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who sings with elton john in gnomeo and juliet | Gnomeo & Juliet - wikipedia
Gnomeo & Juliet is a 2011 British - American 3D computer - animated fantasy romantic comedy family film loosely based on William Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet. Financed by Disney and released through its Touchstone Pictures banner, the film was independently produced by Rocket Pictures and animated by Starz Animation. It was written and directed by Kelly Asbury, and the two title characters are voiced by James McAvoy and Emily Blunt.
The film premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on January 23, 2011. It was theatrically released in the United Kingdom and United States on February 11, 2011. Despite mixed reviews, the film earned $194 million on a $36 million budget. The film received nominations for the Satellite Award for Original Song, the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, the Critics ' Choice Award for Best Song and the Annie Award for Directing in a Feature Production, Storyboarding in a Feature Production, Voice Acting in a Feature Production and Writing in a Feature Production.
A sequel, Sherlock Gnomes, will be released in 2018.
Mrs. Montague and Mr. Capulet (Julie Walters and Richard Wilson) are two elderly neighbours who despise each other. When they leave their respective gardens, their garden gnomes and other lawn ornaments come alive. The Montague garden is filled with blue - hat gnomes led by Lady Bluebury (Maggie Smith), and the Capulet garden has red - hat gnomes led by Lord Redbrick (Michael Caine). Like their human gardeners, the gnomes also despise each other.
The gnomes hold a back alley lawnmower race, with Lady Bluebury 's son Gnomeo (James McAvoy) driving for the blues and Tybalt (Jason Statham) for the reds. Tybalt cheats to win the race, destroying Gnomeo 's lawnmower. Gnomeo and his best friend, Benny (Matt Lucas), are disappointed to see Mrs. Montague ordering a new "Kitty Clipper '' lawnmower to replace it.
That night, Gnomeo and Benny infiltrate the red garden in black disguise. Benny sprays Tybalt 's well and accidentally triggers a security light. During the escape Gnomeo ends up in a nearby garden where he bumps into a disguised Juliet (Emily Blunt), the daughter of Lord Redbrick. Juliet is attempting to retrieve a unique orchid, and the two romantically fight over it. They each discover the other 's color before fleeing the garden. When they both go back to their own gardens, Juliet tells her frog - sprinkler friend Nanette (Ashley Jensen) about her newfound love. Nanette states that the relationship is a romantically tragic.
Gnomeo and Juliet have secret meetings in the nearby garden, where they meet a pink plastic flamingo named Featherstone (Jim Cummings) who encourages their love. Lord Redbrick pairs Juliet with a Red Gnome named Paris (Stephen Merchant), but Juliet is n't interested in him and distracts him with Nanette who has feelings for him.
Lady Bluebury is distraught after the reds infiltrate the garden and destroy the plant nurtured by Gnomeo 's late father. The blues want Gnomeo to take revenge on the reds, and he realizes that he can not refuse unless he tells his secret. Just as he is about to spray the prized tulips of the reds, Juliet sees him and he backs out of the attack.
When he and Juliet meet up again, they argue until Featherstone stops them, telling them he lost his wife when the couple living in the house, where the garden is, broke up and never saw each other again. Benny sees them and runs into the alleyway, where Tybalt is waiting with his lawnmower, attempting to run Benny down and chops off his hat. Gnomeo intervenes, and he and Tybalt fight on the red lawnmower until the lawnmower runs into the wall. Gnomeo jumps off at the last minute, but Tybalt crashes into the wall, causing him to fracture and break himself. The reds attempt to attack Gnomeo, thinking that Tybalt died because of him, but Juliet, to the surprise of her clan, defends Gnomeo, saying that she loves him. Gnomeo ends up on a road, and everyone believes he was run over by a truck. Lord Redbrick has the other red gnomes glue Juliet 's feet to her fountain because he does not want to lose her like he lost her mother.
Shroom, Gnomeo 's mushroom friend finds out that Gnomeo is still alive (A blue teapot fell out of the truck that ' ran him over ', which all the gnomes came to believe was Gnomeo), as he eventually reaches a park where he climbs onto a statue of William Shakespeare (Patrick Stewart) and tells him his story. Shakespeare tells Gnomeo that his story is very similar to Romeo and Juliet and that it is likely Gnomeo 's will have a sad ending as well.
Benny gets onto Mrs Montague 's computer and changes her lawnmower order to a powerful Terrafirminator unit, intending to get revenge on the reds. However, the Terrafirminator goes out of control, destroys most of the two gardens, and gets itself stuck while the gnomes wage a full - scale war. Gnomeo returns to Juliet with the help of Featherstone. However, when he arrives, the Terrafirminator frees itself, sending it flying. Gnomeo tries to un-glue Juliet, but is unable to. She tells him to go, but he refuses. The two share a passionate kiss just as the lawnmower crashes into the fountain, self - destructing in the process. When everyone believes that both are dead, Lord Redbrick and Lady Bluebury decide to end the feud. Miraculously, Gnomeo and Juliet emerge from the ruins and the two clans celebrate.
The film ends happily with the red and blue gnomes finally coming together to celebrate their newfound peace. Tybalt is revealed to still be alive having been glued back together, Featherstone is reunited with his wife after Benny finds and orders her online, Gnomeo and Juliet are married on a purple lawnmower, which symbolizes the new union of both gnome clans.
There is no counterpart for Mercutio, as stated by James McAvoy in an interview with NBC, '' Gnomeo in this is a little bit of amalgamation between Romeo and Mercutio. We do n't have that Mercutio character in this. We do n't have that leader of the pack, which Romeo is n't but Gnomeo is a little bit. '' Prince Escalus also does n't have a counterpart.
The film was the original idea of Sprackling and Smith, who sold the spec script to Disney through Rocket Pictures. Disney studio chairman Dick Cook greenlit the film, under the Disney - owned Miramax Films. Miramax was later sold by Disney in 2010, but the latter studio retained the rights to the film. Disney then opted to release the film through its Touchstone Pictures banner, when Starz Animation decided to produce and animate the film. Disney Australian director Adam Elliot was approached and asked to direct the film, but he rejected the offer due the film 's incompatibility with his style, as well as his lack of experience with CGI. Starz Animation Toronto (which also made 9) produced all of the animation for the film, including the stereoscopic version.
Asbury got on board in 2006, and was attracted the movie in order to work with Elton John. Asbury and Hamilton Shaw then rewrote the film "sort of from scratch, '' A particular challenge, according to Asbury was how to differentiate the ending between the original play and the movie in order to "keep daggers and poison and suicide out ''. Ashbury had free range of the casting and conducted the process only through listening to voices, not knowing which actor was auditioning until he felt they were right for the character. Prior to the casting of James McAvoy and Emily Blunt, the roles of Gnomeo and Juliet were to be voiced by Ewan McGregor and Kate Winslet, respectively.
Gnomeo & Juliet: Original Soundtrack is the soundtrack album and was released by Buena Vista Records on February 8, 2011. It features music by Elton John (who was also the film 's executive producer), Nelly Furtado, Kiki Dee, and selections from the score composed by Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard (who played keyboards for Elton John and arranged strings on many previous projects).
The duet of John and Lady Gaga for "Hello, Hello '' was featured in the film, released on February 11, 2011, but the soundtrack version only features John. Additionally, on May 4, 2011 the duet was leaked online and available for download on most sharing websites.
Track 1 - 9: Original lyrics by Bernie Taupin, all music by Elton John & band. Track 10: Written by James Newton Howard, contains music by Elton John. Track 11 & 13: Written by James Newton Howard & Chris P. Bacon, contains music by Elton John. Track 12: Written by James Newton Howard & Stuart Michael Thomas, contains music by Elton John. Track 14: Written by Robert & Richard Sherman.
Elton John & band:
Gnomeo and Juliet 's worldwide premiere was at El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on January 23, 2011. The film was released by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures under the Touchstone Pictures banner on February 11, 2011. The film was Touchstone 's first animated film since 1993 's The Nightmare Before Christmas and also Touchstone 's first and, so far, only film to receive a G rating from the MPAA, despite some mild language. The film was distributed in the United Kingdom and Canada by Entertainment One Films. Elton John and director Asbury presented 10 minutes of the film at the Cannes Film Festival.
Gnomeo & Juliet was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu - ray 3D, Blu - ray, and DVD on May 24, 2011. The film was produced as three different packages: a 1 - disc DVD, a 2 - disc Blu - ray / DVD combo pack, and a 3 - disc Blu - ray 3D, Blu - ray, and DVD combo pack. The 3 - disc package also includes access to a digital download of the film. Both the DVD and Blu - ray versions of the release include the music video for Elton John and Nelly Furtado 's version of John 's "Crocodile Rock '', as well as the extras "Elton Builds a Garden '' and "Frog Talk '' with Ashley Jensen. In addition, the Blu - ray version also has several deleted and alternate scenes, as well as a feature with Ozzy Osbourne called "The Fawn of Darkness ''.
Gnomeo & Juliet received generally mixed reviews. Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 55 % of professional critics gave positive reviews based on 117 reviews with an average rating of 5.6 / 10. Its consensus states "While it has moments of inspiration, Gnomeo & Juliet is often too self - referential for its own good ''. Another review aggregator, Metacritic, gave the film a 53 rating based on 28 reviews on its review scale.
Gnomeo and Juliet earned about $100 million in North America and $94 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $194 million. Gnomeo & Juliet was ultimately a sleeper hit for Disney, outperforming the much higher - budgeted (and eventual box office bomb) Mars Needs Moms the studio released a month following Gnomeo & Juliet. On its first weekend, the film had a worldwide opening of $30.7 million, finishing in second place behind Just Go with It ($35.8 million). However, on its second weekend -- Presidents ' Day weekend -- it topped the worldwide box office (although not being in first place either in North America or overseas) with $29.8 million, ahead of Unknown which ranked second ($26.4 million).
It opened in 2,994 theaters in North America on Friday, February 11, 2011, grossing $6.2 million on its first day and ranking third behind Justin Bieber: Never Say Never and Just Go with It. It then finished the weekend with $25.4 million in third place. However, it scored the largest opening weekend ever for an animated feature released during the winter period (both January and February). It also made the largest debut on record for a minor animated movie (i.e., one with little status, expectations and / or built - in audience), according to Box Office Mojo. With a $99.97 million total it became the highest - grossing animated feature among those released in winter, until it was surpassed by The Lego Movie in 2014.
In the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Malta, it topped the weekend box office by earning £ 2.9 million ($4.7 million) on its opening. In total it has grossed $25.3 million, making the UK the only market, except North America, where it grossed more than $10 million.
In March 2012, it was reported that a sequel titled Sherlock Gnomes is in development at Rocket Pictures. Andy Riley and Kevin Cecil, two of the nine writers on the first film, are writing the script for the sequel. Steve Hamilton Shaw and David Furnish are producing the film, and Elton John, an exec producer, is again composing new songs for the film. The film will feature Sherlock Gnomes, "the greatest ornamental detective '' hired by the characters from the first film, who will try to solve the mystery of disappearing gnomes. In September 2012, it was reported that John Stevenson, the director of Kung Fu Panda, has been set to direct the sequel. In November 2015, it was announced that Johnny Depp would voice Sherlock Gnomes and that the film is scheduled for release on January 12, 2018. Paramount Animation and Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer will produce the film, with McAvoy and Blunt reprising their roles. On May 26, 2017, Paramount delayed the film 's release date to March 23, 2018.
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what was the historical importance of the constitutional act of 1791 | Constitutional Act 1791 - wikipedia
The Clergy Endowments (Canada) Act 1791 (31 Geo 3 c 31), commonly known as the Constitutional Act 1791 (French: Acte constitutionnel de 1791), is an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain.
The Act reformed the government of the province of Quebec to accommodate the 10,000 English - speaking settlers, known as the United Empire Loyalists, who had arrived from the United States following the American Revolution. Quebec, with a population of 145,000 French - speaking Canadians, was divided in two when the Act took effect on 26 December 1791. The western half became Upper Canada (now southern Ontario) and the eastern half Lower Canada (now southern Quebec). The names Upper and Lower Canada were given according to their location on the St. Lawrence River. Upper Canada received English law and institutions, while Lower Canada retained French civil law and institutions, including feudal land tenure, and the privileges accorded to the Roman Catholic Church. Representative governments were established in both colonies with the creation of respective legislative assemblies; Quebec had not previously had representative government. Along with each assembly was an appointed upper house, the Legislative Council, created for wealthy landowners; within the Legislative Council was the Executive Council, acting as a cabinet for the governor.
The Constitutional Act attempted to create an established church by establishing clergy reserves, that is, grants of land reserved for the support of the Protestant clergy.
In practice, income from the rent or sale of these reserves, which constituted one - seventh of the territory of Upper and Lower Canada, went exclusively to the Church of England and, from 1824 on, the Church of Scotland. These reserves created many difficulties in later years, making economic development difficult and creating resentment against the Anglican church, the Family Compact, and the Château Clique. The act was problematic for both English and French speakers; the French Canadians felt they might be overshadowed by Loyalist settlements and increased rights for Protestants, while the new English - speaking settlers felt the French still had too much power. However, both groups preferred the act and the institutions it created to the Quebec Act which it replaced.
The Act of 1791 is often seen as a watershed in the development of French Canadian nationalism as it provided for a province (Lower Canada) which the French considered to be their own, separate from the English - speaking Upper Canada. The disjuncture between this French - Canadian ideal of Lower Canada as a distinct, national homeland and the reality of continued Anglo - Canadian political and economic dominance of the province after 1791 led to discontent and a desire for reform among various segments of the French Canadian populace. The frustration of the French over the nature of Lower Canadian political and economic life in "their '' province eventually helped fuel the Lower Canada Rebellion of 1837 -- 38.
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which is the first english newspaper in india | Hicky 's Bengal Gazette - wikipedia
Hicky 's Bengal Gazette or the Original Calcutta General Advertiser was an English language weekly newspaper published in Kolkata (then Calcutta), the capital of British India. It was the first newspaper printed in Asia, and was published for two years, before the East India Company seized the newspaper 's types and printing press. Founded by James Augustus Hicky, a highly eccentric Irishman who had previously spent two years in jail for debt, the newspaper was a strong critic of the administration of the Governor General Warren Hastings. The newspaper was important for its provocative journalism well before its time and its fight for free expression in India.
Hicky began publication of Hicky 's Bengal Gazette on January 29, 1780, having first printed a prospectus announcing that he would begin printing a newspaper. The idea of printing a newspaper in India had been first floated twelve years earlier by the Dutch Adventurer William Bolts, but Hicky was to execute the concept.
Hicky first maintained a neutral editing policy (his slogan was "Open to all Parties, but Influenced by None '') but after he learned that competitors with ties to the East India Company were intending to launch a rival newspaper, The India Gazette, he changed his editorial stance. Hicky accused an East India Company employee, Simeon Droz, of supporting the India Gazette as punishment for Hicky 's refusal to pay a bribe to Droz and Marian Hastings, Warren Hastings ' wife. In retaliation for Hicky 's accusation, Hastings ' Supreme Council forbid Hicky from mailing his newspaper through the post office.
Hicky claimed Hastings ' order violated his right to free expression, and accused Hastings of corruption, tyranny, and even erectile dysfunction. Hicky also accused other British leaders in Calcutta of corruption, including the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William, Elijah Impey of taking bribes, and the leader of the Protestant Mission, Johann Zacharias Kiernander of stealing from an orphaned children 's fund. Hicky 's editorial independence was short lived as Hastings and Kiernander sued him for libel. After four dramatic trials in June 1781, the Supreme Court found Hicky guilty and sentenced him to jail.
Hicky continued to print his newspaper from jail, and continued to accuse Hastings and others of corruption. He was finally suppressed when Hastings instituted fresh law suits against him. Hicky 's Bengal Gazette ceased publication on March 23, 1782 when its types were seized by an order of the Supreme Court.
Hicky 's Bengal Gazette was known for its sarcastic and provocative writing style. Unlike many newspapers of its time, the newspaper discussed taboo topics like female masturbation, and proto - class consciousness, arguing for the rights of the poor and the right to taxation with representation. It was strongly anti-war and anti-colonial and routinely ridiculed East India Company leadership for their expansionist and imperialist objectives.
The memoirist William Hickey (who, confusingly, was not in fact related to the paper 's founder) describes its establishment shortly after he had succeeded (in his capacity as an attorney - at - law) in having James Hicky released from debtor 's jail:
"At the time I first saw Hicky he had been about seven years in India. During his confinement he met with a treatise upon printing, from which he collected sufficient information to commence (as a) printer, there never having been a press in Calcutta... it occurred to Hicky that great benefit might arise from setting on foot a public newspaper, nothing of that kind ever having appeared. Upon his types &c., therefore reaching him, he issued proposals for printing a weekly paper, which, meeting with extraordinary encouragement, he speedily issued his first work. As a novelty every person read it, and was delighted. Possessing a fund of low wit, his paper abounded with proof of that talent. He had also a happy knack at applying appropriate nicknames and relating satirical anecdotes ''.
Hicky benefited little from the paper, as William Hickey further tells us that he allowed it "to become the channel of personal invective, and the most scurrilous abuse of individuals of all ranks, high and low, rich and poor, many were attacked in the most wanton and cruel manner... His utter ruin was the consequence ''.
Hicky 's Bengal Gazette was the first English - language newspaper, and indeed the first printed newspaper, to be published in both the Indian sub-continent and Asia as a whole. The newspaper became very famous not only among the British soldiers posted in India at that time but also inspired the Indians to write newspapers of their own.
Five archives are known to have copies (all incomplete) of Hicky 's Bengal Gazette:
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who is the official head of india's central executive who is the real head | Head of state - wikipedia
A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state. Depending on the country 's form of government and separation of powers, the head of state may be a ceremonial figurehead or concurrently the head of government. In the parliamentary system the head of state is the de jure leader of the nation, because the leader de facto is the prime minister (the head of government). In the semi-parliamentary system both heads of state and government are the leaders de facto of the nation (in practice the two divide the leadership of the nation among themselves).
In countries with parliamentary systems, the head of state is typically a ceremonial figurehead that does not actually guide day - to - day government activities or is not empowered to exercise any kind of secular political authority. In countries where the head of state is also the head of government, the head of state serves as both a public figurehead and the actual highest - ranking political leader who oversees the executive branch (e.g., the President of Brazil).
Former French president Charles de Gaulle, while developing the current Constitution of France (1958), said the head of state should embody l'esprit de la nation ("the spirit of the nation '').
Some academic writers discuss states and governments in terms of "models ''.
An independent nation state normally has a head of state, and determines the extent of its head 's executive powers of government or formal representational functions. In protocolary terms, the head of a sovereign, independent state is usually identified as the person who, according to that state 's constitution, is the reigning monarch, in the case of a monarchy, or the president, in the case of a republic.
Among the different state constitutions (fundamental laws) that establish different political systems, four major types of heads of state can be distinguished:
The same role in a federal constituent and a dependent territory is fulfilled by the corresponding office equivalent to that of a head of state. For example, in each Canadian province the role is fulfilled by the Lieutenant Governor, whereas in most British Overseas Territories the powers and duties are performed by the Governor. The same applies to Australian states, Indian states, etc. Hong Kong 's constitutional document, the Basic Law, for example, specifies the Chief Executive as the head of the special administrative region, in addition to his role as the head of government. These non-sovereign - state heads, nevertheless, have limited or no role in diplomatic affairs, depending on the status and the norms and practices of the territories concerned.
In parliamentary systems the head of state may be merely the nominal chief executive officer, heading the executive branch of the state, and possessing limited executive power. In reality, however, following a process of constitutional evolution, powers are usually only exercised by direction of a cabinet, presided over by a head of government who is answerable to the legislature. This accountability and legitimacy requires that someone be chosen who has a majority support in the legislature (or, at least, not a majority opposition -- a subtle but important difference). It also gives the legislature the right to vote down the head of government and their cabinet, forcing it either to resign or seek a parliamentary dissolution. The executive branch is thus said to be responsible (or answerable) to the legislature, with the head of government and cabinet in turn accepting constitutional responsibility for offering constitutional advice to the head of state.
In parliamentary constitutional monarchies, the legitimacy of the unelected head of state typically derives from the tacit approval of the people via the elected representatives. Accordingly, at the time of the Glorious Revolution, the English parliament acted of its own authority to name a new king and queen (the joint monarchs Mary II and William III); likewise, Edward VIII 's abdication required the approval of each of the six independent realms of which he was monarch. In monarchies with a written constitution, the position of monarch is a creature of the constitution and could quite properly be abolished through a democratic procedure of constitutional amendment, although there are often significant procedural hurdles imposed on such a procedure (as in the Constitution of Spain).
In republics with a parliamentary system (such as India, Germany, Austria, Italy and Israel) the head of state is usually titled president and the principal functions of such presidents are mainly ceremonial and symbolic, as opposed to the presidents in a presidential or semi-presidential system.
In reality, numerous variants exist to the position of a head of state within a parliamentary system. The older the constitution, the more constitutional leeway tends to exist for a head of state to exercise greater powers over government, as many older parliamentary system constitutions in fact give heads of state powers and functions akin to presidential or semi-presidential systems, in some cases without containing reference to modern democratic principles of accountability to parliament or even to modern governmental offices. Usually, the king had the power of declaring war without previous consent of the parliament.
For example, under the 1848 constitution of the Kingdom of Italy, the Statuto Albertino -- the parliamentary approval to the government appointed by the king -- was customary, but not required by law. So, Italy had a de facto parliamentarian system, but a de jure "presidential '' system.
Examples of heads of state in parliamentary systems using greater powers than usual, either because of ambiguous constitutions or unprecedented national emergencies, include the decision by King Léopold III of the Belgians to surrender on behalf of his state to the invading German army in 1940, against the will of his government. Judging that his responsibility to the nation by virtue of his coronation oath required him to act, he believed that his government 's decision to fight rather than surrender was mistaken and would damage Belgium. (Leopold 's decision proved highly controversial. After World War II, Belgium voted in a referendum to allow him back on the throne, but because of the ongoing controversy he ultimately abdicated.) The Belgian constitutional crisis in 1990, when the head of state refused to sign into law a bill permitting abortion, was resolved by the cabinet assuming the power to promulgate the law while he was treated as "unable to reign '' for twenty - four hours.
These officials are excluded completely from the executive: they do not possess even theoretical executive powers or any role, even formal, within the government. Hence their states ' governments are not referred to by the traditional parliamentary model head of state styles of His / Her Majesty 's Government or His / Her Excellency 's Government. Within this general category, variants in terms of powers and functions may exist.
The Constitution of Japan (日本 国 憲法, Nihonkoku - Kenpō) was drawn up under the Allied occupation that followed World War II and was intended to replace the previous militaristic and quasi-absolute monarchy system with a form of liberal democracy parliamentary system. The constitution explicitly vests all executive power in the Cabinet, who is chaired by the prime minister (articles 65 and 66) and responsible to the Diet (articles 67 and 69). The emperor is defined in the constitution as "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people '' (article 1), and is generally recognized throughout the world as the Japanese head of state. Although the emperor formally appoints the prime minister to office, article 6 of the constitution requires him to appoint the candidate "as designated by the Diet '', without any right to decline appointment. He is a ceremonial figurehead with no independent discretionary powers related to the governance of Japan.
Since the passage in Sweden of the 1974 Instrument of Government, the Swedish monarch no longer has many of the standard parliamentary system head of state functions that had previously belonged to him or her, as was the case in the preceding 1809 Instrument of Government. Today, the Speaker of the Riksdag appoints (following a vote in the Riksdag) the prime minister and terminates his or her commission following a vote of no confidence or voluntary resignation. Cabinet members are appointed and dismissed at the sole discretion of the prime minister. Laws and ordinances are promulgated by two Cabinet members in unison signing "On Behalf of the Government '' and the government -- not the monarch -- is the high contracting party with respect to international treaties. The remaining official functions of the sovereign, by constitutional mandate or by unwritten convention, are to open the annual session of the Riksdag, receive foreign ambassadors and sign the letters of credence for Swedish ambassadors, chair the foreign advisory committee, preside at the special Cabinet council when a new prime minister takes office, and to be kept informed by the prime minister on matters of state.
In contrast, the only contact the President of Ireland has with the Irish government is through a formal briefing session given by the taoiseach (head of government) to the president. However, he or she has no access to documentation and all access to ministers goes through the Department of the Taoiseach. The president does, however, hold limited reserve powers, such as referring a bill to the supreme court to test its constitutionality, which are used under the president 's discretion.
The most extreme non-executive republican Head of State is the President of Israel, which holds no reserve powers whatsoever. The least ceremonial powers held by the President are to appoint the Prime Minister, to approve the dissolution of the Knesset made by the Prime Minister, and to pardon criminals or to commute their sentence.
Some parliamentary republics (like South Africa, Botswana and Suriname) have fused the roles of the head of state with the head of government (like in a presidential system), while having the sole executive officer, often called a president, being dependent on the Parliament 's confidence to rule (like in a parliamentary system). While also being the leading symbol of the nation, the president in this system acts mostly as a prime minister, since the incumbent must be a member of the legislature at the time of the election, answer question sessions in Parliament, avoid motions of no confidence, etc.
Semi-presidential systems combine features of presidential and parliamentary systems, notably (in the president - parliamentary subtype) a requirement that the government be answerable to both the president and the legislature. The constitution of the Fifth French Republic provides for a prime minister who is chosen by the president, but who nevertheless must be able to gain support in the National Assembly. Should a president be of one side of the political spectrum and the opposition be in control of the legislature, the president is usually obliged to select someone from the opposition to become prime minister, a process known as Cohabitation. President François Mitterrand, a Socialist, for example, was forced to cohabit with the neo-Gaullist (right wing) Jacques Chirac, who became his prime minister from 1986 to 1988. In the French system, in the event of cohabitation, the president is often allowed to set the policy agenda in security and foreign affairs and the prime minister runs the domestic and economic agenda.
Other countries evolve into something akin to a semi-presidential system or indeed a full presidential system. Weimar Germany, for example, in its constitution provided for a popularly elected president with theoretically dominant executive powers that were intended to be exercised only in emergencies, and a cabinet appointed by him from the Reichstag, which was expected, in normal circumstances, to be answerable to the Reichstag. Initially, the President was merely a symbolic figure with the Reichstag dominant; however, persistent political instability, in which governments often lasted only a few months, led to a change in the power structure of the republic, with the president 's emergency powers called increasingly into use to prop up governments challenged by critical or even hostile Reichstag votes. By 1932, power had shifted to such an extent that the German President, Paul von Hindenburg, was able to dismiss a chancellor and select his own person for the job, even though the outgoing chancellor possessed the confidence of the Reichstag while the new chancellor did not. Subsequently, President von Hindenburg used his power to appoint Adolf Hitler as Chancellor without consulting the Reichstag.
Note: The head of state in a "presidential '' system may not actually hold the title of "president '' - the name of the system refers to any head of state who actually governs and is not directly dependent on the legislature to remain in office.
Some constitutions or fundamental laws provide for a head of state who is not only in theory but in practice chief executive, operating separately from, and independent from, the legislature. This system is known as a "presidential system '' and sometimes called the "imperial model '', because the executive officials of the government are answerable solely and exclusively to a presiding, acting head of state, and is selected by and on occasion dismissed by the head of state without reference to the legislature. It is notable that some presidential systems, while not providing for collective executive accountability to the legislature, may require legislative approval for individuals prior to their assumption of cabinet office and empower the legislature to remove a president from office (for example, in the United States of America). In this case the debate centers on confirming them into office, not removing them from office, and does not involve the power to reject or approve proposed cabinet members en bloc, so it is not accountability in the sense understood in a parliamentary system.
Presidential systems are a notable feature of constitutions in the Americas, including those of Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, Mexico and Venezuela; this is generally attributed to the strong influence of the United States in the region, and as the United States Constitution served as an inspiration and model for the Latin American wars of independence of the early 19th century. Most presidents in such countries are selected by democratic means (popular direct or indirect election); however, like all other systems, the presidential model also encompasses people who become head of state by other means, notably through military dictatorship or coup d'état, as often seen in Latin American, Middle Eastern and other presidential regimes. Some of the characteristics of a presidential system (i.e., a strong dominant political figure with an executive answerable to them, not the legislature) can also be found among absolute monarchies, parliamentary monarchies and single party (e.g., Communist) regimes, but in most cases of dictatorship, their stated constitutional models are applied in name only and not in political theory or practice.
In the 1870s in the United States, in the aftermath of the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson and his near - removal from office, it was speculated that the United States, too, would move from a presidential system to a semi-presidential or even parliamentary one, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming the real center of government as a quasi-prime minister. This did not happen and the presidency, having been damaged by three late nineteenth and early twentieth century assassinations (Lincoln, Garfield and McKinley) and one impeachment (Johnson), reasserted its political dominance by the early twentieth century through such figures as Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson.
In certain states under Marxist constitutions of the constitutionally socialist state type inspired by the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and its constitutive Soviet republics, real political power belonged to the sole legal party. In these states, there was no formal office of head of state, but rather the leader of the legislative branch was considered to be the closest common equivalent of a head of state as a natural person. In the Soviet Union this position carried such titles as Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR; Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet; and in the case of the Soviet Russia Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All - Russian Congress of Soviets (pre-1922), and Chairman of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian SFSR (1956 -- 1966). This position may or may not have been held by the de facto Soviet leader at the moment. For example, Nikita Khrushchev never headed the Supreme Soviet but was First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (party leader) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers (head of government).
This may even lead to an institutional variability, as in North Korea, where, after the presidency of party leader Kim Il - Sung, the office was vacant for years. The late president was granted the posthumous title (akin to some ancient Far Eastern traditions to give posthumous names and titles to royalty) of "Eternal President ''. All substantive power, as party leader, itself not formally created for four years, was inherited by his son Kim Jong Il. The post of president was formally replaced on 5 September 1998, for ceremonial purposes, by the office of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People 's Assembly, while the party leader 's post as Chairman of the National Defense Commission was simultaneously declared "the highest post of the state '', not unlike Deng Xiaoping earlier in the People 's Republic of China.
While clear categories do exist, it is sometimes difficult to choose which category some individual heads of state belong to. In reality, the category to which each head of state belongs is assessed not by theory but by practice.
Constitutional change in Liechtenstein in 2003 gave its head of state, the Reigning Prince, constitutional powers that included a veto over legislation and power to dismiss the head of government and cabinet. It could be argued that the strengthening of the Prince 's powers, vis - a-vis the Landtag (legislature), has moved Liechtenstein into the semi-presidential category. Similarly the original powers given to the Greek President under the 1974 Hellenic Republic constitution moved Greece closer to the French semi-presidential model.
Another complication exists with South Africa, in which the President is in fact elected by the National Assembly (legislature) and is thus similar, in principle, to a head of government in a parliamentary system but is also, in addition, recognized as the head of state. The offices of President of Nauru and President of Botswana are similar in this respect to the South African presidency.
Panama, during the military dictatorships of Omar Torrijos and Manuel Noriega, was nominally a presidential republic. However, the elected civilian presidents were effectively figureheads with real political power being exercised by the chief of the Panamanian Defense Forces.
Historically, at the time of the League of Nations (1920 -- 1946) and the founding of the United Nations (1945), India 's head of state was the monarch of the United Kingdom, ruling directly or indirectly as Emperor of India through the Viceroy and Governor - General of India.
Head of state is the highest - ranking constitutional position in a sovereign state. A head of state has some or all of the roles listed below, often depending on the constitutional category (above), and does not necessarily regularly exercise the most power or influence of governance. There is usually a formal public ceremony when a person becomes head of state, or some time after. This may be the swearing in at the inauguration of a president of a republic, or the coronation of a monarch.
One of the most important roles of the modern head of state is being a living national symbol of the state; in hereditary monarchies this extends to the monarch being a symbol of the unbroken continuity of the state. For instance, the Canadian monarch is described by the government as being the personification of the Canadian state and is described by the Department of Canadian Heritage as the "personal symbol of allegiance, unity and authority for all Canadians ''.
In many countries, official portraits of the head of state can be found in government offices, courts of law, even airports, libraries, and other public buildings. The idea, sometimes regulated by law, is to use these portraits to make the public aware of the symbolic connection to the government, a practice that dates back to medieval times. Sometimes this practice is taken to excess, and the head of state becomes the principal symbol of the nation, resulting in the emergence of a personality cult where the image of the head of state is the only visual representation of the country, surpassing other symbols such as the flag.
Other common representations are on coins, postage and other stamps and banknotes, sometimes by no more than a mention or signature; and public places, streets, monuments and institutions such as schools are named for current or previous heads of state. In monarchies (e.g., Belgium) there can even be a practice to attribute the adjective "royal '' on demand based on existence for a given number of years. However, such political techniques can also be used by leaders without the formal rank of head of state, even party - and other revolutionary leaders without formal state mandate.
Heads of state often greet important foreign visitors, particularly visiting heads of state. They assume a host role during a state visit, and the programme may feature playing of the national anthems by a military band, inspection of military troops, official exchange of gifts, and attending a state dinner at the official residence of the host.
At home, heads of state are expected to render luster to various occasions by their presence, such as by attending artistic or sports performances or competitions (often in a theatrical honor box, on a platform, on the front row, at the honours table), expositions, national day celebrations, dedication events, military parades and war remembrances, prominent funerals, visiting different parts of the country and people from different walks of life, and at times performing symbolic acts such as cutting a ribbon, groundbreaking, ship christening, laying the first stone. Some parts of national life receive their regular attention, often on an annual basis, or even in the form of official patronage.
The Olympic Charter (rule 55.3) of the International Olympic Committee states that the Olympic summer and winter games shall be opened by the head of state of the host nation, by uttering a single formulaic phrase as determined by the charter.
As such invitations may be very numerous, such duties are often in part delegated to such persons as a spouse, a head of government or a cabinet minister or in other cases (possibly as a message, for instance, to distance themselves without rendering offense) just a military officer or civil servant.
For non-executive heads of state there is often a degree of censorship by the politically responsible government (such as the head of government), discreetly approving agenda and speeches, especially where the constitution (or customary law) assumes all political responsibility by granting the crown inviolability (in fact also imposing political emasculation) as in the Kingdom of Belgium from its very beginning; in a monarchy this may even be extended to some degree to other members of the dynasty, especially the heir to the throne.
Below follows a list of examples from different countries of general provisions in law, which either designate an office as head of state or define its general purpose.
In the majority of states, whether republics or monarchies, executive authority is vested, at least notionally, in the head of state. In presidential systems the head of state is the actual, de facto chief executive officer. Under parliamentary systems the executive authority is exercised by the head of state, but in practice is done so on the advice of the cabinet of ministers. This produces such terms as "Her Majesty 's Government '' and "His Excellency 's Government. '' Examples of parliamentary systems in which the head of state is notional chief executive include Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Germany, India, Italy, Norway, Spain and the United Kingdom.
The few exceptions where the head of state is not even the nominal chief executive - and where supreme executive authority is according to the constitution explicitly vested in a cabinet - include the Czech Republic, Ireland, Israel, Japan and Sweden.
The head of state usually appoints most or all the key officials in the government, including the head of government and other cabinet ministers, key judicial figures; and all major office holders in the civil service, foreign service and commissioned officers in the military. In many parliamentary systems, the head of government is appointed with the consent (in practice often decisive) of the legislature, and other figures are appointed on the head of government 's advice.
In practice, these decisions are often a formality. The last time the prime minister of the United Kingdom was unilaterally selected by the monarch was in 1963, when Queen Elizabeth II appointed Alec Douglas - Home on the advice of outgoing Prime Minister Harold Macmillan.
In presidential systems, such as that of the United States, appointments are nominated by the president 's sole discretion, but this nomination is often subject to confirmation by the legislature; and specifically in the US, the Senate has to approve senior executive branch and judicial appointments by a simple majority vote.
The head of state may also dismiss office - holders. There are many variants on how this can be done. For example, members of the Irish Cabinet are dismissed by the president on the advice of the taoiseach; in other instances, the head of state may be able to dismiss an office holder unilaterally; other heads of state, or their representatives, have the theoretical power to dismiss any office - holder, while it is exceptionally rarely used. In France, while the president can not force the prime minister to tender the resignation of the government, he can, in practice, request it if the prime minister is from his own majority. In presidential systems, the president often has the power to fire ministers at his sole discretion. In the United States, the unwritten convention calls for the heads of the executive departments to resign on their own initiative when called to do so.
Some countries have alternative provisions for senior appointments: In Sweden, under the Instrument of Government of 1974, the Speaker of the Riksdag has the role of formally appointing the prime minister, following a vote in the Riksdag, and the prime minister in turn appoints and dismisses cabinet ministers at his / her sole discretion.
The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, which codified longstanding custom, operates under the presumption that the head of a diplomatic mission (i.e. ambassador or nuncio) of the sending state is accredited to the head of state of the receiving state. The head of state accredits (i.e. formally validates) his or her country 's ambassadors (or rarer equivalent diplomatic mission chiefs, such as high commissioner or papal nuncio) through sending formal a Letter of Credence (and a Letter of Recall at the end of a tenure) to other heads of state and, conversely, receives the letters of their foreign counterparts. Without that accreditation, the chief of the diplomatic mission can not take up their role and receive the highest diplomatic status. The role of a head of state in this regard, is codified in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations from 1961, which (as of 2017) 191 sovereign states has ratified.
However, there are provisions in the Vienna Convention that a diplomatic agent of lesser rank, such as a Chargé d'affaires, is accredited to the minister of foreign affairs (or equivalent).
The head of state is often designated the high contracting party in international treaties on behalf of the state; signs them either personally or has them signed in his / her name by ministers (government members or diplomats); subsequent ratification, when necessary, may rest with the legislature. The treaties constituting the European Union and the European Communities are noteworthy contemporary cases of multilateral treaties cast in this traditional format, as are the accession agreements of new member states. However, rather than being invariably concluded between two heads of state, it has become common that bilateral treaties are in present times cast in an intergovernmental format, e.g., between the Government of X and the Government of Y, rather than between His Majesty the King of X and His Excellency the President of Y.
In Canada, these head of state powers belong to the monarch as part of the Royal Prerogative, but the Governor General has been permitted to exercise them since 1947 and has done so since the 1970s.
A head of state is often, by virtue of holding the highest executive powers, explicitly designated as the commander - in - chief of that nation 's armed forces, holding the highest office in all military chains of command.
In a constitutional monarchy or non-executive presidency, the head of state may de jure hold ultimate authority over the armed forces but will only normally, as per either written law or unwritten convention, exercise their authority on the advice of their responsible ministers: meaning that the de facto ultimate decision making on military maneuvers is made elsewhere. The head of state will, regardless of actual authority, perform ceremonial duties related to the country 's armed forces, and will sometimes appear in military uniform for these purposes; particularly in monarchies where also the monarch 's consort and other members of a royal family may also appear in military garb. This is generally the only time a head of state of a stable, democratic country will appear dressed in such a manner, as statesmen and public are eager to assert the primacy of (civilian, elected) politics over the armed forces.
In military dictatorships, or governments which have arisen from coups d'état, the position of commander - in - chief is obvious, as all authority in such a government derives from the application of military force; occasionally a power vacuum created by war is filled by a head of state stepping beyond his or her normal constitutional role, as King Albert I of Belgium did during World War I. In these and in revolutionary regimes, the head of state, and often executive ministers whose offices are legally civilian, will frequently appear in military uniform.
Some countries with a parliamentary system designate officials other than the head of state with command - in - chief powers.
It is usual that the head of state, particularly in parliamentary systems as part of the symbolic role, is the one who opens the annual sessions of the legislature, e.g. the annual State Opening of Parliament with the Speech from the Throne in Britain. Even in presidential systems the head of state often formally reports to the legislature on the present national status, e.g. the State of the Union address in the United States of America.
Most countries require that all bills passed by the house or houses of the legislature be signed into law by the head of state. In some states, such as the United Kingdom, Belgium and Ireland, the head of state is, in fact, formally considered a tier of the legislature. However, in most parliamentary systems, the head of state can not refuse to sign a bill, and, in granting a bill their assent, indicate that it was passed in accordance with the correct procedures. The signing of a bill into law is formally known as promulgation. Some monarchical states call this procedure royal assent.
In some parliamentary systems, the head of state retains certain powers in relation to bills to be exercised at his or her discretion. They may have authority to veto a bill until the houses of the legislature have reconsidered it, and approved it a second time; reserve a bill to be signed later, or suspend it indefinitely (generally in states with royal prerogative; this power is rarely used); refer a bill to the courts to test its constitutionality; refer a bill to the people in a referendum.
If he or she is also chief executive, he or she can thus politically control the necessary executive measures without which a proclaimed law can remain dead letter, sometimes for years or even forever.
A head of state is often empowered to summon and dissolve the country 's legislature. In most parliamentary systems, this is often done on the advice of the head of government. In some parliamentary systems, and in some presidential systems, however, the head of state may do so on their own initiative. Some states have fixed term legislatures, with no option of bringing forward elections (e.g., Article II, Section 3, of the U.S. Constitution). In other systems there are usually fixed terms, but the head of state retains authority to dissolve the legislature in certain circumstances. Where a head of government has lost support in the legislature, some heads of state may refuse a dissolution, where one is requested, thereby forcing the head of government 's resignation.
In the Commonwealth realms, other than the United Kingdom, a governor - general (governor general in Canada) is appointed by the sovereign, on the advice of the relevant prime minister, as a representative and to exercise almost all the Royal Prerogative according to established constitutional authority. In Australia the present Queen is generally assumed to be head of state, since the governor - general and the state governors are defined as her "representatives ''. However, since the governor - general performs almost all national regal functions, the governor - general has occasionally been referred to as head of state in political and media discussion. To a lesser extent, uncertainty has been expressed in Canada as to which officeholder -- the monarch, the governor general, or both -- can be considered the head of state. New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and Tuvalu explicitly name the monarch as their head of state (though Tuvalu 's constitution states that "references in any law to the Head of State shall be read as including a reference to the Governor - General ''). Governors - general are frequently treated as heads of state on state and official visits; at the United Nations, they are accorded the status of head of state in addition to the sovereign.
An example of a governor - general departing from constitutional convention by acting unilaterally (that is, without direction from ministers, parliament, or the monarch) occurred in 1926, when Canada 's governor general refused the head of government 's formal advice requesting a dissolution of parliament and a general election. In a letter informing the monarch after the event, the Governor General said: "I have to await the verdict of history to prove my having adopted a wrong course, and this I do with an easy conscience that, right or wrong, I have acted in the interests of Canada and implicated no one else in my decision. ''
Another example occurred when, in the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the Governor - General unexpectedly dismissed the Prime Minister in order to break a stalemate between the House of Representatives and Senate over money bills. The Governor - General issued a public statement saying he felt it was the only solution consistent with the constitution, his oath of office, and his responsibilities, authority, and duty as governor - general. A letter from the Australian monarch 's Private Secretary at the time, Martin Charteris, confirmed that the only person competent to commission an Australian prime minister was the governor - general and it would not be proper for the monarch to personally intervene in matters that the Constitution Act so clearly places within the governor - general 's jurisdiction.
Other Commonwealth realms that are now constituted with a governor - general as the viceregal representative of Elizabeth II are: Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
Although many constitutions, particularly from the 19th century and earlier, make no explicit mention of a head of state in the generic sense of several present day international treaties, the officeholders corresponding to this position are recognized as such by other countries. In a monarchy, the monarch is generally understood to be the head of state. In a republic, the head of state nowadays usually bears the title of President, but some have or had had other titles.
In medieval Europe, it was universally accepted that the Pope ranked first among all rulers and was followed by the Holy Roman Emperor. The Pope also had the sole right to determine the precedence of all others. This principle was first challenged by a Protestant ruler, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and was later maintained by his country at the Congress of Westphalia. Great Britain would later claim a break of the old principle for the Quadruple Alliance in 1718. However, it was not until the 1815 Congress of Vienna, when it was decided (due to the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the weak position of France and other catholic states to assert themselves) and remains so to this day, that all sovereign states are treated as equals, whether monarchies or republics. On occasions when multiple heads of state or their representatives meet, precedence is by the host usually determined in alphabetical order (in whatever language the host determines, although French has for much of the 19th and 20th centuries been the lingua franca of diplomacy) or by date of accession. Contemporary international law on precedence, built upon the universally admitted principles since 1815, derives from the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (in particular, articles 13, 16.1 and Appendix iii).
There are also several methods of head of state succession in the event of the removal, disability or death of an incumbent head of state.
Niccolò Machiavelli used Prince (Italian: Principe) as a generic term for the ruler, similar to contemporary usage of head of state, in his classical treatise The Prince, originally published in 1532: in fact that particular literary genre it belongs to is known as Mirrors for princes. Thomas Hobbes in his Leviathan (1651) used the term Sovereign. In Europe the role of a monarchs has gradually transitioned from that of a sovereign ruler -- in the sense of Divine Right of Kings as articulated by Jean Bodin, Absolutism and the "L'etat c'est moi '' -- to that of a constitutional monarch; parallel with the conceptual evolution of sovereignty from merely the personal rule of a single person, to Westphalian sovereignty (Peace of Westphalia ending both the Thirty Years ' War & Eighty Years ' War) and popular sovereignty as in consent of the governed; as shown in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England & Scotland, the French Revolution in 1789, and the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919. The monarchies who survived through this era were the ones who were willing to subject themselves to constitutional limitations. Titles commonly used by monarchs are King / Queen or Emperor / Empress, but also many other; e.g., Grand Duke, Prince, Emir and Sultan.
Title page of 1550 Italian edition of Machiavelli 's The Prince
Bodin named on title page of Discorsi politici (1602) by Fabio Albergati who compared Bodin 's political theories unfavourably with those of Aristotle
Frontispiece of Thomas Hobbes ' Leviathan (1651)
Whenever a head of state is not available for any reason, constitutional provisions may allow the role to fall temporarily to an assigned person or collective body. In a republic, this is - depending on provisions outlined by the constitution or improvised - a vice president, the chief of government, the legislature or its presiding officer. In a monarchy, this is usually a regent or collegial regency (council). For example, in the United States the Vice President acts when the President is incapacitated, and in the United Kingdom the Queen 's powers may be delegated to Counselors of State when she is abroad or unavailable.
In some countries where there is no resident head of state, such as Andorra, a local representative is appointed. In the case of Andorra, two co-princes act as the principality 's heads of state; one is also simultaneously the President of France, residing in France, and the other is the Bishop of Urgell, residing in Spain. Each co-prince is represented in Andorra by a delegate, though these persons hold no formal title.
In exceptional situations, such as war, occupation, revolution or a coup d'état, constitutional institutions, including the symbolically crucial head of state, may be reduced to a figurehead or be suspended in favor of an emergency office (such as the original Roman Dictator) or eliminated by a new "provisionary '' regime, such as a collective of the junta type, or removed by an occupying force, such as a military governor (an early example being the Spartan Harmost).
Since antiquity, various dynasties or individual rulers have claimed the right to rule by divine authority, such as the Mandate of Heaven and the divine right of kings. Some monarchs even claimed divine ancestry, such as Egyptian pharaohs and Sapa Incas, who claimed descent from their respective sun gods and often sought to maintain this bloodline by practicing incestuous marriage. In Ancient Rome, during the Principate, the title divus (' divine ') was conferred (notably posthumously) on the emperor, a symbolic, legitimating element in establishing a de facto dynasty.
In Roman Catholicism, the pope was once sovereign pontiff and head of state, first, of the politically important Papal States. After Italian unification, the pope remains head of state of Vatican City. Furthermore, the Bishop of Urgell is ex officio one of the two Co-Princes of Andorra. In the Church of England, the reigning monarch holds the title Defender of the Faith and acts as Supreme Governor of the Church of England, although this is purely a symbolic role.
During the early period of Islam, caliphs were spiritual and temporal absolute successors of the Prophet Mohammed. Various political Muslim leaders since have styled themselves Caliph and served as dynastic heads of state, sometimes in addition to another title, such as the Ottoman Sultan. Historically, some theocratic Islamic states known as imamates have been led by imams as head of state, such as in what is now Oman, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia.
In the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Supreme Leader, at present Ali Khamenei serves as head of state. The Aga Khans, a unique dynasty of temporal / religious leadership, leading an offshoot of Shia Islam in Central and South Asia, once ranking among British India 's princely states, continue to the present day.
In Hinduism, certain dynasties adopted a title expressing their positions as "servant '' of a patron deity of the state, but in the sense of a viceroy under an absentee god - king, ruling "in the name of '' the patron god (ess), such as Patmanabha Dasa (servant of Vishnu) in the case of the Maharaja of Travancore.
From the time of the 5th Dalai Lama until the political retirement of the 14th Dalai Lama in 2011, Dalai Lamas were both political and spiritual leaders ("god - king '') of Tibet.
Outer Mongolia, the former homeland of the imperial dynasty of Genghis Khan, was another lamaist theocracy from 1585, using various styles, such as tulku. The establishment of the Communist Mongolian People 's Republic replaced this regime in 1924.
A collective head of state can exist in republics (internal complexity), e.g., nominal triumvirates, the Directoire, the seven - member Swiss Federal Council (where each member acts in turn as president for one year), Bosnia and Herzegovina with a three - member presidium from three different nations, San Marino with two "Captains - regent '' which maintains the tradition of Italian medieval republics that had always had an even number of consuls.
In condominiums, sovereignty is shared between two external powers, e.g., Andorra (president of France and bishop of Urgell, Spain, co-princes), and the former Anglo - French New Hebrides (each nation 's head of state was represented by a high commissioner).
In the Roman Republic there were two heads of state, styled Consul, both of whom alternated months of authority during their year in office, similarly there was an even number of supreme magistrates in the Italic republics of Ancient Age. In the Athenian Republic there were nine supreme magistrates, styled archons. In Carthage there were two supreme magistrates, styled kings or suffetes (judges). In ancient Sparta there were two hereditary kings, belonging to two different dynasties. In the Soviet Union the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets (between 1922 - 1938) and later the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (between 1938 - 1989) served as the collective head of state. After World War II the Soviet model was subsequently adopted by almost all countries belonged to its sphere of influence. Czechoslovakia remained the only country among them that retained an office of president as a form of a single head of state throughout this period, followed by Romania in 1974.
Such arrangements are not to be confused with supranational entities which are not states and are not defined by a common monarchy but may (or not) have a symbolic, essentially protocollary, titled highest office, e.g., Head of the Commonwealth (held by the British crown, but not legally reserved for it) or ' Head of the Arab Union ' (14 February - 14 July 1958, held by the Hashemite King of Iraq, during its short - lived Federation with Jordan, its Hashemite sister - realm).
The National Government of the Republic of China, established in 1928, had a panel of about 40 people as collective head of state. Though beginning that year, a provisional constitution made the Kuomintang the sole government party and the National Government bound to the instructions of the Central Executive Committee of that party.
Though president and various monarchichal titles are most commonly used for heads of state, in some nationalistic regimes, the leader adopts, formally or de facto, a unique style simply meaning "leader '' in the national language, e.g., Germany 's single national socialist party chief and combined head of state and government, Adolf Hitler, as the Führer between 1934 and 1945.
In 1959, when former British crown colony Singapore gained self - government, it adopted the Malay style Yang di - Pertuan Negara (literally means "head of state '' in Malay) for its governor (the actual head of state remained the British monarch). The second and last incumbent of the office, Yusof bin Ishak, kept the style at 31 August 1963 unilateral declaration of independence and after 16 September 1963 accession to Malaysia as a state (so now as a constituent part of the federation, a non-sovereign level). After its expulsion from Malaysia on 9 August 1965, Singapore became a sovereign Commonwealth republic and installed Yusof bin Ishak as its first President.
In 1959 after the resignation of Vice President of Indonesia Mohammad Hatta, President Sukarno abolished the position and title of vice president, assuming the positions of Prime Minister and Head of Cabinet. He also proclaimed himself president for life (Indonesian: Presiden Seumur Hidup Panglima Tertinggi; "panglima '' meaning "commander or martial figurehead '', "tertinggi '' meaning "highest ''; roughly translated to English as "Supreme Commander of the Revolution ''). He was praised as "Paduka Yang Mulia '', a Malay honorific originally given to kings; Sukarno awarded himself titles in that fashion due to his noble ancestry.
There are also a few nations in which the exact title and definition of the office of head of state have been vague. During the Chinese Cultural Revolution, following the downfall of Liu Shaoqi, who was Chairman of the People 's Republic of China, no successor was named, so the duties of the head of state were transferred collectively to the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress. This situation was later changed: the Head of State of the PRC is now the President of the People 's Republic of China.
In North Korea, the late Kim Il - sung was named "Eternal President '' 4 years after his death and the presidency was abolished. As a result, some of the duties previously held by the President are constitutionally delegated to the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People 's Assembly, who performs some of the roles of a Head of State, such as accrediting foreign ambassadors and undertaking overseas visits. However, the symbolic role of a Head of State is generally performed by Kim Jong - un, who as the leader of the party and military, is the most powerful person in North Korea.
There is debate as to whether Samoa was an elective monarchy or an aristocratic republic, given the comparative ambiguity of the title O le Ao o le Malo and the nature of the head of state 's office.
In some states the office of head of state is not expressed in a specific title reflecting that role, but constitutionally awarded to a post of another formal nature. Thus in March 1979 Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, who kept absolute power (until his overthrow in 2011 referred to as "Guide of the Revolution ''), after ten years as combined Head of State and Head of government of the Libyan Jamahiriya ("state of the masses ''), styled Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, formally transferred both qualities to the General secretaries of the General People 's Congress (comparable to a Speaker) respectively to a Prime Minister, in political reality both were his creatures.
Sometimes a head of state assumes office as a state becomes legal and political reality, before a formal title for the highest office is determined; thus in the since 1 January 1960 independent republic Cameroon (Cameroun, a former French colony), the first President, Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo, was at first not styled président but ' merely ' known as chef d'état - (French ' head of state ') until 5 May 1960. In Uganda, Idi Amin the military leader after the coup of 25 January 1971 was formally styled military head of state till 21 February 1971, only from then on regular (but unconstitutional, not elected) president.
In certain cases a special style is needed to accommodate imperfect statehood, e.g., the title Sardar - i - Riyasat was used in Kashmir after its accession to India, and the Palestine Liberation Organization leader, Yasser Arafat, was styled the first "President of the Palestinian National Authority '' in 1994. In 2008, the same office was restyled as "President of the State of Palestine ''.
The position of head of state can be established in different ways, and with different sources of legitimacy.
Power can come from force, but formal legitimacy is often established, even if only by fictitious claims of continuity (e.g., a forged claim of descent from a previous dynasty). There have been cases of sovereignty granted by deliberate act, even when accompanied by orders of succession (as may be the case in a dynastic split). Such grants of sovereignty are usually forced, as is common with self - determination granted after nationalist revolts. This occurred with the last Attalid king of Hellenistic Pergamon, who by testament left his realm to Rome to avoid a disastrous conquest.
Under a theocracy, perceived divine status translated into earthly authority under divine law. This can take the form of supreme divine authority above the state 's, granting a tool for political influence to a priesthood. In this way, the Amun priesthood reversed the reforms of Pharaoh Akhenaten after his death. The division of theocratic power can be disputed, as happened between the Pope and Holy Roman Emperor in the investiture conflict when the temporal power sought to control key clergy nominations in order to guarantee popular support, and thereby his own legitimacy, by incorporating the formal ceremony of unction during coronation.
The notion of a social contract holds that the nation -- either the whole people or the electorate -- gives a mandate, through acclamation or election.
Individual heads of state may acquire their position by virtue of a constitution. An example includes SFR Yugoslavia whose Constitution from 1974, article 333, stated that Federal Assembly can appoint namely Josip Broz Tito as the President of Republic without time limitation.
The position of a monarch is usually hereditary, but in constitutional monarchies, there are usually restrictions on the incumbent 's exercise of powers and prohibitions on the possibility of choosing a successor by other means than by birth. In a hereditary monarchy, the position of monarch is inherited according to a statutory or customary order of succession, usually within one royal family tracing its origin through a historical dynasty or bloodline. This usually means that the heir to the throne is known well in advance of becoming monarch to ensure a smooth succession. However, many cases of uncertain succession in European history have often led to wars of succession.
Primogeniture, in which the eldest child of the monarch is first in line to become monarch, is the most common system in hereditary monarchy. The order of succession is usually affected by rules on gender. Historically "agnatic primogeniture '' or "patrilineal primogeniture '' was favoured, that is inheritance according to seniority of birth among the sons of a monarch or head of family, with sons and their male issue inheriting before brothers and their issue, and male - line males inheriting before females of the male line. This is the same as semi-Salic primogeniture. Complete exclusion of females from dynastic succession is commonly referred to as application of the Salic law (see Terra salica).
Before primogeniture was enshrined in European law and tradition, kings would often secure the succession by having their successor (usually their eldest son) crowned during their own lifetime, so for a time there would be two kings in coregency -- a senior king and a junior king. Examples include Henry the Young King of England and the early Direct Capetians in France.
Sometimes, however, primogeniture can operate through the female line. In some systems a female may rule as monarch only when the male line dating back to a common ancestor is exhausted. In 1980, Sweden, by rewriting its 1810 Act of Succession, became the first European monarchy to declare equal (full cognatic) primogeniture, meaning that the eldest child of the monarch, whether female or male, ascends to the throne. Other European monarchies (such as the Netherlands in 1983, Norway in 1990 and Belgium in 1991) have since followed suit. Similar reforms were proposed in 2011 for the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, which came into effect in 2015 after having been approved by all of the affected nations. Sometimes religion is affected; under the Act of Settlement 1701 all Roman Catholics and all persons who have married Roman Catholics are ineligible to be the British monarch and are skipped in the order of succession.
In some monarchies there may be liberty for the incumbent, or some body convening after his or her demise, to choose from eligible members of the ruling house, often limited to legitimate descendants of the dynasty 's founder. Rules of succession may be further limited by state religion, residency, equal marriage or even permission from the legislature.
Other hereditary systems of succession included tanistry, which is semi-elective and gives weight to merit and Agnatic seniority. In some monarchies, such as Saudi Arabia, succession to the throne usually first passes to the monarch 's next eldest brother, and only after that to the monarch 's children (agnatic seniority).
Election usually is the constitutional way to choose the head of state of a republic, and some monarchies, either directly through popular election, indirectly by members of the legislature or of a special college of electors (such as the Electoral College in the United States), or as an exclusive prerogative. Exclusive prerogative allows the heads of states of constituent monarchies of a federation to choose the head of state for the federation among themselves, as in the United Arab Emirates and Malaysia. The Pope, head of state of Vatican City, is chosen by previously appointed cardinals under 80 years of age from among themselves in a papal conclave.
A head of state can be empowered to designate his successor, such as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth Oliver Cromwell, who was succeeded by his son Richard.
A head of state may seize power by force or revolution. This is not the same as the use of force to maintain power, as is practiced by authoritarian or totalitarian rulers. Dictators often use democratic titles, though some proclaim themselves monarchs. Examples of the latter include Emperor Napoleon III of France and King Zog of Albania. In Spain, general Francisco Franco adopted the formal title Jefe del Estado, or Chief of State, and established himself as regent for a vacant monarchy. Uganda 's Idi Amin was one of several who named themselves President for Life.
A foreign power can establishing a branch of their own dynasty, or one friendly to their interests. This was the outcome of the Russo - Swedish War from 1741 to 1743 where the Russian Empress made the imposition of her relative Adolf Frederick as the heir to the Swedish Throne, to succeed Frederick I who lacked legitimate issue, as a peace condition.
Apart from violent overthrow, a head of state 's position can be lost in several ways, including death, another by expiration of the constitutional term of office, abdication, or resignation. In some cases, an abdication can not occur unilaterally, but comes into effect only when approved by an act of parliament, as in the case of British King Edward VIII. The post can also be abolished by constitutional change; in such cases, an incumbent may be allowed to finish his or her term. Of course, a head of state position will cease to exist if the state itself does.
Heads of state generally enjoy widest inviolability, although some states allow impeachment, or a similar constitutional procedure by which the highest legislative or judicial authorities are empowered to revoke the head of state 's mandate on exceptional grounds. This may be a common crime, a political sin, or an act by which he or she violates such provisions as an established religion mandatory for the monarch. By similar procedure, an original mandate may be declared invalid.
Effigies, memorials and monuments of former heads of state can be designed to represent the history or aspirations of a state or its people, such as the equestrian bronze sculpture of Kaiser Wilhelm I, first Emperor of a unified Germany erected in Berlin at the end of the nineteenth century (monument demolished 1950); or the Victoria Memorial erected in front of Buckingham Palace London, commemorating Queen Victoria and her reign (1837 -- 1901), and unveiled in 1911 by her grandson, King George V; or the monument, placed in front of the Victoria Memorial Hall, Kolkata (Calcutta) (1921), commemorating Queen Victoria 's reign as Empress of India from 1876. Another, twentieth century, example is the Mount Rushmore National Memorial, a group sculpture constructed (1927 -- 1941) on a conspicuous skyline in the Black Hills of South Dakota (40th state of the Union, 1889), in the midwestern United States, representing the territorial expansion of the United States in the first 130 years from its founding, which is promoted as the "Shrine of Democracy ''.
Former Presidents of the United States, while holding no political powers per se, sometimes continue to exert influence in national and world affairs.
A monarch may retain his style and certain prerogatives after abdication, as did King Leopold III of Belgium, who left the throne to his son after winning a referendum which allowed him to retain a full royal household deprived him of a constitutional or representative role. Napoleon transformed the Italian principality of Elba, where he was imprisoned, into a miniature version of his First Empire, with most trappings of a sovereign monarchy, until his Cent Jours escape and reseizure of power in France convinced his opponents, reconvening the Vienna Congress in 1815, to revoke his gratuitous privileges and send him to die in exile on barren Saint Helena.
By tradition, deposed monarchs who have not freely abdicated continue to use their monarchical titles as a courtesy for the rest of their lives. Hence, even after Constantine II ceased to be King of the Hellenes, it is still common to refer to the deposed king and his family as if they were still on the throne, as many European royal courts and households do in guest lists at royal weddings, as in Sweden in 2010, Britain in 2011 and Luxembourg in 2012. The Republic of Greece oppose the right of their deposed monarch and former royal family members to be referred to by their former titles or bearing a surname indicating royal status, and has enacted legislation which hinder acquisition of Greek citizenship unless those terms are met. The former king brought this issue, along with property ownership issues, before the European Court of Human Rights for alleged violations of the European Convention on Human Rights, but lost with respect to the name issue.
However, some other states have no problem with deposed monarchs being referred to by their former title, and even allow them to travel internationally on the state 's diplomatic passport.
In the Italian constitution provides that after the period sent the President of the Republic takes the title President Emeritus of the Italian Republic is also a senator for life, and enjoys immunity, flight status and official residences certain privileges.
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when did take that split up for the first time | Take That - Wikipedia
Take That are an English pop group formed in Manchester in 1990. The group currently consists of Gary Barlow, Howard Donald and Mark Owen. The original line - up also featured Jason Orange and Robbie Williams. Barlow acts as the group 's lead singer and primary songwriter, with Owen and Williams initially providing backing vocals and Donald and Orange serving primarily as dancers.
The group have had 28 top 40 singles and 17 top 5 singles in the United Kingdom, 12 of which have reached number one, as well as having seven number one albums. Internationally, the band have had 56 number one singles and 37 number one albums. They have received eight Brit Awards -- winning awards for Best British Group and Best British Live Act.
Williams left the band in 1995 while the four remaining members completed their world tour and released a final single before splitting up in 1996. After filming a 2005 documentary about the group and releasing a new greatest hits album, a four - piece Take That without Williams officially announced a 2006 reunion tour around the UK, entitled The Ultimate Tour. On 9 May 2006, it was announced that the group were set to record new material together once again; their fourth studio album, Beautiful World, was released in 2006 and was followed up with The Circus, in 2008. The group achieved new success as a four - piece, scoring a string of chart hits across the UK and Europe while selling over 45 million records worldwide.
Williams rejoined Take That in 2010 for the band 's sixth studio album, Progress. Released on 15 November of that year, it was the first album of new material to feature Take That 's original line - up since their 1995 album, Nobody Else. It became the fastest - selling album of the 21st century and the second fastest - selling album in British history.
In 2014, the band recorded a seventh studio album, this time as a trio without Williams and Orange. The album, titled III, was released in November 2014 and became the band 's seventh number one. It was preceded by the single "These Days '', which became the band 's 12th number one single in the UK.
Since 2011, Take That have set the new record for the fastest - selling tour of all time in the UK with Progress Live, beating the previous record set by their Circus Live Tour in 2009, won the 2011 Brit Award for Best British Group, and were named as Amazon 's top - selling music artist of all time. In 2012, the band were announced by Forbes as the fifth highest - earning music stars in the world. In the same year, the Official Charts Company revealed the biggest - selling singles artists in British music chart history with Take That currently placed at 15th overall, making them the most successful boy band in UK chart history with four of their albums listed in the best - selling albums of the millennium.
In 1989, Manchester - based Nigel Martin - Smith sought to create a British male vocal singing group modelled on New Kids on the Block. Martin - Smith 's vision, however, was a teen - orientated group that would appeal to more than one demographic segment of the music industry. Martin - Smith was introduced to young singer - songwriter Gary Barlow, who had been performing in clubs since the age of 15. Impressed with Barlow 's catalogue of self - written material, Martin - Smith decided to build his new - look boy band around Barlow 's musical abilities. A campaign to audition young men with abilities in dancing and singing followed and took place in Manchester and other surrounding cities in 1990. At 22, Howard Donald was one of the oldest to audition, but he was chosen after he got time off work as a vehicle painter to continue the process. Prior to auditioning, Jason Orange had appeared as a breakdancer on the popular television programme The Hit Man and Her. Martin - Smith also selected 18 - year - old bank employee Mark Owen and finally 16 - year - old Robbie Williams to round out the group, which initially went by the name Kick It.
Take That 's first TV appearance was on The Hit Man and Her in 1990, where they performed Barlow 's self - written, unreleased song, "My Kind of Girl ''. They later appeared a second time to perform "Waiting Around '', which would become the B - side for the first single, "Do What U Like ''. "Promises '' and "Once You 've Tasted Love '' were also released as singles but were minor hits in the UK. Take That initially worked the same territory as their American counterparts, singing new jack R&B, urban soul, and mainstream pop. However, they worked their way toward Hi - NRG dance music, while also pursuing an adult contemporary ballad direction. As they aimed to break into the mainstream music industry, they worked a manner of small clubs, schools and events across the country building up a fanbase as they travelled to gigs constantly for months.
Take That 's breakthrough single was a cover of the 1975 Tavares hit "It Only Takes a Minute '', which peaked at number seven on the UK Singles Chart. This success was followed by "I Found Heaven '', then by the first Barlow ballad "A Million Love Songs '', which also reached number seven. Their cover of the Barry Manilow hit "Could It Be Magic '' gave them their first big success, peaking at number three in the UK. Their first album, Take That & Party, was released in 1992, and included all the hit singles to date.
1993 saw the release of Everything Changes, based on Barlow 's original material. It peaked at number one in the UK and spawned six singles, with four being consecutive UK number one singles -- their first number one "Pray '', "Relight My Fire '', "Babe '' and the title track "Everything Changes ''. The lead single "Why Ca n't I Wake Up with You '' had narrowly missed the top spot in the UK peaking at number two and the sixth and final single "Love Ai n't Here Anymore '' taken from the album reached number three on the UK charts. Everything Changes saw the band gain international success with the album being nominated for the 1994 Mercury Prize, but it failed to crack the U.S. market, where an exclusive remix of "Love Ai n't Here Anymore '' (U.S. version) gained little success.
By 1994, Take That had become radio and television stars across Europe and Asia, but it was not until 1995 that they did their first World Tour. It was during the years 1993 -- 95 that the band fronted scores of magazine covers ranging from Smash Hits to GQ, becoming mass merchandised on all sorts of paraphernalia ranging from picture books, to posters, stickers, their own dolls, jewellery, caps, T - shirts, toothbrushes and even had their own annuals released. The band had also developed a large female teenage fanbase at the time. During this time, they performed at numerous music awards shows and chart shows such as the BRIT Awards and Top of the Pops, also winning the Best Live Act award in 1995 at the MTV Europe Music Awards, having been renowned for their breakdance routines, high energy and creative tour productions.
In 1995, Take That released their third studio album Nobody Else, again based on Barlow 's own material which reached number 1 in the UK and across Europe, capturing new audiences along the way, with Take That also able to make inroads in the adult audience in Britain through Barlow 's melodic, sensitive ballads. For nearly five years, Take That 's popularity was unsurpassed in Britain. The release of the first single from the album, "Sure '', achieved yet another number one in the UK charts. It was not until their second release from that album, however, that they would experience what would become their biggest hit single, "Back for Good '', which reached number one in 31 countries around the globe and to date has been covered 89 times the world over. It was also their only US hit, where it reached number seven.
The song was initially unveiled for the first time via live performance while at the 1995 BRIT Awards, and based on the reception of that performance, the record pre-sold more records than expected and forced the record label to bring the release date forward by an unprecedented six weeks. The album was also noted for its cover, which was a parody of the famed cover of The Beatles ' Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band cover sleeve.
Robbie Williams 's drug abuse had escalated to a near drug overdose the night before the group was scheduled to perform at the MTV Europe Music Awards in 1994.
In June 1995, Williams was photographed by the press partying with Oasis at the Glastonbury Festival. During this month the band offered him an ultimatum; he was to adhere to the band 's responsibilities or leave before their scheduled world tour. Williams chose the latter. Orange pressured Williams to quit because of Williams 's behaviour. Williams claimed he was bored with Barlow 's leadership and jealous of Barlow. Despite the loss of Williams, Take That continued to promote Nobody Else as a four - piece, scoring a further hit single with Donald 's "Never Forget ''. They subsequently went to America and completed the Nobody Else Tour in October 1995. Following the tour, the band began to plan for their next album; however, when they spent Christmas together, they mutually agreed it was time to part ways.
On 13 February 1996, Take That formally announced that they were disbanding. This was followed by the Greatest Hits compilation in 1996, which contained a new recording, a cover of the Bee Gees ' "How Deep Is Your Love ''. The single went on to become what was to be the band 's final UK number one until their 2006 comeback a decade later. Take That gave what was thought to be their final performance in April 1996 at Amsterdam. Following the band 's announcement, millions of their fans were distraught around the world and in the UK alone, teenage girls threatened suicide and were seen lining streets in tears, to the point that telephone hotlines were set up by the government to deal with counselling them. After the band broke up, highly respected music figures such as Elton John noted that Take That were different from other boy bands before and after them, in that they wrote their own material through Gary Barlow, the only boy band member who won an Ivor Novello award during his time in a boy band (although George Michael won it while in Wham!). Take That had also left a legacy of being immaculate performers with a very high work ethic, causing them to be voted in as the greatest boy band of all time.
On 14 November 2005, Never Forget -- The Ultimate Collection, a new compilation of their hit singles including a new previously unreleased song, also achieved great success and peaked at number 2 on UK charts, selling over 2.1 million copies in the UK alone. The new song "Today I 've Lost You '' (recorded in September 2005) was originally written by Barlow as the follow up to "Back for Good '' but was never recorded. On 16 November 2005, the group got back together for the ITV documentary Take That: For the Record, in which they aired their views over their fame, success, the split and what the post-Williams line - up had done since. On 25 November 2005, there was an official press conference by the band announcing that the post Robbie Williams line - up were going to tour in 2006. The tour, entitled The Ultimate Tour, ran from April to June 2006. The tour featured a guest appearance by British soul singer Beverley Knight, who replaced Lulu 's vocals on the song "Relight My Fire ''; although Lulu did appear during the stadium shows on "Relight My Fire '' and "Never Forget ''. The American female ensemble Pussycat Dolls supported the group at their Dublin concert, and the Sugababes supported the group on the final five dates of the stadium leg.
On 9 May 2006, Take That returned to the recorded music scene after more than ten years of absence, signing with Polydor Records. The band 's comeback album, Beautiful World, entered the UK Albums Chart at no. 1 and, as of June 2009, had sold over 2.8 million copies in the UK. It is the 35th best selling album in UK music history.
On Beautiful World, all four members of the band had the opportunity to sing lead vocals and contribute in the songwriting. Unlike the band 's earlier works, where the majority of their material was written by Barlow who received a sole credit, all four band members are credited as co-writers, along with John Shanks, regardless of whether they contributed to the writing process or not. The comeback single, "Patience '', was released on 20 November 2006, with a special event launching it on 5 November. On 26 November "Patience '' hit number 1 in the UK in its second week of chart entry, making it the group 's ninth No. 1, and staying there for 4 weeks. Take That also accompanied eventual winner Leona Lewis on a live version of "A Million Love Songs '' during the final of The X Factor on 16 December 2006.
The week after Beautiful World was released, it was announced that Take That had become the first artists ever to top the UK official single and album charts along with the download single, download album and DVD charts in the same week, as well as topping the radio charts.
The video for the number 1 hit single "Shine '', the follow - up to "Patience '', premiered on 25 January 2007 on Channel 4, ahead of its release on 26 February 2007. The band 's success continued on 14 February 2007 when Take That performed live at the BRIT Awards ceremony at Earl 's Court. Their single "Patience '' won the Best British Single category. The third single taken from Beautiful World was "I 'd Wait For Life '', released on 18 June 2007 in the UK. The single reached 17 in the UK Singles Chart. This was due to lack of promotion, as the band decided to take a pre-tour break rather than do any promotion for the single. Beautiful World was the fourth biggest - selling album of 2007. It was announced at the start of 2007 that Take That signed a record deal with American label Interscope, and would also release their album in Canada. Starting on 11 October 2007, Take That began their Beautiful World Tour 2007 in Belfast. The tour included 49 shows throughout Europe and the UK and ended in Manchester on 23 December 2007. The band received four nominations at the 2008 BRIT Awards. Nominated for Best British Group, Best British Single ("Shine ''), Best British Album (Beautiful World) and Best Live Act, they took home the Best Live Act and the Best British Single awards. According to a 2007 MSN UK internet poll, Take That were voted as the "comeback kings '' of the year.
"Greatest Day '', the first single from the album The Circus, made its radio premiere on 13 October 2008 and it was released on 24 November. It debuted at number 1 on the UK Singles Chart on 30 November 2008. An album launch party for The Circus was held in Paris on 2 December. Prior to the official release of The Circus it was revealed that the album had broken all pre-order records and had become the most pre-ordered album of all time. On its first day of release The Circus sold 133,000 copies, and after four days on sale it sold 306,000 copies (going platinum) making The Circus the fastest selling album of the year. The album reached number 1 on the UK Albums Chart on 7 December 2008 with total first - week sales of 432,490, the third highest opening sales week in UK history.
On 28 October 2008, on the Radio 1 Chris Moyles show, it was announced that Take That would be touring again in June / July 2009, covering the UK and Ireland. Tickets for the Take That Present: The Circus Live tour went on sale on 31 October. The promoters, SJM, have said that the band 's tour is "the fastest selling in UK history ''.
On 22 May 2008, Barlow and Donald attended the 2008 Ivor Novello Awards where Take That won the award for Most Performed Work with their single "Shine ''. Take That won the Sony Ericsson Tour of the Year award at the Vodafone music awards on 18 September 2008. They were unable to attend as they were in LA finishing off The Circus. They did send a video link message, which was shown at the awards. On 22 November 2008, Take That appeared on week 7 of the talent show The X Factor where the finalists performed some of their greatest hits and Owen and Barlow made a guest appearance to personally coach the contestants. The band also performed on Children in Need 2008, singing their new single, "Greatest Day '', before donating £ 250,000 to the charity from their Marks and Spencer fee. The band were also voted the Greatest Boy Band of All Time, reflecting their ongoing marketability and success in the pop arena, even after two decades.
The band were nominated for one Brit Award in the category Best Group and performed "Greatest Day '' at the 2009 BRIT Awards ceremony.
"Up All Night '', the second single from The Circus, was released on 2 March 2009, and peaked at number 14 on the UK Singles Chart, despite heavy airplay. In Germany and Australia, "The Garden '' was released as the second single instead. On 7 May 2009, Take That 's official website confirmed that the third single from The Circus would be "Said It All '' which was released on 15 June 2009, peaking at number 9 on the UK Singles chart. The video premiered on GMTV on 8 May 2009. It features all four band members dressed up as vintage circus clowns, which tied in with their forthcoming Take That Present: The Circus Live tour.
Take That started their Circus Live tour at the Stadium of Light on 5 June 2009 in Sunderland and ended at the Wembley Stadium in London on 5 July 2009, which over 80,000 people attended. This tour quickly became the fastest - selling of all time, breaking all records by selling all of their 650,000 tickets in less than four and a half hours.
In November 2009 Take That released the official DVD of their Circus tour, which became the fastest - selling music DVD of all time in the UK on its first day of release and stayed in the top 10 of the videos chart for over a year. This overtook the previous record sales holder, which was Take That 's Beautiful World Live tour and stayed at the number 1 spot for 8 weeks.
