Extant vases show a fury hovering over the lecherous Laius as he abducts the rape victim. Furies avenged violations of good order in households, as can be seen most clearly in such texts as The Libation Bearers by Aeschylus.
Euripides wrote also an Oedipus, of which only a few fragments survive. The first line of the prologue recalled Laius ' hubristic action of conceiving a son against Apollo 's command. At some point in the action of the play, a character engaged in a lengthy and detailed description of the Sphinx and her riddle -- preserved in five fragments from Oxyrhynchus, P. Oxy. 2459 (published by Eric Gardner Turner in 1962). The tragedy featured also many moral maxims on the theme of marriage, preserved in the Anthologion of Stobaeus. The most striking lines, however, state that in this play Oedipus was blinded by Laius ' attendants, and that this happened before his identity as Laius ' son had been discovered, therefore marking important differences with the Sophoclean treatment of the myth, which is now regarded as the ' standard ' version. Many attempts have been made to reconstruct the plot of the play, but none of them is more than hypothetical, because of the scanty remains that survive from its text and of the total absence of ancient descriptions or résumés -- though it has been suggested that a part of Hyginus ' narration of the Oedipus myth might in fact derive from Euripides ' play. Some echoes of the Euripidean Oedipus have been traced also in a scene of Seneca 's Oedipus (see below), in which Oedipus himself describes to Jocasta his adventure with the Sphinx.
At least three other 5th century BC authors who were younger than Sophocles wrote plays about Oedipus. These include Achaeus of Eretria, Nichomachus and the elder Xenocles.
The Bibliotheca, a Roman - era mythological handbook, includes a riddle for the Sphinx, borrowing the poetry of Hesiod:
What is that which has one voice and yet becomes four - footed and two - footed and three - footed?
Due to the popularity of Sophocles 's Antigone (c. 442 BC), the ending (lines 1005 -- 78) of Seven against Thebes was added some fifty years after Aeschylus ' death. Whereas the play (and the trilogy of which it is the last play) was meant to end with somber mourning for the dead brothers, the spurious ending features a herald announcing the prohibition against burying Polyneices, and Antigone 's declaration that she will defy that edict.
Oedipus was a figure who was also used in the Latin literature of ancient Rome. Julius Caesar wrote a play on Oedipus, but it has not survived into modern times. Ovid included Oedipus in Metamorphoses, but only as the person who defeated the Sphinx. He makes no mention of Oedipus ' troubled experiences with his father and mother. Seneca the Younger wrote his own play on the story of Oedipus in the first century AD. It differs in significant ways from the work of Sophocles.
Seneca 's play on the myth was intended to be recited at private gatherings and not actually performed. It has however been successfully staged since the Renaissance. It was adapted by John Dryden in his very successful heroic drama Oedipus, licensed in 1678. The 1718 Oedipus was also the first play written by Voltaire. A version of Oedipus by Frank McGuinness was performed at the National Theatre in late 2008, starring Ralph Fiennes and Claire Higgins.
In 1960, Immanuel Velikovsky (1895 -- 1979) published a book called Oedipus and Akhnaton which made a comparison between the stories of the legendary Greek figure, Oedipus, and the historic Egyptian King of Thebes, Akhnaton. The book is presented as a thesis that combines with Velikovsky 's series Ages in Chaos, concluding through his revision of Egyptian history that the Greeks who wrote the tragedy of Oedipus may have penned it in likeness of the life and story of Akhnaton, because in the revision Akhnaton would have lived much closer to the time when the legend first surfaced in Greece, providing a historical basis for the story. Each of the major characters in the Greek story are identified with the people involved in Akhnaton 's family and court, and some interesting parallels are drawn.
In the late 1960s Ola Rotimi published a novel and play, The Gods Are Not To Blame, which retell the Oedipus myth happening in the Yoruba kingdom.
It has been suggested by Robert Graves and others that in the earliest Ur - myth of the hero, he was called Oedipais: "child of the swollen sea ''. He was so named because of the method by which his birth parents tried to abandon him -- by placing him in a chest and tossing it into the ocean. The mythic topos of forsaking a child to the sea or a river is well attested, found (e.g.) in the myths of Perseus, Telephus, Dionysus, Romulus and Remus and Moses. Over the centuries, however, Oedipais seems to have been corrupted into the familiar Oedipus: "swollen foot ''. And it was this new name that might have inspired the addition of a bizarre element to the story of Oedipus ' abandonment on Mt. Cithaeron. Exposure on a mountain was in fact a common method of child abandonment in Ancient Greece. It can thus be argued that the ankle - binding was grafted onto the Oedipus myth to update its relevance.
Sigmund Freud used the name "the Oedipus complex '' to explain the origin of certain neuroses in childhood. It is defined as a male child 's unconscious desire for the exclusive love of his mother. This desire includes jealousy towards the father and the unconscious wish for that parent 's death, as well as the unconscious desire for sexual intercourse with the mother. Oedipus himself, as portrayed in the myth, did not suffer from this neurosis -- at least, not towards Jocasta, whom he only met as an adult (if anything, such feelings would have been directed at Merope -- but there is no hint of that). Freud reasoned that the ancient Greek audience, which heard the story told or saw the plays based on it, did know that Oedipus was actually killing his father and marrying his mother; the story being continually told and played therefore reflected a preoccupation with the theme.
The term oedipism is used in medicine for serious self - inflicted eye injury, an extremely rare form of severe self - harm.
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when was the sun discovered to be the center of the solar system | Heliocentrism - wikipedia
Heliocentrism is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System. Historically, Heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism, which placed the Earth at the center. The notion that the Earth revolves around the Sun had been proposed as early as the 3rd century BC by Aristarchus of Samos, but at least in the medieval world, Aristarchus 's Heliocentrism attracted little attention -- possibly because of the loss of scientific works of the Hellenistic Era.
It was not until the 16th century that a geometric mathematical model of a heliocentric system was presented, by the Renaissance mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic cleric Nicolaus Copernicus, leading to the Copernican Revolution. In the following century, Johannes Kepler elaborated upon and expanded this model to include elliptical orbits, and Galileo Galilei presented supporting observations made using a telescope.
With the observations of William Herschel, Friedrich Bessel, and other astronomers, it was realized that the sun, while near the barycenter of the solar system, was not at any center of the universe.
While the sphericity of the Earth was widely recognized in Greco - Roman astronomy from at least the 3rd century BC, the Earth 's daily rotation and yearly orbit around the Sun was never universally accepted until the Copernican Revolution.
While a moving Earth was proposed at least from the 4th century BC in Pythagoreanism, and a fully developed heliocentric model was developed by Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BC, these ideas were not successful in replacing the view of a static spherical Earth, and from the 2nd century AD the predominant model, which would be inherited by medieval astronomy, was the geocentric model described in Ptolemy 's Almagest.
The Ptolemaic system was a sophisticated astronomical system that managed to calculate the positions for the planets to a fair degree of accuracy. Ptolemy himself, in his Almagest, points out that any model for describing the motions of the planets is merely a mathematical device, and since there is no actual way to know which is true, the simplest model that gets the right numbers should be used. However, he rejected the idea of a spinning earth as absurd as he believed it would create huge winds. His planetary hypotheses were sufficiently real that the distances of moon, sun, planets and stars could be determined by treating orbits ' celestial spheres as contiguous realities. This made the stars ' distance less than 20 Astronomical Units, a regression, since Aristarchus of Samos 's heliocentric scheme had centuries earlier necessarily placed the stars at least two orders of magnitude more distant.
Problems with Ptolemy 's system were well recognized in medieval astronomy, and an increasing effort to criticize and improve it in the late medieval period eventually led to the Copernican heliocentrism developed in Renaissance astronomy.
The non-geocentric model of the Universe was proposed by the Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus (d. 390 BC), who taught that at the center of the Universe was a "central fire '', around which the Earth, Sun, Moon and Planets revolved in uniform circular motion. This system postulated the existence of a counter-earth collinear with the Earth and central fire, with the same period of revolution around the central fire as the Earth. The Sun revolved around the central fire once a year, and the stars were stationary. The Earth maintained the same hidden face towards the central fire, rendering both it and the "counter-earth '' invisible from Earth. The Pythagorean concept of uniform circular motion remained unchallenged for approximately the next 2000 years, and it was to the Pythagoreans that Copernicus referred to show that the notion of a moving Earth was neither new nor revolutionary. Kepler gave an alternative explanation of the Pythagoreans ' "central fire '' as the Sun, "as most sects purposely hid (e) their teachings ''.
Heraclides of Pontus (4th century BC) said that the rotation of the Earth explained the apparent daily motion of the celestial sphere. It used to be thought that he believed Mercury and Venus to revolve around the Sun, which in turn (along with the other planets) revolves around the Earth. Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius (AD 395 -- 423) later described this as the "Egyptian System, '' stating that "it did not escape the skill of the Egyptians, '' though there is no other evidence it was known in ancient Egypt.
The first person known to have proposed a heliocentric system, however, was Aristarchus of Samos (c. 270 BC). Like Eratosthenes, Aristarchus calculated the size of the Earth, and measured the size and distance of the Moon and Sun, in a treatise which has survived. From his estimates, he concluded that the Sun was six to seven times wider than the Earth and thus hundreds of times more voluminous. His writings on the heliocentric system are lost, but some information is known from surviving descriptions and critical commentary by his contemporaries, such as Archimedes. Some have suggested that his calculation of the relative size of the Earth and Sun led Aristarchus to conclude that it made more sense for the Earth to be moving than for the huge Sun to be moving around it. Though the original text has been lost, a reference in Archimedes ' book The Sand Reckoner describes another work by Aristarchus in which he advanced an alternative hypothesis of the heliocentric model. Archimedes wrote:
You King Gelon are aware the ' universe ' is the name given by most astronomers to the sphere the center of which is the center of the Earth, while its radius is equal to the straight line between the center of the Sun and the center of the Earth. This is the common account as you have heard from astronomers. But Aristarchus has brought out a book consisting of certain hypotheses, wherein it appears, as a consequence of the assumptions made, that the universe is many times greater than the ' universe ' just mentioned. His hypotheses are that the fixed stars and the Sun remain unmoved, that the Earth revolves about the Sun on the circumference of a circle, the Sun lying in the middle of the orbit, and that the sphere of fixed stars, situated about the same center as the Sun, is so great that the circle in which he supposes the Earth to revolve bears such a proportion to the distance of the fixed stars as the center of the sphere bears to its surface.
Aristarchus believed the stars to be very far away, and saw this as the reason why there was no visible parallax, that is, an observed movement of the stars relative to each other as the Earth moved around the Sun. The stars are in fact much farther away than the distance that was generally assumed in ancient times, which is why stellar parallax is only detectable with telescopes.
Archimedes says that Aristarchus made the stars ' distance larger, suggesting that he was answering the natural objection that Heliocentrism requires stellar parallactic oscillations. He apparently agreed to the point but placed the stars so distant as to make the parallactic motion invisibly minuscule. Thus Heliocentrism opened the way for realization that the universe was larger than the geocentrists taught.
Heliocentrism had been in conflict with religion before Copernicus: One of the few pieces of information we have about the reception of Aristarchus 's heliocentric system comes from a passage in Plutarch 's dialogue, Concerning the Face which Appears in the Orb of the Moon. According to one of Plutarch 's characters in the dialogue, the philosopher Cleanthes had held that Aristarchus should be charged with impiety for "moving the hearth of the world ''.
Since Plutarch mentions the "followers of Aristarchus '' in passing, it is likely that there were other astronomers in the Classical period who also espoused Heliocentrism, but whose work was lost. The only other astronomer from antiquity known by name who is known to have supported Aristarchus ' heliocentric model was Seleucus of Seleucia (b. 190 BC), a Hellenistic astronomer who flourished a century after Aristarchus in the Seleucid empire. Seleucus adopted the heliocentric system of Aristarchus and is said to have proved the heliocentric theory. According to Bartel Leendert van der Waerden, Seleucus may have proved the heliocentric theory by determining the constants of a geometric model for the heliocentric theory and by developing methods to compute planetary positions using this model. He may have used early trigonometric methods that were available in his time, as he was a contemporary of Hipparchus. A fragment of a work by Seleucus has survived in Arabic translation, which was referred to by Rhazes (b. 865).
Alternatively, his explanation may have involved the phenomenon of tides, which he supposedly theorized to be caused by the attraction to the Moon and by the revolution of the Earth around the Earth - Moon ' center of mass '.
There were occasional speculations about heliocentrism in Europe before Copernicus. In Roman Carthage, the pagan Martianus Capella (5th century A.D.) expressed the opinion that the planets Venus and Mercury did not go about the Earth but instead circled the Sun. Capella 's model was discussed in the Early Middle Ages by various anonymous 9th - century commentators and Copernicus mentions him as an influence on his own work.
The Ptolemaic system was also received in Indian astronomy. Aryabhata (476 -- 550), in his magnum opus Aryabhatiya (499), propounded a planetary model in which the Earth was taken to be spinning on its axis and the periods of the planets were given with respect to the Sun. He accurately calculated many astronomical constants, such as the periods of the planets, times of the solar and lunar eclipses, and the instantaneous motion of the Moon. Early followers of Aryabhata 's model included Varahamihira, Brahmagupta, and Bhaskara II.
Muslim astronomers often, but not entirely accepted the Ptolemaic system and the geocentric model.
Beginning in the 11th century, a tradition criticizing Ptolemy developed within Islamic astronomy, beginning with Ibn al - Haytham of Basra 's Al - Shukūk ' alā Baṭalamiyūs ("Doubts Concerning Ptolemy ''). Several Muslim scholars questioned the Earth 's apparent immobility and centrality within the universe.
Abu Sa'id al - Sijzi (d.c. 1020) accepted that the Earth rotates around its axis.
According to Al - Biruni, Sijzi invented an astrolabe called al - zūraqī based on a belief held by some of his contemporaries "That the motion we see is due to the Earth 's movement and not to that of the sky. '' That others besides al - Sijzi held this view is further confirmed by a reference from an Arabic work in the 13th century which states:
According to the geometers (or engineers) (muhandisīn), the earth is in constant circular motion, and what appears to be the motion of the heavens is actually due to the motion of the earth and not the stars.
Early in the 11th century Alhazen wrote a scathing critique of Ptolemy 's model in his Doubts on Ptolemy (c. 1028), which some have interpreted to imply he was criticizing Ptolemy 's geocentrism, but most agree that he was actually criticizing the details of Ptolemy 's model rather than his geocentrism. Abu Rayhan Biruni (b. 973) discussed the possibility of whether the Earth rotated about its own axis and around the Sun, but in his Masudic Canon, he set forth the principles that the Earth is at the center of the universe and that it has no motion of its own. He was aware that if the Earth rotated on its axis, this would be consistent with his astronomical parameters, but he considered it a problem of natural philosophy rather than mathematics.
In the 12th century, some Islamic astronomers developed complete alternatives to the Ptolemaic system (although not heliocentric), such as Nur ad - Din al - Bitruji, who considered the Ptolemaic model as mathematical, and not physical. Al - Bitruji 's alternative system spread through most of Europe in the 13th century, with debates and refutations of his ideas continued up to the 16th century.
The Maragha school of astronomy in Ilkhanid - era Persia further developed "non-Ptolemaic '' planetary models involving Earth 's rotation. Notable astronomers of this school are Al - Urdi (d. 1266) Al - Katibi (d. 1277), and Al - Tusi (d. 1274).
The arguments and evidence used resemble those used by Copernicus to support the Earth 's motion. The criticism of Ptolemy as developed by Averroes and by the Maragha school explicitly address the Earth 's rotation but it did not arrive at explicit heliocentrism. The observations of the Maragha school were further improved at the Timurid - era Samarkand observatory under Qushji (1403 -- 1474).
European scholarship in the later medieval period actively received astronomical models developed in the Islamic world and by the 13th century was well aware of the problems of the Ptolemaic model. In the 14th century, bishop Nicole Oresme discussed the possibility that the Earth rotated on its axis, while Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa in his Learned Ignorance asked whether there was any reason to assert that the Sun (or any other point) was the center of the universe. In parallel to a mystical definition of God, Cusa wrote that "Thus the fabric of the world (machina mundi) will quasi have its center everywhere and circumference nowhere. ''
In India, Nilakantha Somayaji (1444 -- 1544), in his Aryabhatiyabhasya, a commentary on Aryabhata 's Aryabhatiya, developed a computational system for a partially heliocentric planetary model, in which the planets orbit the Sun, which in turn orbits the Earth, similar to the Tychonic system later proposed by Tycho Brahe in the late 16th century. In the Tantrasangraha (1500), he further revised his planetary system, which was mathematically more accurate at predicting the heliocentric orbits of the interior planets than both the Tychonic and Copernican models, but did not propose any specific models of the universe. Nilakantha 's planetary system also incorporated the Earth 's rotation on its axis. Most astronomers of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics seem to have accepted his planetary model.
Some historians maintain that the thought of the Maragheh observatory, in particular the mathematical devices known as the Urdi lemma and the Tusi couple, influenced Renaissance - era European astronomy, and thus was indirectly received by Renaissance - era European astronomy and thus by Copernicus. Copernicus used such devices in the same planetary models as found in Arabic sources. Furthermore, the exact replacement of the equant by two epicycles used by Copernicus in the Commentariolus was found in an earlier work by Ibn al - Shatir (d.c. 1375) of Damascus. Ibn al - Shatir 's lunar and Mercury models are also identical to those of Copernicus.
The state of knowledge on planetary theory received by Copernicus is summarized in Georg von Peuerbach 's Theoricae Novae Planetarum (printed in 1472 by Regiomontanus). By 1470, the accuracy of observations by the Vienna school of astronomy, of which Peuerbach and Regiomontanus were members, was high enough to make the eventual development of heliocentrism inevitable, and indeed it is possible that Regiomontanus did arrive at an explicit theory of heliocentrism before his death in 1476, some 30 years before Copernicus. While the influence of the criticism of Ptolemy by Averroes on Renaissance thought is clear and explicit, the claim of direct influence of the Maragha school, postulated by Otto E. Neugebauer in 1957, remains an open question. Copernicus explicitly references several astronomers of the "Islamic Golden Age '' (10th to 12th centuries) in De Revolutionibus: Albategnius (Al - Battani), Averroes (Ibn Rushd), Thebit (Thabit Ibn Qurra), Arzachel (Al - Zarqali), and Alpetragius (Al - Bitruji), but he does not show awareness of the existence of any of the later astronomers of the Maragha school.
It has been argued that Copernicus could have independently discovered the Tusi couple or took the idea from Proclus 's Commentary on the First Book of Euclid, which Copernicus cited. Another possible source for Copernicus 's knowledge of this mathematical device is the Questiones de Spera of Nicole Oresme, who described how a reciprocating linear motion of a celestial body could be produced by a combination of circular motions similar to those proposed by al - Tusi.
Nicolaus Copernicus in his De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ("On the revolution of heavenly spheres '', first printed in 1543 in Nuremberg), presented a discussion of a heliocentric model of the universe in much the same way as Ptolemy in the 2nd century had presented his geocentric model in his Almagest. Copernicus discussed the philosophical implications of his proposed system, elaborated it in geometrical detail, used selected astronomical observations to derive the parameters of his model, and wrote astronomical tables which enabled one to compute the past and future positions of the stars and planets. In doing so, Copernicus moved Heliocentrism from philosophical speculation to predictive geometrical astronomy. In reality, Copernicus 's system did not predict the planets ' positions any better than the Ptolemaic system. This theory resolved the issue of planetary retrograde motion by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent, rather than real: it was a parallax effect, as an object that one is passing seems to move backwards against the horizon. This issue was also resolved in the geocentric Tychonic system; the latter, however, while eliminating the major epicycles, retained as a physical reality the irregular back - and - forth motion of the planets, which Kepler characterized as a "pretzel ''.
Copernicus cited Aristarchus in an early (unpublished) manuscript of De Revolutionibus (which still survives), stating: "Philolaus believed in the mobility of the earth, and some even say that Aristarchus of Samos was of that opinion. '' However, in the published version he restricts himself to noting that in works by Cicero he had found an account of the theories of Hicetas and that Plutarch had provided him with an account of the Pythagoreans, Heraclides Ponticus, Philolaus, and Ecphantus. These authors had proposed a moving earth, which did not, however, revolve around a central sun.
The first information about the heliocentric views of Nicolaus Copernicus was circulated in manuscript completed some time before May 1, 1514. Although only in manuscript, Copernicus ' ideas were well known among astronomers and others. His ideas contradicted the then - prevailing understanding of the Bible. In the King James Bible (first published in 1611), First Chronicles 16: 30 states that "the world also shall be stable, that it be not moved. '' Psalm 104: 5 says, "(the Lord) Who laid the foundations of the earth, that it should not be removed for ever. '' Ecclesiastes 1: 5 states that "The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose. ''
Nonetheless, in 1533, Johann Albrecht Widmannstetter delivered in Rome a series of lectures outlining Copernicus ' theory. The lectures were heard with interest by Pope Clement VII and several Catholic cardinals. On November 1, 1536, Archbishop of Capua Nikolaus von Schönberg wrote a letter to Copernicus from Rome encouraging him to publish a full version of his theory.
However, in 1539, Martin Luther said:
"There is talk of a new astrologer who wants to prove that the earth moves and goes around instead of the sky, the sun, the moon, just as if somebody were moving in a carriage or ship might hold that he was sitting still and at rest while the earth and the trees walked and moved. But that is how things are nowadays: when a man wishes to be clever he must... invent something special, and the way he does it must needs be the best! The fool wants to turn the whole art of astronomy upside - down. However, as Holy Scripture tells us, so did Joshua bid the sun to stand still and not the earth. ''
This was reported in the context of a conversation at the dinner table and not a formal statement of faith. Melanchthon, however, opposed the doctrine over a period of years.
Nicolaus Copernicus published the definitive statement of his system in De Revolutionibus in 1543. Copernicus began to write it in 1506 and finished it in 1530, but did not publish it until the year of his death. Although he was in good standing with the Church and had dedicated the book to Pope Paul III, the published form contained an unsigned preface by Osiander defending the system and arguing that it was useful for computation even if its hypotheses were not necessarily true. Possibly because of that preface, the work of Copernicus inspired very little debate on whether it might be heretical during the next 60 years. There was an early suggestion among Dominicans that the teaching of Heliocentrism should be banned, but nothing came of it at the time.
Some years after the publication of De Revolutionibus John Calvin preached a sermon in which he denounced those who "pervert the order of nature '' by saying that "the sun does not move and that it is the earth that revolves and that it turns ''.
On the other hand, Calvin is not responsible for another famous quotation which has often been misattributed to him: "Who will venture to place the authority of Copernicus above that of the Holy Spirit? '' It has long been established that this line can not be found in any of Calvin 's works. It has been suggested that the quotation was originally sourced from the works of Lutheran theologian Abraham Calovius.
Prior to the publication of De Revolutionibus, the most widely accepted system had been proposed by Ptolemy, in which the Earth was the center of the universe and all celestial bodies orbited it. Tycho Brahe, arguably the most accomplished astronomer of his time, advocated against Copernicus 's heliocentric system and for an alternative to the Ptolemaic geocentric system: a geo - heliocentric system now known as the Tychonic system in which the five then known planets orbit the sun, while the sun and the moon orbit the earth.
Tycho appreciated the Copernican system, but objected to the idea of a moving Earth on the basis of physics, astronomy, and religion. The Aristotelian physics of the time (modern Newtonian physics was still a century away) offered no physical explanation for the motion of a massive body like Earth, whereas it could easily explain the motion of heavenly bodies by postulating that they were made of a different sort substance called aether that moved naturally. So Tycho said that the Copernican system "... expertly and completely circumvents all that is superfluous or discordant in the system of Ptolemy. On no point does it offend the principle of mathematics. Yet it ascribes to the Earth, that hulking, lazy body, unfit for motion, a motion as quick as that of the aethereal torches, and a triple motion at that. '' Likewise, Tycho took issue with the vast distances to the stars that Aristarchus and Copernicus had assumed in order to explain the lack of any visible parallax. Tycho had measured the apparent sizes of stars (now known to be illusory -- see stellar magnitude), and used geometry to calculate that in order to both have those apparent sizes and be as far away as Heliocentrism required, stars would have to be huge (much larger than the sun; the size of Earth 's orbit or larger). Regarding this Tycho wrote, "Deduce these things geometrically if you like, and you will see how many absurdities (not to mention others) accompany this assumption (of the motion of the earth) by inference. '' He also cited the Copernican system 's "opposition to the authority of Sacred Scripture in more than one place '' as a reason why one might wish to reject it, and observed that his own geoheliocentric alternative "offended neither the principles of physics nor Holy Scripture ''.
The Jesuit astronomers in Rome were at first unreceptive to Tycho 's system; the most prominent, Clavius, commented that Tycho was "confusing all of astronomy, because he wants to have Mars lower than the Sun. '' However, after the advent of the telescope showed problems with some geocentric models (by demonstrating that Venus circles the sun, for example), the Tychonic system and variations on that system became very popular among geocentrists, and the Jesuit astronomer Giovanni Battista Riccioli would continue Tycho 's use of physics, stellar astronomy (now with a telescope), and religion to argue against Heliocentrism and for Tycho 's system well into the seventeenth century (see Riccioli).
Galileo was able to look at the night sky with the newly invented telescope. Then he published his discoveries in Letters on Sunspots that the Sun rotated and that Venus exhibited a full range of phases. These discoveries were not consistent with the Ptolemeic model of the solar system. As the Jesuit astronomers confirmed Galileo 's observations, the Jesuits moved toward Tycho 's teachings.
In a Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina, Galileo defended Heliocentrism, and claimed it was not contrary to Scriptures (see Galileo affair). He took Augustine 's position on Scripture: not to take every passage literally when the scripture in question is in a Bible book of poetry and songs, not a book of instructions or history. The writers of the Scripture wrote from the perspective of the terrestrial world, and from that vantage point the sun does rise and set. In fact, it is the Earth 's rotation which gives the impression of the sun in motion across the sky.
In February 1615, prominent Dominicans including Thomaso Caccini and Niccolò Lorini brought Galileo 's writings on Heliocentrism to the attention of the Inquisition, because they appeared to violate Holy Scripture and the decrees of the Council of Trent. Cardinal and Inquisitor Robert Bellarmine was called upon to adjudicate, and wrote in April that treating Heliocentrism as a real phenomenon would be "a very dangerous thing, '' irritating philosophers and theologians, and harming "the Holy Faith by rendering Holy Scripture as false. ''
In January 1616 Msgr. Francesco Ingoli addressed an essay to Galileo disputing the Copernican system. Galileo later stated that he believed this essay to have been instrumental in the ban against Copernicanism that followed in February. According to Maurice Finocchiaro, Ingoli had probably been commissioned by the Inquisition to write an expert opinion on the controversy, and the essay provided the "chief direct basis '' for the ban. The essay focused on eighteen physical and mathematical arguments against Heliocentrism. It borrowed primarily from the arguments of Tycho Brahe, and it notedly mentioned the problem that Heliocentrism requires the stars to be much larger than the sun. Ingoli wrote that the great distance to the stars in the heliocentric theory "clearly proves... the fixed stars to be of such size, as they may surpass or equal the size of the orbit circle of the Earth itself. '' Ingoli included four theological arguments in the essay, but suggested to Galileo that he focus on the physical and mathematical arguments. Galileo did not write a response to Ingoli until 1624.
In February 1616, the Inquisition assembled a committee of theologians, known as qualifiers, who delivered their unanimous report condemning Heliocentrism as "foolish and absurd in philosophy, and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture. '' The Inquisition also determined that the Earth 's motion "receives the same judgement in philosophy and... in regard to theological truth it is at least erroneous in faith. '' Bellarmine personally ordered Galileo
"to abstain completely from teaching or defending this doctrine and opinion or from discussing it... to abandon completely... the opinion that the sun stands still at the center of the world and the earth moves, and henceforth not to hold, teach, or defend it in any way whatever, either orally or in writing. ''
In March, after the Inquisition 's injunction against Galileo, the papal Master of the Sacred Palace, Congregation of the Index, and Pope banned all books and letters advocating the Copernican system, which they called "the false Pythagorean doctrine, altogether contrary to Holy Scripture. '' In 1618 the Holy Office recommended that a modified version of Copernicus ' De Revolutionibus be allowed for use in calendric calculations, though the original publication remained forbidden until 1758.
In Astronomia nova (1609), Johannes Kepler had used an elliptical orbit to explain the motion of Mars. In Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae he developed a heliocentric model of the solar system in which all the planets have elliptical orbits. This provided significantly increased accuracy in predicting the position of the planets. Kepler 's ideas were not immediately accepted. Galileo for example completely ignored Kepler 's work. Kepler proposed Heliocentrism as a physical description of the solar system and Epitome astronomia Copernicanae was placed on the index of prohibited books despite Kepler being a Protestant.
Pope Urban VIII encouraged Galileo to publish the pros and cons of Heliocentrism. Galileo 's response, Dialogue concerning the two chief world systems (1632), clearly advocated Heliocentrism, despite his declaration in the preface that,
I will endeavour to show that all experiments that can be made upon the Earth are insufficient means to conclude for its mobility but are indifferently applicable to the Earth, movable or immovable...
and his straightforward statement,
I might very rationally put it in dispute, whether there be any such centre in nature, or no; being that neither you nor any one else hath ever proved, whether the World be finite and figurate, or else infinite and interminate; yet nevertheless granting you, for the present, that it is finite, and of a terminate Spherical Figure, and that thereupon it hath its centre...
Some ecclesiastics also interpreted the book as characterizing the Pope as a simpleton, since his viewpoint in the dialogue was advocated by the character Simplicio. Urban VIII became hostile to Galileo and he was again summoned to Rome. Galileo 's trial in 1633 involved making fine distinctions between "teaching '' and "holding and defending as true ''. For advancing heliocentric theory Galileo was forced to recant Copernicanism and was put under house arrest for the last few years of his life.
According to J.L. Heilbron, informed contemporaries of Galileo 's:
"appreciated that the reference to heresy in connection with Galileo or Copernicus had no general or theological significance. ''
René Descartes postponed, and ultimately never finished, his treatise The World, which included a heliocentric model, but the Galileo affair did little to slow the spread of Heliocentrism across Europe, as Kepler 's Epitome of Copernican Astronomy became increasingly influential in the coming decades. By 1686 the model was well enough established that the general public was reading about it in Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds, published in France by Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle and translated into English and other languages in the coming years. It has been called "one of the first great popularizations of science. ''
In 1687, Isaac Newton published Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, which provided an explanation for Kepler 's laws in terms of universal gravitation and what came to be known as Newton 's laws of motion. This placed Heliocentrism on a firm theoretical foundation, although Newton 's Heliocentrism was of a somewhat modern kind. Already in the mid-1680s he recognized the "deviation of the Sun '' from the centre of gravity of the solar system. For Newton it was not precisely the centre of the Sun or any other body that could be considered at rest, but "the common centre of gravity of the Earth, the Sun and all the Planets is to be esteem 'd the Centre of the World '', and this centre of gravity "either is at rest or moves uniformly forward in a right line ''. Newton adopted the "at rest '' alternative in view of common consent that the centre, wherever it was, was at rest.
Meanwhile, the Church remained opposed to Heliocentrism as a literal description, but this did not by any means imply opposition to all astronomy; indeed, it needed observational data to maintain its calendar. In support of this effort it allowed the cathedrals themselves to be used as solar observatories called meridiane; i.e., they were turned into "reverse sundials '', or gigantic pinhole cameras, where the Sun 's image was projected from a hole in a window in the cathedral 's lantern onto a meridian line.
In 1664, Pope Alexander VII published his Index Librorum Prohibitorum Alexandri VII Pontificis Maximi jussu editus (Index of Prohibited Books, published by order of Alexander VII, P.M.) which included all previous condemnations of heliocentric books.
In the mid-eighteenth century the Church 's opposition began to fade. An annotated copy of Newton 's Principia was published in 1742 by Fathers le Seur and Jacquier of the Franciscan Minims, two Catholic mathematicians, with a preface stating that the author 's work assumed Heliocentrism and could not be explained without the theory. In 1758 the Catholic Church dropped the general prohibition of books advocating Heliocentrism from the Index of Forbidden Books. The Observatory of the Roman College was established by Pope Clement XIV in 1774 (nationalized in 1878, but re-founded by Pope Leo XIII as the Vatican Observatory in 1891). In spite of dropping its active resistance to Heliocentrism, the Catholic Church did not lift the prohibition of uncensored versions of Copernicus 's De Revolutionibus or Galileo 's Dialogue. The affair was revived in 1820, when the Master of the Sacred Palace (the Church 's chief censor), Filippo Anfossi, refused to license a book by a Catholic canon, Giuseppe Settele, because it openly treated heliocentrism as a physical fact. Settele appealed to pope Pius VII. After the matter had been reconsidered by the Congregation of the Index and the Holy Office, Anfossi 's decision was overturned. Pius VII approved a decree in 1822 by the Sacred Congregation of the Inquisition to allow the printing of heliocentric books in Rome. Copernicus 's De Revolutionibus and Galileo 's Dialogue were then subsequently omitted from the next edition of the Index when it appeared in 1835.