The following week Take That released their first live album, The Greatest Day -- Take That Present: The Circus Live, which sold 98,000 copies on its first day of release and was certified Platinum in July 2013. "Hold up a Light '' was released as the fifth and final single from The Circus to radio stations and as a digital download to promote the release of the live album.
The live album also featured a stripped down session recorded live at the famous Abbey Road Studios in London. It featured the members singing the set list from the preceding tour, albeit in a studio setting.
On 7 June 2010, the news broke of a single called "Shame '', which had been written by Barlow and Williams and would feature the vocals of both artists. This was the first time the pair had worked together since 1995 and would appear on the second greatest hits collection of Williams. "Heart and I '', another track from the same album, was also co-written by Williams and Barlow. The single "Shame '' peaked at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart while also achieving success throughout Europe, charting in over 19 countries.
After working with the band on new material in Los Angeles, on 15 July 2010 Robbie Williams announced he was returning to Take That. After months of working together, assembling new songs for a new album and even debating a band - name change to "The English '', a joint statement between Williams and the group read, "The rumours are true... Take That: the original lineup, have written and recorded a new album for release later this year. '' The statement went on to say, "Following months of speculation Gary Barlow, Howard Donald, Jason Orange, Mark Owen and Robbie Williams confirmed they have been recording a new studio album as a five - piece, which they will release in November. '' The lead single from Take That 's album Progress was announced as "The Flood '' and was released 7 November as a digital download, and on 8 November as a physical copy, with the album released a week later on 15 November. The single peaked at number 2 in the UK Singles Charts and to date has sold over 500,000 copies in the UK alone. The single also achieved success across Europe, charting inside the top 10 in ten countries while also charting in another nine countries whilst also being nominated for an Ivor Novello Award for best work.
On 26 October the band announced that they would be embarking on a huge UK stadium tour entitled Progress Live, starting in Sunderland on 27 May, and finishing with a record breaking 8 nights at London 's Wembley Stadium in July 2011. It was also announced that Williams would perform hit singles from his solo career during the tour. The band then played at some of the biggest venues across Europe for the second leg of the tour. The phenomenal demand for tickets across the country led to the web sites of all the major UK ticket suppliers either crashing or considerably slowing for hours on end. The demand and sheer volume of fans also created problems for the UK telephone network. Take That 's Progress Live also broke all records for ticket sales selling over 1.1 million tickets in one day, smashing the previous box office record set by Take That 's Circus tour in 2008.
On the first day of release Progress became the fastest selling album of the century, with 235,000 copies sold in just one day. The album reached number 1 in the UK, selling around 520,000 copies in its first week, becoming the second fastest - selling album in history. After the release of Progress it was announced that Take That have become Amazon UK 's top - selling music artist of all time.
The album retained the number one spot for six consecutive weeks in the UK since its release, selling 2.8 million copies in the UK alone and becoming the best selling album of 2010 Progress also achieved success across Europe where it debuted at number one in Ireland, Greece, Germany and Denmark. and the European Top 100 Albums chart. It also debuted inside the top 10 of the charts in Austria, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland.
"Kidz '' was announced as the second single from Progress, it was released 21 February 2011 and charted well across Europe. The band performed the song live at the 2011 Brit Awards hosted at The O2, where they won a Brit for Best British Group and were nominated for Best British Album. Their performance of "Kidz '', praised by critics, involved a highly choreographed routine featuring dancers dressed in police - styled riot gear bearing the Take That symbol on the uniform and shields.
On 19 May 2011, Take That announced a new EP entitled Progressed, which contained eight tracks written by the band since they had reunited as a five piece. It was packaged alongside the album Progress and returned the band to number 1 in the UK Album Chart the week after it was released on 13 June 2011.
Take That announced that the Progress Live tour would be released worldwide as their second live album to date and would also be released on home media formats across the UK and Europe on 21 November 2011. On the first two days on sale the tour DVD was reported to be selling "twice as much as the entire music DVD chart combined '' The DVD debuted at number 1 on the UK Music Video top 40 in its first week on release and sold over 200,000 copies in two weeks of release in the UK alone. Take That 's efforts were recognised further when they were awarded Virgin Media 's Best Live Act of 2012.
On 1 October 2011 on The Jonathan Ross Show, Gary Barlow confirmed when asked about their plans that they were on a break, but confirmed they would reunite in the future.
On 4 October 2011, it was announced that Take That were to go on hiatus after the completion of the European leg of the Progress tour, with Barlow continuing his role as a judge on The X Factor and Williams recording new solo material.
Whilst on said hiatus, Take That were presented with an Ivor Novello Award for their Outstanding Contribution to British Music in May 2012.
In August 2012, Take That performed at the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics, despite Barlow having announced having had a stillborn daughter in the previous week. The performance earned him international praise for appearing live so soon after the tragedy. Williams was due to perform with the band but dropped out due to his wife giving birth at around the same time and thus the group performed as a four - piece. In November 2012, Take That reunited as a five piece for the last time to perform "Never Forget '' at the Music Industry Trust Awards.
In 2013, Donald became a judge on the German version of the television dancing show Got to Dance.
In May 2013, Owen announced that Take That were to begin recording their seventh studio album in 2014 and On 14 January 2014, Donald and Barlow both tweeted that Take That had entered the studio to begin recording the album, although it was not initially clear if Williams was present at these recording sessions. On 28 April 2014, Williams announced on Twitter he was to become a dad for a second time, and consequently suggested he would be unable to join Take That on their album and tour. Barlow later confirmed that Williams had left the band for a second time, although the departure was amicable and that Williams was welcome to rejoin the band in the future. Williams has since collaborated with Barlow on several projects and duet performances and indicated his interest in reuniting with the band for potential 25th anniversary commemorative events.
On 24 September 2014, it was announced that Jason Orange had left the band. He said: ' At a band meeting last week I confirmed to Mark, Gary and Howard that I do not wish to commit to recording and promoting a new album. ' At the end of The Progress Tour I began to question whether it might be the right time for me to not continue on with Take That, ' he continued. ' There have been no fallings out, only a decision on my part that I no longer wish to do this, ' he added. Barlow, Donald and Owen issued a joint statement about Orange 's decision which said: "This is a sad day for us. Jason leaving is a huge loss both professionally and even more so personally... Jason 's energy and belief in what this band could achieve has made it what it is today, and we 'll forever be grateful for his enthusiasm, dedication and inspiration over the years. ''
On 10 October 2014, Take That unveiled the lead single from the album. Titled "These Days '', it was released on 23 November 2014 and went to No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart, knocking Band Aid 30 off the top spot and becoming their 12th number one single. The album itself, called III, was released on 28 November 2014 and became the band 's seventh No. 1 album. It was then followed by a sell - out arena tour entitled Take That Live.
On 14 October 2015, the band announced their new single "Hey Boy '', released on 16 October, which is the first single from the 2015 re-release of III. The 2015 edition of the album was released on 20 November.
In December 2015, British media buzzed about the group embarking on a stint in Las Vegas, starting 2017. Reports indicated the group impressed U.S. promoters and would headline their own residency show. Many venues circulated, including The AXIS at the Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino, The Foundry at SLS Las Vegas and the Linq Theater at The LINQ Hotel & Casino. Local newspaper, the Las Vegas Sun writes that everything is still unconfirmed, despite Barlow confirming the rumour on Twitter.
On 2 February 2016, in an interview with The Sun, Barlow revealed that Take That would release their eighth studio album later in the year. On 4 May 2016, English drum and bass duo Sigma announced their newest single would feature Take That. "Cry '' received its first radio play on 20 May 2016 and was released on that date.
On 21 October 2016, the band posted a teaser on their social media pages and website depicting the logo of the band flickering with the hashtag "# WONDERLAND ''. The following day, it was announced that their new album, titled Wonderland, was scheduled to be released on 24 March 2017. It was then followed by a UK and Ireland arena tour entitled Wonderland Live, that commenced on 5 May 2017 at the Genting Arena in Birmingham.
On 7 November 2016, Robbie Williams reunited with Take That to perform The Flood and Back For Good at his Brits Icon Award concert, the first time since 2012.
On 17 February 2017, the lead single of Wonderland was released. Titled "Giants '', it debuted at 13 in the UK charts, which became the band 's 24th UK top 20 single.
On 25 February 2017, Robbie Williams reunited with Take That once again to perform "The Flood '' on the finale of the BBC show Let It Shine.
On 8 April 2017, ITV aired a specially commissioned hour - length television special titled An Evening With Take That, where the band performed some songs from the album, along with some old classics including Never Forget, Back For Good and Rule the World. The band also took part in a Q&A session with the audience members.
On 27 April 2017, it was announced on Twitter that "New Day '' would be released as the next single from the album Wonderland. The band were seen recording the music video in a field in Luton the days leading up the opening night of the Wonderland Live tour. Due to the Manchester Arena bombing just days before they were due to perform at the venue, their Manchester and Liverpool dates were rescheduled or relocated. The band returned a month later to perform at the One Love Manchester benefit concert.
On 16 September 2017, Gary, Mark and Howard were set to perform a special one - off show in Jersey after a fan bid more than £ 1.2 Million to win a performance from the band. This then turned in to a ticketed charity event where the money from tickets sold will go towards benefiting Children in Need. The auction was held on BBC Radio 2 in January of this year.
On 11 November 2017, Take That began their foreign tour in Perth, Australia, the first time they have performed in the country in a over twenty years. They also played in New Zealand, United Arab Emirates and Israel for the first time.
Unlike the other tours, a DVD for Wonderland Live was not released. Instead it was broadcast on Sky 1 on 23 December and in cinemas.
On 16 July 2018, while performing at first ever Hits Radio Live at the Manchester Arena, Gary, Howard and Mark confirmed that they would be touring in 2019. The tour will be a Greatest Hits tour and celebrate the 30th anniversary of the band. There will also be a Greatest Hits album released.
In April 2006, EMI licensed the band 's songs to be used in the musical Never Forget, a musical based on songs of the band from the 1990s. Take That posted and then later removed a statement on their website distancing themselves from it.
Take That wrote and recorded the theme song "Rule the World '' for the film Stardust directed by Matthew Vaughn, which was released in cinemas across the globe in October 2007.
In 2007, their song "Back for Good '' was used as part of the soundtrack for popular Korean drama The 1st Shop of Coffee Prince.
Take That presented their own TV show Take That Come to Town, a variety show in which they performed some of their biggest hits. The show also featured comedy sketches with one of Peter Kay 's alter egos Geraldine McQueen. It aired on 7 December 2008 on ITV1.
Sony launched their first Take That video game with SingStar Take That in 2009 for the PlayStation 3 system.
In November 2010 ITV aired Take That: Look Back, Do n't Stare, a black and white documentary which focused on the band working together for the first time in 15 years. Through a series of interviews the band look back at their achievements while also looking forward to what the future holds for them. On 18 November 2010, Williams and Barlow appeared together live on television for the first time on the Popstars program in Germany singing their hit "Shame ''.
In 2011, Take That 's song "Love Love '' was used in the credits of the 2011 film X-Men: First Class and later, "When We Were Young '' was chosen as the main theme for The Three Musketeers movie.
In 2015, Take That 's song "Get Ready for It '', from their album III, was chosen as the theme song for the film Kingsman: The Secret Service.
Early in their career, Take That were known for party anthems such as "Do What U Like '' and more mature ballads such as "A Million Love Songs '' and "Back for Good ''. Since reuniting in 2006, they have become more experimental: their post-2006 albums Beautiful World and The Circus have featured "stadium - filling pop - rock '' while Progress largely leaned towards electropop. Having been dubbed the "comeback kings '' by the media for their highly successful reunion, the group has won widespread praise for their seamless transformation from teen idols to "man band '' without overly relying on nostalgia, instead showcasing a more mature image and sound and reinventing themselves while maintaining their artistic integrity. Jude Rogers of The Guardian commented on Take That 's post-reunion success, in light of a string of reunions by the group 's disbanded counterparts from the 1990 's: "Only Take That are penetrating pop 's wider consciousness by becoming a man - band rather than a boy - band, singing mature, proper pop songs that cross the generations. ''
Take That have garnered critical acclaim and popularity as consummate live performers and for their musical output. Their domestic concert tours have been described as "some of the most flamboyant, imaginative and extravagant pop tours around ''. Aside from covers, all of their material is composed by the members themselves; Barlow was initially the principal songwriter who received sole credit but the other members have since taken a more active role in the composition and production process, including playing instruments for the backing track.
Current members
Former members
Timeline
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group conflicts are resolved during which stage of linear group development | Tuckman 's stages of group development - wikipedia
The forming -- storming -- norming -- performing model of group development was first proposed by Bruce Tuckman in 1965, who said that these phases are all necessary and inevitable in order for the team to grow, face up to challenges, tackle problems, find solutions, plan work, and deliver results.
The team meets and learns about the opportunities and challenges, and then agrees on goals and begins to tackle the tasks. Team members tend to behave quite independently. They may be motivated but are usually relatively uninformed of the issues and objectives of the team. Team members are usually on their best behavior but very focused on themselves. Mature team members begin to model appropriate behavior even at this early phase. The meeting environment also plays an important role to model the initial behaviors of each individual. The major task functions also concern orientation. Members attempt to become oriented to the tasks as well as to one another. Discussion centers around defining the scope of the task, how to approach it, and similar concerns. They grow from this stage to the next, each member must relinquish the comfort of non-threatening topics and risk the possibility of conflict.
In this stage "... participants form opinions about the character and integrity of the other participants and feel compelled to voice these opinions if they find someone shirking responsibility or attempting to dominate. Sometimes participants question the actions or decision of the leader as the expedition grows harder... ''. Disagreements and personality clashes must be resolved before the team can progress out of this stage, and so some teams may never emerge from "storming '' or re-enter that phase if new challenges or disputes arise. In Tuckman 's 1965 paper, only 50 % of the studies identified a stage of intragroup conflict, and some of the remaining studies jumped directly from stage 1 to stage 3. Some groups may avoid the phase altogether, but for those who do n't, the duration, intensity and destructiveness of the "storms '' can be varied. Tolerance of each team member and their differences should be emphasized; without tolerance and patience the team will fail. This phase can become destructive to the team and will lower motivation if allowed to get out of control. Some teams will never develop past this stage; however, disagreements within the team can make members stronger, more versatile, and able to work more effectively as a team. Supervisors of the team during this phase may be more accessible, but tend to remain directive in their guidance of decision - making and professional behaviour. The team members will therefore resolve their differences and members will be able to participate with one another more comfortably. The ideal is that they will not feel that they are being judged, and will therefore share their opinions and views. Normally tension, struggle and sometimes arguments occur. This stage can also be upsetting.
"Resolved disagreements and personality clashes result in greater intimacy, and a spirit of co-operation emerges. '' This happens when the team is aware of competition and they share a common goal. In this stage, all team members take the responsibility and have the ambition to work for the success of the team 's goals. They start tolerating the whims and fancies of the other team members. They accept others as they are and make an effort to move on. The danger here is that members may be so focused on preventing conflict that they are reluctant to share controversial ideas.
"With group norms and roles established, group members focus on achieving common goals, often reaching an unexpectedly high level of success. '' By this time, they are motivated and knowledgeable. The team members are now competent, autonomous and able to handle the decision - making process without supervision. Dissent is expected and allowed as long as it is channelled through means acceptable to the team.
Supervisors of the team during this phase are almost always participating. The team will make most of the necessary decisions. Even the most high - performing teams will revert to earlier stages in certain circumstances. Many long - standing teams go through these cycles many times as they react to changing circumstances. For example, a change in leadership may cause the team to revert to storming as the new people challenge the existing norms and dynamics of the team...
In 1977, Tuckman, jointly with Mary Ann Jensen, added a fifth stage to the four stages: adjourning, that involves completing the task and breaking up the team (in some texts referred to as Mourning).
Timothy Biggs suggested that an additional stage be added of Norming after Forming and renaming the traditional Norming stage Re-Norming. This addition is designed to reflect that there is a period after Forming where the performance of a team gradually improves and the interference of a leader content with that level of performance will prevent a team progressing through the Storming stage to true performance. This puts the emphasis back on the team and leader as the Storming stage must be actively engaged in order to succeed -- too many ' diplomats ' or ' peacemakers, ' especially in a leadership role, may prevent the team from reaching their full potential.
Rickards and Moger proposed a similar extension to the Tuckman model when a group breaks out of its norms through a process of creative problem - solving.
Alasdair A.K. White together with his colleague, John Fairhurst, examined Tuckman 's development sequence when developing the White - Fairhurst TPR Model. They simplify the sequence and group the Forming - Storming - Norming stages together as the Transforming phase, which they equate with the initial performance level. This is then followed by a Performing phase that leads to a new performance level which they call the Reforming phase. Their work was developed further by White in his essay "From Comfort Zone to Performance Management '' in which he demonstrates the linkage between Tuckman 's work with that of Colin Carnall 's "coping cycle '' and the Comfort Zone Theory.
A healthcare research study "Maximizing Team Performance: The Critical Role of the Nurse Leader '' examined the role of nursing leaders in facilitating the development of high performing Change teams using the Tuckman Model of Group Development as a guiding framework. Using qualitative research techniques, these authors linked the team development stages to leadership strategies, as well as identified keys to leader success. Below are some examples from the article:
- Facilitate team to identify goals
- Ensure the team development of a shared mental model
- Develop mutual trust
- Calm the work environment
- Allow for the transfer of leadership
- Set aside time for planning and engaging the team
- Assist in the timing and selection of new member
- Create future leadership opportunities
In Agile software development, high - performance teams will exhibit a swarm behavior as they come together, collaborate, and focus on solving a single problem. Swarming is sometimes referred to as Mob programming.
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is the movie powder based on a book | Powder (film) - wikipedia
Powder is a 1995 American fantasy drama film, written and directed by Victor Salva and starring Sean Patrick Flanery in the titular role, with Jeff Goldblum, Mary Steenburgen, Bradford Tatum and Lance Henriksen in supporting roles.
The film is about Jeremy "Powder '' Reed, who has an incredible intellect, as well as telepathy and paranormal powers. The film questions the limits of the human mind and body while also displaying society 's capacity for cruelty, and raises hope that humanity will advance to a state of better understanding. Its filming locations were around suburbs of Houston, San Antonio and Austin, Texas.
The film was a financial success, but critical reviews were mixed and the film 's release dogged with controversy due to Salva 's prior conviction for child sex abuse.
Jeremy "Powder '' Reed is an albino young man who has incredible intellect and is able to sense the thoughts of the people around him. Jeremy 's brain possesses a powerful electromagnetic charge, which causes electrical objects to function abnormally when he is around them, particularly when he becomes emotional. The Albinism also prevents hair from growing on his body.
Jeremy 's mother was struck by lightning while pregnant with him; she died shortly after the strike, but Jeremy survived. His father disowned him shortly after his premature birth, and he was raised by his grandparents. Jeremy lived in the basement and worked on their farm, never leaving their property and learning everything he knew from books. He is taken from his home when his grandfather is found dead of natural causes. Jessie Caldwell (Mary Steenburgen), a child services psychologist, takes him to a boys ' home because he is now effectively a ward of the state.
Jessie enrolls him in high school, where Jeremy meets physics teacher Donald Ripley (Jeff Goldblum). Donald finds out that Jeremy has supernatural powers as well as the highest IQ in the history of mankind. While his abilities mark him as special, they also make him an outcast.
On a hunting trip with his schoolmates, Jeremy is threatened with a gun by John Box (Bradford Tatum), an aggressive student who views him as a freak. Before John can fire, a gun goes off in the distance, and everyone rushes to see that Harley Duncan, a Sheriff 's deputy, has shot a doe. Anguished by the animal 's death, Jeremy touches the deer and Harley, inducing in Harley what the students assume is a seizure. However, Harley admits that Jeremy had actually caused him to feel the pain and fear of the dying deer. Because of the experience, Harley removes all of his guns from his house, although Sheriff Doug Barnum allows him to remain as a sheriff 's deputy without a sidearm.
Doug enlists Jeremy to help speak to his dying wife through telepathy. Through Jeremy, the sheriff learns that his wife clings onto life because she did n't want to leave without her wedding ring on her finger and without him reconciling with his estranged son, Steven. She tells him that Steven found the ring and that it has been sitting in a silver box on her nightstand the entire time. Doug then places the ring on his wife 's finger and reconciles with Steven, letting his wife die peacefully.
Jeremy meets Lindsey Kelloway (Missy Crider), a romantic interest, but their relationship is broken by Lindsey 's father. Before the interruption, he tells Lindsey that he can see the truth about people: that they are scared and feel disconnected from the rest of the world but in truth are all connected to everything that exists.
Jeremy goes back to the juvenile facility and packs away his belongings, planning to run away to his farm. He pauses in the gym to stare at a male student washing, noticing the latter 's luxurious head of hair as well as body hair which he himself lacks, and is caught at it by John Box, who accuses him of homosexuality. John steals Jeremy 's hat and taunts him, but Jeremy reveals that John 's words mimic what his stepfather said before beating him when he was 12, infuriating him. John and the other boys humiliate Jeremy, stripping him naked and taunting him. His powers begin to manifest by pulling at their metal buttons and any piercings. Eventually, a large spherical electromagnetic pulse erupts throwing Jeremy into a mud puddle and everyone else to the ground. John is found still, with his heart stopped. Jeremy uses an electric shock to revive him.
In the final scene, Jeremy returns to the farm where he grew up, now in probate with the bank, and finds that all of his possessions have been removed. He is joined by Jessie, Donald, and Doug, who persuade Jeremy to come with them to find a place where he will not be feared and misunderstood. Instead, he runs into a field where a lightning bolt strikes him, and he disappears in a blinding flash of light, possibly transcending earthly limitations and becoming pure energy (as Donald alluded to in an earlier conversation). The electrical jolt hits Jessie, Donald and Doug.
The film 's score was written by Jerry Goldsmith. Salva personally wanted Goldsmith to score the music of the film because he had been "an enormous fan '' of the composer 's work.
Powder received generally mixed reviews from critics. It currently holds a rating of 47 % ("Rotten '') on Rotten Tomatoes based on 19 reviews, as of March 2017.
Caryn James of The New York Times described the film as "lethally dull '' with Goldblum 's dry humor offering the only tolerable moments in the film. "This intensely self - important film has no idea how absurd and unconvincing it is. ''
Leonard Martin wrote in his Leonard Maltin 's Movie Guide: "Earnest, but does n't add up to much. ''
Roger Ebert gave the film 2 stars our of a possible 4. He criticized numerous plot holes as well as Flanery 's makeup, which resembled a mime more than an albino. He wrote: "' Powder ' has all of the elements of a successful fantasy, and none of the insights. It 's a movie where intriguing ideas lie there on the screen, jumbled and unrealized. It leads up to bathos, not pathos, because not enough attention was paid to the underlying truth of the characters. They 're all just pawns for the plot gimmicks. ''
Since its release, the film has grossed approximately $31 million worldwide.
The film 's production by Disney resulted in a controversy over the choice of writer - director Victor Salva, who had been convicted of molesting a 12 - year - old child actor during the production of his previous film, Clownhouse (1988). He was sentenced to three years imprisonment and released after 15 months. Disney officials reported that they learned of Salva 's crime only after production of Powder had begun, and stressed that there were no minors on the set for the film. When Powder was released, the victim, Nathan Forrest Winters, came forward again in an attempt to get others to boycott the film in protest at Disney 's hiring Salva. Since then, Disney has not picked up any more pictures by Salva.
In a 2015 appearance on The Joe Rogan Experience, comedian Barry Crimmins criticized the plot of Powder for implying that a child has power over an adult as representing a veiled or allegorical defense Salva 's history as a sex offender.
The film was remade by Bollywood under the title of Alag.
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where will the 2023 rugby world cup be held | 2023 Rugby World Cup - wikipedia
The 2023 Rugby World Cup, to be hosted by France, is scheduled to be the tenth Rugby World Cup, taking place in the year of the 200th anniversary of the legendary ' invention ' of the sport by William Webb Ellis.
Several countries have declared their interest in hosting the 2023 Rugby World Cup, including France and Ireland. Both countries that have already hosted RWC matches, and countries looking to host a tournament for the first time. World Rugby may select the hosts for the 2023 and 2027 at the same time (as they did with the 2015 and 2019 tournaments). The bidding schedule is as follows:
The bidding process formally kicked off on 14 May 2015. World Rugby held a meeting with five potential Rugby World Cup 2023 hosts on 6 May 2015 in London that was attended by representatives from Ireland, Italy, South Africa, France and the United States. Apart from the U.S., the countries attending had all previously publicly announced their interest to host the 2023 Rugby World Cup.
On 3 July 2015 World Rugby confirmed interest from the following four nations by the deadline of 15 June 2015:
After hosting the 2019 Rugby World Cup in Japan, World Rugby may look to host the tournament in the sports ' ' heartlands ', leaving South Africa and Ireland as favourites.
South Africa was considered one of the frontrunners to host the 2023 competition, having hosted the 1995 tournament and bid unsuccessfully for the right to host the 2011, 2015, and 2019 tournaments.
In April 2016 the South African government banned its own rugby union from bidding to stage the 2023 World Cup over its failure to provide enough opportunities for black players. SA Rugby sought urgent talks with sports minister Fikile Mbalula in an effort to get its ban lifted in time for it to bid for the Rugby World Cup 2023. Jurie Roux, the chief executive of SA Rugby stated "There is no question that we have more work to do and we could be moving faster, but our sport has undergone a major overhaul in the past two or three years and we have definitely made great progress. ''
South Africa confirmed the bid on 9 May 2017 after the ban was lifted. There are optimistic projections of a R27 billion injection to the local economy by hosting the event, with a focus on eight stadiums across seven cities.
The Irish Government and the Northern Ireland Executive, together with the Irish Rugby Football Union, formally announced on 5 December 2014 their intentions to launch a bid to host the event. Dick Spring, former Tánaiste and Ireland rugby player, and Chair of Ireland 's Rugby World Cup 2023 bid, stated in May 2015 that Ireland already had received pledges of support from 40 % of World Rugby 's board 's 27 votes. Ireland 's bid included both rugby and Gaelic games grounds. The 82,000 capacity GAA stadium Croke Park would host the final, while other newly redeveloped GAA stadia such as Casement Park, Fitzgerald Stadium, MacHale Park and Páirc Uí Chaoimh would be part of the bid. In July 2017, emergency legislation was passed by the Oireachtas to grant the sports minister the explicit statutory authority to make the financial guarantees which Rugby World Cup Limited required.
On 15 November 2016, 12 stadia were announced as being part of the bid. The provisional list included Ireland 's home stadium, Aviva Stadium, the home grounds of Leinster, Munster and Ulster, and eight GAA grounds, with two of these from each province. Some sites, such as Páirc Uí Chaoimh and Casement Park, are currently undergoing renovations or expansions. Their planned capacities, as listed on the IRFU 's website, are provided.
France, which hosted the 2007 Rugby World Cup, expressed interest in hosting the 2023 tournament. France launched its bid on 9 February 2017 revealing 19 potential host cities and an environmentally friendly transport plan. On 17 March, 12 host cities were selected. This list was later reduced to 9 cities (excluding Paris, Montpellier and Lens):
On 31 October 2017, the Rugby World Cup Limited Board submitted a comprehensive evaluation report of the bidders. The report stated that all three countries were capable of hosting the 2023 Rugby World Cup, and recommended South Africa as the preferred host in light of the report 's scoring. The evaluation report included a summary of the scoring:
The biggest differentiating factor among scoring was for venues. South Africa has an ample number of large and modern stadiums by virtue of its hosting the 2010 FIFA World Cup. By contrast, Ireland has not hosted a tournament of similar magnitude, and its stadiums would require significant technology and telecom upgrades to meet RWC requirements.
The evaluation report was met with criticism from French and Irish sources. The President of the French Rugby Federation, Bernard Laporte questioned why France, which had recently hosted the successful UEFA Euro 2016 football tournament, scored lower than South Africa for both stadiums and hotels. Irish media questioned why all three countries received the same score on security; South Africa has the eighth highest murder rate in the world, over 50 times higher than Ireland 's rate. Additionally, the report included limited reference to the fact that Durban, South Africa had initially won the right to host the 2022 Commonwealth Games, before the Commonwealth Games Federation was forced to strip Durban of hosting rights for failure to deliver on key obligations and commitments.
The evaluation report by the Rugby World Cup Limited Board states that French law considers a criminal offence to use, hold or sell drugs. The French bid states that this "would have no impact on RWC 2023 as a tournament, including the participating teams '', but it "has not provided any official government documentation to support this statement and therefore this could pose a risk to the tournament and participating teams ''. According to the report, RWCL "did not specifically request government commitment at this stage ''.
The World Rugby Council voted on 15 November 2017 to award the 2023 World Cup hosting rights to France. In the first round of voting, no country achieved a majority. Ireland were then eliminated as they gained the fewest votes in the first round. France defeated South Africa in the second round of voting. Council members reportedly preferred the financial superiority of the French bid. According to ESPN, "France 's proposal guaranteed a net revenue return of £ 350 million for World Rugby to invest back into the game; Ireland and South Africa 's in turn came in at around £ 270m. '' After the vote, IRFU chief executive Philip Browne conceded that last - placed Ireland could n't match the other two countries financial offer and stadiums, and questioned whether World Rugby would allow a small country to host the World Cup.
The council voting was as follows:
The Italian Rugby Federation (FIR) confirmed in March 2015 its intention to bid for the 2023 Rugby World Cup. On 12 August 2016, the Italian Rugby Federation announced the 12 stadiums they expressed interest in using for the 2023 event. However, on September 28, 2016, Italy officially withdrew from the competition to host the 2023 Rugby World Cup.
Two countries -- the United States and Argentina -- initially expressed interest in hosting the 2023 tournament, but ultimately declined to bid. The United States was anticipated to bid and was considered a possible contender to host the 2023 or 2027 Rugby World Cup. World Rugby CEO Mike Miller stated in 2010 that the United States would host a Rugby World Cup, stating that "it 's a question of when, not if. ''
Argentina 's World Rugby Council representative Agustín Pichot stated that Argentina wanted to host the 2023 tournament. In May 2016, following a meeting with Pichot, Argentine President Mauricio Macri announced government support for a 2027 Rugby World Cup bid.
The Rugby World Cup may expand from its current 20 teams for the 2023 tournament.
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where are stars located in the solar system | Solar System - wikipedia
The Solar System is the gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly. Of those objects that orbit the Sun directly, the largest eight are the planets, with the remainder being smaller objects, such as dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies. Of the objects that orbit the Sun indirectly, the moons, two are larger than the smallest planet, Mercury.
The Solar System formed 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar molecular cloud. The vast majority of the system 's mass is in the Sun, with the majority of the remaining mass contained in Jupiter. The four smaller inner planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars, are terrestrial planets, being primarily composed of rock and metal. The four outer planets are giant planets, being substantially more massive than the terrestrials. The two largest, Jupiter and Saturn, are gas giants, being composed mainly of hydrogen and helium; the two outermost planets, Uranus and Neptune, are ice giants, being composed mostly of substances with relatively high melting points compared with hydrogen and helium, called volatiles, such as water, ammonia and methane. All eight planets have almost circular orbits that lie within a nearly flat disc called the ecliptic.
The Solar System also contains smaller objects. The asteroid belt, which lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, mostly contains objects composed, like the terrestrial planets, of rock and metal. Beyond Neptune 's orbit lie the Kuiper belt and scattered disc, which are populations of trans - Neptunian objects composed mostly of ices, and beyond them a newly discovered population of sednoids. Within these populations are several dozen to possibly tens of thousands of objects large enough that they have been rounded by their own gravity. Such objects are categorized as dwarf planets. Identified dwarf planets include the asteroid Ceres and the trans - Neptunian objects Pluto and Eris. In addition to these two regions, various other small - body populations, including comets, centaurs and interplanetary dust clouds, freely travel between regions. Six of the planets, at least four of the dwarf planets, and many of the smaller bodies are orbited by natural satellites, usually termed "moons '' after the Moon. Each of the outer planets is encircled by planetary rings of dust and other small objects.
The solar wind, a stream of charged particles flowing outwards from the Sun, creates a bubble - like region in the interstellar medium known as the heliosphere. The heliopause is the point at which pressure from the solar wind is equal to the opposing pressure of the interstellar medium; it extends out to the edge of the scattered disc. The Oort cloud, which is thought to be the source for long - period comets, may also exist at a distance roughly a thousand times further than the heliosphere. The Solar System is located in the Orion Arm, 26,000 light - years from the center of the Milky Way.
For most of history, humanity did not recognize or understand the concept of the Solar System. Most people up to the Late Middle Ages -- Renaissance believed Earth to be stationary at the centre of the universe and categorically different from the divine or ethereal objects that moved through the sky. Although the Greek philosopher Aristarchus of Samos had speculated on a heliocentric reordering of the cosmos, Nicolaus Copernicus was the first to develop a mathematically predictive heliocentric system. In the 17th century, Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton developed an understanding of physics that led to the gradual acceptance of the idea that Earth moves around the Sun and that the planets are governed by the same physical laws that govern Earth. The invention of the telescope led to the discovery of further planets and moons. Improvements in the telescope and the use of unmanned spacecraft have enabled the investigation of geological phenomena, such as mountains, craters, seasonal meteorological phenomena, such as clouds, dust storms and ice caps on the other planets.
The principal component of the Solar System is the Sun, a G2 main - sequence star that contains 99.86 % of the system 's known mass and dominates it gravitationally. The Sun 's four largest orbiting bodies, the giant planets, account for 99 % of the remaining mass, with Jupiter and Saturn together comprising more than 90 %. The remaining objects of the Solar System (including the four terrestrial planets, the dwarf planets, moons, asteroids, and comets) together comprise less than 0.002 % of the Solar System 's total mass.
Most large objects in orbit around the Sun lie near the plane of Earth 's orbit, known as the ecliptic. The planets are very close to the ecliptic, whereas comets and Kuiper belt objects are frequently at significantly greater angles to it. All the planets, and most other objects, orbit the Sun in the same direction that the Sun is rotating (counter-clockwise, as viewed from above Earth 's north pole). There are exceptions, such as Halley 's Comet.
The overall structure of the charted regions of the Solar System consists of the Sun, four relatively small inner planets surrounded by a belt of mostly rocky asteroids, and four giant planets surrounded by the Kuiper belt of mostly icy objects. Astronomers sometimes informally divide this structure into separate regions. The inner Solar System includes the four terrestrial planets and the asteroid belt. The outer Solar System is beyond the asteroids, including the four giant planets. Since the discovery of the Kuiper belt, the outermost parts of the Solar System are considered a distinct region consisting of the objects beyond Neptune.
Most of the planets in the Solar System have secondary systems of their own, being orbited by planetary objects called natural satellites, or moons (two of which, Titan and Ganymede, are larger than the planet Mercury), and, in the case of the four giant planets, by planetary rings, thin bands of tiny particles that orbit them in unison. Most of the largest natural satellites are in synchronous rotation, with one face permanently turned toward their parent.
Kepler 's laws of planetary motion describe the orbits of objects about the Sun. Following Kepler 's laws, each object travels along an ellipse with the Sun at one focus. Objects closer to the Sun (with smaller semi-major axes) travel more quickly because they are more affected by the Sun 's gravity. On an elliptical orbit, a body 's distance from the Sun varies over the course of its year. A body 's closest approach to the Sun is called its perihelion, whereas its most distant point from the Sun is called its aphelion. The orbits of the planets are nearly circular, but many comets, asteroids, and Kuiper belt objects follow highly elliptical orbits. The positions of the bodies in the Solar System can be predicted using numerical models.
Although the Sun dominates the system by mass, it accounts for only about 2 % of the angular momentum. The planets, dominated by Jupiter, account for most of the rest of the angular momentum due to the combination of their mass, orbit, and distance from the Sun, with a possibly significant contribution from comets.
The Sun, which comprises nearly all the matter in the Solar System, is composed of roughly 98 % hydrogen and helium. Jupiter and Saturn, which comprise nearly all the remaining matter, are also primarily composed of hydrogen and helium. A composition gradient exists in the Solar System, created by heat and light pressure from the Sun; those objects closer to the Sun, which are more affected by heat and light pressure, are composed of elements with high melting points. Objects farther from the Sun are composed largely of materials with lower melting points. The boundary in the Solar System beyond which those volatile substances could condense is known as the frost line, and it lies at roughly 5 AU from the Sun.
The objects of the inner Solar System are composed mostly of rock, the collective name for compounds with high melting points, such as silicates, iron or nickel, that remained solid under almost all conditions in the protoplanetary nebula. Jupiter and Saturn are composed mainly of gases, the astronomical term for materials with extremely low melting points and high vapour pressure, such as hydrogen, helium, and neon, which were always in the gaseous phase in the nebula. Ices, like water, methane, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide, have melting points up to a few hundred kelvins. They can be found as ices, liquids, or gases in various places in the Solar System, whereas in the nebula they were either in the solid or gaseous phase. Icy substances comprise the majority of the satellites of the giant planets, as well as most of Uranus and Neptune (the so - called "ice giants '') and the numerous small objects that lie beyond Neptune 's orbit. Together, gases and ices are referred to as volatiles.
The distance from Earth to the Sun is 1 astronomical unit (150,000,000 km), or AU. For comparison, the radius of the Sun is 0.0047 AU (700,000 km). Thus, the Sun occupies 0.00001 % (10 %) of the volume of a sphere with a radius the size of Earth 's orbit, whereas Earth 's volume is roughly one millionth (10) that of the Sun. Jupiter, the largest planet, is 5.2 astronomical units (780,000,000 km) from the Sun and has a radius of 71,000 km (0.00047 AU), whereas the most distant planet, Neptune, is 30 AU (4.5 × 10 km) from the Sun.
With a few exceptions, the farther a planet or belt is from the Sun, the larger the distance between its orbit and the orbit of the next nearer object to the Sun. For example, Venus is approximately 0.33 AU farther out from the Sun than Mercury, whereas Saturn is 4.3 AU out from Jupiter, and Neptune lies 10.5 AU out from Uranus. Attempts have been made to determine a relationship between these orbital distances (for example, the Titius -- Bode law), but no such theory has been accepted. The images at the beginning of this section show the orbits of the various constituents of the Solar System on different scales.
Some Solar System models attempt to convey the relative scales involved in the Solar System on human terms. Some are small in scale (and may be mechanical -- called orreries) -- whereas others extend across cities or regional areas. The largest such scale model, the Sweden Solar System, uses the 110 - metre (361 - ft) Ericsson Globe in Stockholm as its substitute Sun, and, following the scale, Jupiter is a 7.5 - metre (25 - foot) sphere at Arlanda International Airport, 40 km (25 mi) away, whereas the farthest current object, Sedna, is a 10 - cm (4 - in) sphere in Luleå, 912 km (567 mi) away.
If the Sun -- Neptune distance is scaled to 100 metres, then the Sun would be about 3 cm in diameter (roughly two - thirds the diameter of a golf ball), the giant planets would be all smaller than about 3 mm, and Earth 's diameter along with that of the other terrestrial planets would be smaller than a flea (0.3 mm) at this scale.
Distances of selected bodies of the Solar System from the Sun. The left and right edges of each bar correspond to the perihelion and aphelion of the body, respectively, hence long bars denote high orbital eccentricity. The radius of the Sun is 0.7 million km, and the radius of Jupiter (the largest planet) is 0.07 million km, both too small to resolve on this image.
The Solar System formed 4.568 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a region within a large molecular cloud. This initial cloud was likely several light - years across and probably birthed several stars. As is typical of molecular clouds, this one consisted mostly of hydrogen, with some helium, and small amounts of heavier elements fused by previous generations of stars. As the region that would become the Solar System, known as the pre-solar nebula, collapsed, conservation of angular momentum caused it to rotate faster. The centre, where most of the mass collected, became increasingly hotter than the surrounding disc. As the contracting nebula rotated faster, it began to flatten into a protoplanetary disc with a diameter of roughly 200 AU and a hot, dense protostar at the centre. The planets formed by accretion from this disc, in which dust and gas gravitationally attracted each other, coalescing to form ever larger bodies. Hundreds of protoplanets may have existed in the early Solar System, but they either merged or were destroyed, leaving the planets, dwarf planets, and leftover minor bodies.
Due to their higher boiling points, only metals and silicates could exist in solid form in the warm inner Solar System close to the Sun, and these would eventually form the rocky planets of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Because metallic elements only comprised a very small fraction of the solar nebula, the terrestrial planets could not grow very large. The giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) formed further out, beyond the frost line, the point between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter where material is cool enough for volatile icy compounds to remain solid. The ices that formed these planets were more plentiful than the metals and silicates that formed the terrestrial inner planets, allowing them to grow massive enough to capture large atmospheres of hydrogen and helium, the lightest and most abundant elements. Leftover debris that never became planets congregated in regions such as the asteroid belt, Kuiper belt, and Oort cloud. The Nice model is an explanation for the creation of these regions and how the outer planets could have formed in different positions and migrated to their current orbits through various gravitational interactions.
Within 50 million years, the pressure and density of hydrogen in the centre of the protostar became great enough for it to begin thermonuclear fusion. The temperature, reaction rate, pressure, and density increased until hydrostatic equilibrium was achieved: the thermal pressure equalled the force of gravity. At this point, the Sun became a main - sequence star. The main - sequence phase, from beginning to end, will last about 10 billion years for the Sun compared to around two billion years for all other phases of the Sun 's pre-remnant life combined. Solar wind from the Sun created the heliosphere and swept away the remaining gas and dust from the protoplanetary disc into interstellar space, ending the planetary formation process. The Sun is growing brighter; early in its main - sequence life its brightness was 70 % that of what it is today.
The Solar System will remain roughly as we know it today until the hydrogen in the core of the Sun has been entirely converted to helium, which will occur roughly 5 billion years from now. This will mark the end of the Sun 's main - sequence life. At this time, the core of the Sun will contract with hydrogen fusion occurring along a shell surrounding the inert helium, and the energy output will be much greater than at present. The outer layers of the Sun will expand to roughly 260 times its current diameter, and the Sun will become a red giant. Because of its vastly increased surface area, the surface of the Sun will be considerably cooler (2,600 K at its coolest) than it is on the main sequence. The expanding Sun is expected to vaporize Mercury and render Earth uninhabitable. Eventually, the core will be hot enough for helium fusion; the Sun will burn helium for a fraction of the time it burned hydrogen in the core. The Sun is not massive enough to commence the fusion of heavier elements, and nuclear reactions in the core will dwindle. Its outer layers will move away into space, leaving a white dwarf, an extraordinarily dense object, half the original mass of the Sun but only the size of Earth. The ejected outer layers will form what is known as a planetary nebula, returning some of the material that formed the Sun -- but now enriched with heavier elements like carbon -- to the interstellar medium.
The Sun is the Solar System 's star and by far its most massive component. Its large mass (332,900 Earth masses) produces temperatures and densities in its core high enough to sustain nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium, making it a main - sequence star. This releases an enormous amount of energy, mostly radiated into space as electromagnetic radiation peaking in visible light.
The Sun is a G2 - type main - sequence star. Hotter main - sequence stars are more luminous. The Sun 's temperature is intermediate between that of the hottest stars and that of the coolest stars. Stars brighter and hotter than the Sun are rare, whereas substantially dimmer and cooler stars, known as red dwarfs, make up 85 % of the stars in the Milky Way.
The Sun is a population I star; it has a higher abundance of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium ("metals '' in astronomical parlance) than the older population II stars. Elements heavier than hydrogen and helium were formed in the cores of ancient and exploding stars, so the first generation of stars had to die before the Universe could be enriched with these atoms. The oldest stars contain few metals, whereas stars born later have more. This high metallicity is thought to have been crucial to the Sun 's development of a planetary system because the planets form from the accretion of "metals ''.
The vast majority of the Solar System consists of a near - vacuum known as the interplanetary medium. Along with light, the Sun radiates a continuous stream of charged particles (a plasma) known as the solar wind. This stream of particles spreads outwards at roughly 1.5 million kilometres per hour, creating a tenuous atmosphere that permeates the interplanetary medium out to at least 100 AU (see § Heliosphere). Activity on the Sun 's surface, such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections, disturb the heliosphere, creating space weather and causing geomagnetic storms. The largest structure within the heliosphere is the heliospheric current sheet, a spiral form created by the actions of the Sun 's rotating magnetic field on the interplanetary medium.
Earth 's magnetic field stops its atmosphere from being stripped away by the solar wind. Venus and Mars do not have magnetic fields, and as a result the solar wind is causing their atmospheres to gradually bleed away into space. Coronal mass ejections and similar events blow a magnetic field and huge quantities of material from the surface of the Sun. The interaction of this magnetic field and material with Earth 's magnetic field funnels charged particles into Earth 's upper atmosphere, where its interactions create aurorae seen near the magnetic poles.
The heliosphere and planetary magnetic fields (for those planets that have them) partially shield the Solar System from high - energy interstellar particles called cosmic rays. The density of cosmic rays in the interstellar medium and the strength of the Sun 's magnetic field change on very long timescales, so the level of cosmic - ray penetration in the Solar System varies, though by how much is unknown.
The interplanetary medium is home to at least two disc - like regions of cosmic dust. The first, the zodiacal dust cloud, lies in the inner Solar System and causes the zodiacal light. It was likely formed by collisions within the asteroid belt brought on by gravitational interactions with the planets. The second dust cloud extends from about 10 AU to about 40 AU, and was probably created by similar collisions within the Kuiper belt.
The inner Solar System is the region comprising the terrestrial planets and the asteroid belt. Composed mainly of silicates and metals, the objects of the inner Solar System are relatively close to the Sun; the radius of this entire region is less than the distance between the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn. This region is also within the frost line, which is a little less than 5 AU (about 700 million km) from the Sun.
The four terrestrial or inner planets have dense, rocky compositions, few or no moons, and no ring systems. They are composed largely of refractory minerals, such as the silicates, which form their crusts and mantles, and metals, such as iron and nickel, which form their cores. Three of the four inner planets (Venus, Earth and Mars) have atmospheres substantial enough to generate weather; all have impact craters and tectonic surface features, such as rift valleys and volcanoes. The term inner planet should not be confused with inferior planet, which designates those planets that are closer to the Sun than Earth is (i.e. Mercury and Venus).
Asteroids except for the largest, Ceres, are classified as small Solar System bodies and are composed mainly of refractory rocky and metallic minerals, with some ice. They range from a few metres to hundreds of kilometres in size. Asteroids smaller than one meter are usually called meteoroids and micrometeoroids (grain - sized), depending on different, somewhat arbitrary definitions.
The asteroid belt occupies the orbit between Mars and Jupiter, between 2.3 and 3.3 AU from the Sun. It is thought to be remnants from the Solar System 's formation that failed to coalesce because of the gravitational interference of Jupiter. The asteroid belt contains tens of thousands, possibly millions, of objects over one kilometre in diameter. Despite this, the total mass of the asteroid belt is unlikely to be more than a thousandth of that of Earth. The asteroid belt is very sparsely populated; spacecraft routinely pass through without incident.
The outer region of the Solar System is home to the giant planets and their large moons. The centaurs and many short - period comets also orbit in this region. Due to their greater distance from the Sun, the solid objects in the outer Solar System contain a higher proportion of volatiles, such as water, ammonia, and methane than those of the inner Solar System because the lower temperatures allow these compounds to remain solid.
The four outer planets, or giant planets (sometimes called Jovian planets), collectively make up 99 % of the mass known to orbit the Sun. Jupiter and Saturn are together over 400 times the mass of Earth and consist overwhelmingly of hydrogen and helium; Uranus and Neptune are far less massive (< 20 Earth masses each) and are composed primarily of ices. For these reasons, some astronomers suggest they belong in their own category, "ice giants ''. All four giant planets have rings, although only Saturn 's ring system is easily observed from Earth. The term superior planet designates planets outside Earth 's orbit and thus includes both the outer planets and Mars.
The centaurs are icy comet - like bodies whose orbits have semi-major axes greater than Jupiter 's (5.5 AU) and less than Neptune 's (30 AU). The largest known centaur, 10199 Chariklo, has a diameter of about 250 km. The first centaur discovered, 2060 Chiron, has also been classified as comet (95P) because it develops a coma just as comets do when they approach the Sun.
Comets are small Solar System bodies, typically only a few kilometres across, composed largely of volatile ices. They have highly eccentric orbits, generally a perihelion within the orbits of the inner planets and an aphelion far beyond Pluto. When a comet enters the inner Solar System, its proximity to the Sun causes its icy surface to sublimate and ionise, creating a coma: a long tail of gas and dust often visible to the naked eye.
Short - period comets have orbits lasting less than two hundred years. Long - period comets have orbits lasting thousands of years. Short - period comets are thought to originate in the Kuiper belt, whereas long - period comets, such as Hale -- Bopp, are thought to originate in the Oort cloud. Many comet groups, such as the Kreutz Sungrazers, formed from the breakup of a single parent. Some comets with hyperbolic orbits may originate outside the Solar System, but determining their precise orbits is difficult. Old comets that have had most of their volatiles driven out by solar warming are often categorised as asteroids.
Beyond the orbit of Neptune lies the area of the "trans - Neptunian region '', with the doughnut - shaped Kuiper belt, home of Pluto and several other dwarf planets, and an overlapping disc of scattered objects, which is tilted toward the plane of the Solar System and reaches much further out than the Kuiper belt. The entire region is still largely unexplored. It appears to consist overwhelmingly of many thousands of small worlds -- the largest having a diameter only a fifth that of Earth and a mass far smaller than that of the Moon -- composed mainly of rock and ice. This region is sometimes described as the "third zone of the Solar System '', enclosing the inner and the outer Solar System.
The Kuiper belt is a great ring of debris similar to the asteroid belt, but consisting mainly of objects composed primarily of ice. It extends between 30 and 50 AU from the Sun. Though it is estimated to contain anything from dozens to thousands of dwarf planets, it is composed mainly of small Solar System bodies. Many of the larger Kuiper belt objects, such as Quaoar, Varuna, and Orcus, may prove to be dwarf planets with further data. There are estimated to be over 100,000 Kuiper belt objects with a diameter greater than 50 km, but the total mass of the Kuiper belt is thought to be only a tenth or even a hundredth the mass of Earth. Many Kuiper belt objects have multiple satellites, and most have orbits that take them outside the plane of the ecliptic.
The Kuiper belt can be roughly divided into the "classical '' belt and the resonances. Resonances are orbits linked to that of Neptune (e.g. twice for every three Neptune orbits, or once for every two). The first resonance begins within the orbit of Neptune itself. The classical belt consists of objects having no resonance with Neptune, and extends from roughly 39.4 AU to 47.7 AU. Members of the classical Kuiper belt are classified as cubewanos, after the first of their kind to be discovered, 15760 Albion (which previously had the provisional designation 1992 QB), and are still in near primordial, low - eccentricity orbits.
The scattered disc, which overlaps the Kuiper belt but extends much further outwards, is thought to be the source of short - period comets. Scattered - disc objects are thought to have been ejected into erratic orbits by the gravitational influence of Neptune 's early outward migration. Most scattered disc objects (SDOs) have perihelia within the Kuiper belt but aphelia far beyond it (some more than 150 AU from the Sun). SDOs ' orbits are also highly inclined to the ecliptic plane and are often almost perpendicular to it. Some astronomers consider the scattered disc to be merely another region of the Kuiper belt and describe scattered disc objects as "scattered Kuiper belt objects ''. Some astronomers also classify centaurs as inward - scattered Kuiper belt objects along with the outward - scattered residents of the scattered disc.
The point at which the Solar System ends and interstellar space begins is not precisely defined because its outer boundaries are shaped by two separate forces: the solar wind and the Sun 's gravity. The limit of the solar wind 's influence is roughly four times Pluto 's distance from the Sun; this heliopause, the outer boundary of the heliosphere, is considered the beginning of the interstellar medium. The Sun 's Hill sphere, the effective range of its gravitational dominance, is thought to extend up to a thousand times farther and encompasses the theorized Oort cloud.
The heliosphere is a stellar - wind bubble, a region of space dominated by the Sun, which radiates at roughly 400 km / s its solar wind, a stream of charged particles, until it collides with the wind of the interstellar medium.
The collision occurs at the termination shock, which is roughly 80 -- 100 AU from the Sun upwind of the interstellar medium and roughly 200 AU from the Sun downwind. Here the wind slows dramatically, condenses and becomes more turbulent, forming a great oval structure known as the heliosheath. This structure is thought to look and behave very much like a comet 's tail, extending outward for a further 40 AU on the upwind side but tailing many times that distance downwind; evidence from Cassini and Interstellar Boundary Explorer spacecraft has suggested that it is forced into a bubble shape by the constraining action of the interstellar magnetic field.
The outer boundary of the heliosphere, the heliopause, is the point at which the solar wind finally terminates and is the beginning of interstellar space. Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 are reported to have passed the termination shock and entered the heliosheath, at 94 and 84 AU from the Sun, respectively. Voyager 1 is reported to have crossed the heliopause in August 2012.
The shape and form of the outer edge of the heliosphere is likely affected by the fluid dynamics of interactions with the interstellar medium as well as solar magnetic fields prevailing to the south, e.g. it is bluntly shaped with the northern hemisphere extending 9 AU farther than the southern hemisphere. Beyond the heliopause, at around 230 AU, lies the bow shock, a plasma "wake '' left by the Sun as it travels through the Milky Way.
Due to a lack of data, conditions in local interstellar space are not known for certain. It is expected that NASA 's Voyager spacecraft, as they pass the heliopause, will transmit valuable data on radiation levels and solar wind to Earth. How well the heliosphere shields the Solar System from cosmic rays is poorly understood. A NASA - funded team has developed a concept of a "Vision Mission '' dedicated to sending a probe to the heliosphere.
90377 Sedna (520 AU average) is a large, reddish object with a gigantic, highly elliptical orbit that takes it from about 76 AU at perihelion to 940 AU at aphelion and takes 11,400 years to complete. Mike Brown, who discovered the object in 2003, asserts that it can not be part of the scattered disc or the Kuiper belt because its perihelion is too distant to have been affected by Neptune 's migration. He and other astronomers consider it to be the first in an entirely new population, sometimes termed "distant detached objects '' (DDOs), which also may include the object 2000 CR, which has a perihelion of 45 AU, an aphelion of 415 AU, and an orbital period of 3,420 years. Brown terms this population the "inner Oort cloud '' because it may have formed through a similar process, although it is far closer to the Sun. Sedna is very likely a dwarf planet, though its shape has yet to be determined. The second unequivocally detached object, with a perihelion farther than Sedna 's at roughly 81 AU, is 2012 VP 113, discovered in 2012. Its aphelion is only half that of Sedna 's, at 400 -- 500 AU.
The Oort cloud is a hypothetical spherical cloud of up to a trillion icy objects that is thought to be the source for all long - period comets and to surround the Solar System at roughly 50,000 AU (around 1 light - year (ly)), and possibly to as far as 100,000 AU (1.87 ly). It is thought to be composed of comets that were ejected from the inner Solar System by gravitational interactions with the outer planets. Oort cloud objects move very slowly, and can be perturbed by infrequent events, such as collisions, the gravitational effects of a passing star, or the galactic tide, the tidal force exerted by the Milky Way.
Much of the Solar System is still unknown. The Sun 's gravitational field is estimated to dominate the gravitational forces of surrounding stars out to about two light years (125,000 AU). Lower estimates for the radius of the Oort cloud, by contrast, do not place it farther than 50,000 AU. Despite discoveries such as Sedna, the region between the Kuiper belt and the Oort cloud, an area tens of thousands of AU in radius, is still virtually unmapped. There are also ongoing studies of the region between Mercury and the Sun. Objects may yet be discovered in the Solar System 's uncharted regions.
Currently, the furthest known objects, such as Comet West, have aphelia around 70,000 AU from the Sun, but as the Oort cloud becomes better known, this may change.
The Solar System is located in the Milky Way, a barred spiral galaxy with a diameter of about 100,000 light - years containing about 100 billion stars. The Sun resides in one of the Milky Way 's outer spiral arms, known as the Orion -- Cygnus Arm or Local Spur. The Sun lies between 25,000 and 28,000 light - years from the Galactic Centre, and its speed within the Milky Way is about 220 km / s, so that it completes one revolution every 225 -- 250 million years. This revolution is known as the Solar System 's galactic year. The solar apex, the direction of the Sun 's path through interstellar space, is near the constellation Hercules in the direction of the current location of the bright star Vega. The plane of the ecliptic lies at an angle of about 60 ° to the galactic plane.
The Solar System 's location in the Milky Way is a factor in the evolutionary history of life on Earth. Its orbit is close to circular, and orbits near the Sun are at roughly the same speed as that of the spiral arms. Therefore, the Sun passes through arms only rarely. Because spiral arms are home to a far larger concentration of supernovae, gravitational instabilities, and radiation that could disrupt the Solar System, this has given Earth long periods of stability for life to evolve. The Solar System also lies well outside the star - crowded environs of the galactic centre. Near the centre, gravitational tugs from nearby stars could perturb bodies in the Oort cloud and send many comets into the inner Solar System, producing collisions with potentially catastrophic implications for life on Earth. The intense radiation of the galactic centre could also interfere with the development of complex life. Even at the Solar System 's current location, some scientists have speculated that recent supernovae may have adversely affected life in the last 35,000 years, by flinging pieces of expelled stellar core towards the Sun, as radioactive dust grains and larger, comet - like bodies.
The Solar System is in the Local Interstellar Cloud or Local Fluff. It is thought to be near the neighbouring G - Cloud but it is not known if the Solar System is embedded in the Local Interstellar Cloud, or if it is in the region where the Local Interstellar Cloud and G - Cloud are interacting. The Local Interstellar Cloud is an area of denser cloud in an otherwise sparse region known as the Local Bubble, an hourglass - shaped cavity in the interstellar medium roughly 300 light - years (ly) across. The bubble is suffused with high - temperature plasma, that suggests it is the product of several recent supernovae.
There are relatively few stars within ten light - years of the Sun. The closest is the triple star system Alpha Centauri, which is about 4.4 light - years away. Alpha Centauri A and B are a closely tied pair of Sun - like stars, whereas the small red dwarf, Proxima Centauri, orbits the pair at a distance of 0.2 light - year. In 2016, a potentially habitable exoplanet was confirmed to be orbiting Proxima Centauri, called Proxima Centauri b, the closest confirmed exoplanet to the Sun. The stars next closest to the Sun are the red dwarfs Barnard 's Star (at 5.9 ly), Wolf 359 (7.8 ly), and Lalande 21185 (8.3 ly).
The largest nearby star is Sirius, a bright main - sequence star roughly 8.6 light - years away and roughly twice the Sun 's mass and that is orbited by a white dwarf, Sirius B. The nearest brown dwarfs are the binary Luhman 16 system at 6.6 light - years. Other systems within ten light - years are the binary red - dwarf system Luyten 726 - 8 (8.7 ly) and the solitary red dwarf Ross 154 (9.7 ly). The closest solitary Sun - like star to the Solar System is Tau Ceti at 11.9 light - years. It has roughly 80 % of the Sun 's mass but only 60 % of its luminosity. The closest known free - floating planetary - mass object to the Sun is WISE 0855 − 0714, an object with a mass less than 10 Jupiter masses roughly 7 light - years away.
Compared to other planetary systems the Solar System stands out in lacking planets interior to the orbit of Mercury. The known Solar System also lacks super-Earths (Planet Nine could be a super-Earth beyond the known Solar System). Uncommonly, it has only small rocky planets and large gas giants; elsewhere planets of intermediate size are typical -- both rocky and gas -- so there is no "gap '' as seen between the size of Earth and of Neptune (with a radius 3.8 times as large). Also, these super-Earths have closer orbits than Mercury. This led to hypothesis that all planetary systems start with many close - in planets, and that typically a sequence of their collisions causes consolidation of mass into few larger planets, but in case of the Solar System the collisions caused their destruction and ejection.
The orbits of Solar System planets are nearly circular. Compared to other systems, they have smaller orbital eccentricity. Although there are attempts to explain it partly with a bias in the radial - velocity detection method and partly with long interactions of a quite high number of planets, the exact causes remain undetermined.
This section is a sampling of Solar System bodies, selected for size and quality of imagery, and sorted by volume. Some omitted objects are larger than the ones included here, notably Eris, because these have not been imaged in high quality.
Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow (→) may be read as "within '' or "part of ''.
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what is the original beauty and the beast story | Beauty and the Beast - wikipedia
Beauty and the Beast (French: La Belle et la Bête) is a fairy tale written by French novelist Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve and published in 1740 in La Jeune Américaine et les contes marins (The Young American and Marine Tales). Her lengthy version was abridged, rewritten, and published first by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont in 1756 in Magasin des enfants (Children 's Collection) and by Andrew Lang in the Blue Fairy Book of his Fairy Book series in 1889, to produce the version (s) most commonly retold. It was influenced by some earlier stories, such as "Cupid and Psyche '', written by Lucius Apuleius Madaurensis The Golden Ass in the 2nd century AD, and "The Pig King '', an Italian fairytale published by Giovanni Francesco Straparola in The Facetious Nights of Straparola.
Variants of the tale are known across Europe. In France, for example, Zémire and Azor is an operatic version of the story, written by Marmontel and composed by Grétry in 1771, which had enormous success well into the 19th century; it is based on the second version of the tale. Amour pour amour (Love for love), by Nivelle de la Chaussée, is a 1742 play based on de Villeneuve 's version. According to researchers at universities in Durham and Lisbon, the story originated around 4,000 years ago.
A widower merchant lives in a mansion with his six children, three sons and three daughters. All his daughters are very beautiful, but the youngest, Beauty, is the most lovely, as well as kind, well - read, and pure of heart; while the two elder sisters, in contrast, are wicked, selfish, vain, and spoiled. They secretly taunt Beauty and treat her more like a servant than a sister. The merchant eventually loses all of his wealth in a tempest at sea, which sinks most of his merchant fleet. He and his children are consequently forced to live in a small farmhouse and work for their living.
Some years later, the merchant hears that one of the trade ships he had sent has arrived back in port, having escaped the destruction of its companions. Before leaving, he asks his children if they wish for him to bring any gifts back for them. The sons ask for weaponry and horses to hunt with, whereas his oldest daughters ask for clothing, jewels, and the finest dresses possible as they think his wealth has returned. Beauty asks for nothing but her father to be safe, but when he insists on buying her a present, she is satisfied with the promise of a rose as none grow in their part of the country. The merchant, to his dismay, finds that his ship 's cargo has been seized to pay his debts, leaving him penniless and unable to buy his children 's presents.
During his return, the merchant becomes lost during a storm. Seeking shelter, he comes upon a palace. A hidden figure opens the giant doors and silently invites him in. The merchant finds tables inside laden with food and drink, which seem to have been left for him by the palace 's invisible owner. The merchant accepts this gift and spends the night there. The next morning, as the merchant is about to leave, he sees a rose garden and recalls that Beauty had desired a rose. Upon picking the loveliest rose he can find, the merchant is confronted by a hideous "Beast '' which tells him that for taking his most precious possession after accepting his hospitality, the merchant must die. The merchant begs to be set free, arguing that he had only picked the rose as a gift for his youngest daughter. The Beast agrees to let him give the rose to Beauty, but only if the merchant or one of his daughters will return.
The merchant is upset but accepts this condition. The Beast sends him on his way, with wealth, jewels and fine clothes for his sons and daughters, and stresses that Beauty must never know about his deal. The merchant, upon arriving home, tries to hide the secret from Beauty, but she pries it from him. Her brothers say they will go to the castle and fight the Beast, but the merchant dissuades them, saying they will stand no chance against the monster. Beauty then agrees to go to the Beast 's castle. The Beast receives her graciously and informs her that she is now mistress of the castle, and he is her servant. He gives her lavish clothing and food and carries on lengthy conversations with her. Every night, the Beast asks Beauty to marry him, only to be refused each time. After each refusal, Beauty dreams of a handsome prince who pleads with her to answer why she keeps refusing him, to which she replies that she can not marry the Beast because she loves him only as a friend. Beauty does not make the connection between the handsome prince and the Beast and becomes convinced that the Beast is holding the prince captive somewhere in the castle. She searches and discovers many enchanted rooms, but never the prince from her dreams.
For several months, Beauty lives a life of luxury at the Beast 's palace, having every whim catered to by invisible servants, with no end of riches to amuse her and an endless supply of exquisite finery to wear. Eventually, she becomes homesick and begs the Beast to allow her to go see her family. He allows it on the condition that she returns exactly a week later. Beauty agrees to this and sets off for home with an enchanted mirror and ring. The mirror allows her to see what is going on back at the Beast 's castle, and the ring allows her to return to the castle in an instant when turned three times around her finger. Her older sisters are surprised to find her well fed and dressed in finery. Beauty tries to share the magnificent gowns and jewels the Beast gave her with her sisters, but they turn into rags at her sisters ' touch, and are restored to their splendour when returned to Beauty, as the Beast meant them only for her. Her sisters are envious when they hear of her happy life at the castle, and, hearing that she must return to the Beast on a certain day, beg her to stay another day, even putting onion in their eyes to make it appear as though they are weeping. They hope that the Beast will be angry with Beauty for breaking her promise and eat her alive. Beauty 's heart is moved by her sisters ' false show of love, and she agrees to stay.
Beauty begins to feel guilty about breaking her promise to the Beast and uses the mirror to see him back at the castle. She is horrified to discover that the Beast is lying half - dead from heartbreak near the rose bushes from which her father plucked the rose, and she immediately uses the ring to return to the Beast.
Beauty weeps over the Beast, saying that she loves him. When her tears strike him, the Beast is transformed into the handsome prince from Beauty 's dreams. The Prince informs her that long ago a fairy turned him into a hideous beast and that only by finding true love, despite his ugliness, could the curse be broken. He and Beauty are married and they live happily ever after together.
Villeneuve 's original tale includes several elements that Beaumont 's omits. Chiefly, the backstory of both Beauty and the Beast is given. The Beast was a prince who lost his father at a young age, and whose mother had to wage war to defend his kingdom. The queen left him in care of an evil fairy, who tried to seduce him when he became an adult; when he refused, she transformed him into a beast. Beauty 's story reveals that she is not really a merchant 's daughter but the offspring of a king and a good fairy. A wicked fairy had tried to murder Beauty so she could marry her father the king, and Beauty was put in the place of the merchant 's dead daughter to protect her. Villeneuve also gave the castle elaborate magic, which obscured the more vital pieces of it. Beaumont greatly pared down the cast of characters and simplified the tale to an almost archetypal simplicity.
Tatar (2017) compares the tale to the theme of "animal brides and grooms '' found in folklore throughout the world, pointing out that the French tale was specifically intended for the preparation of young girls in 18th century France for arranged marriages. The urban opening is unusual in fairy tales, as is the social class of the characters, neither royal nor peasants. It may reflect the social changes occurring at the time of its first writing.
Hamburger (2015) points out that the design of the Beast in the 1946 film adaptation by Jean Cocteau was inspired by the portrait of Petrus Gonsalvus, a native of Tenerife who suffered from hypertrichosis, causing an abnormal growth of hair on his face and other parts, and who came under the protection of the French king and married a beautiful Parisian woman named Catherine.
The tale has been notably adapted for screen, stage, prose, and television over the years.
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why was barney and friends banned from treehouse | Barney & Friends - wikipedia
Barney & Friends is an American children 's television series aimed at children from ages 1 to 8, created by Sheryl Leach and produced by HIT Entertainment. It premiered on PBS on April 6, 1992. The series features the title character Barney, a purple anthropomorphic Tyrannosaurus rex who conveys educational messages through songs and small dance routines with a friendly, optimistic attitude. Production of new episodes originally ceased on September 18, 2009, although reruns of the series were still shown on many PBS stations in the following years. Reruns aired for 10 years on Sprout from 2005 until 2015.
Barney was created in 1987 by Sheryl Leach of Dallas, Texas. She came up with the idea for the program while considering TV shows that she felt would be educational and also appeal to her son. Leach then brought together a team who created a series of home videos, Barney and the Backyard Gang, which also starred actress Sandy Duncan in the first three videos.
One day in 1991, the daughter of Connecticut Public Television executive Larry Rifkin rented one of the videos and was mesmerized by it. Rifkin thought the concept could potentially be developed for PBS. Rifkin thought Barney had appeal because he was n't nearly as neurotic as Big Bird. He pitched it to CPTV president Jerry Franklin, whose preschool son also fell in love with it. Franklin and Rifkin pitched the idea to all of their colleagues with preschoolers, and they all agreed that kids would love a potential Barney show. Franklin and Rifkin convinced Leach to let CPTV revamp the concept for television. The show debuted as Barney & Friends in 1992. The series was produced by CPTV and Lyrick Studios (later bought by HIT Entertainment).
Although the show was a runaway hit, PBS initially opted not to provide funding beyond the initial 30 - episode run. When CPTV executives learned this, they wrote letters to their fellow PBS member stations urging them to get PBS to reconsider. The Lyons Group, meanwhile, sent out notices through the Barney Fan Club, telling parents to write letters and make phone calls to their local PBS stations to show their support for Barney & Friends. By the time of the yearly member stations ' meeting, station executives across the country were up in arms over the prospect of one of their most popular shows being cancelled. Faced with an atmosphere that Rifkin later described as "like an insurrection, '' PBS ultimately relented.
For several years, the show was taped at the Color Dynamics Studios facility at Greenville Avenue & Bethany Drive in Allen, Texas, after which it moved to The Studios at Las Colinas in Irving, Texas, and then Carrollton, a suburb of Dallas. The TV series and videos are currently distributed by HIT Entertainment and Universal Studios, while the TV series was produced by WNET from 2006 to 2009. Sheryl Leach left the show in 1998, five years prior to HIT Entertainment buying Lyrick Studios.
The series opens with the theme song (over clips from various episodes) and the title card before it dissolves into the school. The children are seen doing an activity, occasionally relating to the episode 's topic. The children imagine something and Barney comes to life from a plush doll, transforming into the "real '' Barney, how he appears to the children while they 're imagining.
Here, the main plot of the episode takes place. Barney and the children learn about the main topic of the episode, with Baby Bop, B.J., or Riff appearing during the episode and numerous songs themed relating to the subject featured in the series. The roles of Baby Bop, B.J., and Riff have grown larger in later seasons and later episodes venture outside of the school to other places within the neighborhood and to other countries around the world in Season 13.
Barney concludes with "I Love You '' before he dissolves back into his original stuffed form and winks to the audience. After the children discuss what they have learned, the sequence cuts to Barney Says (in Seasons 1 - 8 and 12 only) where Barney, who is off - screen, narrates what he and his friends had done that day, along with still snapshots from the episode. Then Barney, himself, signs off before the credits roll. In Seasons 3 - 8, and 12, he later appeared on - screen by saying, "And remember, I love you, '' and waved goodbye before the credits roll.
The adults on the show often appear as teachers, storytellers, or other characters.
A lot of puppets appeared in many seasons. The most notable puppets were:
Throughout the series ' run, over 100 children have appeared in the series, with most of them from the Dallas - Fort Worth metroplex. Only a small portion of these actors have made notable appearances in media since their roles, including:
Other than the United States, the series has aired in Canada, Mexico and Latin America, France, Ireland, Italy, Malaysia, Spain, the United Kingdom, Japan (On English - based DVDs under the name "Let 's Play with Barney in English! (バーニー と 英語 で あそぼ う!, Bānī to Eigo de asobō!) '' and on television as simply "Barney & Friends (バーニー & フレンズ, Bānī ando Furenzu!) ''), the Philippines, Turkey, Australia, and New Zealand, among others. Two known co-productions of Barney & Friends have been produced outside of the US. The Israeli co-production (Hebrew: החברים של ברני Hachaverim shel Barney (The Friends of Barney) produced from 1997 to 1999 in Tel Aviv, Israel, was the first of these. Rather than dubbing the original American episodes from Seasons 1 -- 3, the episodes are adapted with a unique set and exclusive child actors. The other co-production was one shot in South Korea from 2001 -- 2003, airing on KBS (under the name "바니 와 친구들 '' (Baniwa Chingudeul (Barney and Friends))). This one, however, adapted the first six seasons (including the first three that the Israel co-production did). It was done in a similar manner as the Israel production.
A majority of the albums of Barney & Friends feature Bob West as the voice of Barney; however, the recent album The Land of Make - Believe has Dean Wendt 's voice. Barney 's song "I Love You '' was one of those used by interrogators at Guantanamo Bay detention camp to coerce the detainees.
The use of the theme song, as a means of inflicting psychological stress, on Iraqi prisoners - of - war, was examined by Jon Ronson in his 2004 book The Men Who Stare At Goats.
Although several people, including Yale University researchers Dorothy and Jerome Singer, have concluded that episodes contain a great deal of age - appropriate educational material, calling the program a "model of what preschool television should be '', the program has been criticized for a lack of educational value, as well as being repetitive in nature.
The show and its content is often cited as a contributing factor to the perceived sense of "entitlement '' seen in the Generation Y who grew up watching the show as children. One specific criticism is:
His shows do not assist children in learning to deal with negative feelings and emotions. As one commentator puts it, the real danger from Barney is "denial: the refusal to recognize the existence of unpleasant realities. For along with his steady diet of giggles and unconditional love, Barney offers our children a one - dimensional world where everyone must be happy and everything must be resolved right away. ''
The creator and performer of the San Diego Chicken mascot, Ted Giannoulas, called Barney a "ubiquitous and insipid creature '' in a 1999 court case.
Barney & Friends ranked # 50 on TV Guide 's 2002 list of the 50 worst TV shows of all time. The show has also been parodied in many forms. (see Anti-Barney humor)
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when does the first episode of season 5 of the flash come out | The Flash (season 5) - wikipedia
The fifth season of the American television series The Flash, which is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash, is set to debut on The CW on October 9, 2018 and will consist of 22 episodes. The season follows Barry, a crime scene investigator with superhuman speed who fights criminals, including others who have also gained superhuman abilities, as he deals with the consequences of his future daughter 's time traveling. It is set in the Arrowverse, sharing continuity with the other television series of the universe, and is a spin - off of Arrow. The season is produced by Berlanti Productions, Warner Bros. Television, and DC Entertainment, with Todd Helbing serving as showrunner.
The season was ordered in April 2018, and production began that July. Grant Gustin stars as Barry, with principal cast members Candice Patton, Danielle Panabaker, Carlos Valdes, Tom Cavanagh, and Jesse L. Martin also returning from previous seasons, while Danielle Nicolet, Hartley Sawyer, and Jessica Parker Kennedy were promoted to series regulars from their status as recurring characters in season four. They are joined by Chris Klein, who will portray the season 's main antagonist, Cicada.
The fifth and sixth episodes are titled "All Doll 'd Up '' and "The Icicle Cometh '' respectively. Cast members Tom Cavanagh and Danielle Panabaker will direct the eighth and eighteenth episodes of the season, respectively. Kevin Smith will also direct an episode this season.
At the Television Critics Association winter press tour in January 2018, The CW president Mark Pedowitz said he was "optimistic '' and "confident '' about The Flash and the other Arrowverse shows returning next season, but added that it was too soon to announce anything just yet. On April 2, The CW gave the series an early renewal for its fifth season. Todd Helbing will serve as the season 's showrunner.
In October 2017, Kevin Smith revealed that then - executive producer Andrew Kreisberg already already had plans for the next season of the show and had told him the story for The Flash 's fifth season, which got Smith very excited and jokingly commenting, "I now have to stay alive one more year. ''
At San Diego Comic - Con 2018, Todd Helbing revealed that "legacy '' would be a theme during the season, adding "I think everybody 's thinking about what it means after they leave. '' On the arrival of Barry Allen and Iris West 's future daughter, Nora West - Allen, Grant Gustin teased the different headspaces the characters would be in. "(Nora) 's kind of attached to (Barry) when she arrives and a little more distant with Iris, '' Gustin said. "It 's a weird thing for Iris to see them bond so easily... obviously something happened in the future, which worries Iris, '' added Candice Patton. The season will also see Barry, Ralph Dibny, and Iris returning to their professional careers as a CSI, detective, and journalist, respectively. Patton noted that, "We live in such precarious times where we do n't know what the truth is... I feel like (journalists) are superheroes... I hope that 's a concept we bring to the show and give journalists the praise they deserve. ''
Helbing also revealed that there will be "a lot of deaths this season, '' and that the main antagonist would not be a speedster for the second season in a row. The new antagonist, Cicada, will instead possess powers that "present a challenge for Team Flash that they 've never had to deal with before. '' He will not be a cult leader as he is in the comics, but will be portrayed as a "grizzled, blue - collar everyman whose family has been torn apart by metahumans '' and who views the rise of metas as an epidemic, and seeks to exterminate them one by one.
Main cast members Grant Gustin, Candice Patton, Danielle Panabaker, Carlos Valdes, and Jesse L. Martin return from previous seasons as Barry Allen / The Flash, Iris West, Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost, Cisco Ramon / Vibe and Joe West, respectively. Tom Cavanagh will also return as a series regular, playing a new version of his character Harrison Wells, nicknamed Sherloque Wells. Cavanagh also implied that he would portray more versions of Wells in the season. The fifth season is the first not to feature Keiynan Lonsdale, who plays Wally West / Kid Flash, as a series regular since his introduction in the second season, following the character 's move to Legends of Tomorrow during the previous season and Lonsdale 's subsequent departure from that show as well. He will appear only in three episodes, including the season premiere. In June 2018, Danielle Nicolet, Hartley Sawyer, and Jessica Parker Kennedy who recurred during the previous season as Cecile Horton, Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man, and Nora West - Allen, respectively, were promoted to series regulars for the fifth season. The season establishes that Nora 's alias is XS. Chris Klein also joined the main cast as Cicada, the season 's main antagonist.
The season introduces a new Flash suit, which Todd Helbing described as the series ' most "accurate incarnation '' of the Flash suit from the comics. The season also introduces Barry 's "Flash ring '' from the comics. The new suit adopts brighter colors than previous suits -- which had maroon overtones -- and, unlike prior incarnations, does not have a chin strap.
Production for the season began on July 6, 2018, in Vancouver, British Columbia, and is set to conclude on April 10, 2019. Kevin Smith will direct an episode of the season. Danielle Panabaker will make her directorial debut this season. Tom Cavanagh will direct the eighth episode of the season, which will lead into the annual crossover and serve as the 100th episode of the series.
In May 2018, Arrow star Stephen Amell announced at The CW upfronts that the next Arrowverse crossover would feature Batwoman and Gotham City. The crossover is slated to air in December 2018, ahead of a potential 2019 solo series for the character.
The season is set to begin airing in the United States on The CW on October 9, 2018. The annual crossover episode will swap time - slots with Supergirl for that week and will air on Sunday, December 9.
The main cast of the season as well as executive producer Todd Helbing attended San Diego Comic - Con on July 21, 2018, to promote the season and debut exclusive footage.
General references
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what company has used the slogan you are now free to move about the country delta air lines | Southwest Airlines - Wikipedia
Coordinates: 32 ° 50 ′ 48 '' N 96 ° 51 ′ 40 '' W / 32.8467 ° N 96.861 ° W / 32.8467; - 96.861 (Southwest Airlines Headquarters)
Southwest Airlines Co. (NYSE: LUV) is a major U.S. airline headquartered in Dallas, Texas, and North America 's largest low - cost carrier.
The airline was established in 1967 by Herb Kelleher as Air Southwest Co. and then adopted its current name, Southwest Airlines Co., in 1971 when it began operating as an intrastate airline wholly within the state of Texas. The airline has more than 57,000 employees as of March 2018 and operates more than 4,000 departures a day during peak travel season. As of 2014, it carried the most domestic passengers of any U.S. airline. As of May 2018, Southwest Airlines has scheduled services to 100 destinations in the United States and ten additional countries, with services to Turks & Caicos having begun on November 5, 2017. Service to four destinations in Hawaii is coming in late 2018 or early 2019 subject to FAA approval, with routes to be decided on and announced in the near future.
Southwest Airlines has only operated Boeing 737 jetliner models, except for a period from 1979 to 1987 when it leased and operated several Boeing 727 - 200s from Braniff International Airways. Since January 2016, Southwest has been the largest operator of the Boeing 737 worldwide, with over 700 in service and each aircraft averaging six flights per day.
In 1966 Southwest Airlines was founded by Herbert Kelleher and Rollin King, and in 1967 it was incorporated as Air Southwest Co. It was not until 1971 that the airline began scheduled flights from Dallas Love Field. The same year the organization adopted the name Southwest Airlines Co. The expansion of flights started in 1975, to cities throughout Texas, and in 1978 Southwest began flying to neighboring states. Service to the East and the Southeast started in the 1990s.
The company has always employed humor in its advertising. Former slogans include "Love Is Still Our Field, '' "Just Plane Smart, '' "The Somebody Else Up There Who Loves You, '' "You 're Now Free To Move About The Country, '' "THE Low Fare Airline, '' "Grab your bag, It 's On! '' and "Welcome Aboard. '' The airline 's current slogan is "Low fares. Nothing to hide. ''
In March 1992, shortly after Southwest started using the "Just Plane Smart '' motto, Stevens Aviation, which had been using "Plane Smart '' for its motto, advised Southwest that it was infringing on its trademark.
Instead of a lawsuit, the CEOs for both companies staged an arm wrestling match. Held at the now - demolished Dallas Sportatorium (the famed wrestling facility) and set for two out of three rounds, the loser of each round was to pay $5,000 to the charity of his choice, with the winner gaining the use of the trademarked phrase. A promotional video was created showing the CEOs "training '' for the bout (with CEO Herb Kelleher being helped up during a sit up where a cigarette and glass of whiskey (Wild Turkey 101 was waiting) and distributed among the employees and also as a video press release along with the video of the match itself. Herb Kelleher lost the match for Southwest, with Stevens Aviation winning the rights to the phrase. Kurt Herwald, CEO of Stevens Aviation, immediately granted the use of "Just Plane Smart '' to Southwest Airlines. The net result was both companies having use of the trademark, $15,000 going to charity, and good publicity for both companies.
Southwest Airlines is the official commercial airline of the Honor Flight Network. Honor Flights are dedicated to bringing aging and ailing veterans to visit the national monuments in Washington, D.C., devoted to the wars in which they served.
The Southwest Airlines headquarters is located on the grounds of Dallas Love Field in the Love Field neighborhood of Dallas, Texas.
On September 17, 2012, Southwest broke ground on a new Training and Operational Support (TOPS) building. The TOPS Building is across the street from its current headquarters building. The property includes a two - story, 100,000 square foot Network Operations Control (NOC) building that can withstand an EF3 tornado. It also includes a four - story, 392,000 square foot office and training facility with two levels devoted to each function. The new facilities house 24 - hour coordination and maintenance operations, customer support and services, and training. The project was completed in late 2013, with occupancy beginning in 2014.
On June 2, 2016, Southwest broke ground on its new office and training facility known as Wings. The newest addition to the corporate campus is composed of a 420,000 square foot six story office building, and 380,000 square foot adjoining structure called the LEAD (Leadership Education and Aircrew Development) Center which serves as the new pilot training facility. The LEAD Center has capacity to house and support 18 flight simulators. It is designed to be expanded to accommodate up to 26 simulator bays. The building opened on April 3, 2018.
As of March 30, 2018, Southwest Airlines has more than 57,112 employees.
Gary C. Kelly is Chairman and CEO of Southwest Airlines. Kelly replaced former CEO Jim Parker on July 15, 2004 and assumed the title of "President '' on July 15, 2008, replacing former President Colleen Barrett. In July 2008, Herb Kelleher resigned his position as Chairman. Colleen Barrett left her post on the Board of Directors and as Corporate Secretary in May 2008 and as President in July 2008. Kelleher was President and CEO of Southwest from September 1981 - June 2001.
On January 10, 2017, Southwest announced changes to the Company 's executive Leadership ranks with Thomas M. Nealon named as President and Michael G. Van de Ven named as the airline 's Chief Operating Officer.
Southwest employees are generally members of a union. The Southwest Airline Pilots ' Association, a union not affiliated with the Air Line Pilots Association, represents the airline 's pilots. The Aircraft Maintenance Technicians are represented by the Aircraft Mechanics Fraternal Association (AMFA). Customer Service Agents and Reservation Agents are represented by the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers Union (IAM). Flight Dispatchers, Flight Attendants, Ramp agents and Operations agents are represented by the Transport Workers Union (TWU).
Southwest Airlines is the official airline for four Major League Baseball teams - the Arizona Diamondbacks, Baltimore Orioles, Milwaukee Brewers & Texas Rangers; five NBA teams - the Denver Nuggets, the Houston Rockets, the Indiana Pacers, the Orlando Magic, and the Phoenix Suns - four WNBA teams - the Dallas Wings, Indiana Fever, Las Vegas Aces & Phoenix Mercury - and the NFL 's Baltimore Ravens in addition to being the official airline for the Super Bowl. It also sponsors the NHL 's Vegas Golden Knights and Tampa Bay Lightning.
Southwest Airlines is the title sponsor of the annual Southwest Airlines San Francisco Chinese New Year Festival and Parade.
There were two aircraft painted to resemble Orcas to promote SeaWorld but they were repainted to standard Southwest livery following the end of their 26 - year partnership.
Southwest has been a major inspiration to other low - cost carriers, and its business model has been repeated many times around the world. The competitive strategy combines high level of employee and aircraft productivity with low unit costs by reducing aircraft turn around time particularly at the gate. Europe 's EasyJet and Ryanair are two of the best known airlines to follow Southwest 's business strategy in that continent. Other airlines with a business model based on Southwest 's system include Canada 's WestJet, Malaysia 's AirAsia (the first and biggest LCC in Asia), India 's IndiGo, Australia 's Jetstar, a subsidiary of Qantas (although Jetstar now operates three aircraft types), Philippines 's Cebu Pacific, Thailand 's Nok Air, Mexico 's Volaris, Indonesia 's Lion Air and Turkey 's Pegasus Airlines. Although Southwest has been a major inspiration to many other airlines, including Ryanair, AirAsia, Lion Air and Jetstar, the management strategies, for example, of Ryanair, AirAsia, Lion Air and Jetstar differ significantly from those of Southwest. All these different management strategies can be seen as means of differentiation from other competitors in order to gain competitive advantages.
Southwest has fought against the development of a high - speed rail system in Texas.
In 1991, a plan was made to connect the Texas Triangle (Houston -- Dallas -- Fort Worth -- San Antonio) with a privately financed high speed train system that would quickly take passengers from one city to the next. This was the same model Southwest Airlines used 20 years earlier to break into the Texas market where it served the same cities.
Southwest Airlines, with the help of lobbyists, created legal barriers to prohibit the consortium from moving forward and the entire project was eventually scuttled in 1994, when the State of Texas withdrew the franchise. This was also aided by lobbying from hotels and fast food restaurants.
As of May 2018, Southwest Airlines has scheduled flights to 100 destinations in 40 states, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. It operates crew bases at the following airports: Atlanta, Baltimore, Chicago -- Midway, Dallas -- Love, Denver, Houston -- Hobby, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Oakland, Orlando, and Phoenix -- Sky Harbor. Southwest does not use the "hub and spoke '' system of other major airlines, preferring the "point - to - point '' system, combined with a "rolling hub '' model in its larger cities.
Southwest does not currently partner with any other airline.
Since its inception Southwest Airlines has almost exclusively operated Boeing 737 aircraft (except for a brief period when it leased and flew some Boeing 727 - 200 aircraft). Southwest is the world 's largest operator of the Boeing 737, and was the launch customer of the 737 - 300, 737 - 500, 737 - 700, and 737 MAX 8. Southwest Airlines is also poised to be the launch customer for the 737 MAX 7.
Southwest Airlines was operating the following aircraft as of April 15, 2018:
Southwest added the Boeing 737 - 700 to its fleet on December 17, 1997. Southwest added the Boeing 737 - 800 to its fleet on April 11, 2012. The aircraft has 175 seats, 32 more than the former largest 737s in Southwest 's fleet.
After completing the purchase of AirTran Airways, Southwest Airlines acquired AirTran 's existing fleet of Boeing 717 aircraft. However, Southwest elected not to integrate them into its fleet and currently leases them to Delta Air Lines.
On December 13, 2011, Southwest placed a firm order for 150 Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft, becoming the launch customer for the type (although the first delivery of the 737 MAX 8 was to Malindo Air).
On May 15, 2013, Southwest became the launch customer for the Boeing 737 MAX 7 aircraft and now has 30 MAX 7 aircraft on order. The first delivery is expected in 2019.
On August 29, 2017, Southwest Airlines took delivery of its first Boeing 737 MAX 8, making it the first airline in North America to do so. The airline was also the first in North America to operate the aircraft on scheduled revenue passenger flights, which began October 1, 2017. On January 2, 2018, Southwest converted 40 options into firm orders for the Boeing 737 MAX 8, bringing total orders of the variant to more than 250 aircraft. On the same day, the airline also announced that it was deferring 23 deliveries of the Boeing 737 MAX 7 to 2023 - 2024 and beyond. On April 26, 2018, Southwest exercised a further 40 options on the Boeing 737 MAX 8, converting them to firm orders. This establishes the airline as the largest 737 MAX customer with 280 total orders for the MAX 8 variant, and 310 aircraft total for the 737 MAX family.
On March 13, 2018, Southwest Airlines took delivery of the 10,000 th Boeing 737, setting the Guinness World Record for Boeing which started producing the 737 in January 1967. This beat the previous record of 5,000 set back in 2006. This will be flown under tail number N8717M. There are no special markings on it at this time to commemorate it and it will fly under the standard Southwest color scheme.
Launch customer.
Southwest 's original primary livery was "Desert Gold '' (Gold, Red and Orange, with pinstripes of white separating each section of color). The word Southwest appeared in white on the gold portion of the tail. On the original three 737 - 200s, from June 1971, on the left side of the aircraft, the word Southwest was placed along the upper rear portion of the fuselage, with the word Airlines painted on the tail N21SW. On the right side, the word Southwest was on the tail, but also had the word Airlines painted on the upper rear portion of the fuselage. N20SW. This was later revised to simply include "Southwest '' on both sides of the tail. The airline 's Boeing 727 - 200s, operated briefly in the late 1970s and early 1980s, featured other variations on the livery; one was painted in a shade of ochre instead of gold with stylized titles on the forward fuselage and an "S '' logo on the tail, while others bore the standard livery (albeit in metallic gold) with the word "Southwest '' moved from the tail to the forward fuselage.
Southwest introduced the canyon blue livery on January 16, 2001, the first primary livery change in Southwest 's then - 30 - year history. Spirit One was the first aircraft painted in the canyon blue fleet color scheme. The second livery replaces the former primary color, "Desert Gold '', with "Canyon Blue '' and changes the Southwest text and pinstripes to gold. The orange and red stripes continued to be used. The pinstripe along the aircraft was drawn in a more curved pattern instead of the straight horizontal line separating the colors in the original. For aircraft equipped with blended winglets, the blended winglets were painted to include the text Southwest.com. Southwest completed repainting its entire fleet with the new "Canyon Blue '' livery in early 2010; however, The Colleen Barrett Classic (N714CB), The Herbert D. Kelleher One (N711HK) and The Metallic Gold One (N792SW, now repainted to Heart livery), which are Boeing 737 -- 700 aircraft, retained a simplified version of the original "Desert Gold '' livery.
A new livery, named "Heart One '' and developed with firms GSD&M, Lippincott, VML, Razorfish, and Camelot Communications, was unveiled on September 8, 2014. The new livery uses a darker shade of blue. The orange stripe on the tail is changed to yellow; both the red and yellow stripes are now enlarged in reverse pattern; and the belly of the aircraft is now in blue and features a heart, which has been a symbol for Southwest during its 43 - year history. Additionally, the pinstripes are changed to a silver - gray; and the Southwest text, now white, has been moved to the front of the fuselage. Lettering is in a font custom designed by Monotype, Southwest Sans. The web address was moved from the winglets to the engines.
Some Southwest aircraft feature special liveries or are named with special decals. Southwest gives these aircraft special names, usually ending in "One. '' All special liveries painted prior to Spirit One originally wore the standard Desert Gold, red and orange colors on the vertical stabilizer and rudder. Subsequent special liveries featured tails painted with the canyon blue livery, with all earlier specials repainted with the Spirit livery tail. Aircraft painted in special liveries have white painted blended winglets with two exceptions: Warrior One, which added the split scimitar winglet in May 2014, and Missouri One. Missouri One was the first special livery to feature a modified version of the Heart tail design, with the red and yellow ribbons shrunk in order to fit the Southwest wordmark as it is too large to be used on the fuselage as on other aircraft. Previous special livery aircraft are currently being repainted with the new tail design.
N955WN (current)
N943WN (current)
N906WN (current)
Heroine of the Heart (N266WN)
N201LV (current)
N931WN (current)
N301SW (previous) N302SW (previous) N448WN (current)
N409WN (current)
N241WN N950WN N798SW
N507SW (Two) N501SW (Three) N713SW (Two) N715SW (Three)
N944WN
Southwest offers free in - flight non-alcoholic beverages and offers alcoholic beverages for sale for $6 - 7 / beverage, with Rapid Rewards members eligible to receive drinks vouchers with their tickets. Free alcoholic drinks are offered on popular holidays such as New Year 's Day, Valentine 's Day and Mardi Gras, provided the passenger is at least 21. Southwest has complimentary peanuts or pretzels on all flights, and most flights have free Nabisco snacks. Southwest is known for colorful boarding announcements and crews that burst out in song, which is quite popular among passengers.
Southwest maintains excellent customer satisfaction ratings; according to the Department of Transportation (DOT) Southwest ranks number one (lowest number of complaints) of all U.S. airlines for customer complaints. Southwest Airlines has consistently received the fewest ratio of complaints per passengers boarded of all major U.S. carriers that have been reporting statistics to the DOT since 1987, which is when the DOT began tracking customer satisfaction statistics and publishing its Air Travel Consumer Report.
Prior to 2007, Southwest boarded passengers by grouping the passengers into three groups, labeled A, B and C. Passengers would line up at their specified letter and board.
In 2007, Southwest modified their boarding procedure by introducing a number. Each passenger receives a letter (A, B or C) and a number 1 through 60. Passengers line up in numerical order within each letter group and choose any open seat on the aircraft as part of Southwest 's open seating policy. According to a 2012 study by Mythbusters, this is the fastest method currently in use for non-first class passengers to board a plane; on average, it is 10 minutes faster than the standard method used by most airlines of boarding from the back frontward.
All Southwest Airlines aircraft are equipped with Wi - Fi, free streaming live television, and movies on demand for a fee. After completing a testing phase that began in February 2009, Southwest announced on August 21, 2009 that it would begin rolling out in - flight Wi - Fi Internet connectivity via Global Eagle Entertainment 's satellite - broadband based product. Southwest began adding Wi - Fi to its aircraft in the first quarter of 2010. The airline began testing streaming live television in the summer of 2012 and video on demand in January 2013. As of 2017, live in - flight video and realtime flight tracking information via Wi - Fi are available for free to all passengers, with full Internet access available at a fee for regular passengers and free to A-List Preferred Rapid Rewards members.
On January 17, 2012, Southwest introduced a plan to retrofit its fleet with a new interior. Improvements include a modern cabin design, lighter and more comfortable seats made of eco-friendly products, increased under - seat space, new netted seatback pockets to provide more knee room, a new fixed - wing headrest and improved ergonomics. All Boeing 737 - 700s and 115 - 800s have the Evolve Interior. Though not originally planned, because of space saved, Southwest was able to fit an extra row of seats on its planes. All Boeing 737 - 800s have the Boeing Sky Interior, which features sculpted sidewalls and redesigned window housings, along with increased headroom and LED mood lighting.
On June 20, 2016, Southwest introduced its newest interior, called the Heart Interior. It includes the widest seat to fit a Boeing 737 that provides additional space for passengers and also includes a new galley. The seat is being delivered on all new 737 - 800s and 737 MAX aircraft. All current evolve equipped 737s will be retrofitted with new bulkheads and bold blue seat cushions to match the look of the heart interior.
Southwest first began to offer a frequent - flyer program on June 20, 1987, calling it The Company Club. Unlike some competitors ' programs that were based on miles flown (but not Northwest Airlines), The Company Club credited for trips flown regardless of distance. Southwest Airlines renamed its frequent flyer program Rapid Rewards on April 25, 1996.
The original Rapid Rewards program offered one credit per one - way flight from an origin to a destination including any stops or connections on Southwest Airlines. When 16 credits were accumulated in a 24 - month period, Southwest awarded one free round - trip ticket that was valid for 12 months.
On March 1, 2011, Rapid Rewards changed to a points system based on ticket cost. Members earn and redeem points based on a three - tier fare scale multiplier and the cost of the ticket. Changes also included no blackout dates, seat restrictions or expiring credits. It also adds more options to use points.
Southwest Vacations is the vacation package provider for Southwest Airlines. Southwest Vacations was founded May 14, 1989, and has since been operated by The Mark Travel Corporation (TMTC). The parent company of TMTC is La Macchia Enterprises, which was founded in 1983. Southwest Vacations ' products primarily focus on flight and hotel vacation packages to destinations within the U.S., Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central America.
Southwest Airlines accidents and incidents include three deaths: one accidental passenger death inflight, one non-passenger death on the ground and one passenger death from injuries he sustained when he was subdued while attempting to break into the cockpit of an aircraft.
Southwest has had eight accidents, including two aircraft hull losses. The airline was considered among the ten safest in the world in 2012.
On June 22, 2011, a March 25 recording of an in - flight transmission of Southwest pilot Captain James Taylor apparently unintentionally broadcasting a conversation with his first officer was released to the press. The conversation was peppered with foul language directed at gay, overweight, and older flight attendants. According to Southwest, the pilot was reprimanded and temporarily suspended without pay and received diversity education before being reinstated. Captain Taylor also sent an e-mail apology to all of Southwest 's employees, especially the crew members who were criticized.
On September 26, 2017, a woman was removed from a Southwest flight after claiming to have a life - threatening allergy to dogs, two of which were present on the aircraft, and having to be removed by law enforcement after failing to follow the instructions of airline staff. Only one of the two dogs present was a service animal though. After learning about the woman 's allergy, Southwest employees requested that she prove her condition with the correct documentation. When she failed to do so, staff asked her to exit the aircraft multiple times. She refused, which prompted law enforcement to step in and remove the passenger. The interactions between the woman and the officers were recorded and posted online to many social media platforms, and gained much attention.
On December 29, 2017, a family was kicked off a flight from Chicago Midway Airport to Santa Ana, California because of an unconfirmed lice accusation. The family did not have lice after all, and was rebooked on the next flight.
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application of numerical solution of ordinary differential equations | Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations - wikipedia
Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations are methods used to find numerical approximations to the solutions of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Their use is also known as "numerical integration '', although this term is sometimes taken to mean the computation of integrals.
Many differential equations can not be solved using symbolic computation ("analysis ''). For practical purposes, however -- such as in engineering -- a numeric approximation to the solution is often sufficient. The algorithms studied here can be used to compute such an approximation. An alternative method is to use techniques from calculus to obtain a series expansion of the solution.
Ordinary differential equations occur in many scientific disciplines, for instance in physics, chemistry, biology, and economics. In addition, some methods in numerical partial differential equations convert the partial differential equation into an ordinary differential equation, which must then be solved.
A first - order differential equation is an Initial value problem (IVP) of the form,
where f is a function that maps (t, ∞) × R to R, and the initial condition y ∈ R is a given vector. First - order means that only the first derivative of y appears in the equation, and higher derivatives are absent.
Without loss of generality to higher - order systems, we restrict ourselves to first - order differential equations, because a higher - order ODE can be converted into a larger system of first - order equations by introducing extra variables. For example, the second - order equation y ' ' = − y can be rewritten as two first - order equations: y ' = z and z ' = − y.
In this section, we describe numerical methods for IVPs, and remark that boundary value problems (BVPs) require a different set of tools. In a BVP, one defines values, or components of the solution y at more than one point. Because of this, different methods need to be used to solve BVPs. For example, the shooting method (and its variants) or global methods like finite differences, Galerkin methods, or collocation methods are appropriate for that class of problems.
The Picard -- Lindelöf theorem states that there is a unique solution, provided f is Lipschitz - continuous.
Numerical methods for solving first - order IVPs often fall into one of two large categories: linear multistep methods, or Runge - Kutta methods. A further division can be realized by dividing methods into those that are explicit and those that are implicit. For example, implicit linear multistep methods include Adams - Moulton methods, and backward differentiation methods (BDF), whereas implicit Runge - Kutta methods include diagonally implicit Runge - Kutta (DIRK), singly diagonally implicit runge kutta (SDIRK), and Gauss - Radau (based on Gaussian quadrature) numerical methods. Explicit examples from the linear multistep family include the Adams - Bashforth methods, and any Runge - Kutta method with a lower diagonal Butcher tableau is explicit. A loose rule of thumb dictates that stiff differential equations require the use of implicit schemes, whereas non-stiff problems can be solved more efficiently with explicit schemes.
The so - called general linear methods (GLMs) are a generalization of the above two large classes of methods.
From any point on a curve, you can find an approximation of a nearby point on the curve by moving a short distance along a line tangent to the curve.
Starting with the differential equation (1), we replace the derivative y ' by the finite difference approximation
which when re-arranged yields the following formula
and using (1) gives:
This formula is usually applied in the following way. We choose a step size h, and we construct the sequence t, t = t + h, t = t + 2h,... We denote by y a numerical estimate of the exact solution y (t). Motivated by (3), we compute these estimates by the following recursive scheme
This is the Euler method (or forward Euler method, in contrast with the backward Euler method, to be described below). The method is named after Leonhard Euler who described it in 1768.
The Euler method is an example of an explicit method. This means that the new value y is defined in terms of things that are already known, like y.
If, instead of (2), we use the approximation
we get the backward Euler method:
The backward Euler method is an implicit method, meaning that we have to solve an equation to find y. One often uses fixed point iteration or (some modification of) the Newton -- Raphson method to achieve this.
It costs more time to solve this equation than explicit methods; this cost must be taken into consideration when one selects the method to use. The advantage of implicit methods such as (6) is that they are usually more stable for solving a stiff equation, meaning that a larger step size h can be used.
Exponential integrators describe a large class of integrators that have recently seen a lot of development. They date back to at least the 1960s.
In place of (1), we assume the differential equation is either of the form
or it has been locally linearized about a background state to produce a linear term − A y (\ displaystyle - Ay) and a nonlinear term N (y) (\ displaystyle (\ mathcal (N)) (y)).
Exponential integrators are constructed by multiplying (7) by e A t (\ displaystyle e ^ (At)), and exactly integrating the result over a time interval (t n, t n + 1 = t n + h) (\ displaystyle (t_ (n), t_ (n + 1) = t_ (n) + h)):
This integral equation is exact, but it does n't define the integral.
The first - order exponential integrator can be realized by holding N (y (t n + τ)) (\ displaystyle (\ mathcal (N)) (y (t_ (n) + \ tau))) constant over the full interval:
The Euler method is often not accurate enough. In more precise terms, it only has order one (the concept of order is explained below). This caused mathematicians to look for higher - order methods.
One possibility is to use not only the previously computed value y to determine y, but to make the solution depend on more past values. This yields a so - called multistep method. Perhaps the simplest is the Leapfrog method which is second order and (roughly speaking) relies on two time values.
Almost all practical multistep methods fall within the family of linear multistep methods, which have the form
Another possibility is to use more points in the interval (t, t). This leads to the family of Runge -- Kutta methods, named after Carl Runge and Martin Kutta. One of their fourth - order methods is especially popular.
A good implementation of one of these methods for solving an ODE entails more than the time - stepping formula.
It is often inefficient to use the same step size all the time, so variable step - size methods have been developed. Usually, the step size is chosen such that the (local) error per step is below some tolerance level. This means that the methods must also compute an error indicator, an estimate of the local error.
An extension of this idea is to choose dynamically between different methods of different orders (this is called a variable order method). Methods based on Richardson extrapolation, such as the Bulirsch -- Stoer algorithm, are often used to construct various methods of different orders.
Other desirable features include:
Many methods do not fall within the framework discussed here. Some classes of alternative methods are:
For applications that require parallel computing on supercomputers, the degree of concurrency offered by a numerical method becomes relevant. In view of the challenges from exascale computing systems, numerical methods for initial value problems which can provide concurrency in temporal direction are being studied. Parareal is a relatively well known example of such a parallel - in - time integration method, but early ideas go back into the 1960s.
Numerical analysis is not only the design of numerical methods, but also their analysis. Three central concepts in this analysis are:
A numerical method is said to be convergent if the numerical solution approaches the exact solution as the step size h goes to 0. More precisely, we require that for every ODE (1) with a Lipschitz function f and every t > 0,
All the methods mentioned above are convergent. In fact, a numerical scheme has to be convergent to be of any use.
Suppose the numerical method is
The local (truncation) error of the method is the error committed by one step of the method. That is, it is the difference between the result given by the method, assuming that no error was made in earlier steps, and the exact solution:
The method is said to be consistent if
The method has order p (\ displaystyle p) if
Hence a method is consistent if it has an order greater than 0. The (forward) Euler method (4) and the backward Euler method (6) introduced above both have order 1, so they are consistent. Most methods being used in practice attain higher order. Consistency is a necessary condition for convergence, but not sufficient; for a method to be convergent, it must be both consistent and zero - stable.
A related concept is the global (truncation) error, the error sustained in all the steps one needs to reach a fixed time t. Explicitly, the global error at time t is y − y (t) where N = (t − t) / h. The global error of a pth order one - step method is O (h); in particular, such a method is convergent. This statement is not necessarily true for multi-step methods.
For some differential equations, application of standard methods -- such as the Euler method, explicit Runge -- Kutta methods, or multistep methods (e.g., Adams -- Bashforth methods) -- exhibit instability in the solutions, though other methods may produce stable solutions. This "difficult behaviour '' in the equation (which may not necessarily be complex itself) is described as stiffness, and is often caused by the presence of different time scales in the underlying problem. For example, a collision in a mechanical system like in an impact oscillator typically occurs at much smaller time scale than the time for the motion of objects; this discrepancy makes for very "sharp turns '' in the curves of the state parameters.
Stiff problems are ubiquitous in chemical kinetics, control theory, solid mechanics, weather forecasting, biology, plasma physics, and electronics. One way to overcome stiffness is to extend the notion of differential equation to that of differential inclusion, which allows for and models non-smoothness.
Below is a timeline of some important developments in this field.
Boundary value problems (BVPs) are usually solved numerically by solving an approximately equivalent matrix problem obtained by discretizing the original BVP. The most commonly used method for numerically solving BVPs in one dimension is called the Finite Difference Method. This method takes advantage of linear combinations of point values to construct finite difference coefficients that describe derivatives of the function. For example, the second - order central difference approximation to the first derivative is given by:
and the second - order central difference for the second derivative is given by:
In both of these formulae, h = x i − x i − 1 (\ displaystyle h = x_ (i) - x_ (i - 1)) is the distance between neighbouring x values on the discretized domain. One then constructs a linear system that can then be solved by standard matrix methods. For instance, suppose the equation to be solved is:
The next step would be to discretize the problem and use linear derivative approximations such as
and solve the resulting system of linear equations. This would lead to equations such as:
On first viewing, this system of equations appears to have difficulty associated with the fact that the equation involves no terms that are not multiplied by variables, but in fact this is false. At i = 1 and n − 1 there is a term involving the boundary values u (0) = u 0 (\ displaystyle u (0) = u_ (0)) and u (1) = u n (\ displaystyle u (1) = u_ (n)) and since these two values are known, one can simply substitute them into this equation and as a result have a non-homogeneous linear system of equations that has non-trivial solutions.
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a triangle has a total of exterior angles | Sum of angles of a triangle - wikipedia
In several geometries, a triangle has three vertices and three sides, where three angles of a triangle are formed at each vertex by a pair of adjacent sides. In a Euclidean space, the sum of measures of these three angles of any triangle is invariably equal to the straight angle, also expressed as 180 °, π radians, two right angles, or a half - turn.
It was unknown for a long time whether other geometries exist, where this sum is different. The influence of this problem on mathematics was particularly strong during the 19th century. Ultimately, the answer was proven to be positive: in other spaces (geometries) this sum can be greater or lesser, but it then must depend on the triangle. Its difference from 180 ° is a case of angular defect and serves as an important distinction for geometric systems.
In Euclidean geometry, the triangle postulate states that the sum of the angles of a triangle is two right angles. This postulate is equivalent to the parallel postulate. In the presence of the other axioms of Euclidean geometry, the following statements are equivalent:
The sum of the angles of a hyperbolic triangle is less than 180 °. The relation between angular defect and the triangle 's area was first proven by Johann Heinrich Lambert.
One can easily see how hyperbolic geometry breaks Playfair 's axiom, Proclus ' axiom (the parallelism, defined as non-intersection, is intransitive in an hyperbolic plane), the equidistance postulate (the points on one side of, and equidistant from, a given line do not form a line), and Pythagoras ' theorem. A circle can not have arbitrarily small curvature, so the three points property also fails.
The sum of the angles can be arbitrarily small (but positive). For an ideal triangle, a generalization of hyperbolic triangles, this sum is equal to zero.
For a spherical triangle, the sum of the angles is greater than 180 ° and can be up to 540 °. Specifically, the sum of the angles is
where f is the fraction of the sphere 's area which is enclosed by the triangle.
Note that spherical geometry does not satisfy several of Euclid 's axioms (including the parallel postulate.)
Angles between adjacent sides of a triangle are referred to as interior angles in Euclidean and other geometries. Exterior angles can be also defined, and the Euclidean triangle postulate can be formulated as the exterior angle theorem. One can also consider the sum of all three exterior angles, that equals to 360 ° in the Euclidean case (as for any convex polygon), is less than 360 ° in the spherical case, and is greater than 360 ° in the hyperbolic case.
In the differential geometry of surfaces, the question of a triangle 's angular defect is understood as a special case of the Gauss - Bonnet theorem where the curvature of a closed curve is not a function, but a measure with the support in exactly three points -- vertices of a triangle.
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what are the beginning and the ending years of the victorian period | Victorian era - wikipedia
In the history of the United Kingdom, the Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria 's reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. The era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period, and its later half overlaps with the first part of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe. Defined according to sensibilities and political concerns, the period is sometimes considered to begin with the passage of the Reform Act 1832. The period is characterised as one of relative peace among the great powers (as established by the Congress of Vienna), increased economic activity, "refined sensibilities '' and national self - confidence for Great Britain.
Ideologically, the Victorian era witnessed resistance to the rationalism that defined the Georgian period and an increasing turn towards romanticism and mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and arts. In international relations, the supremacy of the Royal Navy helped maintain a period of relative peace among the great powers (Pax Britannica) as well as economic, colonial, and industrial consolidation and expansion, a notable exception being the Crimean War (1853 - 6). Britain embarked on global imperial expansion, particularly in Asia and Africa, which made the British Empire the largest empire in history.
Domestically, the political agenda was increasingly liberal, with a number of shifts in the direction of gradual political reform, industrial reform, and the widening of the voting franchise. There were unprecedented demographic changes: the population of England and Wales almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901, and Scotland 's population also rose rapidly, from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million in 1901. However, Ireland 's population decreased sharply, from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901, mostly due to the Great Famine. Between 1837 and 1901 about 15 million emigrated from Great Britain, mostly to the United States, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, and Australia.
The two main political parties during the era remained the Whigs / Liberals and the Conservatives; by its end, the Labour Party had formed as a distinct political entity. These parties were led by such prominent statesmen as Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone, and Lord Salisbury. The unsolved problems relating to Irish Home Rule played a great part in politics in the later Victorian era, particularly in view of Gladstone 's determination to achieve a political settlement in Ireland.
In the strictest sense, the Victorian era covers the duration of Victoria 's reign as Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, from her accession on 20 June 1837 -- after the death of her uncle, William IV -- until her death on 22 January 1901, after which she was succeeded by her eldest son, Edward VII. Her reign lasted for 63 years and seven months, a longer period than any of her predecessors. The term ' Victorian ' was in contemporaneous usage to describe the era. The era has also been understood more extensively as a period that possessed sensibilities and characteristics distinct from those adjacent, in which case it is sometimes dated to begin before Victoria 's accession -- typically from the passage of or agitation for (during the 1830s) the Reform Act 1832, which introduced a wide - ranging change to the electoral system of England and Wales. Definitions according to a distinct sensibility or politics have also created scepticisim about the worth of the label "Victorian '', though there have equally been defences of it as a marker of time.
In 1832, after much political agitation, the Reform Act was passed on the third attempt. The Act abolished many borough seats and created others in their place, as well as expanding the franchise in England and Wales (a Scottish Reform Act and Irish Reform Act were passed separately). Minor reforms followed in 1835 and 1836.
On June 20 1837, Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom on the death of her uncle, William IV. Being female, Victoria was prevented by Salic law from acceding to the throne of Hanover, as had been the custom for British monarchs since the Hanoverian succession; the kingdom passed instead to her uncle, who became King Ernest Augustus I of Hanover. The government at the time of Victoria 's accession was led by the Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne, but within two years he had resigned, and the Tory politician Sir Robert Peel formed a new ministry. In the same year, a seizure of opium exports to China prompted the First Opium War against the Qing dynasty, and British imperial India initiated the First Anglo - Afghan War -- one of the first major conflicts of the Great Game between Britain and Russia.
In 1840, Queen Victoria married Prince Albert of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfield and gave birth to her first child, Victoria, who became Princess Royal. In the same year, the Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand. The signing of the Treaty of Nanking in 1842 ended the First Opium War and gave Britain control over Hong Kong Island, but a disastrous retreat from Kabul in the same year led to the annihilation of a British army column. In 1845, the Great Famine began to cause mass starvation and disease in Ireland, ultimately initiating widespread emigration; in response, the Peel government repealed the Corn Laws, in the process leading to its downfall and replacement by the Whig ministry of Lord John Russell.
In 1853, Britain fought alongside France in the Crimean War, against Russia. The goal was to ensure that Russia could not benefit from the declining status of the Ottoman Empire, a strategic consideration known as the Eastern Question. The conflict marked a rare breach in the Pax Britannica, the period of relative peace (1815 - 1914) that existed among the Great Powers of the time (and especially in Britain 's interaction with them). On its conclusion in 1856 with the Treaty of Paris, Russia was prohibited from hosting a military presence in the Crimea. In October of the same year, the Second Opium War saw Britain overpower the Qing dynasty in China.
During 1857 - 8, an uprising by sepoys against the East India Company was suppressed, an event that led to the end of Company rule in India and the transferral of administration to the direct rule by the government. The princely states were not affected and remained under British guidance.
In 1861, Prince Albert died. In 1867, the second Reform Act was passed, expanding the franchise, and the British North America Act consolidated the country 's possessions in that region into a Canadian Confederation.
In 1878, Britain was a plenipotentiary at the Treaty of Berlin, which gave de jure recognition to the independent states of Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.
Nonconformist conscience describes the moral sensibility of the Nonconformist churches -- those which dissent from the established Church of England -- that influenced British politics in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In the 1851 census of church attendance, noncomformists who went to chapel comprised half the attendance of Sunday services. Noncomformists were focused in the fast - growing urban middle class. The two categories of this group were in addition to the evangelicals or "Low Church '' element in the Church of England: "Old Dissenters, '' dating from the 16th and 17th centuries, included Baptists, Congregationalists, Quakers, Unitarians, and Presbyterians outside Scotland; "New Dissenters '' emerged in the 18th century and were mainly Methodists. The "Nonconformist conscience '' of the Old group emphasised religious freedom and equality, the pursuit of justice, and opposition to discrimination, compulsion, and coercion. The New Dissenters (and also the Anglican evangelicals) stressed personal morality issues, including sexuality, temperance, family values, and Sabbath - keeping. Both factions were politically active, but until the mid-19th century, the Old group supported mostly Whigs and Liberals in politics, while the New -- like most Anglicans -- generally supported Conservatives. In the late 19th century, the New Dissenters mostly switched to the Liberal Party. The result was a merging of the two groups, strengthening their great weight as a political pressure group. They joined together on new issues especially regarding schools and temperance, with the latter of special interest to Methodists. By 1914 the linkage was weakening and by the 1920s it was virtually dead.
Parliament had long imposed a series of political disabilities on Nonconformists outside Scotland. They could not hold most public offices, they had to pay local taxes to the Anglican church, be married by Anglican ministers, and be denied attendance at Oxford or degrees at Cambridge. Dissenters demanded the removal of political and civil disabilities that applied to them (especially those in the Test and Corporation Acts). The Anglican establishment strongly resisted until 1828. Disseneters organized into a political pressure group and succeeded in 1828 in repeal of some restrictions. It was a major achievement for an outside group, but the Dissenters were not finished and the early Victorian period saw them even more active and successful in eliminating their grievances. Next on the agenda was the matter of church rates, which were local taxes at the parish level for the support of the parish church building in England and Wales. Only buildings of the established church received the tax money. Civil disobedience was attempted but was met with the seizure of personal property and even imprisonment. The compulsory factor was finally abolished in 1868 by William Ewart Gladstone, and payment was made voluntary. While Gladstone was a moralistic evangelical inside the Church of England, he had strong support in the Nonconformist community. The marriage question was settled in 1837, by allowing local government registrars to handle marriages. Nonconformist ministers in their own chapels were allowed to marry couples if a registrar was present. Also in 1836, civil registration of births, deaths, and marriages was taken from the hands of local parish officials and given to local government registrars. Burial of the dead was a more troubling problem, for urban chapels had no graveyards, and sought to use the traditional graveyards controlled by the established church. The Burials Act of 1880 finally allowed that.
Oxford University required students seeking admission to submit to the 39 articles of the Church of England. Cambridge required that for a diploma. The two ancient universities opposed giving a charter to the new London University in the 1830s because it had no such restriction. London University, nevertheless, was established in 1837, and by the 1850s Oxford dropped its restrictions. In 1871 Gladstone sponsored legislation that provided full access to degrees and fellowships. The Scottish universities never had restrictions. Nonconformists (especially Unitarians and Presbyterians) played major roles in founding new universities in the late 19th century at Manchester, as well as Birmingham, Liverpool and Leeds.
The era saw a reform and renaissance of public schools, inspired by Thomas Arnold at Rugby. The public school became a model for gentlemen and for public service.
In prose, the novel rose from a position of relative neglect during the 1830s to become the leading literary genre by the end of the era. In the 1830s and 1840s, the social novel (also "Condition - of - England novels '') responded to the social, political and economic upheaval associated with industrialisation. Though it remained influential throughout the period, there was a notable resurgence of Gothic fiction in the fin de siecle, such as in Robert Louis Stevenson 's novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886) and Oscar Wilde 's The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891).
Popular forms of entertainment varied by social class. Victorian Britain, like the periods before it, was interested in literature (see Charles Dickens, Arthur Conan Doyle, Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë, Robert Louis Stevenson and William Makepeace Thackeray), theatre and the arts (see Aesthetic movement and Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood), and music, drama, and opera were widely attended. Michael Balfe was the most popular British grand opera composer of the period, while the most popular musical theatre was a series of fourteen comic operas by Gilbert and Sullivan, although there was also musical burlesque and the beginning of Edwardian musical comedy in the 1890s. Drama ranged from low comedy to Shakespeare (see Henry Irving). There were, however, other forms of entertainment. Gentlemen went to dining clubs, like the Beefsteak club or the Savage club. Gambling at cards in establishments popularly called casinos was wildly popular during the period: so much so that evangelical and reform movements specifically targeted such establishments in their efforts to stop gambling, drinking, and prostitution.
Brass bands and ' The Bandstand ' became popular in the Victorian era. The band stand was a simple construction that not only created an ornamental focal point, but also served acoustic requirements whilst providing shelter from the changeable British weather. It was common to hear the sound of a brass band whilst strolling through parklands. At this time musical recording was still very much a novelty.
The Victorian era marked the golden age of the British circus. Astley 's Amphitheatre in Lambeth, London, featuring equestrian acts in a 42 - foot wide circus ring, was the epicentre of the 19th century circus. The permanent structure sustained three fires but as an institution lasted a full century, with Andrew Ducrow and William Batty managing the theatre in the middle part of the century. William Batty would also build his own 14,000 - person arena, known commonly as Batty 's Hippodrome, in Kensington Gardens and draw crowds from the Crystal Palace Exhibition. Travelling circuses, like Pablo Fanque 's, dominated the British provinces, Scotland, and Ireland (Fanque would enjoy fame again in the 20th century when John Lennon would buy an 1843 poster advertising his circus and adapt the lyrics for The Beatles song, Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!). Fanque also stands out as a black man who achieved great success and enjoyed great admiration among the British public only a few decades after Britain had abolished slavery.
Another form of entertainment involved ' spectacles ' where paranormal events, such as mesmerism, communication with the dead (by way of mediumship or channelling), ghost conjuring and the like, were carried out to the delight of crowds and participants. Such activities were more popular at this time than in other periods of recent Western history.
Natural history became increasingly an "amateur '' activity. Particularly in Britain and the United States, this grew into specialist hobbies such as the study of birds, butterflies, seashells (malacology / conchology), beetles and wild flowers. Amateur collectors and natural history entrepreneurs played an important role in building the large natural history collections of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Middle - class Victorians used the train services to visit the seaside, helped by the Bank Holiday Act of 1871, which created a number of fixed holidays. Large numbers travelling to quiet fishing villages such as Worthing, Brighton, Morecambe and Scarborough began turning them into major tourist centres, and people like Thomas Cook saw tourism and even overseas travel as viable businesses.
The Victorian Era saw the introduction and development of many modern sports. Often originating in the public schools, they exemplified new ideals of manliness. Cricket, cycling, croquet, horse - riding, and many water activities are examples of some of the popular sports in the Victorian Era.
The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham, England, between 1859 and 1865. The world 's oldest tennis tournament, the Wimbledon championships, were first played in London in 1877. Britain was an active competitor in all the Olympic Games starting in 1896.
Historians have characterised the mid-Victorian era (1850 -- 1870) as Britain 's "Golden Years ''. There was prosperity, as the national income per person grew by half. Much of the prosperity was due to the increasing industrialisation, especially in textiles and machinery, as well as to the worldwide network of trade and engineering that produced profits for British merchants, and exports from across the globe. There was peace abroad (apart from the short Crimean war, 1854 -- 56), and social peace at home. Opposition to the new order melted away, says Porter. The Chartist movement peaked as a democratic movement among the working class in 1848; its leaders moved to other pursuits, such as trade unions and cooperative societies. The working class ignored foreign agitators like Karl Marx in their midst, and joined in celebrating the new prosperity. Employers typically were paternalistic and generally recognised the trade unions. Companies provided their employees with welfare services ranging from housing, schools and churches, to libraries, baths, and gymnasia. Middle - class reformers did their best to assist the working classes ' aspirations to middle - class norms of "respectability ''.
There was a spirit of libertarianism, says Porter, as people felt they were free. Taxes were very low, and government restrictions were minimal. There were still problem areas, such as occasional riots, especially those motivated by anti-Catholicism. Society was still ruled by the aristocracy and the gentry, who controlled high government offices, both houses of Parliament, the church, and the military. Becoming a rich businessman was not as prestigious as inheriting a title and owning a landed estate. Literature was doing well, but the fine arts languished as the Great Exhibition of 1851 showcased Britain 's industrial prowess rather than its sculpture, painting or music. The educational system was mediocre; the main universities (outside Scotland) were likewise mediocre. Historian Llewellyn Woodward has concluded:
The Victorians were impressed by science and progress and felt that they could improve society in the same way as they were improving technology. Britain was the leading world center for advanced engineering and technology. Its engineering firms were in worldwide demand for designing and constructing railways.
A central development during the Victorian era was the improvement of communication. The new railways all allowed goods, raw materials, and people to be moved about, rapidly facilitating trade and industry. The financing of railways became an important specialty of London 's financiers. The railway system led to a reorganisation of society more generally, with "railway time '' being the standard by which clocks were set throughout Britain; the complex railway system setting the standard for technological advances and efficiency. Steam ships such as the SS Great Britain and SS Great Western made international travel more common but also advanced trade, so that in Britain it was not just the luxury goods of earlier times that were imported into the country but essentials and raw materials such as corn and cotton from the United States and meat and wool from Australia. One more important innovation in communications was the Penny Black, the first postage stamp, which standardised postage to a flat price regardless of distance sent.
Even later communication methods such as electric power, telegraph, and telephones, had an impact. Photography was realised in 1839 by Louis Daguerre in France and William Fox Talbot in Britain. By 1889, hand - held cameras were available.
Similar sanitation reforms, prompted by the Public Health Acts 1848 and 1869, were made in the crowded, dirty streets of the existing cities, and soap was the main product shown in the relatively new phenomenon of advertising. A great engineering feat in the Victorian Era was the sewage system in London. It was designed by Joseph Bazalgette in 1858. He proposed to build 82 mi (132 km) of sewer system linked with over 1,000 mi (1,600 km) of street sewers. Many problems were encountered but the sewers were completed. After this, Bazalgette designed the Thames Embankment which housed sewers, water pipes and the London Underground. During the same period, London 's water supply network was expanded and improved, and a gas network for lighting and heating was introduced in the 1880s.
The model town of Saltaire was founded, along with others, as a planned environment with good sanitation and many civic, educational and recreational facilities, although it lacked a pub, which was regarded as a focus of dissent. During the Victorian era, science grew into the discipline it is today. In addition to the increasing professionalism of university science, many Victorian gentlemen devoted their time to the study of natural history. This study of natural history was most powerfully advanced by Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution first published in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859.
Although initially developed in the early years of the 19th century, gas lighting became widespread during the Victorian era in industry, homes, public buildings and the streets. The invention of the incandescent gas mantle in the 1890s greatly improved light output and ensured its survival as late as the 1960s. Hundreds of gasworks were constructed in cities and towns across the country. In 1882, incandescent electric lights were introduced to London streets, although it took many years before they were installed everywhere.
One of the great achievements of the Industrial Revolution in Britain was the introduction and advancement of railway systems, not only in the United Kingdom and the British Empire but across the world. British engineers and financiers designed, built and funded many major systems. They retained an ownership share even while turning over management to locals; that ownership was largely liquidated in 1914 - 1916 to pay for the World War. Railroads originated in England because industrialists had already discovered the need for inexpensive transportation to haul coal for the new steam engines, to supply parts to specialized factories, and to take products to market. The existing system of canals was inexpensive but was too slow and too limited in geography.
The engineers and businessmen needed to create and finance a railway system were available; they knew how to invent, to build, and to finance a large complex system. The first quarter of the 19th century involved numerous experiments with locomotives and rail technology. By 1825 railways were commercially feasible, as demonstrated by George Stephenson (1791 - 1848) when he built the Stockton and Darlington. On his first run, his locomotive pulled 38 freight and passenger cars at speeds as high as 12 miles per hour. Stephenson went on to design many more railways and is best known for standardizing designs, such as the "standard gauge '' of rail spacing, at 4 feet 8 1⁄2 inches. Thomas Brassey (1805 -- 70) was even more prominent, operating construction crews that at one point in the 1840s totalled 75,000 men throughout Europe, the British Empire, and Latin America. Brassey took thousands of British engineers and mechanics across the globe to build new lines. They invented and improved thousands of mechanical devices, and developed the science of civil engineering to build roadways, tunnels and bridges.
Britain had a superior financial system based in London that funded both the railways in Britain and also in many other parts of the world, including the United States, up until 1914. The boom years were 1836 and 1845 -- 47 when Parliament authorised 8,000 miles of lines at a projected cost of £ 200 million, which was about the same value as the country 's annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at that time. A new railway needed a charter, which typically cost over £ 200,000 (about $1 million) to obtain from Parliament, but opposition could effectively prevent its construction. The canal companies, unable or unwilling to upgrade their facilities to compete with railways, used political power to try to stop them. The railways responded by purchasing about a fourth of the canal system, in part to get the right of way, and in part to buy off critics. Once a charter was obtained, there was little government regulation, as laissez - faire and private ownership had become accepted practices.
The different lines typically had exclusive territory, but given the compact size of Britain, this meant that multiple competing lines could provide service between major cities. George Hudson (1800 - 1871) became the "railway king '' of Britain. He merged various independent lines and set up a "Clearing House '' in 1842 which rationalized interconnections by establishing uniform paperwork and standard methods for transferring passengers and freight between lines, and rates when one system used freight cars owned by another. By 1850, rates had fallen to a penny a ton mile for coal, at speeds of up to fifty miles an hour. Britain now had had the model for the world in a well integrated, well - engineered system that allowed fast, cheap movement of freight and people, and which could be replicated in other major nations.
The railways directly or indirectly employed tens of thousands of engineers, mechanics, repairmen and technicians, as well as statisticians and financial planners. They developed new and more efficient and less expensive techniques. Most important, they created a mindset of how technology could be used in many different forms of business. Railways had a major impact on industrialization. By lowering transportation costs, they reduced costs for all industries moving supplies and finished goods, and they increased demand for the production of all the inputs needed for the railroad system itself. By 1880, there were 13,500 locomotives which each carried 97,800 passengers a year, or 31,500 tons of freight.
India provides an example of the London - based financiers pouring money and expertise into a very well built system designed for military reasons (after the Mutiny of 1857), and with the hope that it would stimulate industry. The system was overbuilt and much too elaborate and expensive for the small amount of freight traffic it carried. However, it did capture the imagination of the Indians, who saw their railways as the symbol of an industrial modernity -- but one that was not realized until a century or so later.
Medicine progressed during Queen Victoria 's reign. Although nitrous oxide, or laughing gas, had been proposed as an anaesthetic as far back as 1799 by Humphry Davy, it was n't until 1846 when an American dentist named William Morton started using ether on his patients that anaesthetics became common in the medical profession. In 1847 chloroform was introduced as an anaesthetic by James Young Simpson. Chloroform was favoured by doctors and hospital staff because it is much less flammable than ether, but critics complained that it could cause the patient to have a heart attack. Chloroform gained in popularity in England and Germany after John Snow gave Queen Victoria chloroform for the birth of her eighth child (Prince Leopold). By 1920, chloroform was used in 80 to 95 % of all narcoses performed in the UK and German - speaking countries.
Anaesthetics made painless dentistry possible. At the same time sugar consumption in the British diet increased, greatly increasing instances of tooth decay. As a result, more and more people were having teeth extracted and needing dentures. This gave rise to "Waterloo Teeth '', which were real human teeth set into hand - carved pieces of ivory from hippopotamus or walrus jaws. The teeth were obtained from executed criminals, victims of battlefields, from grave - robbers, and were even bought directly from the desperately impoverished.
Medicine also benefited from the introduction of antiseptics by Joseph Lister in 1867 in the form of carbolic acid (phenol). He instructed the hospital staff to wear gloves and wash their hands, instruments, and dressings with a phenol solution and in 1869, he invented a machine that would spray carbolic acid in the operating theatre during surgery.
The Victorian era was a time of unprecedented population growth in Britain. The population rose from 13.9 million in 1831 to 32.5 million in 1901. Two major contributary factors were fertility rates and mortality rates. Britain was the first country to undergo the Demographic transition and the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions.
Britain had the lead in rapid economic and population growth. At the time, Thomas Malthus believed this lack of growth outside Britain was due to the ' Malthusian trap '. That is, the tendency of a population to expand geometrically while resources grew more slowly, reaching a crisis (such as famine, war, or epidemic) which would reduce the population to a sustainable size. Britain escaped the ' Malthusian trap ' because the Industrial Revolution had a positive impact on living standards. People had more money and could improve their standards; therefore, a population increase was sustainable.
In the Victorian era, fertility rates increased in every decade until 1901, when the rates started evening out. There were several reasons for this. One is biological: with improving living standards, a higher proportion of women were biologically able to have children. Another possible explanation is social. In the 19th century, the marriage rate increased, and people were getting married at a very young age until the end of the century, when the average age of marriage started to increase again slowly. The reasons why people got married younger and more frequently are uncertain. One theory is that greater prosperity allowed people to finance marriage and new households earlier than previously possible. With more births within marriage, it seems inevitable that marriage rates and birth rates would rise together.
Birth rates were originally measured by the ' Crude birth rate ' -- births per year divided by total population. This is indeed a crude measure, as key groups and their fertility rates are not clear. It is likely to be affected mainly by changes in the age distribution of the population. The Net Reproduction Rate was then introduced as an alternative measure: it measures the average fertility rate of women of child - bearing ages.
The evening out of fertility rates at the beginning of the 20th century was mainly the result of a few big changes: availability of forms of birth control, and changes in people 's attitude towards sex.
The mortality rates in England changed greatly through the 19th century. There was no catastrophic epidemic or famine in England or Scotland in the 19th century -- it was the first century in which a major epidemic did not occur throughout the whole country, and deaths per 1000 of population per year in England and Wales fell from 21.9 from 1848 -- 54 to 17 in 1901 (cf, for instance, 5.4 in 1971). Social class had a significant effect on mortality rates: the upper classes had a lower rate of premature death early in the 19th century than poorer classes did.
Environmental and health standards rose throughout the Victorian era; improvements in nutrition may also have played a role, although the importance of this is debated. Sewage works were improved, as was the quality of drinking water. With a healthier environment, diseases were caught less easily and did not spread as much. Technology improved because the population had more money to spend on medical technology (for example, techniques to prevent death in childbirth, so that more women and children survived), which also led to a greater number of cures for diseases. However, there was a cholera epidemic in London in 1848 -- 49, which killed 14,137 people, and another in 1853 killing 10,738. Reformers rushed to complete a modern London sewerage system. Tuberculosis (spread in congested dwellings), lung diseases from the mines and typhoid remained common.
Gothic Revival architecture became increasingly significant during the period, leading to the Battle of the Styles between Gothic and Classical ideals. Charles Barry 's architecture for the new Palace of Westminster, which had been badly damaged in an 1834 fire, was built in the medieval style of Westminster Hall, the surviving part of the building. It constructed a narrative of cultural continuity, set in opposition to the violent disjunctions of Revolutionary France, a comparison common to the period, as expressed in Thomas Carlyle 's The French Revolution: A History and Charles Dickens ' Great Expectations and A Tale of Two Cities. Gothic was also supported by critic John Ruskin, who argued that it epitomised communal and inclusive social values, as opposed to Classicism, which he considered to epitomise mechanical standardisation.
The middle of the 19th century saw The Great Exhibition of 1851, the first World 's Fair, which showcased the greatest innovations of the century. At its centre was the Crystal Palace, a modular glass and iron structure -- the first of its kind. It was condemned by Ruskin as the very model of mechanical dehumanisation in design but later came to be presented as the prototype of Modern architecture. The emergence of photography, showcased at the Great Exhibition, resulted in significant changes in Victorian art with Queen Victoria being the first British monarch to be photographed. John Everett Millais was influenced by photography (notably in his portrait of Ruskin) as were other Pre-Raphaelite artists. It later became associated with the Impressionistic and Social Realist techniques that would dominate the later years of the period in the work of artists such as Walter Sickert and Frank Holl.
The long - term effect of the reform movements was to tightly link the nonconformist element with the Liberal party. The dissenters gave significant support to moralistic issues, such as temperance and sabbath enforcement. The nonconformist conscience, as it was called, was repeatedly called upon by Gladstone for support for his moralistic foreign policy. In election after election, Protestant ministers rallied their congregations to the Liberal ticket. In Scotland, the Presbyterians played a similar role to the Nonconformist Methodists, Baptists and other groups in England and Wales The political strength of Dissent faded sharply after 1920 with the secularization of British society in the 20th century.
The rise of the middle class during the era had a formative effect on its character; the historian Walter E. Houghton reflects that "once the middle class attained political as well as financial eminence, their social influence became decisive. The Victorian frame of mind is largely composed of their characteristic modes of thought and feeling ''.
Industrialisation brought with it a rapidly growing middle class whose increase in numbers had a significant effect on the social strata itself: cultural norms, lifestyle, values and morality. Identifiable characteristics came to define the middle class home and lifestyle. Previously, in town and city, residential space was adjacent to or incorporated into the work site, virtually occupying the same geographical space. The difference between private life and commerce was a fluid one distinguished by an informal demarcation of function. In the Victorian era, English family life increasingly became compartmentalised, the home a self - contained structure housing a nuclear family extended according to need and circumstance to include blood relations. The concept of "privacy '' became a hallmark of the middle - class life.
The English home closed up and darkened over the decade (1850s), the cult of domesticity matched by a cult of privacy. Bourgeois existence was a world of interior space, heavily curtained off and wary of intrusion, and opened only by invitation for viewing on occasions such as parties or teas. "The essential, unknowability of each individual, and society 's collaboration in the maintenance of a façade behind which lurked innumerable mysteries, were the themes which preoccupied many mid-century novelists. ''
There were four major factors that radically transformed newspapers in 19th century Britain. First, by the 1830s the government had ended very high taxes and lifted severe legal restraints. Second, new machines, especially the rotary press, allowed the printing of tens of thousands of copies a day at a low cost. Third, the newspapers reached out to new readers in multiple ways, including features, illustrations, and advertisements that enlarged the audience. Finally, the franchise was expanded from one or two percent of the men to a majority, and newspapers became the primary means of political education.
In 1817 Thomas Barnes became general editor of The Times; he was a political radical, a sharp critic of parliamentary hypocrisy and a champion of freedom of the press. Under Barnes and his successor in 1841, John Thadeus Delane, the influence of The Times rose to great heights, especially in politics and in the financial district (the City of London). It spoke of reform. The Times originated the practice of sending war correspondents to cover particular conflicts. W.H. Russell wrote immensely influential dispatches on the Crimean War of 1853 - 1856; for the first time, the public could read about the reality of warfare. Russell wrote one dispatch that highlighted the surgeons ' "inhumane barbarity '' and the lack of ambulance care for wounded troops. Shocked and outraged, the public reacted in a backlash that led to major reforms especially in the provision of nursing, led by Florence Nightingale.
The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by a group of non-conformist businessmen. Its most famous editor, Charles Prestwich Scott, made the Guardian into a world - famous newspaper in the 1890s. The Daily Telegraph in 1856 became the first penny newspaper in London. It was funded by advertising revenue based on a large audience.
Opportunities for leisure activities increased dramatically as real wages continued to grow and hours of work continued to decline. In urban areas, the nine - hour workday became increasingly the norm; the 1874 Factory Act limited the workweek to 56.5 hours, encouraging the movement toward an eventual eight - hour workday. Furthermore, a system of routine annual vacations came into play, starting with white - collar workers and moving into the working - class. Some 200 seaside resorts emerged thanks to cheap hotels and inexpensive railway fares, widespread banking holidays and the fading of many religious prohibitions against secular activities on Sundays.
By the late Victorian era, the leisure industry had emerged in all cities. It provided scheduled entertainment of suitable length at convenient locales at inexpensive prices. These included sporting events, music halls, and popular theater. By 1880 football was no longer the preserve of the social elite, as it attracted large working - class audiences. Average gate attendance was 5000 in 1905, rising to 23,000 in 1913. That amounted to 6 million paying customers with a weekly turnover of £ 400,000. Sports by 1900 generated some three percent of the total gross national product. Professional sports were the norm, although some new activities reached an upscale amateur audience, such as lawn tennis and golf. Women were now allowed in some sports, such as archery, tennis, badminton and gymnastics.
The very rapid growth in population in the 19th century in the cities included the new industrial and manufacturing cities, as well as service centers such as Edinburgh and London. The critical factor was financing, which was handled by building societies that dealt directly with large contracting firms. Private renting from housing landlords was the dominant tenure. P. Kemp says this was usually of advantage to tenants. People moved in so rapidly that there was not enough capital to build adequate housing for everyone, so low income newcomers squeezed into increasingly overcrowded slums. Clean water, sanitation, and public health facilities were inadequate; the death rate was high, especially infant mortality, and tuberculosis among young adults. Cholera from polluted water and typhoid were endemic. Unlike rural areas, there were no famines such as the one which devastated Ireland in the 1840s.
19th century Britain saw a huge population increase accompanied by rapid urbanisation stimulated by the Industrial Revolution. Wage rates improved steadily; real wages (after taking inflation into account) were 65 percent higher in 1901, compared to 1871. Much of the money was saved, as the number of depositors in savings banks rose from 430,000 in 1831, to 5.2 million in 1887, and their deposits from £ 14 million to over £ 90 million. People flooded into industrial areas and commercial cities faster than housing could be built, resulting in overcrowding and lagging sanitation facilities such as fresh water and sewage. These problems were magnified in London, where the population grew at record rates. Large houses were turned into flats and tenements, and as landlords failed to maintain these dwellings, slum housing developed. Kellow Chesney described the situation as follows: "Hideous slums, some of them acres wide, some no more than crannies of obscure misery, make up a substantial part of the metropolis... In big, once handsome houses, thirty or more people of all ages may inhabit a single room. '' Significant changes happened in the British Poor Law system in England and Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. These included a large expansion in workhouses (or poorhouses in Scotland), although with changing populations during the era.
The early Victorian era before the reforms of the 1840s became notorious for the employment of young children in factories and mines and as chimney sweeps. Child labour played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset: novelist Charles Dickens, for example, worked at the age of 12 in a blacking factory, with his family in a debtors ' prison. Reformers wanted the children in school: in 1840 only about 20 percent of the children in London had any schooling. By 1860 about half of the children between 5 and 15 were in school (including Sunday school).
The children of the poor were expected to help towards the family budget, often working long hours in dangerous jobs for low wages. Agile boys were employed by the chimney sweeps; small children were employed to scramble under machinery to retrieve cotton bobbins; and children were also employed to work in coal mines, crawling through tunnels too narrow and low for adults. Children also worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, or sold matches, flowers, and other cheap goods. Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades, such as building, or as domestic servants (there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid 19th century). Working hours were long: builders might work 64 hours a week in summer and 52 in winter, while domestic servants were theoretically on duty 80 - hours a week.
"Mother bides at home, she is troubled with bad breath, and is sair weak in her body from early labour. I am wrought with sister and brother, it is very sore work; can not say how many rakes or journeys I make from pit 's bottom to wall face and back, thinks about 30 or 25 on the average; the distance varies from 100 to 250 fathom. I carry about 1 cwt. and a quarter on my back; have to stoop much and creep through water, which is frequently up to the calves of my legs. '' (Isabella Read, 12 years old, coal - bearer, testimony gathered by Ashley 's Mines Commission 1842)
As early as 1802 and 1819, Factory Acts were passed to limit the working hours of workhouse children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day. These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation, by for example the "Short Time Committees '' in 1831, a Royal Commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11 -- 18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day, children aged 9 -- 11 a maximum of eight hours, and children under the age of nine should no longer be permitted to work. This act, however, only applied to the textile industry, and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10 - hour working days.
The Victorian era is famous for the Victorian standards of personal morality. Historians generally agree that the middle classes held high personal moral standards (and usually followed them), but have debated whether the working classes followed suit. Moralists in the late 19th century such as Henry Mayhew decried the slums for their supposed high levels of cohabitation without marriage and illegitimate births. However new research using computerized matching of data files shows that the rates of cohabitation were quite low -- under 5 % -- for the working class and the poor. By contrast in 21st century Britain, nearly half of all children are born outside marriage, and nine in ten newlyweds have been cohabitating.
Prostitution had been a factor in city life for centuries. The reformers started mobilizing in the late 1840s, major news organisations, clergymen, and single women became increasingly concerned about prostitution, which came to be known as "The Great Social Evil ''. Estimates of the number of prostitutes in London in the 1850s vary widely (in his landmark study, Prostitution, William Acton reported that the police estimated there were 8,600 in London alone in 1857).
While the Magdalene Asylums had been reforming prostitutes since the mid-18th century, the years between 1848 and 1870 saw a veritable explosion in the number of institutions working to "reclaim '' these "fallen women '' from the streets and retrain them for entry into respectable society -- usually for work as domestic servants. The theme of prostitution and the "fallen woman '' (any woman who has had sexual intercourse out of marriage) became a staple feature of mid-Victorian literature and politics. In the writings of Henry Mayhew, Charles Booth, Charles Dickens and others, prostitution began to be seen as a social problem.
When Parliament passed the first of the Contagious Diseases Acts in 1864 (which allowed the local constabulary to force any woman suspected of venereal disease to submit to its inspection), Josephine Butler 's crusade to repeal the CD Acts yoked the anti-prostitution cause with the emergent feminist movement. Butler attacked the long - established double standard of sexual morality.
Prostitutes were often presented as victims in sentimental literature such as Thomas Hood 's poem The Bridge of Sighs, Elizabeth Gaskell 's novel Mary Barton, and Dickens ' novel Oliver Twist. The emphasis on the purity of women found in such works as Coventry Patmore 's The Angel in the House led to the portrayal of the prostitute and fallen woman as soiled, corrupted, and in need of cleansing.
This emphasis on female purity was allied to the stress on the homemaking role of women, who helped to create a space free from the pollution and corruption of the city. In this respect, the prostitute came to have symbolic significance as the embodiment of the violation of that divide. The double standard remained in force. Divorce legislation introduced in 1857 allowed for a man to divorce his wife for adultery, but a woman could only divorce if adultery were accompanied by cruelty. The anonymity of the city led to a large increase in prostitution and unsanctioned sexual relationships. Dickens and other writers associated prostitution with the mechanisation and industrialisation of modern life, portraying prostitutes as human commodities consumed and thrown away like refuse when they were used up. Moral reform movements attempted to close down brothels, something that has sometimes been argued to have been a factor in the concentration of street - prostitution.
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where can wolves be found in the united states | List of gray wolf populations by country - wikipedia
The global wolf population is estimated at 300,000 Once abundant over much of North America and Eurasia, the gray wolf inhabits a smaller portion of its former range because of widespread destruction of its habitat, human encroachment of its habitat, and the resulting human - wolf encounters that sparked broad extirpation. Considered as a whole, however, the gray wolf is regarded as being of least concern for extinction according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Today, wolves are protected in some areas, hunted for sport in others, or may be subject to extermination as perceived threats to people, livestock and pets.
Wolves tend to quickly adapt to change, and are often referred to as an indicator species; a species delineating an ecoregion or indicating an environmental condition such as a disease outbreak, pollution, species competition or climate change. Wolves do not seem to be able to adapt as readily to expanding civilization the way coyotes do. While human expansion has seen an increase in the latter 's numbers, it has caused a drop in those of the former.
Europe, excluding Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, has 12,000 wolves in over 28 countries.
Greenland has a population of 20 -- 100 wolves, which are afforded protection in approximately 90 % of their range, though no compensation is paid for livestock damage.
Portugal has a stable wolf population of 200 -- 300, which is afforded full protection. Compensation is paid for livestock damage.
Spain 's wolf population is estimated at 2,000 -- 3,000 and growing. Wolves are considered a game species, though they are protected in the southern regions of the country. Compensation is paid for livestock damage, though this varies according to region. The population is expanding southwards and eastwards from the northwest, having recently reached Madrid, Ávila, Guadalajara and Salamanca. A southern relict population has survived in Andalusia, although contrary to the populations in the northwest and centre of the country, it is not doing well.
In Italy, wolves are a protected species with current estimates indicating that there are 600 - 700 wolves living in the wild (according to other sources, up to 800). The population is steady. The largest concentrations of wolves occur in the Italian national parks in Abruzzo, mostly in the Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise, in Calabria, in the Pollino, on Appennino Tosco - Emiliano, and, more recently, on the Alps. Isolated individuals have been sighted in the vicinity of human populated areas such as Tuscany, Bologna, Parma and Tarquinia. Wolves have also been sighted denning 25 miles from Rome, with one small population living in the regional park of Castelli Romani. Currently, Italian wolf populations are said to have been increasing at a rate of 6 % a year since the 1970s, though 15 % of the total Italian wolf population is reported to succumb annually to illegal poaching and road accidents. Compensation is paid by regional governments for livestock damage. Italy 's leading wolf biologist, professor Luigi Boitani of the Sapienza University of Rome, expressed concern that the Italian wolf recovery may have been too successful, due to a large portion of the public refusing to concede to the possibility of rising wolf populations requiring management in the future.
In France the population is said to be composed of 70 - 180 individuals and growing rapidly. Wolves crossed over into Southern France from Italy through the Alps in the 1990s. Estimates in 2005 put the figure at between 80 and 100. Under the Berne Convention, wolves are listed as an endangered species and killing them is illegal. Official culls are permitted to protect farm animals so long as there is no threat to the national population as a whole. Compensation is paid for livestock damage.
Wolves were first spotted in Germany in 1998, and are thought to have migrated from western Poland. Currently, there are around 150 wolves in 26 packs now roaming in Germany, most of them in the eastern German region of Lusatia, and they are now still expanding their range to the west and north. In July 2012, for the first time in 150 years, wolves were born in Heidekreis in Lower Saxony, which confirms the spread of wolves from the eastern part of Germany. In October 2014 Lower Saxony had a wolf population of circa 50 animals: 5 packs, all with confirmed pups in 2014, 2 confirmed mated pairs and one territorial unpaired female. Under German law wolves are a protected species; in several regions livestock damage compensation programmes exist.
In 2011 wolves were spotted in Belgium and the Netherlands in several locations. The different lone wolves are probably from the French or Italian populations. Since wildlife corridors and wildlife crossings over highways are being created that connect wildlife areas in the Netherlands, such as the Veluwezoom National Park and the Oostvaardersplassen with the Klever Reichswald in Germany, nature conservation organisations expect wolves to migrate to the low countries in the near future.
In Switzerland there is one wolf pack in the Calanda mountain and several lone wolves. Wolves are afforded protection, and livestock damage compensation is paid by Cantons. Swiss authorities gave permission to shoot eight wolves between the years 2000 and 2013.
Norway 's wolf population is located in the south - east, close to the Swedish border, and consists of around 68 wolves. The population is protected and compensation is paid for livestock damage, however in 2016 Norway planned to kill more than two - thirds of its population, with as many as 47 at risk of being shot. In 2015 more than 11,000 hunters applied for licenses to kill 16 wolves.
Sweden has a protected population of around 300 wolves. Compensation is paid for livestock damage.
The last wolf in Denmark was shot in 1813, but in 2009, 2010 and 2012 there was speculation that a wolf had crossed the border from Germany due to numerous observations, with the latest in Thy National Park. This was confirmed after an autopsy, which also concluded that the particular wolf had died from side effects of a cancerous tumor. It was the first known wolf in Denmark for 199 years. In 2013, three different lone wolves have been observed in Denmark. According to local biologists based on sound recordings, one pair have had pups. Compensation is paid for livestock damage. In July 2017 an adult wolf with eight pups was filmed, making it the first time in 200 years that wolfpups had been born in Denmark
Finland has an almost stable population of 97 -- 106 wolves. In the beginning of 2016 wolf population was approximately 300 to 350 wolves. Wolves are legally hunted only in areas with high reindeer densities. Compensation for livestock losses are paid by the state and insurance companies. The population is connected to the large Russian wolf population.
Poland has a population of 700 -- 800 wolves and increasing. Since 1995, they have been a protected species, and compensation is paid for livestock losses.
Estonia has a quite stable wolf population of around 200, down from around 500 in the middle of the 1990s. The official standpoint considers the optimal population to be 100 -- 200. At rough scale the distribution range includes the whole country. In 2007, new version of the law on nature conservation introduced compensation for livestock damage, paid by the state.
Lithuania has a population of 300 - 400 which are increasing in number. The species is not protected, and only insured livestock receives compensation.
Latvia has an unprotected population of 600 wolves, down from 900 in the middle of the 1990s. No compensation is paid for livestock damage.
Belarus is home to a population of 1,500 -- 2,000 wolves. With the exception of specimens in nature reserves, wolves in Belarus are largely unprotected. They are designated a game species, and bounties ranging between € 60 and € 70 are paid to hunters for each wolf killed. This is a considerable sum in a country where the average monthly wage is € 230. No compensation is paid for livestock losses.
Ukraine has an unprotected, yet stable population of 2,000 wolves. Since May 2007, the killing of pregnant females and pups is banned. No compensation is paid for livestock losses. Many of the wolves live in the Zone of alienation north of Chernobyl, where they face few natural threats. This applies equally to the Belarusian part of the zone.
The Czech Republic has a stable and protected population of 20 wolves, though there are no livestock damage compensation programmes.
Slovakia has a stable population of 350 - 400 wolves, which are considered a game species, though with some exceptions. No compensation is paid for livestock losses.
Slovenia has a stable population of c. 40 -- 60 wolves. Since 1991, they have been a protected species, and compensation is paid for livestock losses.
Croatia has a stable population of around 200 wolves. Since May 1995, they have been a protected species, and the willful killing of wolves can result in a fine equivalent to $6,000. However, according to Dr. Djuro Huber of the University of Zagreb, illegal wolf killings increased after the protection scheme began, resulting in the deaths of 40 wolves. Compensation is paid for livestock losses.
Bosnia and Herzegovina is thought to have a population of 400 wolves, though they are decreasing in number and are afforded no legal protection. Compensation for livestock losses is not paid.
The former State Union of Serbia and Montenegro has a stable population of 500 wolves, though it is unknown if they are afforded any protection and no compensation is paid for livestock damage.
Hungary has a stable population of 250 wolves, which are protected, though with some exceptions. No compensation is paid for livestock damage.
Romania has an increasing population of 2,500 wolves, which are granted legal protection. No compensation is paid for livestock damage.
Bulgaria has a stable population of 1,000 -- 1,200 wolves, which are granted no legal protection. Wolves are considered a nuisance and have an active bounty on them. No compensation is paid for livestock damage.
Greece has a stable population of approximately 700 wolves, which are legally protected. Compensation is paid for livestock losses, with over 80 % of it from insurance.
The Republic of Macedonia has an increasing, yet unprotected population of 1,000 wolves, with no livestock compensation programmed.
Albania has a protected population of 250 wolves, which are increasing in number, though no compensation is paid for livestock losses.