Already in the Talmud, Greek philosophy and science under general name "Greek wisdom '' were considered dangerous. They were put under ban then and later for some periods.
The first Jewish scholar to describe the Copernican system, albeit without mentioning Copernicus by name, was Maharal of Prague, his book "Be'er ha - Golah '' (1593). Maharal makes an argument of radical skepticism, arguing that no scientific theory can be reliable, which he illustrates by the new - fangled theory of heliocentrism upsetting even the most fundamental views on the cosmos.
Copernicus is mentioned in the books of David Gans (1541 -- 1613), who worked with Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler. Gans wrote two books on astronomy in Hebrew: a short one "Magen David '' (1612) and a full one "Nehmad veNaim '' (published only in 1743). He described objectively three systems: Ptolemy, Copernicus and of Tycho Brahe without taking sides. Joseph Solomon Delmedigo (1591 -- 1655) in his "Elim '' (1629) says that the arguments of Copernicus are so strong, that only an imbecile will not accept them. Delmedigo studied at Padua and was acquainted with Galileo.
An actual controversy on the Copernican model within Judaism arises only in the early 18th century. Most authors in this period accept Copernican heliocentrism, with opposition from David Nieto and Tobias Cohn. Both of these authors argued against heliocentrism on grounds of contradictions to scripture. Nieto merely rejected the new system on those grounds without much passion, whereas Cohn went so far as to call Copernicus "a first - born of Satan '', though he also acknowledged that he would have found it difficult to counter one particular objection based on a passage from the Talmud.
In the 19th century two students of the Hatam sofer wrote books that were given approbations by him even though one supported heliocentrism and the other geocentrism. The one, a commentary on Genesis Yafe'ah le - Ketz written by R. Israel David Schlesinger resisted a heliocentric model and supported geocentrism. The other, Mei Menuchot written by R. Eliezer Lipmann Neusatz encouraged acceptance of the heliocentric model and other modern scientific thinking.
Since the 20th century most Jews have not questioned the science of heliocentrism. Exceptions include Shlomo Benizri and R.M.M. Schneerson of Chabad who argued that the question of heliocentrism vs. geocentrism is obsolete because of the relativity of motion. Schneerson 's followers in Chabad continue to deny the heliocentric model.
Kepler 's laws of planetary motion were used as arguments in favor of the heliocentric hypothesis. Three apparent proofs of the heliocentric hypothesis were provided in 1727 by James Bradley, in 1838 by Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel and in 1851 by Foucault. Bradley discovered the stellar aberration, proving the relative motion of the earth. Bessel proved that the parallax of a star was greater than zero by measuring the parallax of 0.314 arcseconds of a star named 61 Cygni. In the same year Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve and Thomas Henderson measured the parallaxes of other stars, Vega and Alpha Centauri.
The thinking that the heliocentric view was also not true in a strict sense was achieved in steps. That the Sun was not the center of the universe, but one of innumerable stars, was strongly advocated by the mystic Giordano Bruno. Over the course of the 18th and 19th centuries, the status of the Sun as merely one star among many became increasingly obvious. By the 20th century, even before the discovery that there are many galaxies, it was no longer an issue.
The concept of an absolute velocity, including being "at rest '' as a particular case, is ruled out by the principle of relativity, also eliminating any obvious "center '' of the universe as a natural origin of coordinates. Some forms of Mach 's principle consider the frame at rest with respect to the distant masses in the universe to have special properties.
Even if the discussion is limited to the solar system, the Sun is not at the geometric center of any planet 's orbit, but rather approximately at one focus of the elliptical orbit. Furthermore, to the extent that a planet 's mass can not be neglected in comparison to the Sun 's mass, the center of gravity of the solar system is displaced slightly away from the center of the Sun. (The masses of the planets, mostly Jupiter, amount to 0.14 % of that of the Sun.) Therefore, a hypothetical astronomer on an extrasolar planet would observe a small "wobble '' in the Sun 's motion.
In modern calculations the terms "geocentric '' and "heliocentric '' are often used to refer to reference frames. In such systems the origin in the center of mass of the Earth, of the Earth -- Moon system, of the Sun, of the Sun plus the major planets, or of the entire solar system can be selected; see center - of - mass frame. Right Ascension and Declination are examples of geocentric coordinates, used in Earth - based observations, while the heliocentric latitude and longitude are used for orbital calculations. This leads to such terms as "heliocentric velocity '' and "heliocentric angular momentum ''. In this heliocentric picture, any planet of the Solar System can be used as a source of mechanical energy because it moves relatively to the Sun. A smaller body (either artificial or natural) may gain heliocentric velocity due to gravity assist -- this effect can change the body 's mechanical energy in heliocentric reference frame (although it will not changed in the planetary one). However, such selection of "geocentric '' or "heliocentric '' frames is merely a matter of computation. It does not have philosophical implications and does not constitute a distinct physical or scientific model. From the point of view of General Relativity, inertial reference frames do not exist at all, and any practical reference frame is only an approximation to the actual space - time, which can have higher or lower precision.
All Islamic astronomers from Thabit ibn Qurra in the ninth century to Ibn al - Shatir in the fourteenth, and all natural philosophers from al - Kindi to Averroes and later, are known to have accepted... the Greek picture of the world as consisting of two spheres of which one, the celestial sphere... concentrically envelops the other.
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dragon ball super season 3 episode 5 dubbed | List of Dragon Ball Super episodes - wikipedia
Dragon Ball Super is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation that began airing on July 5, 2015 on Fuji TV. It is the first Dragon Ball television series featuring a new storyline in 18 years. Storywise, the series retells the events of the last two Dragon Ball Z films, Battle of Gods and Resurrection ' F ', which themselves follow the events of Dragon Ball Z. Afterwards, the series proceeds to tell an original story about the exploration of other universes, the reemergence of Future Trunks, and a new threat to his Earth known as Goku Black and a Supreme Kai from Universe 10 named Zamasu. Later, the Z Fighters participate in a universal tournament held by Zeno - sama to decide the fate of multiple universes. If they lose in the universal tournament, then their entire universe will be erased.
Thirteen pieces of theme music are used: two opening themes and eleven ending themes. For the first 76 episodes, the opening theme is "Chōzetsu ☆ Dynamic! '' (超絶 ☆ ダイナミック!, Chōzetsu Dainamikku, "Excellent Dynamic! '') performed by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey. The lyrics were penned by Yukinojo Mori who has written numerous songs for the Dragon Ball series. Beginning with episode 77, the second opening theme is "Limit - Break x Survivor '' (限界 突破 × サバイバー, Genkai Toppa x Sabaibā) by Kiyoshi Hikawa. Mori wrote the lyrics for the rock number "Genkai Toppa x Survivor '' and Takafumi Iwasaki composed the music. For the first 12 episodes, the ending theme is "Hello Hello Hello '' (ハロー ハロー ハロー, Harō Harō Harō) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America. The second ending theme song for episodes 13 to 25 is "Starring Star '' (スターリング スター, Sutāringu Sutā) by Key Talk. The third ending theme song for episodes 26 to 36 is "Usubeni '' (薄 紅, "Light Pink '') by Lacco Tower. The fourth ending theme song for episodes 37 to 49 is "Forever Dreaming '' (フォーエバー ドリーミング, Fōebā Dorīmingu) by Czecho No Republic. The fifth ending theme song for episodes 50 to 59 is "Yokayoka Dance '' (よかよか ダンス, Yokayoka Dansu, "It 's Fine Dance '') by idol group Batten Showjo Tai. The sixth ending theme for episodes 60 to 72 is "Chao Han Music '' (炒飯 MUSIC, Chāhan Myūjikku) by Arukara. The seventh ending theme from episodes 73 to 83 is "Aku no Tenshi to Seigi no Akuma '' (悪 の 天使 と 正義 の 悪魔, An Evil Angel and the Righteous Devil) by THE COLLECTORS. The eighth ending theme from episodes 84 to 96 is "Boogie Back '' by Miyu Innoue. The ninth ending theme from episodes 97 to 108 is "Haruka '' by Lacco Tower. Beginning with episode 109, the tenth ending theme is "By A 70cm Square Window '' by the rock band RottenGraffty. The eleventh ending theme is "Lagrima '' by OnePixecel.
The anime episodes are being released on Japanese Blu - ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each. The first set was released on December 2, 2015. The second set was released on March 2, 2016. The third set was released on July 2, 2016. The fourth set was released on October 10, 2016.
Dragon Ball Super received an English - language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia and India in January 2017. The series has been aired in Israel on Nickelodeon and in Portugal on SIC. Toei Animation Europe announced that Dragon Ball Super would be broadcast in France, Italy, Spain, and English - speaking Africa in Fall 2016. An official English sub of the series would be simulcasted legally on Crunchyroll, Daisuki.net, and Anime Lab beginning October 22, 2016. Funimation announced the company acquired the rights to the series and will be producing an English dub. As well as officially announcing the dub, it was also announced they will be simulcasting the series on their streaming platform, FunimationNow. Funimation 's English dub of Dragon Ball Super started airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting January 7, 2017.
The Supreme Kais are surprised that the universe is still intact following the battle, but they fear the worst is still to come. On Earth, Vegeta, Whis, and the others are still standing by while watching the battle. Whis is surprised by the Super Saiyan God 's power and its ability to keep up with his trainee. In space, Goku struggles to keep up with Beerus ' attack, which ultimately ends up in a massive explosion that blinds everyone on Earth. Shortly after, the light clears out, which reveals everything to be as it was prior to the explosion. Beerus explains that he used his full power to negate the explosion, which saved the universe. Seeing it as a perfect opportunity to boast, Mr. Satan arranges to have himself be falsely credited with saving the planet yet again. Despite being at his limit, Goku remains calm, which annoys the God of Destruction. Beerus thinks Goku might have a strategy that he has been hiding, which Goku promptly denies. Goku says that everything he had been doing was improvised as they fought. The Gods quickly power up and continue fighting, but this time both are at their limit. As soon as they start, Goku loses his Super Saiyan God aura and reverts to the ordinary Super Saiyan form. Upon noticing that, Beerus decides to quit. He thinks it is pointless to fight an ordinary Super Saiyan. However, Goku does not notice and keeps going at it. Whis is able to sense Goku 's mortal energy. Whis assumes that the battle has concluded and that Goku has lost. However, Piccolo begs to differ. Surprised that Goku is still able to hit him even after losing his Super Saiyan God form, Beerus surmises that Goku 's body has adjusted to the Super Saiyan God power. This made him stronger in his ordinary form. With or without the Super Saiyan God form, Goku proclaims that it is still him that Beerus is up against. Beerus and Goku resume their battle of Gods.
To counter Goku 's increase in power, Kefla powers up to Super Saiyan 2, and the two of them face off. Goku still easily dodges Kefla 's attacks, but his own attacks are not enough to take her down. When Goku launches his attacks, it interferes with his concentration and prevents him from using Ultra Instinct to its full potential. Jiren senses the energy from their battle, which prompts him to awaken from his meditation and rejoin Toppo and Dyspo. Vegeta realizes that Ultra Instinct is the level of skill that Whis was training him and Goku to attain. Vegeta decides that he must reach it too. Goku begins running low on stamina. He declares that he will end the fight with his next attack. Kefla panics and unleashes a multitude of deadly energy beams. Her ultimate attack devastates the ring, but Goku easily dodges her blasts while charging a Kamehameha. Goku jumps into the air. Kefla focuses all of her power into a single blast and launches it at him. She takes advantage of his apparent inability to dodge. However, he back flips and uses the charge up energy to slide over her attack and launches his Kamehameha at point - blank range. Goku blasts Kefla out of the ring and eliminates her. Her Potara earrings shatter, and she splits back into Kale and Caulifla. With both of them eliminated, Saonel and Pirina are the only remaining warriors from Team Universe 6.
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who plays sammy on days of our lives | Sami Brady - Wikipedia
Sami Brady is a fictional character from the NBC soap opera, Days of Our Lives, portrayed by Alison Sweeney. The character was born on - screen during the episode dated October 16, 1984, and her birth date was later SORASed to October 16, 1977. Introduced by then head writer Margaret DePriest, Sami has been portrayed by Sweeney since January 22, 1993. Sami is known for her failed relationships with men, her children and her manipulative trouble - making ways. She has been described as vindictive and the girl "you love to hate ''.
The character was portrayed by seven child actresses. They were: Ronit Arnoff (October 19, 1984), Lauren Ann Bundy (October 22, 1984 to April 10, 1985), Jessica Davis (December 6, 1985 to May 20, 1986), Tiffany Nicole Palma (August 7 to September 9, 1986), Ashleigh Blair Sterling (December 24, 1986 to June 5, 1990) and Christina Wagoner (August 10, 1990 to June 22, 1992). In January 1993, Alison Sweeney took over the role of Sami as a teenager. This was not her first role on the show; she had previously portrayed Adrienne Johnson as a child in 1987. Sweeney has cited Deidre Hall (Marlena), Drake Hogestyn (John) and Wayne Northrop (Roman) as influences on her career playing the role, stating: "I learned so many lessons from them ''. Sweeney has said "I remember my first day at work. I was so excited to be a part of a show that I 'd been a fan of ''. The actress also recalled her audition, and said "My first two weeks on the show I was sneaking around Salem, so there were n't a lot of lines to memorize. My first scene was with Wayne Northrop (then - Roman Brady), who pulled a gun on me and said something like ' Freeze or I 'll shoot! ' ''
Sweeney 's 20 - year anniversary in the role arrived in early 2013. Fans speculated that she might depart from the series, but Sweeney managed to ink a new deal with the show. She said, "I am super-excited to stay, and I am so honored that they asked me to stay. The job continues to surprise and challenge me. I have already shot my 20th anniversary episode, which airs on January 6, so I had this huge milestone and it 's been such an amazing journey. I love my job, I love the people I work with and I love Sami. '' In January 2014, Sweeney announced she will quit the series after 21 years. She revealed on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, "I 've been on Days of Our Lives for 21 years. I 'm celebrating my 21st year and I decided that it 's going to be my last year with the show, '' Sweeney announced. "I 've been on Days of Our Lives since I was 16 - years - old, and I have never had more than a two - week vacation in that whole time. It 's awesome. I love Sami, I love Salem, I love my job, I love daytime, I love the fans -- I love everything about it. '' Sweeney 's final episode aired October 30, 2014. On April 26, 2015, Sweeney announced that she will be returning to Days of Our Lives to be part of the soap 's 50th anniversary celebration, starting on October 12, 2015 and ending on November 17, 2015.
In April 2017, it was revealed that Sweeney would return to the serial, for an "extended visit ''; Sweeney confirmed she would film during May and June 2017.
Since Sweeney has stepped into the role, Sami has been showcased as the series ' primary troublemaker and "the girl you loved to hate '' through her lying and scheming. In recent years, Sweeney has established herself as a leading heroine, with the show centering on the popular and controversial relationships between Sami and her love interests Austin Reed (Patrick Muldoon & Austin Peck) Franco Kelly (Victor Alfieri), Brandon Walker (Matt Cedeno), Lucas Roberts (Bryan Dattilo), EJ DiMera (James Scott), and Rafe Hernandez (Galen Gering). Originally characterized as the iron - willed daughter of Dr. Marlena Evans, Sami was transformed by writer James E. Reilly in the summer of 1994, converting the character from a stubborn moody teenager to a "conniving bitch '', having her kidnap her baby sister, Belle and break up supercouple Carrie Brady and Austin Reed, including blackmail Nicole Walker and Lexie Carver on numerous incidents. However, as ratings declined in the mid-2000s, Sami 's storylines proved to be "worn out '' and in 2006, new Days head writers Hogan Sheffer and Meg Kelly converted to the character to a heroine by pairing her with EJ DiMera and later Rafe Hernandez. Recently, in 2013 head writers Christopher Whitesell and Gary Tomlin turned Sami back into a scheming vixen. With her son Will being tormented by Nick Fallon and her fiancé, EJ DiMera sleeping with Abigail Deveraux, Sami returned to her evil ways and culminated in her committing crimes such as planning a vengeful revenge towards Abby and EJ for their affair and convincing Adrienne that her husband, Justin the father in law of her son, Will, was having an affair. The character has been described as "vindictive ''; a writer from the American newspaper Asbury Park Press wrote that: "she 's so bad, she 's good ''. According to Austin American - Statesman in 1996, Sweeney had talked about "longing to play a conniving troublemaker '' and she got her wish and more. Sweeney stated: "It 's kind of funny that I said that (sic) I had no idea that (the writers) would take me literally ''. Sweeney has said to have given a new word to "manipulative '' during her portrayal of Sami. In 2005, Sami manipulatively created a male alter ego, Stan. During this period of time, from February to August, Dan Wells took over the role. Sami is known for her rivalry with Nicole Walker (Arianne Zucker) and Sweeney has said that Sami has never had "female friends ''.
Sami is known for her relationships, and many "failed trips to the altar ''. Janet Di Lauro of About.com said "No matter, Sami 's always been a character who 's fun to watch and root for as she 's searched for her soul mate, time and time again. '' As a teenager, she developed a crush on Austin Reed (Austin Peck), but was "devastated '' when he began dating her sister Carrie Brady (Christie Clark). She worked with Austin 's brother Lucas to break up the couple. She ended up having a one night stand with Lucas in early 1995. Di Lauro said Sami 's most "diabolical plot '' was drugging Austin to have sex with her, which was "the start of an elaborate scheme '' where she ended up pregnant and named Austin as the father, although Lucas was the actual father. The truth was eventually revealed and Austin, after nearly marrying Sami without loving her, reunited with Carrie.
A bitter custody battle ensued between Lucas and Sami, who had a "love / hate '' relationship over the years. Of the pairing, Sweeney said "their past is such a deep relationship and ultimately a friendship and a trust that they have with each other. '' They ended up marrying, but it was "permanently ended '' when EJ DiMera (James Scott) entered the picture. EJ, the son of longtime crime boss Stefano DiMera (Joseph Mascolo), developed an obsession with Sami, and ended up controversially "raping '' her. Sami became pregnant and gave birth to twins; her daughter 's father is Lucas, and son 's paternity belonged to EJ. EJ had asked Sami for sex to save Lucas ' life, while he was trapped and nearly died. This led to a sham wedding between EJ and Sami, in exchange for the DiMeras ending the fifty - year family feud between the Brady family. Although she initially hated him, the couple ended up in a "night of passion '' resulting in another pregnancy. Of whether EJ or Lucas was Sami 's "true love, '' Sweeney said "I personally think Sami and Lucas truly love each other, but obviously a lot has gone on between them that has pushed them apart. Right now, they are writing Sami more focusing on EJ. '' She also said that she enjoyed working with Scott, and called him "enchanting. '' Of working with Dattilo, Sweeney said "I am definitely a long - standing Lumi fan and I miss working with Bryan every day. He is so fun! I was in a scene the other day and looking around, like he and I have such a history together, for some inside joke and he was n't on the set. It 's just strange when I do n't get to work with him all the time. ''
TV Guide 's Nelson Branco named Lucas and Sami one of soap 's greatest supercouples, and said "For years all this couple could think of was breaking up Austin and Carrie, until one magical day, partners - in - crime and cohorts Sami and Lucas realized they were in love with each other! Now as Days ' reigning super couple, they face the evil wrath of EJ and his family, The DiMeras. Will Sami marry EJ, the man who raped her to end this family feud forever -- and will Lucas be able to forgive her? '' Despite this, the couple divorced and despite minor reunions since, have n't been a couple. James Scott said "They 're not really re-visiting it. They have never done it. I think it 's about time, frankly. There is a good opportunity for story there. Alison Sweeney (Sami) and I work very well together. It 's sort of a fairy tale. They do n't play it so much now, but the Bradys and the DiMeras have a history. '' Scott also noted that EJ and Sami "love each other '' but not necessarily in a romantic way. On - Air On - Soaps said "legions of fans are waiting for their beloved EJami duo to finally start a full - blown romance... something that has been teased, and teased, and teased for years. '' He romances with Lucas and EJ have been popular with viewers, who call the pairings ' Lumi ' and ' Ejami. '
Upon Lucas ' return to Days of our Lives in 2012, a poll ran by Soap Opera Digest revealed that majority of fans wanted Lucas and Sami back together. While in the Witness Protection Program while pregnant with her second child with EJ, Sami fell in love with her body guard Rafe. When asked who out of Lucas, EJ or Rafe should be with Sami, Sweeney said "You ca n't ask that, '' because "that is one topic I am now scared to talk about because you say one thing and the fans get all kinds of crazy on you. '' She said that it 's so interesting to see how Sami has "grown and changed '' and feels that the "relationship with Rafe is definitely a different one from the way she 's been in the past. '' Fans refer to Sami and Rafe as ' Safe '. Sweeney said that it 's been fun getting "to know Galen '' and said "We have fun working together, and it 's nice. It 's a new, different storyline for Sami. ''
Sami is mother to four children: Will Horton (Guy Wilson), Johnny DiMera (Aaron and Griffin Kunitz), Allie Horton (Carolyn and Campbell Rose), Sydney DiMera (Berlyn and Brooklyn Baca), and believed that Grace Brady (Ailish and Julia O'Connor) was her daughter as well. Grace had been switched at birth with Sydney. Grace has since died and Sydney returned to Sami to raise. Janet Di Lauro of About.com said, "While Sami would n't exactly be called lucky at love, let 's face it, most of her couplings have been wildly dysfunctional, her romances have produced four beautiful children: Will, Allie, Johnny and Sydney. ''
By 2009, Will was 16 years old; Sweeney said, "It 's sort of overwhelming to me sometimes to realize my character has a sixteen - year - old, '' considering she started working on Days of our Lives at 16, but she enjoys the dynamics between Will and Sami. In 2012, Sami and Lucas ' son Will came out as gay. While Lucas was accepting, Sami was initially "responsible for the other point of view, '' according to Dattilo. Sweeney said that viewers can expect Sami to "have a traditional Sami reaction, '' because it 's "such a vulnerable moment. '' Sweeney explained that Sami thinks it 's because of her, and "She has to sort through all of those feelings and talk to lots of people in Salem about it. '' She added, "Sami loves her son so much, but she just always seems to say the wrong thing. She always puts her foot in her mouth. ''
Samantha Gene Brady is born on October 16, 1984, changed to October 16, 1977, with her twin brother Eric Brady to Marlena Evans and Roman Brady. Sami is named after her deceased aunt, Samantha Evans and Marlena 's best friend, Eugene Bradford. A feud between the Brady family and the powerful DiMera family puts the infants in danger. Roman sends them to live in Colorado after their mother 's disappearance. In 1993, Sami reappears in Salem as a teenager. She develops a crush on her sister 's boyfriend, Austin Reed (Patrick Muldoon). She is traumatized after seeing her mother having sex with John Black (Drake Hogestyn) which leads to an affair that results in the birth of Sami 's sister, Belle. At the time, Marlena was "married '' to Roman. Sami 's mental health spirals downward, and she becomes a bulimic in an attempt to lose weight. Sami later tells Marlena that she witnessed her having sex with John. Knowing that she is John 's child, Sami, who volunteers at the Salem Hospital, switches Belle 's blood test. She then kidnaps Belle and places her on the black market. John rescues Belle on Christmas Eve. On Belle 's christening, Stefano DiMera (Joseph Mascolo) shows Roman Sami 's diary which reveals the affair and Belle 's paternity. Roman leaves Marlena, devastating Sami.
Sami befriends Lucas Roberts (Bryan Dattilo) and dates his friend Alan Harris (Paul Kersey), whom her family strongly opposes. Sami 's best friend Jamie overhears Alan talk about being in love with Carrie, but keeps this from Sami. Frustrated by his unrequited love for Carrie, Alan rapes Sami. Sami confides in Lucas, but without corroborating proof, the press vilifies Sami as a liar once the news gets out. Alan tries to rape her again, and she stops him by shooting him in the groin. Distraught, Lucas manages to comfort Sami; and they have sex. She still, however, has a crush on Austin and drugs him into bed so he would believe she was Carrie. After her divorce from Roman, Marlena became vulnerable and was possessed by the devil. While possessed, Marlena told Sami to seduce Austin. She tried, but Austin rejected her. Sami left town in February 1995.
Sami returned in July of that year and crashed Austin 's wedding to Carrie where she revealed that she was carrying his child. After a rough teen pregnancy, Sami gave birth to William Robert Reed on November 16, 1995. Sami hides the fact that Will is actually Lucas ' son, and passes him off as Austin 's. Austin and Sami are engaged and plan to wed. However, he left her at the altar after Carrie uncovers the truth about Will 's paternity. Sami renames her son William Reed Roberts and leaves town. She returns and befriends Franco Kelly (Victor Alfieri). They are engaged; Franco uses her to get a greencard and stay in the country. He is murdered on their wedding day. Sami sees the body and faints near it. Lucas ' mother Kate Roberts (Lauren Koslow) frames Sami for the murder so that she would go to jail and Lucas could have full custody of Will. Sami is convicted and sentenced to death for the murder. In the middle of her execution via injection, Lucas confesses to the murder in an attempt to save her life. Unbeknownst to Lucas, Roberto signed a false confession on his death bed which leads to a stay of execution from the governor. Sami is freed and falls in love with Brandon Walker (Matt Cedeno), who helps her regain full custody of Will. Brandon and Sami are married briefly. However, her lies and schemes end the marriage. Sami has an accident at the DiMera mansion and falls through the window. Lucas helps her recover and they fall in love. The become engaged, much to Kate 's chagrin. Kate drugs Sami and places her in Brandon 's bed the night before her marriage to Lucas in a bid to end the engagement. Lucas leaves Sami.
Sami 's sorely compromised psychological state deteriorates to such a degree that Sami begins to work for Tony DiMera (Thaao Penghlis), becomes a transvestite under an assumed name, "Stan '', and sells illicit drugs to a pain - wracked John Black, all out of a base - born, suppositious need for revenge. Attempting to redeem herself, Sami convinces Lucas that Kate had set her up; that she was never unfaithful. The two reunite and agree to marry once again.
Lucas believes that Sami has changed for the better, but Kate reveals Sami 's misdeeds as "Stan, '' and Lucas calls off the wedding. Austin Reed returns to Salem and befriends Sami. Carrie Brady also returns after ending her relationship with Mike Horton. Lucas and Austin, now business rivals, attempt to buy out Carrie 's company. Lucas backs out, finding out that Carrie runs the entire company, and that once again, Sami manipulated him. Austin and Carrie fall back in love and plan their future together when Carrie learns that Austin 's company has taken over Highstyle. Carrie dates Lucas on the rebound. Austin does the same with Sami, and both couples become engaged.
Sami 's relationship to Austin is tested however, when E.J. Wells (James Scott), an English race car driver, moves into the apartment next to theirs. When Sami and Austin 's wedding ends in disaster, EJ and Sami kiss for the first time. Carrie ends her relationship with Lucas and remarries Austin. They leave to start a life together in Switzerland.
Sami turns to E.J., and the two begin dating. Sami then discovers that not only is E.J. sleeping with Kate but that he is also Stefano 's son. Sami and Lucas rekindle their love in spite of Kate, and the two decide to take a road trip. Their car breaks down in a snow storm, and they seek shelter in an abandoned cabin where they make love. Weighed down by snow, the crumbling ceiling caves in. Lucas is trapped, Sami runs to get help, meets up with E.J. in a snow drift, and asks him to help her. Revealing himself as a true DiMera, E.J. agrees to help Sami only if she has sex with him. In subsequent weeks, E.J. continues to taunt Sami with reminders of the deal they made that night. Sami tells Lucas about her pregnancy and they get married; the night of their wedding, he learns about E.J. raping her. Her pregnancy was full of speculation about who the father of her unborn twins were. She later gives birth to: John "Johnny '' Roman Roberts (later legally changed to John Roman DiMera) and Alice "Allie '' Caroline Horton. It was revealed after a paternity test that E.J. was Johnny 's father and Allie was Lucas ' daughter. Sami makes the painful decision to end her marriage to Lucas and marry E.J. to end the Brady - DiMera feud. At her wedding to E.J., Lucas, Marlena and Kate attempt to shoot E.J. Lucas is arrested and sent to prison, and Will leaves for Switzerland. It was revealed that Will was the actual shooter and Lucas went to prison to protect his son.
E.J. tries to take custody of Johnny, but as immigration wanted to deport him, Sami moved into the DiMera mansion with her child and they had to prove that they were happily married couple. They later had sex, and Lucas, released on house arrest, saw them. Sami ends her marriage to E.J., but Lucas does n't forgive her. E.J. moves on to Nicole Walker (Arianne Zucker), and Sami finds out she is pregnant again. She does n't tell E.J., and after witnessing a murder, goes into witness protection. There, she meets her guard, Rafe Hernandez (Galen Gering), and later gives birth to a daughter. Nicole had miscarried E.J. 's child but pretended to still be pregnant. She decided to adopt a child, but switched it with Sami 's child. Nicole 's switch works and she begins raising Sami 's child, Sydney DiMera, as her own, while Sami raises a baby girl named Grace with Rafe. Grace dies and E.J. finds out that it was "his '' child. Eventually, the baby switch is revealed and Sami is reunited with Sydney. However, for revenge, E.J. kidnaps his own daughter and makes everyone think she is dead. However, he falls back in love with Sami and returns Sydney to her, pretending to be the hero. The couple reconnect and after her relationship with Rafe had ended, she became engaged to E.J. However, at the wedding, Rafe presented evidence to Sami about Sydney 's real kidnapper. She left him for Rafe, and discovers that he had a plan to kidnap his children and take them away forever. To stop him, she shoots him in the head. Rafe proposes to her while E.J. narrowly escaped death. He later won full custody of the children and Sami married Rafe. Johnny was diagnosed with eye cancer and she regains joint custody. After allowing Johnny and Sydney back into their mother 's life, Stefano and E.J. switch Rafe with an impostor whose face they surgically alter to pose as Rafe 's double.
The DiMeras ' schemes were eventually revealed, and after months, Rafe was reunited with Sami. During a family get - together for John Black, Johnny goes missing and Sami rushed to the mansion insisting that E.J. has him. They found out from a news report that Johnny had "died '' and in their grief, had sex. Will witnessed them, and has held it against Sami, but later reconciled with her. However, the news report turned out to be false and Johnny was alive and well. Sami 's marriage to Rafe ended, and Lucas returned to town. Sami and Lucas reconnected. They held together when Will revealed that he was gay, and eventually agreed to support Will. However, E.J. was held responsible for the murder of Stefano, and Sami decided to help prove his innocence, much to Lucas ' dismay. Sami 's reunion with Lucas ends. Stefano was revealed to be alive, and E.J. was cleared for murder.
Sami started to feel torn between E.J. and Rafe. Rafe & Sami agreed to give their relationship a second chance. Sami planned Gabi Hernandez (Camila Banus) & Nick Fallon 's (Blake Berris) wedding, wanting to tell E.J. her decision after the wedding. However, during the wedding, it was revealed that Nick was n't the father of Gabi 's unborn baby -- Will is. Sami was furious with Gabi, and Rafe defended his sister, insulting Will in the process. Sami was furious and broke up with Rafe. Sami eventually told E.J. about Rafe and her plan to leave him. E.J. forgave her, and they reunited. Nick demanded Will sign away his paternal rights to the baby. When Sami, Lucas, and E.J. try to stop him, Nick reveals that he knows Will was responsible for shooting E.J. in 2007. Will signs away his rights to avoid being prosecuted, and Sami is devastated. She and E.J. team up to stop Nick 's blackmail of Will. When Stefano returns, Sami and E.J. decide to get his help to destroy evidence the police has against Will. Sami and E.J. stay together through the situation, and become engaged in April 2013.
Soon after, Rafe is attacked, and ends up in a coma. Initially, the police suspect E.J., as does Sami, but she eventually realizes his innocence. The real attacker, Jensen, is revealed to be targeting Nick. He kidnaps Nick & Gabi, and ends up shooting Will when he tries to rescue Nick. Sami comes to the hospital and finds out Gabi 's baby was born; she meets her granddaughter, Arianna Grace, for the first time. Sami visits Rafe while in the hospital, and while there, sees a man come in with a knife about to kill Rafe. Sami shoots him to protect Rafe. E.J. tries to calm her down, while Roman and the police search for the missing knife. Sami and E.J. realize the man she shot was a police officer who was working for Stefano; the officer dies after surgery, and the knife is never recovered. Sami is arrested for murder by Roman. Once exonerated, Sami and EJ marry, only for EJ to be arrested for tax fraud; Sami confronts both EJ and Abigail Deveraux (Kate Mansi) for the affair the pair had behind her back, and uses her power to take DiMera Enterprises away from the DiMera family with Kate. As Sami begins to re-trust EJ, he is shot dead in cold blood. Overcome with grief, Sami accepts a movie deal with Hollywood executives to build a story about her life. She leaves Salem in October 2014 with the kids, and relocates to Los Angeles. She came back to Salem a year later, when Lucas told her that Will was murdered. Upon returning, she discovered that her mother was attacked by Ben (who she believe was Chad), and Clyde was the one who had EJ murdered. She told Lucas that losing their son, will be like EJ 's loss all over again, but there is more bad news to Sami, when she discover that his uncle Bo was captured and was sent to Mexico, and Lucas told her that Steve, John and Victor will rescue him.