Turkey has population of about 7,000 wolves, though this seem to be an overestimate. There are some local extinctions especially in the western parts of Turkey and the wolf population is declining in Turkey as a whole. Historically, the wolf has officially been considered a pest species and so it was hunted throughout the year without any limits. It was only in 2003 that the wolf received the status of a game species. Although wolves in Turkey are not legally protected, the gained status of a game species means that wolves can only be hunted with a license using established quotas which are restricted to hunting seasons. No compensation is paid for livestock damage.
Although wolves in Russia have no legal protection, they number 25,000 -- 30,000, and are probably increasing in number in some regions, such as Koryak Okrug and Kalmykia. Some villages in Chechnya 's Nadterechny district have been reporting increasing wolf numbers since the decrease of military activities. On the other hand, in more populated regions of Central and Southern Russia the number of wolves is very small. In some regions, bounties are paid for the destruction of wolves and dens. Wolves live in comparatively few numbers in the Sikhote - Alin region due to competition with increasing tiger numbers. This competitive exclusion of wolves by tigers has been used by Russian conservationists to convince hunters in the Far East to tolerate the big cats, as they limit ungulate populations less than wolves, and are effective in controlling the latter 's numbers. No livestock damage compensation is paid.
Iran has a population of 3,000 wolves. As of 2015 the government pays for livestock killed by wolves. There is also a $3,000 fine for hunting wolves.
Syria has an unprotected, unknown number of wolves, thought to be roughly numbering 200. No livestock damage compensation is paid.
Iraq has a stable population of around 115 wolves; no livestock compensation is paid.
Lebanon has a population of about 50 wolves. Wolves are afforded no legal protection, nor is livestock damage compensation paid.
Israel has a stable population of 150 protected wolves. Some livestock damage compensation paid.
Jordan has an unprotected, unknown number of wolves, thought to be roughly numbering 200. The population is decreasing due to hunting. No livestock damage compensation is paid.
Saudi Arabia has a stable population of 250 to 700 wolves, which are given no legal protection. No livestock damage compensation is paid.
India has a decreasing population of roughly 1,000 wolves, which are legally protected. Populations are decreasing due to hunting from farmers. No livestock damage compensation is paid.
Wolves in China appear to be decreasing in all their ranges. Currently, Heilongjiang has roughly 650 wolves, Xinjiang has 10,000 and Tibet has 2,000. In 2006, the Chinese government began plans to auction licenses to foreigners to hunt wild animals, including wolves. No livestock damage compensation is paid.
Mongolia has a stable population of 10,000 -- 20,000 wolves, which are given no legal protection, nor is livestock damage compensation paid.
Kazakhstan has a stable population of about 30,000 wolves. About 2,000 are killed yearly for a $40 bounty, though the animal 's numbers have risen sharply. No livestock damage compensation is paid.
Turkmenistan has a stable population of 1,000 wolves, which are unprotected. No livestock damage compensation is paid.
Uzbekistan has a stable population of 2,000 wolves, which are unprotected. No livestock damage compensation is paid.
Kyrgyzstan has a stable population of 4,000 wolves, which are unprotected. No livestock damage compensation is paid.
Tajikistan has a stable population of 3,000 wolves, which are unprotected. No livestock damage compensation is paid.
There are currently no recent or reliable estimates on wolf populations in Afghanistan, Nepal or Bhutan.
Canada has over 60,000 wolves, which are legally considered a big game species, though they are afforded protection in 3 % of Canada 's territory. The Northwest Territories, Nunavut and Yukon have 5,000 wolves each, British Columbia has 8,500 wolves, Alberta 4,200, Saskatchewan 4,300, Manitoba 4,000 - 6,000, Ontario 9,000, Quebec 5,000 and Labrador 2,000. Canada currently has no livestock damage compensation programmes. In the fall of 2012, the government of British Columbia was considering a cull of the wolf population in some areas. In the winter of 2015 the government of British Columbia began undertaking a cull of up to 184 wolves in an effort to combat dwindling caribou populations in the South Selkirk Mountains and the South Peace region. The cull, like ones before it, is opposed by some environmental groups.
On 12 March 2012, a grey wolf, mistakenly thought to be a coyote, was shot on Newfoundland. It was the first confirmed grey wolf on Newfoundland since ca. 1930.
The United States as a whole has up to 18,000 wolves, about two thirds of which are in Alaska. They are increasing in number in all their ranges. Usually however, wolves in the United States are mostly seen during the winter months in northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin Michigan 's Upper Peninsula, and portions of Washington, Idaho, northern Oregon, and Montana, as the majority of wolf populations migrate from the Canada areas to the Northwestern states & some of the Midwestern and Great Lakes States during the winter months for the competition over eating Bison, Elk, White Tailed Deer and other large ungulates, disputed between other carnivores such as Grizzly Bears, Cougars, and Coyotes. Wolf recovery has been so successful that the United States Fish & Wildlife Service removed the western gray wolf from the federal endangered species list on March 28, 2008. Due to the controversy over wolf shootings, a coalition of environmental groups sued the federal government to put the gray wolf back on the Endangered Species list. On July 18, 2008, a federal judge ruled in favor of renewed endangered species protection. Alaska has a stable population of 10,500 - 12,000 wolves, which are legally hunted from August to April (in deer - rich areas) as a big game species.
Minnesota has a population of 4,100 wolves, which are legally protected, though they are occasionally culled for depredation control. Minnesota used to have control over its wolf population, but this was revoked by a federal appellate court on August 1, 2017, making wolf management the charge of the federal government. The court decided to retain the state 's minimum population of 1,600 animals. It has been argued by state officials that management should remain in the hands of the state, allowing for the wolf to be removed from protected status, since the population has exceeded recovery goals for more than 25 years.
Both Wisconsin and Michigan have healthy populations of 750 each. On December 19, 2014, all wolves in states of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota became protected again under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.
The Northern Rocky Mountain states (Wyoming, Idaho and Montana) have an approximate population of 1,657 wolves in 282 packs (including 85 breeding pairs).
Two gray wolves were captured in north - central Washington state in July 2008, one of which was a nursing female. This is the first evidence of reproducing wolves in the state since the 1930s. As of the end of 2014, Washington has at least 68 wolves in 16 packs with 5 breeding pairs.
In northeast Oregon, also in July 2008, wolf howls were heard by biologists who identified at least 2 adults and 2 pups. This was the first confirmed breeding pair in Oregon. By December 2011, Oregon 's gray wolf population had grown to 24. One of the Oregon gray wolves, known as OR - 7, traveled more than 700 miles (1,100 km) to the Klamath Basin and crossed the border into California. Wolf OR - 7 became the first wolf west of the Cascades in Oregon since the last bounty was claimed in 1947. Oregon 's wolf population increased to 77 wolves in 15 packs with 8 breeding pairs as of the end of 2015. As a result, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife proposed to delist wolves from their protected species list. On January 14, 2009, the United States Department of the Interior removed the Canadian gray wolf from the Endangered Species List in every American state except Wyoming. This move was blocked by lawsuits filed by conservation groups, but was successfully delisted on April 15, 2011 by the US Congress as part of a budget bill. On August 31, 2012, Governor Matt Mead of Wyoming announced that wolves were no longer on the endangered species list in the state of Wyoming; therefore, they no longer need special protections from the US Fish and Wildlife Service. The wolf population in Wyoming is then controlled by the state. But on September 23, 2014, wolves in Wyoming are again listed as nonessential experimental population under the Endangered Species Act.
Overall, as of the end of 2014, the Northwestern United States, with the exception of Alaska, has an estimated population of 1,802 wolves.
The wolf has been extirpated from Mexico since the 1970s when the U.S. and Mexican governments cooperated to capture all remaining wild Mexican wolves and initiate a captive - breeding program in an attempt to save the local subspecies. The Mexican Wolf was reintroduced into the Apache - Sitgreaves National Forest in Arizona in 1998 as part of a captive breeding program. There are at least 42 wild Mexican wolves in the southwest United States in 2008. In 2014, there are around 83 Mexican wolves in the wild.
On October 27, 2014, a collared wolflike canid was seen in north of Grand Canyon, in November 2014, the same animal was videoed, it was confirmed to be a northwestern wolf from the Northern Rocky Mountains in November 21, 2014. On December 28, 2014, it was shot dead in southwestern Utah near Arizona border.
Carmine Esposito (2007). "Il Lupo '' Roma - Franco Muzzio Editore. p. 127. ISBN 9788874131433.
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who is our neighbor according to the parable of the good samaritan | Parable of the Good Samaritan - wikipedia
The parable of the Good Samaritan is a parable told by Jesus in Luke 10: 25 -- 37. It is about a traveler who is stripped of clothing, beaten, and left half dead alongside the road. First a priest and then a Levite comes by, but both avoid the man. Finally, a Samaritan happens upon the traveler. Samaritans and Jews generally despised each other, but the Samaritan helps the injured man. Jesus is described as telling the parable in response to the question from a lawyer, "And who is my neighbor? '' whom Leviticus Lev 19: 18 says should be loved. In response, Jesus tells the parable, the conclusion of which is that the neighbour figure in the parable is the man who shows mercy to the injured man -- that is, the Samaritan
Some Christians, such as Augustine, have interpreted the parable allegorically, with the Samaritan representing Jesus Christ, who saves the sinful soul. Others, however, discount this allegory as unrelated to the parable 's original meaning and see the parable as exemplifying the ethics of Jesus.
The parable has inspired painting, sculpture, satire, poetry, and film. The colloquial phrase "good Samaritan '', meaning someone who helps a stranger, derives from this parable, and many hospitals and charitable organizations are named after the Good Samaritan.
In the Gospel of Luke, the parable is introduced by a question, known as the Great Commandment:
Behold, a certain lawyer stood up and tested him, saying, "Teacher, what shall I do to inherit eternal life? ''
He said to him, "What is written in the law? How do you read it? ''
He answered, "You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your strength, with all your mind, (Deuteronomy 6: 5); and your neighbour as yourself (Leviticus 19: 18). ''
He said to him, "You have answered correctly. Do this, and you will live. ''
Jesus replies with a story:
Jesus answered, "A certain man was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and he fell among robbers, who both stripped him and beat him, and departed, leaving him half dead. By chance a certain priest was going down that way. When he saw him, he passed by on the other side. In the same way a Levite also, when he came to the place, and saw him, passed by on the other side. But a certain Samaritan, as he travelled, came where he was. When he saw him, he was moved with compassion, came to him, and bound up his wounds, pouring on oil and wine. He set him on his own animal, and brought him to an inn, and took care of him. On the next day, when he departed, he took out two denarii, and gave them to the host, and said to him, ' Take care of him. Whatever you spend beyond that, I will repay you when I return. ' Now which of these three do you think seemed to be a neighbour to him who fell among the robbers? ''
He said, "He who showed mercy on him. ''
In the time of Jesus, the road from Jerusalem to Jericho was notorious for its danger and difficulty, and was known as the "Way of Blood '' because "of the blood which is often shed there by robbers ''. Martin Luther King, Jr., in his "I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' speech, on the day before his death, described the road as follows:
Jesus 's target audience, the Jews, hated Samaritans to such a degree that they destroyed the Samaritans ' temple on Mt. Gerizim. Due to this hatred, some think that the Lawyer 's phrase "The one who had mercy on him '' (Luke 10: 37a) may indicate a reluctance to name the Samaritan. Or, on another, more positive note, it may indicate that the lawyer has recognized that both his questions have been answered and now concludes by generally expressing that anyone behaving thus is a Lev 19: 18 "neighbour '' eligible to inherit eternal life. The Samaritans in turn hated the Jews. Tensions were particularly high in the early decades of the 1st century because Samaritans had desecrated the Jewish Temple at Passover with human bones.
As the story reached those who were unaware of the oppression of the Samaritans, this aspect of the parable became less and less discernible: fewer and fewer people ever heard of them in any context other than as a description. Today, the story is often recast in a more modern setting where the people are ones in equivalent social groups known not to interact comfortably. Thus, cast appropriately, the parable regains its message to modern listeners: namely, that an individual of a social group they disapprove of can exhibit moral behavior that is superior to individuals of the groups they approve. Christians have used it as an example of Christianity 's opposition to racial, ethnic, and sectarian prejudice. For example, anti-slavery campaigner William Jay described clergy who ignored slavery as "following the example of the priest and Levite ''. Martin Luther King, Jr., in his "I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' speech, described the Samaritan as "a man of another race ''. Sundee Tucker Frazier saw the Samaritan more specifically as an example of a mixed - race person. Klyne Snodgrass wrote: "On the basis of this parable we must deal with our own racism but must also seek justice for, and offer assistance to, those in need, regardless of the group to which they belong. ''
Samaritans appear elsewhere in the Gospels and Book of Acts. In the Gospel of Luke, Jesus heals ten lepers and only the Samaritan among them thanks him (Luke 17: 11 -- 19), although Luke 9: 51 -- 56 depicts Jesus receiving a hostile reception in Samaria. Luke 's favorable treatment of Samaritans is in line with Luke 's favorable treatment of the weak and of outcasts, generally. In John, Jesus has an extended dialogue with a Samaritan woman, and many Samaritans come to believe in him. In Matthew, however, Jesus instructs his disciples not to preach in heathen or Samaritan cities (Matthew 10: 5 -- 8). In the Gospels, generally, "though the Jews of Jesus ' day had no time for the ' half - breed ' people of Samaria '', Jesus "never spoke disparagingly about them '' and "held a benign view of Samaritans ''.
Many see the model for the Samaritan 's neighborly behavior in the parable to be 2Chronicles 28: 8 -- 15, in which Northern Israelite ancestors of Samaritans treat Judean enemies as fellow - Israelite neighbors. After comparing the earlier account with the later parable presented to the expert in Israel 's religious law, Evans concludes: "Given the number and significance of these parallels and points of correspondence it is hard to imagine how a first - century scholar of Scripture could hear the parable and not think of the story of the merciful Samaritans of 2 Chronicles 28. ''
In Jewish culture, contact with a dead body was understood to be defiling. Priests were particularly enjoined to avoid uncleanness. The priest and Levite may therefore have assumed that the fallen traveler was dead and avoided him to keep themselves ritually clean. On the other hand, the depiction of travel downhill (from Jerusalem to Jericho) may indicate that their temple duties had already been completed, making this explanation less likely, although this is disputed. Since the Mishnah made an exception for neglected corpses, the priest and the Levite could have used the law to justify both touching a corpse and ignoring it. In any case, passing by on the other side avoided checking "whether he was dead or alive ''. Indeed, "it weighed more with them that he might be dead and defiling to the touch of those whose business was with holy things than that he might be alive and in need of care. ''
Origen described the allegory as follows:
The man who was going down is Adam. Jerusalem is paradise, and Jericho is the world. The robbers are hostile powers. The priest is the Law, the Levite is the prophets, and the Samaritan is Christ. The wounds are disobedience, the beast is the Lord 's body, the (inn), which accepts all who wish to enter, is the Church.... The manager of the (inn) is the head of the Church, to whom its care has been entrusted. And the fact that the Samaritan promises he will return represents the Savior 's second coming.
John Welch further states:
This allegorical reading was taught not only by ancient followers of Jesus, but it was virtually universal throughout early Christianity, being advocated by Irenaeus, Clement, and Origen, and in the fourth and fifth centuries by Chrysostom in Constantinople, Ambrose in Milan, and Augustine in North Africa. This interpretation is found most completely in two other medieval stained - glass windows, in the French cathedrals at Bourges and Sens. ''
The allegorical interpretation is also traditional in the Orthodox Church. John Newton refers to the allegorical interpretation in his hymn "How Kind the Good Samaritan, '' which begins:
How kind the good Samaritan To him who fell among the thieves! Thus Jesus pities fallen man, And heals the wounds the soul receives.
Robert Funk also suggests that Jesus ' Jewish listeners were to identify with the robbed and wounded man. In his view, the help received from a hated Samaritan is like the kingdom of God received as grace from an unexpected source.
John Calvin was not impressed by Origen 's allegorical reading:
Francis Schaeffer suggested: "Christians are not to love their believing brothers to the exclusion of their non-believing fellowmen. That is ugly. We are to have the example of the good Samaritan consciously in mind at all times. ''
Other modern theologians have taken similar positions. For example, G.B. Caird wrote:
The meaning of the parable for Calvin was, instead, that "compassion, which an enemy showed to a Jew, demonstrates that the guidance and teaching of nature are sufficient to show that man was created for the sake of man. Hence it is inferred that there is a mutual obligation between all men. '' In other writings, Calvin pointed out that people are not born merely for themselves, but rather "mankind is knit together with a holy knot... we must not live for ourselves, but for our neighbors. '' Earlier, Cyril of Alexandria had written that "a crown of love is being twined for him who loves his neighbour. ''
Joel B. Green writes that Jesus ' final question (which, in something of a "twist, '' reverses the question originally asked):
Such a reading of the parable makes it important in liberation theology, where it provides a concrete anchoring for love and indicates an "all embracing reach of solidarity. '' In Indian Dalit theology, it is seen as providing a "life - giving message to the marginalized Dalits and a challenging message to the non-Dalits. ''
Martin Luther King, Jr. often spoke of this parable, contrasting the rapacious philosophy of the robbers, and the self - preserving non-involvement of the priest and Levite, with the Samaritan 's coming to the aid of the man in need. King also extended the call for neighbourly assistance to society at large:
In addition to these classical interpretations many scholars have drawn additional themes from the story. Some have suggested that religious tolerance was an important message of the parable. By selecting for the moral protagonist of the story someone whose religion (Samaritanism) was despised by the Jewish audience to which Jesus was speaking, some argue that the parable attempts to downplay religious differences in favor of focusing on moral character and good works.
Others have suggested that Jesus was attempting to convey an anti-establishment message, not necessarily in the sense of rejecting authority figures in general, but in the sense of rejecting religious hypocrisy. By contrasting the noble acts of a despised religion to the crass and selfish acts of a priest and a Levite, two representatives of the Jewish religious establishment, some argue that the parable attempts to downplay the importance of status in the religious hierarchy (or importance of knowledge of scripture) in favor of the practice of religious principles.
The following is based on the public domain article Brotherly Love found in the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia
The story of the good Samaritan, in the Pauline Gospel of Luke x. 25 - 37, related to illustrate the meaning of the word "neighbor, '' possesses a feature which puzzles the student of rabbinical lore. The kind Samaritan who comes to the rescue of the men that had fallen among the robbers, is contrasted with the unkind priest and Levite; whereas the third class of Jews -- i.e., the ordinary Israelites who, as a rule, follow the Cohen and the Levite are omitted; and therefore suspicion is aroused regarding the original form of the story. If "Samaritan '' has been substituted by the anti-Judean gospel - writer for the original "Israelite, '' no reflection was intended by Jesus upon Jewish teaching concerning the meaning of neighbor; and the lesson implied is that he who is in need must be the object of our love.
The term "neighbor '' has not at all times been thus understood by Jewish teachers. In Tanna debe Eliyahu R. xv. it is said: "Blessed be the Lord who is impartial toward all. He says: ' Thou shalt not defraud thy neighbor. Thy neighbor is like thy brother, and thy brother is like thy neighbor. ' '' Likewise in xxviii.: "Thou shalt love the Lord thy God ''; that is, thou shalt make the name of God beloved to the creatures by a righteous conduct toward Gentiles as well as Jews (compare Sifre, Deut. 32). Aaron b. Abraham ibn Ḥayyim of the sixteenth century, in his commentary to Sifre, l.c.; Ḥayyim Vital, the cabalist, in his "Sha'are Ḳedushah, '' i. 5; and Moses Ḥagis of the eighteenth century, in his work on the 613 commandments, while commenting on Deut. xxiii. 7, teach alike that the law of love of the neighbor includes the non-Israelite as well as the Israelite. There is nowhere a dissenting opinion expressed by Jewish writers. For modern times, see among others the conservative opinion of Plessner 's religious catechism, "Dat Mosheh we - Yehudit, '' p. 258.
Accordingly, the synod at Leipzig in 1869, and the German - Israelitish Union of Congregations in 1885, stood on old historical ground when declaring (Lazarus, "Ethics of Judaism, '' i. 234, 302) that "' Love thy neighbor as thyself ' is a command of all - embracing love, and is a fundamental principle of the Jewish religion ''; and Stade, when charging with imposture the rabbis who made this declaration, is entirely in error (see his "Geschichte des Volkes Israel, '' l.c.).
The Jesus Seminar voted this parable to be authentic, with 60 % of fellows rating it "red '' (authentic) and a further 29 % rating it "pink '' (probably authentic). The paradox of a disliked outsider such as a Samaritan helping a Jew is typical of Jesus ' provocative parables, and is a deliberate feature of this parable. In the Greek text, the shock value of the Samaritan 's appearance is enhanced by the emphatic Σαμαρίτης (Samaritēs) at the beginning of the sentence in verse 33.
Bernard Brandon Scott, a member of the Jesus Seminar, questions the authenticity of the parable 's context, suggesting that "the parable originally circulated separately from the question about neighborliness '' and that the "existence of the lawyer 's question in Mark 12: 28 -- 34 and Matthew 22: 34 -- 40, in addition to the evidence of heavy Lukan editing '' indicates the parable and its context were "very probably joined editorially by Luke. '' A number of other commentators share this opinion, with the consensus of the Jesus Seminar being that verses Luke 10: 36 -- 37 were added by Luke to "connect with the lawyer 's question. '' On the other hand, the "keen rabbinic interest in the question of the greatest commandment '' may make this argument invalid, in that Luke may be describing a different occurrence of the question being asked. Differences between the gospels suggest that Luke is referring to a different episode from Mark and Matthew, and Klyne Snodgrass writes that "While one can not exclude that Luke has joined two originally separate narratives, evidence for this is not convincing. '' The Oxford Bible Commentary notes:
The unexpected appearance of the Samaritan led Joseph Halévy to suggest that the parable originally involved "a priest, a Levite, and an Israelite '', in line with contemporary Jewish stories, and that Luke changed the parable to be more familiar to a gentile audience. '' Halévy further suggests that, in real life, it was unlikely that a Samaritan would actually have been found on the road between Jericho and Jerusalem, although others claim that there was "nothing strange about a Samaritan travelling in Jewish territory ''. William C. Placher points out that such debate misinterprets the biblical genre of a parable, which illustrates a moral rather than a historical point: on reading the story, "we are not inclined to check the story against the police blotter for the Jerusalem - Jericho highway patrol. We recognize that Jesus is telling a story to illustrate a moral point, and that such stories often do n't claim to correspond to actual events. '' The traditionally understood ethical moral of the story would not hold if the parable originally followed the priest - Levite - Israelite sequence of contemporary Jewish stories, as Halévy suggested, for then it would deal strictly with intra-Israelite relations just as did the Lev 19: 18 command under discussion.
The term "good Samaritan '' is used as a common metaphor: "The word now applies to any charitable person, especially one who, like the man in the parable, rescues or helps out a needy stranger. ''
The name has consequently been used for a number of charitable organisations, including Samaritans, Samaritan 's Purse, Sisters of the Good Samaritan, and The Samaritan Befrienders Hong Kong. The name Good Samaritan Hospital is used for a number of hospitals around the world. Good Samaritan laws encourage those who choose to serve and tend to others who are injured or ill.
This parable was one of the most popular in medieval art. The allegorical interpretation was often illustrated, with Christ as the Good Samaritan. Accompanying angels were sometimes also shown. In some Orthodox icons of the parable, the identification of the Good Samaritan as Christ is made explicit with a halo bearing a cross.
The numerous later artistic depictions of the parable include those of Rembrandt, Jan Wijnants, Vincent van Gogh, Aimé Morot, Domenico Fetti, Johann Carl Loth, George Frederic Watts, and Giacomo Conti.
In his essay Lost in Non-Translation, biochemist and author Isaac Asimov asserts (despite portrayals of many good Samaritans in Luke 17: 11 - 19; Acts 8: 5 - 7; 15: 3, as well as John 4: 4 - 42, etc.) that at the time when the parable was included in the gospel, there were no good Samaritans; in his view, this was half the point of the parable. As Asimov put it, we need to think of the story occurring in Alabama in 1950, with a mayor and a preacher ignoring a man who has been beaten and robbed, with the role of the Samaritan being played by a poor black sharecropper.
The story 's theme is portrayed throughout Marvel 's Daredevil.
The parable of the Good Samaritan is the theme for the Austrian Christian Charity commemorative coin, minted 12 March 2003. This coin shows the Good Samaritan with the wounded man, on his horse, as he takes him to an inn for medical attention. An older coin with this theme is the American "Good Samaritan Shilling '' of 1652.
Australian poet Henry Lawson wrote a poem on the parable ("The Good Samaritan ''), of which the third stanza reads:
"He 's been a fool, perhaps, and would Have prospered had he tried, But he was one who never could Pass by the other side. An honest man whom men called soft, While laughing in their sleeves -- No doubt in business ways he oft Had fallen amongst thieves. ''
John Gardiner Calkins Brainard also wrote a poem on the theme.
Dramatic film adaptations of the Parable of the Good Samaritan include Samaritan, part of the widely acclaimed Modern Parables DVD Bible study series. Samaritan, which sets the parable in modern times, stars Antonio Albadran in the role of the Good Samaritan.
The English composer, Benjamin Britten, was commissioned to write a piece to mark the centenary of the Red Cross. His resulting work for solo voices, choir, and orchestra, Cantata Misericordium, sets a Latin text by Patrick Wilkinson that tells the parable of the Good Samaritan. It was first performed in Geneva in 1963.
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who regulates the licensure and practice of medicine | Medical license - wikipedia
In most countries, the medical profession requires occupational licenses and only persons with a medical license bestowed either by a specified government - approved professional association or a government agency are authorized to practice medicine. Licenses are not granted automatically to all people with medical degrees. A medical school graduate must receive a license to practice medicine before he or she can be called a physician in a legal sense, a process that usually entails testing or examinations by a medical board. The medical license is the documentation of authority to practice medicine within a certain locality.
Canada requires that the applicants ' school is listed in the international medical schools be registered in the World Directory of Medical Schools, and then must apply to sit the "Medical Council of Canada Evaluating Examination ''
China issued the < < Law on Licensed Physician > > in 1995. The law required all newly graduated medical students to sit the National Medical Licensing Examination (NMLE) regulated by the National Medical Examination Center (NMEC) in order to be able to register with the local regulatory body. The law also requires that to be eligible to sit the exam, one student should have completed one years internship after obtaining his / her primary medical qualification (i.e. Bachelor of Medicine). The exam is a two part exam which includes a Clinical Skill (CS) test and a General Written (GW) test. The CS test consists of many stations, candidates must pass the CS test in order to sit for the GW test. The GW test consists of 4 papers candidates have 2.5 hours for each paper, running for 2 days. The CS is held in July, followed by GW in September each year.
The Instituto Colombiano para el Fomento de la Educación Superior (ICFES) and the Ministry of Education regulate the medical schools that are licensed to offer medical degrees. After completing all the schools ' requirements to obtain a medical degree, physicians must serve the "obligatory social service '' (in rural areas, research, public health or special populations e.g. orphan children) which usually lasts one year. After completing the social service, the "medical registration '' may be obtained at the governor 's office (Gobernación) of the Department (province / state) in which the obligatory term was served. This registration is homologous to a license in other countries and authorizes the physician to practice medicine in all the national territory. However, in order to practice in other departments, an inscription in that department must be performed. Unlike the US, there is no official licensing exam for medical graduates in Colombia, since this responsibility is delegated in medical schools upon receiving permission to confer medical degrees.
In Germany, licensing of doctors ("Approbation '') is the responsibility of the state governments. Licensed doctors are compulsory members of "Ärztekammern '' (literally: "Physician chambers ''), which are medical associations organized on state level. Criteria for licensing of doctors are regulated in the "Approbationsordnung für Ärzte '', which is a piece of federal law.
In India one has to pass the final MBBS examination and has to undergo training for one year as an intern in a recognised hospital by the Medical Council of India in order to obtain a certification. Foreign medical graduates need to take the licensing examination known as Foreign Medical Graduates Examination (FMGE) conducted by the National Board of Examinations (NBE) They can practise medicine throughout the country after certifying themselves as per Indian Medical Council Act, 1956, a Doctor registered with any one state medical council gets his name automatically included in the Indian Medical Register and he is thereby entitled to practise medicine anywhere in India. The MCI Ethics Committee observed in a meeting held on September 2, 2004 that "there is no necessity of registration in more than one state medical council because any doctor, who has registered with any state medical council is automatically registered in the Indian Medical Register and also by virtue of Section 27 of the IMC Act, 1956, a person, whose name is included in the IMR, can practise anywhere in india. The Registered Doctors with various State Medical Councils across India upto the year 2015 can be checked in the official website of INDIAN MEDICAL REGISTRY search www.mciindia.org by just typing the name of the doctor.
The term "Medical License '' is US - centric terminology. In the UK and in other commonwealth countries the analogous instrument is called registration; i.e. being on the register or being / getting struck off (the register). The General Medical Council is the regulatory body for doctor 's licensing in the UK. Currently, there are two types of basic registration: "Provisional Registration '' and "Full Registration '', and two types of specialty registration: "Specialist Registration '' and "GP registration ''. In November 2009, the GMC introduced the "licence to practise '', and it is required by law that to practise medicine in the UK, all doctors need to be registered and hold a licence to practise. The registration information for all doctors holding or that have previously held a license in the UK is available online at the GMC website.
In the United States, medical licenses are usually granted by individual states. Only those with medical degrees from schools listed in the AVICENNA Directory for medicine or the FAIMER International Medical Education Directory are permitted to apply for medical licensure.
The federal government does not grant licenses. A physician practicing in a federal facility, federal prison, US Military, and / or an Indian Reservation may have a license from any state, not just the one they are residing in. The practice of "tele - medicine '' has made it common for physicians to consult or interpret images and information from a distant location. Some states have special licensure for this.
The licensure process for most physicians takes between 3 and 6 months due to the extensive background checks, educational, training, and historical primary source verifications which are required.
An article from 2013 describes the road to licensing in Canada as "the path through immigration, residency training, licensure and employment promises to remain a difficult road to navigate '', while emphasizing that there is currently and will be an increase in demand for healthcare. This emphasizes that there are a number of barriers that doctors face when it comes to practicing, yet there is a very high demand for doctors.
Beyond the more general criticisms of occupational licensing that licensing increases costs and fails to improve quality, licensing in the medical profession specifically has been criticized as failing to enforce the standard practices they are charged with enforcing. In 1986, Inspector General at the US Health Department said that medical boards took "strikingly few disciplinary actions '' for physician misconduct. There have been a number of cases involving patient deaths where physicians only had their licenses removed years after multiple wrongful patient deaths had happened.
Also, it has been said that because hospitals have had more legal burden placed on them in recent decades, they have more of an incentive to require their physicians to be competent. State medical boards have increased the number of disciplinary actions against physicians since the 1980s.
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a person with dark skin has a greater production of melanin than someone with fair skin | Dark skin - wikipedia
Dark skin is a naturally occurring human skin color that is rich in eumelanin pigments and having a dark color. People with relatively dark skin are referred to as brown, and those with very dark skin are often referred to as black, although this usage can be ambiguous in some countries where it is also used to specifically refer to different ethnic groups or populations.
The evolution of dark skin is believed to have begun around 1.2 million years ago, in light - skinned early hominid species after they moved from the equatorial rainforest to the sunny savannas. In the heat of the savannas, better cooling mechanisms were required, which were achieved through the loss of body hair and development of more efficient perspiration. The loss of body hair led to the development of dark skin pigmentation, which acted as a mechanism of natural selection against folate depletion, and to a lesser extent, DNA damage. The primary factor contributing to the evolution of dark skin pigmentation was the breakdown of folate in reaction to ultraviolet radiation; the relationship between folate breakdown induced by ultraviolet radiation and reduced fitness as a failure of normal embryogenesis and spermatogenesis led to the selection of dark skin pigmentation. By the time modern Homo sapiens evolved, all humans were dark - skinned.
Humans with dark skin pigmentation have skin naturally rich in melanin (especially eumelanin), and have more melanosomes which provide a superior protection against the deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiation. This helps the body to retain its folate reserves and protects against damage to the DNA.
Dark - skinned people who live in high latitudes with mild sunlight are at an increased risk -- especially in the winter -- of vitamin D deficiency. As a consequence of vitamin D deficiency, they are at a higher risk of developing rickets, and numerous types of cancers, and possibly cardiovascular disease and low immune system activity. However, some recent studies have questioned if the thresholds indicating Vitamin D deficiency in light - skinned individuals are relevant for dark - skinned individuals, as they found that on average dark - skinned individuals have higher bone density and lower risk of fractures than lighter - skinned individuals with the same levels of Vitamin D. This is attributed as possibly due to lower presence of Vitamin D binding agents (and thus higher bioavailability) in dark - skinned individuals.
The global distribution of generally dark - skinned populations is strongly correlated with the high ultraviolet radiation levels of the regions inhabited by them. These populations almost exclusively live near the equator, in tropical areas with intense sunlight: Australia, Melanesia, New Guinea, South Asia and Africa. Studies into these populations indicates that dark skin is a retention of the pre-existing high UV adapted state of modern humans before the out of Africa migration and not a later evolutionary adaptation. Due to mass migration and increased mobility of people between geographical regions in the recent past, dark - skinned populations today are found all over the world.
Due to natural selection, people who lived in areas of intense sunlight developed dark skin colouration to protect against ultraviolet (UV) light and to protect their body mainly from folate depletion. Evolutionary pigmentation of the skin was caused by ultraviolet radiation of the sun. As hominids gradually lost their fur between 4.5 and 2 million years ago, to allow for better cooling through sweating, their naked and lightly pigmented skin was exposed to sunlight. In the tropics, natural selection favoured dark - skinned human populations as high levels of skin pigmentation protected against the harmful effects of sunlight. Indigenous populations ' skin reflectance (the amount of sunlight the skin reflects) and the actual UV radiation in a particular geographic area is highly correlated, which supports this idea. Genetic evidence also supports this notion, demonstrating that around 1.2 million years ago there was a strong evolutionary pressure which acted on the development of dark skin pigmentation in early members of the genus Homo. The effect of sunlight on folic acid levels has been crucial in the development of dark skin.
The earliest primate ancestors of modern humans most likely had light skin, like our closest modern relative -- the chimpanzee. About 7 million years ago human and chimpanzee lineages diverged, and between 4.5 and 2 million years ago early humans moved out of rainforests to the savannas of East Africa. They not only had to cope with more intense sunlight but had to develop a better cooling system. It was harder to get food in the hot savannas and as mammalian brains are prone to overheating -- 5 or 6 ° C rise in temperature can lead to heatstroke -- so there was a need for the development of better heat regulation. The solution was sweating and loss of body hair.
Sweating dissipated heat through evaporation. Early humans, like chimpanzees now, had few sweat glands, and most of them were located in the palms of the hand and the soles of feet. At times, individuals with more sweat glands were born. These humans could search for food and hunt for longer periods before being forced back to the shades. The more they could forage, more and healthier offspring they could produce, and higher the chance they had to pass on their genes for abundant sweat glands. With less hair, sweat could evaporate more easily and cool the body of humans faster. A few million years of evolution later, early humans had sparse body hair and more than 2 million sweat glands in their body.
Hairless skin, however, is particularly vulnerable to be damaged by ultraviolet light and this proved to be a problem for humans living in areas of intense UV radiation, and the evolutionary result was the development of dark - coloured skin as a protection. Scientists have long assumed that humans evolved melanin in order to absorb or scatter harmful sun radiation. Some researchers assumed that melanin protects against skin cancer. While high UV radiation can cause skin cancer, the development of cancer usually occurs after child bearing age. As natural selection favours individuals with traits of reproductive success, skin cancer had little effect on the evolution of dark skin. Previous hypotheses suggested that sunburned nipples impeded breastfeeding, but a slight tan is enough to protect mothers against this issue.
A 1978 study examined the effect of sunlight on folate -- a vitamin B complex -- levels. The study found that even short periods of intense sunlight are able to halve folate levels if someone has light skin. Low folate levels are correlated with neural tube defects, such as anencephaly and spina bifida. UV rays can strip away folate, which is important to the development of healthy foetuses. In these abnormalities children are born with incomplete brain or spinal cord. Nina Jablonski, a professor of anthropology and expert on evolution of human skin coloration, found several cases in which mother 's visits to tanning studios were connected to neural tube defects in early pregnancy. She also found that folate was crucial to sperm development; some male contraception drugs are based on folate inhibition. It has been found that folate may have been the driving force behind the evolution of dark skin.
As humans dispersed from equatorial Africa to low UVR areas and higher altitudes sometime between 120,000 and 65,000 years ago, dark skin posed as a disadvantage. Populations with light skin pigmentation evolved in climates of little sunlight. Light skin pigmentation protects against vitamin D deficiency. It is known that dark - skinned people who have moved to climates of limited sunlight can develop vitamin D related conditions such as rickets, and different forms of cancer.
The main other hypotheses that have been put forward through history to explain the evolution of dark skin coloration relate to increased mortality due skin cancers, enhanced fitness as a result of protection against sunburns, and increasing benefits due to antibacterial properties of eumelanin.
Darkly pigmented, eumelanin - rich skin protects against DNA damage caused by the sunlight. This is associated with lower skin cancer rates among dark - skinned populations. The presence of pheomelanin in light skin increases the oxidative stress in melanocytes, and this combined with the limited ability of pheomelanin to absorb UVR contributes to higher skin cancer rates among light - skinned individuals. The damaging effect of UVR on DNA structure and the entailing elevated skin cancer risk is widely recognized. However, these cancer types usually affect people at the end or after their reproductive career and could have not been the evolutionary reason behind the development of dark skin pigmentation. Of all the major skin cancer types, only malignant melanoma have a major effect in a person 's reproductive age. The mortality rates of melanoma has been very low (less than 5 per 100,000) before the mid-20th century. It has been argued that the low melanoma mortality rates during reproductive age can not be the principal reason behind the development of dark skin pigmentation.
Studies have found that even serious sunburns could not affect sweat gland function and thermoregulation. There are no data or studies that support that sunburn can cause damage so serious that can affect reproductive success.
Another group of hypotheses contended that dark skin pigmentation developed as antibacterial protection against tropical infectious diseases and parasites. Although it is true that eumelanin has antibacterial properties, its importance is secondary as a physical absorbed to protect against UVR induced damage. This hypothesis is not consistent with the evidence that most of the hominid evolution took place in savanna environment and not in tropical rainforests. Humans living in hot and sunny environments have darker skin than humans who live in wet and cloudy environments. The antimicrobial hypothesis also does not explain why some populations (like the Inuit or Tibetans) who live far from the tropics and are exposed to high UVR have darker skin pigmentation than their surrounding populations.
Dark - skinned humans have high amount of melanin found in their skin. Melanin is derivative of the amino acid tyrosine. Eumelanin is the dominant form of melanin found in human skin. Eumelanin protects tissues and DNA from radiation damage of UV light. Melanin is produced in specialized cells called melanocytes, which are found at the lowest level of the epidermis. Melanin is produced inside small membrane - bound packages called melanosomes. People with naturally occurring dark skin have melanosomes which are clumped, large, and full of eumelanin. A four-fold difference in naturally occurring dark skin gives seven to eightfold protection against DNA damage, but even the darkest skin colour can not protect against all damage to DNA.
Dark skin offers great protection against UVR because of its eumelanin content, the UVR - absorbing capabilities of large melanosomes, and because eumelanin can be mobilized faster and brought to the surface of the skin from the depths of the epidermis. For the same body region, light - and dark - skinned individuals have similar numbers of melanocytes (there is considerable variation between different body regions), but pigment - containing organelles, called melanosomes, are larger and more numerous in dark - skinned individuals. Keratocytes from dark skin cocultured with melanocytes give rise to a melanosome distribution pattern characteristic of dark skin. Melanosomes are not in aggregated state in darkly pigmented skin compared to lightly pigmented skin. Due to the heavily melanised melanosomes in darkly pigmented skin, it can absorb more energy from UVR and thus offers better protection against sunburns and by absorption and dispersion UV rays. Darkly pigmented skin protects against direct and indirect DNA damage. Photodegration occurs when melanin absorbs photons. Recent research suggest that the photoprotective effect of dark skin is increased by the fact that melanin can capture free radicals, such as hydrogen peroxide, which are created by the interaction of UVR and layers of the skin. Heavily pigmented melanocytes have greater capacity to divide after UVR irradiation, which suggests that they receive less damage to their DNA. Despite this, UVB damages the immune system even in darker skinned individuals due to its effect on Langerhans cells. The stratum corneum of people with dark or heavily tanned skin is more condensed and contains more cornified cell layers than in lightly pigmented humans. These qualities of dark skin enhance the barrier protection function of the skin.
Although darkly pigmented skin absorbs about 30 to 40 % more sunlight than lightly pigmented skin, dark skin does not increase the body 's internal heat intake in conditions of intense solar radiation. Solar radiation heats up rather the body 's surface and not the interior. Furthermore, this amount of heat is negligible compared the heat produced when muscles are actively used during exercise. Regardless of skin colour, humans have excellent capabilities to dissipate heat through sweating. Half of the solar radiation reaching the Earth 's surface is in the form of infrared light and is absorbed similarly regardless of skin coloration.
In people with naturally occurring dark skin, the tanning occurs with the dramatic mobilization of melanin upward in the epidermis and continues with the increased production of melanin. This accounts for the fact that dark - skinned people get visibly darker after one or two weeks of sun exposure, and then lose their colour after months when they stay out of the sun. Darkly pigmented people tend to exhibit less signs of aging in their skin than the lightly pigmented because their dark skin protects them from most photoaging.
Skin colour is a polygenic trait, which means that several different genes are involved in determining a specific phenotype. Many genes work together in complex, additive, and non-additive combinations to determine the skin colour of an individual. The skin colour variations are normally distributed from light to dark, as it is usual for polygenic traits.
Data collected from studies on MC1R gene has shown that there is a lack of diversity in dark - skinned African samples in the allele of the gene compared to non-African populations. This is remarkable given that the number of polymorphisms for almost all genes in the human gene pool is greater in African samples than in any other geographic region. So, while the MC1Rf gene does not significantly contribute to variation in skin colour around the world, the allele found in high levels in African populations probably protects against UV radiation and was probably important in the evolution of dark skin.
Skin colour seems to vary mostly due to variations in a number of genes of large effect as well as several other genes of small effect (TYR, TYRP1, OCA2, SLC45A2, SLC24A5, MC1R, KITLG and SLC24A4). This does not take into account the effects of epistasis, which would probably increase the number of related genes. Variations in the SLC24A5 gene account for 20 -- 25 % of the variation between dark and light skinned populations of Africa, and appear to have arisen as recently as within the last 10,000 years. The Ala111Thr or rs1426654 polymorphism in the coding region of the SLC24A5 gene reaches fixation in Europe, and is also common among populations in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Asia, Central Asia and South Asia.
Skin pigmentation is an evolutionary adaptation to various UVR levels around the world. As a consequence there are many health implications that are the product of population movements of humans of certain skin pigmentation to new environments with different levels of UVR. Modern humans are often ignorant of their evolutionary history at their peril. Cultural practices that increase problems of conditions among dark - skinned populations are traditional clothing and vitamin D - poor diet.
Dark pigmented people living in high sunlight environments are at an advantage due to the high amounts of melanin produced in their skin. The dark pigmentation protects from DNA damage and absorbs the right amounts of UV radiation needed by the body, as well as protects against folate depletion. Folate is a water - soluble vitamin B complex which naturally occurs in green, leafy vegetables, whole grains, and citrus fruits. Women need folate to maintain healthy eggs, for proper implantation of eggs, and for the normal development of placenta after fertilization. Folate is needed for normal sperm production in men. Furthermore, folate is essential for fetal growth, organ development, and neural tube development. Folate breaks down in high intense UVR. Dark - skinned women suffer the lowest level of neural tube defects. Folate plays an important role in DNA production and gene expression. It is essential for maintaining proper levels of amino acids which make up proteins. Folate is used in the formation of myelin, the sheath the covers nerve cells and makes it possible to send electrical signals quickly. Folate also plays an important role in the development of many neurotransmitters, e.g. serotonin which regulates appetite, sleep, and mood. Serum folate is broken down by UV radiation or alcohol consumption. Because the skin is protected by the melanin, dark pigmented people have a lower chance of developing skin cancer and conditions related to folate deficiency, such as neural tube defects.
Dark - skinned people living in low sunlight environments have been recorded to be very susceptible to vitamin D deficiency due to reduced vitamin D synthesis. A dark - skinned person requires about six times as much UVB than lightly pigmented persons. This is not a problem near the equator; however, it can be a problem at higher latitudes. For humans with dark skin in climates of low UVR, it can take about two hours to produce the same amount of vitamin D as humans with light skin produce in 15 minutes. Dark - skinned people having a high body - mass index and not taking vitamin D supplements were associated with vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D plays an important role in regulating the human immune system and chronic deficiencies in vitamin D can make humans susceptible to specific types of cancers and many kinds of infectious diseases. Vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of developing tuberculosis fivefold and also contributes to the development of breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer. The most prevalent disease to follow vitamin D deficiency is rickets, the softening of bones in children potentially leading to fractures and deformity. Rickets is caused by reduced vitamin D synthesis that causes an absence of vitamin D, which then causes the dietary calcium to not be properly absorbed. This disease in the past was commonly found among dark - skinned Americans of the southern part of the United States who migrated north into low sunlight environments. The popularity of sugary drinks and decreased time spent outside have contributed to significant rise of developing rickets. Deformities of the female pelvis related to severe rickets impair normal childbirth, which leads to higher mortality of the infant, mother, or both. Vitamin D deficiency is most common in regions with low sunlight, especially in the winter. Chronic deficiencies in vitamin D may also be linked with breast, prostate, colon, ovarian, and possibly other types of cancers. The relationship between cardiovascular disease and vitamin D deficiency also suggest link between health of cardiac and smooth muscle. Low vitamin D levels have also been linked to impaired immune system and brain functions. In addition, recent studies have linked vitamin D deficiency to autoimmune diseases, hypertension, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, and incidence of memory loss. Outside the tropics UVR has to penetrate through a thicker layer of atmosphere, which results in most of the UVB reflected or destroyed en route; because of this there is less potential for vitamin D biosynthesis in regions far from the equator. Higher amount of vitamin D intake for dark - skinned people living in regions with low levels of sunlight are advised by doctors to follow vitamin D rich diet or take vitamin D supplements, although there is recent evidence that dark - skinned individuals are able to process vitamin D more efficiently than lighter - skinned individuals so may have a lower threshold of sufficiency.
There is a correlation between the geographic distribution of UV radiation (UVR) and the distribution of skin pigmentation around the world. Areas that have higher amounts of UVR have darker - skinned populations, generally located nearer the equator. Areas that are further away from the equator generally closer to the poles have a lower concentration of UVR, and contain lighter - skinned populations. This is the result of human evolution which contributed to variable melanin content in the skin to adapt to certain environments. A larger percentage of dark skinned people are found in the Southern Hemisphere because latitudinal land mass distribution is disproportionate. The present distribution of skin colour variation does not completely reflect the correlation of intense UVR and dark skin pigmentation due to mass migration and movement of peoples across continents in the recent past.
Dark - skinned populations inhabiting Africa, Australia, Melanesia, Papua New Guinea and South Asia all live in some of the areas with the highest UV radiation in the world, and have evolved very dark skin pigmentations as protection from the harmful sun rays. Evolution has restricted humans with darker skin in tropical latitudes, especially in non-forested regions, where ultraviolet radiation from the sun is usually the most intense. Different dark - skinned populations are not necessarily closely related genetically. Before the modern mass migration, it has been argued that the majority of dark pigmented people lived within 20 ° of the equator.
Natives of Buka and Bougainville at the northern Solomon Islands in Melanesia and the Chopi people of Mozambique in the southeast coast of Africa have darker skin than other surrounding populations. (The native people of Bougainville, Papua New Guinea, have some of the darkest skin pigmentation in the world.) Although these people are widely separated they share similar physical environments. In both regions, they experience very high UVR exposure from cloudless skies near the equator which is reflected from water or sand. Water reflects, depending on colour, about 10 to 30 % of UVR, that falls on it. People in these populations spend long hours fishing on the sea. Because it is impractical to wear extensive clothing in a watery environment culture and technology does little to buffer UVR exposure. The skin takes a very large amount of UVR radiation. These populations are probably near or at the maximum darkness that human skin can achieve.
More recent research has found that human populations over the past 50,000 years have changed from dark - skinned to light - skinned and vice versa. Only 100 -- 200 generations ago, the ancestors of most people living today likely also resided in a different place and had a different skin color. According to Nina Jablonski, darkly pigmented modern populations in South India and Sri Lanka are an example of this, having redarkened after their ancestors migrated down from areas much farther north. Scientists originally believed that such shifts in pigmentation occurred relatively slowly. However, researchers have since observed that changes in skin coloration can happen in as little as 100 generations (~ 2,500 years), with no intermarriage required. The speed of change is also affected by clothing, which tends to slow it down.
The Aborigines of Australia, as with all humans, are descendants of African migrants, and their ancestors may have been among the first major groups to leave Africa around 50,000 years ago. Despite early migrations, genetic evidence has pointed out that the indigenous peoples of Australia are genetically very dissimilar to the dark - skinned populations of Africa and that they are more closely related to Eurasian populations.
The term black initially has been applied as a reference to the skin pigmentation of the aborigines of Australia; today it has been embraced by aboriginal activists as a term for shared culture and identity, regardless of skin colour.
Melanesia, a subregion of Oceania, whose name means "black islands '', have several islands that are inhabited by people with dark skin pigmentation. The islands of Melanesia are located immediately north and northeast of Australia as well as east coast of Papua New Guinea. The western end of melanesia, from New Guinea through the Solomon Islands were first colonized by humans about 40,000 to 29,000 years ago.
In the world, blond hair is exceptionally rare outside Europe, and Southwest Asia, especially among dark - skinned populations. However, Melanesians are one of the dark - skinned human populations known to have naturally occurring blond hair.
The indigenous Papuan people of New Guinea have dark skin pigmentation and have inhabited the island for at least 40,000 years. Due to their similar phenotype and the location of New Guinea being in the migration route taken by Indigenous Australians, it was generally believed that Papuans and Aboriginal Australians shared a common origin. However, a 1999 study failed to find clear indications of a single shared genetic origin between the two populations, suggesting multiple waves of migration into Sahul with distinct ancestries.
Sub-Saharan Africa is the region in Africa situated south of the Sahara where a large number of dark - skinned populations live. Dark - skinned groups on the continent have the same receptor protein as Homo ergaster and Homo erectus had. According to scientific studies, populations in Africa also have the highest skin colour diversity. High levels of skin colour variation exists between different populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. These differences depend in part on general distance from the equator, illustrating the complex interactions of evolutionary forces which have contributed to the geographic distribution of skin color at any point of time.
Due to frequently differing ancestry among dark - skinned populations, the presence of dark skin in general is not a reliable genetic marker, including among groups in Africa. For example, Wilson et al. (2001) found that most of their Ethiopian samples showed closer genetic affinities with light - skinned Armenians and Norwegians than with dark - skinned Bantu populations. Mohamoud (2006) likewise observed that their Somali samples were genetically more similar to Arab populations than to other African populations.
In parts of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra, there exist a number of indigenous populations with deeply pigmented complexions. Among these dark brown - skinned autochthonous groups are the Mahra, Soqotri, Qara and Janaba, who speak south Semitic languages.
The preference or disfavour for darker skin has varied depending on geographical area and time. Today, darker skin is viewed as fashionable and as a sign of well - being in some societies. This resulted in the development of tanning industry in several countries. However, in some countries, dark skin is not seen as highly desirable or indicative of higher class, especially among women.
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what is known as the chief relic of the western world | Western (genre) - wikipedia
The Western is a genre of various arts which tell stories set primarily in the later half of the 19th century in the American Old West, often centering on the life of a nomadic cowboy or gunfighter armed with a revolver and a rifle who rides a horse. Cowboys and gunslingers typically wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, cowboy boots and buckskins. Other characters include Native Americans, bandits, lawmen, bounty hunters, outlaws, soldiers (especially mounted cavalry), settlers, both farmers and ranchers, and townsfolk.
Westerns often stress the harshness of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape of deserts and mountains. Often, the vast landscape plays an important role, presenting a "... mythic vision of the plains and deserts of the American West ''. Specific settings include ranches, small frontier towns, saloons, railways and isolated military forts of the Wild West.
Common plots include:
Many Westerns use a stock plot of depicting a crime, then showing the pursuit of the wrongdoer, ending in revenge and retribution, which is often dispensed through a shootout or quick draw duel.
The Western was the most popular Hollywood genre, from the early 20th century to the 1960s. Western films first became well - attended in the 1930s. John Ford 's landmark Western adventure Stagecoach became one of the biggest hits in 1939 and it made John Wayne a mainstream screen star. Westerns were very popular throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Many of the most acclaimed Westerns were released during this time -- including High Noon (1952), Shane (1953), The Searchers (1956), and The Wild Bunch (1969). Classic Westerns such as these have been the inspiration for various films about Western - type characters in contemporary settings, such as Junior Bonner (1972), set in the 1970s and The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada (2005), which is set in the 21st century.
The Western genre sometimes portrays the conquest of the wilderness and the subordination of nature in the name of civilization or the confiscation of the territorial rights of the original, Native American, inhabitants of the frontier. The Western depicts a society organized around codes of honor and personal, direct or private justice -- "frontier justice '' -- dispensed by gunfights. These honor codes are often played out through depictions of feuds or individuals seeking personal revenge or retribution against someone who has wronged them (e.g., True Grit has revenge and retribution as its main themes). This Western depiction of personal justice contrasts sharply with justice systems organized around rationalistic, abstract law that exist in cities, in which social order is maintained predominately through relatively impersonal institutions such as courtrooms. The popular perception of the Western is a story that centers on the life of a semi-nomadic wanderer, usually a cowboy or a gunfighter. A showdown or duel at high noon featuring two or more gunfighters is a stereotypical scene in the popular conception of Westerns.
In some ways, such protagonists may be considered the literary descendants of the knight errant which stood at the center of earlier extensive genres such as the Arthurian Romances. Like the cowboy or gunfighter of the Western, the knight errant of the earlier European tales and poetry was wandering from place to place on his horse, fighting villains of various kinds and bound to no fixed social structures but only to his own innate code of honor. And like knights errant, the heroes of Westerns frequently rescue damsels in distress. Similarly, the wandering protagonists of Westerns share many characteristics with the ronin in modern Japanese culture.
The Western typically takes these elements and uses them to tell simple morality tales, although some notable examples (e.g. the later Westerns of John Ford or Clint Eastwood 's Unforgiven, about an old hired killer) are more morally ambiguous. Westerns often stress the harshness and isolation of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape. Specific settings include isolated forts, ranches and homesteads; the Native American village; or the small frontier town with its saloon, general store, livery stable and jailhouse and the open desert, where there are no structures and only windswept sand dunes. Apart from the wilderness, it is usually the saloon that emphasizes that this is the Wild West: it is the place to go for music (raucous piano playing), women (often prostitutes), gambling (draw poker or five card stud), drinking (beer or whiskey), brawling and shooting. In some Westerns, where civilization has arrived, the town has a church, a general store, a bank and a school; in others, where frontier rules still hold sway, it is, as Sergio Leone said, "where life has no value ''.
The American Film Institute defines Western films as those "set in the American West that (embody) the spirit, the struggle and the demise of the new frontier. '' The term Western, used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World magazine. Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th century popular Western fiction and were firmly in place before film became a popular art form. Western films commonly feature protagonists such as cowboys, gunslingers, and bounty hunters, who are often depicted as semi-nomadic wanderers who wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, and buckskins, use revolvers or rifles as everyday tools of survival -- and as a means to settle disputes using "frontier justice ''. Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds.
Western films were enormously popular in the silent film era (1894 - 1927). With the advent of sound in 1927 - 28, the major Hollywood studios rapidly abandoned Westerns, leaving the genre to smaller studios and producers. These smaller organizations churned out countless low - budget features and serials in the 1930s. By the late 1930s, the Western film was widely regarded as a "pulp '' genre in Hollywood, but its popularity was dramatically revived in 1939 by major studio productions such as Dodge City starring Errol Flynn, Jesse James with Tyrone Power, Union Pacific with Joel McCrea, Destry Rides Again featuring James Stewart and Marlene Dietrich, and the release of John Ford 's landmark Western adventure Stagecoach, which became one of the biggest hits of the year. Released through United Artists, Stagecoach made John Wayne a mainstream screen star in the wake of a decade of headlining B westerns. Wayne had been introduced to the screen ten years earlier as the leading man in director Raoul Walsh 's widescreen The Big Trail, which failed at the box office, due in part to exhibitors ' inability to switch over to widescreen during the Depression. After the Western 's renewed commercial successes in the late 1930s, the popularity of the Western continued to rise until its peak in the 1950s, when the number of Western films produced outnumbered all other genres combined.
Western films often depict conflicts with Native Americans. While early Eurocentric Westerns frequently portray the "Injuns '' as dishonorable villains, the later and more culturally neutral Westerns gave Native Americans a more sympathetic treatment. Other recurring themes of Westerns include Western treks (e.g. The Big Trail) or perilous journeys (e.g. Stagecoach) or groups of bandits terrorising small towns such as in The Magnificent Seven. Or revisionist westerns like I Walk the Line (1970) depict sheriffs dueling.
Early Westerns were mostly filmed in the studio, just like other early Hollywood films, but when location shooting became more common from the 1930s, producers of Westerns used desolate corners of Arizona, California, Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, or Wyoming. These settings gave filmmakers the ability to depict vast plains, looming mountains and epic canyons. Productions were also filmed on location at movie ranches.
Often, the vast landscape becomes more than a vivid backdrop; it becomes a character in the film. After the early 1950s, various wide screen formats such as Cinemascope (1953) and VistaVision used the expanded width of the screen to display spectacular Western landscapes. John Ford 's use of Monument Valley as an expressive landscape in his films from Stagecoach (1939) to Cheyenne Autumn (1965) "present us with a mythic vision of the plains and deserts of the American West, embodied most memorably in Monument Valley, with its buttes and mesas that tower above the men on horseback, whether they be settlers, soldiers, or Native Americans ''.
Author and screenwriter Frank Gruber described seven plots for Westerns:
Gruber said that good writers used dialogue and plot development to develop these basic plots into believable stories. Other subgenres include:
In the 1960s and 1970s, the Western was reinvented with the revisionist Western.
The Great Train Robbery (1903), Edwin S. Porter 's film starring Broncho Billy Anderson, is often cited as the first Western, though George N. Fenin and William K. Everson point out that the "Edison company had played with Western material for several years prior to The Great Train Robbery. '' Nonetheless, they concur that Porter 's film "set the pattern -- of crime, pursuit, and retribution -- for the Western film as a genre. '' The film 's popularity opened the door for Anderson to become the screen 's first cowboy star; he made several hundred Western film shorts. So popular was the genre that he soon faced competition from Tom Mix and William S. Hart.
The Golden Age of the Western is epitomized by the work of several directors, most prominent among them, John Ford (My Darling Clementine, The Horse Soldiers, The Searchers). Others include: Howard Hawks (Red River, Rio Bravo), Anthony Mann (Man of the West, The Man from Laramie), Budd Boetticher (Seven Men from Now), Delmer Daves (The Hanging Tree, 3: 10 to Yuma), John Sturges (The Magnificent Seven, Last Train from Gun Hill), and Robert Aldrich (Vera Cruz, Ulzana 's Raid).
Film critic Jonathan Rosenbaum refers to a makeshift 1960s and 1970s genre called the Acid Western, associated with Dennis Hopper, Jim McBride, and Rudy Wurlitzer, as well as films like Monte Hellman 's The Shooting (1966), Alejandro Jodorowsky 's bizarre experimental film El Topo (The Mole) (1970), and Robert Downey Sr. 's Greaser 's Palace (1972). The 1970 film El Topo is an allegorical cult Western and underground film about the eponymous character, a violent black - clad gunfighter, and his quest for enlightenment. The film is filled with bizarre characters and occurrences, use of maimed and dwarf performers, and heavy doses of Christian symbolism and Eastern philosophy. Some Spaghetti Westerns also crossed over into the Acid Western genre, such as Enzo G. Castellari 's mystical Keoma (1976), a Western reworking of Ingmar Bergman 's metaphysical The Seventh Seal (1957).
More recent Acid Westerns include Alex Cox 's film Walker (1987) and Jim Jarmusch 's film Dead Man (1995). Rosenbaum describes the Acid Western as "formulating a chilling, savage frontier poetry to justify its hallucinated agenda ''; ultimately, he says, the Acid Western expresses a counterculture sensibility to critique and replace capitalism with alternative forms of exchange.
Charro Westerns, often featuring musical stars as well as action, have been a standard feature of Mexican cinema since the 1930s. In the 1930s and 1940s, these were typically films about horsemen in rural Mexican society, displaying a set of cultural concerns very different from the Hollywood meta - narrative, but the overlap between ' charro ' movies and westerns became more apparent in the 1950s and 1960s.
This subgenre is imitative in style in order to mock, comment on, or trivialize the Western genre 's established traits, subjects, auteurs ' styles, or some other target by means of humorous, satiric, or ironic imitation or parody. Examples include Carry On Cowboy (1965), The Hallelujah Trail (1965), The Scalphunters (1968), Support Your Local Sheriff! (1969), Support Your Local Gunfighter (1971), Blazing Saddles (1974), Rustlers ' Rhapsody (1985), Three Amigos (1986), Maverick (1994), Quick Draw (2013) and A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014).
Also known as Neo-Westerns, these films have contemporary American settings, and they utilize Old West themes and motifs (a rebellious anti-hero, open plains and desert landscapes, and gunfights). For the most part, they still take place in the American West and reveal the progression of the Old West mentality into the late 20th and early 21st centuries. This subgenre often features Old West - type characters struggling with displacement in a "civilized '' world that rejects their outdated brand of justice.
Examples include John Sturges 's Bad Day at Black Rock (1955); Lonely Are the Brave, screenplay by Dalton Trumbo (1962), Hud, starring Paul Newman (1963); Robert Altman 's McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971); The Getaway (1972); Junior Bonner (1972); Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia (1974); Hearts of the West starring Jeff Bridges (1975); Alan J. Pakula 's Comes a Horseman (1978); J.W. Coop, directed / co-written by and starring Cliff Robertson; Robert Rodríguez 's El Mariachi (1992) and Once Upon a Time in Mexico (2003); John Sayles 's Lone Star (1996); Tommy Lee Jones 's The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada (2005); Ang Lee 's Brokeback Mountain (2005); Wim Wenders 's Do n't Come Knocking (2005); Joel and Ethan Coen 's No Country for Old Men (2007); Justified (2010 -- 2015); Hell or High Water (2016); Wind River (2017); and the superhero film Logan (2017). Call of Juarez: The Cartel is an example of a Neo-Western video game. Likewise, the television series Breaking Bad, which takes place in modern times, features many examples of Western archetypes. According to creator Vince Gilligan, "After the first Breaking Bad episode, it started to dawn on me that we could be making a contemporary western. So you see scenes that are like gunfighters squaring off, like Clint Eastwood and Lee Van Cleef -- we have Walt and others like that. ''
The precursor to these was the radio series Tales of the Texas Rangers (1950 -- 1952), with Joel McCrea, a contemporary detective drama set in Texas, featuring many of the characteristics of traditional Westerns.
The 1971 film Zachariah starring John Rubinstein, Don Johnson and Pat Quinn was billed as, "The first electric Western. '' The film featured multiple performing rock bands in an otherwise American West setting.
Zachariah featured appearances and music supplied by rock groups from the 1970s, including the James Gang and Country Joe and the Fish as "The Cracker Band. '' Fiddler Doug Kershaw had a musical cameo as does Elvin Jones as a gunslinging drummer named Job Cain.
The independent film Hate Horses starring Dominique Swain, Ron Thompson and Paul Dooley billed itself as, "The second electric Western. ''
The epic western is a subgenre of the western that emphasizes the story of the American Old West on a grand scale. Many epic westerns are commonly set during a turbulent time, especially a war, as in Sergio Leone 's The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966), set during the American Civil War, or Sam Peckinpah 's The Wild Bunch (1969), set during the Mexican Revolution. One of the grandest films in this genre is Leone 's Once Upon a Time in the West (1968), which shows many operatic conflicts centered on control of a town while utilizing wide scale shots on Monument Valley locations against a broad running time. Other notable examples include The Iron Horse (1924), Duel in the Sun (1946), The Searchers (1956), Giant (1956), The Big Country (1958), Cimarron (1960), How the West Was Won (1962), Duck, You Sucker! (1971), Heaven 's Gate (1980), Dances with Wolves (1990), The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (2007), Django Unchained (2012) and The Revenant (2015).
Euro Westerns are Western genre films made in Western Europe. The term can sometimes, but not necessarily, include the Spaghetti Western subgenre (see below). One example of a Euro Western is the Anglo - Spanish film The Savage Guns (1961). Several Euro - Western films, nicknamed Sauerkraut Westerns because they were made in Germany and shot in Yugoslavia, were derived from stories by novelist Karl May and were film adaptations of May 's work. In the 2010s some new euro - westerns emerged like Kristian Levring 's The Salvation, Martin Koolhoven 's Brimstone and Andreas Prochaska 's The Dark Valley.
Fantasy Westerns mixed in fantasy settings and themes, and may include Fantasy mythology as background. Some famous examples are Stephen King 's The Stand and The Dark Tower series of novels, the Vertigo comics series Preacher, and Keiichi Sigsawa 's light novel series, Kino 's Journey, illustrated by Kouhaku Kuroboshi.
Florida Westerns, also known as Cracker Westerns, are set in Florida during the Second Seminole War. An example would be Distant Drums (1951) starring Gary Cooper.
A developing subgenre, with roots in films such as Curse of the Undead (1959) and Billy the Kid vs. Dracula (1966), which depicts the legendary outlaw Billy the Kid fighting against the notorious vampire. Another example is The Ghoul Goes West, an unproduced Ed Wood film to star Bela Lugosi as Dracula in the Old West. Recent examples include the films Near Dark (1987) directed by Kathryn Bigelow which tells the story about a human falling in love with a vampire, From Dusk till Dawn (1996) by Robert Rodriguez deals with outlaws battling vampires across the border, Vampires (1998) by John Carpenter tells about a group of vampires and vampire hunters looking for an ancient relic in the west, Ravenous (1999), which deals with cannibalism at a remote US army outpost; The Burrowers (2008), about a band of trackers who are stalked by the titular creatures; and Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (2012). Undead Nightmare (2010), an expansion to Red Dead Redemption (2010) is an example of a video game in this genre, telling the tale of a zombie outbreak in the Old West. Bone Tomahawk (2016) one of the most recent entries in the genre received wide critical acclaim but, like many other movies in the genre, it was n't a commercial success.
The first Western films made in India - Mosagaalaku Mosagaadu (1970), made in Telugu, Mappusakshi (Malayalam), Ganga (1972), and Jakkamma (Tamil) - were based on Classic Westerns. Thazhvaram (1990), the Malayalam film directed by Bharathan and written by noted writer M.T. Vasudevan Nair, is perhaps the most resemblant of the Spaghetti Westerns in terms of production and cinematic techniques. Earlier Spaghetti Westerns laid the groundwork for such films as Adima Changala (1971) starring Prem Nazir, a hugely popular "zapata Spaghetti Western film in Malayalam, and Sholay (1975) Khote Sikkay (1973) and Thai Meethu Sathiyam (1978) are notable Curry Westerns. Kodama Simham (1990), a Telugu action film starring Chiranjeevi and Mohan Babu was one more addition to the Indo Western genre and fared well at the box office. It was also the first South Indian movie to be dubbed in English as Hunters of the Indian Treasure
Takkari Donga (2002), starring Telugu Maheshbabu, was applauded by critics but an average runner at box office. Quick Gun Murugun (2009), an Indian comedy film which spoofs Indian Western movies, is based on a character created for television promos at the time of the launch of the music network Channel (V) in 1994, which had cult following. Irumbukkottai Murattu Singam (2010), a Western adventure comedy film, based on cowboy movies and paying homages to the John Wayne, Clint Eastwood, and Jaishankar, was made in Tamil.
While many of these mash - ups (e.g., Billy Jack (1971) and its sequel The Trial of Billy Jack (1974)) are cheap exploitation films, others are more serious dramas such as the Kung Fu TV series, which ran from 1972 - 1975. Comedy examples include the Jackie Chan and Owen Wilson collaboration Shanghai Noon (2000). Further sub-divisions of this subgenre include Ninja Westerns and Samurai Westerns (incorporating samurai cinema themes), such as Red Sun (1971) with Charles Bronson and Toshiro Mifune.
The Meat pie Western (also Kangaroo Western) (a slang term which plays on the Italo - western moniker "Spaghetti Western '') is an American Western - style movie or TV series set in Australia, especially the Australian Outback or the Australian Bush. Films such as Rangle River (1936), Kangaroo (1952), Mad Dog Morgan (1976), The Man from Snowy River (1982), and Five Mile Creek (1983 -- 85), Quigley Down Under (1991), The Proposition (2005) are all representative of the genre. The term is used to differentiate more Americanized Australian films from those with a more historical basis, such as those about bushrangers.
The Northern genre is a subgenre of Westerns taking place in Alaska or Western Canada. Examples include several versions of the Rex Beach novel, The Spoilers (including 1930 's The Spoilers, with Gary Cooper, and 1942 's The Spoilers, with Marlene Dietrich, Randolph Scott and Wayne); The Far Country (1954) with James Stewart; North to Alaska (1960) with Wayne; Death Hunt (1981) with Charles Bronson; and The Grey Fox (1983) with Richard Farnsworth.
Osterns, also known as "Red Western '' s, are produced in Eastern Europe. They were popular in Communist Eastern European countries and were a particular favorite of Joseph Stalin, and usually portrayed the American Indians sympathetically, as oppressed people fighting for their rights, in contrast to American Westerns of the time, which frequently portrayed the Indians as villains. Osterns frequently featured Gypsies or Turkic people in the role of the Indians, due to the shortage of authentic Indians in Eastern Europe.
Gojko Mitić portrayed righteous, kind - hearted, and charming Indian chiefs (e.g., in Die Söhne der großen Bärin (1966) directed by Josef Mach). He became honorary chief of the Sioux tribe, when he visited the United States in the 1990s and the television crew accompanying him showed the tribe one of his films. American actor and singer Dean Reed, an expatriate who lived in East Germany, also starred in several Ostern films.
The most rare of the Western subgenres, pornographic Westerns use the Old West as a background for stories primarily focused on erotica. The three major examples of the porn Western film are Russ Meyer 's nudie - cutie Wild Gals of the Naked West (1962), and the hardcore A Dirty Western (1975) and Sweet Savage (1979). Sweet Savage starred Aldo Ray, a veteran actor who had appeared in traditional Westerns, in a non-sex role. Among videogames, Custer 's Revenge (1982) is an infamous example, considered to be one of the worst video games of all time.
After the early 1960s, many American filmmakers began to question and change many traditional elements of Westerns, and to make Revisionist Westerns that encouraged audiences to question the simple hero - versus - villain dualism and the morality of using violence to test one 's character or to prove oneself right. This is shown in Sam Peckinpah 's The Wild Bunch (1969). One major revision was the increasingly positive representation of Native Americans, who had been treated as "savages '' in earlier films. Examples of such revisionist Westerns include Richard Harris ' A Man Called Horse (1970), Little Big Man (1970), Man in the Wilderness (1971), The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976), Dances with Wolves (1990) and Dead Man (1995). A few earlier Revisionist Westerns gave women more powerful roles, such as Westward the Women (1951) starring Robert Taylor. Another earlier work encompassed all these features, The Last Wagon (1956). In it, Richard Widmark played a white man raised by Comanches and persecuted by whites, with Felicia Farr and Susan Kohner playing young women forced into leadership roles.
The science fiction Western places science fiction elements within a traditional Western setting. Examples include Jesse James Meets Frankenstein 's Daughter (1965), The Valley of Gwangi (1969) featuring cowboys and dinosaurs. John Jakes 's "Six Gun Planet '' takes place on a future planet colonized by people consciously seeking to recreate the Old West (with cowboys riding robot horses...) (1). The movie Westworld (1973) and its sequel Futureworld (1976), Back to the Future Part III (1990), Wild Wild West (1999), Cowboys & Aliens (2011), and the TV series Westworld (2016, based on the movie). Fallout: New Vegas (2010) is an example of a video game that follows this format, with futuristic technology and genetic mutations placed among the western themes and desert sprawl of the Mojave Wasteland.
The Space Western or Space Frontier is a subgenre of science fiction which uses the themes and tropes of Westerns within science fiction stories. Subtle influences may include exploration of new, lawless frontiers, while more overt influences may feature literal cowboys in outer space who use ray guns and ride robotic horses. Examples include the American television series Brave Starr (which aired original episodes from September 1987 to February 1988) and Firefly (created by Joss Whedon in 2002), and the films Battle Beyond the Stars (1980), which is a remake of The Magnificent Seven; Outland (1981), which is a remake of High Noon; and Serenity (2005, based on the Firefly TV series). The classic western genre has also been a major influence on science fiction films such as the original Star Wars movie of 1977. Famously Gene Roddenberry pitched the concept of the TV show Star Trek as a Wagon Train to the stars.
During the 1960s and 1970s, a revival of the Western emerged in Italy with the "Spaghetti Westerns '' also known as "Italo - Westerns ''. The most famous of them is The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966). Many of these films are low - budget affairs, shot in locations (for example, the Spanish desert region of Almería) chosen for their inexpensive crew and production costs as well as their similarity to landscapes of the Southwestern United States. Spaghetti Westerns were characterized by the presence of more action and violence than the Hollywood Westerns. Also, the protagonists usually acted out of more selfish motives (money or revenge being the most common) than in the classical westerns. Some Spaghetti Westerns demythologized the American Western tradition, and some films from the genre are considered revisionist Westerns.
The Western films directed by Sergio Leone were felt by some to have a different tone than the Hollywood Westerns. Veteran American actors Charles Bronson, Lee Van Cleef and Clint Eastwood became famous by starring in Spaghetti Westerns, although the films also provided a showcase for other noted actors such as James Coburn, Henry Fonda, Klaus Kinski, and Jason Robards. Eastwood, previously the lead in the television series Rawhide, unexpectedly found himself catapulted into the forefront of the film industry by Leone 's A Fistful of Dollars.
The Weird Western subgenre blends elements of a classic Western with other elements. The Wild Wild West television series, television movies, and 1999 film adaptation blend the Western with steampunk. The Jonah Hex franchise also blends the Western with superhero elements. The film Western Religion (2015), by writer and director James O'Brien, introduces the devil into a traditional wild west setting. Old Man Logan (2008 - 2009) graphic novel combines the elements of superhero and post-apocalyptic fiction with western.
In the 1960s academic and critical attention to cinema as a legitimate art form emerged. With the increased attention, film theory was developed to attempt to understand the significance of film. From this environment emerged (in conjunction with the literary movement) an enclave of critical studies called genre studies. This was primarily a semantic and structuralist approach to understanding how similar films convey meaning.
One of the results of genre studies is that some have argued that "Westerns '' need not take place in the American West or even in the 19th century, as the codes can be found in other types of films. For example, a very typical Western plot is that an eastern lawman heads west, where he matches wits and trades bullets with a gang of outlaws and thugs, and is aided by a local lawman who is well - meaning but largely ineffective until a critical moment when he redeems himself by saving the hero 's life. This description can be used to describe any number of Westerns, but also other films such as Die Hard (itself a loose reworking of High Noon) and Akira Kurosawa 's Seven Samurai, which are frequently cited examples of films that do not take place in the American West but have many themes and characteristics common to Westerns. Likewise, films set in the American Old West may not necessarily be considered "Westerns. ''
Being period drama pieces, both the Western and samurai genre influenced each other in style and themes throughout the years. The Magnificent Seven was a remake of Akira Kurosawa 's film The Seven Samurai, and A Fistful of Dollars was a remake of Kurosawa 's Yojimbo, which itself was inspired by Red Harvest, an American detective novel by Dashiell Hammett. Kurosawa was influenced by American Westerns and was a fan of the genre, most especially John Ford.
Despite the Cold War, the Western was a strong influence on Eastern Bloc cinema, which had its own take on the genre, the so - called "Red Western '' or "Ostern ''. Generally these took two forms: either straight Westerns shot in the Eastern Bloc, or action films involving the Russian Revolution and civil war and the Basmachi rebellion.
An offshoot of the Western genre is the "post-apocalyptic '' Western, in which a future society, struggling to rebuild after a major catastrophe, is portrayed in a manner very similar to the 19th century frontier. Examples include The Postman and the Mad Max series, and the computer game series Fallout. Many elements of space travel series and films borrow extensively from the conventions of the Western genre. This is particularly the case in the space Western subgenre of science fiction. Peter Hyams ' Outland transferred the plot of High Noon to Io, moon of Jupiter. Gene Roddenberry, the creator of the Star Trek series, pitched his show as "Wagon Train to the stars '' early on, but admitted later that this was more about getting it produced in a time that loved Western - themed TV series than about its actual content. The Book of Eli depicts the post apocalypse as a Western with large knives.
More recently, the space opera series Firefly used an explicitly Western theme for its portrayal of frontier worlds. Anime shows like Cowboy Bebop, Trigun and Outlaw Star have been similar mixes of science fiction and Western elements. The science fiction Western can be seen as a subgenre of either Westerns or science fiction. Elements of Western films can be found also in some films belonging essentially to other genres. For example, Kelly 's Heroes is a war film, but action and characters are Western - like. The British film Zulu set during the Anglo - Zulu War has sometimes been compared to a Western, even though it is set in South Africa.
The character played by Humphrey Bogart in film noir films such as Casablanca and To Have and Have Not -- an individual bound only by his own private code of honor -- has a lot in common with the classic Western hero. In turn, the Western, has also explored noir elements, as with the films Pursued and Sugar Creek.
In many of Robert A. Heinlein 's books, the settlement of other planets is depicted in ways explicitly modeled on American settlement of the West. For example, in his Tunnel in the Sky settlers set out to the planet "New Canaan '', via an interstellar teleporter portal across the galaxy, in Conestoga wagons, their captain sporting mustaches and a little goatee and riding a Palomino horse -- with Heinlein explaining that the colonists would need to survive on their own for some years, so horses are more practical than machines.
Stephen King 's The Dark Tower is a series of seven books that meshes themes of Westerns, high fantasy, science fiction and horror. The protagonist Roland Deschain is a gunslinger whose image and personality are largely inspired by the "Man with No Name '' from Sergio Leone 's films. In addition, the superhero fantasy genre has been described as having been derived from the cowboy hero, only powered up to omnipotence in a primarily urban setting. The Western genre has been parodied on a number of occasions, famous examples being Support Your Local Sheriff!, Cat Ballou, Mel Brooks 's Blazing Saddles, and Rustler 's Rhapsody.
George Lucas 's Star Wars films use many elements of a Western, and Lucas has said he intended for Star Wars to revitalize cinematic mythology, a part the Western once held. The Jedi, who take their name from Jidaigeki, are modeled after samurai, showing the influence of Kurosawa. The character Han Solo dressed like an archetypal gunslinger, and the Mos Eisley Cantina is much like an Old West saloon.
Meanwhile, films such as The Big Lebowski, which plucked actor Sam Elliott out of the Old West and into a Los Angeles bowling alley, and Midnight Cowboy, about a Southern - boy - turned - gigolo in New York (who disappoints a client when he does n't measure up to Gary Cooper), transplanted Western themes into modern settings for both purposes of parody and homage.
Western fiction is a genre of literature set in the American Old West, most commonly between the years of 1860 and 1900. The first critically recognized Western was The Virginian (1902) by Owen Wister. "Classic Wild West Literature ''. Other well - known writers of Western fiction include Zane Grey, from the early 1900s, Ernest Haycox, Luke Short, and Louis L'Amour, from the mid 20th century. Many writers better known in other genres, such as Leigh Brackett, Elmore Leonard, and Larry McMurtry, have also written Western novels. The genre 's popularity peaked in the 1960s, due in part to the shuttering of many pulp magazines, the popularity of televised Westerns, and the rise of the spy novel. Readership began to drop off in the mid - to late 1970s and reached a new low in the 2000s. Most bookstores, outside of a few Western states, now only carry a small number of Western novels and short story collections.
Literary forms that share similar themes include stories of the American frontier, the gaucho literature of Argentina, and tales of the settlement of the Australian Outback.
Television Westerns are a subgenre of the Western. When television became popular in the late 1940s and 1950s, TV Westerns quickly became an audience favorite. Beginning with re-broadcasts of existing films, a number of movie cowboys had their own TV shows. As demand for the Western increased, new stories and stars were introduced. A number of long - running TV Westerns became classics in their own right, such as: Bonanza (1959 - 1973), Gunsmoke (1955 - 1975), Have Gun -- Will Travel (1957 - 1963), Maverick (1957 - 1962), Rawhide (1959 - 1966), Sugarfoot (1957 - 1961), The Rifleman (1958 - 1963), The Big Valley (1965 - 1969), The Virginian (1962 - 1971), and Wagon Train (1957 - 1965).
The peak year for television Westerns was 1959, with 26 such shows airing during primetime. Increasing costs of American television production weeded out most action half hour series in the early 1960s, and their replacement by hour - long television shows, increasingly in color. Traditional Westerns died out in the late 1960s as a result of network changes in demographic targeting along with pressure from parental television groups. Future entries in the genre would incorporate elements from other genera, such as crime drama and mystery whodunit elements. Western shows from the 1970s included Hec Ramsey, Kung Fu, Little House on the Prairie, and McCloud. In the 1990s and 2000s, hour - long Westerns and slickly packaged made - for - TV movie Westerns were introduced, such as: Lonesome Dove (1989) and Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman. As well, new elements were once again added to the Western formula, such as the Western - science fiction show Firefly, created by Joss Whedon in 2002. Deadwood was a critically acclaimed Western series which aired on HBO from 2004 through 2006.
A number of visual artists focused their work on representations of the American Old West. American West - oriented art is sometimes referred to as "Western Art '' by Americans. This relatively new category of art includes paintings, sculptures, and sometimes Native American crafts. Initially, subjects included exploration of the Western states and cowboy themes. Frederic Remington and Charles M. Russell are two artists who captured the "Wild West '' on canvas. Some art museums, such as the Buffalo Bill Center of the West in Wyoming and the Autry National Center in Los Angeles, feature American Western Art.
The popularity of Westerns extends beyond films, literature, television, and visual art to include numerous other media forms.
With anime and manga, the genre tends towards the Science fiction Western (e.g., Cowboy Bebop (1998 anime), Trigun (manga serialized in 1996), and Outlaw Star (manga)), although contemporary Westerns also appear (e.g., El Cazador de la Bruja, a 2007 anime television series set in modern - day Mexico).
Western comics have included serious entries (such as the classic comics of the late 1940s and early 1950s), cartoons, and parodies (such as Cocco Bill and Lucky Luke). In the 1990s and 2000s, Western comics leaned toward the Weird West subgenre, usually involving supernatural monsters, or Christian iconography as in Preacher. However, more traditional Western comics are found throughout this period (e.g., Jonah Hex and Loveless).
Western arcade games, computer games, role - playing games, and video games are often either straightforward Westerns or Western Horror hybrids. Some Western themed - computer games include The Oregon Trail (1971), Mad Dog McCree (1990), Sunset Riders (1991), Outlaws (1997), Red Dead Revolver (2004), Gun (2005), Call of Juarez (2007), Red Dead Redemption (2010), and Red Dead Redemption 2 (2018). Other video games adapt the Science fiction Western or Weird West subgenres such as Fallout (1997), Gunman Chronicles (2000), Darkwatch (2005), the Borderlands series (first released in 2009), Fallout: New Vegas (2010), and Hard West (2015).
Western radio dramas were very popular from the 1930s to the 1960s. Some popular shows include The Lone Ranger (first broadcast in 1933), The Cisco Kid (first broadcast in 1942), Dr. Sixgun (first broadcast in 1954), Have Gun -- Will Travel (first broadcast in 1958), and Gunsmoke (first broadcast in 1952).
Westerns have been showcased in short episodic web series. Examples include League of STEAM, Red Bird and Arkansas Traveler.
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when does season 13 of america's got talent | America 's Got Talent (season 13) - wikipedia
Season thirteen of the reality competition series America 's Got Talent premiered on May 29, 2018, on NBC. Howie Mandel, Mel B, Heidi Klum and Simon Cowell returned as judges for their respective ninth, sixth, sixth, and third seasons. Meanwhile, Tyra Banks returned for her second season as host.
The live shows return to the Dolby Theatre, beginning August 14, 2018. AGT is co-produced by FremantleMedia North America and Syco Entertainment, Cowell 's company.
Dunkin Donuts again sponsors the series for a fourth consecutive season.
The season had preliminary open call auditions in Orlando, Cincinnati, Savannah, Milwaukee, Houston, Las Vegas, New York City, Nashville, and Los Angeles. As in years past, prospective contestants could also submit online auditions.
Judges ' auditions were taped from March 6 - 23 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Los Angeles.
The golden buzzer will return for its fifth consecutive season. Any act that receives the golden buzzer during the judges ' auditions will be sent directly to the live shows and will not compete in the Judge Cuts round. In the first episode, Tyra Banks was the first to press the golden buzzer for acrobatic and dance group Zurcaroh.
This season will be aired in Asia within 48 hours of being broadcast in the US. It will be on AXN starting May 31, 2018 (UTC + 8).
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when is the unity candle lit in a catholic wedding | Unity candle - wikipedia
The lighting of a unity candle is a relatively recent addition to the traditional wedding ceremony, most popular in the United States. The unity candle ceremony uses two taper candles with a large pillar candle (called the "unity candle '') in the center. At the beginning of the wedding ceremony, a representative from each family (usually the mothers of the bride and groom) light the two taper candles. Later in the ceremony (usually after the formal vows), the bride and groom use the two taper candles to light the large pillar (unity) candle together.
Often a unity candle is decorated with the wedding invitation, an inscription, a picture of the couple, or other ornamentation. The candles are almost always white. The lighting ceremony may be accompanied by special music, an explanation of the symbolism, or just some period of mutual gazing by the happy couple. In some circles, it is customary for the couple to save the unity candle and relight it on anniversaries.
It is sometimes performed to symbolize the joining together of the two families, and their love for the bride and the groom, into one united family that loves the new husband and wife. More often it is to symbolize the union of two individuals, becoming one in commitment. The popular explanation is that the taper candles are lit by representatives from each family to symbolize the love and allegiance that each family has for either the bride or the groom. As the bride and groom use these two flames to light the unity candle, they bring the love of both families together in a united love of the new couple. Generally, the two tapers are left burning and replaced in their holders (because each family 's love for their own will continue). However, in some ceremonies they may blow out their individual candles.
When the ceremony is alternatively performed to symbolize simply the joining together of the bride and groom, the tapers may be blown out, to indicate that the two lives have been permanently merged, or they may leave them lit beside the central candle, symbolizing that the now - married partners have not lost their individuality.
The use of unity candles is a very recent tradition, though the meaning assigned to the candles can vary.
While the use of unity candles has become widespread, it is prohibited in some churches. It is not part of the Catholic or Anglican wedding ceremonies, and many parishes do not allow its inclusion in the ceremony. While the US Conference of Catholic Bishops has not explicitly prohibited the use of the unity candle in the marriage rite, neither has it encouraged the practice. The Conference has noted that the policies of most dioceses do not prohibit this custom but many suggest that it be done at the reception since the Rite of Marriage already has abundant symbols of unity. The analysis of the Bishops regarding unity candles concludes by indicating that if the unity candle is permitted, the couple should light their individual candles from the paschal candle, the individual candles should not be extinguished and the unity candle should not be placed on the altar. Within Australia the Unity Candle lighting ceremony has now become part of the Uniting Church wedding Ceremony as an optional extra and is discussed with the parties and the minister prior to the wedding (Uniting church complete marriage service).
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who wrote the mission statement of the mount pelerin meetings | Mont Pelerin Society - wikipedia
The Mont Pelerin Society (MPS) is an international liberal organization composed of economists, philosophers, historians, intellectuals, business leaders. The members see the Society as an effort to interpret in modern terms the fundamental principles of economic society as expressed by classical Western economists, political scientists, and philosophers. Its founders included Friedrich Hayek, Frank Knight, Karl Popper, Ludwig von Mises, George Stigler, and Milton Friedman. The society advocates freedom of expression, free market economic policies, the political values of an open society.
In its "Statement of Aims '', 8 April 1947, the scholars were worried about the dangers faced by civilization.
Over large stretches of the Earth 's surface the essential conditions of human dignity and freedom have already disappeared. In others they are under constant menace from the development of current tendencies of policy. The position of the individual and the voluntary group are progressively undermined by extensions of arbitrary power. Even that most precious possession of Western Man, freedom of thought and expression, is threatened by the spread of creeds which, claiming the privilege of tolerance when in the position of a minority, seek only to establish a position of power in which they can suppress and obliterate all views but their own.
The group also stated that it is "difficult to imagine a society in which freedom may be effectively preserved '' without the "diffused power and initiative '' associated with "private property and the competitive market '', and found it desirable inter alia to study the following matters:
The group "seeks to establish no meticulous and hampering orthodoxy '', "conduct propaganda '' or align with some party. It aims to facilitate "the exchange of views -- to contribute to the preservation and improvement of the free society.
The Mont Pelerin Society was created on 10 April 1947 at a conference organized by Friedrich Hayek. Originally, it was to be named the Acton - Tocqueville Society. After Frank Knight protested against naming the group after two "Roman Catholic aristocrats '' and Ludwig von Mises expressed concern that the mistakes made by Acton and Tocqueville would be connected with the society, the decision was made to name it after Mont Pèlerin, the Swiss resort where it convened.
In 1947, 39 scholars, mostly economists, with some historians and philosophers, were invited by Friedrich Hayek to meet to discuss the state, and possible fate of classical liberalism, his goal being an organization which would resist interventionism and promote his conception of classical liberalism. He wanted to discuss how to combat the "state ascendancy and Marxist or Keynesian planning (that was) sweeping the globe ''. The first meeting took place in the Hotel du Parc in the Swiss village of Mont Pèlerin, near the city of Vevey, Switzerland. Funding for the conference came from various sources including the William Volker Fund thanks to Harold Luhnow and the Bank of England owing to the help of Alfred Suenson - Taylor. William Rappard, a Swiss academic, diplomat and founder of the Graduate Institute of International Studies, addressed the society 's inaugural meeting. In his "Opening Address to a Conference at Mont Pelerin '', Hayek mentioned "two men with whom I had most fully discussed the plan for this meeting both have not lived to see its realisation '': Henry Simons (who trained Milton Friedman, a future president of the society, at the University of Chicago) and Sir John Clapham, a British economic historian.
The Mont Pelerin Society aimed to "facilitate an exchange of ideas between like - minded scholars in the hope of strengthening the principles and practice of a free society and to study the workings, virtues, and defects of market - oriented economic systems. '' The Society has continued to meet regularly, the General Meeting every two years and the regional meetings annually. The current president of the Society is Pedro Schwartz Giron. It has close ties to the network of think tanks sponsored in part by the Atlas Economic Research Foundation.
Hayek stressed that the society was to be a scholarly community arguing against collectivism, while not engaging in public relations or propaganda. The society has become part of an international think - tank movement; Hayek used it as a forum to encourage members such as Antony Fisher to pursue the think - tank route. Fisher has established the Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA) in London during 1955; the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research in New York City in 1977; and the Atlas Economic Research Foundation, in 1981. Now known as the Atlas Network, they support a wide network of think - tanks, including the Fraser Institute.
Prominent MPS members who advanced to policy positions included the late Chancellor Ludwig Erhard of West Germany, President Luigi Einaudi of Italy, Chairman Arthur F. Burns of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board, and U.S. Secretary of State George Shultz. Among prominent contemporary political figures, former President Václav Klaus of the Czech Republic and acting politicians, such as Prime Minister Ranil Wickremasinghe of Sri Lanka, former Foreign Secretary Sir Geoffrey Howe of the U.K., former Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Defence Antonio Martino, Chilean Finance Minister Carlos Cáceres, and former New Zealand Finance Minister Ruth Richardson, are all MPS members. Of 76 economic advisers on Ronald Reagan 's 1980 campaign staff, 22 were MPS members.
Several leading journalists, including Pulitzer Prize - winning columnist Walter Lippmann, former radical Max Eastman (then roving editor at Reader 's Digest), John Chamberlain (former editorial writer for Life magazine), Henry Hazlitt (former financial editor of The New York Times and columnist for Newsweek), John Davenport (holder of editorial posts at Fortune and Barron 's) and Felix Morley (Pulitzer Prize - winning editor at The Washington Post), have also been members. Members of the society have also been well represented on the Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.
Eight MPS members, F.A. Hayek, Milton Friedman, George Stigler, Maurice Allais, James M. Buchanan, Ronald Coase, Gary S. Becker and Vernon Smith have won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.
In the 2014 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report (Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program, University of Pennsylvania), MPS is noted as having the 9th (out of 55) "Best Think Tank Conference ''.
Graeme Maxton and Jorgen Randers note that it is no surprise that so many Mont Pelerin Members have won a Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, because the Mont Pelerin Society helped to create that award, specifically to legitimize free - market economic thinking.
Numerous notable economists have served as president of MPS:
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where was scooby doo 2 monsters unleashed filmed | Scooby - Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed - wikipedia
Scooby - Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed is a 2004 American live - action / computer - animated family horror comedy film, based on the animated television series. It is the second installment in the Scooby - Doo live - action film series and a sequel to 2002 's Scooby - Doo, and was directed by Raja Gosnell, written by James Gunn and released by Warner Bros. Pictures.
The film stars Freddie Prinze Jr., Sarah Michelle Gellar, Linda Cardellini, Matthew Lillard, Seth Green, Tim Blake Nelson, Peter Boyle and Alicia Silverstone, with Neil Fanning reprising his role as the voice of Scooby - Doo.
Mystery Inc. (Fred, Daphne, Velma, Shaggy and Scooby - Doo) attend the opening of an exhibition at the Coolsonian Criminology Museum commemorating their past solved cases with monster costumes on display. However, the celebrations are interrupted by a masked man known as the Evil Masked Figure who steals two costumes using the reanimated Pterodactyl Ghost. The gang are ridiculed by journalist Heather Jasper Howe, who starts a smear campaign against them. Concluding an old enemy is the mastermind, the gang revisit old cases, dismissing the former Pterodactyl Ghost, Jonathan Jacobo, due to his death during a failed prison escape, they guess that Jeremiah Wickles, the Black Knight Ghost 's portrayer and Jacobo 's cell mate in prison, is the culprit.
Going to Wickles ' mansion, the group fall through a trapdoor and into a cage targeting unwelcome callers, but escape with the aid of Daphne 's cosmetics. Inside, the gang find a book that serves as an instruction manual on how to create monsters. Shaggy and Scooby - Doo find a note inviting Wickles to visit the Faux Ghost nightclub. They are attacked by the Black Knight Ghost, but escape when Daphne fights him off while Velma discovers its weak spot and disables it. Before fleeing, the rest of the gang had previously discovered through the book found in Wickles ' mansion that the key ingredient to creating the monsters was a substance called "randomonium '', which can be found at the old silver mining town.
After Daphne helps Velma overcome her fears of intimacy and assert herself by changing up her image, Daphne, Velma and Fred go to the museum accompanied by the curator Patrick Wisely, but discover that the rest of the costumes have been stolen. Heather Jasper Howe ridicules the gang further by turning the city against them. The gang go to the mines, finding Wickles ' plans to turn it into an amusement park. As they confront Wickles, he states that he and Jacobo were cell mates who hated each other, and denies any connection to the museum robberies.
Shaggy and Scooby, after overhearing the rest of the gang criticizing their tendency to bumble every operation, and especially their most recent offense in failing to secure the Pterodactyl Ghost at the museum, resolve to better themselves and become real detectives. Following the lead from Wickles ' note, their first clue ever, they sneak into the Faux Ghost wearing disguises to try and solve the mystery. After speaking to Wickles, they learn he has resolved his ways. Scooby eventually causes a scene and his disguise falls off, leading Scooby and Shaggy to escape through a trash chute. On their way out, they spot Patrick uncharacteristically assaulting someone who appears to be a member of his staff, ordering him to find answers to who vandalized his museum. Escaping an awkward interaction with Patrick, Shaggy and Scooby spot Wickles leaving the club and follow him.
The gang then find the Monster Hive where the costumes are brought to life as real monsters. Shaggy and Scooby play around with the machine 's control panel, bringing several costumes to life, and the gang flee with the panel as the Evil Masked Figure terrorizes the city. Escaping to their old high school clubhouse, the gang realize they can reverse the control panel 's power by altering its wiring. Captain Cutler 's Ghost emerges from the bayou, forcing the gang to head back to the mines, encountering the various monsters along the way. Velma sees Patrick in the mines, finding a shrine dedicated to Jacobo built by Patrick, but Patrick proves his innocence by helping Velma after a catwalk unexpectedly gives way under her.
The gang confront the Evil Masked Figure, but the Tar Monster captures and attempts to drown all of them, but Scooby escapes, and uses a fire extinguisher to freeze the Tar Monster 's body. He reactivates the control panel, transforming the costumes back to normal. The gang take the Evil Masked Figure to the authorities, unmasking him as Heather. When asked why Heather did what she did, Velma suddenly pulls and peels Heather 's face off, revealing she is actually Jacobo in disguise; Jacobo had actually survived the fall from the prison wall, and sought to get revenge on Mystery, Inc. by discrediting them. Jacobo 's cameraman Ned is also arrested as an accomplice.
Mystery, Inc. are praised as heroes once again in Coolsville. In the Faux Ghost, the gang celebrates their victory with the now reformed criminals, whom they unmasked in the past (including Wickles).
After the credits, Scooby - Doo is seen playing a Scooby - Doo 2 Game Boy Advance game. After he succeeds, he tells the viewers to enter the Scooby - Doo 2 Game Boy Advance code. (This is only seen on the VHS and DVD release.)
In June 2002, at the time of the release of Scooby - Doo, Dan Fellman, the president of Warner Bros., confirmed that a sequel was in the works, and was slated for a 2004 release. In March 2003, it was announced that Freddie Prinze Jr., Sarah Michelle Gellar, Neil Fanning, Matthew Lillard and Linda Cardellini would reprise their roles in the sequel. In April 2003, the next month, filming for the sequel began in Vancouver, with Seth Green joining the cast.
The film opened March 26, 2004, and grossed $29.4 million (over 3,312 theaters, $8,888 average) during its opening weekend, ranking No. 1. It grossed a total of $84.2 million in North America, and went on to earn $181.5 million worldwide, more than $90 million less than the $275.7 million worldwide Scooby - Doo grossed two years earlier. It was the twenty eighth most successful film of 2004, and ranks as the sixth highest grossing film featuring a dog as a major character. The film was released in the United Kingdom on April 2, 2004, and topped the country 's box office for the next three weekends, before being dethroned by Kill Bill Volume 2.
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 22 % based on 117 reviews and an average rating of 4.3 / 10. The site 's consensus reads, "Only the very young will get the most out of this silly trifle. '' On Metacritic, the film has a score of 34 out of 100 based on 28 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews ''. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A − '' on an A+ to F scale, an improvement over the previous film 's "B + ''.
The film won a Razzie Award for Worst Remake or Sequel.
Warner Home Video released the film on DVD and VHS on September 14, 2004 in both full - screen and widescreen editions. The DVD included deleted scenes from the film 's production and other special features, such as two music videos, a "making of '' and trailers. On November 9, 2010, Warner Bros. released both the film and its predecessor as a double feature Blu - ray.
A soundtrack was released on March 23, 2004 on Audio CD and Compact Cassette.
The film was followed by two telefilm prequels: Scooby - Doo! The Mystery Begins and Scooby - Doo! Curse of the Lake Monster, which both aired on Cartoon Network in 2009 and 2010 respectively. An spin off film Daphne & Velma was released in May 22, 2018 and a reboot will be released on May 15, 2020.
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when was who wants to be a millionaire started | Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? - Wikipedia
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (informally Millionaire) is an international television game show franchise of British origin, created by David Briggs, Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight. In its format, currently owned and licensed by Sony Pictures Television, large cash prizes are offered for correctly answering a series of multiple - choice questions of increasing (or, in some cases, random) difficulty. The maximum cash prize (in the original British version) was one million pounds. Most international versions offer a top prize of one million units of the local currency.
The original British version of the show debuted on 4 September 1998, and aired on ITV with Chris Tarrant as its host until 11 February 2014. International variants have aired in around 160 countries worldwide. The show 's format is a twist on the game show genre -- only one contestant plays at a time (similar to some radio quizzes), and the emphasis is on suspense rather than speed. In most versions there are no time limits to answer the questions, and contestants are given the question before they must decide whether to attempt an answer.
The contestants must first play a preliminary round, called "Fastest Finger First '' (or, in the U.S. version, simply "Fastest Finger ''), where they are all given a question and four answers from the host and are asked to put those four answers into a particular order; in the first series of the British version and in pre-2003 episodes of the Australian version, the round instead required the contestants to answer one multiple - choice question correctly as quickly as possible. The contestant who does so correctly and in the fastest time goes on to play the main game for the maximum possible prize (often a million units of the local currency). In the event that two or more contestants are tied for the fastest time, those contestants play another question to break the tie. If no one gets the question right, that question is discarded and another question is played in the same manner. If any contestants are visually impaired, the host reads the question and four choices all at once, then repeats the choices after the music begins.
Main game contestants are asked increasingly difficult general knowledge questions by the host. Questions are multiple choice: four possible answers are given (labelled A, B, C and D), and the contestant must choose the correct one. The ' D ' answer on the first question (except in the Shuffle format like in the US version) is always incorrect and humorous. Upon answering a question correctly, the contestant wins a certain amount of money. In most versions, there is no time limit to answer a question; a contestant may (and often does) take as long as they need to ponder an answer. After the first few questions, the host will ask the contestant if that is their "final answer ''. When a contestant says "final '' in conjunction with one of the answers, it is official, and can not be changed. The first five questions usually omit this rule, because the questions are generally so easy that requiring a final answer would significantly slow the game down; thus, there are five chances for the contestant to leave with no money if they were to provide a wrong answer before obtaining the first guaranteed amount; going for 1,000 units of currency after winning 500 units is the last point in the game at which a contestant can still leave empty - handed.
Subsequent questions are played for increasingly large sums, roughly doubling at each turn. The first few questions often have some joke answers. On episodes of the UK version aired between 1998 and 2007, the payout structure was as follows: first going from £ 100 to £ 300 in increments of £ 100, then from £ 500 to £ 64,000 with the pound value doubling for each new question, and finally from £ 125,000 to £ 1,000,000 with the pound value doubling for each new question.
After viewing a question, the contestant can leave the game with the money already won rather than attempting an answer. If the contestant answers a question incorrectly, then all of their winnings are lost, except that the £ 1,000 and £ 32,000 prizes are guaranteed: if a player gets a question wrong above these levels, then the prize drops to the previous guaranteed prize. Answering the £ 2,000 and £ 64,000 questions wrong does not reduce the prize money. The prizes are generally non-cumulative; that is, answering a question correctly does not result in the amount being played for being added to the amount already won, rather the amount already won is written off and replaced by a larger sum, usually twice as large. The game ends when the contestant answers a question incorrectly, decides not to answer a question, or answers all questions correctly.
When the U.S. Millionaire 's syndicated version debuted in 2002, Fastest Finger was eliminated for the reduced episode length (30 minutes as opposed to the previous network version 's length of 60 minutes). Thus, contestants immediately take the Hot Seat, each of them called in after their predecessors ' games end. Contestants are required to pass a more conventional game show qualification test at auditions; however, when the U.S. Millionaire revived its primetime version for specials, it also restored the Fastest Finger round; this was done in 2004 for the Super Millionaire series which raised the top prize to $10,000,000 and in August 2009 for an eleven - night special that celebrated the U.S. version 's tenth anniversary. Long after the U.S. version eliminated its Fastest Finger round, numerous other versions (including the Australian, Italian, Turkish, British, Russian, Dutch and French versions) followed suit by eliminating their respective Fastest Finger First rounds; additionally, some versions (such as the British, Dutch, French and Russian versions) have eliminated their respective Fastest Finger First rounds for special events wherein celebrities play for charity.
In 2007, it was announced that the UK version was changing its format, reducing the number of questions in the game from fifteen to twelve. The new payout structure was as follows: first going from £ 500 to £ 2,000 with the prize values doubling for each new question, then from £ 5,000 to £ 20,000 with the prize values doubling for each new question, then to £ 50,000, £ 75,000 and £ 150,000, and finally from £ 250,000 to £ 1,000,000 with the prize value doubling for each new question. Whereas the first safe haven remained at £ 1,000, the second safe haven was moved to £ 50,000. The new rules debuted in an episode that aired on 18 August 2007. Within a period of four years following its introduction to the British Millionaire, the 12 - question format was subsequently carried over to a number of international versions, including the Arab, Bulgarian, Dutch, French, Polish, Spanish, and Turkish versions.
In 2007, the German version modified its format, so that contestants would be allowed to choose the option of playing in a new variant called "Risk Mode ''. If the contestant chooses to play this variant, they are given access to a fourth lifeline that allows them to discuss a question with a volunteer from the audience, but the tenth - question safe haven is forfeited. This means that if the contestant answers any of questions 11 -- 15 incorrectly, they drop all the way to the guaranteed winnings gained by answering question 5 correctly. If the contestant chooses to the play the classic format, they keep the second safe haven. The risk format was subsequently adopted by such markets as Austria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, the Philippines, Poland, Russia, Switzerland and Venezuela.
In 2008, the U.S. version changed its format so that contestants were required to answer questions within a set time limit. The time limits were 15 seconds for questions 1 -- 5, 30 seconds for questions 6 - 10, and 45 seconds for questions 11 - 14. After each of the 14 questions were answered correctly, the remaining time after giving an answer was banked for the million - dollar question. The clock for each question began counting down immediately after all of the question was revealed, and was temporarily paused when a lifeline was used. Contestants who exceeded the time limit were forced to walk away with any prize money they had won up to that point. The clock was later adopted by other international versions; for example, the British version adopted it on 3 August 2010, and the Indian version adopted it on 11 October the same year.
In November 2008, the Norway version introduced a new format, called the "Hot Seat format '', wherein 6 contestants play at once, with each taking turns to climb the money tree. Contestants are allowed to "pass '' the onus of answering the question to the next contestant in line, who is unable to re-pass to the next contestant for that question. Also added were time limits on every question, with 15 seconds allocated for the first five questions, 30 for the middle five, and 45 for the last five. In addition, the option of walking away is eliminated, rendering several questions ' values pointless, as they can not be won. Also, if a player fails to give an answer within the time limit, it is considered an automatic pass. If a contestant can not pass on or correctly answer a question, he or she is eliminated and the highest value on the money tree is removed. The game ends either when all contestants are eliminated, or when the question for the highest value in the money tree is answered. If the final question is answered correctly, the answering player receives the amount of money; if it is answered incorrectly or all contestants are eliminated before the final question is reached, the last contestant to be eliminated receives either nothing, or a smaller prize if the fifth question milestone is reached. This format was later introduced to various markets (including Italy, Hungary, Vietnam, Indonesia, Australia, Chile and Spain) over the course of a four - year period from 2009 to 2012. In 2017, Australia 's Hot Seat brought back the Fastest Finger First round, while the winner may select one of the lifelines - "50: 50 '', "Ask a Friend '' or "Switch the Question ''.
On 13 September 2010, the U.S. version adopted its "shuffle format ''. Ten questions are asked in round one, each assigned one of ten different money amounts. The dollar values are randomised at the beginning of the game. The contestant is then shown the original order of difficulty for the ten questions as well as their categories, and those are then randomised as well. This means that the difficulty of the question is not tied to its value. The dollar values for each question remain hidden until a contestant either provides a correct answer or chooses to "jump '' their question. In this format, the value of each question answered correctly is added to the contestant 's bank, for a maximum total of $68,600. A contestant who completes the round successfully can walk at any subsequent point with all the money in their bank, or can walk before the round is completed with half that amount (e.g., a contestant who banked $30,000 would leave with $15,000). Contestants who give an incorrect answer at any point in the round leave with $1,000. After completing round one, the contestant moves on to a second round of gameplay (the "Classic Millionaire '' round), in which four non-categorised questions are played for set non-cumulative values and a correct answer augments the contestant 's winnings to that point, as in the older formats. The contestant is now allowed to walk away with all the money in their bank; an incorrect answer drops their winnings to $25,000. The shuffle format was replaced with a modified version of the original format (with only 14 questions) for the fourteenth syndicated season; the values of the last four questions remain unchanged.
Contestants are given a series of lifelines to aid them with difficult questions. After using a lifeline, the contestant can either answer the question, use another lifeline, or walk away and keep the money (although using the "Double Dip '' lifeline requires the contestant to immediately answer and using the "Jump the Question '' lifeline naturally prevents them from continuing with that question). Except for the first three seasons of the "Jump the Question '' lifeline 's use, each lifeline can only be used once. In the Hot Seat format, the concept of lifelines is discarded in favor of the option to pass.
The show 's original three lifelines are "50 / 50 '', in which the computer eliminates two of the incorrect answers; "Phone a Friend '', in which the contestant makes a thirty - second call to one of a number of friends (who provide their phone numbers in advance) and reads them the question and answer choices, after which the friend provides input; and "Ask the Audience '', in which audience members use touch pads to designate what they believe the correct answer to be, after which the percentage of the audience choosing each specific option is displayed to the contestant. In countries where the show is broadcast live, friends selected for Phone - a-Friend are alerted when their contestant begins to play the main game, and are told to keep the phone free and to wait for three rings before answering. Phone - a-Friend was removed from the U.S. version beginning with the episode that aired on 11 January 2010, after it was determined that there was an increasing trend of contestants ' friends using web search engines and other Internet resources to assist them, which unfairly privileged individuals who had computer access over those who did not, and that it was contrary to the original intent of the lifeline, by which friends were supposed to provide assistance based on what they already knew. From 2004 to 2008, the U.S. version had a fourth lifeline called "Switch the Question '', earned upon answering question ten, in which the computer replaced, at the contestant 's request, one question with another of the same monetary value; however, any lifelines used on the original question were not reinstated for the new question. Switch the Question returned as Cut the Question for a special week of shows with child contestants aired in 2014 (in the latter case, it could only be used on the first ten questions).
During the U.S. Millionaire 's Super Millionaire spin - off, two new lifelines were introduced: "Double Dip '', which allowed the contestant to make two guesses at a question, but required them to play out the question, forbidding them to walk away or use any further lifelines; and "Three Wise Men '', in which the contestant was allowed to ask a sequestered panel of three people chosen by the producers (one of which was usually a former Millionaire winner and at least one being female), appearing via face - to - face audio and video feeds, which answer they believed was correct, within a time limit of thirty seconds. When the clock format was implemented, Double Dip replaced the 50: 50 lifeline, and the show also introduced a new lifeline called "Ask the Expert '', similar to Three Wise Men but only had one person (usually a celebrity or a former Millionaire contestant) functioning as an expert instead of a panel of three people, lacked the time limit of its predecessor, and allowed the contestant and expert to discuss the question. Ask the Expert was originally available after the fifth question, but was moved to the beginning of the game after Phone - a-Friend was removed. In fact, the Hong Kong version introduced the "Ask the Expert '' lifeline in an extra-length celebrity special in a one - off basis in 2001, while the celebrity contestants may ask a panel of the experts instead of the original Phone - a-Friend lifeline.
The U.S. version sometimes used corporate sponsorship for its lifelines. Phone - a-Friend was sponsored by the original AT&T throughout the run of the ABC primetime show and in the first season of the syndicated version, then by the current AT&T for the 2009 primetime episodes. From 2004 to 2006, Ask the Audience was sponsored by AOL, which allowed users of its Instant Messenger to add the screen name MillionaireIM to their contact list and receive an instant message with the question and the four possible answers, to which the users replied with their choices. In addition, the Ask the Expert lifeline was sponsored by Skype for its live audio and video feeds.
The German Millionaire 's risk format features an extra lifeline called "Ask One of the Audience '', in which the host will reread the question and ask the audience who think they would be able to answer that question to stand up. The contestant may choose one of these (judging by looks only) and discuss the question at length with said audience member. He may or may not choose an answer after that. If he chooses the suggested answer and it proves to be correct, the audience member will also receive a prize of € 500. This lifeline is also implemented in the Costa Rican version, after the first milestone is reached. Starting in its thirteenth season, the U.S. syndicated version uses a variant of this lifeline, called "Plus One '', which allows the contestant to bring a companion with them for help, rather than having them select their companion from the audience.
The U.S. Millionaire 's shuffle format introduced a new lifeline, "Jump the Question '', which was able to be used twice in a single game for seasons nine through twelve of the syndicated version. At any point prior to selecting a final answer, a contestant could use Jump the Question to skip the current question and move on to the next one, thus reducing the number of questions they had to correctly answer. However, if the contestant uses Jump the Question, they do not gain any money from the question they choose to skip (for example, a contestant with a bank of $68,100 may jump the $100,000 question, but will still have only $68,100 instead of the typical $100,000 when they face the $250,000 question). Unlike other lifelines throughout the show 's history, this lifeline can not be used on the $1 million question, since it is the final question in the game. The introduction of Plus One reduced the number of Jump the Question lifelines available from two to one. On occasional specially designated weeks, starting with a Halloween - themed week that aired from 29 October to 2 November 2012, the shuffle format uses a special lifeline called "Crystal Ball '', which allows the contestant to see the money value of a round one question prior to giving an answer. Jump the Question was removed from the show at the end of the thirteenth syndicated season.
Out of all contestants that have played the game, few have been able to win the top prize on any international version of the show. The first was John Carpenter, who won the top prize on the U.S. version on 19 November 1999. Carpenter did not use a lifeline until the final question, using his Phone - a-Friend not for help but to call his father to tell him he had won the million.
Other notable top prize winners include Judith Keppel, the first winner of the UK version; Kevin Olmstead from the U.S. version, who won a progressive jackpot of $2.18 million; Martin Flood from the Australian version, who was investigated by producers after suspicions that he had cheated, much like Charles Ingram, but was later cleared; and Sushil Kumar from the Indian version, who is often referred to in Western media as the "real - life Slumdog Millionaire ''.
Of all the international versions, the Japanese version has produced the most number (38) of top prize winners, including juniors. The most recent Millionaire winner is Moksha Madusanka from the Sri Lankan version, winning Rs. 2,000,000 in the episode broadcast on 1 July 2017.
The original British version of Millionaire, hosted by Chris Tarrant, debuted on the ITV network on 4 September 1998. At its peak in 1999, one edition of the show was watched by over 19 million viewers (one out of every three Britons). Originally the contestants were predominantly members of the general public, but in the show 's later years, only celebrities appeared on the show, in special live editions that coincided with holidays and the like. On 22 October 2013, Tarrant decided to quit the show after 15 years, and ITV decided to cancel the show after his contract finished, stating that there would not be any further specials beyond the ones that had already been planned. Tarrant 's final live celebrity edition aired on 19 December 2013, and the final episode, a clip show entitled "Chris ' Final Answer '', aired on 11 February 2014.
The U.S. version of Millionaire premiered in primetime on ABC on 16 August 1999, and was originally hosted by Regis Philbin. The original network version was the highest - rated of all television shows in the 1999 -- 2000 season, reaching an average audience of approximately 29 million viewers, but before long, ABC overexposed the primetime series and the audience tired of the show, which ultimately grilled it to cancellation, with its final episode airing on 27 June 2002. A daily syndicated version of the programme debuted on 16 September 2002, and was launched by Meredith Vieira, who remained host for eleven seasons, with her final first - run episodes airing in May 2013. Later hosts after Vieira 's departure included Cedric the Entertainer and Terry Crews, who each held one - season tenures as host in 2013 and 2014 respectively; and Chris Harrison, who became host in the fall of 2015.
The Australian version of the show debuted on the Nine Network on 18 April 1999, and was hosted by Eddie McGuire until he became the CEO of the Nine Network, a position that required him to sacrifice his on - air commitments. The final episode of the original Australian series aired on 3 April 2006; however, after his resignation as Nine Network CEO, McGuire resumed his duties as Millionaire host for subsequent versions. Millionaire returned to Australia in 2007, as six episodes with a new format aired during October and November of that year. This was followed by an abbreviated version called Millionaire Hot Seat which debuted on 20 April 2009.
An Indian version of the program in Hindi, titled Kaun Banega Crorepati ("Who will become a millionaire ''), debuted on 3 July 2000, with Amitabh Bachchan hosting in his first appearance on Indian television. Subsequent seasons of the show aired in 2005 -- 06, 2007, and every year since 2010. The Indian version was immortalised by director Danny Boyle in his 2008 drama film Slumdog Millionaire, adapted from the 2005 Indian novel Q & A by Vikas Swarup, which won eight U.S. Academy Awards (including Best Picture and Best Director) and seven BAFTA Awards. Another Indian version in Malayalam titled Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran debuted on 9 April 2012 with Suresh Gopi as the anchor. Other Indian remakes include Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi in Tamil, Kannadada Kotyadhipati in Kannada, and Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu in Telugu.
A Filipino version of Millionaire was broadcast from 2000 to 2002 by the government - sequestered Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation, produced by Viva Television, and was hosted by Christopher de Leon. On 23 May 2009, the show returned with a new home on TV5, with Vic Sotto as the new host. The show aired its season finale on 7 October 2012 to give way to another game show hosted by Sotto, The Million Peso Money Drop (the Philippine version of The Million Pound Drop Live created by Endemol). However, the show returned to the air on 15 September 2013 for a new season together with Pinoy Explorer and Wow Mali! Pa Rin after the cancellation of the talent show Talentadong Pinoy (which would be revived just one year later).
A Russian version of Millionaire debuted as О, счастливчик! ("Oh, lucky man!!! '') on NTV from 1 October 1999 to 28 January 2001. On 19 February 2001, the show was relaunched as Кто хочет стать миллионером? ("Who wants to become a millionaire? ''), which aired on Channel One and was hosted by Maxim Galkin before 2008, and Dmitry Dibrov after that. A Dutch version of the show, titled Lotto Weekend Miljonairs, first aired on SBS 6 from 1999 to 2006 with Robert ten Brink as its host, then was moved to RTL 4, where it aired until 2008 (later to be revived in 2011) with Jeroen van der Boom hosting. A Japanese version called Quiz $ Millionaire, hosted by Monta Mino, was launched by Fuji Television on 20 April 2000; it was a regular weekly programme for its first seven years, after which it only aired in occasional specials.
Millionaire has also existed in many other countries, including a Chinese version aired in 2007 and 2008 with Lǐ Fán as its host; a French version on TF1, which debuted on 3 July 2000 and is hosted by Jean - Pierre Foucault; a German version launched by RTL Television on 3 September 1999, hosted by Günther Jauch; a Hong Kong version called Baak Maan Fu Yung, which was broadcast by Asia Television from 2001 to 2005, with actor Kenneth Chan as its host; and a Sri Lankan version called Sirasa Lakshapathi, which premiered in 2010 on Sirasa TV of Maharaja Network. In total, over 100 different international variations of Millionaire have been produced since the original UK version made its 1998 debut.
In March 2006, original producer Celador announced that it was seeking to sell the worldwide rights to Millionaire, together with the rest of its British programme library, as the first phase of a sell - off of the company 's format and production divisions. Millionaire and all of Celador 's other programmes were ultimately acquired by Dutch company 2waytraffic. Two years later, Sony Pictures Entertainment purchased 2waytraffic for £ 137.5 million. The format of the show is currently owned and licensed by Sony Pictures Television; however, the U.S. version is distributed not by Sony but by the Walt Disney Company 's in - home sales and content distribution firm, Disney -- ABC Domestic Television.
The idea to transform the UK programme into a global franchise was conceived by British television producer Paul Smith. He laid out a series of rules that the international variants in the franchise were to follow: for example, all hosts were required to appear on - screen wearing Armani suits, as Tarrant did in the UK; producers were forbidden from hiring local composers to create original music, instead using the same music cues used by the British version; and the lighting system and set design were required to adhere faithfully to the way they were presented on the British version. However, some of Smith 's rules have been slightly relaxed over the years as the franchise 's history has progressed.
The format of the show was created by David Briggs, Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight, who had earlier created a number of the promotional games for Tarrant 's morning show on Capital FM radio, such as the bong game. Tentatively known as Cash Mountain, the show takes its finalised title from a song written by Cole Porter for the 1956 film High Society, in which it was sung by Frank Sinatra and Celeste Holm.
Since the original version launched, several individuals have claimed that they originated the format and that Celador had breached their copyright. Sponsored by the Daily Mail, Mike Bull, a Southampton - based journalist, took Celador to the High Court in March 2002, claiming authorship of the lifelines, but Celador settled out of court with a confidentiality clause. In 2003, Sydney resident John J. Leonard claimed to have originated a format substantially similar to that of Millionaire, but without the concept of lifelines. In 2004, Alan Melville sued ITV for using the opening phrase "Who wants to be a millionaire? '' from his ideas for a game show based on the lottery, called Millionaires ' Row, for which he had sent his documents to Granada Television; ITV counter-claimed, and the parties reached an out - of - court agreement / settlement.
In 2002, John Bachini started a claim against Celador, ITV, and five individuals who claimed that they had created Millionaire. Bachini claimed they had used ideas from his 1982 board game format, a two - page TV format concept known as Millionaire dating from 1990, and the telephone mechanics from another of his concepts, BT Lottery, also dating from 1990. Bachini submitted his documents to Paul Smith, from a sister company of Celador 's, in March 1995 and again in January 1996, and to Claudia Rosencrantz of ITV in January 1996. Bachini claimed that they used 90 % of his Millionaire format, which contained all of the same procedures as the actual British Millionaire 's pilot: twenty questions, three lifelines, two safe havens (£ 1,000 and £ 32,000), and even starting from £ 1.00. Bachini 's lifelines were known by different names; he never claimed he coined the phrase phone - a-friend, but Bull and Tim Boone claimed they did. Celador claimed the franchise originated from a format known as The Cash Mountain, a five - page document created by either Briggs or his wife Jo Sandilands in October 1995. The defendants brought Bachini to a summary hearing, and lost. Bachini won the right to go to trial, but could not continue at trial due to serious illness, so Celador reached an out - of - court settlement with Bachini.
The musical score most commonly associated with the franchise was composed by father - and - son duo Keith and Matthew Strachan. The Strachans ' score provides drama and tension, and unlike older game show musical scores, Millionaire 's musical score was created to feature music playing almost throughout the entire show. The Strachans ' main Millionaire theme song takes inspiration from the "Mars '' movement of Gustav Holst 's The Planets, and their question cues from the £ 2,000 to the £ 32,000 / £ 25,000 level, and then from the £ 64,000 / £ 50,000 level onwards, take the pitch up a semitone for each subsequent question, in order to increase tension as the contestant progressed through the game. On Game Show Network (GSN) 's Gameshow Hall of Fame special, the narrator described the Strachan tracks as "mimicking the sound of a beating heart '', and stated that as the contestant works their way up the money ladder, the music is "perfectly in tune with their ever - increasing pulse ''.
The Strachans ' Millionaire soundtrack was honoured by the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers with numerous awards, the earliest of them awarded in 2000. The original music cues were given minor rearrangements for the U.S. version 's clock format in 2008; for example, the question cues were synced to the "ticking '' sounds of the game clock. Even later, the Strachan score was removed from the U.S. version altogether for the introduction of the shuffle format in 2010, in favour of a new musical score with cues written by Jeff Lippencott and Mark T. Williams, co-founders of the Los Angeles - based company Ah2 Music.
The basic set design used in the Millionaire franchise was conceived by British production designer Andy Walmsley, and is the most reproduced scenic design in television history. Unlike older game shows whose sets are or were designed to make the contestant (s) feel at ease, Millionaire 's set was designed to make the contestant feel uncomfortable, so that the programme feels more like a movie thriller than a typical quiz show. The floor is made of Plexiglas beneath which lies a huge dish covered in mirror paper. The main game typically has the contestant and host sit in "Hot Seats '', which are slightly - modified, 3 foot (0.91 m) - high Pietranera Arco All chairs situated in the center of the stage; an LG computer monitor directly facing each seat displays questions and other pertinent information.
The lighting system is programmed to darken the set as the contestant progresses further into the game. There are also spotlights situated at the bottom of the set area that zoom down on the contestant when they answer a major question; to increase the visibility of the light beams emitted by such spotlights, oil is vaporised, creating a haze effect. Media scholar Dr. Robert Thompson, a professor at Syracuse University, stated that the show 's lighting system made the contestant feel as though they were outside a prison while an escape was in progress.
When the U.S. Millionaire introduced its shuffle format, the Hot Seats and corresponding monitors were replaced with a single podium and as a result, the contestant and host stand throughout the game and are also able to walk around the stage. According to Vieira, the Hot Seat was removed because it was decided that the seat, which was originally intended to make the contestant feel nervous, actually ended up having contestants feel so comfortable in it that it did not service the production team any longer. Also, two video screens were installed -- one that displays the current question in play, and another that displays the contestant 's cumulative total and progress during the game. In September 2012, the redesigned set was improved with a modernised look and feel, in order to take into account the show 's transition to high - definition broadcasting, which had just come about the previous year. The two video screens were replaced with two larger ones, having twice as many projectors as the previous screens; the previous contestant podium was replaced with a new one; and light - emitting diode (LED) technology was integrated into the lighting system to give the lights more vivid colours and the set and gameplay experience a more intimate feel.
Millionaire has made catchphrases out of several lines used on the show. The most well - known of these catchphrases is the host 's question "Is that your final answer? '', asked whenever a contestant 's answer needs to be verified. The question is asked because the rules require that the contestants must clearly indicate their choices before they are made official, the nature of the game allowing them to ponder the options before committing to an answer. Regularly on tier - three questions, a dramatic pause occurs between the contestant 's statement of their answer and the host 's acknowledgement of whether or not it is correct.
Many parodies of Millionaire have capitalised on the "final answer '' catchphrase. In the United States, the phrase was popularised by Philbin during his tenure as the host of that country 's version, to the extent that TV Land listed it in its special 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catchphrases, which aired in 2006.
On the Australian versions, McGuire replaces the phrase with "Lock it in? ''; likewise, the Indian version 's hosts have used varying "lock '' catchphrases. There are also a number of other non-English versions of Millionaire where the host does not ask "(Is that your) final answer? '' or a literal translation thereof. Besides the "final answer '' question, other catchphrases used on the show include the contestants ' requests to use lifelines, such as "I 'd like to phone a friend ''; and a line that Tarrant spoke whenever a contestant was struggling with a particular question, "Some questions are only easy if you know the answer. ''
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? has been credited with single - handedly reviving interest in, and breaking new ground for, the television game show. It revolutionised the look and feel of game shows with its unique lighting system, dramatic music cues, and futuristic set. The show also became one of the most popular game shows in television history, and is credited by some with paving the way for the phenomenon of reality programming.
In 2000, the British Film Institute honoured the UK version of Millionaire by ranking it number 23 on its "BFI TV 100 '' list, which compiled what British television industry professionals believed were the greatest programmes to have ever originated from that country. The UK Millionaire also won the 1999 British Academy Television Award for Best Entertainment Programme, and four National Television Awards for Most Popular Quiz Programme from 2002 to 2005.
The original primetime version of the U.S. Millionaire won two Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show in 2000 and 2001. Philbin was honoured with a Daytime Emmy in the category of Outstanding Game Show Host in 2001, while Vieira received one in 2005 and another in 2009, making her the second woman to win an Emmy Award for hosting a game show, and the first to win multiple times. TV Guide ranked the U.S. Millionaire No. 7 on its 2001 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time, and later ranked it No. 6 on its 2013 "60 Greatest Game Shows '' list. GSN ranked Millionaire No. 5 on its August 2006 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time, and later honoured the show in January 2007 on its first, and so far only, Gameshow Hall of Fame special.
In April 2003, British Army Major Charles Ingram, his wife Diana, and college lecturer Tecwen Whittock were convicted of using fraudulent means to win £ 1 million on the UK version of the show when Ingram was a contestant on the show in September 2001. The allegation was that when Tarrant asked a question, Whittock, one of that episode 's nine other Fastest Finger First contestants, would cough to guide Ingram to the correct answer. Ingram won the £ 1 million top prize, but members of the production staff raised suspicions over Whittock 's coughing along with the Ingrams ' behaviour after the recording, and the police were called in to investigate. The defence claimed that Whittock simply suffered from allergies; however, all three were found guilty and given suspended sentences. After the trial, ITV aired a documentary about the scandal, along with Ingram 's entire game, complete with Whittock 's coughing sounds. As a joke, Benylin cough syrup paid to have the first commercial shown during the programme 's commercial break.
In 2006, a screenshot from the UKGameshows.com site was digitally altered and used in a piece on the satire site BS News. The image was also widely circulated as an email in which it was purported to show contestant Fiona Wheeler from the UK version, failing to answer her £ 100 question correctly after using all three lifelines because she was too sceptical of the assistance that was given; the image was actually a digitally altered screenshot of Wheeler 's answering a different question from a higher tier. The hoax might have been inspired by an infamous moment from the French version of the show, in which a contestant requested help from the audience on a € 3,000 question which asked which celestial body orbits the Earth: the Sun, the Moon, Mars or Venus. The majority of the audience provided the answer of "the Sun '', although the correct answer is the Moon, and the contestant ended up leaving with only € 1,500 as a result. The hoax also borrows elements from a number of infamous moments on the U.S. version, where numerous unlucky contestants won nothing after submitting a wrong answer to one of the first five questions.
Three board game adaptations of the UK Millionaire were released by Upstarts in 1998, and a junior edition recommended for younger players was introduced in 2001. The U.S. version also saw two board games of its own, released by Pressman Toy Corporation in 2000. Other Millionaire board games have included a game based on the Australian version 's Hot Seat format, which was released by UGames; a game based on the Italian version released by Hasbro; and a game based on the French version which was released by TF1 's games division.
An electronic tabletop version of the game was released by Tiger Electronics in 2000. Six different DVD games based on the UK Millionaire, featuring Tarrant 's likeness and voice, were released by Zoo Digital Publishing and Universal Studios Home Entertainment between 2002 and 2008. In 2008, Imagination Games released a DVD game based on the U.S. version, based on the 2004 -- 08 format and coming complete with Vieira 's likeness and voice, as well as a quiz book and a 2009 desktop calendar.
The UK Millionaire saw five video game adaptations for personal computers and Sony 's PlayStation consoles, produced by Hothouse Creations and Eidos Interactive. Between 1999 and 2001, Jellyvision produced five games based on the U.S. network version for PCs and the PlayStation, all of them featuring Philbin 's likeness and voice. The first of these adaptations was published by Disney Interactive, while the later four were published by Buena Vista Interactive which had just been spun off from DI when it reestablished itself in attempts to diversify its portfolio. Of the five games, three featured general trivia questions, one was sports - themed, and another was a "Kids Edition '' featuring easier questions. Two additional U.S. Millionaire games were released by Ludia in conjunction with Ubisoft in 2010 and 2011; the first of these was a game for Nintendo 's Wii console and DS handheld system based on the 2008 -- 10 clock format, with the Wii version offered on the show as a consolation prize to audience contestants during the 2010 -- 11 season. The second, for Microsoft 's Xbox 360, was based on the shuffle format and was offered as a consolation prize during the next season (2011 -- 12).
Ludia also made a Facebook game based on Millionaire available to players in North America from 2011 to 2016. This game featured an altered version of the shuffle format, condensing the number of questions to twelve -- eight in round one and four in round two. Contestants competed against eight other Millionaire fans in round one, with the top three playing round two alone. There was no "final answer '' rule; the contestant 's responses were automatically locked in. Answering a question correctly earned a contestant the value of that question, multiplied by the number of people who responded incorrectly. Contestants were allowed to use two of their Facebook friends as Jump the Question lifelines in round one, and to use the Ask the Audience lifeline in round two to invite up to 50 such friends of theirs to answer a question for a portion of the prize money of the current question.
A theme park attraction based on the show, known as Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It!, appeared at Disney 's Hollywood Studios (when it was known as Disney - MGM Studios) at the Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando, Florida and at Disney California Adventure Park in Anaheim, California. Both the Florida and California Play It! attractions opened in 2001; the California version closed in 2004, and the Florida version closed in 2006 and was replaced by Toy Story Midway Mania!
The format in the Play It! attraction was very similar to that of the television show that inspired it. When a show started, a "Fastest Finger '' question was given, and the audience was asked to put the four answers in order; the person with the fastest time was the first contestant in the Hot Seat for that show. However, the main game had some differences: for example, contestants competed for points rather than dollars, the questions were set to time limits, and the Phone - a-Friend lifeline became Phone a Complete Stranger which connected the contestant to a Disney cast member outside the attraction 's theatre who would find a guest to help. After the contestant 's game was over, they were awarded anything from a collectible pin, to clothing, to a Millionaire CD game, to a 3 - night Disney Cruise.
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why is there no nba team in seattle | Seattle SuperSonics - wikipedia
The Seattle SuperSonics, commonly known as the Sonics, were an American professional basketball team based in Seattle, Washington. The SuperSonics played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member club of the league 's Western Conference Pacific and Northwest divisions from 1967 until 2008. After the 2007 -- 08 season ended, the team relocated to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and now plays as the Oklahoma City Thunder.
Sam Schulman owned the team from its 1967 inception until 1983. It was then owned by Barry Ackerley (1983 -- 2001), and then Basketball Club of Seattle, headed by Starbucks chairman, president and CEO Howard Schultz (2001 -- 2006). On July 18, 2006, the Basketball Club of Seattle sold the SuperSonics and its Women 's National Basketball Association (WNBA) sister franchise Seattle Storm to the Professional Basketball Club LLC, headed by Oklahoma City businessman Clay Bennett. The sale was approved by the NBA Board of Governors on October 24, 2006, and finalized on October 31, 2006, at which point the new ownership group took control. After failing to find public funding to construct a new arena in the Seattle area, the SuperSonics moved to Oklahoma City before the 2008 -- 09 season, following a $45 million settlement with the city of Seattle to pay off the team 's existing lease at KeyArena at Seattle Center in advance of its 2010 expiration.
Home games were played at KeyArena, originally known as Seattle Center Coliseum, for 33 of the franchise 's 41 seasons in Seattle. In 1978, the team moved to the Kingdome, which was shared with the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball (MLB) and the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). They returned to the Coliseum full - time in 1985, moving temporarily to the Tacoma Dome in Tacoma, Washington, for the 1994 -- 95 season while the Coliseum was renovated and rebranded as KeyArena.
The SuperSonics won the NBA championship in 1979. Overall, the franchise won three Western Conference titles: 1978, 1979, and 1996. The franchise also won six divisional titles, their last being in 2005, with five in the Pacific Division and one in the Northwest Division. Settlement terms of a lawsuit between the city of Seattle and Clay Bennett 's ownership group stipulated the SuperSonics ' banners, trophies, and retired jerseys remain in Seattle; the nickname, logo, and color scheme are available to any subsequent NBA team that plays at a renovated KeyArena subject to NBA approval. The SuperSonics ' franchise history, however, would be shared with the Thunder.
On December 20, 1966, Los Angeles businessmen Sam Schulman and Eugene V. Klein and a group of minority partners were awarded an NBA franchise for the city of Seattle. Schulman would serve as the active partner and head of team operations. He named the SuperSonics after Boeing 's recently awarded contract for the SST project, which was later canceled. The SuperSonics were Seattle 's first major league sports franchise.
Beginning play in October 1967, the SuperSonics were coached by Al Bianchi and featured All - Star guard Walt Hazzard and NBA All - Rookie Team members Bob Rule and Al Tucker. The expansion team stumbled out of the gates with a 144 -- 116 loss in their first game, and finished the season with a 23 -- 59 record.
Hazzard was traded to the Atlanta Hawks before the start of the next season for Lenny Wilkens. Wilkens brought a strong all - around game to the SuperSonics, averaging 22.4 points, 8.2 assists, and 6.2 rebounds per game for Seattle in the 1968 -- 69 season. Rule, meanwhile, improved on his rookie statistics with 24.0 points per game and 11.5 rebounds per game. The SuperSonics, however, only won 30 games and Bianchi was replaced by Wilkens as player / coach during the offseason.
Wilkens and Rule both represented Seattle in the 1970 NBA All - Star Game, and Wilkens led the NBA in assists during the 1969 -- 70 season. In June 1970 the NBA owners voted 13 -- 4 to work toward a merger with the ABA; SuperSonics owner Sam Schulman, a member of the ABA -- NBA merger committee in 1970, was so ardently eager to merge the leagues that he publicly announced that if the NBA did not accept the merger agreement worked out with the ABA, he would move the SuperSonics from the NBA to the ABA. Schulman also threatened to move his soon - to - be ABA team to Los Angeles to compete directly with the Lakers. The Oscar Robertson suit delayed the merger, and the SuperSonics remained in Seattle. Early in the 1970 -- 71 season, however, Rule tore his Achilles ' tendon and was lost for the rest of the year.
Wilkens was named the 1971 All - Star Game MVP, but the big news of the season came when owner Sam Schulman managed to land American Basketball Association Rookie of the Year and MVP Spencer Haywood following a lengthy court battle (see Haywood v. National Basketball Assn.). The following season, the SuperSonics went on to record their first winning season at 47 -- 35. The team, led by player - coach Wilkens and First Team forward Haywood, held a 46 -- 27 mark on March 3, but late season injuries to starters Haywood, Dick Snyder, and Don Smith contributed to the team losing eight of its final nine games; otherwise, the 1971 -- 72 team might very well have become the franchise 's first playoff team.
For the 1972 -- 73 season, Wilkens was dealt to Cleveland in a highly unpopular trade, and without his leadership the SuperSonics fell to a 26 -- 56 record. One of the few bright spots of the season was Haywood 's second consecutive All - NBA First Team selection, as he averaged a SuperSonics record 29.2 points per game and collected 12.9 rebounds per game.
The legendary Bill Russell was hired as the head coach in the following year, and in 1975 he coached the SuperSonics to the playoffs for the first time. The team, which starred Haywood, guards Fred Brown and Slick Watts, and rookie center Tommy Burleson, defeated the Detroit Pistons in a three - game mini-series before falling to the eventual champion Golden State Warriors in six games. The next season, the SuperSonics traded Haywood to New York forcing the remaining players to pick up the offensive slack. Guard Fred Brown, now in his fifth season, was selected to the 1976 NBA All - Star Game and finished fifth in the league in scoring average and free throw percentage. Burleson 's game continued to strengthen, while Watts led the NBA in both assists and steals and was named to the All - NBA Defensive First Team. The SuperSonics again made the playoffs, but lost to the Phoenix Suns in six games in spite of strong performances from both Brown (28.5 ppg) and Burleson (20.8 ppg) during the series.
Russell left the SuperSonics after the 1976 -- 77 season, and under new coach Bob Hopkins the team started the season dismally at 5 -- 17. Lenny Wilkens was brought back to replace Hopkins, and the team 's fortunes immediately turned around. The SuperSonics won 11 of their first 12 games under Wilkens, finished the season at 47 -- 35, won the Western Conference title, and led the Washington Bullets three games to two before losing in seven games in the 1978 NBA Finals. Other than the loss of center Marvin Webster to New York, the SuperSonics roster stayed largely intact during the off - season, and in the 1978 -- 79 season they went on to win their first division title. In the playoffs, the SuperSonics defeated the Phoenix Suns in a tough seven game conference final series to set up a rematch with the Washington Bullets in the finals. This time, the Bullets lost to the SuperSonics in five games to give Seattle its first, and only, NBA title. The championship team roster included the powerful backcourt tandem of Gus Williams and Finals MVP Dennis Johnson, second year All - Star center Jack Sikma, forwards John Johnson and Lonnie Shelton, and key reserves Fred Brown and Paul Silas.
The 1979 -- 80 season saw the SuperSonics finish second in the Pacific Division to the Los Angeles Lakers with a strong 56 -- 26 record. Fred Brown won the NBA 's first three - point shooting percentage title, Jack Sikma played in the second of his seven career All - Star Games for Seattle, Gus Williams and Dennis Johnson were both named to the All - NBA Second Team, and Johnson was also named to the All - NBA First Defensive Team for the second consecutive year. The SuperSonics made it to the Western Conference Finals for the third straight season, but lost to the Lakers in five games. It was the last time that the backcourt of Williams and Johnson would play together in SuperSonics uniforms, as Johnson was traded to the Phoenix Suns before the start of the 1980 -- 81 season and Williams sat out the year due to a contract dispute. As a result, the SuperSonics fell to last place in the Pacific Division with a 34 -- 48 mark, so far the only time they have ever finished in last place. Williams returned for the 1981 -- 82 season, and Seattle managed respectable 52 -- 30 and 48 -- 34 records during the next two years.
In 1981, the Sonics also created the Sonics SuperChannel, the first sports subscription cable service.
In October 1983, original team owner Sam Schulman sold the SuperSonics to Barry Ackerley, initiating a period of decline and mediocrity for the franchise. 1984 saw Fred Brown retire after playing 13 productive seasons, all with Seattle. His career reflected much of the SuperSonics ' history to that time, having been on the same team roster as Rule and Wilkens during his rookie season, playing a key role on Seattle 's first playoff teams, and being the team 's important sixth man during the championship series years. In recognition of his many contributions to the team, Brown 's number was retired in 1986. Lenny Wilkens left the organization following the 1984 -- 85 season, and when Jack Sikma was traded after the 1985 -- 86 season, the last remaining tie to the SuperSonics ' championship team (aside from trainer Frank Furtado) had been severed.
Among the few SuperSonics highlights of second half of the 1980s were Tom Chambers ' All - Star Game MVP award in 1987, Seattle 's surprise appearance in the 1987 Western Conference Finals, and the performance of the power trio of Chambers, Xavier McDaniel, and Dale Ellis. In 1987 -- 88, the three players each averaged over 20 points per game with Ellis at 25.8 ppg, McDaniel at 21.4, and Chambers at 20.4. In the 1988 -- 89 season, with Chambers having signed with Phoenix, Ellis improved his scoring average to 27.5 points per game and finished second in the league in three - point percentage. The SuperSonics finished with a 47 -- 35 record, and made it to the second round of the 1989 playoffs.
The SuperSonics began setting a new foundation with the drafting of forward Shawn Kemp in 1989 and guard Gary Payton in 1990, and the trading of Dale Ellis and Xavier McDaniel to other teams during the 1990 -- 91 season. It was George Karl 's arrival as head coach in 1992, however, that marked a return to regular season and playoff competitiveness for the SuperSonics. With the continued improvement of Gary Payton and Shawn Kemp, the SuperSonics posted a 55 -- 27 record in the 1992 -- 93 season and took the Phoenix Suns to seven games in the Western Conference Finals.
The next year, 1993 -- 94, the SuperSonics had the best record in the NBA at 63 -- 19, but suffered a first round loss to the Denver Nuggets, becoming the first # 1 seed to lose a playoff series to an 8th seed. The Sonics moved to the Tacoma Dome for the 1994 -- 95 season while the Coliseum underwent renovations and went on to earn a second place 57 - 25 record. Again, the Sonics were eliminated in the first round, this time to the Los Angeles Lakers in four games. The team returned to the rebuilt Coliseum, renamed KeyArena for the 1995 -- 96 season.
Perhaps the strongest roster the SuperSonics ever had was the 1995 -- 96 team, which had a franchise best 64 -- 18 record. With a deep roster of All - NBA Second Team selections Kemp and Payton, forward Detlef Schrempf, forward Sam Perkins, guard Hersey Hawkins, and guard Nate McMillan, the team reached the NBA Finals, but lost to the Michael Jordan - led Chicago Bulls in six games. Seattle continued to be a Western Conference powerhouse during the next two seasons, winning 57 games in 1996 -- 97 and 61 games in 1997 -- 98 for their second and third straight Pacific Division titles. At the end of the 1997 -- 98 season long - time Sonic and defensive specialist Nate McMillan retired, and disagreements with management led Karl to end his tenure as head coach despite him winning the 1997 - 98 Coach of the Year. He was replaced by former Sonic Paul Westphal for the 1998 -- 99 season.
The 1998 -- 99 season saw the SuperSonics again descend into an extended period of mediocrity. Westphal was fired during the 2000 -- 01 season and replaced by then - assistant coach Nate McMillan on an interim basis, eventually losing the "interim '' label the next year. The 2002 -- 03 season saw All - Star Gary Payton traded to the Milwaukee Bucks, and it also marked the end to the SuperSonics 11 - year streak of having a season with a winning percentage of at least. 500, the second longest current streak in the NBA at the time.
The 2004 -- 05 team surprised many when it won the organization 's sixth division title under the leadership of Ray Allen and Rashard Lewis, winning 52 games and defeating the Sacramento Kings in the first round of the 2005 NBA Playoffs and advancing to the 2005 Western Conference Semifinals where the Sonics would proceed to lose in 6 games to the established trio of Tony Parker, Tim Duncan, and Manu Ginóbili and the San Antonio Spurs, who would later go on to defeat the Detroit Pistons in the 2005 NBA Finals. This appearance also marked the last time that this incarnation of the SuperSonics would make the playoffs. During the off - season in 2005, head coach Nate McMillan left the Sonics to accept a high - paying position to coach the Portland Trail Blazers. After his departure, the team regressed the following season with a 35 -- 47 record.
On May 22, 2007, the SuperSonics were awarded the 2nd pick in the 2007 NBA draft, equaling the highest draft position the team has ever held. They selected Kevin Durant from the University of Texas. On June 28, 2007, the SuperSonics traded Ray Allen and the 35th pick of the 2nd round (Glen Davis) in the 2007 NBA draft to the Boston Celtics for rights to the 5th pick Jeff Green, Wally Szczerbiak, and Delonte West. On July 11, 2007, the SuperSonics and the Orlando Magic agreed to a sign and trade for Rashard Lewis. The SuperSonics received a future second - round draft pick and a $9.5 million trade exception from the Magic. On July 20 the SuperSonics used the trade exception and a second - round draft pick to acquire Kurt Thomas and two first - round draft picks from the Phoenix Suns.
In 2008, morale was low at the beginning of the SuperSonics season as talks with the City of Seattle for a new arena had broken down. The Sonics had gotten a franchise player with second overall pick in the NBA draft with Durant. However, with the Allen trade the Sonics did not have much talent to surround their rookie forward, as they lost their first eight games under coach P.J. Carlesimo on the way to a 3 - 14 record in the first month of the season. Durant would live up to expectations, as he led all rookies in scoring at 20.3 ppg and won the Rookie of the Year. However, the Seattle SuperSonics posted a franchise worst record of 20 - 62. It would end up being the final season in Seattle as Bennett ended up getting the rights to move the team after settling all the legal issues with the city.
From 2001 to 2006, Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz was the majority owner of the team, along with 58 partners or minor owners, as part of the Basketball Club of Seattle LLP. On July 18, 2006, Schultz sold the SuperSonics and its sister team, the Women 's National Basketball Association (WNBA) 's Seattle Storm, to the Professional Basketball Club LLC (PBC), a group of businessmen from Oklahoma City for $350 million. The team relocated to Oklahoma City in 2008, and now plays as the Oklahoma City Thunder.
In 2006, after unsuccessful efforts to persuade Washington state government officials to provide funding to update KeyArena, the Basketball Club of Seattle LLP, led by Howard Schultz, sold the team to the Professional Basketball Club LLC (PBC), an investment group headed by Oklahoma City businessman Clay Bennett. The purchase, at US $350 million, also included the Seattle Storm WNBA franchise. Schultz sold the franchise to Bennett 's group because they thought that Bennett would not move the franchise to Oklahoma City but instead keep it in Seattle. Oklahoma City Mayor Mick Cornett was quoted as saying, "I think it 's presumptuous to assume that Clay Bennett and his ownership group wo n't own that Seattle team for a long, long time in Seattle or somewhere else. It 's presumptuous to assume they 're going to move that franchise to Oklahoma City '', Cornett said. "I understand that people are going to say that seems to be a likely scenario, but that 's just speculation. ''
After failing to persuade local governments to fund a $500 million arena complex in the Seattle suburb of Renton, Bennett 's group notified the National Basketball Association (NBA) that it intended to move the team to Oklahoma City and requested arbitration with the city of Seattle to be released from the Sonics ' lease with KeyArena. When the request was rejected by a judge, Seattle sued Bennett 's group to enforce the lease that required the team to play in KeyArena through 2010.
NBA owners gave approval of a potential SuperSonics ' relocation to Oklahoma City on April 18 in a 28 -- 2 vote by the league 's Board of Governors; only Mark Cuban of the Dallas Mavericks and Paul Allen of the Portland Trail Blazers voted against the move. The approval meant the Sonics would be allowed to move to Oklahoma City 's Ford Center for the 2008 -- 09 season after reaching a settlement with the city of Seattle.
On July 2, 2008, a settlement was reached that allowed the team to move under certain conditions, including the ownership group 's payment of $45 million to Seattle and the possibility of an additional $30 million by 2013 if a new team had not been awarded to the city. It was agreed that the SuperSonics ' name would not be used by the Oklahoma City team and that the team 's history would be shared between Oklahoma City and any future NBA team in Seattle. The team began play as the Oklahoma City Thunder for the 2008 -- 09 NBA season, after becoming the third NBA franchise to relocate in the past decade. The two previous teams to relocate were the Vancouver Grizzlies, which moved to Memphis, Tennessee and began play as the Memphis Grizzlies for the 2001 -- 02 NBA season; and the Charlotte Hornets, which moved to New Orleans and began play as the New Orleans Hornets for the 2002 -- 03 NBA season.
In months prior to the settlement, Seattle publicly released email conversations that took place within Bennett 's ownership group and alleged that they indicated at least some members of the group had a desire to move the team to Oklahoma City prior to the purchase in 2006. Before that, Sonics co-owner Aubrey McClendon told The Journal Record, an Oklahoma City newspaper, that "we did n't buy the team to keep it in Seattle; we hoped to come here '', although Bennett denied knowledge of this. Seattle used these incidents to argue that the ownership failed to negotiate in good faith, prompting Schultz to file a lawsuit seeking to rescind the sale of the team and transfer the ownership to a court - appointed receiver. The NBA claimed Schultz ' lawsuit was void because Schultz signed a release forbidding himself to sue Bennett 's group, but also argued that the proposal would have violated league ownership rules. Schultz dropped the case before the start of the 2008 -- 09 NBA season.
In 2009, Seattle - area filmmakers called the Seattle SuperSonics Historical Preservation Society produced a critically acclaimed documentary film titled Sonicsgate -- Requiem For A Team that details the rise and demise of the Seattle SuperSonics franchise. The movie focuses on the more scandalous aspects of the team 's departure from Seattle, and it won the 2010 Webby Award for ' Best Sports Film '.
In 2011, a group of investors led by Valiant Capital Management hedge fund founder Chris Hansen spoke with then - Seattle mayor Mike McGinn about the possibilities of investing in an arena in hopes of securing an NBA franchise and reviving the SuperSonics. An offer was made by McGinn to Hansen to obtain ownership of KeyArena for little to no money to aid in his efforts. As KeyArena was deemed unacceptable by the NBA and barely breaking even in operation, the facility would likely have needed to be leveled and a new one built on the site. Determining there were transportation concerns in the Lower Queen Anne neighborhood around the Seattle Center, Hansen declined in favor of building a new arena at another location.
Hansen began quietly purchasing available land near Safeco Field in Seattle 's SoDo industrial neighborhood, at the southern end of what was designated a Stadium Transition Overlay District housing both Safeco Field home of the MLB 's Seattle Mariners and CenturyLink Field home of the NFL 's Seattle Seahawks and MLS 's Seattle Sounders. A short time later, Hansen presented to McGinn and King County Executive Dow Constantine the proposal for a basketball, hockey, and entertainment arena at the SoDo site. McGinn employed a stadium consultant on the city 's behalf to study the viability of such a project. Local media took notice of the land purchases and began to postulate that it was for an arena. Rumors of meetings between McGinn and Hansen 's investment group began to circulate in late 2011 and were finally acknowledged in early 2012.
At that time, rumors that Hansen would begin pursuing a vulnerable franchise to relocate to Seattle began making the rounds. Most of the discussion centered on the Sacramento Kings, a struggling franchise that had been trying to put together a plan to replace the aging Sleep Train Arena, then called the Power Balance Pavilion, for years with no luck. While Hansen had not spoken in public about his desires or pursuits for a specific team, the rumors were rampant enough that Think Big Sacramento, a community action group created by Sacramento mayor Kevin Johnson to develop solutions for the Kings, composed an open letter to Hansen asking him not to pursue the city 's team. Meanwhile, negotiations between McGinn, Constantine, and Hansen continued on development of a memorandum of understanding that would lay out the relationship for a public - private partnership on the new arena.
On May 16, 2012, after coming to agreement, McGinn, Constantine, and Hansen presented the proposed Memorandum of Understanding to the public. McGinn and Constantine had insisted on a number of protections for the citizens of Seattle and King County, specifically that no public financing on the project would be committed until Hansen and his investors had secured an NBA team to be primary tenant. The MOU proposal included a financial model that made the project "self - financed '', in which no new taxes would be levied to provide funds and city bonds issued would be paid back by taxes and revenue generated solely by the new arena. The proposal was turned over to the Seattle City Council and the King County Council for review and approval.