Followed by Will 's death, Sami received a letter from EJ and she followed the instructions to discover that he might still be alive. The instructions led Sami to a safe deposit box, which contained the passwords to Stefano 's bank accounts. She then got kidnapped by Andre who wanted the passwords. She managed to escape and steal Stefano 's fortune and disappeared with her kids informing Carrie and Jamie of her plans. In November 2015, Sami was not present for her uncle Bo 's funeral, but Hope informed her. In April 2016, Sami 's twin brother Eric informed that he was arrested for manslaughter and was sentenced to five years in prison which devastated Sami.
Sweeney 's portrayal of "Salem 's resident bad girl '' has earned her various fan awards during her run, including five Soap Opera Digest Awards and a Special Fan Award for "America 's Favorite Villain '' at the 2002 Daytime Emmy Award ceremony. In 2005, the role was briefly recast with Dan Wells as the character of Sami 's male alter ego "Stan '' while Sweeney was on maternity leave. For her work in the role, Sweeney has won Soap Opera Digest Awards for "Best Performance in a Daytime Drama -- Young Actress '' (1997), "Best Youth Actress in a Soap Opera '' (1994) and "America 's Favorite Villain '' (2002). Sweeney has also won seven Soap Opera Digest Awards, including three wins for "Outstanding Villainess '' in 1996, 1998 and 1999. In 2015, Sweeney earned a nomination for the 42nd Daytime Emmy Awards in the category of Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for her portrayal of Sami.
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who sings been through the desert on a horse with no name | A Horse with No Name - wikipedia
"A Horse with No Name '' is a song written by Dewey Bunnell, and originally recorded by the folk rock band America. It was the band 's first and most successful single, released in late 1971 in Europe and early 1972 in the USA, and topped the charts in several countries. It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.
America 's self - titled debut album was released initially in Europe, without "A Horse with No Name '', and achieved only moderate success. Originally called "Desert Song '', "Horse '' was written while the band was staying at the home studio of musician Arthur Brown, near Puddletown, Dorset. The first two demos were recorded there, by Jeff Dexter and Dennis Elliott, and were intended to capture the feel of the hot, dry desert that had been depicted at the studio from a Salvador Dalí painting, and the strange horse that had ridden out of an M.C. Escher picture. Writer Dewey Bunnell also says he remembered his childhood travels through the Arizona and New Mexico desert when his family lived at Vandenberg Air Force Base.
Trying to find a song that would be popular in both the United States and Europe, Warner Brothers was reluctant to release Beckley 's "I Need You '' ballad as the first single from America. The label asked the band if it had any other material, then arranged for America to record four more songs at Morgan Studios, Willesden in London. "A Horse with No Name '' was released as the featured song on a three - track single in the UK, Ireland, France, Italy and the Netherlands in late 1971. On the release, "A Horse with No Name '' shared the A-side with "Everyone I Meet Is from California ''; "Sandman '' featured on the B - side. However, its early - 1972 two - track US release did not include "Sandman '', with "Everyone I Meet Is from California '' appearing on the B - side.
"A Horse with No Name '' was recorded in the E Dorian mode with acoustic guitars, bass guitar, drum kit, and bongo drums. The only other chord is a D, fretted on the low E and G strings, second fret. A 12 - string guitar plays an added F ♯ (second fret, high E string) on the back beat of the Em. A noted feature of the song is the driving bass line with a hammer - hook in each chorus. A "waterfall '' - type solo completes the arrangement. Produced by Ian Samwell on the day of final recording at Morgan Studios, when at first the group thought it was too corny and took some convincing to actually play it. Gerry Beckley has explained in Acoustic Guitar magazine (March 2007) that the correct tuning for the guitar is DEDGBD, low to high. The chord pattern that repeats throughout the entire song is: 202002 (Em), then 020202 and 000202. The tuning is unique to this song; they did not use it on any other America song.
Despite the song being banned by some U.S. radio stations (most notably WHB in Kansas City) because of supposed drug references to heroin use, the song ascended to number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, and the album quickly reached platinum status. The song charted earlier in Ireland (reaching number 4), the Netherlands (reaching number 11) and the UK (reaching number 3, the band 's only Top 40 hit in the country) than it did in the United States. The interpretation of the song as a drug reference comes from the fact that the word "horse '' is a common slang term for heroin.
The song 's resemblance to some of Neil Young 's work aroused some controversy. "I know that virtually everyone, on first hearing, assumed it was Neil '', Bunnell says. "I never fully shied away from the fact that I was inspired by him. I think it 's in the structure of the song as much as in the tone of his voice. It did hurt a little, because we got some pretty bad backlash. I 've always attributed it more to people protecting their own heroes more than attacking me. '' By coincidence, it was "A Horse with No Name '' that replaced Young 's "Heart of Gold '' at the number 1 spot on the U.S. pop chart.
The song has received criticism for its banal, oddly phrased lyrics, including "The heat was hot ''; "There were plants, and birds, and rocks, and things ''; and "' Cause there ai n't no one for to give you no pain. '' Penn Jillette asked the band about their lyrics, "there were plants, and birds, and rocks, and things '' after a show in Atlantic City, where America opened for Penn & Teller. According to Jillette, their explanation for the lyrics was that they were intoxicated with cannabis while writing it. In a 2012 interview, Beckley disputed Jillette 's story, saying, "I do n't think Dew was stoned. ''
(Per back cover of 1972 vinyl issue of America.)
The song was featured in Hideous Kinky, a British -- French 1998 film, during a trip on the Moroccan desert. In 2008, it was used in a Kohls TV commercial for Vera Wang.
It can also be heard in Season 2 of Millennium, in the episode "Owls ''. It can be heard on an episode of The Simpsons, "The Haw - Hawed Couple ''. In another episode, "A Star Is Born Again ''. Ned Flanders can be heard singing it, with alternative lyrics. The song is heard in the background of season 3 episode 16 of "Parks and Recreation ''. It was featured in the video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas on the fictional classic rock radio station K - DST.
The song bookends the second episode of the third season of Breaking Bad, "Caballo sin Nombre '' (Spanish for "Horse without Name ''), where the song plays on a car radio as Walter White drives through the desert in the beginning, before being pulled over for driving with a cracked windshield. At the end of the episode the song is sung by Walter in the shower. The song was also featured in the show Friends in Season 5, Episode 22, "The One With Joey 's Big Break ''.
The song is also featured in the movies The Devil 's Daughter, The Trip, and Air America. The song is also featured on the soundtrack of the 2013 motion picture American Hustle directed by David O. Russell and 2016 movie The Nice Guys.
In 2014, the song was featured in an advertisement for the Toyota Auris Hybrid.
In the season 4 episode of BoJack Horseman "The Old Sugarman Place '', the title character drives through the desert to Patrick Carney and Michelle Branch 's interpretation of the song. This version also appears on the soundtrack album of the series.
The song was one of many popular songs quoted and parodied on the album The Third Reich ' n Roll by The Residents.
The song "Face '' by American rock band Aerosmith released in 2001 bears a strong resemblance towards "A Horse With No Name ''.
Michael Jackson 's song "A Place with No Name '' was released posthumously by TMZ as a 25 - second snippet on July 16, 2009. The snippet closely resembles "A Horse with No Name ''. Jim Morey, both Jackson 's and America 's former band manager, has stated that "America was honored that Michael chose to do their song and they hope it becomes available for all Michael 's fans to hear. '' The song was remastered and released in its entirety along with the original Michael Jackson recording on Jackson 's 2014 album, Xscape.
The manner in which American band Drive - by Truckers ' song "The Fourth Night of My Drinking '' begins, nods to "A Horse with No Name ''.
The song was covered by a band in the bar Robin Williams ' character hangs out at in the 1987 movie Good Morning Vietnam.
The song also appeared in a film about a CIA front company, Air America, from 1990.
Plants and Birds and Rocks and Things was the title of the 1993 debut album by The Loud Family, and was quoted by songwriter Scott Miller in the first track, "He Do the Police in Different Voices '' ("Maybe plants and birds and rocks and things can justify my day '').
It also appeared sung by members of a hippie group, "The People '', in Series 3 of HBO 's Six Feet Under, in the episode: "Tears, Bones and Desire '' as the women make mops.
In the episode "Bill 's Autobiography '' on NewsRadio, Dave Foley 's character was found singing the song on an audiotape on which he records his thoughts.
In 1999, the literary magazine Lamia Ink published a short play by American playwright Meron Langsner entitled The Name of the Horse, in which the problem of the horse 's name is explored. The play is also included in a collection of parodies entitled The Sacred Cow Slaughterhouse published by Indie Theatre Now.
In The Simpsons episode "The Haw - Hawed Couple '', Homer and Marge trick Bart and Lisa into thinking they 're busy arguing so they can have their time alone. They accidentally throw a piece of clothing at the tape recorder and "A Horse With No Name '' plays.
In computer game NetHack, when the player character dismounts an unnamed horse, the game issues the message "You 've been through the dungeon on a horse with no name '', or, when hallucinating, "It felt good to get out of the rain. ''
In the October 7, 2015 episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, Colbert, wearing a big and furry hat, proclaims that the titular horse 's name is "Gary the horse ''.
In the Reno 911 season five episode "Junior Runs for Office '', after consuming an entire pan of hashish brownies, Junior panics upon learning that "A Horse With No Name '' is not available in the jukebox of the bar that they are in.
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who does the voice for louise in bob's burgers | Kristen Schaal - wikipedia
Kristen Joy Schaal (/ ʃɑːl /; born January 24, 1978) is an American actress, voice actress, comedian and writer. She is best known for her roles of Mel in Flight of the Conchords, the over-sexed nurse Hurshe Heartshe on The Heart, She Holler, Louise Belcher in Bob 's Burgers, Mabel Pines in Gravity Falls and Carol in The Last Man on Earth.
Since 2015, she has co-starred alongside Will Forte in the post-apocalyptic comedy series The Last Man on Earth, playing the role of Carol. She also provides several voices for BoJack Horseman, most notably for the character of Sarah Lynn, for which she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance. Other roles include Amanda Simmons on The Hotwives of Orlando, Hazel Wassername on 30 Rock, Victoria Best on WordGirl, Trixie in Toy Story 3, and Anne on Wilfred. She was also an occasional commentator on The Daily Show from 2008 to 2016.
Schaal was born in Longmont, Colorado, to a Lutheran family of Dutch ancestry. She was raised on her family 's cattle ranch, in a rural area near Boulder. Her father is a construction worker and her mother is a secretary. She has a brother, David, who is three years older. She graduated from Northwestern University and then moved to New York in 2000 to pursue a comedy career. In 2005, she had her first break when she was included in New York magazine 's article "The Ten Funniest New Yorkers You 've Never Heard Of ''.
In 2006, Schaal performed at the 2006 HBO US Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen, where she won the award for "Best Alternative Comedian ''. She was also the winner of the second annual Andy Kaufman Award (hosted by the New York Comedy Festival), Best Female Stand - up at the 2006 Nightlife Awards in New York City, and "Best Female Stand Up Comedian '' at the 2007 ECNY Awards. At the 2008 Melbourne International Comedy Festival, she won the Barry Award for her show Kristen Schaal As You Have Probably Never Seen Her Before, tying with Nina Conti. Also in 2006, Schaal appeared on the first season of the Comedy Central show Live at Gotham. She co-hosts the weekly variety show Hot Tub in Los Angeles, which was voted "Best Variety Show of 2005 '' by Time - Out New York 's readers poll. She also performs at the Peoples Improv Theater on the improv team, "Big Black Car '', which was awarded best improv troupe of 2005 at the Emerging Comics of New York awards. She is a founding member of the theatre company The Striking Viking Story Pirates, which adapts stories by children into sketches and songs.
Schaal performed live at the Edinburgh Fringe 2007 in Scotland, where she was one of six acts (chosen from over two hundred American productions at the Fringe) requested to perform at the US Consul General - sponsored "Fringe USA '' Showcase.
On her return to the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in August 2008, Schaal was nominated for the If. comedy award for Kristen Schaal And Kurt Braunohler: Double Down Hearts.
Schaal has also performed at the Royal Albert Hall, London, as part of The Secret Policeman 's Ball 2008 in aid of Amnesty International, and at the Bonnaroo 2009 music festival. In 2010, Schaal appeared as a stand - up comic on John Oliver 's New York Stand Up Show and at the Solid Sound Festival at the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art.
Schaal appeared on HBO 's Flight of the Conchords as the stalker - fan Mel, a role which earned her an EWwy nomination for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 2009. She was also a credited consultant and writer for Season 11 of South Park, appeared on the BBC 's Never Mind the Buzzcocks and played the boss in Fuse 's mockumentary The Intern. She made her first appearance as a "special commentator '' on Comedy Central 's The Daily Show on March 13, 2008, often presented in recurring appearances as its news team 's "Senior Women 's Issues Correspondent ''. On April 13, 2008, she made an appearance on Good News Week during the Melbourne International Comedy Festival and in October 2008 she appeared in Amnesty International 's The Secret Policeman 's Ball 2008.
Her other film and television credits include Kate and Leopold, Aqua Teen Hunger Force, Snake ' n ' Bacon, Norbit, Get Him to the Greek, Conviction, Cheap Seats, Freak Show, Cirque du Freak: The Vampire 's Assistant, Adam and Steve, The Goods: Live Hard, Sell Hard, Delirious, Australian show Good News Week, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Law & Order: Criminal Intent, The Education of Max Bickford, Comedy Central 's Contest Searchlight, Ugly Betty, How I Met Your Mother, MTV 's Human Giant and Mad Men. She was also a contributor to the sketch / music series The Nighttime Clap on the Fuse music network. She also appeared on Fuse 's original comedy series The P.A. Schaal appeared in two TV pilots written and directed by Jersey City comedian Dan McNamara -- The Calderons and Redeeming Rainbow, both of which were screened as official selections at the 2006 and 2007 New York Television Festivals. She was also in television commercials for Wendy 's, RadioShack, and Starburst. She made an appearance, in April 2008, on the IFC sketch comedy show The Whitest Kids U ' Know. On April 3, 2009 she taped an episode of Comedy Central Presents. In 2010, she added her voice to the PBS Kids GO! series WordGirl as Victoria Best, a child prodigy whose parents taught her to be the best at everything that she does. Schaal voiced 13 - year - old Mabel Pines on Disney Channel 's hit TV series Gravity Falls. She currently voices the character Louise on the FOX Network series Bob 's Burgers.
She also stars in A.D. Miles ' MyDamnChannel.com series Horrible People. In October 2008, Schaal appeared in an episode of Spicks and Specks. On June 10, 2009, Schaal broadcast her first radio show, High Five!!, on Sirius XM Radio 's ' RawDog ' channel with co-host Kurt Braunohler. She played Gertha Teeth in the 2009 movie The Vampire 's Assistant. Schaal stars in her own web series, Penelope Princess of Pets, one episode of which doubled as the video for the New Pornographers ' "Mutiny, I Promise You ''. She voiced Trixie the Triceratops in Toy Story 3 and Pumpkin Witch and Palace Witch in Shrek Forever After. She was also in the music video for Joey Ramone 's "New York City ''. She also guest starred in the Modern Family episode "Fifteen Percent '', as well as the music video for "Conversation 16 '' by The National. Schaal guest starred on the MC Frontalot album Solved. She was featured with Kurt Braunohler on the Radiolab episode "Loops ''. Schaal was in a commercial for the Xperia Play version of Minecraft.
Schaal guest starred on The Simpsons May 8, 2011 episode "Homer Scissorhands '' in which she plays Taffy, a love interest of Milhouse. She is incorrectly listed in the credits as "Kristen Schall ''. This prompted Simpsons writers to issue her a unique apology on the next week 's episode in which Bart 's chalkboard joke in the intro to the show states "It 's Kristen Schaal, not Kristen Schall. '' Schaal also appeared in a music video for "Weird Al '' Yankovic 's 2014 song "Tacky '', a parody of Pharrell Williams 's "Happy ''.
In 2013, Schaal guest starred in the two part episode "Sea Tunt '' of Archer, lending her voice to a character named Tiffy.
In 2014, Schaal co-starred alongside Casey Wilson, Danielle Schneider, Tymberlee Hill, Andrea Savage, and Angela Kinsey in the first season of the Hulu original series The Hotwives of Orlando. She is currently co-starring alongside Will Forte in the FOX comedy The Last Man on Earth, which premiered on March 1, 2015.
Schaal also voices the character Sarah Lynn in the Netflix original animated series BoJack Horseman. In 2017, she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance for her performance as Sarah Lynn.
Schaal appears in A Walk in the Woods (2015) as hiker Mary Ellen.
Schaal wrote a book of humor, The Sexy Book of Sexy Sex, with her husband, former Daily Show writer Rich Blomquist. It was published in July 2010 by Chronicle Books. She originally intended for them to write the book under pseudonyms, "because I do n't want anyone to imagine me doing those things, '' but realized it would be harder to promote the book without using their real names.
Schaal has been married to Daily Show staff writer Rich Blomquist since 2012.
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who was the first member that left depeche mode | Depeche Mode - wikipedia
Depeche Mode (/ diː - /, / dɪ - / or / dəˌpɛʃ ˈmoʊd /) are an English electronic band formed in Basildon, Essex, in 1980. The group consists of founders Dave Gahan (lead vocals, co-songwriting), Martin Gore (keyboards, guitar, chief songwriting), and Andy Fletcher (keyboards). Depeche Mode released their debut album Speak & Spell in 1981, bringing the band onto the British new wave scene. Founding member Vince Clarke left after the release of the album; they recorded A Broken Frame (1982) as a trio. Gore took over the lead songwriting and, later in 1982, Alan Wilder joined to fill Clarke 's spot, establishing a lineup that continued for 13 years.
The band 's last albums of the 1980s, Black Celebration and Music for the Masses, established them as a dominant force within the electronic music scene. A highlight of this era was the band 's June 1988 concert at the Pasadena Rose Bowl, where they drew a crowd in excess of 60,000 people. In the new decade, Depeche Mode released Violator, an international mainstream success.
Depeche Mode have had 50 songs in the UK Singles Chart and seventeen top 10 albums in the UK chart; they have sold more than 100 million records worldwide. Q included the band in the list of the "50 Bands That Changed the World! ''. Depeche Mode also rank number 98 on VH1 's "100 Greatest Artists of All Time ''. In December 2016, Billboard named Depeche Mode the 10th most successful dance club artist of all time. They were nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2018.
Depeche Mode 's origins date to 1977, when schoolmates Vince Clarke and Andy Fletcher formed a Cure - influenced band called No Romance In China, with Clarke on vocals and guitar and Fletcher on bass guitar. Fletcher would later recall, "Why am I in the band? It was accidental right from the beginning. I was actually forced to be in the band. I played the guitar and I had a bass; it was a question of them roping me in. '' In 1979, Clarke played guitar in an "Ultravox rip - off band '', The Plan, with friends Robert Marlow and Paul Langwith. In 1978 -- 79, Martin Gore played guitar in an acoustic duo, Norman and the Worms, with school friend Phil Burdett on vocals. In 1979, Marlow, Gore and friend Paul Redmond formed a band called the French Look, with Marlow on vocals / keyboards, Gore on guitar and Redmond on keyboards. In March 1980, Clarke, Gore and Fletcher formed a band called Composition of Sound, with Clarke on vocals / guitar, Gore on keyboards and Fletcher on bass.
Soon after the formation of Composition of Sound, Clarke heard Wirral band Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD), whose output inspired him to make electronic music. Along with OMD, other early influences included the Human League, Daniel Miller and Fad Gadget. Clarke and Fletcher switched to synthesisers, working odd jobs in order to buy the instruments, or borrowing them from friends. Dave Gahan joined the band in 1980 after Clarke heard him perform at a local scout hut jam session, singing a rendition of David Bowie 's "Heroes '', and Depeche Mode were born. Gahan 's and Gore 's favorite artists included Sparks, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Cabaret Voltaire, Talking Heads and Iggy Pop.
When explaining the choice for the new name, taken from French fashion magazine Dépêche mode, Gore said, "It means hurried fashion or fashion dispatch. I like the sound of that. '' However, the magazine 's name (and hence the band 's) is "Fashion News '' or "Fashion Update '' (dépêche, "dispatch, '' from Old French despesche / despeche or "news report, '' and mode or "fashion '').
Gore recalled that the first time the band played as Depeche Mode was a school gig in May 1980. There is a plaque commemorating the gig at the James Hornsby School in Basildon, where Gore and Fletcher were pupils. The band made their recording debut in 1980 on the Some Bizzare Album with the song "Photographic '', later re-recorded for their debut album Speak & Spell.
The band made a demo tape but, instead of mailing the tape to record companies, they would go in and personally deliver it. They would demand the companies play it; according to Dave Gahan, "most of them would tell us to fuck off. They 'd say ' leave the tape with us ' and we 'd say ' it 's our only one '. Then we 'd say goodbye and go somewhere else. ''
According to Gahan, prior to securing their record contract, they were receiving offers from all the major labels. Phonogram offered them "money you could never have imagined and all sorts of crazy things like clothes allowances ''.
While playing a live gig at the Bridge House in Canning Town, the band were approached by Daniel Miller, an electronic musician and founder of Mute Records, who was interested in their recording a single for his burgeoning label. The result of this verbal contract was their first single, "Dreaming of Me '', recorded in December 1980 and released in February 1981. It reached number 57 in the UK charts. Encouraged by this, the band recorded their second single, "New Life '', which climbed to number 11 in the UK charts and got them an appearance on Top of the Pops. The band went to London by train, carrying their synthesisers all the way to the BBC studios.
The band 's next single was "Just Ca n't Get Enough ''. The synth - pop single became the band 's first UK top ten hit. The video is the only one of the band 's videos to feature Vince Clarke. Depeche Mode 's debut album, Speak & Spell, was released in October 1981 and peaked at number ten on the UK album charts. Critical reviews were mixed; Melody Maker described it as a "great album... one they had to make to conquer fresh audiences and please the fans who just ca n't get enough '', while Rolling Stone was more critical, calling the album "PG - rated fluff ''.
Clarke began to voice his discomfort at the direction the band was taking, saying "there was never enough time to do anything. Not with all the interviews and photo sessions ''. Clarke also said he was sick of touring, which Gahan said years later was "bullshit to be quite honest. '' Gahan went on to say he "suddenly lost interest in it and he started getting letters from fans asking what kind of socks he wore. '' In November 1981, Clarke publicly announced that he was leaving Depeche Mode.
Soon afterwards, Clarke joined up with blues singer Alison Moyet to form Yazoo (or Yaz in the United States). Initial talk of Clarke 's continuing to write material for Depeche Mode ultimately amounted to nothing. According to third - party sources, Clarke offered the remaining members of Depeche Mode the track "Only You '', but they declined. Clarke, however, denied in an interview that such an offer ever took place saying, "I do n't know where that came from. That 's not true. '' The song went on to become a UK Top 3 hit for Yazoo. Gore, who had written "Tora! Tora! Tora! '' and the instrumental "Big Muff '' for Speak & Spell, became the band 's main lyricist.
In late 1981, the band placed an anonymous ad in Melody Maker looking for another musician: "Name band, synthesise, must be under twenty - one. '' Alan Wilder, a classically trained keyboardist from West London, responded and, after two auditions and despite being 22 years old, was hired in early 1982, initially on a trial basis as a touring member. Wilder would later be called the "Musical Director '' of the band, responsible for the band 's sound until his departure in 1995. As producer Flood would say, "(Alan) is sort of the craftsman, Martin 's the idea man and (Dave) is the attitude. ''
In January 1982, the band released "See You '', their first single without Clarke, which managed to beat all three Clarke - penned singles in the UK charts, reaching number six. The following tour saw the band playing their first shows in North America. Two more singles, "The Meaning of Love '' and "Leave in Silence, '' were released ahead of the band 's second studio album, on which they began work in July 1982. Daniel Miller informed Wilder that he was not needed for the recording of the album, as the core trio wanted to prove they could succeed without Vince Clarke. A Broken Frame was released that September, and the following month the band began their 1982 tour. A non-album single, "Get the Balance Right!, '' was released in January 1983, the first Depeche Mode track to be recorded with Wilder.
For their third album, Construction Time Again, Depeche Mode worked with producer Gareth Jones, at John Foxx 's Garden Studios and at Hansa Studios in West Berlin (where much of David Bowie 's trilogy of seminal electronic albums featuring Brian Eno had been produced). The album saw a dramatic shift in the group 's sound, due in part to Wilder 's introduction of the Synclavier and E-mu Emulator samplers. By sampling the noises of everyday objects, the band created an eclectic, industrial - influenced sound, with similarities to groups such as the Art of Noise and Einstürzende Neubauten (the latter becoming Mute labelmates in 1983).
"Everything Counts '' rose to number six in the UK, also reaching the top 30 in Ireland, South Africa, Switzerland, Sweden and West Germany. Wilder contributed two songs to the album, "The Landscape Is Changing '' and "Two Minute Warning ''. In September 1983, to promote Construction Time Again, the band launched a European concert tour.
In their early years, Depeche Mode had only really attained success in Europe and Australia. This changed in March 1984, when they released the single "People Are People ''. The song became a hit, reaching No. 2 in Ireland and Poland, No. 4 in the UK and Switzerland, and No. 1 in West Germany -- the first time a DM single topped a country 's singles chart -- where it was used as the theme to West German TV 's coverage of the 1984 Olympics. Beyond this European success, the song also reached No. 13 on the US charts in mid-1985, the first appearance of a DM single on the Billboard Hot 100, and was a Top 20 hit in Canada. "People Are People '' has since become an anthem for the LGBT community, regularly played at gay establishments and gay pride festivals in the late 1980s. Sire, the band 's North American record label, released a compilation of the same name which included tracks from A Broken Frame and Construction Time Again as well as several B - sides.
On the American tour, the band was, according to Gore, "shocked by the way the fans were turning up in droves at the concerts ''. He said that although the concerts were selling well, Depeche Mode struggled to sell records.
In September 1984, Some Great Reward was released. Melody Maker claimed that the album made one "sit up and take notice of what is happening here, right under your nose. '' In contrast to the political and environmental subjects addressed on the previous album, the songs on Some Great Reward were mostly concerned with more personal themes such as sexual politics ("Master and Servant ''), adulterous relationships ("Lie to Me ''), and arbitrary divine justice ("Blasphemous Rumours ''). Also included was the first Martin Gore ballad, "Somebody '' -- such songs would become a feature of all following albums. "Somebody '' was released as a double A-side with "Blasphemous Rumours, '' and was the first single with Gore on lead vocal. Some Great Reward became the first Depeche Mode album to enter the US album charts, and made the Top 10 in several European countries.
The World We Live In and Live in Hamburg was the band 's first video release, almost an entire concert from their 1984 Some Great Reward Tour. In July 1985, the band played their first - ever concerts behind the Iron Curtain, in Budapest and Warsaw. In October 1985, Mute released a compilation, The Singles 81 → 85 (Catching Up with Depeche Mode in the US), which included the two non-album hit singles "Shake the Disease '' and "It 's Called a Heart '' along with their B - sides.
In the United States, the band 's music had first gained prominence on college radio and modern rock stations such as KROQ in Los Angeles, KQAK ("The Quake '') in San Francisco, WFNX in Boston and WLIR on Long Island, New York, and hence they appealed primarily to an alternative audience who were disenfranchised with the predominance of "soft rock and ' disco hell ' '' on the radio. This view of the band was in sharp contrast to how the band was perceived in Europe, despite the increasingly dark and serious tone in their songs. In Germany, France, and other European countries, Depeche Mode were considered teen idols and regularly featured in European teen magazines, becoming one of the most famous synthpop bands in the mid - ' 80s.
Depeche Mode 's musical style shifted slightly again in 1986 with the release of their fifteenth single, "Stripped '', and its accompanying album Black Celebration. Retaining their often imaginative sampling and beginning to move away from the "industrial pop '' sound that had characterised their previous two LPs, the band introduced an ominous, highly atmospheric and textured sound. Gore 's lyrics also took on a darker tone and became even more pessimistic.
The music video for "A Question of Time '' was the first to be directed by Anton Corbijn, beginning a working relationship that continues to the present day. Corbijn has directed a further 20 of the band 's videos (the latest being 2017 's "Where 's the Revolution. '') He has also filmed some of their live performances, and designed stage sets, as well as most covers for albums and singles from Violator and onwards.
1987 's Music for the Masses saw further alterations in the band 's sound and working methods. For the first time a producer not related to Mute Records, Dave Bascombe, was called to assist with the recording sessions, although, according to Alan Wilder, Bascombe 's role ended up being more that of engineer. In making the album, the band largely eschewed sampling in favour of synthesizer experimentation. While chart performance of the singles "Strangelove '', "Never Let Me Down Again '' and "Behind the Wheel '' proved to be disappointing in the UK, they performed well in countries such as Canada, Brazil, West Germany, South Africa, Sweden and Switzerland, often reaching the top 10. Record Mirror described Music for the Masses as "the most accomplished and sexy Mode album to date ''. The album also made a breakthrough in the American market.
The Music for the Masses Tour began 22 October 1987. On 7 March 1988, with no previous announcement that they would be the headlining act, Depeche Mode played in the Werner - Seelenbinder - Halle, East Berlin, becoming one of the few Western groups to perform in the Communist East Germany. They also performed concerts in Budapest and Prague in 1988, both at the time also Communist.
The world tour ended 18 June 1988 with a concert at the Pasadena Rose Bowl with paid attendance of 60,453, the highest in eight years for the venue. The tour was a breakthrough for the band and a massive success in the United States. It was documented in 101 -- a concert film by D.A. Pennebaker and its accompanying soundtrack album. The film is notable for its portrayal of fan interaction. Alan Wilder is credited with coming up with the title, noting that the performance was the 101st and final performance of the tour. On 7 September 1988, Depeche Mode performed "Strangelove '' at the 1988 MTV Video Music Awards at the Universal Amphitheatre in Los Angeles.
In mid-1989, the band began recording in Milan with producer Flood and engineer François Kevorkian. The initial result of this session was the single "Personal Jesus. '' Prior to its release, a marketing campaign was launched with advertisements placed in the personals columns of UK regional newspapers with the words "Your own personal Jesus. '' Later, the ads included a phone number one could dial to hear the song. The resulting furor helped propel the single to number 13 on the UK charts, becoming one of their biggest sellers to date; in the United States, it was their first gold single and their first Top 40 hit since "People Are People, '' eventually becoming the biggest - selling 12 - inch single in Warner Records ' history up to that point.
Martin Gore, stated to NME -- July 1990.
Released in January 1990, "Enjoy the Silence '' reached number six in the UK (the first Top 10 hit in that country since "Master And Servant ''). A few months later in the US, it reached number eight and earned the band a second gold single. It won "Best British single '' at the 1991 Brit Awards. To promote their new album, Violator, the band held an in - store autograph signing at Wherehouse Entertainment in Los Angeles. The event attracted approximately 20,000 fans and turned into a near riot. Some who attended were injured by being pressed against the store 's glass by the crowd. As an apology to the fans who were injured, the band released a limited edition cassette tape to fans living in Los Angeles, distributed through radio station KROQ (the sponsor of the Wherehouse event).
Violator was the first Depeche Mode album to enter the Top 10 of the Billboard 200, reaching Number 7 and staying 74 weeks in the chart. It was certified triple platinum in America, selling over 4.5 million units there. It remains the band 's best selling album worldwide. Two more singles from the album -- "Policy of Truth '' and "World in My Eyes '' -- were hits in the UK, with the former also charting in the US.
Flood, on Giants Stadium concert.
The World Violation Tour saw the band play several stadium shows in the US. 42,000 tickets were sold within four hours for a show at Giants Stadium, and 48,000 tickets were sold within half - an - hour of going on sale for a show at Dodger Stadium. An estimated 1.2 million fans saw this tour worldwide.
In 1991, Depeche Mode contribution "Death 's Door '' was released on the soundtrack album for the film Until the End of the World. Film director Wim Wenders had challenged musical artists to write music the way they imagined they would in the year 2000, the setting of the movie.
The members of Depeche Mode regrouped in Madrid in January 1992, Dave Gahan had become interested in the new grunge scene sweeping the U.S. and was influenced by the likes of Jane 's Addiction, Soundgarden and Nirvana.