The King County Council voted to approve the MOU on July 30, 2012, adding amendments that provided for work with the Port of Seattle, securing the SuperSonics naming rights, offering reduced price tickets, support for the Seattle Storm WNBA franchise, and require an economic analysis. The approval was also on the condition that any changes made by the Seattle City Council, which still had yet to vote on the proposal, would need to be voted on and approved separately. The Seattle council had announced that morning that amendments of their own were intended and negotiations began.
Hansen and the Seattle City Council announced on September 11, 2012, a tentative agreement on a revised MOU that included the county council 's amendments and new provisions, specifically a personal guarantee from Hansen to cover not only cost overruns of construction of the new arena but to make up any backfall for annual repayment of the city bonds issued. To address concerns of the Port of Seattle, the Seattle Mariners, and local industry, a SoDo transportation improvement fund to be maintained at $40 million by tax revenue generated by the arena was also included. Also, all parties agreed that transaction documents would not be signed and construction would not begin before the state required environmental impact analysis was completed. By a vote of 7 -- 2, the Seattle City Council approved the amended MOU on September 24, 2012. The King County Council reviewed the amended MOU and voted unanimously in favor of approval on October 15, 2012. The final MOU was signed and fully executed by Mayor McGinn and Executive Constantine on October 18, 2012, starting an effective period of the agreement of five years.
In June 2012, it was revealed that Hansen 's investment partners included then - Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer and brothers Erik and Peter Nordstrom of fashion retailer Nordstrom, Inc... Peter Nordstrom had been a minority owner of the SuperSonics under Howard Schultz 's ownership. Wally Walker, former Sonics executive, was also later revealed to be part of Hansen 's group. On January 9, 2013, media reports surfaced regarding the imminent sale of majority ownership of the Sacramento Kings to Hansen, Ballmer, the Nordstroms, and Walker for $500 million to relocate to Seattle as early as the 2013 -- 14 NBA season.
On January 20, 2013, several sources reported that the Maloof family had reached a binding purchase and sale agreement to sell Hansen and Ballmer 's ownership group their 53 % majority stake in the Kings franchise, pending approval of the NBA 's Board of Governors. The next day, the NBA, Hansen, and the Maloofs all released statements announcing the agreement, which also included the 12 % minority stake of owner Robert Hernreich, and based the sale price on a team valuation of $525 million. Sacramento mayor Johnson offered a quick rebuttal to the announcement, stating that the agreement was not a done deal and that Sacramento would have the opportunity to present a counteroffer to the NBA.
David Stern, then NBA Commissioner, confirmed on February 6, 2013, that the Maloofs had filed paperwork with the league office to officially request relocation of the Kings from Sacramento to Seattle on behalf of the potential new ownership group. Johnson, with guidance from Stern and the NBA league office, began to assemble an alternative ownership group that would keep the Kings in Sacramento and aid in getting a new arena constructed. On February 26, 2013, the Sacramento City Council voted to enter into negotiations with an unnamed group of investors revealed two days later to be headed by grocery magnate and developer Ron Burkle and Mark Mastrov, founder of 24 Hour Fitness. An initial counteroffer presented to the NBA by this new group was deemed "not comparable '' as to merit consideration. Burkle eventually left the group because of a conflict with other business interests, but offered to be primary developer of lands around the planned downtown location of the new arena to aid in city council passage of public funding for the project. Mastrov took a backseat to Vivek Ranadivé, founder and CEO of TIBCO and a minority owner of the Golden State Warriors, brought in to assemble a stronger group of investors. Others, including Paul Jacobs, CEO of Qualcomm, Sacramento developer Mark Friedman, former Facebook executive Chris Kelly, and manufacturer Raj Bhathal, were added to the group to address team ownership and arena investment.
Ahead of the annual Board of Governors meeting where they were expected to vote on approval of the sale of the Kings to Hansen and Ballmer 's group, as well as the relocation request, members of the NBA owners ' finance and relocation committees held a meeting in New York City on April 3, 2013, for the Seattle group and the Sacramento group to each present their proposals. Any vote would only be on the PSA presented by Hansen and Ballmer, and the Sacramento proposal was considered a "backup offer ''. Coming out of that meeting, the NBA removed the vote from the agenda of the BOG meeting and postponed it for two weeks while information was reviewed. Despite stated desires to the contrary, a bidding war began between Hansen 's and Ranadivé 's groups, including Hansen raising the team valuation of their offer twice from $525 million to $550 million to $625 million, and Ranadivé offering to forgo the team revenue sharing that has frequently kept smaller market teams like the Kings financially stable.
With the meeting of the Board of Governors to vote moved again to mid-May, the groups were asked to make another brief presentation to the full relocation committee on April 29, 2013. The committee voted to recommend rejection of the relocation request to the full board. When the Board of Governors finally convened in Dallas on May 15, 2013, they heard final presentations from both the Seattle and Sacramento groups. The BOG voted 22 - 8 against moving the Kings from Sacramento to Seattle. As the PSA for the sale of the team was, for all intents and purposes, dependent upon relocation, the NBA rejected the sale without vote.
Though initially resistant to the idea, after negotiations, on May 17, 2013, the Maloof family and Hernreich formally agreed to sell their ownership stake in the Kings (65 % of the team, valued at US $535 million) to Ranadivé 's ownership group. Part of the $348 million purchase was considered paid with a $30 million non-refundable deposit Chris Hansen had paid to the Maloofs to establish their business relationship, though Hansen has no ownership stake in the team.
In September 2013, then - Deputy Commissioner Adam Silver, in line to become the next commissioner upon David Stern 's retirement in February 2014, made the announcement that the Milwaukee Bucks would need to replace the aging BMO Harris Bradley Center because of its small size and lack of amenities. The team had recently signed a lease through the 2016 -- 17 NBA season, but the NBA made it clear that the lease would not be renewed past that point. With counties surrounding Milwaukee passing ordinances that they would not approve a regional tax option to fund a new arena, rumors began swirling that owner Herb Kohl would need to sell all or part of his ownership of the team. Though Kohl had repeatedly stated he would not sell to someone intent on moving the Bucks out of Wisconsin, many had pegged the team as a likely potential candidate to move to Seattle.
On April 16, 2014, it was announced that Kohl had agreed to sell the franchise to New York hedge - fund investors Marc Lasry and Wesley Edens for a record $550 million. The deal included provisions for contributions of $100 million each from Kohl and the new ownership group, for a total of $200 million towards the construction of a new downtown arena. During sale discussions, it was revealed that Hansen and Ballmer had expressed interest in purchasing the team for more than $600 million but had not made a formal offer because of Kohl 's insistence that the team stay in Milwaukee.
On January 2, 2015, the Atlanta Journal - Constitution reported that Atlanta Spirit, then - owners of the Atlanta Hawks, would put the team up for sale. Initially, only majority owner Bruce Levenson would put his stake in the team up for sale; however, the remaining minority owners announced that they would sell their stakes as well. On January 6, 2015, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer reported that Chris Hansen and film producer Thomas Tull (the latter a minority owner of the NFL 's Pittsburgh Steelers) would put in separate bids to acquire the Hawks and move them to Seattle. However, the NBA stated that the Hawks were to remain in Atlanta as a condition of their sale; additionally, any attempt to move the Hawks would have incurred a $75 million penalty from the city of Atlanta and Fulton County for breaking the Hawks ' lease at Philips Arena before 2017. The Hawks were sold to a group led by Tony Ressler on June 24, 2015.
On May 2, 2016, the Seattle City Council voted 5 -- 4 against vacating a section of Occidental Avenue South, which connected property purchased by Hansen and was deemed critical to siting a future arena. The vote was seen as a significant setback to the memorandum of understanding between Hansen, the city and King County, which ran through November 2017. On October 25, 2016, Chris Hansen announced he will fund the arena without public funding. On November 14, 2016, Seattle Seahawks ' quarterback Russell Wilson announced that he would be investing in the NBA arena effort. However, the original deal would ultimately expire on December 3, 2017. Nevertheless, Hansen plans to keep the land owned in the Seattle Stadium District until a commitment for a new Seattle SuperSonics franchise occurs, especially in the event a potential back - up plan becomes warranted.
While talks of building a new arena were underway, there were also talks from another group of investors on renovating the SuperSonics ' former home, the KeyArena. One of the investors would be Tim Leiweke, co-founder of the Oak View Group. On December 4, 2017, one day after the deal with SoDo investor Chris Hansen expired, the Seattle City Council voted 7 -- 1 approving the renovation of the KeyArena, with one person not available for voting that day. While the renovation is considered to have a main focus on fitting a new expansion team for the National Hockey League (NHL), interest for the revival of the SuperSonics still remains a distinct possibility with the renovated arena. However, while Hansen and his fellow investors still feel having a future arena should be considered as a back - up plan for the future of the SuperSonics, they fully support the renovation and would be right beside the Oak View Group in cheering the team on moving forward if the plan on acquiring an NBA team becomes successful. Renovations for the KeyArena are slated to begin sometime in 2018, with the renovations being fully completed by 2020, before the beginning of upcoming seasons in the NBA and NHL.
The Seattle SuperSonics ' first uniforms had "Sonics '' displayed in a font that was also used by the Cincinnati Royals (now the Sacramento Kings). The road jerseys were green and had the lettering displayed in yellow coloring, where the home uniforms were white and had the lettering green. In 1995, the SuperSonics changed their uniforms adding red and orange, removing yellow, to their new jerseys that would last six seasons. It displayed the new Sonics logo on the front and their alternate logo on the shorts. The home uniforms had green stripes on the right side of the jersey and shorts, while the green road jersey had red stripes.
The final SuperSonics uniforms were worn from the 2001 -- 02 NBA season through the 2007 -- 08 NBA season. They were commissioned by owner Howard Schultz for design by Seattle design agency Hornall Anderson. The home jerseys were white with green and gold trim, displaying "SONICS '' across the chest. Road uniforms were dark green with white and gold accents, with "SEATTLE '' across the chest. The alternate uniform was gold with green and white trim, again with "SONICS '' arched across the chest. These uniforms were a nod to a similar style worn from the 1975 -- 76 season through the 1994 -- 95 season.
The SuperSonics were traditional rivals with the Portland Trail Blazers because of the teams ' proximity; the rivalry had been dubbed the I - 5 Rivalry in reference to Interstate 5 that connects the two cities, which are only 174 miles apart. The rivalry was fairly equal in accomplishments, with both teams winning one championship each. The all - time record of this rivalry is 98 -- 94 in favor of the SuperSonics.
The SuperSonics were rivals of the Los Angeles Lakers, particularly due to the teams ' longstanding pairing in the Pacific Division of the Western Conference. The Lakers ' sustained success meant regular season games often impacted NBA Playoffs seedings, with the teams matching up head - to - head for numerous playoff battles.
Notes:
Notes:
Gus Williams
February 22, 1978
Points scored (regular season) (as of the end of the 2007 -- 08 season)
Other Statistics (regular season) (as of the end of the 2007 -- 08 season)
NBA Defensive Player of the Year
NBA Rookie of the Year Award
NBA Finals MVP
NBA Executive of the Year
NBA Most Improved Player Award
J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award
NBA Sportsmanship Award
NBA All - Star Game MVPs
NBA All - Star Game head coaches
All - NBA First Team
All - NBA Second Team
All - NBA Third Team
NBA All - Defensive First Team
NBA All - Defensive Second Team
NBA All - Rookie First Team
NBA All - Rookie Second Team
Media related to Seattle SuperSonics at Wikimedia Commons
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why were there many cells under interphase stage | Interphase - wikipedia
Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life. During this phase, the cell copies its DNA in preparation for mitosis. Interphase is the ' daily living ' or metabolic phase of the cell, in which the cell obtains nutrients and metabolizes them, grows, reads its DNA, and conducts other "normal '' cell functions. The majority of eukaryotic cells spend most of their time in interphase. This phase was formerly called the resting phase. However, interphase does not describe a cell that is merely resting; rather, the cell is living, and preparing for later cell division, so the name was changed. A common misconception is that interphase is the first stage of mitosis. However, since mitosis is the division of the nucleus, prophase is actually the first stage.
In interphase, the cell gets itself ready for mitosis or meiosis. Somatic cells, or normal diploid cells of the body, go through mitosis in order to reproduce themselves through cell division, whereas diploid germ cells (i.e., primary spermatocytes and primary oocytes) go through meiosis in order to create haploid gametes (i.e., sperm and ova) for the purpose of sexual reproduction. Chromosomes are copied.
There are three stages of cellular interphase, with each phase ending when a cellular checkpoint checks the accuracy of the stage 's completion before proceeding to the next. The stages of interphase are:
The duration of time spent in interphase and in each stage of interphase is variable and depends on both the type of cell and the species of organism it belongs to. Most cells of adult mammals spend about 20 hours in interphase; this accounts for about 90 % of the total time involved in cell division. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases. Mitosis and cytokinesis, however, are separate from interphase.
When G is completed, the cell enters a relatively brief period of nuclear and cellular division, composed of mitosis and cytokinesis, respectively. After the successful completion of mitosis and cytokinesis, both resulting daughter cells re-enter G of interphase.
In the cell cycle, interphase is preceded by telophase and cytokinesis of the M phase. In alternative fashion, interphase is sometimes interrupted by G phase, which, in some circumstances, may then end and be followed by the remaining stages of interphase. After the successful completion of the G checkpoint, the final checkpoint in interphase, the cell proceeds to prophase, or in plants to preprophase, which is the first stage of mitosis.
G phase is viewed as either an extended G phase where the cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide and or as a distinct quiescent stage which occurs outside of the cell cycle.
In gamete production interphase is succeeded by meiosis. In programmed cell death, interphase is followed or preempted by apoptosis.
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who scripted gandhiji's favourite song vaishnav jan to | Vaishnava Jana to - wikipedia
Vaishnava Jana To is one of the most popular Hindu bhajans, written in the 15th century by the poet Narsinh Mehta in the Gujarati language. The bhajan was included in Mahatma Gandhi 's daily prayer. The bhajan speaks about the life, ideals and mentality of a Vaishnava Jana (a follower of Vishnu).
Lyrics of the bhajan:
વૈષ્ણવ જન તો તેને કહિયે જે પીડ પરાયી જાણે રે પર દુ: ખે ઉપકાર કરે તો યે મન અભિમાન ન આણે રે. ॥ ધૃ ॥
वैष्णव जन तो तेने कहिये जे पीड परायी जाणे रे । पर दुःखे उपकार करे तो ये मन अभिमान न आणे रे ॥
vaiṣṇava jana to tene kahiye je pīḍa parāyī jāṇe re, para duḥkhe upakāra kare to ye mana abhimāna na āṇe re
Call those people Vaishnavas who Feel the pain of others, Help those who are in misery, But never let self - conceit enter their mind.
સકળ લોકમાં સહુને વંદે, નિંદા ન કરે કેની રે વાચ કાછ મન નિશ્છળ રાખે ધન ધન જનની તેની રે. ॥ ૧ ॥
सकळ लोकमां सहुने वंदे, निंदा न करे केनी रे । वाच काछ मन निश्चळ राखे, धन धन जननी तेनी रे ॥
sakaḷa loka māṁ sahune vande, nindā na kare kenī re, vāca kācha mana niścala rākhe, dhana dhana jananī tenī re
They respect the entire world, Do not disparage anyone, Keep their words, actions and thoughts pure, The mother of such a soul is blessed.
સમદૃષ્ટિ ને તૃષ્ણા ત્યાગી પરસ્ત્રી જેને માત રે જિહ્વા થકી અસત્ય ન બોલે પરધન નવ ઝાલે હાથ રે. ॥ ૨ ॥
समदृष्टि ने तृष्णा त्यागी, परस्त्री जेने मात रे । जिह्वा थकी असत्य न बोले, परधन नव झाले हाथ रे ॥
sama - dṛṣṭi ne tṛṣṇā tyāgī, para-strī jene māta re, jihvā thakī asatya na bole, para-dhana nava jhāle hātha re
They see all equally, renounce craving, Respect other women as their own mother, Their tongue never utters false words, Their hands never touch the wealth of others.
મોહ માયા વ્યાપે નહિ જેને, દૃઢ વૈરાગ્ય જેના મનમાં રે રામ નામ શુ તાળી રે લાગી સકળ તીરથ તેના તનમાં રે. ॥ ૩ ॥
मोह माया व्यापे नहि जेने, दृढ़ वैराग्य जेना मनमां रे । रामनाम शुं ताळी रे लागी, सकळ तीरथ तेना तनमां रे ॥
moha māyā vyāpe nahi jene, dṛḍha - vairāgya jenā manamāṁ re, rāma - nāma śuṁ tāḷī re lāgī, sakaḷa tīratha tenā tanamāṁ re
They do not succumb to worldly attachments, They are firmly detached from the mundane, They are enticed by the name of God (Rama), All places of pilgrimage are embodied in them.
વણ લોભી ને કપટ રહિત છે, કામ ક્રોધ નિવાર્યાં રે ભણે નરસૈયો તેનું દર્શન કરતાં કુળ એકોતેર તાર્યાં રે. ॥ ૪ ॥
वणलोभी ने कपटरहित छे, काम क्रोध निवार्या रे । भणे नरसैयॊ तेनुं दरसन करतां, कुळ एकोतेर तार्या रे ॥
vaṇa - lobhī ne kapaṭa - rahita che, kāma krodha nivāryā re, bhaṇe narasaiyo tenuṁ darasana karatāṁ, kuḷa ekotera tāryā re
They have forsaken greed and deceit, They stay afar from lust and anger, Narsi says: I 'd be grateful to meet such a soul, Whose virtue liberates their entire lineage.
This bhajan has inspired many people, and was one of the favourite bhajans of Mahatma Gandhi.
In 1999, this song was rendered in a single album by top artists such as classical vocalists Gangubai Hangal and Pandit Jasraj, pop star Remo Fernandes and also including Sarod maestro Amjad Ali Khan, Pandit Narayan on the sarangi, flute maestro Hariprasad Chaurasia and santoor exponent Shivkumar Sharma played an instrumental rendition. Along with "Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram '', the song is also sung regularly by Delhi 's best known western classical choral groups -- The Capital City Minstrels at their annual Peace Concerts coinciding with Gandhi Jayanti. Carnatic guitarist Baiju Dharmajan created an instrumental guitar version of the prayer in 2013.
Elements of the hymn were included in the Hollywood film Gandhi (1982), in Bollywood films like Water (2005), Cheeni Kum (2007) and Road to Sangam (2009), and Kollywood film Hey Ram (2000). The hymn was also used as a title song for several Indian films. In the Telugu movie Prathinidhi (2014), the first stanza of the song is used during the climatic scene. In the Malayalam movie Indian Rupee (2011), the first stanza of the song is used in the climatic scene and sung by Bombay Jayashri. The song also appears in the Gujarati biopic of the author Kunvaar Bhainu Mameru. An instrumental rendition of the song was featured in the strategy video game Sid Meier 's Civilization VI as the musical theme for the Indian civilization.
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when did flagrant fouls start in the nba | Flagrant foul - wikipedia
In basketball, a flagrant foul is a personal foul that involves excessive or violent contact that could injure the fouled player. A flagrant foul may be unintentional or purposeful; the latter type is also called an "intentional foul '' in the NBA. However, most intentional fouls are not considered flagrant and fouling intentionally is an accepted tactic to regain possession of the ball with minimal time off the game clock.
The NBA enacted its flagrant foul rule in the 1990 - 91 season, to deter contact which, in addition to being against the rules, puts an opponent 's safety or health at risk.
The NBA defines two levels of flagrant fouls, "Flagrant 1 '' and "Flagrant 2 ''. Flagrant 2 has the additional element of "excessive '' violence and results in the immediate ejection of the offender. Flagrant 1 does not result in the offender 's ejection unless the same player commits a second Flagrant 1 foul in the same game. Referees have discretion in determining which level to call.
Flagrant fouls over the course of the season can result in monetary fines and suspension, at the sole discretion of the Commissioner of the NBA.
The flagrant foul rule deters undesired play by awarding possession of the ball to the offended team as an extra penalty. A simple personal foul may let the fouling team regain possession of the ball (by rebound or by award after a made free throw). However, a flagrant foul results in free throws and possession afterwards.
Toward the end of a game, when a trailing team is committing intentional fouls to regain the ball, it must be careful not to use unnecessary or excessive contact, because a foul ruled Flagrant gives no advantage to the team committing the foul.
FIBA basketball rules have a similar foul called an unsportsmanlike foul, which is comparable to a Flagrant 1. Two of these in one game lead to automatic ejection of the player. An unsportsmanlike foul can also be called if a player fouls with no intention to play the ball (including excessive holding or shirt grabbing), as well as if a player fouls another player on a fast break from behind. FIBA 's disqualifying foul is comparable to a Flagrant 2 and results in immediate ejection of the offender.
The penalty for an unsportsmanlike or disqualifying foul is two free throws and possession at midcourt for the opposing team.
U.S. college and high school rules define a flagrant foul as a personal or technical foul that is extreme or severe.
The NCAA 's Playing Rules Oversight Panel adopted the "flagrant '' term before the 2011 - 12 season for both men 's and women 's basketball. However, the NCAA 's women 's rules committee abandoned the "flagrant '' terminology effective with the 2017 -- 18 season, choosing to adopt FIBA 's "unsportsmanlike '' and "disqualifying '' categories. Flagrant, unsportsmanlike, and disqualifying fouls are counted as personal fouls and technical fouls.
Certain conduct constitutes a flagrant foul despite not being malevolent or unsportsmanlike.
In the United States, the NFHS rulebook defines flagrant fouls in Rule 10: Fouls and Penalties. The word "flagrant '' itself is defined in Rule 2: Definitions; 2 - 16c calls it "a foul so severe or extreme that it places an opponent in danger of serious injury, and / or involves violations that are extremely or persistently vulgar or abusive conduct. ''
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which of the following characteristics are typical of popular crowds in american high schools | Adolescent cliques - wikipedia
Adolescent cliques are cliques that develop amongst adolescents. In the social sciences, the word "clique '' is used to describe a group of 2 to 12 (averaging 5 or 6) "who interact with each other more regularly and intensely than others in the same setting ''. Cliques are distinguished from "crowds '' in that their members interact with one another (e.g. hang out together, go shopping, play basketball). Crowds, on the other hand, are defined by reputation. Although the word ' clique ' or ' cliquey ' is often used in day - to - day conversation to describe relational aggression or snarky, gossipy behaviors of groups of socially dominant teenage girls, that is not scientifically accurate. Interacting with cliques is part of normative social development regardless of gender, ethnicity, or popularity. Although cliques are most commonly studied during adolescence and middle childhood, they exist in all age groups.
As children enter adolescence, cultural, biological and cognitive changes cause variation in their daily lives. Adolescents spend far less time with their parents and begin participating in both structured and unstructured peer activities. Without the direct presence of their parents or other adults, their peer network begins to become the primary context for most socialization and activity. These social "cliques '' fundamentally influence adolescent life and development. Perhaps because they are perceived as an external threat to parental authority, undesired changes in adolescent behavior are often attributed to cliques. In these situations, cliques are described as "social grouping (s) of persons that exhibit a great deal of peer pressure on its members and is exclusive, based on superficial differences ''. Researchers, however, question these assumptions: based on empiric data from both experiments and ethnographies they suggest that clique structure characterizes many friendship networks within any given school, not all of which negatively affect adolescents. A more neutral and scientific definition of clique is "a grouping of persons who interact with each other more regularly and intensely than others in the same setting ''.
Although cliques can range from two to twelve people, cliques typically consist of five or six people who are homogeneous in age, gender, race, social status, and socioeconomic background. More subtle determinant of group membership, such as shared interests and values, take precedence as adolescents develop more sophisticated, abstract cognitive functions (more here), which allow them to categorize individuals in more subtle ways and better interpret social interactions. Consistent group identities thus allow individuals to cope with the anonymity and intimidation that often accompany the transition into large secondary schools.
Similar cliques may re-emerge in adulthood in specific contexts, characterized by large, undifferentiated, anonymous crowds. Overall, cliques are a transitory social phase. In general, cliques first form in early adolescence with strict gender segregation, but by middle adolescence, some mixed - gender activities within the peer crowds foster close, cross-sex friendships which begin to restructure the clique. During late adolescence, the organized clique structure typically dissolves into associated sets of couples, which then remain the primary social unit into and throughout adulthood.
Cliques are different from other types of peer groups often seen in the average school, which are often reputation - based groups such as jocks or nerds. The major difference is that these reputation - based groups do not necessarily interact with each other, whereas members of a clique do interact with one another and have frequent social interactions. For example, football players are considered jocks, but not all members of a football team always interact with each other.
Although the popular media portrays female cliques almost exclusively (see examples in movies, television, and young adult fiction), clique membership is almost equally prevalent in adolescent boys. Girls do, however, tend to form cliques earlier (11 years old as compared with 13 or 14 among boys), which may contribute to the greater popular salience of female cliques. Additionally, the activities central to most female cliques include gossip and emotional sharing; this behavior visibly increases, revealing female cliques to the outside observer. Male cliques, on the other hand, tend to center around activities that have occurred before the formation of the clique (common examples include basketball and video games), and thus may draw less attention to the appearance of male cliques. Male cliques may have also gone largely unnoticed because they often appear less exclusive toward the non-clique peer group members. This last difference may arise because males more frequently reported ambitions related to acceptance and status throughout their crowd, whereas females more often aspired to status and close bonds with only a few peers (i.e. a clique). Males were also more likely to consider actively exclusive behavior unethical, as were younger adolescents. The stereotype of cruel, unwelcoming clique members is well supported in some cases, but other cliques are more open to drifters. Both attitudes appear in some cliques of both sexes and all social groups become more permeable with age. Similarly, although adolescents tend to associate with others of the same ethnicity and socioeconomic status, clique membership is equally common across ethnicity and economic background. The characteristics of the distinct cliques within each demographic group also vary equally, although members of cliques in one crowd or demographic group may not perceive all of the distinctions in others (see also crowds).
A number of recent studies confirm that regardless of gender, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status, adolescents tend to fall into one of three categories: group members, liaisons, and isolates.
Membership type is far more stable over time than membership in an individual clique: isolates generally remain socially disengaged, liaisons remain equally consistent, and "group members '' frequently switch from one clique to another, but typically remain group members over time. The objective cliques themselves remain surprisingly stable as well. On average, cliques lose around one third of their members over a given school year, but new members with similar characteristics tend to replace the deserters, maintaining the general identity of the clique. Clique membership becomes more stable across time, as well as more permeable, less exclusive, and less hierarchical. Contrary to popular belief, individual friendships are far less stable across the school year. This is particularly true of high - status cliques and individuals, in which clique members must critically analyze their friendships and socialize only with their most popular peers or risk losing membership and status.
Using the definition of a clique, we are able to draw distinctions between the many different types of cliques a person is able to be a member of. During adolescent years, students may obtain membership to a certain clique in order to ease the process of secondary school. Since adolescents emulating similar cultural standards are likely to become friends and these friends are likely to encourage these aspects of their attitudes, behaviors, and dress, the types of cliques commonly found in schools can vary significantly. Some of the more common types of cliques found include: jocks, tomboys, cheerleaders, mean girls, foreigners, gamers, hipsters, hippies, troublemakers, peacemakers, class clowns, "cool kids '', arty intellectuals, gangsters, wangsters, "ghetto kids '', stoners / slackers, girly girls, scenesters, scene kids, punks, preps, skaters, goths, emos, skinheads, geeks / nerds, and drifters.
Sociologists Patricia and Peter Adler claim that Middle School cliques can fall under four specific labels:
The friendship circles can be divided into some categories, such as...
TLC (TV channel) mentions and describes some typical types of teen cliques observable in most high schools.
A powerful, yet unstable social hierarchy structures interactions between group members in any given clique. This hierarchy is always topped by the highest - status member, labeled by psychologists as the "Leader '' or "Queen Bee ''. In her now famous ethnography of adolescent cliques, Queen Bees and Wannabes, author Rosalind Wiseman explains the standard set of roles most frequently adopted by male and female clique members.
Females:
Males:
Although too rigid to be entirely accurate across samples, these basic denominations are useful for discussing general behavior and organization within cliques. The role hierarchies within cliques are significantly more stable than the individual members. Maintaining one 's status and power requires constant effort. Queen Bees and Leaders must work the hardest to protect their positions and typically become manipulative and disliked in the process. For example, a Leader or Queen Bee may keep objective attention off of him or herself by unpredictably alternating praise and criticism of other members (see relational aggression). They may also change the way the clique views activities, values, and opinions of things to keep the other members unsure of where they stand in the group. ''
The Leader or Queen Bee also maintains power over group membership -- exercised through both tacit and explicit rejection of prospective members -- as well as the final say in accepting new members, regardless of the opinions of other members. The majority of new memberships results from one of two approaches: invitation or application. The "invitation '' approach originates within the clique: a current member of a clique invites a potential member either explicitly or by indirect socialization, which consists of the clique attempting to demonstrate the joys and benefits of membership. Aspiring peers who have not been invited can also "apply '' by courting the lowest ranking members and progressing up to the Leader or Queen Bee who will decide whether to accept him or her.
Advanced and adaptable social skills are the best predictors of popularity, but further predictors of popularity are difficult to identify, primarily because the schema of "popularity '' represents the interaction between two distinct concepts. Popularity breaks down into sociometric status (sometimes called "likability ''), which measures peers ' private feelings toward the individual, and perceived popularity, which reflects the individual 's status, prestige, and power.
Socio - metric status is determined by fairly universally valuable characteristics including social skills, friendliness, and sense of humor. The foundations of perceived popularity, on the other hand, vary widely. Some popular adolescents are high in both characteristics, but they more often develop in distinct individuals and cliques, all considered "popular '' during adolescence.
Regardless of popularity type, highly popular individuals influence local norms and behaviors in similar ways: "adolescents are easily swayed by the opinions of high - status peers to endorse activities they might otherwise reject and to run the other way from activities endorsed by low - status peers, even if they secretly enjoy them ''. The popular individuals themselves, however, fare differently depending on the root of their status. Several recent studies proved the discriminant validity of the two groups and found that perceived popularity in high school is predictive of alcohol use, sexual activity, and smoking. It may also be associated with a lasting drop in sociometric status. Several recent studies suggest that long - term outcomes are generally more positive for individuals who were neither Isolates nor among the most popular during adolescence.
A status hierarchy much like that within individual cliques organizes the various cliques within each peer crowd. The crowds within a given school are also perceived hierarchically. Crowd ranking can sometimes change but is generally quite stable across time and schools. Part of a clique 's popularity status is based on the crowd with which its members associate, thus similarly - popular cliques within the same crowd are more likely to move within the hierarchy than are similar crowds within the larger peer context.
Both because students meet and seek friends with others who share their interests ("selection '') and because much of clique members time, both free and structured, takes place in the company of the other members ("socialization ''), cliques are usually defined by common attitudes and activities. Among the most powerful determinants of clique membership are orientation toward school, orientation toward teen culture, and involvement in antisocial behavior.
Because studying time and partying time conflict, most individuals are rarely exposed to individuals from the opposite end of this spectrum during unstructured time. Membership in the same clique with peers whose values are highly distinct is thus uncommon. Individuals with only somewhat different views of school, however, are likely to belong to the same clique, and socialization is likely to decrease their differences over time. For example, girls ' decisions about enrollment in advanced math are significantly related to those of their close friends. A study of 78 high schools found that even controlling for past achievement, the GPAs of an individual 's close friends reliably help predict grades; in fact "of all the characteristics of friends that influence adolescents ' behavior, their friends ' school performance has the greatest impact, not only on their own academic achievement, but also on their involvement in problem behavior and drug use. ''
Similar taste in music and clothing signal others with potentially shared interests and values and often suggest the leisure activities and substance use patterns of which they approve. Thus adolescents emulating similar cultural standards are likely to become friends and these friends are likely to encourage these aspects of their attitudes, behaviors, and dress. Participation in subcultures can also reinforce belonging. In many cases, clique members can be easily identified based on dress alone.
Research does not support the common belief that troubled adolescents have few or no friends. Instead such individuals gravitate toward one another and form their own cliques, although these friendships do often differ from the friendships of more socially acceptable children. This general self - sorting trend applies in different ways to specific kinds of antisocial behavior. A few of the most studied are substance use, aggression, and depressive symptoms.
Similarity in substance use is one of the most powerful factors in clique development and lasting membership, even serving as the earliest predictor of cross-gender friendships and the most common basis for multi-ethnic cliques. Alcohol and drug use are predicted by the interaction between number of substance using friends, the extent of their substance use, and perceived closeness to those friends; a substance - free adolescent is thus unlikely to seek out or be accepted by a clique characterized by frequent substance use and even more unlikely to remain substance - free long after entering such clique Cliques typically fall into one of four categories and clique membership reliably predicts individual behavior.
Members of High Functioning and Engaged cliques demonstrated the best long - term outcomes, whereas Maladjusted clique membership predicted low achievement, chronic substance abuse, and confrontation with authorities and Disengaged clique members and others who abstained completely typically exhibited abnormally high anxiety and inhibition.
Gravitation toward similar peer groups can be especially dangerous for adolescents with aggressive tendencies. A recent observational study on antisocial, aggressive boys established that clique members tended to live in the same neighborhood, where they met and bonded through unstructured, unsupervised activities. Since antisocial groups encourage antisocial behavior, aggressive behaviors tend to escalate rapidly within groups of aggressive adolescents. In the case of bullies this effect is so detrimental that those without any friends are actually more likely to improve over time than those with friends and generally experience better long - term outcomes. In the most extreme cases, these groups may become gangs or practice less organized, but equally dangerous, violent delinquency
Although these maladjusted, detrimental cliques can develop among adolescents of either gender, those based on aggression and delinquency are more often observed in males. In females, adjustment problems are more often manifested as internalizing problems, rather than the externalizing problems common among their male peers. Research shows, however, that both internalizing and externalizing behaviors are negatively related to the subjective sense of strong, reliable group belonging, even controlling for adolescent age, gender, ethnicity, family structure, and parents ' educational level.
Because adolescent females, on average, both report stronger feelings of group belonging and place greater importance on this feeling than do their male peers, girls who do not feel accepted may be more susceptible than equally excluded boys to forming and conforming to cliques based on shared maladaptive behavior. If so, differences in internalizing or externalizing behaviors of adolescent boys and girls may be magnified during adolescence, contributing to the significant gender differences observed in adult outcomes such as incarceration and mood disorders. For example, the same cycle of selection and socialization known to exacerbate aggression applies to the internalizing behaviors associated with depression. One study on the emergence of depression in adolescence found that even controlling for the effects of age and pubertal development, gender predicted several small but significant differences: (a) depressive symptoms and negative peer relations predicted increasing levels of reassurance - seeking in female subjects; (b) initial levels of reassurance - seeking predicted deteriorating friendship quality among girls and initial levels of depressive symptoms, which were higher among girls, predicted low friendship stability among all subjects, and (c) "reassurance - seeking combined with poor peer experiences predicted increases in girls ' depressive symptoms. ''
Perhaps related to the role of reassurance - seeking, those who both value and experience social acceptance are far less likely to exhibit problem behavior than those who value group membership equally, but are uncertain of their relationship. This relationships is better predicted by self - esteem than the actual quality of the relationships, although also directly related to discordance in personal and peer ratings of status. This effect likely arises cyclically: troubled children are rejected by their peers for their undesirable behavior, while rejected children receive less normative socialization and behave more problematically.
Although there are exceptions, demographic factors typically influence adolescent crowd membership even before real cliques begin to form and often influence clique membership more powerfully than personal or behavioral characteristics. Many of the effects on clique composition described below may be largely attributed to crowd segregation.
Because the contemporary school system divides children by age and structures the majority of most adolescents ' time and social exposure, age is the most universal common factor among clique members; notable exceptions include friendships formed in neighborhoods or on the internet and those initiated with early - maturing pubertal girls, all of which are often detrimental to the younger friend.
Gender is perhaps the strongest demographic determinant of clique composition in very early puberty. During childhood and early adolescence sex cleavage (social segregation) between cliques is almost absolute. However, unlike other factors, gender division is temporary.
Another, less advantageous, powerful determinant of clique formation is socioeconomic class. This trend was first published in the famous "Elmtown 's Youth Study '', which found that "almost never did adolescents from one social class associate with students from a class that was two ranks higher or lower ''. A diverse array of follow - up studies have confirmed that class - consciousness steadily increases throughout adolescence, so that by mid-adolescence clique membership across significantly different social backgrounds is highly anomalous.
In the United States race remains an even stronger determinant of friendship than socioeconomic status. Like socioeconomic status, ethnicity is not a strong determinant of childhood friendships, but becomes increasingly potent with age. By high school, ethnically mixed cliques are rarely observed. This pattern of social segregation is strongest between black students and all other students and most prevalent in schools where students are divided into academic tracks. This is because various factors disadvantage black children, affecting performance in some cases and adult decisions in others so that in many cases black children are disproportionately likely to be placed in lower tracks, regardless of intelligence or performance resulting in uneven distribution between tracks in the majority of American high schools. Researchers suggest that because close friends in adolescence "usually have similar attitudes toward school, similar educational aspirations, and similar school achievement levels '', early tracking may both decrease exposure to peers of other racial and socioeconomic backgrounds and decrease perceived similarity with the majority of those peers Racial divisions are most acute in tracked schools but are fundamental to crowd and clique composition in almost all American schools, and thus can not be attributed to, nor changed by, any one educational program. More encouragingly, however, longitudinal observations suggest that interventions in early childhood may have the potential to influence social segregation: the more schools foster close cross-racial friendships in childhood the less peer group segregation manifests.
A well - established factor in clique composition is religious background, affiliation, and participation. This is somewhat confounded by overlap with socioeconomic status, but also relates to behavioral correlates of religion and selection by both individual and their peers.
Cliques reputation is often determined by their most noticeable behavioral characteristic that is shared among their members. The characteristic might be so salient that it could dominate the way that members of that clique are perceived and treated by other peers regardless of the individual differences that each member has. For example, a clique group could be perceived as athletic, but say an individual in that group is very smart and gets good grades in school. That individual would be treated based on his athletic characteristics rather than his intellectual abilities. When people are treated based on a single characteristic it changes their self - image, resulting in a change in who they are. This phenomenon is known as the looking glass self; individuals become more like the way they think they are perceived by others. So for the example where the individual was treated based on his athletic abilities rather than his intelligence, that person will likely focus his attention more on sports rather than doing well in school, causing him or her to become even more like the clique he or she is a part of. This phenomenon where individuals in a group tend to be more like each other than non-group members is known as group homophily. Children almost always choose to be friends of people who share similarities with themselves, hence why similar characteristics among clique members establish the clique 's reputation and allow different cliques to be told apart.
Most people agree that children are affected by who they associate with, but what is not well understood is the specific characteristics that children of similar types of groups share. The focus of these authors ' research was to discover the different emotional and social effects that members of the same cliques share. For their study they divided the 473 fourth and fifth graders into five groups, which were: competent, tough, average, withdrawn, and incompetent / aggressive. The researchers did this by having students rate their classmates on several characteristics; bright, fun, bully, withdrawn, athletic, prosocial, reactive aggression. They then measured differences among groups by asking children questions regarding peers social status and behavioral characteristics. For example, they asked participants to nominate up to three participating classmates who "tries to get what he or she wants by hitting, shoving, pushing or threatening others ''. In addition, they asked children questions about themselves that regarded to levels of loneliness and children 's social dissatisfaction.
The researcher 's discovered differences in emotional well - being and social satisfaction between different types of clique groups. They found that competent and average groups showed positive characteristics such as good interpersonal skills, whereas withdrawn, incompetent / aggressive and tough cliques lacked emotional well - being and social satisfaction. Another discovery was that social status levels did not distinguish average, competent and tough cliques from one another. Therefore, if an individual is in one of these three groups they are no more likely to have a high social status than a low social status. Their conclusion to these findings was that even when taking into account individuals social status level, the type of clique people are in has a significant effect on their social and emotional characteristics.
A recent study done by Witvliet, Van Lier, Cuijpers and Koot shows the differences in behavioral characteristics between clique members and non-clique members in early elementary school, the stability of clique membership and whether the differences in these characteristics are gender oriented. Three hundred first - grade students (151 boys, 149 girls) from eleven different elementary schools in the Netherlands participated. The children were examined by being asked to determine their best friends. This friendship was considered valid if the elected friendship was reciprocated by the other child. The child was considered to be in a clique when the following criteria was overcome 1) consisted of at least three children 2) each child had to have more connections with members than non-members and 3) a link had to occur between all members of clique. Children were then rated by their peers to determine who was liked the most versus who was liked the least. The children were also asked to determine behavioural characteristics of participants and who best fit the description of characteristics such as aggressive, anxious, etc. The peer study was followed through every spring and children were given a small reward for their involvement. These results were then used to compare between clique members and non-clique members. These results were also used to discuss the children 's characteristics while also separating based on gender. In first grade, 29 cliques were found with an average of 5.3 members. In second grade 25 cliques were found with an average of 6.2 members. This study suggests that clique members tend to be more adjusted and that gender may have some form of influence on the results. This study showed that isolated girls would have more behavioural problems than isolated boys.
Researches have often conducted studies to determine whether membership to a clique produces positive or negative development. In one 4 - year study of 451 children from age nine to twelve, Miranda Witvliet along with Pol A.C. van Lier, Mara Brendgen, Hans M. Koot, and Frank Vitaro examined longitudinal associations between clique membership status and internalizing and externalizing problems during late childhood. In this quasi-experiment the researchers aimed to discover if clique membership status was linked to increases in children 's psychopathology. Children from five different elementary schools in northwestern Quebec, Canada were the participants of this particular study. In the study, clique membership status was identified through social network analysis, and peer nominations were used to assess internalizing and externalizing problems. The study used the program Kliquefinder to identify clique membership status through social network analysis. Through use of behavioural descriptions on the Pupil Evaluation Inventory (PEI), peer nominations of externalizing and internalizing behaviors were obtained.
Through this study, Witvliet, van Lier, Brendgen, Koot, and Vitaro noted that externalizing problems increased among clique members. They found that clique members compared with isolated children showed, on average, an increase in externalizing problems across that same period. While no sex differences were found in the link between clique membership status and internalizing problems, the association found between clique membership and an increase in externalizing problems was specific to boys only. The researchers claimed that these results support the hypothesis that clique membership protects children against developing internalizing problems.
During middle adolescence, the social norms that once enforced sex cleavage shift to encourage mixed - sex socialization. Single - sex cliques begin to seek out the company of opposite - sex cliques, although at first almost all direct interaction remains within the individual cliques despite the presence of the other clique (s). Gradually, intersex relationships and mixed sex cliques develop, closely followed by the first romantic relationships, which typically appear among early - pubertal, high - status, more physically developed adolescents. Over the course of late adolescence romantic relationships replace clique hierarchies as the most potent determinants of social status and networks of dating couples eventually replace more rigidly structured cliques.
The chronological relationship between changing gender dynamics and the dissolution of organized, hierarchical cliques is well - established, but not fully understood. One theory asserts that sex cleavage both arises and wanes because cliques are largely sorted by common interests: girls and boys are generally interested in different activities until dating emerges, after which they share a highly valued activity. (164) This idea is consistent with the direct relationship between pubertal development and the appearance of other - sex friends. One possible explanation for this progression argues that children are socialized from childhood to conform to gender roles and during early adolescence cognitive developments promote active self - presentation and anxiety over peer - perceptions; as a result, early adolescents become more consciously aware of both the benefits of conventional gender identity and the threat of ridicule or rejection in response to unorthodox behavior. According to this framework, gender segregation subsides because the same inculcated gender roles that prompt children to distance themselves from anything associated with the opposite sex also encourage adolescents and adults to demonstrate heterosexual desire and sexual / seductive competence. This argument explains the drastic shift in the targets of ridicule from those who were too androgynous in middle school to those who can not or do not attract sexual attention in high school.
The effects of such social enforcement of gender - roles, may take the form of relational aggression, bullying, and gay bullying.
Perhaps the most consequential finding from the empirical study of adolescent cliques is that they are not an inherently negative force, but rather part of normative development in our society. Although it is certainly true that certain cliques can negatively influence development, others can actually benefit adolescents. In cases in which clique influence is negative, it is encouraging to note that while most forms of interventions are fairly ineffective and peer group interventions frequently produce iatrogenic effects, interventions with parents have yielded encouraging results.
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when is season 5 episode 11 of steven universe coming out | List of Steven Universe episodes - Wikipedia
Steven Universe is an American animated television series created by Rebecca Sugar for Cartoon Network. The series revolves around Steven Universe (voiced by Zach Callison), who protects his hometown of Beach City alongside Garnet (voiced by Estelle), Amethyst (voiced by Michaela Dietz) and Pearl (voiced by Deedee Magno), three magical alien guardians known as the Crystal Gems. The series was renewed for a fourth and fifth season in March 2016.
As of January 5, 2018, 140 episodes of Steven Universe have aired. Episodes have variously been broadcast once a week (most recently on Friday nights), or in blocks of multiple new episodes in the course of a week, which are marketed as "Stevenbombs ''.
The following lists are ordered according to the list on the official website of the series, which reflects the intended watching order of the creators. While similar to the original broadcast order, three episodes from the first season were not broadcast until the second season.
The supervising director for this season is Ian Jones - Quartey.
All six digital shorts combined make up one full production code of season 2 (1031 - 058).
All five of these shorts combined make up one full production code of season 4.
Depending on the customer 's region, Steven Universe is available through various video on demand services such as Hulu, Google Play, iTunes, Amazon Video, and Microsoft Movies & TV.
Episodes on the Steven Universe DVDs are not in original broadcast order. In the table below, the episodes are listed in the order they appear on the DVD, and are numbered according to the intended watching order. A new Steven Universe DVD titled "The Return '' was announced to be released on June 7, 2016, as well as having cover art shown. The Australian company, Madman Entertainment, has released both a Blu - ray and DVD collection of Season 1 in Region 4, however, the series has yet to see any Blu - ray releases in the North American market.
While the Australian Season DVDs use the intended broadcast order, the American "Season One '' is re-ordered, omitting ' Shirt Club ' and ' Story For Steven ' but including the Season Two episodes ' Full Disclosure ' and ' Joy Ride '. The American Season One DVD will also include special features not available in the Australian release.
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i want to be bob dylan counting crows | Mr. Jones (Counting Crows song) - wikipedia
"Mr. Jones '' is a song by American alternative rock band Counting Crows. It was released in December 1993 as the lead single and third track from their debut album, August and Everything After (1993). It was the band 's first radio hit and one of their most popular singles.
"Mr. Jones '' entered the American Top 40 on February 19, 1994, and entered the Top 10 five weeks later. On April 23, "Mr. Jones '' passed R. Kelly 's "Bump n ' Grind '', taking the number - one position (which it surrendered, the following week, to Prince 's "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World '').
The band 's surprise success happened to coincide with Kurt Cobain 's death. These events took a significant toll on Adam Duritz, the lead vocalist and principal songwriter. Duritz said in an interview, "We heard that, that (Kurt) had shot himself. And it really scared the hell out of me because I thought, these things in my life are getting so out of control. '' These events and feelings were the basis for "Catapult '', the first track of Recovering the Satellites.
According to Duritz (who was born in 1964), the song title had a hand in the naming by Jonathan Pontell of "Generation Jones '', the group of people born between 1954 and 1965. "I feel honored that my song Mr. Jones was part of the inspiration for the name ' Generation Jones '. ''
The primary topic of the song itself is perhaps how two struggling musicians (Duritz and bassist Marty Jones of The Himalayans) "want to be big stars, '' believing that "when everybody loves me, I will never be lonely. '' Duritz would later recant these values, and in later concert appearances, "Mr. Jones '' was played in a subdued acoustic style, if at all. On the live CD Across a Wire Duritz changes the lyrics "We all wan na be big, big stars, but we got different reasons for that '' to "We all wan na be big, big stars, but then we get second thoughts about that, '' and "when everybody loves you, sometimes that 's just about as funky as you can be '' to "when everybody loves you, sometimes that 's just about as fucked up as you can be. ''
Some believe the song is a veiled reference to the protagonist of Bob Dylan 's "Ballad of a Thin Man '', based on the lyric "I wan na be Bob Dylan, Mr. Jones wishes he was someone just a little more funky. '' According to Adam Duritz on VH1 Story Tellers "It 's really a song about my friend Marty and I. We went out one night to watch his dad play, his dad was a Flamenco guitar player who lived in Spain (David Serva), and he was in San Francisco in the mission playing with his old Flamenco troupe. And after the gig we all went to this bar called the New Amsterdam in San Francisco on Columbus. ''
In a 2013 interview, Duritz explained that even though the song is named for his friend Marty Jones, it is actually about Duritz himself. "I wrote a song about me, I just happened to be out with him that night, '' Duritz said. The inspiration for the song came as Duritz and Jones were drunk at a bar after watching Jones ' father perform, when they saw Kenney Dale Johnson, longtime drummer for the musician Chris Isaak, sitting with three women. "It just seemed like, you know, we could n't even manage to talk to girls,... we were just thinking if we were rock stars, it 'd be easier. I went home and wrote the song, '' Duritz said.
In the live version of the song, as on the album Across a Wire: Live in New York City, the first couplet of the song is a quotation of the 1967 song So You Want to Be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star by The Byrds.
The band Hidden in Plain View did a cover of "Mr. Jones '' which was released in 2004 on the album Dead and Dreaming: An Indie Tribute to the Counting Crows.
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when did they start allowing fathers in the delivery room | Men 's role in childbirth - wikipedia
The role of men in childbirth in the Western world has become more participatory than it was in the past. More Western women want their male partners to give active assistance during pregnancy and childbirth.
Until the concluding decades of the 19th century, an experienced nurse midwife, who was considered to be knowledgeable about the birth process, typically helped to deliver a woman 's baby. Birth typically took place in the home, and it was considered to be an event for females. It was a time for female friends and relatives to come into the home and care for the mother, her household, provide reassurance, and offer guidance. Birth was not considered to be a private event, but more of a social one, that also could create a strong bond among the participants and supporting attendees.
Physicians there warned that it was dangerous not to receive modern medical attention while delivering children. They also stated one in every thirty women was expected to die because of a lack of medical attention. Due to these warnings, many women favored going into labor with a physician as opposed to a midwife. Physicians typically prohibited friends and relatives from participating or observing. The birth process may have been regarded as private or even embarrassing to the patient or the doctor and there were issues of preventing infection. Around 1910, some states began to outlaw the midwifery practice. Others enacted regulatory requirements which were difficult for many midwives to complete. Since the 1920s, physician assistance has been predominant during childbirth. However, since the 1960s midwifery has returned and grown in popularity and societal acceptance. Even during childbirth with a physician, it is now common for women to have their families, particularly their partners, in the delivery room with them.
To help their wives prepare for childbirth, many male partners participate in specialized childbirth classes, such as Lamaze or Bradley method of natural childbirth. Men may give active assistance during childbirth by simply being present during his wife 's labor or by coaching during childbirth. Many women find their partners ' presence in the delivery room to be comforting. If he is present the man may be able to assist in making decisions that may be required at various junctures in the childbirth process (for example, regarding the use of epidural, accelerating delivery, dealing with medical problems and other matters).
Until the early 1960s men were typically excluded from the labour room. However, during this decade there was an increasing pressure on hospitals to allow men into the labour room to provide support for their partners. It was only by the 1980s that it became common and expected that men would be present when their partners gave birth. The contemporary Australian experience is that men are expected to be present and support their partners.
Many women find it soothing to have someone assist them during their pregnancies, making it more common for a woman 's male partner to support her both before and during childbirth. The type and quality of a relationship between a man and a woman is what determines how, and if, the man will be active during his partner 's pregnancy.
Some contend that when men are fearful or anxious regarding birth that they actually make the birth more difficult for their partner. Their fear may be ' transmitted ' to their partner and this increases her adrenaline levels leading to labor stalling. In some circumstances this may require the use of medications such as oxytocin to restart labor and thus can sometimes lead to a cascade of intervention that can result in a caesarean section.
Two musicians have played or performed musical works during the delivery of a child of theirs. Mickey Hart recorded Music to be Born By and played it back during delivery, and Alfredo Rolando Ortiz played Paraguayan harp at the birth of his child.
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meaning of the song this little light of mine | This Little Light of Mine - wikipedia
"This Little Light of Mine '' is a gospel song written for children in the 1920s by Harry Dixon Loes. It was later adapted by Zilphia Horton, amongst many other activists, in connection with the civil rights movement. Although the words of the song have a Biblical theme, it is unclear as to which specific Bible verse it is based upon. Today, many versions of the song are available.
Harry Dixon Loes, who studied at the Moody Bible Institute and the American Conservatory of Music, was a musical composer and teacher, who wrote or co-wrote several other gospel songs. The song has since entered the folk tradition, first being collected by John Lomax in 1939. Often thought of as a Negro spiritual, it can be found in The United Methodist Hymnal, # 585, adapted by William Farley Smith in 1987.
Depending on the source, the song may take its theme from Matthew 5: 16, "Let your light shine before men, that they may see your fine works and give glory to your Father who is in the heaven. '' Alternatively, it may refer to the words of Jesus in Luke 11: 33, where he said, "No man, when he hath lighted a candle, putteth it in a secret place, neither under a bushel, but on a candlestick, that they which come in may see the light. '' Or, it may be based on Matthew 5: 14 -- 15, where Jesus said, "Ye are the light of the world. A city that is set on an hill can not be hid. Neither do men light a candle and put it under a bushel, but on a candlestick; and it giveth light unto all that are in the house. ''
The song has also been secularised into "This Little Girl of Mine '' as recorded by Ray Charles in 1956 and later The Everly Brothers. It has often been published with a set of hand movements to be used for the instruction of children.
Under the influence of Zilphia Horton, Fannie Lou Hamer, and others, it eventually became a Civil Rights anthem in the 1950s and 1960s, especially the version by Betty Fikes. The Seekers recorded it for their second UK album, Hide & Seekers (also known as The Four & Only Seekers) in 1964. Over time it also became a very popular children 's song, recorded and performed by the likes of Raffi in the 1980s.
Odetta and the Boys Choir of Harlem performed the song on the Late Show with David Letterman on September 17, 2001, on the first show after Letterman resumed broadcasting, after having been off the air for several nights following the events of 9 / 11.
LZ7 took their version of the song named "This Little Light '' to number 26 in the UK Singles Chart.
Category: American Christian hymns
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when was the new world trade center completed | One World Trade Center - Wikipedia
One World Trade Center (also known as 1 World Trade Center, 1 WTC or Freedom Tower) is the main building of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City. It is the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, and the sixth - tallest in the world. The supertall structure has the same name as the North Tower of the original World Trade Center, which was destroyed in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The new skyscraper stands on the northwest corner of the 16 - acre (6.5 ha) World Trade Center site, on the site of the original 6 World Trade Center. The building is bounded by West Street to the west, Vesey Street to the north, Fulton Street to the south, and Washington Street to the east.
The building 's architect was David Childs, whose firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) also designed the Burj Khalifa and the Willis Tower. The construction of below - ground utility relocations, footings, and foundations for the new building began on April 27, 2006. One World Trade Center became the tallest structure in New York City on April 30, 2012, when it surpassed the height of the Empire State Building. The tower 's steel structure was topped out on August 30, 2012. On May 10, 2013, the final component of the skyscraper 's spire was installed, making the building, including its spire, reach a total height of 1,776 feet (541 m). Its height in feet is a deliberate reference to the year when the United States Declaration of Independence was signed. The building opened on November 3, 2014; the One World Observatory opened on May 29, 2015.
On March 26, 2009, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) confirmed that the building would be officially known by its legal name of "One World Trade Center '', rather than its colloquial name of "Freedom Tower ''. The building is 104 standard floors high, but the tower has only 94 actual stories.
The new World Trade Center complex will eventually include five high - rise office buildings built along Greenwich Street, as well as the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, located just south of One World Trade Center where the original Twin Towers stood. The construction of the new building is part of an effort to memorialize and rebuild following the destruction of the original World Trade Center complex.
The construction of the World Trade Center, of which the Twin Towers (One and Two World Trade Center) were the centerpieces, was conceived as an urban renewal project and spearheaded by David Rockefeller. The project was intended to help revitalize Lower Manhattan. The project was planned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which hired architect Minoru Yamasaki. Yamasaki came up with the idea of building twin towers. After extensive negotiations, the New Jersey and New York State governments, which supervise the Port Authority, consented to the construction of the World Trade Center at the Radio Row site, located in the lower - west area of Manhattan. To satisfy the New Jersey government, the Port Authority agreed to buy the bankrupt Hudson & Manhattan Railroad (renamed to Port Authority Trans - Hudson), which transported commuters from New Jersey to Lower Manhattan.
The towers were designed as framed tube structures, giving tenants open floor plans, unobstructed by columns or walls. This design was accomplished by using many closely spaced perimeter columns, providing much of the structure 's strength, with the gravity load shared with the core columns. The elevator system, which made use of sky lobbies and a system of express and local elevators, allowed substantial floor space to be used for office purposes by making the structural core smaller. The design and construction of the towers involved many other innovative techniques, such as wind tunnel experiments and the slurry wall for digging the foundation.
Construction of the North Tower (One World Trade Center) began in August 1966; extensive use of prefabricated components sped up the construction process. The first tenants moved into the North Tower in December 1970. In the 1970s, four other low - level buildings were built as part of the World Trade Center complex. A seventh building was built in the mid-1980s.
After Seven World Trade Center was built in the 1980s, the World Trade Center complex had a total of seven buildings; however, the most notable ones were the main Twin Towers built in the 1970s -- One World Trade Center was the North Tower, and Two World Trade Center was the South Tower. Each tower was over 1,350 feet (410 m) high, and occupied about 1 acre (0.40 ha) of the total 16 acres (6.5 ha) of the site 's land. During a press conference in 1973, Yamasaki was asked, "Why two 110 - story buildings? Why not one 220 - story building? '' His response was, "I did n't want to lose the human scale. ''
When completed in 1972, One World Trade Center became the tallest building in the world for two years, surpassing the Empire State Building, which had held the record for 40 years. The North Tower was 1,368 feet (417 m) tall, and in 1978, a telecommunications antenna was added to the top of the roof; by itself, the antenna was 360 feet (110 m) tall. With the 360 - foot (110 m) - tall antenna, the highest point of the North Tower reached 1,728 ft (527 m). The tower held its record for a brief period of time; Chicago 's Sears Tower, finished in May 1973, was 1,450 feet (440 m) at the rooftop. At 110 floors, the World Trade Center towers had more floors than any other building at that time. This number was not surpassed until the construction of the Burj Khalifa (163 floors), which opened in 2010.
Of the 110 stories, eight were set aside as mechanical floors (floors 7 / 8, 41 / 42, 75 / 76, and 108 / 109), which were four two - floor areas that were spaced up the building in even intervals. All the remaining floors were open for tenants. Each floor of the tower had 40,000 square feet (3,700 m) of available space. The North and South tower had 3,800,000 square feet (350,000 m) of total office space. The entire complex of seven buildings had a combined total of 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m) of office space.
The complex initially failed to attract the expected clientele. During the early years, various governmental organizations became key tenants of the World Trade Center, such as the State of New York. In the 1980s, the city 's perilous financial condition eased, after which an increasing number of private companies -- mostly financial firms related to Wall Street -- became tenants. During the 1990s, approximately 500 companies had offices in the complex, including financial companies such as Morgan Stanley, Aon Corporation, and Salomon Brothers. The basement concourse of the World Trade Center included The Mall at the World Trade Center, and a PATH station. The North Tower became the main corporate headquarters of Cantor Fitzgerald, and it also became the headquarters of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.
The tower 's electrical service was supplied by Consolidated Edison (ConEd) at 13,800 volts. The electricity passed through the World Trade Center Primary Distribution Center (PDC), and was then sent up the building 's core to electrical substations located on the mechanical floors. The substations lowered the 13,800 primary voltage to 480 / 277 volts, and the voltage was then further lowered to 208 / 120 volts for general power and lighting services. The complex was also served by emergency generators located in the sub-levels of the towers and on the roof of Five World Trade Center.
The 110th floor of One World Trade Center (the North Tower) housed radio and television transmission equipment. The roof of the North Tower contained a vast array of transmission antennas, including the 360 feet (110 m) center antenna mast, rebuilt by Dielectric Inc. to support DTV in 1999. The center mast contained the television signals for almost all NYC television broadcasters: WCBS - TV 2, WNBC - TV 4, WNYW 5, WABC - TV 7, WWOR - TV 9 Secaucus, WPIX 11, WNET 13 Newark, WPXN - TV 31 and WNJU 47 Linden. It also had four NYC FM broadcasters: WPAT - FM 93.1, WNYC 93.9, WKCR 89.9, and WKTU 103.5. Access to the roof was controlled by the WTC Operations Control Center (OCC), located in the B1 level of the South Tower. After the September 11 attacks of 2001, the broadcasting equipment for the radio and television stations was moved to the Empire State Building.
On a typical weekday, a combined total of 50,000 people worked in the North and South Towers, with another 200,000 passing through as visitors. The complex was so large that it had its own zip code: 10048. The Windows on the World restaurant, located on top of the North Tower, reported revenues of $37 million in 2000, making it the highest - grossing restaurant in the United States. The Twin Towers became known worldwide, appearing in movies, television shows, postcards, and other merchandise. The towers came to be seen as a New York City icon, much like the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, and the Statue of Liberty.
On February 13, 1975, a three - alarm fire broke out on the 11th floor of the North Tower. The fire spread through the core of the building to the 9th and 14th floors, as the insulation for telephone cables, located in a utility shaft that ran vertically between floors, had been ignited. Areas most affected by the fire were extinguished almost immediately, and the original fire was put out in a few hours. Most of the damage was on the 11th floor, where the fire was fueled by cabinets filled with paper, alcohol - based fluid for office machines, and other office equipment. Fireproofing protected the steel, and there was no structural damage to the tower. In addition to the fire damage on the 9th and 14th floors, water used to extinguish the fire damaged a few floors below. At the time, the World Trade Center complex had no fire sprinkler systems.
The first terrorist attack on the World Trade Center occurred on February 26, 1993, at 12: 17 p.m., when a Ryder truck filled with 1,500 pounds (680 kg) of explosives, planted by Ramzi Yousef, detonated in the underground garage of the North Tower. The blast resulted in a 100 feet (30 m) hole through five sublevels. The greatest damage was on levels B1 and B2, with significant structural damage on level B3. Six people were killed, and more than a thousand were injured, as 50,000 workers and visitors were inside the tower at the time. Many people inside the North Tower were forced to walk down darkened stairwells that had no emergency lighting, and some took two hours or more to reach safety.
At 8: 46 a.m. (EDT) on September 11, 2001, five hijackers affiliated with al - Qaeda crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the northern facade of the North Tower. Seventeen minutes later, at 9: 03 a.m. (EDT), a second group of terrorists crashed the hijacked United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern facade of the South Tower, striking between the 77th and 85th floors.
By 9: 59 a.m. (EDT), the South Tower collapsed after burning for approximately 56 minutes. After burning for 102 minutes, the North Tower collapsed due to structural failure at 10: 28 a.m. (EDT). When the North Tower collapsed, debris fell on the nearby 7 World Trade Center, damaging it and starting fires. The fires burned for hours, compromising the building 's structural integrity. Seven World Trade Center collapsed at 5: 21 p.m. (EDT).
Together with a simultaneous attack on the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and a failed plane hijacking that resulted in a plane crash in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, the attacks resulted in the deaths of 2,996 people (2,507 civilians, 343 firefighters, 72 law enforcement officers, 55 military personnel, and the 19 hijackers). More than 90 % of the workers and visitors who died in the towers had been at or above the points of impact. In the North Tower, 1,355 people at or above the point of impact were trapped, and died of smoke inhalation, fell, jumped from the tower to escape the smoke and flames, or were killed when the building eventually collapsed. One stairwell in the South Tower, Stairwell A, somehow avoided complete destruction, unlike the rest of the building. When Flight 11 hit, all three staircases in the North Tower above the impact zone were destroyed, thus making it impossible for anyone above the impact zone to escape. 107 people below the point of impact also died.
Following the destruction of the original World Trade Center, there was debate regarding the future of the World Trade Center site. There were proposals for its reconstruction almost immediately, and by 2002, the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation had organized a competition to determine how to use the site. The proposals were part of a larger plan to memorialize the September 11 attacks and rebuild the complex. When the public rejected the first round of designs, a second, more open competition took place in December 2002, in which a design by Daniel Libeskind was selected as the winner. This design underwent many revisions, mainly because of disagreements with developer Larry Silverstein, who held the lease to the World Trade Center site at that time.
There was criticism concerning the limited number of floors that were designated for office space and other amenities in an early plan. Only 82 floors would have been habitable, and the total office space of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex would have been reduced by more than 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m) in comparison with the original complex. The floor limit was imposed by Silverstein, who expressed concern that higher floors would be a liability in the event of a future terrorist attack or other incident. Much of the building 's height would have consisted of a large, open - air steel lattice structure on the roof of the tower, containing wind turbines and "sky gardens ''. In a subsequent design, the highest occupiable floor became comparable to the original World Trade Center, and the open - air lattice was removed from the plans. In 2002, former New York Governor George Pataki faced accusations of cronyism for supposedly using his influence to get the winning architect 's design picked as a personal favor for his friend and campaign contributor, Ron Lauder.
A final design for the "Freedom Tower '' was formally unveiled on June 28, 2005. To address security issues raised by the New York City Police Department, a 187 - foot (57 m) concrete base was added to the design in April of that year. The design originally included plans to clad the base in glass prisms in order to address criticism that the building might have looked uninviting and resembled a "concrete bunker ''. However, the prisms were later found to be unworkable, as preliminary testing revealed that the prismatic glass easily shattered into large and dangerous shards. As a result, it was replaced by a simpler facade consisting of stainless steel panels and blast - resistant glass.
Contrasting with Libeskind 's original plan, the tower 's final design tapers octagonally as it rises. Its designers stated that the tower would be a "monolithic glass structure reflecting the sky and topped by a sculpted antenna. '' In 2006, Larry Silverstein commented on a planned completion date: "By 2012 we should have a completely rebuilt World Trade Center, more magnificent, more spectacular than it ever was. '' On April 26, 2006, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey approved a conceptual framework that allowed foundation construction to begin. A formal agreement was drafted the following day, the 75th anniversary of the 1931 opening of the Empire State Building. Construction began in May; a formal groundbreaking ceremony took place when the first construction team arrived.
The symbolic cornerstone of One World Trade Center was laid in a ceremony on July 4, 2004. The stone had an inscription supposedly written by Arthur J. Finkelstein. However, construction was delayed until 2006 due to disputes over money, security, and design. The last major issues were resolved on April 26, 2006, when a deal was made between developer Larry Silverstein and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, so the cornerstone was temporarily removed from the site on June 23, 2006. Soon after, explosives were detonated at the construction site for two months to clear bedrock for the building 's foundation, onto which 400 cubic yards (310 cubic meters) of concrete was poured by November 2007.
In a December 18, 2006, ceremony held in nearby Battery Park City, members of the public were invited to sign the first 30 - foot (9.1 m) steel beam installed onto the building 's base. It was welded onto the building 's base on December 19, 2006. Foundation and steel installation began shortly afterward, so the tower 's footings and foundation were nearly complete within a year.
In January 2008, two cranes were moved onto the site. Construction of the tower 's concrete core, which began after the cranes arrived, reached street level by May 17. However, construction of the base was not finished until two years later, after which construction of the office floors began, and the first glass windows were subsequently installed; during 2010, floors were constructed at a rate of about one per week. An advanced "cocoon '' scaffolding system was installed to protect workers from falling, and was the first such safety system installed on a steel structure in the city. The tower reached 52 floors and was over 600 feet (180 m) tall by December 2010. The tower 's steel frame was halfway complete by then, but grew to 82 floors by the tenth anniversary of the September 11 attacks, at which time its concrete flooring had reached 72 floors and the glass cladding had reached 56 floors.
In 2009, the Port Authority changed the official name of the building from "Freedom Tower '' to "One World Trade Center '', stating that this name was the "easiest for people to identify with. '' The change came after board members of the Port Authority voted to sign a 21 - year lease deal with Vantone Industrial Co., a Chinese real estate company, which would become the building 's first commercial tenant to sign a lease. Vantone plans to create the China Center, a trade and cultural facility, covering 191,000 square feet on floors 64 through 69.
Detailed floor plans of the tower were posted on New York City 's Department of Finance website in May 2011. This resulted in an uproar from the media and citizens of the surrounding area, who warned that the plans could potentially be used for a future terrorist attack.
While under construction, the tower was specially illuminated on several occasions. On the weekend of July 4, 2011, it was lit up with the colors of the American flag to commemorate Independence Day, and it was lit up with the same colors on September 11 to mark the 10th anniversary of the September 11 terrorist attacks. On October 27 of that same year, it was illuminated with pink in honor of Breast Cancer Awareness Month. On December 11, the Port Authority illuminated the tower with multicolored lights to celebrate the holiday season. On February 24, 2012, the building was lit up with red in honor of Archbishop of New York Timothy Dolan, who became a cardinal on February 18. On June 14, 2012, it was illuminated with red, white, and blue to honor Flag Day. In August, it was illuminated with red in honor of the Armed Forces. On September 8, 2012, it was once again illuminated with red, white, and blue to honor the 11th anniversary of the September 11 attacks. On June 24, 2013, the building was again illuminated with red, white, and blue to celebrate the Fourth of July. On November 12, 2013, three hundred red, white, and blue lights were lit up.
The tower 's loading dock, however, was not due to be finished in time to move equipment into the completed building, so five temporary loading bays were added at a cost of millions of dollars. The temporary PATH station was not to be removed until its official replacement, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, was completed, blocking access to the planned loading area. By March 2012, One World Trade Center 's steel structure had reached 93 floors, growing to 94 floors and 1,240 feet (380 m) by the end of the month. However, because the floor numberings were based on standard measurements, the 94th floor was numbered "floor 100 '', because the extra space was occupied by the high - ceilinged 91st floor, which was used for mechanical purposes.
The still - incomplete tower became New York City 's tallest building by roof height in April 2012, passing the 1,250 - foot (380 m) roof height of the Empire State Building. President Barack Obama visited the construction site two months later and wrote, on a steel beam that would be hoisted to the top of the tower, the sentence "We remember, we rebuild, we come back stronger! '' That same month, with the tower 's structure nearing completion, the owners of the building began a public marketing campaign for the building, seeking to attract visitors and tenants.
One World Trade Center 's steel structure topped out at the nominal 104th floor, with a total height of 1,368 feet (417 m), in August 2012. The tower 's antenna was then shipped from Quebec to New York in November 2012, and the first section of the antenna was hoisted to the top of the tower on December 12, 2012, and was installed on January 15, 2013. By March 2013, two sections of the antenna had been installed. The spire 's completion was scheduled for April 29, 2013, but bad weather delayed the delivery of the final pieces. On May 10, 2013, the final piece of the spire was lifted to the top of One World Trade Center, bringing the tower to its full height of 1,776 feet (541 m), and making it the fourth - tallest building in the world. In subsequent months, the exterior elevator shaft was removed; the podium glass, interior decorations, and other finishings were being installed; and installation of concrete flooring and steel fittings was completed.
A report in September 2013 revealed that, at the time of the report, the World Trade Center Association (WTCA) was negotiating with regard to the "World Trade Center '' name, as the WTCA had purchased the rights to the name in 1986. The WTCA sought $500,000 worth of free office space in the tower in exchange for the use of "World Trade Center '' in the tower 's name and associated souvenirs.
On November 12, 2013, the Height Committee of the Chicago - based Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) made the controversial announcement that One World Trade Center was the tallest building in the United States at 1,776 feet, declaring that the mast on top of the building is a spire since it is a permanent part of the building 's architecture. By the same reasoning, the building was also the tallest in the Western Hemisphere.
The original Twin Towers, c. 2000
One World Trade Center under construction behind the World Financial Center in June 2011
One World Trade Center (to the left) and Four World Trade Center under construction, as seen from a helicopter on April 30, 2012
On November 1, 2014, moving trucks started moving items for the tower 's first occupying tenant, magazine publisher Condé Nast, from its old headquarters in Times Square to One World Trade Center. The New York Times noted that the area around the World Trade Center had transitioned from a financial area to one with technology firms, residences, and luxury shops, coincident with the building of the new tower.
The building opened on November 3, 2014, and Condé Nast employees moved into spaces spread among 24 floors. Condé Nast occupies floors 20 to 44, having completed its move in early 2015. It is expected that the company will attract new tenants to occupy the remaining 40 % of unleased space in the tower, as Condé Nast had revitalized Times Square after moving there in 1999. Only about 170 of 3,400 total employees moved into the new tower on the first day. Future tenants will include Kids Creative, Legends Hospitality, the BMB Group, Servcorp, and GQ.
On November 12, 2014, the supporting wire rope cables of a suspended working platform slacked. The cables were manufactured by Tractel, and they were used to hold workers who performed maintenance on the building 's exterior. At the time, the platform was holding a two - man, SEIU - affiliated window washing team. The slack caused the platform to hang almost vertically near the 68th floor of the tower. The workers were rescued by over 100 FDNY firefighters, who used a diamond saw to cut through the glass. After the incident, the workers suffered from a slight case of hypothermia, and were taken to the hospital.
An estimate in February 2007 placed the initial construction cost of One World Trade Center at about $3 billion, or $1,150 per square foot ($12,380 per square meter). However, the tower 's total estimated construction cost had risen to $3.9 billion by April 2012, making it the most expensive building in the world at the time. The tower 's construction was partly funded by approximately $1 billion of insurance money that Silverstein received for his losses in the September 11 attacks. The State of New York provided an additional $250 million, and the Port Authority agreed to give $1 billion, which would be obtained through the sale of bonds. The Port Authority raised prices for bridge and tunnel tolls to raise funds, with a 56 percent toll increase scheduled between 2011 and 2015; however, the proceeds of these increases were not used to pay for the tower 's construction.
Many of Daniel Libeskind 's original concepts from the 2002 competition were discarded from the tower 's final design. One World Trade Center 's final design consisted of simple symmetries and a more traditional profile, intended to compare with selected elements of the contemporary New York skyline. The tower 's central spire draws from previous buildings, such as the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building. It also visually resembles the original Twin Towers, rather than being an off - center spire similar to the Statue of Liberty. One World Trade Center is considered the first major building whose construction is based upon a three - dimensional Building Information Model.
The building occupies a 200 - foot (61 m) square, with an area of 40,000 square feet (3,700 m), nearly identical to the footprints of the original Twin Towers. The tower is built upon a 185 - foot (56 m) tall windowless concrete base, designed to protect it from truck bombs and other ground - level attacks. Originally, the base was to be covered in decorative prismatic glass, but a simpler glass - and - steel façade was adopted when the prisms proved unworkable. The current base cladding consists of angled glass fins protruding from stainless steel panels, similar to those on 7 World Trade Center. LED lights behind the panels illuminate the base at night. Cable - net glass façades on all four sides of the building for the higher floors, designed by Schlaich Bergermann, will be consistent with the other buildings in the complex. The façades are 60 feet (18 m) high, and range in width from 30 feet (9.1 m) on the east and west sides, 50 feet (15 m) on the north side, and 70 feet (21 m) on the south side. The curtain wall was manufactured and assembled by Benson Industries in Portland, Oregon, using glass made in Minnesota by Viracon.
From the 20th floor upwards, the square edges of the tower 's cubic base are chamfered back, shaping the building into eight tall isosceles triangles, or an elongated square antiprism. Near its middle, the tower forms a perfect octagon, and then culminates in a glass parapet, whose shape is a square oriented 45 degrees from the base. A 408 - foot (124 m) sculpted mast containing the broadcasting antenna -- designed in a collaboration between Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM), artist Kenneth Snelson (who invented the tensegrity structure), lighting designers, and engineers -- is secured by a system of cables, and rises from a circular support ring, which contains additional broadcasting and maintenance equipment. At night, an intense beam of light is projected horizontally from the spire and shines over 1,000 feet (300 m) above the tower.
David Childs of SOM, the architect of One World Trade Center, said the following regarding the tower 's design:
We really wanted our design to be grounded in something that was very real, not just in sculptural sketches. We explored the infrastructural challenges because the proper solution would have to be compelling, not just beautiful. The design does have great sculptural implications, and we fully understand the iconic importance of the tower, but it also has to be a highly efficient building. The discourse about Freedom Tower has often been limited to the symbolic, formal and aesthetic aspects but we recognize that if this building does n't function well, if people do n't want to work and visit there, then we will have failed as architects.
Just south of the new One World Trade Center is the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, which is located where the original Twin Towers stood. Immediately to the east is World Trade Center Transportation Hub and the new Two World Trade Center site. To the north is 7 World Trade Center, and to the west is Brookfield Place.