Alan Wilder on the genesis of some of the sounds on Songs of Faith and Devotion, stated to Pulse! magazine -- May 1993.
In 1993, Songs of Faith and Devotion, again with Flood producing, saw them experimenting with arrangements based as much on heavily distorted electric guitars and live drums (played by Alan Wilder, whose debut as a studio drummer had come on the Violator track "Clean '') as on synthesizers. Live strings, uilleann pipes and female gospel vocals were other new additions to the band 's sound. The album debuted at number one in both the UK and the US, only the sixth British act to achieve such a distinction to date. The first single from the album was the grunge - influenced "I Feel You. '' The gospel influences are most noticeable on the album 's third single, "Condemnation. '' A symptom of the slow fracturing of the band, interviews given by the band during this period tended to be conducted separately, unlike earlier albums, where the band was interviewed as a group.
The Devotional world tour followed, documented by a concert film of the same name. The film was directed by Anton Corbijn, and in 1995 earned the band their first Grammy nomination. The band 's second live album, Songs of Faith and Devotion Live, was released in December 1993.
The tour continued into 1994 with the Exotic Tour, which began in February 1994 in South Africa, and ended in April in Mexico. The final leg of the tour, consisting of more North American dates, followed shortly thereafter and ran until July. As a whole, the Devotional Tour is to date the longest and most geographically diverse Depeche Mode tour, spanning fourteen months and 159 individual performances. Q magazine described the 1993 Devotional Tour as "The Most Debauched Rock'n'Roll Tour Ever. ''
Dave Gahan 's heroin addiction was increasingly affecting his behaviour, causing him to become more erratic and introverted. Martin Gore experienced seizures, and Andy Fletcher declined to participate in the second half of the Exotic Tour due to "mental instability. '' During that period, he was replaced on stage by Daryl Bamonte, who had worked with the band as a personal assistant, since the beginning of their career in 1980.
In June 1995, Alan Wilder announced that he was leaving Depeche Mode, explaining:
Since joining in 1982, I have continually striven to give total energy, enthusiasm and commitment to the furthering of the group 's success, and in spite of a consistent imbalance in the distribution of the workload, willingly offered this. Unfortunately, within the group, this level of input never received the respect and acknowledgement that it warrants.
He continued to work on his personal project Recoil, releasing a fourth album (Unsound Methods) in 1997.
Despite Gahan 's increasingly severe personal problems, Gore tried repeatedly during 1995 and 1996 to get the band recording again. However, Gahan would rarely turn up to scheduled sessions, and when he did, it would take weeks to get any vocals recorded; one six - week session at Electric Lady in New York produced just one usable vocal (for "Sister of Night ''), and even that was pieced together from multiple takes. Gore was forced to contemplate breaking the band up and considered releasing the songs he had written as a solo album. In mid-1996, after his near - fatal overdose, Gahan entered a court - ordered drug rehabilitation program to battle his addiction to cocaine and heroin. With Gahan out of rehab in 1996, Depeche Mode held recording sessions with producer Tim Simenon.
Preceded by two singles, "Barrel of a Gun '' and "It 's No Good, '' the album Ultra was released in April 1997. The album debuted at No. 1 in the UK (as well as Germany), and No. 5 in the US. The band did not tour in support of the album, with Fletcher quoted as saying
We 're not fit enough. Dave 's only eight months into his sobriety, and our bodies are telling us to spend time with our families.
As part of the promotion for the release of the album, they did perform two short concerts in London and Los Angeles, called "Ultra Parties. '' Ultra spawned two further singles, "Home '' and "Useless ''.
A second singles compilation, The Singles 86 -- 98, was released in 1998, preceded by the new single "Only When I Lose Myself '', which had been recorded during the Ultra sessions. In April 1998, Depeche Mode held a press conference at the Hyatt Hotel in Cologne to announce The Singles Tour. The tour was the first to feature two backing musicians in place of Alan Wilder -- Austrian drummer Christian Eigner and British keyboardist Peter Gordeno.
In 2001, Depeche Mode released Exciter, produced by Mark Bell (of techno group LFO). Bell introduced a minimalist, digital sound to much of the album, influenced by IDM and glitch. "Dream On '', "I Feel Loved '', "Freelove '' and "Goodnight Lovers '' were released as singles in 2001 and 2002. Critical response to the album was mixed, with reasonably positive reviews from some magazines (NME, Rolling Stone and LA Weekly), while others (including Q magazine, PopMatters, and Pitchfork) derided it as sounding underproduced, dull and lacklustre.
In March 2001, Depeche Mode held a press conference at the Valentino Hotel in Hamburg to announce the Exciter Tour. The tour featured 84 performances for over 1.5 million fans in 24 countries. The concerts held in Paris at the Palais Omnisports de Paris - Bercy were filmed and later released in May 2002 as a live DVD entitled One Night in Paris.
In October 2002 the band won the first - ever Q magazine "Innovation Award ''.
In 2003, Gahan released his first solo album, Paper Monsters, and toured to promote the record. Also released in 2003 was Gore 's second solo album Counterfeit2. Fletcher founded his own record label, Toast Hawaii, specialising in promoting electronic music.
A new remix compilation album, Remixes 81 -- 04, was released in 2004, featuring new and unreleased promo mixes of the band 's singles from 1981 to 2004. A new version of "Enjoy the Silence, '' remixed by Mike Shinoda of Linkin Park, "Enjoy the Silence 04, '' was released as a single and reached No. 7 on the UK charts.
In October 2005, the band released their 11th studio album Playing the Angel. Produced by Ben Hillier, the album peaked at No. 1 in 18 countries and featured the hit single "Precious ''. This is the first Depeche Mode album to feature lyrics written by Gahan and, consequently, the first album since 1984 's Some Great Reward featuring songs not written by Gore. "Suffer Well '' was the first ever post-Clarke Depeche Mode single not to be written by Gore (lyrics by Gahan, music by Philpott / Eigner). The final single from the album was "John the Revelator, '' an uptempo electronic track with a running religious theme, accompanied by "Lilian, '' a lush track that was a hit in many clubs all over the world.
To promote Playing the Angel, the band launched Touring the Angel, a concert tour of Europe and North America that began in November 2005 and ran for nine months. During the last two legs of the tour Depeche Mode headlined a number of festivals including the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival and the O Wireless Festival. In total, the band played to more than 2.8 million people across 31 countries and the tour was one of the highest grossing and critically acclaimed tours of 2005 / 06. Speaking about the tour, Gahan praised it as "probably the most enjoyable, rewarding live shows we 've ever done. The new material was just waiting to be played live. It took on a life of its own. With the energy of the crowds, it just came to life. '' Two shows at Milan 's Fila Forum were filmed and edited into a concert film, released on DVD as Touring the Angel: Live in Milan.
A "best - of '' compilation was released in November 2006, entitled The Best Of, Volume 1 featuring a new single "Martyr '', an outtake from the Playing the Angel sessions. Later that month Depeche Mode received the MTV Europe Music Award in the Best Group category.
In December 2006, iTunes released The Complete Depeche Mode as its fourth ever digital box - set.
In August 2007, during promotion for Dave Gahan 's second solo album, Hourglass, it was announced that Depeche Mode were heading back in studio in early 2008 to work on a new album.
In May 2008, the band returned to the studio with producer Ben Hillier to work on some songs that Martin Gore had demoed at his home studio in Santa Barbara, California. Later that year it was announced that Depeche Mode were splitting from their long - term US label, Warner Music, and signing with EMI Music worldwide. The album was created in four sessions, two in New York and two in Santa Barbara. A total of 22 songs were recorded, with the standard album being 13 songs in length while many of the others were released in subsequent deluxe editions.
On 15 January 2009, the official Depeche Mode website announced that the band 's 12th studio album would be called Sounds of the Universe. The album was released in April 2009, also made available through an iTunes Pass, where the buyer received individual tracks in the weeks leading up to official release date. Andy Fletcher says the idea for their iTunes Pass was a combination of the band 's and iTunes ': "I think the digital and record companies are starting to get their act together. They were very lazy in the first 10 years when downloads came in. Now they 're collaborating more and coming up with interesting ideas for fans to buy products. '' The album went to number one in 21 countries. Critical response was generally positive and it was nominated for a Grammy in the "Best Alternative Album '' category. "Wrong '' was the first single from the album, released digitally in February 2009. Subsequent singles were "Peace '' and the double A-side "Fragile Tension / Hole to Feed ''. In addition, "Perfect '' was released as a promotional - only (non-commercial) single in the United States.
On 23 April 2009, Depeche Mode performed for the television program Jimmy Kimmel Live! at the famed corner of Hollywood Boulevard and Vine Street, drawing more than 12,000 fans, which was the largest audience the program had seen since its 2003 premiere, with a performance by Coldplay.
In May 2009, the band embarked on a concert tour in support of the album -- called Tour of the Universe; it had been announced at a press conference in October 2008 at the Olympiastadion in Berlin. There was a warm up show in Luxembourg and it officially started on 10 May 2009 in Tel Aviv. The first leg of the tour was disrupted when Dave Gahan was struck down with gastroenteritis. During treatment, doctors found and removed a low grade tumour from the singer 's bladder. Gahan 's illness caused 16 concerts to be cancelled, but several of the shows were rescheduled for 2010. The band headlined the Lollapalooza festival during the North American leg of the tour. The tour also took the band back to South America for the first time since 1994 's Exotic Tour. During the final European leg, the band played a show at London 's Royal Albert Hall in aid of the Teenage Cancer Trust, where former member Alan Wilder joined Martin Gore on stage for a performance of "Somebody ''. In total the band played to more than 2.7 million people across 32 countries and the tour was one of the most profitable in America in 2009. The concerts held at Palau Sant Jordi, Barcelona, Spain were filmed and later released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc release entitled Tour of the Universe: Barcelona 20 / 21.11. 09. In March 2010, Depeche Mode won the award for "Best International Group -- Rock / Pop '' at the ECHO Awards in Germany.
On 6 June 2011, as the final commitment to their contract with EMI, the band released a remix compilation album, entitled Remixes 2: 81 -- 11 that features remixes by former members Vince Clarke and Alan Wilder. Other remixers involved with the project were Nick Rhodes of Duran Duran, Röyksopp, Karlsson & Winnberg of Miike Snow, Eric Prydz, Clark and more. A new remix of "Personal Jesus '' by Stargate, entitled "Personal Jesus 2011 '', was released as a single on 30 May 2011, in support of the compilation.
Depeche Mode contributed their cover of the U2 song "So Cruel '' to the tribute album AHK - toong BAY - bi Covered honouring the 20th anniversary of Achtung Baby, a 1991 album by U2. The compilation CD was released with the December 2011 issue of Q.
In October 2012 during a press conference in Paris, Dave Gahan, Martin Gore and Andy Fletcher announced plans for a new album and a 2013 worldwide tour starting from Tel Aviv and continuing in Europe and North America. Martin Gore revealed that Flood mixed the album, marking the producer 's first studio collaboration with the band since 1993 's Songs of Faith and Devotion.
In December 2012, the band officially announced signing a worldwide deal with Columbia Records and releasing a new album in March 2013. On 24 January 2013, it was confirmed that the album was titled Delta Machine. "Heaven '', the debut single from Delta Machine was released commercially on Friday 1 February 2013 (although not in the UK). The release date in the UK was pushed back to 18 March 2013 (17 March 2013 on iTunes). The physical release still bore the Mute Records logo, even though the band have now severed ties with their long standing label. Andy Fletcher mentioned in an interview this was due to their "devotion '' to the label and with the band 's insistence.
In March, the band announced North American dates to its Delta Machine summer tour, starting 22 August from Detroit and ending 8 October in Phoenix. In June, other European dates were confirmed for early 2014. The final gig of Delta Machine Tour took place in Moscow (Russia) on 7 March 2014, at Olimpiski venue.
That month, Depeche Mode won the award for "Best International Group -- Rock / Pop '' at the ECHO Awards in Germany. Also they were nominated at the category "Album des Jahres (national oder international) '' for Delta Machine, but lost against Helene Fischer 's Farbenspiel.
On 8 October 2014, the band announced Live in Berlin, the new video and audio release filmed and recorded at the O2 World in Berlin, Germany in November 2013 during the Delta Machine Tour. It was released on 17 November 2014 worldwide.
In a 2015 Rolling Stone interview celebrating the 25th anniversary of Violator, Martin Gore stated that Johnny Cash 's cover of "Personal Jesus '' is his favorite cover version of a Depeche Mode song.
On 25 January 2016, Martin Gore announced a projected return to the recording studio in April, with both Gore and Gahan having already written and demoed new songs.
In September, the official Depeche Mode Facebook page hinted at a new release, later confirmed by the band to be a music video compilation, Video Singles Collection, scheduled for release in November by Sony. In October 2016, the band announced that their fourteenth album, titled Spirit and produced by James Ford, would be released in spring 2017. The group has also been nominated for the 2018 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
"Where 's the Revolution '', the lead single from Spirit, was released 3 February 2017, along with its lyric video. The official video was published a week later, on 9 February. The Global Spirit Tour officially kicked off on 5 May 2017 with a performance in Stockholm, Sweden, at the Friends Arena. The first leg of the tour covered European countries only, ending with a final stadium show in Cluj - Napoca, Romania, at the Cluj Arena. The second leg of the tour covered North America and returned to Europe. The North America leg of the tour kicked off in Salt Lake City, Utah, on 23 August, at the USANA Amphitheatre. The band remained in North America until 15 November when they left for Dublin to resume the European leg. The band ended the tour in Europe with a final show on 25 July 2018 in Berlin, Germany, at the Waldbühne.
Depeche Mode drew its artistic influences from a wide range of artists and scenes, such as Kraftwerk, David Bowie, The Clash, Roxy Music and Brian Eno, Elvis Presley, the Velvet Underground, and blues. Depeche Mode 's music has mainly been described as synth - pop, new wave, electronic rock, dance - rock alternative rock, arena rock and pop rock. The band also experimented with various other genres throughout its career, including avant - garde, electronica, pop, soul, techno, industrial rock and heavy metal.
Depeche Mode were considered a teen pop band during their early period in the UK, and interviewed in teen pop magazines such as Smash Hits. Following the departure of Vince Clarke, their music began to take on a darker tone, establishing a darker sound in the band 's music, as Martin Gore assumed lead songwriting duties. Gore 's lyrics included themes such as sex, religion, and politics. Gore has stated he feels lyrical themes which tackle issues related to solitude and loneliness are a better representation of reality, whereas he finds "happy songs '' fake and unrealistic. At the same time, he asserts that the band 's music contains "an element of hope. '' The members of Depeche Mode are vegetarian.
Depeche Mode have released a total of 14 studio albums, 10 compilation albums, six live albums, eight box sets, 13 video albums, 71 music videos, and 54 singles. The band have sold over 100 million records worldwide. Depeche Mode have had 50 songs in the UK Singles Chart, and one US and two UK number - one albums. In addition, all of their studio albums have reached the UK Top 10 and their albums have spent over 210 weeks on the UK Charts.
Music critic Sasha Frere - Jones claimed that "the last serious English influence was Depeche Mode, who seem more and more significant as time passes. '' Depeche Mode have been nominated for five Grammy Awards; "Devotional '' for Best Long Form Music Video, "I Feel Loved '' and "Suffer Well '', both for Best Dance Recording, Sounds of the Universe for Best Alternative Album and "Wrong '' for Best Short Form Music Video. In addition, Depeche Mode have been honoured with a Brit Award for Enjoy the Silence in the Best British Single category, the first - ever Q Magazine Innovation Award, and an Ivor Novello Award for Martin Gore in the category of International Achievement.
Depeche Mode were called "the most popular electronic band the world has ever known '' by Q magazine, "one of the greatest British pop groups of all time '' by The Sunday Telegraph, and "the quintessential eighties techno - pop band '' by Rolling Stone and AllMusic. They were ranked No. 2 on Electronic Music Realm 's list of The 100 Greatest Artists of Electronic Music, ranked No. 158 on Acclaimed Music 's list of Top 1000 Artists of All Time and Q Magazine included them on their list of "50 bands that changed the world ''.
Several major artists have cited the band as an influence, including: No Doubt, The Killers, Crosses, Coldplay, Lady Gaga, Muse, Linkin Park, The Crystal Method, Fear Factory, La Roux, Gotye, Rammstein, a-ha, Arcade Fire, Nine Inch Nails, and Chvrches.
Depeche Mode contemporaries Pet Shop Boys and Gary Numan have also cited the band as an influence.
The dark themes and moods of Depeche Mode 's lyrics and music have been enjoyed by several heavy metal artists, and the band are regarded as an influence on acts such as Marilyn Manson, and Deftones. They have also been named as an influence on Detroit techno and indie rock.
Early in their career, Depeche Mode were dismissive of benefit concerts such as Live Aid. Martin himself stated, "If these bands really care so much, they should just donate the money and let that be it. Why ca n't they do it without all the surrounding hype? ''. But in recent years, the band have applied their celebrity and cultural longevity to help promote and raise funds for several notable charity endeavours. They lent their support to high - profile charities such as MusiCares, Cancer Research UK and the Teenage Cancer Trust. The band has also supported the Small Steps Project, a humanitarian organisation based in the United Kingdom, aiming to assist economically disadvantaged children into education. Since 2010, Depeche Mode have partnered with Swiss watchmaker Hublot to support Charity: Water, aimed at the provision of clean drinking water in developing countries. In 2014, the partnership hosted a gala and fundraiser at the TsUM building in Moscow, raising $1.4 million for the charity.
Current members
Touring members
Former members
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ram gopal varma hit movies list in telugu | Ram Gopal Varma - wikipedia
Ram Gopal Varma is an Indian film director, screenwriter and producer, known for his works in Telugu cinema, Bollywood, and television. Varma directed films across multiple genres, including parallel cinema and docudrama noted for their gritty realism, technical finesse, and craft. Regarded as one of the pioneers of new age Indian cinema, Varma garnered the National Film Award for scripting the political crime drama, Shool (1999). In 2004, he was featured in the BBC World series Bollywood Bosses. In 2006, Grady Hendrix of Film Comment, published by the Film Society of Lincoln Center cited Varma as "Bombay 's Most Successful Maverick '' for his works on experimental films.
Varma is known for presenting the Indian Political Trilogy, and the Indian Gangster Trilogy; film critic Rajeev Masand had labeled the series as one of the "most influential movies of Hindi cinema. The first installment of the trilogy, Satya, was also listed in CNN - IBN 's 100 greatest Indian films of all time. Varma 's recent avant - garde works include hits such as the dramatized re-enactment of "Rayalaseema factionism '' in Rakta Charitra (2010), the "2008 Mumbai attacks '' in The Attacks of 26 / 11 (2013), the "Operation Cocoon '' in Killing Veerappan (2016), and the "Vijayawada riots '' in Vangaveeti (2016).
Starting his career as a civil engineer, he made an entry into Telugu cinema with the path - breaking crime thriller, Siva (1989) screened at the 13th International Film Festival of India, and has garnered Varma, the state Nandi Awards for Best direction, Best first film of a director, and the Filmfare Award for Best Film -- Telugu. Subsequently, the film was included in CNN - IBN 's list of 100 greatest Indian films of all time. Varma 's next movie Kshana Kshanam (1991) was screened at the Ann Arbor Film Festival. The sleeper hit won him another Nandi Award for Best Direction, and the Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer. The 1993 political drama, Gaayam received six state Nandi Awards. In 1999, He directed Prema Katha for which he received his third Nandi Award for Best Director.
In an interview to Tehelka, Varma talked about his relationship with his parents and the reasons behind his decision to become a filmmaker.
From my parents ' perspective, I looked like a useless bum. It was the truth. I had no objective. I was just fascinated by people, so I used to study their behaviour. I was most fascinated by the bullies in my classroom. They were like gangsters for me. They had the guts to push around people, do things I could n't -- perhaps did not even want to do myself. But I 'd want a friend like that (laughs). I used to adulate them like heroes. That was my first touch with anti-socialism. Over a period of time, I developed a low - angle fascination for larger than life people. I was always a loner -- not because I was unhappy, but because I live away from myself, not just others. I like to study myself -- the way I am walking, talking, behaving. My constant obsession with studying myself and other people is perhaps the primary motivation for me to be a filmmaker.
Varma completed BE in Civil engineering from V.R. Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada. Even during this period, Varma remained a film buff, through his uncle. Varma would skip classes often and watch films instead. He would watch the same film repeatedly "just to watch certain scenes which interested him. '' According to him, that is how he learned film direction.
After a brief stint as a site engineer for Krishna Oberoi hotel in Hyderabad, he put his dreams on the back burner and decided to go to Nigeria to make some money. It was at this moment that he visited a video rental library in Hyderabad. He loved the idea and decided to start one of his own at Ameerpet in Hyderabad, through which he slowly developed connections with the film world. Without being successful as a fourth assistant director in B. Gopal 's film Collector Gari Abbai, Varma directly ventured into film direction, with the 1989 Telugu film, Siva.
Rachel Dwyer, a reader in world cinema at the University of London - Department of South Asia, marked Varma 's Satya as an experiment with a new genre, a variation of film noir that has been called Mumbai Noir, of which Varma is the acknowledged master. In 2010, Varma received critical acclaim at the Fribourg International Film Festival, Switzerland; a retrospective of his filmography, highlighting Mumbai Noir was staged by film critic Edouard Waintrop, a delegate in the Directors ' Fortnight of the Cannes Film Festival. Satya and Company, in particular, were cited by British director Danny Boyle as influences on his Academy Award - winning film Slumdog Millionaire (2008), for their "slick, often mesmerizing portrayals of the Mumbai underworld '', their display of "brutality and urban violence '', and their gritty realism.
In 2005, Varma directed the Godfatheresque - Sarkar, another super-hit thriller inspired by the life of Bal Thackeray and North Indian politics, which was screened to special mention at the New York Asian Film Festival, along with its sequel Sarkar Raj, which premiered at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival and the 9th IIFA World Premiere - Bangkok, and was archived at the Academy of Motion Pictures library. In 2013, he directed a docudrama, The Attacks of 26 / 11, showcased to critical acclaim at the Berlin International Film Festival, in the Panorama as well as the Competition section, and was premièred at Films Division of India. The film received highly positive reviews, with critics praising Varma 's narrative of assistant commissioner N.R. Mahale, and the discrepancies associated with Mahale 's interaction with Ajmal Kasab on anti terrorism.
Varma 's philosophy is influenced by Russian - American Novelist Ayn Rand, Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche and authors like James Hadley Chase and Frederick Forsyth, as well as by Mad magazine. Varma 's first runaway hit in Hindi cinema was Shiva (1990), the remake of his 1989 film Siva. Varma introduced the steadicam to Indian cinema with Siva. Later, He garnered attention in Bollywood with the romantic comedy film, Rangeela (1995) starring Aamir Khan. The film won seven Filmfare Awards. Rangeela was later remade in hollywood as Win a Date with Tad Hamilton!.
He then directed Satya (1998), which won six Filmfare Awards, including the Critics Award for Best Film, In 2005, Indiatimes Movies included Satya in its list of 25 Must See Bollywood Movies. Satya was showcased among the Indian panorama section, at the 1998 International Film Festival of India, Varma received the Bimal Roy memorial award for best direction for this film. In the same year, he co-produced Dil Se..., directed by Mani Ratnam, screened at the 1999 Berlin Film Festival, and won the Netpac Award, as well as two National Film Awards and six Filmfare Awards. Satya, together with his 2002 film Company (which he directed, won three IIFA Awards, seven Filmfare Awards, and a Bollywood Movie Award for best direction, and was premiered at the 2004 Austin Film Festival) and the 2005 film D (which he produced), were also featured in the Fribourg International Film Festival, and the New York Asian Film Festival.
In 1991, Varma experimented with the supernatural thriller, Raat, and the 1992 Neo-noir, crime film Drohi, and gained positive reviews from critics. During the years between his trilogy, from Satya in 1998 to D in 2005, Varma implemented different film genres in his craft. In 1999, he directed Kaun, a suspense thriller set entirely in one house and featuring only three actors, and Mast, a subversion of Hindi cinema 's masala genre. In 2000, he directed Jungle, set entirely in a jungle, for which he was nominated for the Star Screen Award for Best Director. In 2003 he directed another supernatural thriller Bhoot on the lines of his earlier hit Raat. Bhoot became a major hit at the box office, and Varma was nominated for the Filmfare Best Director Award for the film.
Bhoot was followed by even more horror movies, including hit films such as Darna Mana Hai (2003), Darna Zaroori Hai (2006), and Phoonk (2008), gaining Varma the status of ster of the Indian horror genre. Other experimental productions of Varma include Ek Hasina Thi (2003), a psychological thriller, and Ab Tak Chhappan (2004), a film about an inspector in the Mumbai Encounter Squad noted for having killed 56 people in encounters. In 2006, he re-made a new installment of Shiva, which was screened at the New York Asian Film Festival, where in a retrospective featuring Varma 's experimental hits such as Company, Ek Hasina Thi, Ab Tak Chhappan, Sarkar, Contract, and Shabri was staged. Shabri was also screened at Rome Film Festival. 2010 film on media, Rann was screened at Toronto International Film Festival. A two - part bilingual Parallel cinema Rakta Charitra (2010), on the theme of South Indian politics, was based on the life of Paritala Ravindra, and Maddela Cheruvu Suri; the film received praise from critics.
Varma started his career in the Telugu film industry as an assistant director on the sets of films such as Collector Gari Abbai and Rao Gari Illu. His father Krishnam Raju Varma, was a sound recordist at the Annapurna Studios. Varma met Nagarjuna Akkineni at the studios with the help of his friend nomula rohith yogi, and narrated a scene to the actor which impressed him. The result of their collaboration was a film on the criminalisation of student politics -- Siva. It was a commercially successful film that gave Varma an opportunity to demonstrate his technical expertise and story telling skills.
Kshana Kshanam with Venkatesh, Gaayam with Jagapathi Babu and Anaganaga Oka Roju with J.D. Chakravarthy were successful, Govinda Govinda with Nagarjuna proved to be a moderate success at the box office. During this period, Varma produced films such as Money and Money Money. Other box office hits by Varma in Telugu include Gulabi (1995); Madhyanam Hathya (2004); Rakta Charitra (2010), Dongala Mutha (2011), Rowdy (2014), Ice Cream (2014). Varma introduced online auction based film distribution model for this venture, and tasted success.
Varma 's notable mainstream works in Hindi cinema include Daud (1997), Darna Zaroori Hai (2006), Nishabd (2007), Darling (2007), and Phoonk (2008). Bollywood film makers such as Anurag Kashyap, Madhur Bhandarkar, Puri Jagannadh, E. Nivas, Prawaal Raman, Krishna Vamsi, Vishram Sawant, and Hansal Mehta assisted Varma, before venturing into direction. In 1993, he scripted the Tamil thriller Thiruda Thiruda, screened at Toronto International Film Festival. In 2015, Varma was fined for Rs 10 Lakhs, for an alleged copyright violation with the film Aag (2007). He made his directorial debut in Kannada cinema with the thriller Killing Veerappan.
Ram Gopal Varma made his début in Television through a Talk Show titled Ramuism. The show is being aired on a Telugu channel since September 2014. The show is noted for its fresh and witty appeal. The show focuses on Varma 's Point of View on social issues such as Education, Religion, Mythology, Children, Crime, Death, Anger, Godmen, Woman, Philosophy, Cinema etc. The show is hosted by Swapna, the managing editor of Sakshi TV.
Varma wrote an autobiography titled Na Ishtam, which discusses his life experiences and philosophy. ' Naa Ishtam ' was released in December 2010 at Taj Banjara, Hyderabad. Sirasri, poet, lyricist and writer wrote a biographical book on the interactions he had with Ram Gopal Varma with the title Vodka With Varma. Director Puri Jagannath launched the book in December 2012.
In November 2015, Varma published his book "Guns and Thighs: The Story of My Life '' which discusses a wide range of subjects, from the influences and circumstances that drew him to cinematic techniques, his successful and unsuccessful films, his Bollywood idols, his live in relationship with Suchitra Krishnamoorthy his relationship with the media and the controversies dogging him, his philosophy of life, and Indian cinema. On this occasion, Varma said "I dedicated my book to Ayn Rand, Bruce Lee, Urmila Matondkar, Amitabh Bachchan, and a few gangsters. ''
Varma has garnered the National Film Award, the Bimal Roy Memorial National Award, seven state Nandi Awards, two Bollywood Filmfare Awards, and five Bollywood Movie Awards.
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where does the term dead ringer come from | Dead ringer (idiom) - Wikipedia
Dead ringer is an idiom in English. It means "an exact duplicate '' and derives from 19th - century horse - racing slang for a horse presented "under a false name and pedigree ''; "ringer '' was a late nineteenth - century term for a duplicate, usually with implications of dishonesty, and "dead '' in this case means "precise '', as in "dead centre ''.
The term is sometimes implausibly said to derive, like "saved by the bell '', from a custom of providing a cord in coffins for someone who has been buried alive to ring a bell to call for help.
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fertilization of an egg by sperm takes place in the | Human fertilization - wikipedia
Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm, usually occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube. The result of this union is the production of a zygote cell, or fertilized egg, initiating prenatal development. Scientists discovered the dynamics of human fertilization in the nineteenth century.
The process of fertilization involves a sperm fusing with an ovum. The most common sequence begins with ejaculation during copulation, follows with ovulation, and finishes with fertilization. Various exceptions to this sequence are possible, including artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, external ejaculation without copulation, or copulation shortly after ovulation. Upon encountering the secondary oocyte, the acrosome of the sperm produces enzymes which allow it to burrow through the outer jelly coat of the egg. The sperm plasma then fuses with the egg 's plasma membrane, the sperm head disconnects from its flagellum and the egg travels down the Fallopian tube to reach the uterus.
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process by which egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside the womb, in vitro.
The sperm binds through the corona radiata, a layer of follicle cells on the outside of the secondary oocyte. Fertilization occurs when the nucleus of both a sperm and an egg fuse to form a diploid cell, known as zygote. The successful fusion of gametes forms a new organism.
Where the spermatozoon is about to pierce, the yolk (ooplasm) is drawn out into a conical elevation, termed the cone of attraction or reception cone. Once the spermatozoon has entered, the peripheral portion of the yolk changes into a membrane, the perivitelline membrane, which prevents the passage of additional spermatozoa.
At the beginning of the process, the sperm undergoes a series of changes, as freshly ejaculated sperm is unable or poorly able to fertilize. The sperm must undergo capacitation in the female 's reproductive tract over several hours, which increases its motility and destabilizes its membrane, preparing it for the acrosome reaction, the enzymatic penetration of the egg 's tough membrane, the zona pellucida, which surrounds the oocyte.
After binding to the corona radiata the sperm reaches the zona pellucida, which is an extra-cellular matrix of glycoproteins. A special complementary molecule on the surface of the sperm head binds to a ZP3 glycoprotein in the zona pellucida. This binding triggers the acrosome to burst, releasing enzymes that help the sperm get through the zona pellucida.
Some sperm cells consume their acrosome prematurely on the surface of the egg cell, facilitating the penetration by other sperm cells. As a population, sperm cells have on average 50 % genome similarity so the premature acrosomal reactions aid fertilization by a member of the same cohort. It may be regarded as a mechanism of kin selection.
Recent studies have shown that the egg is not passive during this process.
Once the sperm cells find their way past the zona pellucida, the cortical reaction occurs. Cortical granules inside the secondary oocyte fuse with the plasma membrane of the cell, causing enzymes inside these granules to be expelled by exocytosis to the zona pellucida. This in turn causes the glyco - proteins in the zona pellucida to cross-link with each other -- i.e. the enzymes cause the ZP2 to hydrolyse into ZP2f -- making the whole matrix hard and impermeable to sperm. This prevents fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm. The cortical reaction and acrosome reaction are both essential to ensure that only one sperm will fertilize an egg.
After the sperm enters the cytoplasm of the oocyte (also called ovocyte), the tail and the outer coating of the sperm disintegrate and the cortical reaction takes place, preventing other sperm from fertilizing the same egg. The oocyte now undergoes its second meiotic division producing the haploid ovum and releasing a polar body. The sperm nucleus then fuses with the ovum, enabling fusion of their genetic material.
The cell membranes of the secondary oocyte and fusion of sperm takes place
In preparation for the fusion of their genetic material both the oocyte and the sperm undergo transformations as a reaction to the fusion of cell membranes.
The oocyte completes its second meiotic division. This results in a mature ovum. The nucleus of the oocyte is called a pronucleus in this process, to distinguish it from the nuclei that are the result of fertilization.
The sperm 's tail and mitochondria degenerate with the formation of the male pronucleus. This is why all mitochondria in humans are of maternal origin. Still, a considerable amount of RNA from the sperm is delivered to the resulting embryo and likely influences embryo development and the phenotype of the offspring.