One World Trade Center 's top floor is officially designated as floor 104, despite the fact that the tower only contains 94 actual stories. The building has 86 usable above - ground floors, of which 78 are intended for office purposes (approximately 2,600,000 square feet (240,000 m)). The base consists of floors 1 -- 19, including a 65 - foot - high (20 m) public lobby, featuring the 90 - foot mural ONE: Union of the Senses by American artist José Parlá. The office floors begin at floor 20, and go up to floor 63. There is a sky lobby on floor 64; office floors resume on floor 65, and stop at floor 90. Floors 91 -- 99 and 103 -- 104 are mechanical floors.
The tower has a three - story observation deck, located on floors 100 -- 102, in addition to existing broadcast and antenna facilities. Similar to the Empire State Building, visitors are separated from the tenants, having their own separate entrance next to the museum, descending down to a below - ground security screening area. On the observation deck, the actual viewing space is on the 100th floor, but there is a food court on the 101st floor and a space for events for the 102nd floor. To show visitors the city, and give them information and stories about New York, an interactive tool called City Pulse is used by Tour Ambassadors. The admission fee is $32 per person, but admission discounts are available for children and seniors, and the deck is free for 9 / 11 responders and families of 9 / 11 victims. When it opens, the deck is expected to have about 3.5 million visitors per year. Tickets went on sale starting on April 8. However, the Manhattan District Attorney probed the Port Authority about the firm to which it awarded a contract to operate the deck. It officially opened on May 28, 2015, one day ahead of schedule.
There are three eating venues at the top of the building: a café (called One Café), a bar and "small plates '' grill (One Mix), and a fine dining restaurant (One Dining). Some have criticized the food prices; the need of a full observatory ticket purchase to enter; and their reputations compared to Windows on the World, the top - floor restaurant in the original One World Trade Center. The tenants have access to below - ground parking, storage, and shopping; access to PATH, New York City Subway trains, and the World Financial Center is also provided at the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, Fulton Street / Fulton Center, Chambers Street, and Cortlandt Street stations. The building allows direct access to West Street, Vesey Street, and Fulton Street at ground level. The building has an approximate underground footprint of 42,000 square feet (3,900 m), of which 55,000 square feet (5,100 m) is retail space. A plan to build a restaurant near the top of the tower, similar to the original One World Trade Center 's Windows on the World, was abandoned as logistically impractical. The tower 's window - washing tracks are located on a 16 - square - foot area, which will be designated as floor 110 as a symbolic reference to the 110 floors of the original tower.
View of Manhattan from the observatory
Brooklyn Bridge as viewed from the observatory
West Street viewed from the observatory
Statue of Liberty as viewed from the observatory
The original design went through significant changes after the Durst Organization joined the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey as the co-developer of the project in 2010.
The 185 - foot (56 m) tall base corners were originally designed to gently slope upward, and have prismatic glass. The corners were later squared. In addition, the base 's walls are now covered in "hundreds of pairs of 13 - foot vertical glass fins set against horizontal bands of eight - inch - wide stainless - steel slats. ''
The spire was originally to be enclosed with a protective radome, described as a "sculptural sheath of interlocking fiberglass panels ''. However, the radome - enclosed spire was changed to a plain antenna. Douglas Durst, the chairman of the Durst Organization, stated that the design change would save $20 million. However, the tower 's architect, Skidmore Owings & Merrill, strongly criticized the change. David Childs, the lead designer, said, "Eliminating this integral part of the building 's design and leaving an exposed antenna and equipment is unfortunate... We stand ready to work with the Port on an alternate design. '' After joining the project in 2010, the Durst Organization had suggested eliminating the radome to reduce costs, but the proposal was rejected by the Port Authority 's then - executive director, Christopher O. Ward. Ward was replaced by Patrick Foye in September 2011. Foye changed the Port Authority 's position, and the radome was removed from the plans. In 2012, Douglas Durst gave a statement regarding the final decision: "(the antenna) is going to be mounted on the building over the summer. There 's no way to do anything at this point. ''
The large triangular plaza on the west side of One World Trade Center, facing the Hudson River, was originally planned to have stainless steel steps descending to the street. However, the steps were changed to a terrace in the final design. The terrace can be accessed through a staircase on Vesey Street. The terrace is paved in granite, and has 12 sweetgum trees, in addition to a block - long planter / bench.
Durst also removed a skylight from the plaza 's plans; the skylight was designed to allow natural light to enter the below - ground observation deck lobby. The plaza is 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) higher than the adjacent sidewalk.
The Port Authority formally approved all these revisions, and the revisions were first reported by the New York Post. Patrick Foye, the executive director of the Port Authority, said that he thought that the changes were "few and minor '' in a telephone interview.
A contract negotiated between the Port Authority and the Durst Organization states that the Durst Organization will receive a $15 million fee and a percentage of "base building changes that result in net economic benefit to the project. '' The specifics of the signed contract give Durst 75 percent of the savings, up to $24 million, with further returns going down to 50 percent, 25 percent and 15 percent as the savings increase.
The top floor of One World Trade Center is 1,368 feet (417 m) above ground level, along with a 33 ft 4 in (10.16 m) parapet; this is identical to the roof height of the original One World Trade Center. The tower 's antenna / spire brings it to a pinnacle height of 1,776 feet (541 m), a figure intended to symbolize the year 1776, when the United States Declaration of Independence was signed. If the antenna is included in the building 's height, as stated by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), One World Trade Center surpasses the height of Taipei 101 (1,671 - foot (509 m)), is the world 's tallest all - office building, and the fourth - tallest skyscraper in the world, behind the Burj Khalifa, Abraj Al Bait, and Shanghai Tower.
One World Trade Center is the second - tallest freestanding structure in the Western Hemisphere, as the CN Tower in Toronto exceeds One World Trade Center 's pinnacle height by approximately 12 m (39.4 ft). The Chicago Spire, with a planned height of 2,000 feet (610 m), was expected to exceed the height of One World Trade Center, but its construction was canceled due to financial difficulties in 2009.
After design changes for One World Trade Center 's spire were revealed in May 2012, there were questions as to whether the 408 - foot (124 m) - tall structure would still qualify as a spire, and thus be included in the building 's height. Since the tower 's spire is not enclosed in a radome as originally planned, it could be classified as a simple antenna, which is not included in a building 's height, according to the CTBUH. Without the antenna, One World Trade Center would be 1,368 feet (417 m) tall, making it the fourth - tallest building in the United States, behind the Willis Tower and Trump International Hotel & Tower, both located in Chicago, and 432 Park Avenue in New York. The building is currently the tallest in New York City with the antenna; however, without the antenna, it was surpassed in 2015 by 432 Park Avenue, which topped out at 1,396 feet (426 m) high. One World Trade Center 's developers have disputed the claim that the spire should be reclassified as an antenna following the redesign, with Port Authority spokesman Steve Coleman reiterating that "One World Trade Center will be the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere. '' In 2012, the CTBUH announced that it would wait to make its final decision as to whether or not the redesigned spire would count towards the building 's height. On November 12, 2013, the CTBUH announced that One World Trade Center 's spire would count as part of the building 's recognized height, giving it a final height of 1,776 feet, and making it the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere.
Like other buildings in the new World Trade Center complex, One World Trade Center includes sustainable architecture features. Much of the building 's structure and interior is built from recycled materials, including gypsum boards and ceiling tiles; around 80 percent of the tower 's waste products are recycled. Although the roof area of any tower is limited, the building implements a rainwater collection and recycling scheme for its cooling systems. The building 's PureCell phosphoric acid fuel cells generate 4.8 megawatts (MW) of power, and its waste steam generates electricity. The New York Power Authority selected UTC Power to provide the tower 's fuel cell system, which was one of the largest fuel cell installations in the world once completed. The tower also makes use of off - site hydroelectric and wind power. The windows are made of an ultra-clear glass, which allows maximum sunlight to pass through; the interior lighting is equipped with dimmers that automatically dim the lights on sunny days, reducing energy costs. Like all of the new facilities at the World Trade Center site, One World Trade Center is heated by steam, with limited oil or natural gas utilities on - site. One World Trade Center is expected to receive a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold Certification, making it one of the most environmentally sustainable skyscrapers in the world.
Along with the protection provided by the reinforced concrete base, a number of other safety features were included in the building 's design, so that it would be prepared for a major accident or terrorist attack. Like 7 World Trade Center, the building has 3 - foot (91 cm) thick reinforced concrete walls in all stairwells, elevator shafts, risers, and sprinkler systems. There are also extra-wide, pressurized stairwells, along with a dedicated set of stairwells exclusively for the use of firefighters, and biological and chemical filters throughout the ventilation system. In comparison, the original Twin Towers used a purely steel central core to house utility functions, protected only by lightweight drywall panels.
The building is no longer 25 feet (8 m) away from West Street, as the Twin Towers were; at its closest point, West Street is 65 feet (20 m) away. The windows facing West Street are equipped with specially tempered blast - resistant plastic, which looks almost like the glass used in the other sides of the building. The Port Authority has stated: "Its structure is designed around a strong, redundant steel moment frame consisting of beams and columns connected by a combination of welding and bolting. Paired with a concrete - core shear wall, the moment frame lends substantial rigidity and redundancy to the overall building structure while providing column - free interior spans for maximum flexibility. ''
In addition to safety design, new security measures will be implemented. All vehicles will be screened for radioactive materials and other potentially dangerous objects before they enter the site through the underground road. Four hundred closed - circuit surveillance cameras will be placed in and around the site, with live camera feeds being continuously monitored by the NYPD. A computer system will use video - analytic computer software, designed to detect potential threats, such as unattended bags, and retrieve images based on descriptions of terrorists or other criminal suspects. New York City and Port Authority police will patrol the site.
Before the World Trade Center site was fully completed, the plaza was not completely opened to the public, as the original World Trade Center plaza was. The initial stage of the opening process began on Thursday, May 15, 2014, when the "Interim Operating Period '' of the National September 11 Memorial ended. During this period, all visitors were required to undergo airport style security screening, as part of the "Interim Operating Period '', which was expected to end on December 31, 2013. However, screening did not fully end until the official dedication and opening of the museum on May 21, 2014, after which visitors were allowed to use the plaza without needing passes.
In March 2014, the tower was scaled by 16 - year - old Weehawken, New Jersey resident Justin Casquejo, who entered the site through a hole in a fence. He was subsequently arrested on trespassing charges. He allegedly dressed like a construction worker, sneaked in, and convinced an elevator operator to lift him to the tower 's 88th floor, according to news sources. He then used stairways to get to the 104th floor, walked past a sleeping security guard, and climbed up a ladder to get to the antenna, where he took pictures for two hours. The elevator operator was reassigned, and the guard was fired. It was then revealed that officials had failed to install security cameras in the tower, which facilitated Casquejo 's entry to the site. Casquejo was sentenced to 23 days of community service as a result.
Less than a week after the trespassing incident, four people -- three male parachutists (one of whom was a construction worker at the site) and their lookout -- were arrested for a BASE jump they conducted on September 30, 2013. They had posted a video of the jump online. As a result of these incidents, the Durst Organization 's head of security at One World Trade Center, David Velazquez, resigned on March 28, 2014.
The social center of the previous One World Trade Center included a restaurant on the 107th floor, called Windows on the World, and The Greatest Bar on Earth; these were tourist attractions in their own right, and a gathering spot for people who worked in the towers. This restaurant also housed one of the most prestigious wine schools in the United States, called "Windows on the World Wine School '', run by wine personality Kevin Zraly. Despite numerous assurances that these attractions would be rebuilt, the Port Authority scrapped plans to rebuild them, which has outraged some observers.
The fortified base of the tower has also been a source of controversy. Some critics, including Deroy Murdock of the National Review, have said that it is alienating and dull, and reflects a sense of fear rather than freedom, leading them to dub the building "the Fear Tower ''. Nicolai Ouroussoff, the architecture critic for The New York Times, calls the tower base a "grotesque attempt to disguise its underlying paranoia ''.
One World Trade Center is principally owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Around 5 percent equity of the building was sold to the Durst Organization, a private real estate company, in exchange for an investment of at least $100 million. The Durst Organization assisted in supervising the building 's construction, and manages the building for the Port Authority, having responsibility for leasing, property management, and tenant installations. By September 2012, around 55 percent of the building 's floor space had been leased, but no new leases were signed for three years until May 2014; the amount of space leased had gone up to 62.8 percent by November 2014.
In 2006, the State of New York agreed to a 15 - year 415,000 square feet (38,600 m) lease, with an option to extend the lease 's term and occupy up to 1,000,000 square feet (90,000 m). The General Services Administration (GSA) initially agreed to a lease of around 645,000 square feet (59,900 m), and New York State 's Office of General Services (OGS) planned to occupy around 412,000 square feet (38,300 m). However, the GSA ceded most of its floor space to the Port Authority in July 2011, and the OGS withdrew from the lease contract. In April 2008, the Port Authority announced that it was seeking a bidder to operate the 18,000 sq ft (1,700 m) observation deck on the tower 's 102nd floor; in 2013, Legends Hospitality Management agreed to operate the observatory in a 15 - year, $875 million contract.
The building 's first lease, a joint project between the Port Authority and Beijing - based Vantone Industrial, was announced on March 28, 2009. A 190,810 sq ft (17,727 m) "China Center '', combining business and cultural facilities, is planned between floors 64 and 69; it is intended to represent Chinese business and cultural links to the United States, and to serve American companies that wish to conduct business in China. Vantone Industrial 's lease is for 20 years and 9 months. In April 2011, a new interior design for the China Center was unveiled, featuring a vertical "Folding Garden '', based on a proposal by the Chinese artist Zhou Wei.
On August 3, 2010, Condé Nast Publications signed a tentative agreement to move the headquarters and offices for its magazines into One World Trade Center, occupying up to 1,000,000 square feet (90,000 m) of floor space. On May 17, 2011, Condé Nast reached a final agreement with the Port Authority, securing a 25 - year lease with an estimated value of $2 billion. On May 25, 2011, Condé Nast finalized the lease contract, obtaining 1,008,012 square feet (93,647.4 m) of office space between floors 20 -- 41. The lease also includes 30,000 square feet (2,800 m) of usable space in the podium and below grade floors, for mail, messenger services, and storage use. On January 17, 2012, it was reported that Condé Nast would be leasing an additional 133,000 square feet (10,000 m) of space, occupying floors 42 through 44. Conde Nast moved in on November 3, 2014.
However, some leases had failed. In January 2012, Chadbourne & Parke, a Midtown Manhattan - based law firm, was to sign a 300,000 square feet (30,000 m) lease contract, but after negotiations broke down, the deal was abruptly canceled in March.
Larry Silverstein of Silverstein Properties, the leaseholder and developer of the complex, retains control of the surrounding buildings, while the Port Authority has full control of the tower itself. Silverstein signed a 99 - year lease for the World Trade Center site in July 2001, and remains actively involved in most aspects of the site 's redevelopment process.
Before construction of the new tower began, Silverstein was involved in an insurance dispute regarding the tower. The terms of the lease agreement signed in 2001, for which Silverstein paid $14 million, gave Silverstein, as leaseholder, the right and obligation to rebuild the structures if they were destroyed. After the September 11 attacks, there were a series of disputes between Silverstein and insurance companies concerning the insurance policies that covered the original towers; this resulted in the construction of One World Trade Center being delayed. After a trial resulted, a verdict was given on April 29, 2004. The verdict was that ten of the insurers involved in the dispute were subject to the "one occurrence '' interpretation, so their liability was limited to the face value of those policies. Three insurers were added to the second trial group. At that time, the jury was unable to reach a verdict on one insurer, Swiss Reinsurance, but it did so several days later on May 3, 2004, finding that this company was also subject to the "one occurrence '' interpretation. Silverstein appealed the Swiss Reinsurance decision, but the appeal failed on October 19, 2006. The second trial resulted in a verdict on December 6, 2004. The jury determined that nine insurers were subject to the "two occurrences '' interpretation, referring to the fact that two different planes had destroyed the towers during the September 11 attacks. They were therefore liable for a maximum of double the face value of those particular policies ($2.2 billion). The highest potential payout was $4.577 billion, for buildings 1, 2, 4, and 5.
In March 2007, Silverstein appeared at a rally of construction workers and public officials outside an insurance industry conference. He highlighted what he describes as the failures of insurers Allianz and Royal & Sun Alliance to pay $800 million in claims related to the attacks. Insurers state that an agreement to split payments between Silverstein and the Port Authority is a cause for concern.
David Childs, one of Silverstein 's favorite architects, joined the project after Silverstein urged him to do so. He developed a design proposal for One World Trade Center, initially collaborating with Daniel Libeskind. In May 2005, Childs revised the design to address security concerns. He is the architect of the tower, and is responsible for overseeing its day - to - day design and development.
Architect Daniel Libeskind won the invitational competition to develop a plan for the new tower in 2002. He gave an initial proposal, which he called "Memory Foundations '', for the design of One World Trade Center. His design included aerial gardens, windmills, and off - center spire. Libeskind later denied a request to place the tower in a more rentable location next to the PATH station. He instead placed it another block west, as it would then line up with, and resemble, the Statue of Liberty. Most of Libeskind 's original designs were later scrapped, and other architects were chosen to design the other WTC buildings. However, one element of Libeskind 's initial plan was included in the final design -- the tower 's symbolic height of 1,776 feet (541 m).
Daniel R. Tishman -- along with his father John Tishman, builder of the original World Trade Center -- led the construction team from Tishman Realty & Construction, the selected builder for One World Trade Center.
Douglas and Jody Durst, the co-presidents of the Durst Organization, a real estate development company, won the right to invest at least $100 million in the project on July 7, 2010.
In August 2010, Condé Nast, a long - time Durst tenant, confirmed a tentative deal to move into One World Trade Center, and finalized the deal on May 26, 2011. The contract negotiated between the Port Authority and the Durst Organization specifies that the Durst Organization will receive a $15 million fee, and a percentage of "base building changes that result in net economic benefit to the project ''. The specifics of the signed contract give Durst 75 percent of savings up to $24 million, stepping down to 50, 25, and 15 percent as savings increase. Since Durst joined the project, significant changes have been made to the building, including the 185 foot base of the tower, the spire, and the plaza to the west of the building, facing the Hudson River. The Port Authority has approved all the revisions.
A WoodSearch Films short - subject documentary entitled How does it feel to work on One World Trade Center? was uploaded to YouTube on August 31, 2010. It depicted construction workers who were satisfied with the working conditions at the construction site. However, further analysis of the work site showed that dozens of construction - related injuries had occurred at the site during the construction of One World Trade Center, including 34 not reported to the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Workers also left post-9 / 11 - related graffiti at the site, which are supposed to symbolize rebirth and resilience.
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where do i go to get tested for rabies | Rabies testing - Wikipedia
Rabies testing is a test generally done on animals (predominantly wild animals) when a person has been bitten.
Since the 1960s, the standard test for rabies has been Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA). Because rabies is present in nervous tissue (and not blood like many other viruses), it is best to test for rabies in brain tissue. This test can only be done post-mortem.
The DFA test is the quickest, most reliable test available. Treatment may wait until proper quarantine of suspected rabid animals or ones who have exposed humans or animals through biting for no longer than 10 days. Treatment is expensive and potentially debilitating making it even more important to get accurate and timely results.
In living humans, several tests are required to diagnose rabies because no single test is sufficient. Samples of saliva, serum, spinal fluid, and skin biopsies of hair follicles at the nape of the neck are all tested.
Post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is the definitive method for protection from rabies after exposure to a confirmed rabid animal or bite from unknown rabies status animal. Vaccination provides protection but exposure still results in PEP requiring not as many inoculations. Post exposure prophylaxis is specific anti-rabies immunoglobulin (or antibody) providing passive protection via neutralization and clearance of the Rabies virus. This is the regimen to be followed in the event of any exposure of humans to suspect zoonotic vectors, while immunization, although effective, is predisposed to temporal limitations.
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who plays han solo and leia's son | Kylo Ren - wikipedia
Kylo Ren is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. Introduced in the 2015 film Star Wars: The Force Awakens, he is portrayed by Adam Driver. "Kylo Ren '' is the chosen name of Ben Solo, the son of original Star Wars trilogy characters Han Solo and Leia Organa. Though trained by his uncle Luke Skywalker as a Jedi, he has been seduced to the dark side of the Force by Supreme Leader Snoke and aspires to be as powerful as his grandfather, Darth Vader, and create a new order in the galaxy separate from the legacies created by Luke and the Jedi Order. Kylo Ren is also the master of the Knights of Ren, as well as a commander and later the supreme leader of the First Order, an organization spawned from the fallen Galactic Empire. He is featured in The Force Awakens media and merchandising and appears in the film 's sequel, Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017).
After Lucasfilm was acquired by The Walt Disney Company in 2012, the script for The Force Awakens was written by Lawrence Kasdan, J.J. Abrams and Michael Arndt, with no direct participation from Star Wars creator George Lucas. According to director Abrams, the First Order is inspired by ODESSA, a theoretical network of SS officers who fled to Argentina following World War II.
Driver 's casting in the film in an unnamed role was first announced on April 29, 2014. Kylo Ren was first seen, but still not named, in the 88 - second The Force Awakens teaser trailer released by Lucasfilm on November 28, 2014, wielding a jagged red lightsaber with a crossguard. The name Kylo Ren was revealed by Entertainment Weekly in a Lucasfilm - designed Topps - style trading card mockup in December 2014. A May 2015 Vanity Fair photo shoot by Annie Leibovitz confirmed that Driver would be portraying Kylo.
In an interview with Time, The Force Awakens costume designer Michael Kaplan said that Abrams requested that Ren 's mask be designed to be memorable for a child. After numerous attempts to gain Abrams ' approval, the final design was selected. Kaplan said:
I do n't know if it was the kind of spaghetti type lines on it or what, but the next time J.J. came by that was what we presented to him and he loved it. Also the silver in those lines kind of reflects and changes color with the action. You know, if he 's standing in front of fire you see that, so it almost brings you into the mask.
Abrams told Entertainment Weekly in August 2015, "The movie explains the origins of the mask and where it 's from, but the design was meant to be a nod to the Vader mask. ''
According to other cast members, Driver is a method actor, which meant that he sometimes stayed in character on set as Ren and left his mask on between scenes. Driver explained that his goal was "to forget you 're in Star Wars and treat it like any other job that 's filled with moments and problems '', because from the perspective of the characters living within the film 's universe, "Darth Vader is real ''.
Ren 's character arc shares similarities with that of the Star Wars expanded universe character Jacen Solo, the son of Han Solo and Princess Leia who threatens the galaxy as a fallen Jedi. Additionally, critics have noted a resemblance between Ren 's character design and that of Revan, the protagonist of Knights of the Old Republic.
Abrams told Empire in August 2015, "Kylo Ren is not a Sith. He works under Supreme Leader Snoke, who is a powerful figure on the Dark Side of the Force. '' Abrams had previously told Entertainment Weekly that the character, "came to the name Kylo Ren when he joined a group called the Knights of Ren. '' Robbie Collin of The Telegraph described Ren as "a hot - headed, radicalised Dark Side jihadi, whose red lightsaber splutters and crackles as violently as his temper ''. Abrams noted, "The lightsaber is something that he built himself, and is as dangerous and as fierce and as ragged as the character. '' The Telegraph also explains that Ren 's wild and erratic temper and "angsty '' instability make him dangerous. Melissa Leon of The Daily Beast describes Ren 's use of the Force as "formidable '', citing his ability to stop a blaster shot mid-air, immobilize victims and probe their minds against their will.
Kasdan told Entertainment Weekly in August 2015, "I 've written four Star Wars movies now, and there 's never been a character quite like the one that Adam plays. I think you 're going to see something that 's brand new to the saga, '' noting that the character is "full of emotion ''. Abrams explained, "I think that what makes Ren so unique is that he is n't as fully formed as when we meet a character such as Darth Vader... He is not your prototypical mustache - twirling bad guy. He is a little bit more complex than that. '' Driver said in December 2015 that, despite the visual similarities to Darth Vader, Ren is "unlike any villain the franchise has seen before ''. He explained:
I feel there 's a recklessness about him that 's maybe not normally associated with the Dark Side. You normally think of order, and structure, and full commitment and no hesitation... he 's just a little bit more unpolished. It 's in his costume, in his lightsaber -- how you kind of get the sense that it could just not work at any moment; that it could just blow up. That 's kind of like a big metaphor for him.
Kylo Ren first appears in The Force Awakens as a commander in the First Order, a sinister regime that has risen from the remains of the old Galactic Empire. After arriving at Jakku to retrieve a map containing the coordinates where Luke Skywalker is to be found, Ren kills an old vicar known as Lor San Tekka, and captures Resistance pilot Poe Dameron, who has also been sent to recover the map by General Leia Organa. Ren soon learns that the pilot had entrusted his astromech droid, BB - 8, with the map. Poe flees with the help of rogue stormtrooper Finn, who later finds BB - 8, and the scavenger Rey. Finn, Rey, and BB - 8 escape Jakku in the Millennium Falcon, and are soon intercepted by the ship 's former owner, Han Solo, and his co-pilot Chewbacca.
It is revealed that Ren is the son of Han and Leia, and was once one of Luke 's Jedi pupils. He was drawn to the dark side of the Force by the First Order 's Supreme Leader Snoke. He then helped to destroy his uncle Luke 's new Jedi Academy. However, Ren still feels the pull of the light side of the Force and seeks the strength to overcome this weakness from his grandfather Darth Vader, whose burnt helmet is in Ren 's possession. Arriving at Maz Kanata 's castle on Takodana, Ren captures Rey, who he senses has seen the map. While interrogating her with the Force, he realizes that she is strong with the Force herself, though unaware of it. Rey finds herself able to resist his powers and experience Ren 's emotions, and confronts him over his fear that he will never be as powerful as his grandfather. She later uses the "Jedi mind trick '' to compel her stormtrooper guard to let her escape. Han arrives at the First Order 's battle station, Starkiller Base, as part of the Resistance 's plan to destroy it.
After Han plants explosives to destroy the base, he confronts Ren -- calling him by his real name, Ben -- and implores him to abandon the dark side, warning him that Snoke will kill him once he accomplishes his goal to seize control of the galaxy. Despite being conflicted, Ren refuses and kills his father, enraging Chewbacca, Han 's copilot, who fires, injuring Ren. As Finn and Rey flee the damaged base, a badly injured Ren follows and confronts them. Finn fights Ren with Luke 's recovered lightsaber, but Ren overpowers and severely wounds him. Rey then takes up the lightsaber and, using the Force, begins to overcome Ren, striking him on the face with the lightsaber and leaving with a scar on the right side of his face. Before the duel is finished, they are separated by a seismic fissure created by the collapsing base. Rey and the others escape as Snoke orders General Hux to evacuate the base and bring Ren to him to complete his training.
Ren 's inner conflict continues into The Last Jedi, specifically through his conversations with Rey, with whom he connects through the Force. Rey believes that his conflict will ultimately bring him back to the light side. Ren captures her and brings her before Snoke, who orders Ren to kill her. However, Ren uses the Force to ignite Luke 's lightsaber at Snoke 's side and cut him in half, killing him. After that, Ren reveals to Rey his new goal to create a new order in the galaxy, separate from the legacies created by Snoke and Luke, and beseeches Rey to join him, while explaining to her about her true parentage, calling Rey a "nobody '' to everyone else in the galaxy except for Ren. Though tempted, Rey refuses, realizing that Ren will not turn back to the light side. After she escapes, Ren frames her for Snoke 's assassination, declares himself Supreme Leader of the First Order, and orders his forces to attack the Resistance base on Crait. Ren engages Luke in battle and appears to blow him up and cut him in half, but Luke remains standing; "Luke '' is revealed to be simply a vision projected from the real Luke on Ahch - To, serving as a distraction which allows the Resistance to escape from the First Order. When Luke vanishes, the First Order storms the base, but the Resistance has already evacuated; Ren shares a final look with Rey through the Force before Rey closes the door to the Millennium Falcon and escapes with the Resistance.
He is a playable character in the 2015 Force Awakens add - on to the Disney Infinity 3.0 video game, with an Infinity character figurine available separately. He is also a character in the strategy video game Star Wars: Force Arena.
Hasbro has released a 3 ⁄ - inch (9.5 cm) Kylo Ren action figure, and a 6 - inch (15 cm) figure in their Black Series line. He is also featured in the Lego Star Wars playsets Kylo Ren 's Command Shuttle (2015) and Battle on Takodana (2016), as well as a Lego Buildable Figure. The Lego version of Kylo also appears in the 2016 short form animated series Lego Star Wars: The Resistance Rises, and as a playable character in Lego Star Wars: The Force Awakens.
In January 2016, Driver reprised the role for a Star Wars / Undercover Boss sketch on Saturday Night Live, with Kylo Ren disguising himself as a radar technician named "Matt '' to determine what the Starkiller Base employees really think of him.
Kylo Ren appears in Star Wars Battlefront II, voiced by Matthew Wood and Roger Craig Smith, masked and unmasked respectively. In the game, Kylo interrogates Del Meeko about Lor San Tekka 's location (who possess the map to Luke Skywalker) using his Force abilities. When Del finally relents and reveals the map and Lor San Tekka 's location, Kylo leaves him for Hask, Del 's former comrade in Inferno Squad.
Kylo Ren is a point of view character in the 2015 novelization of The Force Awakens by Alan Dean Foster.
In the 2017 Chuck Wendig novel Star Wars: Aftermath: Empire 's End, Ben Solo is stated as having been born on the planet Chandrila on the same day as a peace treaty is signed between the remnants of the Empire and the New Galactic Republic. Kylo Ren is additionally mentioned in the 2017 novel Star Wars: Phasma.
Both the character of Kylo Ren and Driver 's performance have been positively received. Many complimented Ren 's conflicted nature and depth, as well as his costume design, and noted there were many places the character could be taken in future installments. Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised the character and the actor alike, saying, "He is gorgeously cruel, spiteful and capricious -- and unlike the Vader of old, he is given to petulant temper tantrums, with his lightsaber drawn. '' Terri Schwartz of IGN also called Driver 's performance "spectacular '', noting that "his performance adds great depth to a character who could have come off as one - dimensional, and the implications of his arc leave a viewer with plenty to think about after they leave the theater. '' Collin wrote, "To describe Kylo Ren as this film 's Vader would be accurate in a sense... But it would also be to undersell the deep ingenuity with which this astonishing character has been crafted by Abrams, Kasdan and Arndt, and also the wells of emotional tumult Driver invests in him. '' Comparing the character to the one - note Vader of the 1977 film, Leon calls Ren "a living battleground between darkness and light, making him a far more resonant and familiar portrayal of that struggle than we 've ever seen in Star Wars... (which) makes him a far more interesting villain. '' Abrams told Entertainment Weekly, "it was a great joy to work with Adam Driver on this role, because he threw himself into it in a deep and remarkable way. '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter noted, "Ren is given a pronounced inferiority complex, a clever bad guy twist that could be taken to interesting places both in the writing and performance. '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote, "The bald - faced attempt to clone Vader, one of the greatest badasses in film history, is clankingly obvious, but Driver, masked and unmasked, gives him hypnotic and haunting contours. '' Kyle Buchanan of Vulture.com was underwhelmed by the reveal of Driver under the mask. Leon, however, argued:
But that face -- that of a normal, vulnerable young man -- is the most subversively terrifying thing about J. J. Abrams ' reimagining of A New Hope. Rather than pure evil, Ren is something far more familiar: He is human. Just like the real - life young men with minds clouded by fear, hate, and anger who commit unspeakable acts in our world every day... all the visual cues that leave the character open to criticisms of not being "evil '' enough -- are all signs of Ren 's struggle between the Dark Side and the Light.
Driver won a 2016 Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal. In January 2018, Kylo was voted seventh greatest movie villain of all time by the readers of Empire.
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who plays wonder woman's mother in the new wonder woman movie | Wonder Woman (2017 film) - wikipedia
Wonder Woman is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics character of the same name, distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is the fourth installment in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU). The film is directed by Patty Jenkins, with a screenplay by Allan Heinberg, from a story by Heinberg, Zack Snyder, and Jason Fuchs, and stars Gal Gadot, Chris Pine, Robin Wright, Danny Huston, David Thewlis, Connie Nielsen, and Elena Anaya. Wonder Woman is the second live action theatrical film featuring the titular character, following her debut in 2016 's Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. Jenkins 's role as director makes her the first female director of a studio superhero comic book live - action theatrical release film. The film tells the story of Princess Diana, who grows up on the Amazon island of Themyscira. After American pilot Steve Trevor crashes offshore of the island and is rescued by her, he tells the Amazons about the ongoing World War. Diana then leaves her home in order to end the conflict, becoming Wonder Woman in the process.
While development for the film began in 1996, Jenkins signed on to direct in 2015. Principal photography began on November 21, 2015, with filming taking place in the United Kingdom, France, and Italy before wrapping up on May 9, 2016, the 123rd anniversary of the birth of the creator, William Moulton Marston. Additional filming took place in November 2016.
Wonder Woman premiered in Shanghai on May 15, 2017, and was released in the United States on June 2, 2017, in 2D, 3D and IMAX 3D. It received largely positive reviews from critics, being praised for the direction, performances, action sequences and musical score. The film set numerous box office records, including becoming the highest - grossing film directed by a woman, the biggest domestic opening for a film directed by a woman, the highest - grossing superhero origin film domestically, and the largest opening for a female - led comic book film. Wonder Woman is also the fifth highest - grossing superhero film domestically and 20th highest - grossing film in the United States. It has grossed over $820 million worldwide, making it the seventh highest - grossing film of 2017. It also helped the DCEU to push past $3 billion at the worldwide box office, making it the seventeenth highest - grossing film franchise of all time. A sequel, Wonder Woman 2, is set to be released on December 13, 2019.
In present - day Paris, Diana Prince receives a photographic plate of herself during World War I, which prompts her to recall her past. The daughter of Queen Hippolyta, Diana was raised on the hidden island of Themyscira, home to the Amazonian race of warrior women created by Zeus to protect mankind. Hippolyta shares the Amazonian history with Diana, including how Ares, Zeus 's son, became jealous of humanity and worked to orchestrate its destruction. When the other gods of Mount Olympus attempted to stop him, Ares killed all but Zeus, who managed to hurt Ares enough to force a retreat. Zeus left the Amazons a weapon, the "Godkiller '', to prepare them for Ares ' return.
Hippolyta forbids Diana to train, then relents by having her sister Antiope train Diana, but so long as her training is more difficult than that received by any other warrior in the army. As a young woman in 1918, Diana rescues American pilot Captain Steve Trevor when his plane crashes off the Themyscira coast. He is pursued by a German cruiser. The Amazons kill the crew and Antiope sacrifices herself to save Diana. Steve is interrogated with the Lasso of Hestia. He reveals that a war is consuming the outside world, and that he is an Allied spy. He has stolen a notebook of the Spanish chief chemist Isabel Maru, who is attempting to engineer a deadlier form of mustard gas, under the orders of General Erich Ludendorff. Diana believes Ares is responsible for the war. She arms herself with the "Godkiller '' sword, the lasso and her armor before leaving Themyscira with Steve to find and destroy Ares.
In London, they deliver Maru 's notebook to the Supreme War Council, where Sir Patrick Morgan is trying to negotiate an armistice with Germany. Diana translates Maru 's notes and reveals that the Germans plan to release the deadly gas at the War Front. Although forbidden by his commanders to act, Steve, with secret funding from Sir Patrick, recruits spy Sameer, marksman Charlie, and smuggler Chief to help prevent the gas from being released. When the team reaches the Western Front in Belgium, they are halted by the enemy lines. Diana goes alone through No Man 's Land and captures the enemy trench, allowing the Allied forces to help her liberate the village of Veld. The team briefly celebrates, while Diana and Steve grow closer romantically and spend the night together.
The team learns a gala will be held at the nearby German High Command. Steve and Diana each infiltrate the party, with Steve intending to locate the gas and destroy it while Diana intends to kill Ludendorff, believing that he is Ares and killing him will end the war. Steve stops her to avoid jeopardizing the mission. Ludendorff then unleashes the gas on Veld, killing its inhabitants. Outraged, and blaming Steve for intervening, Diana pursues Ludendorff to a base where the gas is being loaded into a bomber aircraft bound for London. Diana fights and kills Ludendorff but is confused when his death does not stop the war.
Sir Patrick appears and reveals himself as Ares. He tells Diana that although he has subtly given humans ideas and inspirations using Ludendorff and Maru as pawns, it is ultimately their decision to cause violence as they are inherently corrupt. She attempts to kill Ares with the Godkiller sword but he destroys it. Ares reveals Diana to be the "Godkiller '', as the daughter of Zeus and Queen Hippolyta, but he fails to persuade her to help him destroy humankind to restore paradise on Earth. While the two battle, the others on Steve 's team destroy Maru 's laboratory. Steve pilots the bomber carrying the gas to a safe altitude and detonates it, sacrificing himself. Ares attempts to direct Diana 's rage and grief at Steve 's death by convincing her to kill Maru, but memories of her experience with Steve cause her to realize that mankind has good within it. She spares Maru and redirects Ares ' lightning into him, killing him. Later, the team celebrates the end of the war. In the present day, Diana sends an email to Bruce Wayne thanking him for the photographic plate of her and Steve, and reaffirms her new mission to protect and give to the world.
Additionally, James Cosmo appears as Field Marshal Haig, Mayling Ng as Orana, Florence Kasumba as Acantha, Madeleine Vall Beijner as Egeria, Hayley Jane Warnes as Aella and Ann Wolfe as Artemis, all of whom are Amazons. Dutch model Doutzen Kroes portrays the Amazon Venelia. Samantha Jo was cast as the Amazonian Euboea, and previously played the Kryptonina, Car - Vex, in Man of Steel. Zack Snyder also makes a brief cameo appearance in the film as an unnamed soldier.
Development for a live action Wonder Woman feature film began in 1996, with Ivan Reitman attached as producer and possible director. In 1999 the project became attached to Jon Cohen, who adapted Wonder Woman for producer Joel Silver, with the hope that Sandra Bullock would star. By 2001, Todd Alcott was hired to write the screenplay, with Silver Pictures backing the project. At that time, performers such as Mariah Carey and Catherine Zeta - Jones were also rumored to be possible candidates for the role of Wonder Woman. Leonard Goldberg, however, focused on Bullock who said that she was approached for the role. In addition, wrestler Chyna also expressed interest. Lucy Lawless, the star of Xena: Warrior Princess, was also under consideration, though she stated that she would have been more interested if Wonder Woman was portrayed as a "flawed hero. '' The screenplay went through various drafts written by Alcott, Cohen, Becky Johnston, and Philip Levens, and by August 2003, Levens had been replaced by screenwriter Laeta Kalogridis.
In March 2005, Warner Bros. and Silver Pictures announced that Joss Whedon would write and direct the film, with a reported salary was of $2 to $3 million. Since Whedon was directing Serenity at the time, and required time to research Wonder Woman 's background, he did not begin the screenplay until late 2005. Early drafts of his screenplay included Steve Trevor as the narrator, a fierce battle between Diana and her mother over Trevor 's welfare, and after leaving Themyscira, his need to frequently rescue a Diana rendered helpless by the modern world. Whedon was not able to complete a final version of his screenplay however, and left the project in 2007.
Although Whedon stated in May 2005 that he would not cast the part of Wonder Woman until he finished the script, actors such as Kate Beckinsale were linked to the part. A few years later in 2010 however, Whedon admitted that he did have an actress in mind for the part, stating that "Wonder Woman was basically Angelina Jolie. '' A few years later in May 2017, Indie Ground Films leaked a version of Whedon 's script in - progress online. Some reacted negatively to it on social media in June 2017, shortly after the release of Patty Jenkins version of the film. When asked about this response to his script, Jenkins said in a June 2017 interview that she has not read it and that Whedon is "in the DC universe now, and I do n't think there 's any reason to go there (...) It was what it was. I 'm lucky that I 'm the person who got to do it. But I do n't see what would be beneficial about comparing what he would 've done versus what I would have done. ''
A day before Whedon 's departure from Wonder Woman, Warner Bros. and Silver Pictures purchased a spec script for the film written by Matthew Jennison and Brent Strickland. Set during World War II, the script impressed executives at Silver Pictures. However, Silver stated that he had purchased the script because he did not want the rights reverting; while stating the script had good ideas, Silver did not want the film to be a period piece. By April 2008, Silver hired Jennison and Strickland to write a new script set in contemporary times that would not depict Wonder Woman 's origin, but explore Paradise Island 's history. In November 2008, Beyoncé met with representatives from DC Comics and Warner Bros., to discuss her interest in portraying Wonder Woman.
In 2010, Warner Bros. stated that a film was in development, along with films based on DC Comics superheroes the Flash and Aquaman. Both Wonder Woman and Aquaman were still under consideration for solo film subjects as of June 2013. DC Chief Diane Nelson said Wonder Woman "has been, since I started, one of the top three priorities for DC and for Warner Bros. We are still trying right now, but she 's tricky. '' On October 5, 2013, WB chairman Kevin Tsujihara said he wanted to get Wonder Woman in a film or on TV. Shortly afterward, Paul Feig said he had pitched the studio an idea for Wonder Woman as an action - comedy film. The studio then began to search for female directors to direct the film. While Michelle MacLaren was the studio 's initial choice to direct (and while she initially indicated interest), she eventually left the project due to creative differences.
In 2015, Patty Jenkins accepted an offer to direct Wonder Woman, based on a screenplay by Allan Heinberg and a story co-written by Heinberg, Zack Snyder, Geoff Johns and Jason Fuchs. Of this version, Gadot stated that,
for a long time, people did n't know how to approach the story. When Patty and I had our creative conversations about the character, we realized that Diana can still be a normal woman, one with very high values, but still a woman. She can be sensitive. She is smart and independent and emotional. She can be confused. She can lose her confidence. She can have confidence. She is everything. She has a human heart.
This version was conceived of as a prequel to the first live - action, theatrical appearance of Wonder Woman, in the 2016 film, Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, placing Wonder Woman in the 1910s and World War I (a decision which differs from her comic book origins as a supporter of the Allies during World War II). As for story development, Jenkins credits the stories by the character 's creator William Moulton Marston in the 1940s and George Perez 's seminal stories in the 1980s in which he modernized the character. In addition, it follows some aspects of DC Comics ' origin changes in The New 52 reboot, where Diana is the daughter of Zeus. Jenkins cited Richard Donner 's Superman as an inspiration.
In late 2013, Zack Snyder cast Gal Gadot in the role of Wonder Woman for the 2016 film, Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice over Élodie Yung and Olga Kurylenko. Some fans initially reacted to this choice by criticizing Gadot 's appearance. Snyder would later comment on his decision to cast Gadot, stating that he
tested a bunch of actresses, as you can imagine. But the thing with Gal is that she 's strong, she 's beautiful, and she 's a kind person, which is interesting, but fierce at the same time. It 's that combination of being fierce but kind at the same time that we were looking for.
Gadot described Diana as having "the heart of a human so she can be emotional, she 's curious, she 's compassionate, she loves people. And then she has the powers of a goddess. She 's all for good, she fights for good. '' She also said that Diana has "many strengths and powers, but at the end of the day she 's a woman with a lot of emotional intelligence ''. As to how her character is different from her appearance in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, Gadot said "We go back 100 years to when she 's more naive '', further explaining, "She 's this young idealist. She 's pure. Very different to the experienced, super-confident, grown - up woman you 've seen ''. Gadot underwent a diet and training regimen, practiced different martial arts and gained 17 pounds of muscle for the role. Gadot was previously offered a different role (as a villain) in Man of Steel, which she declined because she was pregnant at the time; this allowed her to later be cast as Wonder Woman in the film 's follow - up. Gadot signed a three - picture deal. She was only paid a base salary of $300,000 for the film itself.
Chris Pine was cast as Steve Trevor, a character he described as a "rogue - ish, cynical realist who 's seen the awful brutish nature of modern civilization '' and added that he is a "worldly guy, a charming guy ''. He signed a multi-picture deal. Lucy Davis ' performance as Etta Candy is the first live - action cinematic portrayal of the character. As well, Elena Anaya 's performance as Doctor Poison is the cinematic debut of that character. Nicole Kidman was in negotiations for the role of Queen Hippolyta, but was forced to drop out due to scheduling conflicts with Big Little Lies.
Production began on November 21, 2015, under the working title Nightingale. Among the film sets were Lower Halstow, Kent, Australia House, and the Sassi di Matera, Castel del Monte and Camerota in Southern Italy. Matthew Jensen was the director of photography, filming in the United Kingdom, France and Italy. Production in London ended on March 13, 2016. On March 20, 2016, filming was underway in Italy. In late April, filming took place at a museum in France, where a Wayne Enterprises truck was spotted alongside Gadot. Production ended on May 9, 2016. Patty Jenkins and director of photography Matt Jensen revealed that the film 's look was inspired by painter John Singer Sargent. Reshoots took place in November 2016, while Gadot was five months pregnant. A green cloth was placed over her stomach to edit out her pregnancy during post-production.
To find the perfect location to shoot the Amazon island of Themyscira, the birthplace of Wonder Woman herself, the film 's producers searched all over the world, finally settling on the Amalfi Coast: a stretch of coastline on the Tyrrhenian Sea, located in the Province of Salerno in Southern Italy. It was chosen because most beaches in the world that sit below big cliffs disappear beneath the tide for part of every day. Production designer Aline Bonetto and her location manager Charles Somers considered 47 countries and visited several of them before they found what they were looking for. Bonetto explained that, "Italy had beautiful weather, a beautiful blue - green sea, not too much tide, not too much wave. Our effects team added some cliffs in post-production, and it was the perfect way to go ''.
Bill Westenhofer served as the visual effects supervisor for the film and Martin Walsh served as editor.
On November 3, 2016, Rupert Gregson - Williams was hired to write and compose the film 's music. He was joined by Evan Jolly, Tom Howe, Paul Mounsey, and Andrew Kawczynski, who provided additional music. The soundtrack was released on CD, digital, and vinyl the same day as the film.
Australian musician Sia sang a song for the film, titled "To Be Human '', featuring English musician Labrinth. Written by Florence Welch and Rick Nowels, the track is also featured on the soundtrack.
Additional music featured in the film are: "Another Little Drink Would n't Do Us Any Harm '' by Clifford Grey and Nat Ayer and performed by Edgar Trevor and Cecil Cooper; "Molly O'Morgan '' written by Fred Godfrey and Will Letters and performed by Ella Retford; "It 's a Long Way to Tipperary '' written by Jack Judge and Harry Williams; "Sous les ponts de Paris '' written by Jean Rodor and Vincent Scotto and performed by Lucienne Delyle; "I 'll Walk Beside You '' written by Edward Lockton and Alan Murray and performed by Ewen Bremner; "Green Grow the Rushes, O '' written by Robert Burns and performed by Ewen Bremner; and "Schatzwalzer Op. 4 '' written by Johann Strauss II and performed by the Berlin String Quartet. Also features samples from the movie 's soundtrack "Is She with You '' from Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice composed by Hans Zimmer and Junkie XL.
Wonder Woman had its world premiere on May 25, in Los Angeles. The film 's London premiere, which was scheduled to take place on May 31, 2017 at the Odeon Leicester Square, was cancelled due to the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing. The film had its Latin America premiere in Mexico City on May 27. It was released in most of the world, including in IMAX, on June 2, 2017, after originally being scheduled for June 23. Belgium, Singapore and South Korea received the film first, with May 31 openings. On April 17, it was announced that Wonder Woman would be released in China on June 2, the same day as its North American release.
The success of the superhero television series Supergirl informed the marketing and promotion strategy used for Wonder Woman. According to Time Warner chief marketing officer Kristen O'Hara, they wanted to approach the Wonder Woman marketing campaign in a light manner, similar to how they did with Supergirl. O'Hara elaborated that the modest campaign route they took for Supergirl aided in establishing a large central fanbase among women well in advance of the series, which reportedly generated 5 million female superhero fans in one week. They were then able to model over time, and grow that audience leading up to the 15 months later release of Wonder Woman. Though neither the film nor the series are aimed exclusively at women, the latter 's campaign gave them their first opportunity to begin collecting data about female superhero fans. In May 2017, a promo for Wonder Woman was released during the season finale of Supergirl, featuring a remix of the song "These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' and Supergirl (Melissa Benoist) wearing Wonder Woman 's boots. The promo included an appearance by Lynda Carter, star of the 1970s Wonder Woman, who plays the American president on Supergirl.
The costs for television advertisements for Wonder Woman are higher in comparison to that of previous DCEU film Suicide Squad. Warner Bros. has spent over $3 million on advertisements for Wonder Woman, whereas they spent $2.6 million on advertisements for Suicide Squad.
Ticket selling site Fandango reported that Wonder Woman rounded the final leg of its marketing campaign as the most anticipated blockbuster of summer 2017, according to a poll conducted by 10,000 voters, the biggest survey in company history. Separately, Fandango also found that 92 % of people surveyed said that they are looking forward to seeing a film that features a standalone woman superhero, and 87 % wished Hollywood would make more women - led superhero films.
In May 2017, NASCAR driver Danica Patrick drove her No. 10 car with a Wonder Woman paint scheme at the Go Bowling 400 in Kansas and at the Monster Energy Open in Charlotte.
The film was released on Digital HD on August 29, 2017 and on Blu - ray, Blu - Ray 3D, 4K Ultra-HD Blu - Ray and DVD on September 19, 2017.
On May 31, Wonder Woman was banned in Lebanon after the Campaign to Boycott Supporters of Israel asked the Lebanese government 's Ministry of Economy and Trade to block the film because its star, Gal Gadot, had served in the Israeli military. The Lebanese government did not, however, ban Gadot 's Fast & Furious films which did screen in Lebanon. On June 7, Variety reported that a Tunisian court suspended the theatrical release of Wonder Woman after a lawsuit brought by the Al - Chaab party and the Tunisian Association of Young Lawyers to have the film blocked due to Gadot 's Israeli citizenship, military service, and public comments in support of the Israeli military during the 2014 war in Gaza. Jordan was reportedly also considering a ban of the film and suspended screenings pending a decision, but on June 11, Al Bawaba reported that the government decided not to do so, as there was no legal precedent for it.
Some men were unhappy with women - only screenings held at the Alamo Drafthouse Cinema in Austin, with some opponents of the gender - restricted screening stating on platforms such as Facebook that such screenings were discriminatory against men.
A gay Albany Law School professor initiated a complaint with Austin 's Equal Employment and Fair Housing Office claiming discrimination against male prospective customers and employees of the theater. The chain responded with an online statement saying the event "may have created confusion -- we want everybody to see this film '' and announced a similar event at their Brooklyn location. Tickets sold out in less than an hour, prompting the chain to schedule additional screenings. On July 18, Alamo Drafthouse proposed settlement offers of a Wonder Woman DVD to the complainants, stating "Respondent did not realize that advertising a ' women 's only ' screening was a violation of discrimination laws ''
As of September 24, 2017, Wonder Woman has grossed $412 million in the United States and Canada and $408.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $820.4 million, against a production budget of $149 million. Estimates for the number the film needed to surpass internationally in order to cover its production and promotional costs and break even ranged from $300 million to $460 million.
In May 2017, early tracking had Wonder Woman opening with $65 -- 75 million, and possibly as high as $105 million. The film opened Friday, June 2, 2017, across 4,165 theaters and made $38.7 million on its opening day, including $3.7 million in IMAX. It was the biggest single - day gross for a woman - directed film, ahead of the $35.9 million opening Friday of Catherine Hardwicke 's Twilight in 2008 and the biggest opening day for a woman - led comic book superhero film, ahead of Ghost in the Shell ($7 million). This included $11 million it made from Thursday previews, also the best start for a film directed by a woman, surpassing Fifty Shades of Grey 's $8.6 million which was directed by Sam Taylor - Johnson, and the third biggest of the year, behind Beauty and the Beast and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. Of that, $1.5 million came from IMAX screenings.
Earning a total of $103.3 million on its opening weekend, the film recorded a number of records: the biggest domestic opening of all - time for a female director (surpassing previous record holder Fifty Shades of Grey by Sam Taylor - Johnson), the biggest DC Comics release without Batman or Superman (ahead of Constantine), the sixth - biggest non-sequel comic book superhero debut ever, as well as the sixth - biggest June debut weekend. Its three - day opening alone made it the highest - grossing woman - led comic book superhero film ever (surpassing Ghost in the Shell). It was also the 16th superhero film to cross $100 million in its domestic box office launch. About 9 % ($9 million) of the opening weekend came from IMAX screenings from 343 theaters. In its second week the film grossed $58.5 million, again topping the box office. It marked a 43.3 % drop for its second weekend at the box office, better than the average 50 -- 60 % decline superhero films tend to see, and was a better second weekend than Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice ($51.3 million) and Suicide Squad ($43.5 million). In its third weekend it grossed $40.8 million, finishing second behind newcomer Cars 3 ($53.5 million). It was the second best third weekend ever for Warner Bros. and was nearly double what Batman v Superman ($23.3 million), Suicide Squad ($20.9 million) and Man of Steel ($20.7 million) made in their third weekends. It earned $24.9 million and $15.7 million in its fourth and fifth weekends respectively, dropping just 39 % and 36 % despite facing rough competition from opening films Transformers: The Last Knight and Despicable Me 3. It eventually became the highest - grossing film directed by a woman, surpassing the previous records of Jennifer Yuh Nelson 's Kung Fu Panda 2 and Phyllida Lloyd 's Mamma Mia!. By August 8, the film had garnered $400 million in ticket sales, becoming the second female - fueled film (after Disney 's Beauty and the Beast), Warner Bros. ' third - biggest movie (after Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises), holding the record of the highest origin superhero film; supplanting the previous record held by Spider - Man (2002) and also becoming the highest - earning film with a female director in terms of domestic earnings, surpassing Frozen (2013).
Internationally, the film was released day - and - date with its North American debut in 55 markets (72 % of its total release), and was projected to debut with anywhere between $92 -- 118 million. It ended up opening to $125 million, including $38 million in China, $8.5 million in Korea, $8.4 million in Mexico, $8.3 million in Brazil and $7.5 million in the UK. In its second week of release, the film brought in another $60 million, including holding the top spot on France, the UK, Australia and Brazil. As of June 25, 2017, the biggest markets of Wonder Woman outside North America are China (US $90 million) followed by Brazil (US $34 million), UK (US $28 million) and Australia (US $24 million). In the Philippines, it broke 2017 box office record for highest earning non-holiday opening day -- earning $4.7 million and becoming the 6th most successful commercial film of all time as well overtaking the record set by Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. The film opened in its last market, Japan, on August 25 and debuted to $3.4 million, helping the international gross cross the $400 million mark.
Wonder Woman received largely positive reviews, with some critics calling it the best film in the DC Extended Universe, and praising Jenkins ' direction and the performances and chemistry of Gadot and Pine. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 92 % based on 344 reviews, with an average rating of 7.6 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, "Thrilling, earnest, and buoyed by Gal Gadot 's charismatic performance, Wonder Woman succeeds in spectacular fashion. '' It is the highest - rated superhero film on the site. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score of 76 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews ''. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A '' on an A+ to F scale.
Critics commented favorably on Gadot 's performance and Chris Pine 's Steve Trevor. Andrew Barker of Variety found the film to be more lighthearted than recent DC Comics films: "Never prone to stewing in solitude, and taking more notes from Richard Donner than from Christopher Nolan, Patty Jenkins ' Wonder Woman provides a welcome respite from DC 's house style of grim darkness -- boisterous, earnest, sometimes sloppy, yet consistently entertaining -- with star Gal Gadot proving an inspired choice for this avatar of truth, justice, and the Amazonian way. '' Vox stated "Trevor is the superhero girlfriend comic book movies need ''. The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle lauded the performances of Gadot, Pine, Huston, and Thewlis while commending the film 's "different perspective '' and humor. Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times described Gadot 's performance as inspirational, heroic, heartfelt and endearing and the most "real '' Wonder Woman portrayal.
A.O. Scott of The New York Times wrote that it "briskly shakes off blockbuster branding imperatives and allows itself to be something relatively rare in the modern superhero cosmos. It feels less like yet another installment in an endless sequence of apocalyptic merchandising opportunities than like... what 's the word I 'm looking for? A movie. A pretty good one, too. '' Michael Phillips of Chicago Tribune compared the film to Captain America: The First Avenger, noting that as with "the first Captain America movie over in the Marvel Comics universe, DC 's Wonder Woman offers the pleasures of period re-creation for a popular audience. Jenkins and her design team make 1918 - era London; war - torn Belgium; the Ottoman Empire; and other locales look freshly realized, with a strong point of view. There are scenes here of dispossessed war refugees, witnessed by an astonished and heartbroken Diana, that carry unusual gravity for a comic book adaptation. '' Katie Erbland of IndieWire commended its thematic depth, explaining that "Wonder Woman is a war movie. Patty Jenkins ' first -- and we hope not last -- entry into the DC Expanded Universe is primarily set during World War I, but while the feature does n't balk at war - time violence, it 's the internal battles of its compelling heroine that are most vital. '' Alonso Duralde of TheWrap similarly felt that, "Diana 's scenes of action are thrilling precisely because they 're meant to stop war, not to foment it; the idea of a demi - god using love to fight war might sound goofy in the abstract, but Jenkins makes the concept work. '' Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post praised Gadot and Pine 's performances as well the film 's detailed plot and narrative while comparing of some slow - motion action sequences to The Matrix. Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine hailed the film as a "cut above nearly all the superhero movies that have been trotted out over the past few summers '' while praising Gadot 's performance as "charming '' and "marvelous '' and commending Jenkins ' direction of the film as a step forward for women directors in directing big - budget blockbuster films in Hollywood.
Elise Jost of Moviepilot observed that "Gadot 's take on Wonder Woman is one of those unique cases of an actor merging with their story, similar to Robert Downey Jr. 's Tony Stark. Gal Gadot is Wonder Woman, and Wonder Woman is Gal Gadot. '' Jost praised Gadot 's interpretation of Wonder Woman as the one in which Gadot "absolutely nails the character 's unwaveringly positive outlook on life. She 's a force of nature who believes in the greater good; her conviction that she 's meant to save the world is stronger than her bullet - deflecting shield. She 's genuine, she 's fun, she 's the warm source of energy at the heart of the movie. '' The Federalist suggests that Wonder Woman is "a story of Jesus ''. "The movie is wrapped up in faux Greek mythology, true, but there 's no mistaking the Christology here. '' "Perhaps Christ in the form of a beautiful and kick - ass Amazon is all that our contemporary society can handle right now '', stated M. Hudson, a Christian feminist. On HuffPost cultural critic, G. Roger Denson, who regards the superhero genre as a source of contemporary "Mainstream Mythopoetics '' ("the making of new yet vitally meaningful, if not symbolic, stories filled with imagery reflecting, yet also shaping and advancing, the political, legal, moral and social practices of today ''), wrote that the "No Man 's Land '' scene "that people are crying over in theaters and raving about afterward happens to be among the most powerfully mythopoetic scenes ever filmed at the same time it is one of the oldest myths to have been utilized by artists and writers after it had been invented by early military strategists and leaders. '' Specifically "used by director Patty Jenkins '', the scene raises "the esteem for powerful yet compassionate women as heroes and leaders to a level equal with that of men for having won over a huge and adoring popular audience around the world ''.
Steve Rose in The Guardian criticized the film for failing to explore the material 's potential for "patriarchy - upending subversion ''. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone criticized the film 's over-reliance on exposition: "Wonder Woman is hobbled by a slogging origin story and action that only comes in fits and starts. Just when Gadot and director Patty Jenkins... are ready to kick ass, we get backstory. ''
"Gas was intended to win the war. On that much Wonder Woman is absolutely right. '' said David Hambling in Popular Mechanics. Rachel Becker of The Verge stated that despite the scientific liberties of using a "hydrogen - based '' chemical weapon as a plot device, the film succeeds in evoking real and horrifying history. "First off, mustard gas is such a horrible, terrifying weapon, it does n't need to be made more potent. But if you were a chemist bent on raining destruction on the Allied forces, you would n't do it by replacing the sulfur atom in mustard gas with a hydrogen atom. You 'd know that sulfur is the linchpin holding together this poisonous molecule. ''
Originally signed for three feature films, with Wonder Woman and Justice League being her second and third films, Gadot signed an extension to her contract for additional films. Jenkins initially signed for only one film, but in an interview with Variety, Geoff Johns revealed that he and Jenkins are writing the treatment for a Wonder Woman sequel and that he has a "cool idea for the second one ''. At the 2017 San Diego Comic Con, Warner Bros. officially announced a sequel would be released on December 13, 2019, and would be titled Wonder Woman 2. Later, Jenkins was officially signed to return as director, with confirmation that Gadot will be returning as the titular role. On August 19, 2017, actress Geena Davis stated that she would like very much to play a role in Wonder Woman 2 and that she is in talks with Jenkins about that matter. Days later, the studio hired Dave Callaham to co-write the film 's script with Jenkins and Johns.
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when does the final scene in harry potter take place | Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 - wikipedia
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 is a 2011 British - American fantasy film directed by David Yates and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is the second of two cinematic parts based on the novel of the same name by J.K. Rowling. The film, which is the eighth and final instalment in the Harry Potter film series, was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman, David Barron, and Rowling. It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1. The story continues to follow Harry Potter 's quest to find and destroy Lord Voldemort 's Horcruxes in order to stop him once and for all.
The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry 's best friends, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger. Principal photography began on 19 February 2009, and was completed on 12 June 2010, with reshoots taking place in December 2010, more than ten years after filming started on the first instalment of the series. Part 2 was released in 2D, 3 - D and IMAX cinemas worldwide from 13 -- 15 July 2011, and is the only Harry Potter film to be released in 3 - D.
The film became a financial success and was one of the best - reviewed films of 2011. The film received praise for its visual effects, cinematography, Alexandre Desplat 's musical score, the action sequences, David Yates ' direction, the performance of the cast and its satisfying conclusion of the saga. At the box office, Part 2 claimed the worldwide opening weekend record, earning $483.2 million, as well as setting opening day and opening weekend records in various countries. As of 2016, the film is the eighth highest - grossing film of all time. It became the highest - grossing film of 2011, the highest - grossing film in the Harry Potter series, and the ninth film to gross over $1 billion.
The Blu - ray and DVD sets were released on 11 November 2011 in the United States and on 2 December 2011 in the United Kingdom. The film was also released in the Harry Potter: Complete 8 - Film Collection box set on DVD and Blu - ray, which included all eight films and new special features. Part 1 and Part 2 were released as a combo pack on DVD and Blu - ray on 11 November 2011 in Canada.
The film won several awards and was nominated for many more, including three nominations at the Academy Awards for Best Art Direction, Best Visual Effects, and Best Makeup and Hairstyling.
After burying Dobby, Harry Potter asks the goblin, Griphook, to help him, Ron, and Hermione break into Bellatrix Lestrange 's vault at Gringotts bank, suspecting that a Horcrux might be there. Griphook agrees, in exchange for the Sword of Gryffindor. Wandmaker Ollivander tells Harry that two wands taken from Malfoy Manor belonged to Bellatrix and to Draco Malfoy, but Malfoy 's has changed its allegiance to Harry.
In Bellatrix 's vault, Harry discovers the Horcrux is Helga Hufflepuff 's cup. He retrieves it, but Griphook snatches the sword and abandons the trio, leaving them cornered by security. The three release the dragon guardian and flee on its back. Harry sees a vision of Voldemort killing Gringott 's personnel, including Griphook, and learns Voldemort is aware of the theft. Harry also realises there is a Horcrux at Hogwarts somehow connected to Rowena Ravenclaw. The trio apparate into Hogsmeade, where Aberforth Dumbledore reluctantly instructs the portrait of his deceased younger sister, Ariana, to fetch Neville Longbottom, who leads the trio through a secret passageway into Hogwarts.
Severus Snape hears of Harry 's return and warns staff and students of punishment for aiding Harry. Along with Ron, Hermione, and members of the Order of the Phoenix, Harry confronts Snape, who flees after Minerva McGonagall challenges him to a duel. McGonagall gathers the Hogwarts community for battle. At Luna Lovegood 's insistence, Harry speaks to Helena Ravenclaw 's ghost, who reveals that Voldemort performed "dark magic '' on her mother 's diadem, which is in the Room of Requirement. In the Chamber of Secrets, Hermione destroys the Horcrux cup with a Basilisk fang, and she and Ron passionately kiss. In the Room of Requirement, Draco, Blaise Zabini, and Gregory Goyle attack Harry, but Ron and Hermione intervene. Goyle casts a Fiendfyre curse and, unable to control it, is burned to death, while Harry and his friends save Malfoy and Zabini. Harry stabs the diadem with the Basilisk fang and Ron kicks it into the Room of Requirement, where it is destroyed. As Voldemort 's army attacks, Harry, seeing into Voldemort 's mind, realises that Voldemort 's snake Nagini is the final Horcrux. After entering the boathouse, the trio witness Voldemort explaining his belief the Elder Wand can not serve Voldemort until Snape dies, and having Nagini kill him. Before dying, Snape tells Harry to take his memories to the Pensieve. In the chaos at Hogwarts, Fred, Lupin, and Tonks have been killed.
Harry learns from Snape 's memories, that while Snape despised Harry 's late father, James, who had bullied him, he loved his late mother, Lily. Following her death, Snape worked secretly with Dumbledore to protect Harry from Voldemort because of his love for Lily. Harry also learns Dumbledore was dying and wanted Snape to kill him, and that the Patronus doe he saw in the woods that led him to the sword had been conjured by Snape. Harry discovers that he himself became a Horcrux when Voldemort originally failed to kill him and that Harry must die to destroy the piece of Voldemort 's soul within him. Harry then surrenders himself to Voldemort in the Forbidden Forest. Voldemort casts the Killing Curse upon Harry, who finds himself in limbo, where Dumbledore 's spirit meets him and explains that the part of Voldemort within Harry was killed by Voldemort 's own curse. Harry then returns to his body, determined to defeat Voldemort once and for all. He fakes being dead, and Narcissa Malfoy lies to Voldemort that Harry is dead after confirming that Draco is okay.
Voldemort triumphantly announces Harry 's apparent death to everyone at Hogwarts, and demands that they all surrender. As Neville gives a defiant response and draws the Sword of Gryffindor from the Sorting Hat, Harry reveals he is still alive, causing the Malfoys and many other Death Eaters to abandon Voldemort as they realize he failed to kill Harry again, and any hope of victory for the Dark Lord is now a lost cause. While Harry battles Voldemort throughout the castle, Neville kills Nagini with the sword, leaving Voldemort vulnerable, and Molly Weasley kills Bellatrix in the Great Hall. Harry and Voldemort 's battle ends with Voldemort 's own Killing Curse rebounding and killing him, once and for all. After the battle, Harry explains to Ron and Hermione that the Elder Wand had recognised him as its true master because he had disarmed Draco, who earlier had disarmed its previous owner - Dumbledore - but, instead of claiming the Elder Wand, Harry breaks and discards it.
Nineteen years later, the former Hogwarts students proudly watch their own children leave for Hogwarts at King 's Cross station.
The roles of several minor characters were recast or replaced for this film. For example, Ciarán Hinds assumed the role of Aberforth Dumbledore, Albus Dumbledore 's brother and bartender of the Hog 's Head inn.
In the book, a significant number of characters who have not appeared since some of the earlier novels, reappear to defend Hogwarts in the large, final battle. Director David Yates said, "I want to get them all back '', referring to his desire to bring back as many actors who have appeared in the franchise as possible for the climactic battle sequence in the film. Sean Biggerstaff, Jim Broadbent, Gemma Jones, Miriam Margolyes, and Emma Thompson reprise their roles from earlier films briefly during the battle scene. For the final scene in the film which is set nineteen years after the film 's main story, the actors playing the main characters were made to look older through the use of makeup and special effects. After the initial look of the actors ' aged appearances leaked onto the Internet, some fans reacted by opining that Radcliffe and Grint looked too old, while Watson did not appear significantly different at all. After primary filming concluded in June 2010, Yates examined the footage, and concluded that the problem could not be resolved through editing or CGI, and had the sequence re-shot that December, with redesigned makeup.
Part 2 was filmed back - to - back with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 from 19 February 2009 to 12 June 2010, with reshoots for the epilogue scene taking place at Leavesden Film Studios on 21 December 2010. Director David Yates, who shot the film with director of photography Eduardo Serra, described Part 2 as "operatic, colourful and fantasy - oriented '', a "big opera with huge battles. ''
Originally set for a single theatrical release, the idea to split the book into two parts was suggested by executive producer Lionel Wigram due to, what David Heyman called, "creative imperative ''. Heyman initially responded negatively to the idea, but Wigram asked, "No, David. How are we going to do it? ''. After rereading the book and discussing it with screenwriter Steve Kloves, he agreed with the division.
In an interview with Architectural Digest, production designer Stuart Craig remarked on creating sets for Part 2. Of the Gringotts Wizarding Bank, he said, "our banking hall, like any other, is made of marble and big marble columns. And it has great strength. The fact that the goblins are the bankers and tellers at the counter helps that feeling of grandeur and solidity and the big proportions. That was part of the fun of the set: we exaggerated the size of it, we exaggerated the weight of it, and we even exaggerated the shine of the marble. '' About the multiplication of treasure in one of the bank 's vaults, he noted, "We made literally thousands of pieces for it and vacuum metallised them to be shiny gold and silver. John Richardson, the special effects supervisor, made a floor that was capable of rising on different levels, so there was kind of a physical swelling of the treasure on it. ''
Craig spoke about the Battle of Hogwarts to Art Insights Magazine, saying that "the great challenge is the destruction of Hogwarts. The sun rising behind the smoke... the massive remains of destroyed walls, the entrance hall, the entrance of the Great Hall, part of the roof of the Great Hall completely gone, so yeah. A big challenge there and an enjoyable one really -- maybe it helped me and the guys in the art department sort of prepare for the end... we demolished it before we had to strike it completely. '' When asked about the King 's Cross scene near the end of the film, Craig said, "We experimented a lot, quite honestly. I mean it was quite a protracted process really but we did experiment the sense of it being very burnt out very very kind of white -- so we experimented with underlit floors, we experimented with different kind of white covering everything: white paint, white fabric, and the cameraman was involved in how much to expose it, and a series of camera tests were done, so we got there but with a great deal of preparation and research. ''
Visual Effects Supervisor Tim Burke said that "It was such a major job to stage the Battle of Hogwarts, and we had to do it in different stages of production. We had shots with complex linking camera moves from wide overviews, to flying into windows and interior spaces. So, we took the plunge at the end of 2008, and started rebuilding the school digitally with Double Negative. '' He went on to say that "It 's taken two years -- getting renders out, texturing every facet of the building, constructing interiors to see through windows, building a destruction version of the school. We can design shots with the knowledge that we have this brilliant digital miniature that we can do anything with. With a practical Hogwarts, we would have shot it last summer and been so tied down. Instead, as David Yates finds the flow and structure, we are able to handle new concepts and ideas. ''
On the quality of 3 - D in film, Burke told Los Angeles Times, "I think it 's good, actually. I think people are going to be really pleased. I know everyone 's a little nervous and sceptical of 3 - D these days, but the work has been done very, very well. We 've done over 200 shots in 3 - D and in the visual effects as well, because so much of it is CG, so the results are very, very good. I think everyone 's going to be really impressed with it, actually. '' Producer David Heyman spoke to SFX magazine about the 3 - D conversion, saying that "The way David Yates is approaching 3 - D is he 's trying to approach it from a character and story point of view. Trying to use the sense of isolation, of separation that sometimes 3 - D gives you, to heighten that at appropriate moments. So we 're approaching it in a storytelling way. ''
In 2012, the visual effects in the film were nominated for an Oscar. The film also won the BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects at the 65th BAFTA Awards in 2012.
It was confirmed that the composer for Part 1, Alexandre Desplat, was set to return for Part 2. In an interview with Film Music Magazine, Desplat stated that scoring Part 2 is "a great challenge '' and that he has "a lot of expectations to fulfill and a great deal of work '' ahead of him. In a separate interview, Desplat also made note that John Williams ' themes will be present in the film "much more than in part one. '' The soundtrack for the film was nominated for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards.
In March 2011, the first preview for Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 was released revealing new footage and new interviews from the starring cast. The first United States poster was released on 28 March 2011, with the caption "It All Ends 7.15 '' (referring to its international release date). On 27 April 2011 the first theatrical trailer for Part 2 was released. The trailer revealed a range of new and old footage. The IMAX trailer for the film was released with IMAX screenings of Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides on 20 May 2011. During the MTV Movie Awards on 5 June 2011, Emma Watson presented a sneak peek of the film.
On 2 April 2011, a test screening of the film was held in Chicago, with director David Yates, producers David Heyman and David Barron and editor Mark Day in attendance. The film had its world premiere on 7 July 2011 (2011 - 07 - 07) in Trafalgar Square in London. The United States premiere was held in New York City at Lincoln Center on 11 July 2011 (2011 - 07 - 11). Although filmed in 2 - D, the film was converted into 3 - D in post-production and was released in both RealD 3D and IMAX 3D.
The film was originally scheduled to open in Indonesia on 13 July 2011. The Indonesian government levied a new value added tax on royalties from foreign films in February 2011, causing three film studios, including Warner Brothers, to halt the importation of their films, including Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 into the country. The film was not released to cinemas in the Kingdom of Jordan due to recently enforced taxes on films. It had not been premiered in the Kingdom as of 13 August 2011.
On 10 June, one month before the film 's release, tickets went on sale. On 16 June 2011, Part 2 received a 12A certificate from the British Board of Film Classification, who note that the film "contains moderate threat, injury detail and language '', becoming the only Harry Potter film to receive a warning for "injury detail ''. At midnight 15 July, Part 2 screened in 3,800 cinemas. In the United States, it played in 4,375 cinemas, 3,100 3D cinemas and 274 IMAX cinemas, the widest release for an IMAX, 3D and a Harry Potter film.
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 was released on 11 November 2011 in the United States in four formats: a one - disc standard DVD, a two - disc standard DVD special edition, a one - disc standard Blu - ray, and three - Disc Blu - ray 2D Combo Pack (Blu - ray + DVD + Digital Copy). In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the film was released on 2 December 2011 in three formats: a two - disc standard DVD, a three - disc Blu - ray 2D Combo Pack (Blu - ray + DVD + Digital Copy), and a four - disc Blu - ray 3D Combo Pack (Blu - ray 3D + Blu - ray 2D + DVD + Digital Copy). The film set the record for fastest - selling pre-order DVD and Blu - ray on Amazon.com, just two days into the pre-order period.
Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 sold 2.71 million Blu - ray units ($60.75 million) in three days (Friday to Sunday). It also sold 2.83 million DVD units ($42.22 million) during its debut. By 18 July 2012 it had sold 4.71 million Blu - ray units ($99.33 million) and 6.47 million DVD units ($88.96 million).
On 28 March 2017, Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 made its Ultra HD Blu - ray debut, along with Deathly Hallows - Part 1, The Half - Blood Prince, and Order of the Phoenix.
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 grossed $381,011,219 in the United States and Canada, along with $960,500,000 in other markets, for a worldwide total of $1,341,511,219. In worldwide earnings, it is currently the eighth highest - grossing film, the highest - grossing 2011 film, the highest - grossing film in the Harry Potter franchise and the highest - grossing children 's book adaptation. Part 2 set a worldwide opening - weekend record with $483.2 million. It set a worldwide IMAX opening - weekend record with $23.2 million. In worldwide earnings, it is the fastest film to reach $400 million (5 days), $500 million (6 days), $600 million (8 days), $700 million (10 days), $800 million (12 days), $900 million (15 days), and $1 billion (19 days, tied with Avatar and Marvel 's The Avengers). On 31 July 2011 (its 19th day of release), it became the ninth film in cinematic history and the second in 2011 to surpass the $1 - billion mark.
In North America, it is the twenty - seventh highest - grossing film, the highest grossing 2011 film, the highest - grossing Harry Potter film, the highest - grossing children 's book adaptation, the highest - grossing fantasy / live action film and the thirteenth highest - grossing 3 - D film. Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 40 million tickets. It set new records in advance ticket sales with $32 million, in its midnight opening with $43.5 million and in its IMAX midnight opening with $2 million. It grossed $91.1 million on its opening Friday, setting a Friday - gross record as well as single - and opening - day records. It also set an opening - weekend record with $169.2 million, an IMAX opening - weekend record of $15.2 million and opening - weekend record for a 3 - D film. Although 3 - D enhanced the film 's earning potential, only 43 % of the opening gross came from 3 - D venues. This means only $72.8 million of the opening - weekend grosses originated from 3 - D showings, the second - largest number at the time.
It also scored the largest 3 - day and 4 - day gross, the sixth highest - grossing opening week (Friday to Thursday) with $226.2 million, and even the seventh - largest 7 - day gross. It fell precipitously by 84 % on its second Friday and by 72 % during its second weekend overall, grossing $47.4 million, which is the largest second - weekend drop for any film that opened to more than $90 million. Still, it managed to become the fastest - grossing film in the franchise and also achieved the second - largest ten - day gross ever at the time (now eighth). In its third weekend, the movie surpassed Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone to become the highest - grossing film of the franchise in North America.