The pronuclei migrate toward the center of the oocyte, rapidly replicating their DNA as they do so to prepare the zygote for its first mitotic division.
Usually 23 chromosomes from spermatozoon and 23 chromosomes from egg cell fuse (half of spermatozoons carry X chromosome and the other half Y chromosome). Their membranes dissolve, leaving no barriers between the male and female chromosomes. During this dissolution, a mitotic spindle forms between them. The spindle captures the chromosomes before they disperse in the egg cytoplasm. Upon subsequently undergoing mitosis (which includes pulling of chromatids towards centrioles in anaphase) the cell gathers genetic material from the male and female together. Thus, the first mitosis of the union of sperm and oocyte is the actual fusion of their chromosomes.
Each of the two daughter cells resulting from that mitosis has one replica of each chromatid that was replicated in the previous stage. Thus, they are genetically identical.
Fertilization is the event most commonly used to mark the zero point in descriptions of prenatal development of the embryo or fetus. The resultant age is known as fertilization age, fertilizational age, embryonic age, fetal age or (intrauterine) developmental (IUD) age.
Gestational age, in contrast, takes the beginning of the last menstrual period (LMP) as the zero point. By convention, gestational age is calculated by adding 14 days to fertilization age and vice versa. In fact, however, fertilization usually occurs within a day of ovulation, which, in turn, occurs on average 14.6 days after the beginning of the preceding menstruation (LMP). There is also considerable variability in this interval, with a 95 % prediction interval of the ovulation of 9 to 20 days after menstruation even for an average woman who has a mean LMP - to - ovulation time of 14.6. In a reference group representing all women, the 95 % prediction interval of the LMP - to - ovulation is 8.2 to 20.5 days.
The average time to birth has been estimated to be 268 days (38 weeks and two days) from ovulation, with a standard deviation of 10 days or coefficient of variation of 3.7 %.
Fertilization age is sometimes used postnatally (after birth) as well to estimate various risk factors. For example, it is a better predictor than postnatal age for risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature babies treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Various disorders can arise from defects in the fertilization process.
However, some researchers have found that in rare pairs of fraternal twins, their origin might have been from the fertilization of one egg cell from the mother and eight sperm cells from the father. This possibility has been investigated by computer simulations of the fertilization process.
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how many men's names are in the bible | List of biblical names - wikipedia
This page introduces a list of proper names from the Bible.
Some of the names are given with a proposed etymological meaning. For further information on the names included on the list, the reader may consult the sources listed below in the References and External Links.
Names play a variety of roles in the Bible. The names sometimes relate to the role of those characters in biblical narratives, as in the case of Nabal, a foolish man whose name means "fool. '' Names in the Bible can represent human hopes, divine revelations, or are used by prophets to illustrate their prophecies. See also Theophory.
Lists of biblical names
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the uninterrupted distance over which the wind blows without change in direction is the | Wind wave - wikipedia
In fluid dynamics, wind waves, or wind - generated waves, are surface waves that occur on the free surface of bodies of water (like oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, canals, puddles or ponds). They result from the wind blowing over an area of fluid surface. Waves in the oceans can travel thousands of miles before reaching land. Wind waves on Earth range in size from small ripples, to waves over 100 ft (30 m) high.
When directly generated and affected by local winds, a wind wave system is called a wind sea. After the wind ceases to blow, wind waves are called swells. More generally, a swell consists of wind - generated waves that are not significantly affected by the local wind at that time. They have been generated elsewhere or some time ago. Wind waves in the ocean are called ocean surface waves.
Wind waves have a certain amount of randomness: subsequent waves differ in height, duration, and shape with limited predictability. They can be described as a stochastic process, in combination with the physics governing their generation, growth, propagation, and decay -- as well as governing the interdependence between flow quantities such as: the water surface movements, flow velocities and water pressure. The key statistics of wind waves (both seas and swells) in evolving sea states can be predicted with wind wave models.
Although waves are usually considered in the water seas of Earth, the hydrocarbon seas of Titan may also have wind - driven waves.
The great majority of large breakers seen at a beach result from distant winds. Five factors influence the formation of the flow structures in wind waves:
All of these factors work together to determine the size of wind waves and the structure of the flow within them.
The main dimensions associated with waves are:
A fully developed sea has the maximum wave size theoretically possible for a wind of a specific strength, duration, and fetch. Further exposure to that specific wind could only cause a dissipation of energy due to the breaking of wave tops and formation of "whitecaps ''. Waves in a given area typically have a range of heights. For weather reporting and for scientific analysis of wind wave statistics, their characteristic height over a period of time is usually expressed as significant wave height. This figure represents an average height of the highest one - third of the waves in a given time period (usually chosen somewhere in the range from 20 minutes to twelve hours), or in a specific wave or storm system. The significant wave height is also the value a "trained observer '' (e.g. from a ship 's crew) would estimate from visual observation of a sea state. Given the variability of wave height, the largest individual waves are likely to be somewhat less than twice the reported significant wave height for a particular day or storm.
Wave formation on an initially flat water surface by wind is started by a random distribution of normal pressure of turbulent wind flow over the water. This pressure fluctuation produces normal and tangential stresses in the surface water, which generates waves. It is assumed that:
The second mechanism involves wind shear forces on the water surface. John W. Miles suggested a surface wave generation mechanism which is initiated by turbulent wind shear flows based on the inviscid Orr - Sommerfeld equation in 1957. He found the energy transfer from wind to water surface is proportional to the curvature of the velocity profile of the wind at the point where the mean wind speed is equal to the wave speed. Since the wind speed profile is logarithmic to the water surface, the curvature has a negative sign at this point. This relation shows the wind flow transferring its kinetic energy to the water surface at their interface.
Assumptions:
Generally these wave formation mechanisms occur together on the water surface and eventually produce fully developed waves.
For example, if we assume a flat sea surface (Beaufort state 0), and a sudden wind flow blows steadily across the sea surface, the physical wave generation process follows the sequence:
Three different types of wind waves develop over time:
Ripples appear on smooth water when the wind blows, but will die quickly if the wind stops. The restoring force that allows them to propagate is surface tension. Sea waves are larger - scale, often irregular motions that form under sustained winds. These waves tend to last much longer, even after the wind has died, and the restoring force that allows them to propagate is gravity. As waves propagate away from their area of origin, they naturally separate into groups of common direction and wavelength. The sets of waves formed in this manner are known as swells.
Individual "rogue waves '' (also called "freak waves '', "monster waves '', "killer waves '', and "king waves '') much higher than the other waves in the sea state can occur. In the case of the Draupner wave, its 25 m (82 ft) height was 2.2 times the significant wave height. Such waves are distinct from tides, caused by the Moon and Sun 's gravitational pull, tsunamis that are caused by underwater earthquakes or landslides, and waves generated by underwater explosions or the fall of meteorites -- all having far longer wavelengths than wind waves.
Yet, the largest ever recorded wind waves are common -- not rogue -- waves in extreme sea states. For example: 29.1 m (95 ft) high waves have been recorded on the RRS Discovery in a sea with 18.5 m (61 ft) significant wave height, so the highest wave is only 1.6 times the significant wave height. The biggest recorded by a buoy (as of 2011) was 32.3 m (106 ft) high during the 2007 typhoon Krosa near Taiwan.
Ocean waves can be classified based on: the disturbing force (s) that create (s) them; the extent to which the disturbing force (s) continue (s) to influence them after formation; the extent to which the restoring force (s) weaken (s) (or flatten) them; and their wavelength or period. Seismic Sea waves have a period of ~ 20 minutes, and speeds of 760 km / h (470 mph). Wind waves (deep - water waves) have a period of about 20 seconds.
The speed of all ocean waves is controlled by gravity, wavelength, and water depth. Most characteristics of ocean waves depend on the relationship between their wavelength and water depth. Wavelength determines the size of the orbits of water molecules within a wave, but water depth determines the shape of the orbits. The paths of water molecules in a wind wave are circular only when the wave is traveling in deep water. A wave can not "feel '' the bottom when it moves through water deeper than half its wavelength because too little wave energy is contained in the small circles below that depth. Waves moving through water deeper than half their wavelength are known as deep - water waves. On the other hand, the orbits of water molecules in waves moving through shallow water are flattened by the proximity of the sea surface bottom. Waves in water shallower than 1 / 20 their original wavelength are known as shallow - water waves. Transitional waves travel through water deeper than 1 / 20 their original wavelength but shallower than half their original wavelength.
In general, the longer the wavelength, the faster the wave energy will move through the water. For deep - water waves, this relationship is represented with the following formula:
where C is speed (celerity), L is wavelength, and T is time, or period (in seconds).
The speed of a deep - water wave may also be approximated by:
where g is the acceleration due to gravity, 9.8 meters (32 feet) per second squared. Because g and π (3.14) are constants, the equation can be reduced to:
when C is measured in meters per second and L in meters. Note that in both formulas the wave speed is proportional to the square root of the wavelength.
The speed of shallow - water waves is described by a different equation that may be written as:
where C is speed (in meters per second), g is the acceleration due to gravity, and d is the depth of the water (in meters). The period of a wave remains unchanged regardless of the depth of water through which it is moving. As deep - water waves enter the shallows and feel the bottom, however, their speed is reduced and their crests "bunch up, '' so their wavelength shortens.
As waves travel from deep to shallow water, their shape alters (wave height increases, speed decreases, and length decreases as wave orbits become asymmetrical). This process is called shoaling.
Wave refraction is the process that occurs when waves interact with the sea bed as the wave crests align themselves as a result of approaching decreasing water depths at an angle to the depth contours. Varying depths along a wave crest cause the crest to travel at different phase speeds, with those parts of the wave in deeper water moving faster than those in shallow water. This process continues until the crests become (nearly) parallel to the depth contours. Rays -- lines normal to wave crests between which a fixed amount of energy flux is contained -- converge on local shallows and shoals. Therefore, the wave energy between rays is concentrated as they converge, with a resulting increase in wave height.
Because these effects are related to a spatial variation in the phase speed, and because the phase speed also changes with the ambient current -- due to the Doppler shift -- the same effects of refraction and altering wave height also occur due to current variations. In the case of meeting an adverse current the wave steepens, i.e. its wave height increases while the wave length decreases, similar to the shoaling when the water depth decreases.
Some waves undergo a phenomenon called "breaking ''. A breaking wave is one whose base can no longer support its top, causing it to collapse. A wave breaks when it runs into shallow water, or when two wave systems oppose and combine forces. When the slope, or steepness ratio, of a wave is too great, breaking is inevitable.
Individual waves in deep water break when the wave steepness -- the ratio of the wave height H to the wavelength λ -- exceeds about 0.17, so for H > 0.17 λ. In shallow water, with the water depth small compared to the wavelength, the individual waves break when their wave height H is larger than 0.8 times the water depth h, that is H > 0.8 h. Waves can also break if the wind grows strong enough to blow the crest off the base of the wave.
In shallow water the base of the wave is decelerated by drag on the seabed. As a result, the upper parts will propagate at a higher velocity than the base and the leading face of the crest will become steeper and the trailing face flatter. This may be exaggerated to the extent that the leading face forms a barrel profile, with the crest falling forward and down as it extends over the air ahead of the wave.
Three main types of breaking waves are identified by surfers or surf lifesavers. Their varying characteristics make them more or less suitable for surfing, and present different dangers.
When the shoreline is near vertical, waves do not break, but are reflected. Most of the energy is retained in the wave as it returns to seaward. Interference patterns are caused by superposition of the incident and reflected waves, and the superposition may cause localised instability when peaks cross, and these peaks may break due to instability. (see also clapotic waves)
Wind waves are mechanical waves that propagate along the interface between water and air; the restoring force is provided by gravity, and so they are often referred to as surface gravity waves. As the wind blows, pressure and friction perturb the equilibrium of the water surface and transfer energy from the air to the water, forming waves. The initial formation of waves by the wind is described in the theory of Phillips from 1957, and the subsequent growth of the small waves has been modeled by Miles, also in 1957.
In linear plane waves of one wavelength in deep water, parcels near the surface move not plainly up and down but in circular orbits: forward above and backward below (compared the wave propagation direction). As a result, the surface of the water forms not an exact sine wave, but more a trochoid with the sharper curves upwards -- as modeled in trochoidal wave theory. Wind waves are thus a combination of transversal and longitudinal waves.
When waves propagate in shallow water, (where the depth is less than half the wavelength) the particle trajectories are compressed into ellipses.
In reality, for finite values of the wave amplitude (height), the particle paths do not form closed orbits; rather, after the passage of each crest, particles are displaced slightly from their previous positions, a phenomenon known as Stokes drift.
As the depth below the free surface increases, the radius of the circular motion decreases. At a depth equal to half the wavelength λ, the orbital movement has decayed to less than 5 % of its value at the surface. The phase speed (also called the celerity) of a surface gravity wave is -- for pure periodic wave motion of small - amplitude waves -- well approximated by
where
In deep water, where d ≥ 1 2 λ (\ displaystyle d \ geq (\ frac (1) (2)) \ lambda), so 2 π d λ ≥ π (\ displaystyle (\ frac (2 \ pi d) (\ lambda)) \ geq \ pi) and the hyperbolic tangent approaches 1 (\ displaystyle 1), the speed c (\ displaystyle c) approximates
In SI units, with c deep (\ displaystyle c_ (\ text (deep))) in m / s, c deep ≈ 1.25 λ (\ displaystyle c_ (\ text (deep)) \ approx 1.25 (\ sqrt (\ lambda))), when λ (\ displaystyle \ lambda) is measured in metres. This expression tells us that waves of different wavelengths travel at different speeds. The fastest waves in a storm are the ones with the longest wavelength. As a result, after a storm, the first waves to arrive on the coast are the long - wavelength swells.
For intermediate and shallow water, the Boussinesq equations are applicable, combining frequency dispersion and nonlinear effects. And in very shallow water, the shallow water equations can be used.
If the wavelength is very long compared to the water depth, the phase speed (by taking the limit of c when the wavelength approaches infinity) can be approximated by
On the other hand, for very short wavelengths, surface tension plays an important role and the phase speed of these gravity - capillary waves can (in deep water) be approximated by
where
When several wave trains are present, as is always the case in nature, the waves form groups. In deep water the groups travel at a group velocity which is half of the phase speed. Following a single wave in a group one can see the wave appearing at the back of the group, growing and finally disappearing at the front of the group.
As the water depth d (\ displaystyle d) decreases towards the coast, this will have an effect: wave height changes due to wave shoaling and refraction. As the wave height increases, the wave may become unstable when the crest of the wave moves faster than the trough. This causes surf, a breaking of the waves.
The movement of wind waves can be captured by wave energy devices. The energy density (per unit area) of regular sinusoidal waves depends on the water density ρ (\ displaystyle \ rho), gravity acceleration g (\ displaystyle g) and the wave height H (\ displaystyle H) (which, for regular waves, is equal to twice the amplitude, a (\ displaystyle a)):
The velocity of propagation of this energy is the group velocity.
Surfers are very interested in the wave forecasts. There are many websites that provide predictions of the surf quality for the upcoming days and weeks. Wind wave models are driven by more general weather models that predict the winds and pressures over the oceans, seas and lakes.
Wind wave models are also an important part of examining the impact of shore protection and beach nourishment proposals. For many beach areas there is only patchy information about the wave climate, therefore estimating the effect of wind waves is important for managing littoral environments.
Ocean water waves generate land seismic waves that propagate hundreds of kilometers into the land. These seismic signals usually have the period of 6 ± 2 seconds. Such recordings were first reported and understood in about 1900.
There are two types of seismic "ocean waves ''. The primary waves are generated in shallow waters by direct water wave - land interaction and have the same period as the water waves (10 to 16 seconds). The more powerful secondary waves are generated by the superposition of ocean waves of equal period traveling in opposite directions, thus generating standing gravity waves -- with an associated pressure oscillation at half the period, which is not diminishing with depth. The theory for microseism generation by standing waves was provided by Michael Longuet - Higgins in 1950, after in 1941 Pierre Bernard suggested this relation with standing waves on the basis of observations.
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what happened to middle earth after return of the king | Fourth Age - wikipedia
In the fictional world of Middle - earth, "' the Fourth Age ' '' and the ages that preceded it, are time periods from J.R.R. Tolkien 's universe of Middle - earth, described in his fantasy writings. Because most of his fiction concerning Middle - earth deals with earlier ages, there is relatively little material on the ages that followed the Third Age.
The Fourth Age followed the defeat of Sauron and the destruction of his One Ring, but did not officially begin until after the Bearers of the Three Rings left Middle - earth for Valinor, the ' Uttermost West '.
Some events of the first centuries of the Fourth Age can be gleaned from the Appendices in The Lord of the Rings, and follow below.
Realms of Men prospered, as the reunited Númenórean kingdoms in exile (as the Reunited Kingdom of Gondor and Arnor) under King Elessar and later his son Eldarion. Elessar rebuilt the once - ruined northern city of Annúminas and often dwelt there although his throne remained in Gondor. Allied realms such as Rohan and Dale also prospered, as did the protected enclaves of the Shire and the Woses of Ghân - buri - Ghân.
Despite the fall of Sauron, there were significant kingdoms of evil Men that had to be dealt with before the White Tree could grow in peace. In the appendices Tolkien states that Éomer fulfilled the oath of Eorl by riding with Elessar to war on the plains of Harad and beyond the sea of Rhûn, so it is clear that fighting continued with at least some of the Men who had allied with Sauron in the past. It has been suggested that ultimately these campaigns were successful, as the Easterlings and Haradrim were at least subdued, or even became part of the Reunited Kingdom. Many former slaves of Sauron were freed and were given land in Mordor, around the sea of Núrnen, for their own.
After repulsing assaults from Dol Guldur and destroying it with the power of Galadriel 's ring during the end of the War of the Ring, the elves of Lothlórien and Mirkwood subsequently managed to rid the great forest of all the forces of evil. Thranduil and Celeborn then met in the midst of the forest and renamed it Eryn Lasgalen, or Wood of Greenleaves, and divided it among several parties. Thranduil 's kingdom remained in the northern part of Mirkwood, from the northern edge to the Mountains of Mirkwood while Celeborn expanded Lothlórien into the southern portion of Mirkwood and named it East Lorien. The forest between the two elven kingdoms were given to men, although this area probably expanded as the elven realms diminished with their populations gradually departing to the West.
For at least a while, an Elven colony led by Legolas was founded in Ithilien, and the land once again became the "fairest country in all the westlands. ''
However, the elves continued to depart to the West, as the Fourth Age marked the beginning of the Age of Men. By the time of King Elessar 's death, the elven realms of Rivendell and Lorien became mostly abandoned as the last elven ships set sail to Valinor. The few elves who remained eventually faded and became invisible spirits to all of Middle - earth.
The Dwarves of Durin 's Folk prospered in Erebor, and there are indications Gimli led a group of dwarves to Aglarond.
Mining expeditions were sent to Khazad - dûm where mithril was again mined, used to restore the gates of Minas Tirith, but Khazad - dûm was not immediately recolonized. There are, however, indications that a Durin the Last later did rebuild this Dwarven Kingdom, returning Durin 's Folk to their ancestral homes.
Apparently the Dwarven race began to dwindle by the end of the Fourth Age, for their women made up less than a third of their population. Often, the women would not desire to marry, or want a husband that they could n't have. Similarly, many Dwarven men were too engrossed in their crafts and did not have the time to take a wife and have children. Their ultimate fate is unclear.
Orcs and Trolls fled to the far east, and never fully recovered. Either during the end of Eldarion 's rule (or 100 years after) or near the end of Aragorn 's, there was some talk of "Orc - cults '' although these seem to have been founded and run by humans.
The future of the Ents and Huorns is unclear. Aragorn granted them Fangorn Forest as an enclave and gave them permission to expand the forest again west into the vast wastes of Eriador where once a vast primeval forest had spread, but Treebeard lamented that while the forests may spread again the Ents would not, as the entwives had not been found up to date (nor would likely ever be found). Over time they dwindled off and more of them became increasingly "tree - ish '' and it does not appear that they ever enter into the affairs of other races again (it is unclear if a non-communicative tree - ish Ent can be considered "dead '' or if in a sense they persist to the present day).
Dragons will be still present but they will not interfere until later ages according to letter 144 of Tolkien. Some stray answers. Dragons. They had not stopped; since they were active in far later times, close to our own. Have I said anything to suggest the final ending of dragons? If so it should be altered. The only passage I can think of is Vol. I p. 70: ' there is not now any dragon left on earth in which the old fire is hot enough '. But that implies, I think, that there are still dragons, if not of full primeval stature.... -
Aragorn, crowned King Elessar, ruled the Reunited Kingdom of Arnor and Gondor until his death in the 120th year of the Fourth Age. He ruled with his Queen Arwen, and their son Eldarion succeeded Aragorn on his death. Aragorn and Arwen also had multiple daughters; Arwen later travelled to the ruins of Lothlorien and there died.
Of the remaining members of the Fellowship of the Ring, it is recorded that Samwise Gamgee became Mayor of the Shire, and was an advisor of King Elessar. His daughter Elanor became one of Arwen 's handmaidens. Near the end of his life he is believed to have left for Valinor on one of the last ships of Círdan, as he too was a Ring - bearer, having borne the One Ring during Frodo 's captivity by the orcs.
Meriadoc Brandybuck and Peregrin Took became Master of Buckland and Thain of the Shire respectively in due time. They remained in close friendship with the royal houses of Rohan and Gondor. When of advanced age they departed for Gondor and Rohan together, and both died around Spring F.A. 63. They were buried in Rath Dínen with the greats of Gondor.
Legolas is said to have, after the death of King Elessar in Fourth Age 120, built a ship and finally sailed to the West. According to an entry in the Red Book of Westmarch, Gimli left with him -- the only Dwarf to ever do so, evidently due to their strong friendship and out of his desire to once more see Galadriel.
Tolkien 's writing does not provide information on more than the first few centuries of this age, so it is not known when it ended. It is stated that the Fourth Age was when Men became dominant and powerful in Middle - earth, and the Fading of the Elves began. As such, the Fourth Age marks the bridge from the fantastic fictional prehistory of earth to the real history. He notes elsewhere in The Silmarillion, however, that the Elves count their own dwindling from the time of the first rise of the Sun, and some epithets for the Sun by the Elves refer to it in that context.
Tolkien said that he thought the time between the end of the Third Age and the 20th century AD was about 6,000 years, and that in 1958 it should have been around the end of the Fifth Age if the Fourth and Fifth Ages were about the same length as the Second and Third Ages. He said, however, in a letter written in 1958 that he believed the Ages had quickened and that it was about the end of the Sixth Age / beginning of the Seventh.
While Tolkien originally described Middle - earth as a fictional early history of the real Earth he later adjusted this slightly to describe it as a mythical time within the history of Earth. This ' mythical ' distinction served to remove the stories of Middle - earth from any specific time period where they might contradict known details of actual history. He made references to his story taking place as "... a brief episode in History '' of Earth as late as 1971.
Determining the epoch of a Fifth Age is important for those who apply the Tolkien calendar to present dates. For example, Issue 42 of Mallorn, the journal of The Tolkien Society (August 2004), carried a lengthy article analyzing Tolkien 's works as well as his possible Theosophist beliefs, concluding that the Years of the Sun began on March 25, 10160 BC, the Second Age on December 26, 9564 BC, the Third Age on December 24, 6123 BC, and the Fourth Age on March 18, 3102 BC. On this scheme the Fifth Age is equivalent to the Anno Domini system of dating.
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cast from season 2 orange is the new black | Orange is the New Black (season 2) - Wikipedia
The second season of the American comedy - drama television series Orange Is the New Black premiered on Netflix on June 6, 2014, at 12: 00 am PST in multiple countries. It consists of thirteen episodes, each between 51 -- 60 minutes, with a 90 - minute finale. The series is based on Piper Kerman 's memoir, Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women 's Prison (2010), about her experiences at FCI Danbury, a minimum - security federal prison. The series is created and adapted for television by Jenji Kohan.
The series follows Piper Chapman, forced to board a bus and a plane without being given any information. Later she discovers that she is in Chicago to testify in the trial of Alex 's drug boss, Kubra Balik, and that the stay is temporary. Meanwhile, in Litchfield Penitentiary, a new inmate is raising to power into the prison, by manipulating other inmates and taking control of the drug contraband. Threatened by this new inmate, Red goes to war, to protect her family and her power.
Orange is the New Black received critical acclaim. The series received numerous accolades including: Producers Guild of America Award for Best Episodic Comedy and Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series. Uzo Aduba performance was awarded with the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series. The second season was nominated to several Emmys: Outstanding Drama Series, Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series (Pablo Schreiber) and Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series. The series was nominated for the 72nd Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy, meanwhile Taylor Schilling was nominated for Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy and Uzo Aduba for Best Supporting Actress -- Series, Miniseries or Television Film. Lorraine Toussaint won a Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series.
Piper is awakened in solitary and, without being given any information, forced to board a bus and a plane to whereabouts unknown. After she lands, finally realizing she is in Chicago, Piper assumes she has been transferred for killing Pennsatucky and attempts to adjust to her new surroundings. After speaking with Alex, Piper discovers she is in Chicago to testify in the trial of Alex 's drug boss, Kubra Balik, and that the stay is temporary. Piper returns to Litchfield along with a Japanese - American inmate named Brook Soso, whom Piper comforts.
Taystee 's mother figure Vee returns, to disapproval from Taystee. It is revealed that Vee and Red know each other from Vee 's previous incarceration. Vee uses Suzanne 's outcast desperation to manipulate her, and begins her bid to take back power in the prison. Vee offers to help Poussey sell her hooch to other inmates but Poussey declines. Red starts to grow plants in an old greenhouse as a cover to move contraband into the prison.
Piper is awakened in solitary and, without being given any information, forced to board a bus and a plane to whereabouts unknown. After she lands, finally realizing she is in Chicago, Piper assumes she has been transferred for killing Pennsatucky and attempts to adjust to her new surroundings. After speaking with Alex, Piper discovers she is in Chicago to testify in the trial of Alex 's drug boss, Kubra Balik, and that the stay is temporary. Alex suggests to Piper they lie in court about knowing Kubra, fearing he will exact revenge if they tell the truth. However, Piper wishes to tell the truth. Piper meets with her lawyer, Larry 's father Howard Bloom, who strongly advises her to tell the truth. In the van on the way to the trial, Alex pushes one last time for Piper to lie about knowing Kubra, saying she (Alex) will be screwed over if they do not tell the same story. Piper gives in and perjures herself at the trial. Afterwards, Howard washes his hands off her. Alex then informs Piper that although she planned to lie, she told the truth, which complicates matters for Piper, who now faces perjury charges and additional time. Piper shouts angrily at Alex, who is being led out of prison to be released.
Pennsatucky is released from solitary after her fight with Piper. She makes a deal with Healy about what she will say about the fight, and in exchange she gets her teeth fixed. Daya has been constipated for the past five days, and her mother and Mendoza compete to solve the problem. Red 's commissary funds run short because she no longer controls the kitchen and can not aid her outside criminal associates. During a visit from her son, it is revealed that she has a grandchild. Red is taken in by the older inmates. A mock job fair gives Taystee a chance to show off her business smarts with a Philip Morris representative in a mock interview. She gets the mock job after she impresses the rep with her research on the company. At the end of the episode, Taystee 's mother figure, Vee, shows up as a new inmate.
Piper returns to Litchfield along with a Japanese - American inmate named Brook Soso, whom Piper comforts until she becomes too annoying. Taystee 's mother figure Vee returns, to disapproval from Taystee. It is revealed that Vee and Red know each other from Vee 's previous incarceration. Larry meets with a journalist who wants to use Piper as a source for a story about fraud and embezzling by the administration at Litchfield. Morello is devastated upon finding out that Christopher is marrying another woman. Daya becomes frustrated with Bennett when he does n't know how to smuggle in prenatal vitamins. He later realizes that his prosthetic leg will work well. It is discovered that Suzanne became distraught after the pageant and punched Piper into the snow. This makes the fight between Piper and Pennsatucky look like they were equally responsible. Vee uses Suzanne 's outcast desperation to manipulate her, and begins her bid to take back power in the prison.
Nicky and Big Boo engage in a contest to see who can sleep with the most women in jail. Vee offers to help Poussey sell her hooch to other inmates but Poussey declines. Red starts to grow plants in an old greenhouse as a cover to move contraband into the prison. Larry and Polly begin to bond more as Polly 's husband is away. Morello discovers that her love, Christopher, is marrying another woman. While driving Rosa to cancer treatments, Morello takes the van, breaks into Christopher 's home, dons a wedding veil found there, and takes a relaxing bath, nearly getting caught when he comes home.
The bathroom that Gloria Mendoza and her girls use has plumbing problems and feces coming out of the shower drains. Vee is appointed head of the African American posse, and goes head to head against Gloria 's Latinas when they infiltrate the Ghetto bathroom. Fig, the assistant warden, refuses to fix the Latina showers due to budget problems, and limits shower times to 30 seconds as a solution. As tensions rise between the blacks and the Latinas, Vee and Mendoza make a deal in order to calm things down. Meanwhile, Cal and Piper 's mom visit Piper and inform her that her father does n't want to see her "like that '' (in prison). During the visit, Cal reveals that her grandmother is dying. Piper is devastated, and asks Healy for furlough. Boo and Nicky continue their contest over who can score the most points with their sexual conquests. While Boo goes after the "small pointers '', Nicky spends her time trying to bed Fischer, one of the prison guards, to no avail.
The inmates prepare for a Valentine 's Day party. Red begins importing items through the sewer drain in the greenhouse with the help of her son, Vasily. Larry asks Piper to be his prison mole so that he can write articles about the prison 's finances. Piper begins questioning prisoners and guards to find out where the prison 's budget money is really going. At the Valentine 's Party at Litchfield, Pennsatucky is outlawed from her former group of friends by Leanne. Poussey and Taystee argue. Flaca and Maritza share an intimate moment in the kitchen. Pennsatucky and Healy also share a moment outside the prison. Larry goes over to Polly 's with all of Piper 's things. He and Polly share a kiss, right before Pete returns home from his trip. Caputo invites Fischer to come see his band perform in a local bar, however she invites Luschek, Bell and O'Neill to come, too. Later, as Caputo performs with the band, he notices that Jimmy, an elderly inmate suffering from dementia, has escaped from the prison and is sitting in the bar listening to the music.
Due to Jimmy 's escape, Caputo demands that the correctional officers and guards start monitoring the inmates more closely, and imposes a minimum quota for shots written. Taystee gives Nicky a cigarette in exchange for postage stamps for Vee. Red smuggles in styling products and other items for Sophia in exchange for maintaining her hair color. The Spanish girls continue to request contraband from Bennett. Sick of being taken advantage of, he threatens them with shots, much to Daya 's dismay. Vee 's girls continue to exchange cigarettes for contraband and favors from other inmates. Daya, Flaca, and Morello all ask Piper if they can help with the newsletter she has started. Poussey refuses to involve herself in Vee 's business, but Nicky encourages her to get on Vee 's good side. Polly comes over to Larry 's house in an emotional outrage, and the two have sex. Jimmy is given Compassionate Release from prison. It is revealed that she was taken to the bus station and left there.
Piper faces a new backlash over special privileges. Caputo feels pressure to toughen up, which results in Fischer 's termination. Also, Caputo starts to distrust Red 's greenhouse but fortunately for her, Gloria moves her contraband before Caputo finds it. Piper asks Healy to revoke her furlough because the other inmates are treating her badly because of it. Piper calls her mom to tell her she was granted furlough, only to find out her grandmother died a day before. Rosa meets a young boy in chemo who she later learns is in remission.
Piper 's relationship with Larry faces a real - world test when Piper returns home on furlough. Larry admits to Piper that he slept with someone else. Piper attends her grandmother 's funeral, which turns into her brother 's wedding. Upon Red 's request, Piper visits Red 's former deli, only to find it permanently closed. Red 's efforts to redeem herself in the eyes of her former posse are finally rewarded. She intends to usurp Red 's kitchen smuggling enterprise through her newly founded gardening club. Mendez returns to Litchfield. Bennett finds a cigarette and tears apart the black ghetto until Mendez stops him. Bennett is put on suspension and later reveals to Caputo that Daya is pregnant, and suggests that Mendez must be the father.
Piper returns to prison after Furlough, while Bennett returns after suspension. She lies to Red about the condition of Red 's Queens deli. The guards get tougher in a bid to turn up prison contraband. Daya 's pregnancy is revealed. Mendez is fired and arrested because he is believed to be the father. Piper figures out that Larry and Polly slept together. Vee attempts to join Red 's business in the garden. Poussey gets drunk and insults Vee, so Suzanne beats her up in a fit of rage. Nicky decides to bring to Red the heroin Taystee gave her. Healy starts a therapy group, Safe Place.
Piper finally reaches out to Alex and learns that Kubra was n't convicted. Piper is told she is being transferred to Virginia. Soso 's hunger strike attracts new support that takes on a religious fervor. Polly leaves Pete for Larry. The prison newspaper is shut down. Sister Ingalls joins the hunger strike. The elders form a plan to kill Vee but Red does n't know about it. The plan backfires when they stab the wrong inmate.
Vee and Red 's rivalry continues with several confrontations regarding their competing business ventures inside the jail. The inmates are forced to leave their bunks and sleep in the mess hall as a storm floods the plumbing system. Red and her gang are concerned about being attacked during the night. On the other side of the hall Vee also warns her posse about Red. As the night continues, Morello shares an intimate moment with a dying Rosa. Pennsatucky becomes close to Big Boo in an attempt to uncover details about their ' gay agenda '. Figueroa receives multiple angry calls from Caputo and discovers an uncomfortable truth about her husband. Red attacks Vee while they are alone outside, attempting to strangle her with a piece of plastic wrap, but fails. The two agree that Litchfield has changed them and they shake hands on a truce. At the end of the night, Piper escapes the mess hall to find evidence of Figueroa 's fraud in her office but is caught by Caputo when the power comes back on. The next morning, while Red is cleaning up the mess made by the storm, she is slocked from behind by Vee and severely injured.
Vee 's family breaks apart and turns on her. After Nicky 's theft of her stash of heroin Vee had become paranoid and tried to get Suzanne to take the fall for Vee 's assault on Red. Piper reveals Figueroa 's embezzlement to Caputo, who reports it to the warden and confronts Figueroa. Figueroa 's attempt to buy Caputo 's silence by performing oral sex on him is to no avail and she resigns. Caputo 's new role as interim deputy warden gets off to a shaky start when Bennett confesses to him that he impregnated Daya. Caputo suppresses the confession in order to avoid a scandal for the new administration. Sister Ingalls ends her hunger strike after Red talks to Healy. Healy gets Luschek to sign a fake work order to exonerate Suzanne and turn the focus of the investigation back on Vee. Vee, alone and friendless, escapes from prison via Red 's greenhouse storm drain pipe. Rosa is told by her doctor that her chemo is not working and she has only three - six weeks left to live. Morello leaves the keys in the van with Rosa, who takes the vehicle and flees the prison in order to taste freedom in the last few days of her life. She spies Vee by the side of the road and intentionally runs her down with the van.
On June 27, 2013, prior to the series premiere, Netflix renewed the show for a second season consisting of 13 episodes. Jenji Kohan stated that the story for the second season would focus less on Piper Chapman and more in the cast as a whole. For the second season, Uzo Aduba, Taryn Manning, Danielle Brooks, and Natasha Lyonne were promoted to series regulars. Laura Prepon did not return as a series regular for a second season because of scheduling conflicts. In July, it was announced that Lorraine Toussaint had joined the cast in a recurring role. Toussaint said of the role: "Jenji has written one of the more complex characters I 've ever played, and probably one of the more difficult characters I 've played. I think it 'll be interesting seeing how this character is received, because Jenji has written a character that plays and enjoys the game, and is incredibly engaging and draws people into her, into the big game and has, I have a great deal of fun. '' It was revealed that Lori Petty would have a guest role. In February 2014, Netflix revealed that the season was to be released on June 6, 2014.
The second season received critical acclaim. Rotten Tomatoes gave a rating of 98 %, with an average rating of 9.1 out of 10 based on 42 reviews. The site 's critical consensus reads: "With a talented ensemble cast bringing life to a fresh round of serial drama, Orange Is the New Black 's sophomore season lives up to its predecessor 's standard for female - led television excellence. Metacritic gave the second season a score of 89 out of 100 based on 31 critics, indicating "universal acclaim. '' David Wiegland of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the season a positive review, calling the first six episodes "not only as great as the first season, but arguably better. ''
Orange Is the New Black was considered one of the best shows of the year by many critics and journalists.
In Australia, the second season began airing on Showcase on July 16, 2014.
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who did the patriots play their first game | New England Patriots - wikipedia
American Football League (1960 -- 1969)
National Football League (1970 -- present)
Navy Blue, Red, Silver, White
League championships (5)
Conference championships (9)
Division championships (19)
The New England Patriots are a professional American football team based in the Greater Boston region. The Patriots compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference (AFC) East division. The team plays its home games at Gillette Stadium in the town of Foxborough, Massachusetts, which is located 21 miles (34 km) southwest of downtown Boston and 20 miles (32 km) northeast of downtown Providence, Rhode Island. The Patriots are also headquartered at Gillette Stadium.
An original member of the American Football League (AFL), the Patriots joined the NFL in the 1970 merger of the two leagues. The team changed its name from the original Boston Patriots after relocating to Foxborough in 1971. The Patriots played their home games at Foxboro Stadium from 1971 to 2001, then moved to Gillette Stadium at the start of the 2002 season. The Patriots ' rivalry with the New York Jets is considered one of the most bitter rivalries in the NFL.
The Patriots have appeared in the Super Bowl nine times in franchise history, the most of any team, seven of them since the arrival of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady in 2000. The Patriots have since become one of the most successful teams in NFL history, winning 14 AFC East titles in 16 seasons since 2001, without a losing season in that period. The franchise has since set numerous notable records, including most wins in a ten - year period (126, in 2003 -- 2012), an undefeated 16 - game regular season in 2007, the longest winning streak consisting of regular season and playoff games in NFL history (a 21 - game streak from October 2003 to October 2004), and the most consecutive division titles won by a team in NFL history (won eight straight division titles from 2009 to 2016). The team owns the record for most Super Bowls reached (seven) and won (five) by a head coach -- quarterback tandem. The Patriots hold the record for most Super Bowl appearances with nine, and are tied with the 49ers and Cowboys for the second most Super Bowl wins with five before the Steelers who have six.
On November 16, 1959, Boston business executive Billy Sullivan was awarded the eighth and final franchise of the developing American Football League (AFL). The following winter, locals were allowed to submit ideas for the Boston football team 's official name. The most popular choice -- and the one that Sullivan selected -- was the "Boston Patriots, '' with "Patriots '' referring to those colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who rebelled against British control during the American Revolution and in July 1776 declared the United States of America an independent nation. Immediately thereafter, artist Phil Bissell of The Boston Globe developed the "Pat Patriot '' logo.
The Patriots struggled for most of their years in the AFL, and they never had a regular home stadium. Nickerson Field, Harvard Stadium, Fenway Park, and Alumni Stadium all served as home fields during their time in the American Football League. They played in only one AFL championship game, following the 1963 season, in which they lost to the San Diego Chargers 51 -- 10. They did not appear again in an AFL or NFL post-season game for another 13 years.
When the NFL and AFL merged in 1970, the Patriots were placed in the American Football Conference (AFC) East division, where they still play today. The following year, the Patriots moved to a new stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, which would serve as their home for the next 30 years. As a result of the move, they announced they would change their name from the Boston Patriots to the Bay State Patriots. The name was rejected by the NFL and on March 22, 1971, the team officially announced they would change its geographic name to New England.
During the 1970s, the Patriots had some success, earning a berth to the playoffs in 1976 -- as a wild card team -- and in 1978 -- as AFC East champions. They lost in the first round both times. In 1985, they returned to the playoffs, and made it all the way to Super Bowl XX, which they lost to the Chicago Bears 46 -- 10. Following their Super Bowl loss, they returned to the playoffs in 1986, but lost in the first round. The team would not make the playoffs again for eight more years. During the 1990 season, the Patriots went 1 -- 15. They changed ownership three times in the ensuing 14 years, being purchased from the Sullivan family first by Victor Kiam in 1988, who sold the team to James Orthwein in 1992. Orthwein intended to move the team to his native St. Louis, Missouri (where it would have been renamed as the St. Louis Stallions), but instead sold the team in 1994 to its current owner Robert Kraft.
Though Orthwein 's period as owner was short and controversial, he did oversee major changes to the team, first with the hiring of former New York Giants coach Bill Parcells in 1993. Orthwein and his marketing team also commissioned the NFL to develop a new visual identity and logo, and changed their primary colors from the traditional red, white and blue to blue and silver for the team uniforms. Parcells would bring the Patriots to two playoff appearances, including Super Bowl XXXI, which they lost to the Green Bay Packers by a score of 35 -- 21. Pete Carroll, Parcells 's successor, would also take the team to the playoffs twice in 1997 & 1998 before being dismissed as head coach after the 1999 season.
The Patriots ' current coach, Bill Belichick, was hired in 2000, and a new home field, Gillette Stadium, was opened in 2002. Under Belichick, the team won three Super Bowls in four years (2001, 2003, and 2004). The Patriots finished the 2007 regular season with a perfect 16 -- 0 record, becoming only the fourth team in league history to go undefeated in the regular season, and the only one since the league expanded its regular season schedule to 16 games. After advancing to Super Bowl XLII, the team 's fourth Super Bowl in seven years, the Patriots were defeated by the Giants to end their bid for a 19 -- 0 season. With the loss, the Patriots ended the year at 18 -- 1, becoming only one of three teams to go 18 -- 1 along with the 1984 San Francisco 49ers and the 1985 Chicago Bears. The Patriots ' returned to the Super Bowl in 2012 but lost again to the Giants, 21 -- 17. In 2015, they won Super Bowl XLIX, defeating the Seattle Seahawks by a score of 28 -- 24. The Patriots became the first team to reach nine Super Bowls in the 2016 -- 17 playoffs and faced the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl LI, which ended up paving the way for their fifth Super Bowl victory, tying them with the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers for the second-most in NFL history, 1 behind the Pittsburgh Steelers with 6; the game was also the first Super Bowl to go into overtime.
In terms of number of games played, the Patriots have competed most against teams either currently or formerly from the AFC East division. This includes the current teams, the New York Jets, the Miami Dolphins, and the Buffalo Bills, as well as former divisional opponents the Indianapolis Colts. Among those, however, a few run deeper than others.
The closest geographically has been the rivalry with the New York Jets. The Patriots and Jets have been in the same division (what is now the AFC East) since both teams ' foundings in 1960, and have played each other at least twice a year since then. The rivalry between the Jets and Patriots has escalated since 1996, when Patriots head coach Bill Parcells left the Patriots under controversy to become the head coach of the Jets; he was replaced by former Jets coach Pete Carroll. Four years later Carroll was fired, and Parcells 's assistant, Bill Belichick, resigned the day he was named the Jets ' head coach to become the head coach of the Patriots. Six years after that, Eric Mangini, an assistant under Belichick, became the head coach of the Jets.
Bill Belichick achieved his 200th career head coaching win (regular season and playoffs) on November 22, 2012, defeating the Jets 49 -- 19; it was his 163rd such win as Patriots coach. The Patriots defeated the Jets in Week seven of the 2015 season by a score of 30 -- 23, to give them a 6 -- 0 record to date.
The Patriots rivalry with the Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts ran through the two clubs ' tenure together in the AFC East (1970 -- 2001). The two clubs clashed in several close games, such as on December 19, 1971, as a late Patriots touchdown decided a 21 -- 17 New England win; on September 18, 1978, the Colts rallied to defeat the Patriots 34 -- 27 on Monday Night Football on a virtual one - man scoring rampage by running back Joe Washington; on September 4, 1983, the Colts defeated the Patriots in overtime 29 -- 23 in their final season in Baltimore. The Patriots defeated the Colts in back - to - back overtime games, 23 -- 17 on December 8, 1991, and 37 -- 34 on November 15, 1992.
Even though the two clubs were placed in separate divisions in the NFL 's 2002 divisional realignment, their rivalry did not diminish. At that time, both teams were among the best in the AFC, and both were led by likely Hall of Fame quarterbacks, Peyton Manning (for the Colts) and Tom Brady (for the Patriots) The teams met three times in four years (2003, 2004, 2006) in the playoffs, with the winner going on to win that season 's Super Bowl each time. The Manning portion of the rivalry began in Manning 's rookie season, 1998; in 1999 Manning suffered a bitter 31 -- 28 loss in September as the Patriots behind Drew Bledsoe erased a 28 -- 7 Colts lead, then defeated the Patriots 20 -- 15 in Indianapolis on December 12. The Brady -- Manning portion of the rivalry began on September 30, 2001, as Brady made his first NFL start in a 44 -- 13 Patriots win at Foxboro; on October 21 the Patriots defeated the Colts at the RCA Dome 38 -- 17.
After the Colts left the AFC East in 2002, they first met on November 30, 2003, in a 38 -- 34 Patriots win decided on a last - second goal line stand by the Patriots. The Colts broke a six - game Patriot winning streak in the rivalry in November 2005, then won twice in 2006; in the AFC Championship Game the Colts erased a 21 -- 6 halftime lead; the game lead tied or changed seven times in the second half before a late touchdown led to a 38 -- 34 Colts win. The November 4, 2007, meeting involved both teams being unbeaten to that point; the 8 -- 0 Patriots and the 7 -- 0 Colts. The Patriots rallied to win 24 -- 20. The Colts won again in 2008 and then erased a large Patriots lead in 2009 's 4th and 2 game. Manning 's final meeting with the Patriots as a Colt came in November 2010; a late interception sealed a 31 -- 28 Patriots win. In 2012, the Patriots faced the Colts, quarterbacked now by Andrew Luck, on November 18; the Patriots defeated the Colts 59 -- 24. The Patriots also beat the Colts on January 12, 2014, 43 -- 22. The Patriots played the Colts in the playoffs again on January 18, 2015, in the AFC title game, winning 45 -- 7.
The Patriots and the Bills were both charter members of the AFL, and even competed with each other in an AFL playoff game. They have remained divisional rivals since the NFL - AFL merger. Prior to the rise of Tom Brady, the two teams shared a mellow, yet occasionally competitive rivalry, featuring highlights from players such as O.J. Simpson, Steve Grogan, Joe Ferguson, Jim Kelly, and Drew Bledsoe. However, Brady has dominated the Bills ever since taking over as the Patriots ' franchise quarterback, holding a 26 - 3 regular season record over them. Though Patriots fans usually feel apathetic towards the Bills, Bills fans have come to despise the Patriots more than any other rival. The rivalry has remained somewhat intense in recent years with multiple players having played for both teams, the Bills usually giving their all when playing the Patriots, and the presence of Rex Ryan, who coached both the Bills and Jets and was known for his trash - talk.
The Patriots first played the Miami Dolphins in 1966 in the AFL, when Miami was one of two expansion teams to debut that year in that league. The Dolphins dominated the Patriots in the 1970s and 1990s, but the two teams remained competitive with each other for years before the rise of Tom Brady. Brady, however, struggled occasionally against the Dolphins in the 2000s before reasserting dominance in the 2010s. The Patriots and Dolphins are the only two teams in the Super Bowl era to post undefeated regular season records, with Miami going 14 - 0 in 1972 and the Patriots going 16 - 0 in 2007. Notable moments between the clubs include the Snowplow Game, three playoff matchups, and the Dolphins revealing their Wildcat offense against the Patriots.
The Ravens first met the New England Patriots in 1996, but the rivalry truly started in 2007 when the Ravens suffered a bitter 27 -- 24 loss in the Patriots ' quest for perfection. The rivalry began to escalate in 2009 when the Ravens lost to the Patriots 27 -- 21 in a game that involved a confrontation between Patriots quarterback Tom Brady and Ravens linebacker Terrell Suggs. Both players would go on to take verbal shots at each other through the media after the game. The Ravens defeated the Patriots in the 2009 AFC Wild Card playoff game, 33 -- 14. This was the first time the Ravens had ever defeated the Patriots. The Ravens faced the Patriots in week six of the 2010 season. The Patriots ended up winning 23 -- 20 in overtime; the game caused controversy from a hit to the helmet of tight end Todd Heap by Patriots safety Brandon Meriweather.
The Ravens played the Patriots for the third consecutive season in the 2012 AFC championship game, which the Ravens lost 23 -- 20. The rivalry reached a new level of friction with this, the second career playoff game between the two clubs. The Ravens clawed to a 20 -- 16 lead in the fourth quarter, but Patriots quarterback Tom Brady dove into the end zone to make the score 23 -- 20 with around 11 minutes remaining; this proved to be the winning touchdown. On the Ravens ' last possession of the game, quarterback Joe Flacco threw a pass to wide receiver Lee Evans in the corner of the end zone which looked to be the game - winning touchdown, before a last - second strip by Sterling Moore forced the ball from the hands of Evans, forcing the game to be decided on a last - minute field goal by Ravens placekicker Billy Cundiff. With 11 seconds remaining on the clock, the kicker missed the 32 - yard field goal attempt, allowing the Patriots to kill the clock on their way to Super Bowl XLVI for a rematch with the New York Giants.
The Ravens ' first regular - season win over the Patriots came on September 23, 2012. The game was emotional as receiver Torrey Smith was competing following the death of his brother in a motorcycle accident just the night before. Smith caught two touchdowns in a back and forth game; the Ravens erased a 13 -- 0 lead in the first half and led 14 -- 13, but the Patriots scored at the end of the second quarter for a 20 -- 14 lead. The lead changed twice in the third quarter and the Patriots led 30 -- 21 in the fourth, but the Ravens scored on Smith 's second touchdown catch. The Ravens were stopped on fourth down but the Patriots had to punt; in the final two minutes a pass interference penalty on Devin McCourty put the ball at the Patriots 7 - yard line; new Ravens kicker Justin Tucker booted a 27 - yard field goal on the final play; the ball sailed directly over the upright and was ruled good; the quality of officiating by replacement referees caused controversy as Bill Belichick angrily reached for one of the referees as they were leaving the field, leading to a $50,000 fine later that week.
The two teams met again on January 20, 2013, in the AFC Championship, where the Ravens won 28 -- 13. The Patriots led at halftime, 13 -- 7, but the Ravens defense gave up no points in the 2nd half. It was the first time ever that Tom Brady lost a game at home after leading at halftime, and the first time a road team beat the Patriots in the AFC Championship.
The two teams met once again at Gillette Stadium in the playoffs on January 10, 2015. The Patriots trailed by as much as 14 twice, before beating the Ravens 35 -- 31 to advance to the AFC Championship.
During the 2015 AFC Championship Game against the Indianapolis Colts, allegations arose that the Patriots were utilizing under - inflated footballs. It was even suggested that the Patriots ' staff themselves deliberately deflated the footballs to give their team an unfair advantage during the playoffs. A lengthy investigation and heated debate commenced shortly afterwards, with a full report being published in May 2015. The Wells Report found that balls provided by the Patriots, who were the home team, indeed had less pressure on average than the balls provided by the Colts. Also notable was the findings of some suggestions of communication between Tom Brady and two Patriots locker room attendants, indicating Brady was likely "generally aware '' of the situation and that the Patriots staff intentionally deflated the footballs. A later study by the American Enterprise Institute called the evidence and methodology of the Wells report "deeply flawed '' and "unreliable ''.
In the aftermath of the incident, the NFL suspended Brady without pay for the first four games of the 2015 season, fined the Patriots $1 million, and forced them to forfeit their 2016 first round draft pick and 2017 fourth round draft pick. Brady appealed his suspension, which was eventually vacated by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, only for the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit to reinstate it a year later for the 2016 NFL season. Brady eventually agreed to serve the suspension in 2016, but led the Patriots to win Super Bowl LI in spite of it.
Under head coach Bill Belichick, the Patriots have employed specific on - field and off - field strategies. On the field, the Patriots have typically utilized an "Erhardt -- Perkins '' offense and a "Fairbanks -- Bullough '' 3 -- 4 defense, referred to commonly as a two - gap 3 -- 4 defensive system. Their philosophy in making personnel decisions and in game planning has focused on the "team '' concept, stressing preparation, strong work ethic, versatility, and lack of individual ego. This approach, which has led to five Super Bowl victories under Belichick, was analyzed in the 2004 book Patriot Reign.
When owner Robert Kraft purchased the team in 1994, he did so for $175 million. Since then, the Patriots have sold out every home game in both Foxboro Stadium and Gillette Stadium. By 2009, the value of the franchise had increased by over $1 billion, to a Forbes magazine estimated value of $1.361 billion, third highest in the NFL only behind the Dallas Cowboys and Washington Redskins. As of July 2015, the Patriots are the seventh most valuable sports franchise in the world according to Forbes magazine.
Since 2002, the Patriots ' home stadium has been Gillette Stadium, a $350 million facility privately financed by Kraft. It houses all administrative offices for the team and its owning entity, The Kraft Group, as well as the Kraft - owned Major League Soccer team, the New England Revolution. The field, which was originally natural grass, was replaced with a FieldTurf surface during the 2006 season. The area around the stadium was developed, beginning in 2007, into a $375 million "lifestyle and entertainment center '' called Patriot Place; among its largest structures is a multi-floor restaurant and bar called CBS Scene.
Prior to 2002, the Patriots played in Foxboro Stadium dating back to 1971, the team 's second year in the NFL after the AFL -- NFL merger. During the team 's days in the American Football League, the Boston Patriots were hosted by a number of fields in or around Boston -- they played at Braves Field, Harvard Stadium, Fenway Park, and Alumni Stadium.
The Patriots original helmet logo was a simple tricorne hat, used only for the 1960 season. From 1961 to 1992, the Patriots used a logo of a Revolutionary War minuteman hiking a football. The Patriots script logo during this time consisted of a western - style font. The minuteman logo became known as the "Pat Patriot '' logo, which later became the name of the team 's mascot.
In 1993, a new logo was unveiled involving the gray face of a minuteman wearing a red, white and blue hat that begins as a tricorne and transitions into a flowing banner - like design. It became popularly known as the "Flying Elvis ''. This remains the team 's logo today, with the blue being darkened in 2000.
On July 3, 2013, the Patriots unveiled a new wordmark logo.
The Patriots originally wore red jerseys with white block numbering at home, and white jerseys with red block numbering on the road. Both uniforms used white pants and white helmets, first with the hat logo over the player 's number, then with the "Pat Patriot '' logo starting in 1961. A blue stripe was added to the two red helmet stripes in 1964. The numbers on both the home and away jerseys gained a blue outline in 1973. In 1979, the Patriots began the first of many sporadic runs of wearing red pants with the white jerseys. The red pants were dropped in 1981, but returned in 1984. After being dropped again in 1988, they were used again from 1990 to 1992.
The Patriots underwent a complete identity overhaul before the 1993 season, starting with the introduction of the aforementioned "Flying Elvis '' logo. The new uniforms consisted of a royal blue home jersey and a white away jersey. The helmet was silver with the Flying Elvis logo and no additional striping. Both uniforms used silver pants, originally with stripes designed to look like those flowing from the Flying Elvis, but these were changed to simple red and blue stripes after one season. When they debuted, both the home and away jerseys used red block numbers with a blue and white outline, but after one season the home uniforms switched to the now - familiar white with a red outline.
In 1995, the Patriots switched the block numbers to a more modern rounded number font with a dropshadow. The Patriots were one of the first adopters of custom numbers, a trend that would grow drastically over the next 20 years.
However, in 2000, the Patriots also became one of the only teams to drop the rounded numbers and switched back to block numbers. Also that year, the shade of blue was darkened from royal to nautical blue. The Patriots, unsatisfied with the white - on - silver road look, also took the opportunity to introduce blue pants to be worn with the white jersey, offering a better contrast. To better match the blue pants, the number on the white jersey was switched from red to blue.
In 1994, the Patriots wore the "Pat Patriot '' helmets and plain white striped pants from two seasons prior as alternates as part of the NFL 's 75th anniversary celebration. In 2002, NFL teams were allowed to add a permanent third jersey to be worn in a maximum of two games. The Patriots reintroduced a red jersey as their alternate, complimented with the old - style "Pat Patriot '' helmet. In 2003, the Patriots changed their alternate to a silver jersey with blue pants. For this uniform, the "Flying Elvis '' helmet was utilized. The uniform was identical to the white jersey with any areas of white replaced by silver. These uniforms were dropped after 2007. No alternate uniform was used in 2008. In 2009, the red alternate was reintroduced, again accompanied by the "Pat Patriot '' helmet. An alternate white road jersey was also worn with the older helmet for one game, using red numbers, in tribute to the 50th anniversary of the AFL. The red alternate gained a blue outline around the numbers in 2010 and this was worn through 2012. The Patriots retired their alternate red uniforms in 2013, thanks to a new NFL rule outlawing throwback alternate helmets.
In 2016, the Patriots took part in the NFL Color Rush program, wearing monochrome navy uniforms on September 22 against the Houston Texans.
Running backs
Wide receivers
Tight ends
Defensive linemen
Defensive backs
Special teams
Practice squad
Roster updated October 31, 2017 Depth chart Transactions 52 Active, 12 Inactive, 9 Practice squad
The New England Patriots feature 22 former players and two contributors in their team hall of fame, established in 1991. A committee of media and staff selected 11 players for enshrinement between 1991 and 2001, before a six - year span of no selections. In 2007, in advance of the 2008 opening of The Hall at Patriot Place, the Patriots introduced a new nomination committee to select three candidates, with the winner of an Internet fan vote being enshrined in the hall of fame. In order to be eligible, players and coaches must be retired for at least four years. Beginning in 2011, and meeting every five years, a senior selection committee has the option of voting a player who has been retired for at least 25 seasons into the hall of fame.
Former owner Billy Sullivan was inducted by owner Robert Kraft in March 2009, the Patriots ' 50th season, as a contributor.
Additionally, four of these Patriots players have also been enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. The Patriots have officially retired seven uniform numbers.
Three other players enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame spent part of their careers with the Patriots:
In November 1971, fans voted on a 10 - year Patriots anniversary team, which coincided with the team 's 10 years in the then - defunct American Football League: Additional selections for returner, special teamer, and coach were added in 2009:
In March 2009, as part of the Patriots ' 50th anniversary, a group of local media and other team figures selected all - decade teams for the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s:
On March 16, 2010, the Patriots Hall of Fame selection committee selected an all - decade team for the 2000s:
In 1994, a group of local media selected a 35th anniversary team:
In 2009, the Patriots Hall of Fame selection committee selected a 50th anniversary team:
→ Coaching staff → Management → More NFL staffs
The Patriots NFL Cheerleaders are simply known as the Patriots Cheerleaders. In 2005, cheerleader Kristin Gauvin won Miss Massachusetts, in part from her local commitment with the Patriots.
The Patriots ' mascot is Pat Patriot, a revolutionary minuteman wearing a Patriots home jersey.
The Patriots also employ a corps known as the End Zone Militia. During each game, about ten men dressed as minutemen line the back of each end zone. When the Patriots score a touchdown, field goal, point - after - touchdown or safety, the militia behind the opposite end zone fire a volley of blanks from flintlock muskets. Per an interview with the Loren & Wally Show on WROR 105.7 FM in and around the time of Super Bowl XLIX, said shots use double the load of black powder than a regular historical reenactor does, specifically 200 grains, in order to be heard throughout the stadium. ESPN writer Josh Pahigian named this one of the top ten celebrations in the league in 2007.
The Patriots ' flagship radio station is WBZ - FM 98.5 FM, owned by CBS Radio. The larger radio network is called the New England Patriots Radio Network, whose 37 affiliate stations span seven states. Gil Santos and Gino Cappelletti were the longtime announcing team until their retirement following the conclusion of the 2012 NFL season. Santos was replaced by Bob Socci. Former Patriots QB Scott Zolak joined the radio team in the 2011 season as a sideline analyst, and in 2013, he replaced Cappelletti as color commentator.
Any preseason games not on national television are shown on CBS 's O&O WBZ - TV, who also airs the bulk of Patriots regular season games by virtue of CBS having the rights to most AFC games; CBS also has a presence at the nearby Patriot Place with the "CBS Scene '' bar / restaurant. During the regular season whenever the Patriots host an NFC team, the games are aired on Fox affiliate WFXT - TV. Preseason games were broadcast on ABC affiliate WCVB - TV from 1995 until the change to WBZ in 2009. Don Criqui was play - by - play announcer for the 1995 -- 2012 seasons, with Randy Cross as a color commentator and Mike Lynch as a sideline reporter. Lynch was replaced by WBZ reporter Steve Burton in 2009.
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who starred in around the world in 80 days | Around the World in 80 Days (1956 film) - wikipedia
Around the World in 80 Days (sometimes spelled as Around the World in Eighty Days) is a 1956 American epic adventure - comedy film starring Cantinflas and David Niven, produced by the Michael Todd Company and released by United Artists.
The epic picture was directed by Michael Anderson and produced by Mike Todd, with Kevin McClory and William Cameron Menzies as associate producers. The screenplay was written by James Poe, John Farrow, and S.J. Perelman based on the classic novel of the same name by Jules Verne. The music score was composed by Victor Young in his final film, and the Todd - AO 70 mm cinematography (shot in Technicolor) was by Lionel Lindon. The film 's seven - minute - long animated title sequence, shown at the end of the film, was created by award - winning designer Saul Bass.
The film won five Academy Awards, including Best Picture.
Broadcast journalist Edward R. Murrow presents an onscreen prologue, featuring footage from A Trip to the Moon (1902) by Georges Méliès, explaining that it is based loosely on the book From the Earth to the Moon by Jules Verne. Also included is the launching of an unmanned rocket and footage of the earth receding.
In 1872, an English gentleman Phileas Fogg (David Niven) claims he can circumnavigate the world in eighty days. He makes a £ 20,000 wager (worth about £ 1.6 million in 2015) with four sceptical fellow members of the Reform Club (each contributing £ 5,000 to the bet) that he can arrive back eighty days from exactly 8: 45 pm that evening.
Together with his resourceful valet, Passepartout (Cantinflas), Fogg goes hopscotching around the globe generously spending money to encourage others to help him get to his destinations faster so he can accommodate tight steamship schedules. They set out on the journey from Paris by hot air balloon upon learning the mountain train tunnel is blocked. The two accidentally end up in Spain, where Passepartout engages in a comic bullfight. Next, he goes to Brindisi. Meanwhile, suspicion grows that Fogg has stolen £ 55,000 (around £ 4.5 million today) from the Bank of England so Police Inspector Fix (Robert Newton) is sent out by Scotland Yard to trail him (starting in Suez) and keeps waiting for a warrant to arrive so he can arrest Fogg in the British ports they visit. In India, Fogg and Passepartout rescue young widow Princess Aouda (Shirley MacLaine) from being forced into a funeral pyre with her late husband. The three visit Hong Kong, Yokohama, San Francisco, and the Wild West. After sailing across the Atlantic, and only hours short of winning his wager, Fogg is arrested upon arrival at Liverpool, by the diligent yet misguided Inspector Fix.
At the jail, the humiliated Fix informs Fogg that the real culprit was caught in Brighton. Though he is now exculpated, he has insufficient time to reach London before his deadline and thus has lost everything -- but the love of the winsome Aouda. Salvation is at hand when, upon returning to London, Passepartout buys a newspaper and sees it is still Saturday. Fogg then realizes that by traveling east towards the rising sun and by crossing the International Date Line, he has gained a day. There is still time to reach the Reform Club and win the bet. Fogg arrives at the club just before the 8: 45 pm chime. Aouda and Passepartout then arrive, surprising everyone, as no woman has ever entered the Reform Club before.
The film boasts an all star cast, with David Niven, and Cantinflas in the lead roles of Fogg, Passepartout. Fogg is the classic Victorian gentleman, well - dressed, well - spoken, and extremely punctual, whereas his servant Passepartout (who has an eye for the ladies) provides much of the comic relief as a "jack of all trades '' for the film in contrast to his master 's strict formality. Joining them are Shirley MacLaine as Princess Aouda and Robert Newton as the detective Fix, in his last role.
The role of Passepartout was greatly expanded from the novel to accommodate Cantinflas, the most famous Latin - American comedian at the time, and winds up as the focus of the film. While Passepartout describes himself as a Parisian in the novel, this is unclear in the film -- he has a French name, but speaks Spanish when he and his master arrive in Spain by balloon. In the Spanish version the name of his character was changed from the French Passepartout to the Spanish "Juan Picaporte ''. There is also a comic bullfighting sequence especially created for Cantinflas that is not in the novel. Indeed, when the film was released in some non-English speaking nations, Cantinflas was billed as the lead. According to the guidebook, this was done because of an obstacle Todd faced in casting Cantinflas, who had never before appeared in an American movie and had turned down countless offers to do so. Todd allowed Cantinflas to appear in the film as a Latin, "so, '' the actor said himself, "... to my audience in Latin America, I 'll still be Cantinflas. ''
More than 40 famous performers make cameo appearances, including Marlene Dietrich, Ronald Colman, George Raft, and Frank Sinatra. The film was significant as the first of the so - called Hollywood "make work '' films, employing dozens of film personalities. John Wayne turned down Todd 's offer for the role of the Colonel leading the Cavalry charge, a role filled by Colonel Tim McCoy. Promotional material released at the time quoted a Screen Actors Guild representative looking at the shooting call sheet and crying: "Good heavens Todd, you 've made extras out of all the stars in Hollywood! '' Shirley MacLaine and Glynis Johns are the last surviving members of the entire cast.
Around the World in 80 Days was produced by Michael Todd, a Broadway showman who had never before produced a film. The director he hired, Michael Anderson, had directed the highly acclaimed British World War II feature The Dam Busters (1955), George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty - Four feature (1956), and other classic films. Todd sold his interest in the Todd - AO format to help finance the film.
Because Todd - AO ran at 30 frames per second, which was incompatible with the 35mm standard of 24 fps, Around the World in 80 Days was filmed twice, like the first feature in Todd - AO, Oklahoma!. Unlike Oklahoma!, however, which was filmed additionally in 35mm CinemaScope, Around the World in 80 Days was filmed simultaneously in Todd - AO at 24 frames per second so that from this negative, 35mm reduction prints could be produced for general release. After these two films, the specification for Todd - AO was altered after the third film in the format, South Pacific, to 24 fps running, making it unnecessary to film subsequent productions twice.
In his 1972 autobiographical book The Moon 's a Balloon, actor David Niven discussed his meeting with Todd and the subsequent events that led to the film being produced. According to Niven, when Todd asked him if he would appear as Fogg, Niven enthusiastically replied, ' I 'd do it for nothing! ' He later admitted to being grateful that Todd did not hold him to his claim. He also described the first meeting between Todd and Robert Newton (who suffered from drinking problems) when the latter was offered the role of the detective, Fix; Niven alleged that Newton was offered the part on condition that he did not drink any alcohol during the filming, and that his celebration following the completion of his role led to his untimely demise (he did not live to see the film released).
Filming took place in late 1955, from August 9 to December 20. The crew worked fast (75 actual days of filming), producing 680,000 feet (210,000 m) of film, which was edited down to 25,734 feet (7,844 m) of finished film. The picture cost just under $6 million to make, employing 112 locations in 13 countries and 140 sets. Todd said he and the crew visited every country portrayed in the picture, including England, France, India, Spain, Thailand, and Japan. According to Time magazine 's review of the film, the cast, including extras, totaled 68,894 people; it also featured 7,959 animals, "including four ostriches, six skunks, 15 elephants, 17 fighting bulls, 512 rhesus monkeys, 800 horses, 950 burros, 2,448 American buffalo, 3,800 Rocky Mountain sheep and a sacred cow that eats flowers on cue ''. There is also a cat at the Reform Club. The wardrobe department spent $410,000 to provide 74,685 costumes and 36,092 trinkets.
Some 10,000 extras were used in filming the bullfight scene in Spain, with Cantinflas as the matador; Cantinflas had previously done some bullfighting. They used all 6,500 residents of a small Spanish town called Chinchón, 45 kilometres (28 mi) from Madrid, but Todd decided there were n't enough spectators. So he found 3,500 more from nearby towns. He used 650 Indians for a fight on a train in the West. Many were indeed Indians, but some were Hollywood extras. All 650 had their skin color altered with dye. Todd used about 50 US gallons (190 l; 42 imp gal) of orange - coloured dye for those extras.
Todd sometimes used models of boats, ships, and trains in the film, but he often decided that they did n't look realistic so he switched to the real thing where he could. The scene of a collapsing train bridge is partly without models. The overhead shot of a train crossing a bridge was full scale, but the bridge collapse was a large - scale miniature, verifiable by observing the slightly jerky motion of the rear passenger car as the train pulls away, as well as the slowed - down water droplets which are out of scale in the splashing river below. All the steamships shown in the first half are miniatures shot in an outdoor studio tank. The exception is the American ship shown at the intermission point, which is real. A tunnel was built for a train sequence out of paper mache. After the train filming was complete, the "tunnel '' was pushed over into the gorge.
The scenes of the crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by steamship took place off San Francisco and were shot on a specially built prop steamer, a converted barge mocked up to resemble a small ocean - going steamship, with mock paddles driven by the electric motor from an old streetcar. In his memoirs, Niven described the whole thing as being dangerously unstable (though stability improved as it was dismantled as though to feed it into its own furnaces as the plot required).
One of the most famous sequences in the film, the flight by hydrogen balloon, is not in the original Jules Verne novel. Because the film was made in Todd AO, the sequence was expressly created to show off the locations seen on the flight, as projected on the giant curved screen used for the process. A similar balloon flight can be found in an earlier Jules Verne novel, Five Weeks in a Balloon, in which the protagonists explore Africa from a hydrogen balloon.
Many of the balloon scenes with Niven and Cantinflas were filmed using a 160 - foot (49 m) crane. Even that height bothered Niven, who was afraid of heights. Tom Burges, who was shorter than Niven, was used as a stand - in for scenes where the balloon is seen from a distance. Many of the lots used in the film are now on the land occupied by Century City, an office complex in the L.A. area.
In his memoirs, Niven related that Todd completed filming while in considerable debt. The post-production work on the film was an exercise in holding off Todd 's creditors long enough to produce a saleable film, and the footage was worked upon under the supervision of Todd 's creditors and returned to a secure vault each night, as if it were in escrow.
The film 's release and subsequent success vindicated Todd 's considerable efforts.
The film premiered on October 17, 1956 at the Rivoli Theater in New York City. By the time of Todd 's accidental death 18 months later in a private plane crash, it had grossed $33 million.
In Spanish and Latin American posters and programs of the movie, Cantinflas is billed above the other players because he was very popular in Spanish - speaking countries. There were two souvenir programs sold in theatres. For Roadshow screenings Todd - AO is mentioned, though for general release those pages are not contained in the book. The program was created by Todd 's publicist, Art Cohn, who died in the plane crash with him. His biography, The Nine Lives of Michael Todd, was published after their deaths which put a macabre spin on the title.
Bosley Crowther called the film a "sprawling conglomeration of refined English comedy, giant - screen travel panoramics and slam - bang Keystone burlesque '' and said Todd and the film 's crew "commandeered the giant screen and stereophonic sound as though they were Olsen and Johnson turned loose in a cosmic cutting - room, with a pipe organ in one corner and all the movies ever made to toss around ''.
Time magazine called it "brassy, extravagant, long - winded and funny '' and the "Polyphemus of productions, '' saying "as a travelogue, Around the World is at least as spectacular as anything Cinerama has slapped together ''. Time highlighted the performance of "the famous Mexican comic, Cantinflas (who in) his first U.S. movie... gives delightful evidence that he may well be, as Charles Chaplin once said he was, "the world 's greatest clown ''.
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected 35 reviews and gave the film an aggregate score of 74 %, with a rating average of 6.1 / 10, with the site 's consensus stating: "It 's undeniably shallow, but its cheerful lack of pretense -- as well as its grand scale and star - stuffed cast -- help make Around the World in 80 Days charmingly light - hearted entertainment ''.
The development of the film and the personal life of actor Mario Moreno during that time were dramatized later in the 2014 film, Cantinflas.
Todd claimed that the film won 70 to 80 awards, including five Academy awards.
The film was nominated for eight Oscars, of which it was awarded five, beating out critically and publicly praised films Friendly Persuasion, The Ten Commandments, Giant, and The King and I:
Although not nominated for best original song, the film 's theme song "Around the World '' (music by Victor Young, words by Harold Adamson), became very popular. It was a hit for Bing Crosby in 1957, and was a staple of the easy - listening genre for many years: "Around the world, I searched for you / I traveled on when hope was gone to keep a rendezvous... No more will I go all around the world / For I have found my world in you. '' It is also one of the few Best Picture winners not to be nominated in any acting category.
The film was also nominated for three Golden Globes, of which it was awarded two:
On the first anniversary of the film 's release, Todd threw a party at the Madison Square Garden attended by 18,000 people; Time magazine called the party a "spectacular flop '' though Todd shrugged off the remark, saying "You ca n't say it was a little bust. ''
The film was originally distributed by United Artists in two Todd - AO 70 mm versions, one for Todd - AO 70 mm release at 30 frames per second, and an alternate 70 mm version at 24 frames per second reduced to 35 mm for general release.
The original Todd - AO 70mm running time without the extra music was 179 minutes. However, after the Chicago showing Todd cut four minutes out of the Western sequence where Cantinflas is pursued by Indians. The 70mm print shown at The Rivoli theatre in NYC was 175 minutes. However, the original 35mm Technicolor / anamorphic magnetic stereo and mono optical prints ran the complete 179 minutes with the chase scene intact. Although the leaders on the optical sound prints were labelled for Perspecta directional encoding, the prints do not contain the signal and were standard mono.
In 1968, additional cuts were made including removing most of the prologue with the changing aspect ratios. Only a brief few shots with Edward R. Murrow remained and the entire "Trip to the Moon '' clips were cut. Since the opening shot of Murrow was 1.33 window boxed in the wide frame, they had to crop and blow up that shot for the 2.35 ratio which made it very grainy. The intermission was also cut for the 1968 re-release which included the freeze frame of the ship and fade into the second half. The reels just jump cut with an awkward sound gap between the first and second half. The chase scene was missing from this version too which reduced the running time to 167 minutes. However, some uncut 179 - minute 35mm Technicolor prints were struck too which meant at least some theatres played the Roadshow version even though the vast majority showed the shorter cut. 35mm IB / Scope copies of both versions exist from 1968. The 24 frames per second 70mm prints were also the 167 - minute version in that year too. As a publicity stunt, Todd Jr. called the press when he removed a 70mm copy from a bank vault claiming it had been stored there since 1956 for safe keeping and was being shown at a theatre again. It was absurd since an original 70mm would 've faded to pink by 1968 and the copy they exhibited was the cut re-issue 167 - minute version.
Around 1976, after its last network television broadcast on CBS, UA lost control of the film to Elizabeth Taylor, who was the widow of producer Michael Todd and had inherited a portion of Todd 's estate. In 1983, Warner Bros. acquired the rights to the film from Taylor, and reissued the film theatrically in a re-edited 143 - minute version (this version would subsequently air only once on Turner Classic Movies, this was before any restoration on the movie was announced). In the years that followed, a pan-and - scan transfer of the alternate 24 frame / s version (presented at its full 183 - minute length) was shown on cable television.
In 2004, WB issued a digitally restored version of the 24 frame / s incarnation on DVD, also at its full 183 - minute length, but also including the original intermission, Entr'acte, and exit music segments that were a part of the original 1956 theatrical release, and for the first time on home video at its original 2.2: 1 aspect widescreen ratio.
This restored version was reconstructed from the best available elements of the 24 frame / s edition WB could find, and was subsequently shown on Turner Classic Movies. The original elements from the 30 frame / s / 70 mm Todd - AO version (as well as the original prints derived from these elements) still exist, albeit in faded condition due to the passage of time, but remain to be formally restored by WB. There is some missing footage in the India train ride where the image artificially fades in and out to compensate for the missing shots.
Warner 's retained Andy Pratt Film Labs who in conjunction with Eastman Kodak developed a method to remove the cracked and fading to brown, clear lacquer from the original 65 mm Technicolor negative. Warners did nothing further to restore the negative. Due to costs of making a 70 mm release print even without magnetic striping, using DTS disk for audio, there are no immediate plans for any new prints. The 65 mm roadshow print negative was used for the DVD release. Had any 35 mm Anamorphic elements been used the aspect ratio would have been 2.35: 1. Mike Todd had limited 35 mm anamorphic prints made with a non-standard compression ratio to provide a 2.21: 1 viewing experience. These special 35 mm prints are called Cinestage, the same name of Mike Todd 's showcase theatre in Chicago.
Best available prints of the 30 frame / s / 70 mm version have recently been exhibited in revival movie houses worldwide. As of the present time, WB remains the film 's rights holder.
The DVDs for Around the World in 80 Days include four hours of supplemental material, in addition to the restored three - hour wide - screen presentation. Included on one of the disks is a documentary film, about 50 minutes long, about Michael Todd.
The soundtrack was commercially released on vinyl and audio tape. Two CD versions were released as well, including a digital remastering of the original Decca Records album on MCA in the 1980s and an expanded version with extra tracks on the Hit Parade Records label in Canada in 2007. There was also a model kit of the balloon, a board game, and a Dell Comics adaptation. A Cantinflas puppet was released separately, dressed in an outfit similar to the Passepartout costume.
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how many episodes are in the goku black saga | List of Dragon Ball Super episodes - wikipedia
Dragon Ball Super is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation that began airing on July 5, 2015 on Fuji TV. It is the first Dragon Ball television series featuring a new storyline in 18 years. Storywise, the series retells the events of the last two Dragon Ball Z films, Battle of Gods and Resurrection ' F ', which themselves follow the events of Dragon Ball Z. Afterward, the series proceeds to tell an original story about the exploration of other universes, the reemergence of Future Trunks, and new threats to the Future Earth known as Goku Black and a Supreme Kai from Universe 10 named Zamasu. Later on, Goku, Vegeta, Gohan, Krillin, Android 17, Android 18, Piccolo, Tien, Master Roshi, and a temporarily revived Frieza participate in a universal tournament held by Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to decide the fate of multiple universes. If they lose in the universal tournament then Universe Seven will be erased.
Thirteen pieces of theme music are used: two opening themes and eleven ending themes. The first opening theme song for episodes 1 to 76 is "Chōzetsu Dynamic! '' (超絶 ☆ ダイナミック!, Chōzetsu Dainamikku, "Excellent Dynamic! '') performed by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey. The lyrics were penned by Yukinojo Mori who has written numerous songs for the Dragon Ball series. The second opening theme song for episodes 77 to 131 is "Limit - Break x Survivor '' (限界 突破 × サバイバー, Genkai Toppa x Sabaibā) by Kiyoshi Hikawa. Mori wrote the lyrics for the rock number "Genkai Toppa x Survivor ''. Takafumi Iwasaki composed the music. The first ending theme song for episodes 1 to 12 is "Hello Hello Hello '' (ハロー ハロー ハロー, Harō Harō Harō) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America. The second ending theme song for episodes 13 to 25 is "Starring Star '' (スターリング スター, Sutāringu Sutā) by Key Talk. The third ending theme song for episodes 26 to 36 is "Usubeni '' (薄 紅, "Light Pink '') by Lacco Tower. The fourth ending theme song for episodes 37 to 49 is "Forever Dreaming '' (フォーエバー ドリーミング, Fōebā Dorīmingu) by Czecho No Republic. The fifth ending theme song for episodes 50 to 59 is "Yokayoka Dance '' (よかよか ダンス, Yokayoka Dansu, "It 's Fine Dance '') by idol group Batten Showjo Tai. The sixth ending theme for episodes 60 to 72 is "Chao Han Music '' (炒飯 MUSIC, Chāhan Myūjikku) by Arukara. The seventh ending theme song for episodes 73 to 83 is "Aku no Tenshi to Seigi no Akuma '' (悪 の 天使 と 正義 の 悪魔, An Evil Angel and the Righteous Devil) by THE COLLECTORS. The eighth ending theme song for episodes 84 to 96 is "Boogie Back '' by Miyu Innoue. The ninth ending theme song for episodes 97 to 108 is "Haruka '' by Lacco Tower. The tenth ending theme song for episodes 109 to 121 is "By A 70cm Square Window '' by RottenGraffty. The eleventh ending theme song for episodes 122 to 131 is "Lagrima '' by OnePixcel.
The first series set was released on Japanese Blu - ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each. The first set was released on December 2, 2015. The second set was released on March 2, 2016. The third set was released on July 2, 2016. The fourth set was released on October 10, 2016.
Dragon Ball Super received an English - language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia in January 2017. The series has been aired in Israel on Nickelodeon and in Portugal on SIC. Toei Animation Europe announced that Dragon Ball Super would be broadcast in France, Italy, Spain, and English - speaking Africa in Fall 2016. An official English sub of the series would be simulcasted legally on Crunchyroll, Daisuki.net, and Anime Lab beginning October 22, 2016. Funimation announced the company acquired the rights to the series and will be producing an English dub. As well as officially announcing the dub, it was also announced they will be simulcasting the series on their streaming platform, FunimationNow. Funimation 's English dub of Dragon Ball Super began airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting on January 7, 2017.
The Supreme Kais are surprised that the universe is still intact following the battle, but they fear the worst is still to come. On Earth, Vegeta, Whis, and the others are still standing by while watching the battle. Whis is surprised by the Super Saiyan God 's power and its ability to keep up with his trainee. In space, Goku struggles to keep up with Beerus ' attack, which ultimately ends up in a massive explosion that blinds everyone on Earth. Shortly after, the light clears out, which reveals everything to be as it was prior to the explosion. Beerus explains that he used his full power to negate the explosion, which saved the universe. Seeing it as a perfect opportunity to boast, Mr. Satan arranges to have himself be falsely credited with saving the planet yet again. Despite being at his limit, Goku remains calm, which annoys the God of Destruction. Beerus thinks Goku might have a strategy that he has been hiding, which Goku promptly denies. Goku says that everything he had been doing was improvised as they fought. The Gods quickly power up and continue fighting, but this time both are at their limit. As soon as they start, Goku loses his Super Saiyan God aura and reverts to the ordinary Super Saiyan form. Upon noticing that, Beerus decides to quit. He thinks it is pointless to fight an ordinary Super Saiyan. However, Goku does not notice and keeps going at it. Whis is able to sense Goku 's mortal energy. Whis assumes that the battle has concluded and that Goku has lost. However, Piccolo begs to differ. Surprised that Goku is still able to hit him even after losing his Super Saiyan God form, Beerus surmises that Goku 's body has adjusted to the Super Saiyan God power. This made him stronger in his ordinary form. With or without the Super Saiyan God form, Goku proclaims that it is still him that Beerus is up against. Beerus and Goku resume their battle of Gods.
To counter Goku 's increase in power, Kefla powers up to Super Saiyan 2, and the two of them face off. Goku still easily dodges Kefla 's attacks, but his own attacks are not strong enough to take her down. Whis explains that when Goku launches his attacks, it interferes with his concentration and prevents him from using Ultra Instinct to its full potential. Jiren senses the energy from the battle, which prompts him to awaken from his meditation and rejoin Toppo and Dyspo. Vegeta realizes that Ultra Instinct is the level of skill that Whis was training him and Goku to attain, and decides that he must reach it too. Goku begins running low on stamina, so he declares that he will end the fight with his next attack. Kefla panics and unleashes a multitude of deadly energy beams. Her ultimate attack devastates the ring, but Goku easily dodges her blasts while charging a Kamehameha. Goku jumps into the air, so Kefla focuses all of her power into a single blast and launches it at him, taking advantage of his apparent inability to dodge. However, he backflips and uses the charged - up energy to slide over her attack, and launches his Kamehameha at point - blank range, blasting Kefla out of the ring and eliminating her. Her Potara earrings shatter, and she splits back into Kale and Caulifla. With both of them eliminated, Saonel and Pirina are the only remaining warriors from Team Universe 6.
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where is the passport number on a syrian passport | Syrian passport - Wikipedia
The Syrian passport is issued to citizens of Syria for international travel.
The passport has a navy blue cover with the Syrian coat of arms.
The information on the cover page and the inside is written in three languages: Arabic, English and French. Each page has a unique watermark depicting a famous Syrian monument, castle, or ancient building, these include the Krak des Chevaliers, also Crac des Chevaliers, a Crusader castle in Syria and one of the most important preserved medieval castles in the world, Umayyad Mosque and others.
Normal validity is six years. however, men who have not served their compulsory military service get a six months or two years validity passport only, and they have to get a permission from the conscription department for a renewal of another two years. The first few editions were produced in France but now they are made in Syria.
Passport applications must be completed in person and fee to obtain a new passport is 1850 Syrian pounds (approximately US $ 40).
In April 2015, Syria changed its passport requirements so that Syrians outside Syria, including refugees who have fled the Syrian Civil War, will be eligible for passports without an intelligence service review. Passports will be issued to Syrians "even if they left in an illegal manner or they hold non-official passports or travel documents '', referring to passports issued by Syrian opposition representatives in Qatar. At the same time, fees required for passports were doubled to $400 for a new passports and $200 for a renewal.
In 2015, fake Syrian passports were found being used by non-Syrians to apply for asylum in Europe.
In 2016, Syrian citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 32 countries and territories, ranking the Syrian passport 102nd in the world according to the Visa Restrictions Index.
B) The Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey are not part of the European Union, but Manxmen and Channel Islanders are citizens of the European Union; the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey, and Manxmen and Channel Islanders themselves (unless they qualify and apply for recognition of a change in status), are however excluded from the benefits of the Four Freedoms of the European Union.
C) The Government of the United Kingdom also issue passports to British nationals who are not British citizens with the right of abode in the United Kingdom and who are also not otherwise citizens of the European Union.
Non-EU country that has open border with Schengen Area.
Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. The vast majority of its population (80 %) lives in European Russia, therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here.
Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe. Turkey has a small part of its territory (3 %) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace.
Azerbaijan and Georgia (Abkhazia; South Ossetia) are transcontinental countries. Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus.
Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country. Kazakhstan has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe.
Armenia (Artsakh) and Cyprus (Northern Cyprus) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe.
Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and Western Asia. Egypt has a small part of its territory in Western Asia called Sinai Peninsula.
Partially recognized.
Not recognized by any other state.
Special administrative regions of China
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what was the iaf operation in 1999 codenamed | Operation Safed Sagar - wikipedia
Operation Safed Sagar (Hindi: ऑपरेशन सफेद सागर, lit. "Operation White Sea '') was the code name assigned to the Indian Air Force 's strike to support the Ground troops during Kargil war that was aimed to flush out Regular and Irregular troops of the Pakistani Army from vacated Indian Positions in the Kargil sector along the Line of Control. It was the first large scale use of air power in the Jammu and Kashmir region since the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971.
Initial infiltrations were noticed in Kargil in early May, 1999. Because of the extreme winter weather in Kashmir, it was common practice for the Indian and Pakistan Army to abandon forward posts and reoccupy them in the spring. That particular spring, the Pakistan Army started reoccupying the forward posts well before the scheduled time. In a preliminary step in their bid to capture Kashmir, they reoccupied not only their own posts, but also those that belonged to India.
By the second week of May, an ambush on an Indian army patrol acting on a tip - off by a local shepherd in the Batalik sector led to the exposure of the infiltration. Initially with little knowledge of the nature or extent of the encroachment, the Indian troops in the area initially claimed that they would evict them within a few days. However, soon reports of infiltration elsewhere along the LoC made it clear that the entire plan of attack was on a much bigger scale. India responded with Operation Vijay, a mobilisation of 200,000 Indian troops. However, because of the nature of the terrain, division and corps operations could not be mounted; the scale of most fighting was at the regimental or battalion level. In effect, two divisions of the Indian Army, numbering 20,000, along with several thousand from the Paramilitary forces of India and the air force were deployed in the conflict zone. the Indian Army moved into the region in full force. Soon, the intruders were found to be well entrenched and while artillery attacks had produced results in certain areas, more remote ones needed the help of the air force.
The Indian Air Force (IAF) first tried to provide air support on 26 May, with the use of helicopters and MIGs flown by Squadron Leader Ajay Ahuja and his second in command Flt It Nachiketa. Ahuja was killed during the mission, and Nachiketa captured. On 29 May the IAF launched Canberra on a reconnaissance mission, flown by Wg Cdr CH Kulkarni, Sqn Ldr A Perumal and Sqn Ldr UK Jha, which was hit by ground fire. The plane returned to base on one engine, and the crew safely landed. On 30 May, the Cabinet Committee on Security authorized the IAF to mount attacks on the infiltrators without crossing the LoC. Initial indications from the government to the IAF was to operate only Attack helicopters. However, the Chief of Air Staff put forth the argument that in order to create a suitable environment for the helicopters, fighter action was required. On 30 May, the go - ahead was given and the IAF started its strike role. Flying from the Indian airfields of Srinagar, Avantipur and Adampur, ground attack aircraft MiG - 21s, MiG - 23s, MiG - 27s, Jaguars and the Mirage 2000 struck insurgent positions. Of note, although the MiG - 21 is built mainly for air interception with a secondary role of ground attack, it is capable of operating in restricted spaces which was of importance in the Kargil terrain.
The first strikes were launched on the 26 May, when the Indian Air Force struck infiltrator positions with fighter aircraft and helicopter gunships. The initial strikes saw MiG - 27s carrying out offensive sorties, with MiG - 21s and (later) MiG - 29s providing fighter cover. Mil Mi - 17 gunships were also deployed in the Tololing sector. Srinagar Airport was at this time closed to civilian air - traffic and dedicated to the Indian Air Force.
However, on 27 May, the first fatalities were suffered when a MiG - 21 was shot down by Pakistan Army over Batalik sector, while a MiG - 27 crashed due to engine flame - out. The following day, a Mi - 17 was lost - with the loss of all four of the crew - when it was hit by three Stinger missiles while on an offensive sortie. These losses forced the Indian Air Force to reassess its strategy. The helicopters were immediately withdrawn from offensive roles as a measure against the man - portable missiles in possession of the infiltrators.
On 30 May, the Indian Air Force called into operation the Mirage 2000 which was deemed the best aircraft capable of optimum performance under the conditions of high - altitude seen in the zone of conflict. Armed initially with 250 kg "dumb '' bombs, No. 7 Squadron led by Wg Cdr Sandeep Chabra over three days, struck infiltrator positions in Muntho Dhalo, Tiger Hill and Point 4388 in the Drass Sector. The strikes on Muntho Dhalo on 17 June also destroyed logistics and re-supply capabilities of the infiltrators in the Batalik Sector. Through the last weeks of June, the Mirages, armed with LGBs as well as with "dumbs '', repeatedly struck the heavily defended Tiger Hill. The first of these missions were observed by the (then) Chief of Air Staff, ACM AY Tipnis
The choppers used were Mi - 8 and the Mi - 17. The transport planes were Avro, An - 32 and IL - 76. On May 27, the IAF had sent a MiG - 27 on a photo reconnaissance mission over the Indian side of the Line of Control in Kashmir. Piloted by Flt Lt K Nachiketa, he ejected from his MiG - 27 after an engine flameout due to gun gas ingestion. Squadron Leader Ajay Ahuja, who was in his MiG - 21 tried to trace the downed MiG despite a blatant threat in the form of enemy Anti-Aircraft Guns. Within minutes his plane was shot at by a Stinger shoulder fired missile. Having crashed, it is believed by the Indian military that he survived the crash but was killed by Pakistan Army soldiers or irregulars. The body of Ahuja bore two point - blank bullet wounds as per the postmortem done by the Indian authorities. The point - blank injuries clearly indicate the intent of the enemy and a treatment in violation of Geneva conventions. Flt Lt Nachiketa was later paraded on Pakistan TV, this prompted India to accuse Pakistan of violating the Geneva convention on the treatment of Prisoners of War.
The next day the air force lost an Mi - 17 Helicopter to a shoulder fired missile near Tololing, killing the crew of four. This resulted in a change in strategy and technology. With the Israelis providing around 100 Laser - guided bomb kits to the Indian Military, the air force chose to make maximum use of this and retaliated with regular sorties on Pakistani occupied bunkers. The aircraft operated at 10,000 meters AGL (33,000 feet above sea level), well out of MANPADs range, leading to a drop in the accuracy rate of the bombs. The low number of airstrips for take off and landing of the flights also constrained the efficiency of the attacks. Despite this, there were hundreds of sorties on the intruders with no further material or personnel casualties enabling a gradual takeover of the mountain posts by Indian troops. According to IAF the "air strikes against the Pakistani infiltrators, supply camps and other targets yielded rich dividends. ''
By July all the remaining intruders had withdrawn and the operation was ended, being declared a success by the IAF in having achieved its primary objectives. However, there has also been criticism of the methods initially used and the type of planes being unsuitable to the terrain that resulted in early losses. (1) This is believed by many in the air force as coming as a wake up call to upgrade the aging fleet of craft (especially the attack aircraft and helicopters) to better enable them to fight in the mountainous region. But, in the context of the war and in light of the poor information available on the infiltrations, the Indian Air Force was able to coordinate well with the Army and provide air support to the recapture of most the posts before Pakistan decided to withdraw its remaining troops.
The lessons learned in this limited war influenced India to urgently upgrade its combat fleet. It acquired and later started co-developing Sukhoi Su - 30MKI heavy fighters with Russia beginning in the early 2000s. The process of acquiring 126 Medium Multi-role Combat Aircraft was also initiated in 2001, India 's largest military tender to date. Dassault Rafale was declared the winner in January 2012.
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when did the soviet union develop nuclear weapons | Soviet atomic bomb project - wikipedia
The Soviet atomic bomb project (Russian: Советский проект атомной бомбы, Sovetskiy proyekt atomnoy bomby) was the classified research and development program that was authorized by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union to develop nuclear weapons during World War II.
Although the Soviet scientific community discussed the possibility of an atomic bomb throughout the 1930s, going as far as making a concrete proposal to develop such a weapon in 1940, the full - scale program was initiated during World War II.
Because of the conspicuous silence of the scientific publications on the subject of nuclear fission by German, American, and British scientists, Russian physicist Georgy Flyorov suspected that the Allied powers had secretly been developing a "superweapon '' since 1939. Flyorov wrote a letter to Stalin urging him to start this program in 1942. Initial efforts were slowed due to the German invasion of the Soviet Union and remained largely composed of the intelligence knowledge gained from the Soviet spy rings working in the U.S. Manhattan Project.
After Stalin learned of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that ended the Pacific War in 1945, the program was pursued aggressively and accelerated through effective intelligence gathering about the German nuclear weapon project and the American Manhattan Project. The Soviet efforts also rounded up captured German scientists to join their program, and relied heavily on knowledge passed by spies to Soviet intelligence agencies.
On 29 August 1949, the Soviet Union secretly conducted its first successful weapon test (First Lightning, based on the American "Fat Man '' design) at the Semipalatinsk Test Site in Kazakhstan.
As early as 1910 in Russia, independent research was being conducted on radioactive elements by several Russian scientists. Despite the hardship faced by the Russian academy of sciences during the national revolution in 1917, followed by the violent civil war in 1922, the Russian scientists had made remarkable efforts towards the advancement of physics research in the Soviet Union in the 1930s. Before the first revolution in 1905, the mineralogist Vladimir Vernadsky had made a number of public calls for a survey of Russia 's uranium deposits but none were heeded.
However, such early efforts were independently and privately funded by various organizations until 1922 when the Radium Institute in Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg) opened and industrialized the research.
From the 1920s until the late 1930s, Russian physicists had been conducting joint research with their European counterparts on the advancement of atomic physics at the Cavendish Laboratory run by a New Zealand physicist, Ernest Rutherford, where Georgi Gamov and Pyotr Kapitsa had studied and researched.
Influential research towards the advancement of nuclear physics was guided by Abram Ioffe, who was the director at the Leningrad Physical - Technical Institute (LPTI), having sponsored various research programs at various technical schools in the Soviet Union. The discovery of the neutron by the British physicist James Chadwick further provided promising expansion of the LPTI 's program, with the operation of the first cyclotron to energies of over 1 MeV, and the first "splitting '' of the atomic nucleus by John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton. Russian physicists began pushing the government, lobbying in the interest of the development of science in the Soviet Union, which had received little interest due to the upheavals created during the Russian revolution and the February Revolution. Earlier research was directed towards the medical and scientific exploration of radium, that could be retrieved from borehole water from the Ukhta oilfields.
In 1939, German chemist Otto Hahn reported his discovery of fission, achieved by the splitting of uranium with neutrons that produced the much lighter element barium. This eventually led to the realization among Russian scientists, and their American counterparts, that such reaction could have military significance. The discovery excited the Russian physicists, and they began conducting their independent investigations on nuclear fission, mainly aiming towards power generation, as many were skeptical of possibility of creating an atomic bomb anytime soon. Early efforts were led by Yakov Frenkel (a physicist specialised on condensed matter), who did the first theoretical calculations on continuum mechanics directly relating the kinematics of binding energy in fission process in 1940. Georgy Flyorov 's and Lev Rusinov 's collaborative work on thermal reactions concluded that 3 - 1 neutrons were emitted per fission only days after similar conclusions had been reached by the team of Frédéric Joliot - Curie.
After a strong lobbying of Russian scientists, the Soviet government did initially set up a commission that was to address the "uranium problem '' and investigate the possibility of chain reaction and Isotope separation. The Uranium Problem Commission was ineffective due to the German invasion of Soviet Union that eventually limited the focus on research as Russia became engaged in a bloody conflict along the Eastern Front for the next four years. The Soviet atomic weapons program had no significance and most work was unclassified as the papers were continuously published as public domain in academic journals.
Joseph Stalin, the Soviet leader, had mostly disregarded the atomic knowledge possessed by the Russian scientists and had most of the scientists working in the metallurgy and mining industry or serving in the Soviet Armed Forces technical branches during the World War II 's eastern front in 1940 -- 42.
In 1940 -- 42, Georgy Flyorov, a Russian physicist serving as an officer in the Soviet Air Force, noted that despite progress in other areas of physics, the German, British, and American scientists had ceased publishing papers on nuclear science; clearly they each had active secret research programs.
In April 1942, Flyorov directed two classified letters to Stalin, warning him of the consequences of the development of atomic weapons: "... the results will be so overriding (that) it wo n't be necessary to determine who is to blame for the fact that this work has been neglected in our country. '' The second letter, by Flyorov and Konstantin Petrzhak, highly emphasized the importance of a "uranium bomb '': "it is essential to manufacture a uranium bomb without a delay. ''
Upon reading the Flyorov letters, Stalin immediately pulled Russian physicists from their respective military services and authorized an atomic bomb project, under engineering physicist Anatoly Alexandrov and nuclear physicist Igor V. Kurchatov. For this purpose, the Laboratory No. 2 near Moscow was established under Kurchatov. At the same time, Flyorov was moved to Dubna, where he established the Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, focusing on synthetic elements and thermal reactions. In late 1942, the State Defense Committee officially delegated the program to the Soviet Army, with major wartime logistical efforts later being supervised by Lavrentiy Beria, the head of NKVD.
In 1945, the Arzamas 16 site near Moscow was established under Yakov Zel'dovich and Yuli Khariton who performed calculations on nuclear combustion theory, alongside Isaak Pomeranchuk. Despite early and accelerated efforts, it was reported by historians that efforts on building a bomb using weapon - grade uranium seemed hopeless to Russian scientists. Igor Kurchatov had harboured doubts working towards the uranium bomb, made progress on a bomb using weapon - grade plutonium after British data was provided by the NKVD.
The situation dramatically changed when the Soviet Union learned of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, which eventually led to the unilateral surrender of Japan to the United States, ending the war in Asia.
Immediately after the atomic bombing, the Soviet Politburo took control of the atomic bomb project by establishing a special committee to oversee the development of nuclear weapons as soon as possible. On 9 April 1946, the Council of Ministers created the KB -- 11 Design Bureau that worked towards mapping the first nuclear weapon design, primarily based on American approach and detonated with weapon - grade plutonium. From this point, the work on the program was carried out quickly, resulting in the first nuclear reactor near Moscow on 25 October 1946.
From 1941 -- 46, the Soviet Union 's Ministry of Foreign Affairs handled the logistics of the atomic bomb project, with Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov controlling the direction of the program. However, Molotov proved to be a weak administrator, and the program stagnated. In contrast to American military administration in their atomic bomb project, the Russians ' program was directed by political dignitaries such as Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria, Georgii Malenkov, and Mikhail Pervukhin -- there were no military members.
After the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the program 's leadership changed, when Stalin appointed Lavrentiy Beria on 22 August 1945. Beria is noted for leadership that helped the program to its final implementation.
Beria understood the necessary scope and dynamics of research. This man, who was the personification of evil to modern Russian history, also possessed the great energy and capacity to work. The scientists who met him could not fail to recognize his intelligence, his will power, and his purposefullness. They found him first - class administrator who could carry a job through to completion...
The new Committee, under Beria, retained Georgii Malenkov and added Nikolai Voznesensky and Boris Vannikov, People 's Commissar for Armament. Under the administration of Beria, the NKVD co-opted atomic spies of the Soviet Atomic Spy Ring into the Western Allied program, and infiltrated the German nuclear program.
The atomic and industrial espionages in the United States by American sympathisers of communism who were controlled by their rezident Russian officials in North America greatly aided the speed of the Soviet atomic project from 1942 -- 54. Willingness of sharing classified information to Soviet Union by recruited American communist sympathizers increased when the Soviet Union faced possible defeat during the German invasion in World War II. The Russian intelligence network in the United Kingdom also played a vital role in setting up the spy rings in the United States when the Russian State Defense Committee approved resolution 2352, in September 1942.
For this purpose, the spy Harry Gold, controlled by Semyon Semyonov, was used for a wide range of espionage that included industrial espionage in the American chemical industry and obtaining sensitive atomic information that was handed over to him by the British physicist Klaus Fuchs. Knowledge and further technical information that were passed by the American Theodore Hall, a theoretical physicist, and Klaus Fuchs had a significant impact on the direction of Russian development of nuclear weapons.
Leonid Kvasnikov, a Russian chemical engineer turned KGB officer, was assigned for this special purpose and moved to New York City to coordinate such activities. Anatoli Yatzkov, another NKVD official in New York, was also involved in obtaining sensitive information gathered by Sergei Kournakov from Saville Sax.
The existence of Russian spies were exposed by the U.S. Army 's secretive Venona project in 1943.
For example, Soviet work on methods of uranium isotope separation was altered when it was reported, to Kurchatov 's surprise, that the Americans had opted for the Gaseous diffusion method. While research on other separation methods continued throughout the war years, the emphasis was placed on replicating U.S. success with gaseous diffusion. Another important breakthrough, attributed to intelligence, was the possibility of using plutonium instead of uranium in a fission weapon. Extraction of plutonium in the so - called "uranium pile '' allowed bypassing of the difficult process of uranium separation altogether, something that Kurchatov had learned from intelligence from the Manhattan project.
In 1945, the Soviet intelligence obtained rough blueprints of the first U.S. atomic device. Alexei Kojevnikov has estimated, based on newly released Soviet documents, that the primary way in which the espionage may have sped up the Soviet project was that it allowed Khariton to avoid dangerous tests to determine the size of the critical mass: "tickling the dragon 's tail, '' as it was called in the U.S., consumed a good deal of time and claimed at least two lives; see Harry Daghlian and Louis Slotin.
The published Smyth Report of 1945 on the Manhattan Project was translated into Russian, and the translators noted that a sentence on the effect of "poisoning '' of Plutonium - 239 in the first (lithograph) edition had been deleted from the next (Princeton) edition by Groves. This change was noted by the Russian translators, and alerted the Soviet Union to the problem (which had meant that reactor - bred plutonium could not be used in a simple gun - type bomb like the proposed Thin Man).
One of the key pieces of information, which Soviet intelligence obtained from Fuchs, was a cross-section for D-T fusion. This data was available to top Soviet officials roughly three years before it was openly published in the Physical Review in 1949. However, this data was not forwarded to Vitaly Ginzburg or Andrei Sakharov until very late, practically months before publication. Initially both Ginzburg and Sakharov estimated such a cross-section to be similar to the D-D reaction. Once the actual cross-section become known to Ginzburg and Sakharov, the Sloika design become a priority, which resulted in a successful test in 1953.
In the 1990s, with the declassification of Soviet intelligence materials, which showed the extent and the type of the information obtained by the Soviets from US sources, a heated debate ensued in Russia and abroad as to the relative importance of espionage, as opposed to the Soviet scientists ' own efforts, in the making of the Soviet bomb. The vast majority of scholars agree that whereas the Soviet atomic project was first and foremost a product of local expertise and scientific talent, it is clear that espionage efforts contributed to the project in various ways and most certainly shortened the time needed to develop the atomic bomb.
Comparing the timelines of H - bomb development, some researchers came to the conclusion that the Soviets had a gap in access to classified information regarding the H - bomb at least between late 1950 and some time in 1953. Earlier, e.g., in 1948, Fuchs gave the Soviets a detailed update of the classical super progress, including an idea to use lithium, but did not explain it was specifically lithium - 6. Teller accepted the fact that "classical super '' scheme was infeasible by 1951, following results obtained by various researchers (including Stanislaw Ulam) and calculations performed by John von Neumann in late 1950.
Yet the research for the Soviet analogue of "classical super '' continued until December 1953, when the researchers were reallocated to a new project working on what later became a true H - bomb design, based on radiation implosion. This remains an open topic for research, whether the Soviet intelligence was able to obtain any specific data on Teller - Ulam design in 1953 or early 1954. Yet, Soviet officials directed the scientists to work on a new scheme, and the entire process took less than two years, commencing around January 1954 and producing a successful test in November 1955. It also took just several months before the idea of radiation implosion was conceived, and there is no documented evidence claiming priority. It is also possible that Soviets were able to obtain a document lost by John Wheeler on a train in 1953, which reportedly contained key information about thermonuclear weapon design.
Early ideas of the fusion bomb came from espionage and internal Soviet studies. Though the espionage did help Soviet studies, the early American H - bomb concepts had substantial flaws, so it may have confused, rather than assisted, the Soviet effort for a nuclear bomb. The designers of early thermonuclear bombs envisioned using an atomic bomb as a trigger to provide the needed heat and compression to initiate the thermonuclear reaction in a layer of liquid deuterium between the fissile material and the surrounding chemical high explosive. The group would realize that a lack of sufficient heat and compression of the deuterium would result in an insignificant fusion of the deuterium fuel.
Andrei Sakharov 's study group at FIAN in 1948 came up with a second concept which was adding a shell of natural, unenriched uranium around the deuterium would increase the deuterium concentration at the uranium - deuterium boundary and the overall yield of the device, because the natural uranium would capture neutrons and itself fission as part of the thermonuclear reaction. This idea of a layered fission - fusion - fission bomb led Sakharov to call it the sloika, or layered cake. It was also known as the RDS - 6S, or Second Idea Bomb. This second bomb idea was not a fully evolved thermonuclear bomb in the contemporary sense, but a crucial step between pure fission bombs and the thermonuclear "supers. '' Due to the three - year lag in making the key breakthrough of radiation compression from the United States the Soviet Union 's development efforts followed a different course of action. In the United States they decided to skip the single - stage fusion bomb and make a two - stage fusion bomb as their main effort. Unlike the Soviet Union, the analog RDS - 7 advanced fission bomb was not further developed, and instead, the single - stage 400 - kiloton RDS - 6S was the Soviet 's bomb of choice. The RDS - 6S Layer Cake design was detonated on 12 August 1953, producing a yield of 400 kilotons, about ten times more powerful than any previous Soviet test. Around this time the United States detonated its first super using radiation compression on 1 November 1952, code - named Mike. Though the Mike was about twenty times greater than the RDS - 6S, it was not a design that was practical to use, unlike the RDS - 6S.
Following the successful launching of the RDS - 6S, Sakharov proposed an upgraded version called RDS - 6SD. This bomb was proved to be faulty, and it was neither built nor tested. The Soviet team had been working on the RDS - 6T concept, but it also proved to be a dead end. In 1954, Sakharov worked on a third concept, a two - stage thermonuclear bomb. The third idea used the radiation wave of a fission bomb, not simply heat and compression, to ignite the fusion reaction, and paralleled the discovery made by Ulam and Teller. Unlike the RDS - 6S boosted bomb, which placed the fusion fuel inside the primary A-bomb trigger, the thermonuclear super placed the fusion fuel in a secondary structure a small distance from the A-bomb trigger, where it was compressed and ignited by the A-bomb's x-ray radiation. The KB - 11 Scientific - Technical Council approved plans to proceed with the design on 24 December 1954. Technical specifications for the new bomb were completed on 3 February 1955, and it was designated the RDS - 37.
The RDS - 37 was successfully tested on 22 November 1955 with a yield of 1.6 megaton. The yield was almost a hundred times greater than the first Soviet atomic bomb six years before, showing that the Soviet Union could compete with the United States.
The single largest problem during the early Soviet project was the procurement of uranium ore, as the USSR had limited domestic sources at the beginning of the project. The era of domestic uranium mining can be dated exactly, to November 27, 1942, the date of a directive issued by the all - powerful wartime State Defense Committee. The first Soviet uranium mine was established in Taboshar, present - day Tajikistan, and was producing at an annual rate of a few tons of uranium concentrate by May 1943. Taboshar was the first of many officially secret Soviet closed cities related to uranium mining and production.
Demand from the experimental bomb project was far higher. The Americans, with the help of Belgian businessman Edgar Sengier in 1940, had already blocked access to known sources in Congo, South Africa, and Canada. In December 1944 Stalin took the uranium project away from Vyacheslav Molotov and gave to it to Lavrentiy Beria. The first Soviet uranium processing plant was established as the Leninabad Mining and Chemical Combine in Chkalovsk (present - day Buston, Ghafurov District), Tajikistan, and new production sites identified in relative proximity. This posed a need for labor, a need that Beria would fill with forced labor: tens of thousands of Gulag prisoners were brought to work in the mines, the processing plants, and related construction.
Domestic production was still insufficient when the Soviet F - 1 reactor, which began operation in December 1946, was fueled using uranium confiscated from the remains of the German atomic bomb project. This uranium had been mined in the Belgian Congo, and the ore in Belgium fell into the hands of the Germans after their invasion and occupation of Belgium in 1940.
Further sources of uranium in the early years of the program were mines in East Germany (via the deceptively - named SAG Wismut), Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania (near Stei) and Poland. Boris Pregel sold 0.23 tonnes of uranium oxide to the Soviet Union during the war, with the authorisation of the U.S. Government.
Eventually, large domestic sources were discovered in the Soviet Union (including those now in Kazakhstan).
The uranium for the Soviet nuclear weapons program came from mine production in the following countries,
RDS - 1, the first Soviet atomic test was internally code - named First Lightning (Первая молния, or Pervaya Molniya) August 29, 1949, and was code - named by the Americans as Joe 1. The design was very similar to the first US "Fat Man '' plutonium bomb, using a TNT / hexogen implosion lens design.
On September 24, 1951, the 38.3 kiloton device RDS - 2 was tested based on a tritium "boosted '' uranium implosion device with a levitated core. This test was code named Joe 2 by the CIA.
RDS - 3 was the third Soviet atomic bomb. On October 18, 1951, the 41.2 kiloton device was detonated - a boosted weapon using a composite construction of levitated plutonium core and a uranium - 235 shell. Code named Joe 3 in the USA, this was the first Soviet air - dropped bomb test. Released at an altitude of 10 km, it detonated 400 meters above the ground.
RDS - 4 represented a branch of research on small tactical weapons. It was a boosted fission device using plutonium in a "levitated '' core design. The first test was an air drop on August 23, 1953, yielding 28 kilotons. In 1954, the bomb was also used during Snowball exercise in Totskoye, dropped by Tu - 4 bomber on the simulated battlefield, in the presence of 40,000 infantry, tanks, and jet fighters. The RDS - 4 comprised the warhead of the R - 5M, the first medium - range ballistic missile in the world, which was tested with a live warhead for the first and only time on February 5, 1956
RDS - 5 was a small plutonium based device, probably using a hollow core. Two different versions were made and tested.
RDS - 6, the first Soviet test of a hydrogen bomb, took place on August 12, 1953, and was nicknamed Joe 4 by the Americans. It used a layer - cake design of fission and fusion fuels (uranium 235 and lithium - 6 deuteride) and produced a yield of 400 kilotons. This yield was about ten times more powerful than any previous Soviet test. When developing higher level bombs, the Soviets proceeded with the RDS - 6 as their main effort instead of the analog RDS - 7 advanced fission bomb. This led to the third idea bomb which is the RDS - 37.
A much lower - power version of the RDS - 4 with a 3 - 10 kiloton yield, the RDS - 9 was developed for the T - 5 nuclear torpedo. A 3.5 kiloton underwater test was performed with the torpedo on September 21, 1955.
The first Soviet test of a "true '' hydrogen bomb in the megaton range was conducted on November 22, 1955. It was dubbed RDS - 37 by the Soviets. It was of the multi-staged, radiation implosion thermonuclear design called Sakharov 's "Third Idea '' in the USSR and the Teller - Ulam design in the USA.
Joe 1, Joe 4, and RDS - 37 were all tested at the Semipalatinsk Test Site in Kazakhstan.
The Tsar Bomba (Царь - бомба) was the largest, most powerful thermonuclear weapon ever detonated. It was a three - stage hydrogen bomb with a yield of about 50 megatons. This is equivalent to ten times the amount of all the explosives used in World War II combined. It was detonated on October 30, 1961, in the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, and was capable of approximately 100 megatons, but was purposely reduced shortly before the launch. Although weaponized, it was not entered into service; it was simply a demonstrative testing of the capabilities of the Soviet Union 's military technology at that time. The heat of the explosion was estimated to potentially inflict third degree burns at 100 km distance of clear air.
Chagan was a shot in the Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy or Project 7, the Soviet equivalent of the US Operation Plowshare to investigate peaceful uses of nuclear weapons. It was a subsurface detonation. It was fired on January 15, 1965. The site was a dry bed of the Chagan River at the edge of the Semipalatinsk Test Site, and was chosen such that the lip of the crater would dam the river during its high spring flow. The resultant crater had a diameter of 408 meters and was 100 meters deep. A major lake (10,000 m) soon formed behind the 20 -- 35 m high upraised lip, known as Chagan Lake or Balapan Lake.
The photo is sometimes confused with RDS - 1 in literature.
During the Cold War, the Soviet Union created at least nine closed cities, known as Atomgrads, in which nuclear weapons - related research and development took place. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, all of the cities changed their names (most of the original code - names were simply the oblast and a number). All are still legally "closed '', though some have parts of them accessible to foreign visitors with special permits (Sarov, Snezhinsk, and Zheleznogorsk).
The Soviets started experimenting with nuclear technology in 1943, and first tested a nuclear weapon in August 1949. Many of the fission based devices left behind radioactive isotopes which have contaminated air, water and soil in the areas immediately surrounding, downwind and downstream of the blast site. According to the records that the Russian government released in 1991, the Soviet Union tested 969 nuclear devices between 1949 and 1990. Soviet scientists conducted the tests with little regard for environmental and public health consequences. The detrimental effects that the toxic waste generated by weapons testing and processing of radioactive materials are still felt to this day. Even decades later, the risk of developing various types of cancer, especially that of the thyroid and the lungs, continues to be elevated far above national averages for people in affected areas. Iodine - 131, a radioactive isotope that is a major byproduct of fission - based weapons, is retained in the thyroid gland, and so poisoning of this kind is commonplace in impacted populations.
The Soviets set off 214 nuclear bombs in the open air between 1949 and 1962, when the United Nations banned atmospheric tests worldwide. The billions of radioactive particles released into the air exposed countless people to extremely mutagenic and carcinogenic materials, resulting in a myriad of deleterious genetic maladies and deformities. The majority of these tests took place at the Semipalatinsk Test Site, or STS, located in northeast Kazakhstan. The testing at STS alone exposed hundreds of thousands of Kazakh citizens to the harmful effects, and the site continues to be one of the most highly irradiated places on the planet. When the earliest tests were being conducted, even the scientists had only a poor understanding of the medium - and long - term effects of radiation exposure. In fact, the STS was chosen as the primary site for open - air testing precisely because the Soviets were curious about the potential for lasting harm that their weapons held.
Contamination of air and soil due to atmospheric testing is only part of a wider issue. Water contamination due to improper disposal of spent uranium and decay of sunken nuclear - powered submarines is a major problem in the Kola Peninsula in northwest Russia. Although the Russian government states that the radioactive power cores are stable, various scientists have come forth with serious concerns about the 32,000 spent nuclear fuel elements that remain in the sunken vessels. There have been no major incidents other than the explosion and sinking of a nuclear - powered submarine in August 2000, but many international scientists are still uneasy at the prospect of the hulls eroding, releasing uranium into the sea and causing considerable contamination. Although the submarines pose an environmental risk, they have yet to cause serious harm to public health. However, water contamination in the area of the Mayak test site, especially at Lake Karachay, is extreme, and has gotten to the point where radioactive byproducts have found their way into drinking water supplies. It has been an area of concern since the early 1950s, when the Soviets began disposing of tens of millions of cubic meters of radioactive waste by pumping it into the small lake. Half a century later, in the 1990s, there are still hundreds of millions of curies of waste in the Lake, and at points contamination has been so severe that a mere half - hour of exposure to certain regions would deliver a dose of radiation sufficient to kill 50 % of humans. Although the area immediately surrounding the lake is devoid of population, the lake has the potential to dry up in times of drought. Most significantly, in 1967, it dried up and winds carried radioactive dust over thousands of square kilometers, exposing at least 500,000 citizens to a range of health risks. To control dust, Soviet scientists piled concrete on top of the lake. Although this was effective in helping mediate the amount of dust, the weight of the concrete pushed radioactive materials into closer contact with standing underground groundwater. It is difficult to gauge the overall health and environmental effects of the water contamination at Lake Karachay because figures on civilian exposure are unavailable, making it hard to show causation between elevated cancer rates and radioactive pollution specifically from the lake.
Contemporary efforts to manage radioactive contamination in the Soviet Union are few and far between. Public awareness of the past and present dangers, as well as the Russian government 's investment in current cleanup efforts, are likely dampened by the lack of media attention STS and other sites have gotten in comparison to isolated nuclear incidents such as Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Chernobyl and Three - Mile Island. The domestic government 's investment in cleanup measures seems to be driven by economic concerns rather than care for public health. The most significant political legislation in this area is a bill agreeing to turn the already contaminated former weapons complex Mayak into an international radioactive waste dump, accepting cash from other countries in exchange for taking their radioactive byproducts of nuclear industry. Although the bill stipulates that the revenue go towards decontaminating other test sites such as Semipalatinsk and the Kona Peninsula, experts doubt whether this will actually happen given the current political and economic climate in Russia.
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4) what is the difference between a hi gi carbohydrate and a low gi carbohydrate | Glycemic index - wikipedia
The glycemic index or glycaemic index (/ ɡlaɪˈsiːmɪk /; GI) is a number associated with the carbohydrates in a particular type of food that indicates the effect of these carbohydrates on a person 's blood glucose (also called blood sugar) level. A value of 100 represents the standard, an equivalent amount of pure glucose.
The GI represents the rise in a person 's blood sugar level two hours after consumption of the food. The glycemic effects of foods depends on a number of factors, such as the type of carbohydrate, physical entrapment of the carbohydrate molecules within the food, fat and protein content of the food and organic acids or their salts in the meal. The GI is useful for understanding how the body breaks down carbohydrates and takes into account only the available carbohydrate (total carbohydrate minus fiber) in a food. Glycemic index does not predict an individual 's glycemic response to a food, but can be used as a tool to assess the insulin response burden of a food, averaged across a studied population. Individual responses vary greatly.
The glycemic index is usually applied in the context of the quantity of the food and the amount of carbohydrate in the food that is actually consumed. A related measure, the glycemic load (GL), factors this in by multiplying the glycemic index of the food in question by the carbohydrate content of the actual serving. Watermelon has a high glycemic index, but a low glycemic load for the quantity typically consumed. Fructose, by contrast, has a low glycemic index, but can have a high glycemic load if a large quantity is consumed.
GI tables are available that list many types of foods and their GIs. Some tables also include the serving size and the glycemic load of the food per serving.
A practical limitation of the glycemic index is that it does not measure insulin production due to rises in blood sugar. As a result, two foods could have the same glycemic index, but produce different amounts of insulin. Likewise, two foods could have the same glycemic load, but cause different insulin responses. Furthermore, both the glycemic index and glycemic load measurements are defined by the carbohydrate content of food. For example, when eating steak, which has no carbohydrate content but provides a high protein intake, up to 50 % of that protein can be converted to glucose when there is little to no carbohydrate consumed with it. But because it contains no carbohydrate itself, steak can not have a glycemic index. For some food comparisons, the "insulin index '' may be more useful.
Glycemic index charts often give only one value per food, but variations are possible due to
More importantly, the glycemic response is different from one person to another, and also in the same person from day to day, depending on blood glucose levels, insulin resistance, and other factors.
The glycemic index only indicates the impact on glucose level two hours after eating the food. People with diabetes have elevated levels for four hours or longer after eating certain foods.
Foods with carbohydrates that break down quickly during digestion and release glucose rapidly into the bloodstream tend to have a high GI; foods with carbohydrates that break down more slowly, releasing glucose more gradually into the bloodstream, tend to have a low GI. The concept was developed by Dr. David J. Jenkins and colleagues in 1980 -- 1981 at the University of Toronto in their research to find out which foods were best for people with diabetes. A lower glycemic index suggests slower rates of digestion and absorption of the foods ' carbohydrates and can also indicate greater extraction from the liver and periphery of the products of carbohydrate digestion. A lower glycemic response usually equates to a lower insulin demand but not always, and can improve long - term blood glucose control and blood lipids. The insulin index is also useful for providing a direct measure of the insulin response to a food.
The glycemic index of a food is defined as the incremental area under the two - hour blood glucose response curve (AUC) following a 12 - hour fast and ingestion of a food with a certain quantity of available carbohydrate (usually 50 g). The AUC of the test food is divided by the AUC of the standard (either glucose or white bread, giving two different definitions) and multiplied by 100. The average GI value is calculated from data collected in 10 human subjects. Both the standard and test food must contain an equal amount of available carbohydrate. The result gives a relative ranking for each tested food.
The current validated methods use glucose as the reference food, giving it a glycemic index value of 100 by definition. This has the advantages of being universal and producing maximum GI values of approximately 100. White bread can also be used as a reference food, giving a different set of GI values (if white bread = 100, then glucose ≈ 140). For people whose staple carbohydrate source is white bread, this has the advantage of conveying directly whether replacement of the dietary staple with a different food would result in faster or slower blood glucose response. A disadvantage with this system is that the reference food is not well - defined, because there is no universal standard for the carbohydrate content of white bread.
GI values can be interpreted intuitively as percentages on an absolute scale and are commonly interpreted as follows:
A low - GI food will cause blood glucose levels to increase more slowly and steadily, which leads to more suitable postprandial (after meal) blood glucose readings. A high - GI food causes a more rapid rise in blood glucose level and is suitable for energy recovery after exercise or for a person experiencing hypoglycemia.
The glycemic effect of foods depends on a number of factors, such as the type of starch (amylose versus amylopectin), physical entrapment of the starch molecules within the food, fat and protein content of the food and organic acids or their salts in the meal -- adding vinegar, for example, will lower the GI. The presence of fat or soluble dietary fiber can slow the gastric emptying rate, thus lowering the GI. In general, coarse, grainy breads with higher amounts of fiber have a lower GI value than white breads. However, most breads made with 100 % whole wheat or wholemeal flour have a GI not very different from endosperm only (white) bread. Many brown breads are treated with enzymes to soften the crust, which makes the starch more accessible (high GI).
While adding fat or protein will lower the glycemic response to a meal, the relative differences remain. That is, with or without additions, there is still a higher blood glucose curve after a high - GI bread than after a low - GI bread such as pumpernickel.
Fruits and vegetables tend to have a low glycemic index. The glycemic index can be applied only to foods where the test relies on subjects consuming an amount of food containing 50 g of available carbohydrate. But many fruits and vegetables (not potatoes, sweet potatoes, corn) contain less than 50 g of available carbohydrate per typical serving. Carrots were originally and incorrectly reported as having a high GI. Alcoholic beverages have been reported to have low GI values; however, beer was initially reported to have a moderate GI due to the presence of maltose. This has been refuted by brewing industry professionals, who say that all maltose sugar is consumed in the brewing process and that packaged beer has little to no maltose present. Recent studies have shown that the consumption of an alcoholic drink prior to a meal reduces the GI of the meal by approximately 15 %. Moderate alcohol consumption more than 12 hours prior to a test does not affect the GI.
Many modern diets rely on the glycemic index, including the South Beach Diet, Transitions by Market America and NutriSystem Nourish Diet. However, others have pointed out that foods generally considered to be unhealthy can have a low glycemic index, for instance, chocolate cake (GI 38), ice cream (37), or pure fructose (19), whereas foods like potatoes and rice have GIs around 100 but are commonly eaten in some countries with low rates of diabetes.
Dietary replacement of saturated fats by carbohydrates with a low glycemic index may be beneficial for weight control, whereas substitution with refined, high glycemic index carbohydrates is not. A Cochrane review found that adoption of low glycemic index (or load) diets by people who are overweight or obese leads to more weight loss (and better fat control) than use of diets involving higher glycemic index / load or other strategies. Benefits were apparent even with low glycemic index / load diets that allow people to eat as much as they like. The authors of the review concluded that "Lowering the glycaemic load of the diet appears to be an effective method of promoting weight loss and improving lipid profiles and can be simply incorporated into a person 's lifestyle. ''
In clinical management of obesity, diets based on a low glycemic index / load appear to provide better glycemic and inflammatory control than ones based on a high glycemic index / load (and therefore could potentially be more effective in preventing obesity - related diseases). In overweight and obese children, adoption of low glycemic index / load diets may not lead to weight loss but might potentially provide other benefits.
Several lines of recent (1999) scientific evidence have shown that individuals who followed a low - GI diet over many years were at a significantly lower risk for developing both type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and age - related macular degeneration than others. High blood glucose levels or repeated glycemic "spikes '' following a meal can promote these diseases by increasing systemic glycative stress, other oxidative stress to the vasculature, and also by the direct increase in insulin level. The glycative stress sets up a vicious cycle of systemic protein glycation, compromised protein editing capacity involving the ubiquitin proteolytic pathway and autophagic pathways, leading to enhanced accumulation of glycated and other obsolete proteins.
Postprandial hyperglycemia is a risk factor associated with diabetes. A 1998 study shows that it also presents an increased risk for atherosclerosis in the non-diabetic population and that high GI diets, high blood - sugar levels more generally, and diabetes are related to kidney disease as well.
Conversely, there are areas such as Peru and Asia where people eat high - glycemic index foods such as potatoes and high - GI rice without a high level of obesity or diabetes. The high consumption of legumes in South America and fresh fruit and vegetables in Asia likely lowers the glycemic effect in these individuals. The mixing of high - and low - GI carbohydrates produces moderate GI values.
A study from the University of Sydney in Australia suggests that having a breakfast of white bread and sugar - rich cereals, over time, can make a person susceptible to diabetes, heart disease, and even cancer.
A study published in 2007 in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that age - related adult macular degeneration (AMD), which leads to blindness, is 42 % higher among people with a high - GI diet, and concluded that eating a lower - GI diet would eliminate 20 % of AMD cases.
The American Diabetes Association supports glycemic index but warns that the total amount of carbohydrate in the food is still the strongest and most important indicator, and that everyone should make their own custom method that works best for them.
The International Life Sciences Institute concluded in 2011 that because there are many different ways of lowering glycemic response, not all of which have the same effects on health, "It is becoming evident that modifying the glycemic response of the diet should not be seen as a stand - alone strategy but rather as an element of an overall balanced diet and lifestyle. ''
A systematic review of few human trials examined the potential of low GI diet to improve pregnancy outcomes. Potential benefits were still seen despite no ground breaking findings in maternal glycemia or pregnancy outcomes. In this regard, more women under low GI diet achieved the target treatment goal for the postprandial glycemic level and reduced their need for insulin treatment. A low GI diet can also provide greater benefits to overweight and obese women. Intervention at an early stage of pregnancy has shown a tendency to lower birth weight and birth centile in infants born to women with GDM.
Depending on quantities, the number of grams of carbohydrate in a food can have a bigger impact on blood sugar levels than the glycemic index does. Consuming less dietary energy, losing weight, and carbohydrate counting can be better for lowering the blood sugar level. Carbohydrates impact glucose levels most profoundly, and two foods with the same carbohydrate content are, in general, comparable in their effects on blood sugar. A food with a low glycemic index can have a high carbohydrate content or vice versa; this can be accounted for with the glycemic load (GL) where GL = GI % x grams of carbohydrate per serving (Louie JCY, et al., 2015). Consuming carbohydrates with a low glycemic index and calculating carbohydrate intake would produce the most stable blood sugar levels.
While the glycemic index of foods is used as a guide to the rise in blood glucose that should follow meals containing those foods, actual increases in blood glucose show considerable variability from person to person, even after consumption of identical meals. This is in part because glycemic index does not take into account other factors besides glycemic response, such as insulin response, which is measured by the insulin index and can be more appropriate in representing the effects from some food contents other than carbohydrates. In particular, since it is based on the area under the curve of the glucose response over time from ingesting a subject food, the shape of the curve has no bearing on the corresponding GI value. The glucose response can rise to a high level and fall quickly, or rise less high but remain there for a longer time, and have the same area under the curve. For subjects with type 1 diabetes who do not have an insulin response, the rate of appearance of glucose after ingestion represents the absorption of the food itself. This glycemic response has been modeled, where the model parameters for the food enable prediction of the continuous effect of the food over time on glucose values, and not merely the ultimate effect that the GI represents.
Although the glycemic index provides some insights into the relative diabetic risk within specific food groups, it contains many counter-intuitive ratings. These include suggestions that bread generally has a higher glycemic ranking than sugar and that some potatoes are more glycemic than glucose. More significantly, studies such as that by Bazzano et al. demonstrate a significant beneficial diabetic effect for fruit compared to a substantial detrimental impact for fruit juice despite these having similar "low GI '' ratings.
From blood glucose curves presented by Brand - Miller et al. the main distinguishing feature between average fruit and fruit juice blood glucose curves is the maximum slope of the leading edge of 4.38 mmol L h for fruit and 6.71 mmol L h for fruit juice. This raises the concept that the rate of increase in blood glucose may be a significant determinant particularly when comparing liquids to solids which release carbohydrates over time and therefore have an inherently greater area under the blood glucose curve.
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