Outside North America, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 is the third highest - grossing film, the highest - grossing 2011 film, the highest - grossing Warner Bros. film and the highest - grossing Harry Potter film. On its opening day, Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 grossed $43.6 million from 26 countries, placing it 86 % ahead of Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and 49 % higher than Half - Blood Prince. From Wednesday until Sunday, on its 5 - day opening weekend, it set an opening - weekend record outside North America by earning $314 million. The average 3D share of Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 was 60 %, which was lower than the 3D share for Transformers: Dark of the Moon (70 %) and On Stranger Tides (66 %). On its second weekend, it held to the top spot, but fell precipitously by 62 % to $120.2 million despite minor competition. This amount is about the same as what On Stranger Tides made from its second weekend ($124.3 million). Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 was in first place at the box office outside North America for four consecutive weekends.
In the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malta it brought in a record $14.8 million on its first day. On its opening weekend it earned £ 23,753,171 in the United Kingdom, marking the second largest opening weekend in 2011. Its performance did not surpass that of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban in 2004, which eared £ 23,882,688 on its opening weekend. In United States dollars, its opening weekend was an all - time record $38.3 million, ahead of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ($33.5 million). The film also achieved the largest single - day gross on its first Saturday and the largest opening week with $57.6 million. The film made a total of £ 73.1 million ($117.2 million) at the United Kingdom box office, marking the fifth highest - grossing film. It also is the highest - grossing film of 2011 and highest - grossing Harry Potter film.
Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 also set opening - day records in Mexico ($6.1 million), Australia ($7.5 million), France and the Maghreb region ($7.1 million), Italy ($4.6 million), Sweden ($2.1 million), Norway ($1.8 million), Denmark ($1.6 million), the Netherlands ($1.7 million), Belgium ($1.4 million), the Czech Republic ($2.0 million), Argentina ($961,000), Finland ($749,000) and Hong Kong ($808,000). It also established new Harry Potter opening - day records in Japan ($5.7 million), Brazil ($4.4 million), Russia and the CIS ($4.2 million), Spain ($3.3 million) and Poland ($1.25 million).
Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 set opening weekend records in India with ₹ 15 crores ($3.41 million), Australia with $19.6 million, New Zealand with $2.46 million, Brazil with $11. million, Scandinavia with $18.5 million, Mexico with $15.9 million and many other Latin American and European countries.
On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 96 % based on 315 reviews, with an average rating of 8.3 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, "Thrilling, powerfully acted, and visually dazzling, Deathly Hallows Part II brings the Harry Potter franchise to a satisfying -- and suitably magical -- conclusion. '' On Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating to reviews, the film achieved an average of 87 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "universal acclaim ''. The film received a score of 93 from professional critics at the Broadcast Film Critics Association; it is the organisation 's highest - rated Harry Potter film. On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "A '' on an A+ to F scale.
Philip Womack in The Daily Telegraph commented, "This is monumental cinema, awash with gorgeous tones, and carrying an ultimate message that will resonate with every viewer, young or old: there is darkness in all of us, but we can overcome it. '' He further expressed that David Yates "transmutes (the book) into a genuinely terrifying spectacle. '' Another review was released on the same day from Evening Standard, who rated the film 4 out of 5 and stated "Millions of children, parents, and those who should know better wo n't need reminding what a Horcrux is -- and director David Yates does not let them down. In fact, in some ways, he helps make up for the shortcomings of the final book. '' The Daily Express remarked that the film showcases "a terrifying showdown that easily equals Lord of the Rings or Star Wars in terms of a dramatic and memorable battle between good and evil. ''
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3 ⁄ out of 4 stars and said, "The finale conjures up enough awe and solemnity to serve as an appropriate finale and a dramatic contrast to the lighthearted (relative) innocence of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone all those magical years ago. '' Mark Kermode from the BBC said that the film is a "pretty solid and ambitious adaptation of a very complex book '', but he criticised the post-converted 3D. Christy Lemire of the Associated Press gave the film 3 ⁄ out of 4 stars and said "While Deathly Hallows: Part 2 offers long - promised answers, it also dares to pose some eternal questions, and it 'll stay with you after the final chapter has closed. '' Richard Roeper, also from the Chicago Sun - Times, gave the film an A+ rating and said that "this is a masterful and worthy final chapter in one of the best franchises ever put to film. ''
In one of the few negative reviews, Brian Gibson of Vue Weekly described the film as "deadly dull '' and a "visual overstatement ''. Other reviews criticised the decision to split the novel into two cinematic parts, with Ben Mortimer of The Daily Telegraph writing "Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 is n't a film. It 's HALF a film... it 's going to feel somewhat emotionless. '' Other critics wrote of the film 's runtime; Alonso Duralde from The Wrap said, "If there 's one substantial flaw to the film, it 's that this cavalcade of people and places and objects can barely fit in the 130 - minute running time. '' Rebecca Gillie from The Oxford Student gave the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "at the end of (the film) there is nothing that stays with you once you 've left the cinema. ''
The film garnered a number of accolades and nominations. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 was nominated for Best Art Direction, Best Makeup, and Best Visual Effects at the 84th Academy Awards. At the 65th BAFTA awards, the film won the Best Visual Effects award, and was nominated in the Best Sound, Best Production Design and Best Make - up and Hair categories.
The film was nominated for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards in 2012. It won a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture. The film scored 10 nominations at the annual Saturn Awards, Winning for Best Fantasy Film. In the 2011 Scream Awards, the film received a total of 14 nominations, and won in the Best Scream - Play, Best Fantasy Actor (Daniel Radcliffe), Best Villain (Ralph Fiennes), Best F / X, and Holy Sh * t scene of the Year categories.
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who sings we are coming to your city | Comin ' to Your City - wikipedia
Comin ' to Your City is the second studio album by the country music duo Big & Rich, released in 2005. It features the hit singles "Comin ' to Your City '', "Never Mind Me '', and "8th of November '', which peaked at number 21, number 34, and number 18 on the Hot Country Songs charts, respectively. Target offered an exclusive deluxe edition of the album which featured a bonus DVD of Big & Rich 's performance at the 2005 CMA Music Festival.
The title track has become the official theme song of College Gameday, albeit with different lyrics that talk about specific college football teams. Cowboy Troy appears in the revamped version and the corresponding video. The track "I Pray for You '' was one of the first songs which Big Kenny and John Rich wrote together. Prior to the duo 's inception, both singers included it on their respective solo albums (Big Kenny 's Live a Little and Rich 's Underneath the Same Moon), which were both recorded in 1999, with the former released in 2005 and the latter in 2006. Rich 's solo rendition was also released as a single in 2000, peaking at No. 58 on the country charts.
In later presses of the album, "8th of November '' was split into two tracks: one for Kris Kristofferson 's opening and another for the song itself.
Strings on Track 14 performed by the Nashville String Machine, conducted by Carl Gorodetzky, arranged by Dennis Burnside:
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what is the wilshire 5000 total market index | Wilshire 5000 - wikipedia
The Wilshire 5000 Total Market Index, or more simply the Wilshire 5000, is a market - capitalization - weighted index of the market value of all stocks actively traded in the United States. As of December 31, 2016 the index contained only 3,618 components. The index is intended to measure the performance of most publicly traded companies headquartered in the United States, with readily available price data, (Bulletin Board / penny stocks and stocks of extremely small companies are excluded). Hence, the index includes a majority of the common stocks and REITs traded primarily through New York Stock Exchange, NASDAQ, or the American Stock Exchange. Limited partnerships and ADRs are not included. It can be tracked by following the ticker ^ W5000.
There are five versions of the index:
The difference between the total return and price versions of the index is that the total return versions accounts for reinvestment of dividends. The difference between the full capitalization, float - adjusted, and equal weight versions is in how the index components are weighted. The full cap index uses the total shares outstanding for each company. The float - adjusted index uses shares adjusted for free float. The equal - weighted index assigns each security in the index the same weight.
Let:
The value of the index is then:
At present, one index point corresponds to a little more than US $1 billion of market capitalization.
The list of issues included in the index is updated monthly to add new listings resulting from corporate spin - offs and initial public offerings, and to remove issues which move to the pink sheets or that have ceased trading for at least 10 consecutive days.
The CRSP U.S. Total Market Index (ticker CRSPTM1) is a very similar comprehensive index of U.S. stocks supplied by the Center for Research in Security Prices. It was especially designed for use by Index funds. After Dow Jones and Wilshire split up, Dow Jones made their own total stock market index, called the Dow Jones U.S. Total Stock Market Index, similar to the Wilshire 5000.
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when does the new south park come out | List of South Park episodes - wikipedia
South Park is an American animated television sitcom created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone for Comedy Central that debuted on August 13, 1997. The series originated from a pair of animated shorts titled The Spirit of Christmas, and the first episode of South Park originally aired on August 13, 1997 on Comedy Central. Intended for mature audiences, the show has become infamous for its crude language and dark, surreal humor that lampoons a wide range of topics. The story revolves around four boys -- Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Eric Cartman, and Kenny McCormick -- and their bizarre adventures in and around the eponymous Colorado town.
Episodes of South Park have been nominated for a variety of different awards, including 3 Annie Awards (with one win), 2 Critics ' Choice Television Award (with zero wins), 17 Emmy Awards (with five wins), 3 TCA Awards (with zero wins), and received a Peabody Award. Several compilation DVDs have been released. In addition, the first twenty seasons have been released on DVD and Blu - ray.
The show remains Comedy Central 's highest rated program and second - longest - running, behind The Daily Show. A feature film, South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut, was released on June 30, 1999. Comedy Central has renewed South Park through 2019, which will bring the show to 23 seasons. The twenty - first season, consisting of 10 episodes, premiered on September 13, 2017, and concluded on December 6, 2017. As of December 6, 2017, 287 episodes of South Park have aired.
Seasons: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Future seasons Home media Shorts, sketches, and other appearances References
In July 2015, it was announced that South Park would continue through season 23 in 2019. Parker and Stone have expressed interest in continuing the series until Comedy Central cancels it.
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when does king george die in the crown | George VI - wikipedia
George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 -- 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death. He was the last Emperor of India and the first Head of the Commonwealth.
Known publicly as Albert until his accession, and "Bertie '' among his family and close friends, George VI was born in the reign of his great - grandmother Queen Victoria, and was named after his great - grandfather Albert, Prince Consort. As the second son of King George V, he was not expected to inherit the throne and spent his early life in the shadow of his elder brother, Edward. He attended naval college as a teenager, and served in the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force during the First World War. In 1920, he was made Duke of York. He married Lady Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon in 1923 and they had two daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret. In the mid-1920s, he had speech therapy for a stammer, which he never fully overcame.
George 's elder brother ascended the throne as Edward VIII upon the death of their father in 1936. However, later that year Edward revealed his desire to marry divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson. British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin advised Edward that for political and religious reasons he could not marry a divorced woman and remain king. Edward abdicated to marry Simpson, and George ascended the throne as the third monarch of the House of Windsor.
During George 's reign, the break - up of the British Empire and its transition into the Commonwealth of Nations accelerated. The parliament of the Irish Free State removed direct mention of the monarch from the country 's constitution on the day of his accession. The following year, a new Irish constitution changed the name of the state to Ireland and established the office of President. From 1939, the Empire and Commonwealth -- except Ireland -- was at war with Nazi Germany. War with Italy and Japan followed in 1940 and 1941, respectively. Though Britain and its allies were ultimately victorious in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union rose as pre-eminent world powers and the British Empire declined. After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, George remained king of both countries, but relinquished the title of Emperor of India in June 1948. Ireland formally declared itself a republic and left the Commonwealth in 1949, and India became a republic within the Commonwealth the following year. George adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth. He was beset by health problems in the later years of his reign. He was succeeded by his elder daughter, Elizabeth II.
George was born at York Cottage, on the Sandringham Estate in Norfolk, during the reign of his great - grandmother Queen Victoria. His father was Prince George, Duke of York (later King George V), the second and eldest - surviving son of the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra). His mother was the Duchess of York (later Queen Mary), the eldest child and only daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Teck.
His birthday (14 December 1895) was the 34th anniversary of the death of his great - grandfather, Albert, Prince Consort. Uncertain of how the Prince Consort 's widow, Queen Victoria, would take the news of the birth, the Prince of Wales wrote to the Duke of York that the Queen had been "rather distressed ''. Two days later, he wrote again: "I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name Albert to her ''. Queen Victoria was mollified by the proposal to name the new baby Albert, and wrote to the Duchess of York: "I am all impatience to see the new one, born on such a sad day but rather more dear to me, especially as he will be called by that dear name which is a byword for all that is great and good ''. Consequently, he was baptised "Albert Frederick Arthur George '' at St. Mary Magdalene 's Church near Sandringham three months later. Within the family, he was known informally as "Bertie ''. His maternal grandmother, the Duchess of Teck, did not like the first name the baby had been given, and she wrote prophetically that she hoped the last name "may supplant the less favoured one ''. Albert was fourth in line to the throne at birth, after his grandfather, father and elder brother, Edward.
He often suffered from ill health and was described as "easily frightened and somewhat prone to tears ''. His parents were generally removed from their children 's day - to - day upbringing, as was the norm in aristocratic families of that era. He had a stammer that lasted for many years. Although naturally left - handed, he was forced to write with his right hand, as was common practice at the time. He suffered from chronic stomach problems as well as knock knees, for which he was forced to wear painful corrective splints.
Queen Victoria died on 22 January 1901, and the Prince of Wales succeeded her as King Edward VII. Prince Albert moved up to third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother.
From 1909, Albert attended the Royal Naval College, Osborne, as a naval cadet. In 1911, he came bottom of the class in the final examination, but despite this he progressed to the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. When his grandfather, Edward VII, died in 1910, Albert 's father became King George V. Edward became Prince of Wales, with Albert second in line to the throne.
Albert spent the first six months of 1913 on the training ship HMS Cumberland in the West Indies and on the east coast of Canada. He was rated as a midshipman aboard HMS Collingwood on 15 September 1913, and spent three months in the Mediterranean. His fellow officers gave him the nickname "Mr. Johnson ''. One year after his commission, he began service in the First World War. He was mentioned in despatches for his action as a turret officer aboard Collingwood in the Battle of Jutland (31 May -- 1 June 1916), an indecisive engagement with the German navy that was the largest naval action of the war. He did not see further combat, largely because of ill health caused by a duodenal ulcer, for which he had an operation in November 1917.
In February 1918, he was appointed Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service 's training establishment at Cranwell. With the establishment of the Royal Air Force two months later and the reassignment of Cranwell from Admiralty to Air Ministry responsibility, Albert transferred from the Royal Navy to the Royal Air Force. He was appointed Officer Commanding Number 4 Squadron of the Boys ' Wing at Cranwell until August 1918, before reporting to the RAF 's Cadet School at St Leonards - on - Sea. He completed a fortnight 's training and took command of a squadron on the Cadet Wing. He was the first member of the royal family to be certified as a fully qualified pilot.
Albert wanted to serve on the Continent while the war was still in progress and was pleased to be posted to General Trenchard 's staff. On 23 October he flew across the Channel to Autigny. For the closing weeks of the war, he served on the staff of the RAF 's Independent Air Force at its headquarters in Nancy, France. Following the disbanding of the Independent Air Force in November 1918, he remained on the Continent for two months as an RAF staff officer until posted back to Britain. He accompanied the Belgian monarch King Albert I on his triumphal reentry into Brussels on 22 November. Albert qualified as an RAF pilot on 31 July 1919 and was promoted to squadron leader the following day.
In October 1919, Albert went up to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied history, economics and civics for a year, with the historian R.V. Laurence as his "official mentor ''. On 4 June 1920, he was created Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney. He began to take on more royal duties. He represented his father, and toured coal mines, factories, and railyards. Through such visits he acquired the nickname of the "Industrial Prince ''. His stammer, and his embarrassment over it, together with his tendency to shyness, caused him to appear much less impressive than his older brother, Edward. However, he was physically active and enjoyed playing tennis. He played at Wimbledon in the Men 's Doubles with Louis Greig in 1926, losing in the first round. He developed an interest in working conditions, and was President of the Industrial Welfare Society. His series of annual summer camps for boys between 1921 and 1939 brought together boys from different social backgrounds.
In a time when royalty were expected to marry fellow royalty, it was unusual that Albert had a great deal of freedom in choosing a prospective wife. An infatuation with the already - married Australian socialite Sheila, Lady Loughborough, came to an end in April 1920 when the King, with the promise of the dukedom of York, persuaded Albert to stop seeing her. That year, he met for the first time since childhood Lady Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon, the youngest daughter of the Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne. He became determined to marry her. She rejected his proposal twice, in 1921 and 1922, reportedly because she was reluctant to make the sacrifices necessary to become a member of the royal family. In the words of Lady Elizabeth 's mother, Albert would be "made or marred '' by his choice of wife. After a protracted courtship, Elizabeth agreed to marry him.
They were married on 26 April 1923 in Westminster Abbey. Albert 's marriage to someone not of royal birth was considered a modernising gesture. The newly formed British Broadcasting Company wished to record and broadcast the event on radio, but the Abbey Chapter vetoed the idea (although the Dean, Herbert Edward Ryle, was in favour).
From December 1924 to April 1925, the Duke and Duchess toured Kenya, Uganda, and the Sudan, travelling via the Suez Canal and Aden. During the trip, they both went big game hunting.
Because of his stammer, Albert dreaded public speaking. After his closing speech at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley on 31 October 1925, one which was an ordeal for both him and his listeners, he began to see Lionel Logue, an Australian - born speech therapist. The Duke and Logue practised breathing exercises, and the Duchess rehearsed with him patiently. Subsequently, he was able to speak with less hesitation. With his delivery improved, the Duke opened the new Parliament House in Canberra, Australia, during a tour of the empire in 1927. His journey by sea to Australia, New Zealand and Fiji took him via Jamaica, where Albert played doubles tennis partnered with a black man, Bertrand Clark, which was unusual at the time and taken locally as a display of equality between races.
The Duke and Duchess of York had two children: Elizabeth (called "Lilibet '' by the family), and Margaret. The Duke and Duchess and their two daughters lived a relatively sheltered life at their London residence, 145 Piccadilly. They were a close and loving family. One of the few stirs arose when the Canadian Prime Minister, R.B. Bennett, considered the Duke for Governor General of Canada in 1931 -- a proposal that King George V rejected on the advice of the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, J.H. Thomas.
King George V had severe reservations about Prince Edward, saying, "I pray God that my eldest son will never marry and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne. '' On 20 January 1936, George V died and Edward ascended the throne as King Edward VIII. In the Vigil of the Princes, Prince Albert and his three brothers took a shift standing guard over their father 's body as it lay in state, in a closed casket, in Westminster Hall.
As Edward was unmarried and had no children, Albert was the heir presumptive to the throne. Less than a year later, on 11 December 1936, Edward abdicated in order to marry his mistress, Wallis Simpson, who was divorced from her first husband and divorcing her second. Edward had been advised by British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin that he could not remain king and marry a divorced woman with two living ex-husbands. Edward chose abdication in preference to abandoning his marriage plans. Thus Albert became king, a position he was reluctant to accept. The day before the abdication, he went to London to see his mother, Queen Mary. He wrote in his diary, "When I told her what had happened, I broke down and sobbed like a child. ''
On the day of the abdication, the Oireachtas, the parliament of the Irish Free State, removed all direct mention of the monarch from the Irish constitution. The next day, it passed the External Relations Act, which gave the monarch limited authority (strictly on the advice of the government) to appoint diplomatic representatives for Ireland and to be involved in the making of foreign treaties. The two acts made the Irish Free State a republic in essence without removing its links to the Commonwealth.
Courtier and journalist Dermot Morrah alleged that there was brief speculation as to the desirability of bypassing Albert (and his children) and his brother, Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, in favour of their younger brother Prince George, Duke of Kent. This seems to have been suggested on the grounds that Prince George was at that time the only brother with a son.
Albert assumed the regnal name "George VI '' to emphasise continuity with his father and restore confidence in the monarchy. The beginning of George VI 's reign was taken up by questions surrounding his predecessor and brother, whose titles, style and position were uncertain. He had been introduced as "His Royal Highness Prince Edward '' for the abdication broadcast, but George VI felt that by abdicating and renouncing the succession, Edward had lost the right to bear royal titles, including "Royal Highness ''. In settling the issue, George 's first act as king was to confer upon his brother the title "Duke of Windsor '' with the style "Royal Highness '', but the letters patent creating the dukedom prevented any wife or children from bearing royal styles. George VI was forced to buy from Edward the royal residences of Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House, as these were private properties and did not pass to George VI automatically. Three days after his accession, on his 41st birthday, he invested his wife, the new queen consort, with the Order of the Garter.
George VI 's coronation at Westminster Abbey took place on 12 May 1937, the date previously intended for Edward 's coronation. In a break with tradition, Queen Mary attended the ceremony in a show of support for her son. There was no Durbar held in Delhi for George VI, as had occurred for his father, as the cost would have been a burden to the government of India. Rising Indian nationalism made the welcome that the royal party would have received likely to be muted at best, and a prolonged absence from Britain would have been undesirable in the tense period before the Second World War. Two overseas tours were undertaken, to France and to North America, both of which promised greater strategic advantages in the event of war.
The growing likelihood of war in Europe dominated the early reign of George VI. The King was constitutionally bound to support Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain 's appeasement of Hitler. However, when the King and Queen greeted Chamberlain on his return from negotiating the Munich Agreement in 1938, they invited him to appear on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with them. This public association of the monarchy with a politician was exceptional, as balcony appearances were traditionally restricted to the royal family. While broadly popular among the general public, Chamberlain 's policy towards Hitler was the subject of some opposition in the House of Commons, which led historian John Grigg to describe the King 's behaviour in associating himself so prominently with a politician as "the most unconstitutional act by a British sovereign in the present century ''.
In May and June 1939, the King and Queen toured Canada and the United States. From Ottawa, they were accompanied throughout by Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, to present themselves in North America as King and Queen of Canada. George was the first reigning monarch of Canada to visit North America, although he had been to Canada previously as Prince Albert and as Duke of York. Both Governor General of Canada Lord Tweedsmuir and Mackenzie King hoped that the King 's presence in Canada would demonstrate the principles of the Statute of Westminster 1931, which gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions. On 19 May, George VI personally accepted and approved the Letter of Credence of the new U.S. Ambassador to Canada, Daniel Calhoun Roper; gave Royal Assent to nine parliamentary bills; and ratified two international treaties with the Great Seal of Canada. The official royal tour historian, Gustave Lanctot, wrote "the Statute of Westminster had assumed full reality '' and George gave a speech emphasising "the free and equal association of the nations of the Commonwealth ''.
The trip was intended to soften the strong isolationist tendencies among the North American public with regard to the developing tensions in Europe. Although the aim of the tour was mainly political, to shore up Atlantic support for the United Kingdom in any future war, the King and Queen were enthusiastically received by the public. The fear that George would be compared unfavourably to his predecessor, Edward VIII, was dispelled. They visited the 1939 New York World 's Fair and stayed with President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House and at his private estate at Hyde Park, New York. A strong bond of friendship was forged between the King and Queen and the President during the tour, which had major significance in the relations between the United States and the United Kingdom through the ensuing war years.
In September 1939, Britain and the self - governing Dominions other than Ireland, declared war on Nazi Germany. George VI and his wife resolved to stay in London, despite German bombing raids. They officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war, although they usually spent nights at Windsor Castle. The first night of the Blitz on London, on 7 September 1940, killed about one thousand civilians, mostly in the East End. On 13 September, the King and Queen narrowly avoided death when two German bombs exploded in a courtyard at Buckingham Palace while they were there. In defiance, the Queen famously declared: "I am glad we have been bombed. It makes me feel we can look the East End in the face. '' The royal family were portrayed as sharing the same dangers and deprivations as the rest of the country. They were subject to rationing restrictions, and U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt remarked on the rationed food served and the limited bathwater that was permitted during a stay at the unheated and boarded - up Palace. In August 1942, the King 's brother, Prince George, Duke of Kent, was killed on active service.
In 1940, Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister, though personally George would have preferred to appoint Lord Halifax. After the King 's initial dismay over Churchill 's appointment of Lord Beaverbrook to the Cabinet, he and Churchill developed "the closest personal relationship in modern British history between a monarch and a Prime Minister ''. Every Tuesday for four and a half years from September 1940, the two men met privately for lunch to discuss the war in secret and with frankness.
Throughout the war, the King and Queen provided morale - boosting visits throughout the United Kingdom, visiting bomb sites, munitions factories, and troops. The King visited military forces abroad in France in December 1939, North Africa and Malta in June 1943, Normandy in June 1944, southern Italy in July 1944, and the Low Countries in October 1944. Their high public profile and apparently indefatigable determination secured their place as symbols of national resistance. At a social function in 1944, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Field Marshal Sir Alan Brooke, revealed that every time he met Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery, he thought Montgomery was after his job. The King replied: "You should worry, when I meet him, I always think he 's after mine! ''
In 1945, crowds shouted "We want the King! '' in front of Buckingham Palace during the Victory in Europe Day celebrations. In an echo of Chamberlain 's appearance, the King invited Churchill to appear with the royal family on the balcony to public acclaim.
In January 1946, George addressed the United Nations at their first assembly, which was held in London, and reaffirmed "our faith in the equal rights of men and women and of nations great and small ''.
George VI 's reign saw the acceleration of the dissolution of the British Empire. The Statute of Westminster 1931 had already acknowledged the evolution of the Dominions into separate sovereign states. The process of transformation from an empire to a voluntary association of independent states, known as the Commonwealth, gathered pace after the Second World War. During the ministry of Clement Attlee, British India became the two independent Dominions of India and Pakistan in 1947. George relinquished the title of Emperor of India, and became King of India and King of Pakistan instead. In 1950 he ceased to be King of India when it became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations and recognised his new title of Head of the Commonwealth; he remained King of Pakistan until his death. Other countries left the Commonwealth, such as Burma in January 1948, Palestine (divided between Israel and the Arab states) in May 1948 and the Republic of Ireland in 1949.
In 1947, the King and his family toured Southern Africa. The Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa, Jan Smuts, was facing an election and hoped to make political capital out of the visit. George was appalled, however, when instructed by the South African government to shake hands only with whites, and referred to his South African bodyguards as "the Gestapo ''. Despite the tour, Smuts lost the election the following year, and the new government instituted a strict policy of racial segregation.
The stress of the war had taken its toll on the King 's health, made worse by his heavy smoking and subsequent development of lung cancer among other ailments, including arteriosclerosis and Buerger 's disease. A planned tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed after the King suffered an arterial blockage in his right leg, which threatened the loss of the leg and was treated with a right lumbar sympathectomy in March 1949.
His elder daughter Elizabeth, the heir presumptive, took on more royal duties as her father 's health deteriorated. The delayed tour was re-organised, with Elizabeth and her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh, taking the place of the King and Queen. The King was well enough to open the Festival of Britain in May 1951, but on 23 September 1951, his left lung was removed by Clement Price Thomas after a malignant tumour was found. In October 1951, Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh went on a month - long tour of Canada; the trip had been delayed for a week due to the King 's illness. At the State Opening of Parliament in November, the King 's speech from the throne was read for him by the Lord Chancellor, Lord Simonds. His Christmas broadcast of 1951 was recorded in sections, and then edited together.
On 31 January 1952, despite advice from those close to him, the King went to London Airport to see off Princess Elizabeth, who was going on her tour of Australia via Kenya. On the morning of 6 February, George VI was found dead in bed at Sandringham House in Norfolk. He had died from a coronary thrombosis in his sleep at the age of 56. His daughter flew back to Britain from Kenya as Queen Elizabeth II.
From 9 February for two days his coffin rested in St. Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham, before lying in state at Westminster Hall from 11 February. His funeral took place at St. George 's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on the 15th. He was interred initially in the Royal Vault until he was transferred to the King George VI Memorial Chapel inside St. George 's on 26 March 1969. In 2002, fifty years after his death, the remains of his widow, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, and the ashes of his younger daughter Princess Margaret, who both died that year, were interred in the chapel alongside him.
In the words of Labour Member of Parliament George Hardie, the abdication crisis of 1936 did "more for republicanism than fifty years of propaganda ''. George VI wrote to his brother Edward that in the aftermath of the abdication he had reluctantly assumed "a rocking throne '' and tried "to make it steady again ''. He became king at a point when public faith in the monarchy was at a low ebb. During his reign his people endured the hardships of war, and imperial power was eroded. However, as a dutiful family man and by showing personal courage, he succeeded in restoring the popularity of the monarchy.
The George Cross and the George Medal were founded at the King 's suggestion during the Second World War to recognise acts of exceptional civilian bravery. He bestowed the George Cross on the entire "island fortress of Malta '' in 1943. He was posthumously awarded the Ordre de la Libération by the French government in 1960, one of only two people (the other being Churchill) to be awarded the medal after 1946.
A number of geographical features, roads, and institutions are named after George VI. These include King George Hospital in London; King George VI Reservoir in Surrey, United Kingdom; King George VI Highway and King George Boulevard in Surrey, British Columbia; Kingsway in Edmonton; George VI Sound in Antarctica; and the King George VI Chase, a horse race in the United Kingdom.
Colin Firth won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as George VI in The King 's Speech, a 2010 film that won the Academy Award for Best Picture.
George held a number of titles throughout his life, as successively great - grandson, grandson and son of the monarch. As sovereign, he was referred to most often as simply The King or His Majesty. In his position as sovereign, George automatically held the position of Commander - in - Chief.
As Duke of York, George bore the royal arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing an anchor azure -- a difference earlier awarded to his father, George V, when he was Duke of York, and then later awarded to his grandson Prince Andrew, Duke of York. As king, he bore the royal arms undifferenced.
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what happened to agent morgan in criminal minds | Derek Morgan (criminal Minds) - wikipedia
Hank Morgan (father, deceased) Fran Morgan (mother) Desirée
Derek Morgan is a fictional character on the CBS crime drama Criminal Minds, portrayed by Emmy Award winner Shemar Moore. Morgan specializes in fixations and obsessive behaviors. He is a Supervisory Special Agent of the FBI 's Behavioral Analysis Unit, (although has served as interim unit chief for Aaron Hotchner), and has appeared from the series ' pilot episode "Extreme Aggressor '', which was originally broadcast on September 22, 2005. Before he left in season 11, he was one of only three main characters to appear since the first season as "starring '', while also becoming the only character to appear in all episodes.
Morgan is shown over the series being flirtatious towards the team 's technical analyst Penelope Garcia (Kirsten Vangsness). However, the relationship is platonic. He is shown to be confident and assertive, along with being very protective towards Spencer Reid (Matthew Gray Gubler), whom he helps to pick up girls. He is the muscle of the team, and usually storms in when a suspect requires apprehending physically.
Morgan and his sisters Sarah and Desirée grew up on the South Side, in an unnamed notorious neighborhood of Chicago. He is the son of an African American father and white mother he has left he rarely speaks of his immediate family, he is close to his mother and sisters and returns every year for Fran 's birthday. In season 2 it was stated that he was around age 33, putting his birth year around 1976. He attended Northwestern University on a football scholarship, graduating cum laude. Although it was stated that he had earned a law degree, there has never been any mention of him practicing law. He was a star quarterback until a left knee injury ended his career.
At the age of ten, Morgan was a witness to the shooting death of his father, also a police officer. Left without a father figure, he had behavioral problems as an adolescent and earned himself a juvenile record for fighting. He was taken under the wing of a local youth center coordinator, Carl Buford. Buford acted as a surrogate father to Morgan, helping expunge Morgan 's juvenile criminal record and him to obtain the aforementioned football scholarship. Although Morgan was able to avoid going into a life of crime like many of his peers, Buford was also sexually abusing him, a fact which Morgan only admitted years later and under extreme duress. As a teen he discovered the body of an unidentified boy, which had a profound effect on him (he went door to door in order to collect money to buy the boy a headstone and visited the boy 's grave every time he came home to Chicago). Due to his difficult past, he displays little sympathy for unremorseful criminals who attempt to use their traumatic childhood as an excuse for the crimes they commit. Prior to joining the FBI, Morgan served in a bomb squad and was a Chicago PD officer. At one time he spent 18 months doing deep undercover work.
Years later, Morgan 's past would come back to haunt him when he was arrested by the Chicago Police Department for the murder of the unidentified boy and two others. The lead detective, who had arrested Morgan several times for juvenile misdemeanors when the latter was young, believed Morgan was guilty and used a BAU profile done by Jason Gideon (Mandy Patinkin) to support his case. Believing he was being framed by the real killer, the BAU searched through Morgan 's life and background to prove him innocent, which discomfited Garcia as Morgan had been generally reticent about the details of his past. They later identified Carl Buford as the man who set Morgan up to take the fall (Buford was friends with the lead detective). When Hotch asked about Buford, Morgan told him to back off. He then escaped police custody and spoke to a local boy who was friends with the latest victim. The boy revealed he was currently being molested by Buford and that the latest victim knew about it. Morgan confronted Buford, who at first denied anything happened between them, and told Morgan the other boy was lying. Refusing to back down (and wishing that he had told someone about Buford when he was a kid), Morgan eventually got Buford to admit to the abuse. Buford 's admission was overheard by Chicago PD detectives who were lying in wait nearby, and they arrested Buford. Buford pleaded with Morgan to help him, to which Morgan replies, "You go to Hell, '' leaving the child molester to his fate.
Characterized as a "jock '', Morgan is the most athletic of the BAU team members, often being tasked with the more physical aspects of the job, such as taking down intimidating suspects or chasing a runaway on foot. He holds a black belt in judo and has occasionally been asked to train other FBI agents for fitness tests and in SWAT tactics. Due to his past as a juvenile delinquent and experience with gangsters in Chicago, he is rarely intimidated by suspects, even those belonging to criminal syndicates.
Morgan often appears to be happy - go - lucky and is frequently seen teasing or playing pranks on Garcia and Spencer Reid. As his background is revealed, it becomes apparent that Morgan was putting on a facade to bury the painful memories of his past. He looks up to his "bosses '' Jason Gideon and later Aaron Hotchner as well as senior agent David Rossi as mentors. They, particularly Hotch, are usually the ones to calm Morgan down when a case gets to him. Hotch once said of him, "there are very few people he truly trusts '', but Morgan is extremely loyal to those "few '' (the BAU team). In season 5, he temporarily took over Hotch 's position as Unit Chief while serial killer and nemesis George Foyet was on the loose, on the condition that Hotch be reinstated once Foyet was captured.
Morgan is good with children and shown to be fond of Hotch 's son Jack, and JJ and Will 's son Henry. This is apparent when the team is assigned to cases involving minors and Morgan is sometimes the one tasked with interviewing children or adolescents, especially boys, for information.
Morgan was at one point being considered to replace SSA Kate Joyner as Unit Chief of the New York FBI field office. His boss, BAU Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner, did n't recommend him for the position due to concerns that Morgan did n't have enough trust in his coworkers. However, after Joyner was killed by an IED in the fourth - season premiere, Hotchner told Morgan that the job was his if he wanted it. Nevertheless, Morgan chose not to take the position, and remained with the BAU.
Morgan bears an especially intense grudge against George Foyet (played by C. Thomas Howell). After Morgan was knocked out by Foyet in early 2009, Foyet stole Morgan 's FBI credentials. He then used the credentials while dropping off a severely injured Aaron Hotchner in the Emergency Room after attacking and nearly killing Hotchner.
Because of his experiences as a teenager, Morgan seems to bear a lingering hostility towards organized religion, but he still prays, even going so far as to visit a church. He is very charming, and has been seen flirting with many women, even dancing with several at a time in a bar. Morgan once asked out Jordan Todd, only later realizing that she would be his coworker. However, as with most BAU agents, a long - term stable romantic relationship has eluded him, until Season 11, where he announces his marriage with his long - time girlfriend, Savannah Hayes. They eventually had a son named Hank Spencer Morgan, naming him after Derek 's father and Dr. Spencer Reid, a fellow BAU member and friend.
Morgan is intensely devoted to his coworkers, especially Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia. They have a bantering, sweet, flirtatious relationship. Morgan often calls her "baby girl, '' "doll face '' or "sweetness '' (having first used the term when he did n't know her name, he continued doing so when she seemed to like it). In the aftermath of the New York bombing that killed SSA Joyner, Morgan told Garcia that she was his "God - given solace '' after jumping out of an ambulance which was about to blow up. Morgan 's close relationship with Garcia was made especially clear after she was shot by a perpetrator of hero homicide; taking her home from the hospital, Morgan said to Garcia: "I love you, you know that right? '', and then insisted on staying with her to protect her, eventually saving her life, until the perpetrator was killed.
Morgan has an extremely close friendship with SSA Dr. Spencer Reid, akin to that of a protective older brother figure. Morgan frequently makes friendly banter with Reid, and attempts to help him with his love life. In the episode "Revelations '' he is particularly distressed and prone to violent outbursts after Reid had been taken and after seeing the torture he went through live. Even going as far as stating that he would put the unsub 's "head on a stick ''. Morgan often calls him "Doc '', "Kid '', "Genius '', or "Pretty Boy '' and they frequently tease and exchange banter with one another, even going as far as having a joke war in the episode "Painless ''. Morgan has been seen giving Reid advice on how to pick up girls at a bar after he unsuccessfully tried to hand out fliers and he is one of two people who knew that Reid was experiencing extremely painful headaches that may or may not have been related to the possibility of schizophrenia, the other being Emily Prentiss.
He also has an extremely close friendship with Agent Emily Prentiss. As she joined the team in season 2, they immediately bonded due to their mutual love of Kurt Vonnegut books. Morgan is protective of Prentiss, but their relationship is never shown beyond outside of the bureau. In the episode 6x17 "Valhalla '', Morgan tells Prentiss that she can "trust him '', and that he is there for her no matter what. In Prentiss 's final episode as a series regular, 6x18 "Lauren, '' she disappears after walking out of the BAU to go and confront her nemesis, Ian Doyle. At the end of the episode after being stabbed in the abdomen by Doyle, Morgan rushes to her side to try to save her. She tells him to let her go, and he responds by saying "No, no, I am not letting you go. '' Then he says, "Listen to me, I know why you did all of this, and I know what you did for Declan. I am so proud of you. Do you understand that? I am proud of you because you are my friend, and you are my partner, '' to which then, Emily starts to fade in and out of consciousness while Morgan is holding her hand. At the hospital, J.J. tells the team that Prentiss, "never made it off the table, '' and everyone dropped their heads in sadness. Everyone, except Hotch and J.J. think Prentiss is dead as they attend her funeral, unaware that she is alive and went into hiding from Doyle once again and that she is living in France, specifically Paris. In season seven, Morgan 's summer investigation leads him to be the first to discover that Prentiss is alive. When she returns to the BAU they share an emotional moment and a hug. Later, Morgan tells her he was never upset nor does he feel betrayed. In "Dorado Falls '', Morgan signs them up for takedown re-certification without telling her and lets her believe Hotch was responsible. He does n't want her to know it was him who signed her up because he does n't want to admit that he needs to make sure she can still take care of herself. Later, he admits to Emily he did it because losing her was "7 months of Hell '' and he worried that his fear of losing her would be so great he would n't be able to perform properly because he would be worrying about her. She tells him she understands this and agrees to 10 hours of training, but states that his demands of ' a neck rub everyday along with coffee ' are pushing it.
Morgan also became close with Ellie Spicer, a little girl who was the daughter of a murder victim in the "Prince of Darkness '' case. In the Season 6 premiere, Morgan was left injured and tied up after being attacked by the Prince of Darkness, Billy Flynn (played by Tim Curry), who also killed Matthew Spicer (a local LAPD detective) in the attack and kidnapped Spicer 's daughter Ellie. After being treated by paramedics, Morgan rejoined his coworkers in hunting Flynn, who the team had identified as "a pure psychopath ''. Throughout the episode, Morgan snaps at several of his teammates, including Garcia, whom he is normally flirtatious with. After Flynn turns Ellie loose, the team arrives at a house where Flynn is holding two people hostage. Flynn calls Hotch 's phone, and demands that Morgan enter. Hotch initially refuses, until Morgan steps to him and says, "This one is mine. '' Morgan enters the house with his weapon drawn, and finds Flynn in a bedroom, with two victims tied up. Flynn tells Morgan that while he may not be afraid, the hostages were. Morgan responds by saying "You point that gun at them, and I will kill you, and that is another promise. '' After a bit of attempted conversation, Flynn starts crying, and asks Morgan if he believes in heaven, causing the agent to raise his gun. Flynn stands up and aims his gun at the female victim, resulting in Morgan instantly opening fire, coldly shooting Flynn in the chest repeatedly until "The Prince of Darkness '' dies, and falls back onto the bed. Morgan emerges from the house removing his Kevlar vest and is greeted by Ellie. He takes her into his arms and comforts her as her bravado cracks, and she begins to cry. Ellie is placed into a foster home following her father 's death because her parents were separated and her aunt (Matt Spicer 's sister, who had been caring for Ellie) was also killed by Flynn. When Ellie catches a boy in the home peeping at her as she bathes, she runs away, flies to D.C., seeks out Morgan and asks to live with him. Morgan declines, but he and the BAU team members are able to reunite Ellie with her mother.
In "Big Sea, '' Morgan gets personal on a case in Jacksonville, Florida when bodies are discovered buried in the ocean floor off the coast. His aunt Yvonne fears that her missing daughter, Cindi, was one of the victims. Rossi tells Seaver that Morgan 's cousin escaped a stalker and was never heard from. After Morgan catches the Unsub, he shows him pictures of two of his victims during his interrogation. When Morgan showed Cindi 's picture he claims that she cried for Morgan before her throat was sliced. "The killer did n't know Cindi 's name, but he knew those of the other victims '' Morgan said to Rossi. Even though Cindi was n't one of the victims, Morgan lies to his aunt, and tells her that she was dead, to give her closure however, she is still missing. In the season six finale, he fatally shoots the unsub leader of the human trafficking ring who 'd been pretending to be a victim and was about to shoot Rossi.
Morgan was included in TV Guide 's list of "TV 's Sexiest Crime Fighters ''.
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who are the characters of diary of a wimpy kid | List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters - Wikipedia
This is a list of characters in Jeff Kinney 's book series Diary of a Wimpy Kid as well as the film versions of the first, second, and third book. Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a series of graphic novels written by American author and cartoonist Jeff Kinney. The books are written as the journals of the main character named Greg Heffley.
Diary of a Wimpy Kid is also a series of films based on the books. Jeff Kinney was an executive producer. Like the books, the movies are the journals of Greg Heffley, played by Zachary Gordon in Diary of a Wimpy Kid, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days, and Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules, and Jason Drucker in Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul.
Gregory "Greg '' Heffley is 12 years old in the first novel. Greg 's actions can however be antagonistic at times, including terrorizing kids, trying to steal money from a church collection basket, lying in confession, picking on other students, playing pranks on his best friend, selling falsely advertised fitness water and even praying for bad stuff to happen to others. However, he can also be a kind hearted character. He helps his brother with his homework, gets his friend a date for a dance, helps out, and forgives his friends. Greg is portrayed by Zachary Gordon and Jason Drucker in the movie series. He ca n't stop flirting with girls. But after all, he is a funny kid.
Rowley Jefferson is Greg 's best friend. In the first book, Rowley is an antagonist in Greg 's point of view while technically in a third - person view, Greg is the antagonist and Rowley is the protagonist. In Dog Days, they separate after Rowley damages Greg 's chances of winning a video game championship, but they get back together at the end of The Ugly Truth. At the end of The Third Wheel, Rowley begins dating Abigail Brown, a girl who was originally Greg 's date for the Valentine 's Day dance. This plot continues in Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Hard Luck, where he ditches Greg for his new girlfriend Abigail. At the end of the book, the couple break up and he becomes friends with Greg again.
Rowley has what Greg considers strange interests for his age and gender, such as liking a singer for "six - year - old girls '' named Joshie and action figures Greg believes are for younger kids. Rowley is also the owner of the comic strip Zoo Wee Mama. Rowley claims that Greg had nothing to do with the comic strip in the first book, a rare antagonistic move from him. In the movie series, Rowley is portrayed by Robert Capron & Owen Asztalos. Rowley 's shortest appearance was in The Long Haul, where he is only mentioned on one page.
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Franklin "Frank '' Heffley is Greg 's overreactive but well - meaning father. He is interested in U.S. history, and his replica of a Civil War battlefield is a plot point in the series. Frank is edgy around Rowley, does not appreciate Greg 's skill at video games, loathes heavy metal, adolescents. In Rodrick Rules, during Thanksgiving dinner, Frank turns up the thermostat to make everyone leave. He tries to toughen Greg up and threatens to send him to a military academy in The Last Straw, although ultimately this does not come to fruition, much to Greg 's relief. However, Greg and Frank grow together in Dog Days. Frank is portrayed by Steve Zahn in the first three films of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series. In Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul, he is played by Tom Everett Scott.
Susan Heffley is Greg 's mother. Though she is loving and motherly, she sometimes seems naive, absent - minded, embarrassing, and overprotective, apparently thinking she knows about what kids Greg 's age are into when in fact, which she is wrong about. She does n't like technology. She believes that technology is distant her family. She also wants to become a good mother in front of her peers. She and her husband pays far more attention to Manny than their other two sons. She is portrayed by Rachael Harris in the first three films of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series. In Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul, she is portrayed by Alicia Silverstone. In the online version of the first book, Susan was known as Ann Heffley.
Manuel "Manny '' Heffley is Greg and Rodrick 's younger brother. He is an annoying, spoiled child who is constantly doted on by his mother. He makes a great number of demands and throws temper tantrums if they are not fulfilled. Among Manny 's most well - known characteristics are his refusal to be toilet - trained and his complete inability to remain in nursery school. He frequently damages Greg 's property, and uses his age as an excuse for doing so. Whenever they go on vacations, Manny ends up ruining it and gets away with it. The excessive coddling he receives from his parents infuriates Greg. He also takes advantage of his overindulgence. It is revealed in The Third Wheel that Manny has imaginary friends, whom he blames for his misbehavior. Despite his very young age and spoilt attitude, Manny shows signs of actually possessing more intelligence than he appears to have. He surprises his family by his ability to speak Spanish in The Long Haul, but plays this to his advantage by persuading some Mexican men to take them to retrieve their pet pig. He is his grandmother 's favorite, although she denies this. In the three movies based on the first four books, Manny is portrayed by Connor and Owen Fielding. In the movie, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul, he is portrayed by Wyatt and Dylan Walters.
Manny has similar traits to those of Farley Drexel "Fudge '' Hatcher.
Rodrick is Greg 's aggressive older brother. He is the drummer in a garage band called "Löded Diper '' (loaded diaper), noted for their substandard heavy metal concerts and limited musical abilities. Rodrick is not an exception to Frank 's notorious distrust of all teenagers.
Rodrick is notorious for his stereotypical rebellious nature, feigning illness in Rodrick Rules so as to be allowed to remain at home to throw a chaotic house party during his parents ' absence, only for the evidence to appear in newly developed photographs that are quickly discovered by the boys ' parents. He bullies Greg a lot and pulls awful pranks that ruins Greg 's and his family 's life. Rodrick also possesses incompetent tendencies, as his school assignments are notoriously crude and idiotic. He assumes that Abraham Lincoln was the author of To Kill a Mockingbird and, with Greg 's aid, bases a science presentation around the hypothesis of whether or not plants sneeze. His spelling abilities are also poor, and he devotes a lot of time to tormenting Greg. In the books, Rodrick owns and drives a white van, which sports his band 's name written in large black letters, on either side of it and lacks any back seats, the reason being that Rodrick needs room for his band equipment. In the movie series, the van is revealed to be a 1996 Chevrolet Astro AWD van, which also sports a diaper 's pin drawn on the rear doors. In Rodrick Rules, Greg is haunted by the fact that Rodrick knows about his most mortifying experience during the summertime. This haunts him when he returns to school. However, his fears are quickly eased after the story becomes distorted to Greg 's advantage due to it being passed around by so many people (à la Chinese Whispers), temporarily boosting his popularity. By the end of the film adaptation of Rodrick Rules, he is much closer to Greg, and his actions to him becomes much less aggressive. This is also shown in the film adaptation of Dog Days when Rodrick thanks Greg for getting him a gig at Heather Hills ' Sweet 16. In the film series based on the books, Rodrick is played by Devon Bostick. In the film, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul, Rodrick is played by Charlie Wright. Actually, Rodrick 's name is usually spelled Roderick with an E, but his parents spelled it wrong on the birth certificate.
Grandma and Grampa are Susan 's parents and Greg 's maternal grandparents. Grandma is known to drive a car like the Heffleys '. Greg often calls her to his home as a way to avoid his dad 's scoldings, since his dad will not do this when she is around. When she is about to leave, Greg quickly goes to accompany her. Grampa has not appeared in the book series thus far (except for the Do it Yourself book, in a family tree), implying that he and Grandma were divorced or he got sick
Greg 's paternal grandpa is a typical unpredictable grandfather who is asked to babysit Rodrick and his brother in Rodrick Rules. He lives in a care home called Leisure Towers and enjoys playing games such as "Gutbusters '', which the two boys find boring. Grandpa is a smoker. He has his television tuned to the CCTV in the care home lobby, which he spends his time watching. In Old School, he moves out of Leisure Towers because the rent is too high and moves in with the Heffleys. Grandpa has a girlfriend named Darlene in the book "Hard Luck '' and broke up with her in the book "Old School ''. Grandpa dates on online. Greg is his favorite. Grandpa is known for making an awful dish named "Watercress Salad '' which is just cucumber and floating beans in a pool of vinegar this dish is hated by Greg but Rodrick makes him have more. It 's stated that Grandpa never spent much time with Frank when Frank was a boy.
Joe Heffley is Frank 's brother and Greg 's uncle. Frank has a sibling rivalry with Joe due to his actions. When Manny started potty training, Uncle Joe insisted that there was a "potty monster '' that was about to get him, causing him to fear using the bathroom, forcing Frank to change his diapers for a longer time. Greg says that he could hear Frank cursing Joe under his breath every time he changed Manny 's diapers because of this. Uncle Joe 's children call their uncle "Aunt Fwank '', which Frank swears he told them to do on purpose; Susan thinks it 's cute. In Dog Days, Greg mentions that he tried to make Uncle Joe convince Frank to get a dog, but that did not work out. He also mentions that Joe 's dog, Killer ate most of his birthday cake.
Joe Heffley 's wife is a dark - haired woman and Greg 's aunt. She does not appear much in the books.
Joe Heffley has at least 3 children, who appear to be a bit older than Manny, and are Greg 's cousins. They all call Frank "Aunt Fwank. ''
Charlie Heffley is Nana Heffley 's brother and Greg 's great uncle. He is also Greg 's "secret weapon '' at Christmas, as he asks him to buy him presents that his parents have forbidden him from receiving. However, this backfires as he is usually given the wrong thing. For example, Greg wanted to use a Barbie dollhouse as a fort for his soldier action figures, but Charlie gave him a Barbie doll instead. Also, when it was brought up at a family meeting that Greg was into superheroes, he received Wonder Woman underwear. Charlie is a bachelor and spends his spare money well. Greg says he wants to follow in his footsteps. in the first book, Greg thought Charlie got him Twisted Wizard because of the size of the box, but it was just an 8x10 picture of Charlie. In The Last Straw, Charlie got Greg a laundry hoop, hinting that he is tired of being Greg 's secret weapon at Christmas, as the events that transpired meant that Greg effectively got a chore for Christmas.
Cecil is the boys ' uncle but is only 3 or 4 years old. He sits at the grown - ups table at family gatherings because Greg 's Great Aunt Marcie adopted him and since he 's her son, he 's allowed to sit at the grown - ups ' table. He only appears in Hard Luck.
Loretta Heffley is Greg 's great - aunt and the sister of Grandpa, Arthur and Reba. Not much is known about her. She appeared mainly in Rodrick Rules at the Thanksgiving dinner. She also appeared a couple of times in the Do It Yourself Book and The Ugly Truth. It is implied that Greg and Rodrick dislike her, as they fight over who has to greet her first when she visits.
Aunt Veronica is Greg 's aunt and Susan 's sister. Greg states that she has never been seen in person since he was 2 or 3 years old, but calls his family members on video chat. When Greg was sitting on the toilet playing games on his brand new phone (which was actually a hand - me - down from his mother), she started a video chat with him. This startled him, leading to him dropping the phone into the toilet... She appears in Hard Luck multiple times - often in person - but on other occasions by video conference on a tablet and the used phone that Susan gave to Greg.
Terrence, who has a mustache and glasses, is Frank 's second cousin. It is implied that Greg thinks he is ugly. This was suggested when he was explaining that when Terrence was his age, he looked exactly like him, which is true. Greg then mentions he better start saving up for plastic surgery.
Gammie is Greg 's great - grandmother, and the unofficial head of the Heffley family. She only appears in The Ugly Truth, as a minor character. She also has Legos that Susan bought so that her kids had something to do at her house. Gammie glued them together to make one whole brick because of the mess the blocks make. Gammie is a trickster and knows a lot because of "experience ''. When someone in the family is about 12 or 13 years old she gives them The Talk, which is about how kids should not be hurrying to grow up. Gammie loves having visitors for dinner. One day she bought a scratch ticket, and matched up two pictures and told all her family members that she had won a lot of money. Everyone was in a very big rush to visit her. When they all arrived Frank told Gammie that to win you had to match up three pictures. When she found this out, she did not really care. She pulled a roast right out of the oven, and Greg figures she got what she really wanted anyway. Gammie is the mother of Grandpa, Arthur, Reba, and Loretta Heffley.
Gammie is briefly mentioned by Greg in Cabin Fever when he says she gave a miniature carousel that held spoons from all over the world to Greg 's family five or six years before.
Reba Heffley is Greg 's great - aunt. Gammie forgot to give her an invitation at Christmas, but she came anyway. She made everyone feel guilty. She only appears in The Ugly Truth. She and Loretta are identical twins. Reba is the sister of Grandpa, Loretta, and Arthur Heffley.
Gary is Greg 's uncle and has been married four times. In The Ugly Truth it is revealed that all of his wives divorced him as soon as they found out about his financial situation and job. In The Third Wheel he comes to live with Greg 's family after he discovers his job selling shirts in Boston was a ripoff - "Boston '' was spelled "Botson ''. Later in the book he is chosen to be the DJ at Greg 's Valentine 's Day dance.
In Double Down, Gary cut down a big branch hanging over his driveway and ended up breaking his collarbone.
Reason for divorce: Job unappealing for her (Gary was working as a mascot at children 's parties).
Reason for divorce: Financial miscommunication (He had $45 in his bank instead of $45,000.)
Reason for divorce: Unknown, possibly because of a tattoo that used to read "Lydia '' (and was later modified to read "I am not in love with Lydia anymore '').
Reason for likely divorce: He was only engaged to her by accident when a plane with a banner saying "MARRY ME SONJA '' flew over the baseball game where he was going to break up with her because he wanted to start dating her sister. Apparently, there was another Sonja at the baseball stadium. Before Gary could say anything, Sonja turned around and said "YES, YES! '' When they divorced, it was after their wedding when Gary 's friend included the story in his speech.
Dorothy is Greg 's aunt who always kisses him on the lips. Greg 's mom, Susan, says it is rude to wipe off the kisses Dorothy gives him. She is overweight and sometimes passes gas loudly, much to Greg 's dismay.
She appears on the "Have You Ever '' page in the Do - It - Yourself Book when Greg asks: "Have you ever been kissed full on the lips by a relative who 's older than seventy? '' This probably means she is older than 70 years old, and that she is actually his great - aunt.
Arthur Heffley is Greg 's great - uncle. He only speaks in grunts or makes random sounds. He never has an actual conversation with anybody, but sometimes Greg tries to respond to him just in case he is trying to communicate. For example, once when he said "Rrup? '', Greg replied "Umm... No thank you ''. He wears glasses and a neck tie. Arthur is the brother of Reba, Grandpa, and Loretta Heffley.
Great Uncle Bruce is a deceased character who is mentioned in Cabin Fever and The Third Wheel. Greg is presented with a rather luxurious blanket as a Christmas gift, only to be repelled by it upon learning that it had formerly belonged to Great Uncle Bruce before his death. This leads him to give it to an unsuspecting Rodrick as a birthday present. In The Third Wheel, Greg uses Great Uncle Bruce 's old cologne on Valentine 's Day, which ends up attracting some old ladies.
Byron is Frank 's cousin whom Greg is not excited to see because at Gammie 's last meeting, he was sent out to get milk, but hit a pothole halfway home, and got a flat tire. Greg had to get him. He needed supplies, so Greg returned to Gammie 's. Because of his muddy shoes the ladies needed to warn him since he was about to track mud into the house. Unfortunately, he forgot about Byron 's tire, and he was not happy when he got to Gammie 's. Byron is Arthur Heffley 's son.
He only appears in The Ugly Truth.
Not much is known about Nana, but according to a young Greg, she smelt like asparagus. She is Greg, Rodrick, and Manny 's paternal grandmother, mother to Frank, Joe and Gary, and Mother - in - law to Susan. She is Grandpa 's wife. It is revealed in Double Down she died when Greg was younger and it makes him uncomfortable to think she is "watching '' him from heaven.
Her first appearance was in Double Down.
Aunt Cakey is Susan 's oldest sister and does not like kids. She used to have a dog. She despises kids, and Susan now never trusts her to babysit Greg.
Aunt Audra is one of Susan 's sisters. She believed in crystal balls and took Greg along with her to see her fortuneteller a few times. Susan think Audra is wasting her money, but the fortuneteller once told Greg, "A dark haired woman will plant a seed of doubt in your mind. '' The fortuneteller also told Audra that Meemaw 's ring was inside a photo album. It turned out the fortuneteller did not mean it literally.
Aunt Gretchen is Susan 's youngest sister. She has two out - of - control twin sons, Malvin and Malcolm. Aunt Gretchen has at least thirty pets. In Hard Luck, her rabbit (which everyone thought was a male) has a litter of bunnies, angering Frank. Once they played throw and catch with a strong sharp piece of concrete. Malvin had to go to the emergency room to get stitches in his forehead.
Malvin and Malcolm are Gretchen 's two sons. They are out - of control kids, playing catch with rocks and cement chunks. Malcolm is the wilder. He once got hold of Frank 's shaving kit and shaved himself. He also called the police to report Greg 's family for running out of ketchup. This results in Frank angrily making them leave.
Meemaw and Peepaw are the parents of Gramma and her two sisters, and are the grandparents of Susan. Their first appearance was in Hard Luck. Peepaw is portrayed as old and batty. Meemaw is dead, while Peepaw is still alive. Meemaw was in charge of putting prizes in the Easter eggs, and wore a diamond ring, which was extremely valuable because it had been in her family for three generations. Before she died, she accidentally put her ring in an Easter egg that was found by Greg at the end of the book.
Meemaw appears in the film adaption of the Long Haul played by Mimi Gould. Meemaw 's birthday results in Susan 's "great Heffley road trip ''.
Gramma 's sisters are the great - aunts of Rodrick, Greg, and Manny. They are the aunts of Susan Heffley and her sisters.
Lawrence Heffley is Greg 's uncle who is always traveling, and therefore is unable to make it to family events. He did, however, appear at Great - Grandpa Chester 's funeral by webcam. He only appears in The Ugly Truth.
Chester Heffley was Greg 's great - grandfather and Gammie Heffley 's husband. It was revealed that he died in The Ugly Truth. Greg referred to him as Remus in The Do it Yourself Book.
Georgia is Greg 's cousin who has an extremely loose tooth that she does not want to pull out. She only appears in Hard Luck.
Benjy Heffley is Greg 's cousin. He can read chapter books and speak in full sentences. However, he still is n't potty trained. He only appears in The Ugly Truth.
Tony and Patricia Heffley are Greg 's aunt and uncle and the parents of Benjy Heffley.
Uncle Larry is supposedly Greg 's uncle. Greg is not sure if he is an actual relative, and he thinks someone invited him to a family gathering at some point and that he has been coming ever since. When Audra 's fortuneteller told her Meemaw 's ring was in a photo album, Larry helped realize that that the ring was in a plastic egg. This was proved to be true, as it was found in a plastic egg by Greg later on.
Martina is Susan 's cousin who smashed her collarbone at a buffet in Las Vegas, and ended up suing the hotel. She possibly owns a Porsche.
Gerald is Susan 's cousin who lives in California. He lived with Greg 's family a few months after Greg was born, and even used to change his diapers.
Mr. Jefferson is Rowley 's father, and is far more shrill than Mr. Heffley. He is extremely rude and paranoid, and does not accept any criticism from anyone of himself or his property. He is the strictest father in the series so far. He will not let Rowley play any video game with the slightest bit of violence or fighting in it, as he thinks doing this could change Rowley into a different person. Mr. Jefferson thinks Greg is a "bad influence '' on his son. It is also shown that Mr. Jefferson had a close bond with Rowley.
He shows little interest in sports until Dog Days, where he is found playing tennis with Rowley and golf with a caddy. In Rodrick Rules, Greg and Rowley say in their secret language: "Your - pa dad - pa smells - pa like - pa a woman - pa! '' Greg is then sent home early, and questions how Mr. Jefferson cracked the code.
In Dog Days, it is revealed that Mr. Jefferson 's first name is Robert. When Susan emailed him because of the note Greg sent her, it had Mr. Jefferson 's first name on it.
In "Old School '', he is stuck chaperoning the group of extra kids (which includes Rowley and Greg), much to Greg 's dismay. Later, Rowley adds poison ivy to a fire started by him and he has problems breathing on the next morning, which means he and Rowley (Who had spots on his body) would be going back home.
In the film series, Mr. Jefferson has not spoken until the third film, implying that he is a man of a few words.
Mrs. Jefferson is Rowley 's mother. She often seems to be concerned about Rowley such as the time he broke his big toe after Greg put one of his dad 's dumbbells under a pillow that Rowley kept kicking at Greg 's sleepover. She also had Greg apologize to her for what he did to Rowley. Despite this, Mrs. Jefferson always enjoys Greg 's company with Rowley. Although Mrs. Jefferson loves Greg, she does not let him come over because her husband dislikes him. In day 24 of the online version, it is revealed that her first name is Linda from Greg 's The Boy Whose Family Thinks He 's a DOG comic.
In the first film, Rowley 's mother is portrayed by Kaye Capron, Robert Capron 's real life mother; in Dog Days she is portrayed by Bronwen Smith.
Rowley 's grandfather only appears in Rodrick Rules. It is his birthday and he asks for a chocolate cake for his next birthday. Because of his no lying policy Greg replies: "If you 're even alive next year ''. He is 90 years old in Rodrick Rules. he is an antagonist.
Fregley is Greg 's firm and impeccably graspable acquaintance and neighbor noted for his unexplained lot of odd or disgusting eccentricities. He has been known to perplex others with his behavior, and does not have any known friends. Greg has been forced to hang around with Fregley on several occasions, to his chagrin or aggravation. It has been mentioned that Fregley is prohibited from eating sugar by his parents, and the consumption of it in large quantities will send him into hysterical, uncontrollable frenzies. Fregley won the "Student of the Week '' award in "Cabin Fever '' for not biting anyone for five days. In the film adaptions of the books, Fregley is played by Grayson Russell. In the films, he is a close friend of Greg, while in the book series, Greg always tries to avoid him.
Holly Elizabeth Hills is the name of one of Greg 's classmates; an older girl who primarily serves as Greg 's unrequited romantic interest and also Heather Hills ' younger sister. She is the youngest daughter of Mr. Hills and Mrs. Hills. A minor character, she earns a prominent role in The Last Straw as the object of Greg 's most recent infatuation. He is continuously motivated to impress her to no avail. Virtually oblivious to Greg 's existence or identity (Greg stops trying to impress her after she mistakes him for Fregley), she appears to take an interest in Rowley 's sweetness, judging by an enthusiastic message which she had signed in his yearbook (as opposed to the note that she had written for the envious Greg). She seldom appears afterwards. Greg 's interest in her is seemingly damaged by events such as this and he starts showing an interest in other girls, including Holly 's older sister Heather.
Whereas her personality is hardly explored in the books, Holly 's role was increased in film adaptions, debuting in Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules as a newcomer to Greg 's middle school with whom he is instantly besotted. She is depicted as being friendly and good - natured. The relationship she shares with Greg and Rowley is emphasized and exaggerated in the film portrayals, to the extent it can be assumed that the feelings Greg has for her may be mutual. She reappears in Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days. Her family is portrayed as being wealthy and her sister shown to be tyrannical, spoiled, and selfish.
Holly seems to enjoy the boys ' companionship, and shows gratitude for Rodrick Heffley 's unintentional blunders that wind up destroying the undeserving Heather 's birthday party. The party ends with Holly slipping her hand into Greg 's, implying that she likes him as well, and she, Greg and Rowley had a pool party not long after.
Holly is portrayed by Peyton R. List.
Chirag Gupta is one of Greg 's schoolmates and a minor character in the books. He is characterized by his short stature. Although he and Greg are well - acquainted and generally amiable to one another, Greg started the "Invisible Chirag '' prank in Rodrick Rules. During the summer the Gupta family were to move away but an unexplained alteration in their plans changed this. As a result, Chirag 's classmates teasingly ignore his existence or presence for days on end, which aggravates and shocks him. Though Chirag has apparently forgiven Greg and his fellow schoolmates for concocting the prank, it is mentioned in one book that he takes advantage of his family 's non-observance of the Christmas holiday, and no obligation to behave for Santa Claus, to pick on Greg.
In the movie adaptions, Chirag 's role is enhanced and he is a close friend of Greg and Rowley. He also plays a considerably more prominent role in these films, appearing in adaptions of books in which he is absent or hardly mentioned. He is depicted as being Indian - American. He is portrayed by Karan Brar.
Patricia "Patty '' Farrell is a minor character who shares an intense rivalry with Greg, which is showcased on a few occasions. It is implied she is a hardworking but sanctimonious and domineering student. She earns Greg 's animosity after she suggests a map of the United States displayed in the classroom be covered during a geography quiz. Greg had planned to cheat using the map and this causes great difficulties for him, and makes him agitated. Motivated by his lust for revenge, he volunteers to play a tree in the school 's upcoming production of "The Wizard of Oz '' after viewing the movie adaption for the first time. He believes the role entails having to bombard the character of Dorothy Gale (whom Patty would be portraying in the play) with apples, only to learn that this scene was deleted for the school production. He winds up re-enacting this scene, despite the script, sending his parents into a rage. She has yet to play quite as significant a role in the book series again. She has become something of a minor recurring character whose appearances are rare.
In the film adaptions of the books, Patty 's role is enhanced slightly. She is depicted as being monstrously demanding. Her parents are involved with the school board in this portrayal. The motivation given for her hatred of Greg is his recital of an offensive playground chant poking fun at her that sent her bursting into tears in elementary school. She appears in the film adaptions of all three films Diary of a Wimpy Kid, Diary of a Wimpy Kid; Rodrick Rules and Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days. Alterations made to the books include her talent for both wrestling and playing tennis. She snatches any opportunity to assault Greg somehow while engaged in either sport with him. She is played by Laine MacNeil.
Heather Hills is the attractive elder sister of Holly Elizabeth Hills, with whom Rodrick is infatuated. A minor character in the books, but the main antagonist in the third film, Heather is only featured in several books as the object of Greg 's unrequited infatuation. However, she seems oblivious to this. A student attending Crossland High School with Rodrick, she has had several minor occupations throughout the course of the books, during each of which Rodrick fecklessly attempts to grab her attention or to impress her.
Little insight into her personality is provided in the book series. Similar to her younger sister, Holly, Heather 's personality and role is further enhanced in the only film adaption in which she has appeared, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days. In a modification of the events of the books, she is depicted as the oldest daughter of the Hills family. She is spoiled, obnoxious, rude, ignorant, selfish, conceited, ungrateful, unforgiving, cold - hearted, demanding, mistreating her family and acquaintances. Plus, she proves to be even worse than Rodrick. Lovelorn, Rodrick Heffley and his band are hired to perform at Heather 's ostentatious upcoming sixteenth birthday party, and, in an attempt to earn her admiration, Rodrick winds up messing up the celebration and decorations during a boisterous, and substandard performance of Justin Bieber 's "Baby '', which makes Heather very upset and the party ends in disaster. She is portrayed by Melissa Roxburgh. Heather has a slight reference to the behavior of the Carnotaur from Disney 's "Dinosaur (film) ''.
Albert Sandy is a minor character, who talks often about rumors he has heard. The validity of his statements are unconfirmed. One of the statement which was not confirmed by Greg was when Albert told him that "it was medically impossible for a girl to fart ''. Greg knew that it was not true because when his mom hugged Aunt Dorothy on Christmas Eve she farted.
Albert has appeared in The Last Straw, The Ugly Truth, Old School, and Double Down.
Only appearing in Diary of a Wimpy Kid, Mr. Ira is a teacher at Greg 's middle school who is on the school newspaper adult staff, and enlists a replacement comic strip for the newspaper. He was made fun of in a comic strip entitled Dumb Teachers, and later bowdlerises Greg 's Creighton the Cretin comic. He does not do the same with Rowley 's Zoo - Wee Mama strip, much to Greg 's chagrin.
First appearing in The Last Straw, The Snellas are a family that lives in the Heffleys ' neighborhood. They have a lot of children, all of whom are male, with names beginning with the letter S. Five of the children 's names are revealed, and they are (from oldest to youngest): Shawn, Shane, Sam, Scott, and Seth. In The Last Straw, it is revealed that each Snella child has a half birthday party at which the adults perform funny stunts, to attempt to make the babies laugh. According to Greg, however, no baby has laughed once. Mr. Snella records the action on his camcorder.
Mr. Snella then sends the videos to America 's Funniest Families, a spoof and parody of America 's Funniest Home Videos, and has never won anything (though after Greg is filmed wearing Wonder Woman underoos hanging off a tree with his trousers below his ankles at the end of The Last Straw, the footage is sent, and it is never explained if Mr Snella won with it).
Their most recent appearance was in The Ugly Truth, when they move to another house because of a strange smell they can not get rid of in their home. The smell was deviled eggs, which Greg hates and threw into one of their plant pots when he was having dinner at their house. Despite trying to find the cause of the smell, the Snellas can not figure it out and eventually just move. Greg feels guilty when he sees that they are taking the plant pot with them, but he resolves to try to find a way to sneak deviled eggs into Fregley 's house.
In Cabin Fever, it is revealed a man named Mr. Alexander moved into the Snellas ' house.
Scotty is a first grader from Rowley 's karate class. In Rodrick Rules, Scotty was going to do a magic act in the Talent Show with Rowley as his assistant. But after Greg breaks Rowley 's big toe, he has to fill in for Rowley. Greg complains about being a magician 's assistant to Scotty, but Susan tells Scotty 's mother that Greg would be happy to replace Rowley. In the tryouts, Greg messes up the act so badly they are the only ones not to make the auditions.
Scotty has a remarkably similar appearance to Greg 's comic character, Creighton The Cretin, except Creighton 's eyes are wide open and Scotty 's eyes are beady just like all the other characters that do not wear glasses. In The Ugly Truth, he becomes the new Peachy Breeze kid, yet can not say the slogan right. Between Rodrick Rules and The Ugly Truth it appears that Scotty has two siblings - an unnamed baby sister and an older brother (who is supposed to be ugly). In The Third Wheel, when Greg and Rowley become private investigators Greg looks through the window at his house to find him playing one of Greg 's video games with Rowley.
Mr. Underwood is Greg 's Phys Ed coach. In the film series, he is named Coach Malone.
Bill Walter is a 35 - year - old high school drop out, and professional singer, who has a rude attitude. Rodrick idolizes him and his lifestyle. In the novel Rodrick Rules, he was voted "Most Likely to Be a Rock Star '' which influenced Rodrick to persuade him to join the band. Frank Heffley strongly dislikes Bill because he disapproves of his lifestyle, and is afraid Rodrick will follow in his footsteps. In the movie version of Rodrick Rules he is portrayed by Fran Kranz and is the main antagonist. He agrees to join Rodrick 's rock band Loded Diper and later attempts to kick him out for an unknown reason. After performing the song Exploded Diper, Rodrick retaliates and kicks him out. He also makes an appearance with Rodrick at the beginning at the roller rink. In the book Greg describes him as unemployed still living with his parents even though he is 35 years old. Also, in Rodrick Rules Bill appears to be a slob, as he "slorks '' pot roast.
Dr. Kagan, Frank 's dentist, makes his debut in The Ugly Truth. Frank takes Greg to Dr. Kagan instead of his usual dentist, a pretty woman named Rachel on whom Greg has a crush. Greg bites Dr. Kagan 's finger when his teeth are being checked. In what Greg believes to be an act of revenge, Dr. Kagan tells Frank that Greg needs headgear to correct his overbite. Greg says Dr. Kagan is scary and evil and that he never fools around. He has sharp metal tools and never smiles -- not even when his picture is taken. He also has billboards on the highway with ads that freak Greg out. His motto is, "Bad oral health is nothing to smile about. ''
Dr. Kagan makes a brief appearance in Double Down when Greg compares him to a book he read called Spineticklers # 67: My Dentist is The Devil.
Lenwood Heath only appears in The Last Straw. He is a rebellious teenager, who was Greg 's father 's arch - enemy for about three months before he was sent to military academy. This resulted in him becoming a fine young man who works at the movie theater. In the Dog Days film, he is portrayed by Tom Stevens, and is seen working as a lifeguard at the pool the Heffleys are attending.
Taylor Pringle is a minor character who only appears in the films, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules and Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days and does not appear in the books. She is a girl who is very rude and unforgiving, and is first seen at the end of the opening scene in Rodrick Rules in which during her birthday party at the roller rink, Rodrick embarrasses Greg, prompting Greg to try and tackle him, but he misses and lands in Taylor 's birthday cake, destroying it. As a result of this, Taylor gets angry and she and her friends begin beating up Greg as the intro begins. She appears again in Dog Days, at the country club 's pool, in which she simply asks Heather what time the snack bar closes and Heather obnoxiously shuns Taylor. Later, when Greg attempts to impress Holly by jumping off the high diving board, he becomes nervous, due to it being very high above the water. Taylor then comes up behind Greg and states that he is talking to himself, due to being scared. When Greg gives Taylor a brush - off that he is not scared and that she is "just a little kid '', she pressures him to jump. When Greg jumps, he loses his swimsuit on the board, and Taylor chucks it onto a nearby fence to get back at Greg for berating her. As a result, Greg is forced to borrow a girl 's swimsuit that reads Holly on it until he goes to the fence to retrieve his own swimsuit, and as he does so, he gets taunted by Patty. Taylor is portrayed by Dalila Bela.
Only appearing in The Ugly Truth, Jordan Jury is a popular boy in a grade above Greg, who always has blowout parties. Greg is amazed when he discovers that he has been given a textbook that used to belong to him. Jordan invites Greg and Rowley to his latest party, but Greg can not not go because of his Uncle Gary 's fourth wedding. However, he later realises that he is lucky that he could n't go, because the only reason Jordan invited kids in Greg 's grade to the party was to use them as servants.
Angie Steadman only appears as an additional character in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film. She is in seventh grade, has a pink streak of hair, works for the school newspaper, and hates middle school, calling it an "intellectual wasteland. '' In the film, Greg and Rowley meet her under the bleachers during a game of "Gladiator ''. She gets along with Rowley, but starts a rocky relationship with Greg after he egotistically declines her offer to join the school newspaper. Greg later tells the whole school he ate the cheese instead of Rowley and she compliments and accepts him when she sees that Greg is learning the errors of his ways. In the film, she is portrayed by Chloë Grace Moretz.
Pete Hosey is the leader of the teenagers who attacked Greg and Rowley on Halloween. He is an antagonist in the first film. He is unnamed in the first book and he is replaced by Herbie Reamer in the online version. After hassling Greg and Rowley on Halloween, Greg yells that he will call the cops, and they chase him to Greg 's grandmother 's house. In the book, Greg and Rowley sneak back home, but in the movie, they try to intimidate Pete and his friends with a weed hacker, before Pete scratches his car and they are chased into the woods. In both the book and the movie, the teens hold a vendetta against Greg and Rowley. Near the end they corner them on the school field and decide to force them to eat the moldy cheese. Rowley is forced to eat the cheese, but Greg avoids it by saying he 's lactose intolerant. In the movie they are chased off by the coach.
Although his family is vaguely referenced in the books, the Warren 's are what got Frank thinking of making Greg more manly. Frank is deeply jealous of the Warrens. In stark contrast to Greg, the Warrens ' children are shown to be athletic and sporty. In the third film, Stan, the father of the family, is shown to be a neighbor of the Heffley 's. He had a childhood rivalry with Frank, that they appear to have gotten over as adults. Greg finds out that Stan has been making fun of his father behind his back and comes up with an elaborate prank to get back at him. In the movie, Mr Warren is the troop master of the Wilderness Explorers, and invites everyone over for an Independence Day party. They only appear in Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw.
Only appearing in The Long Haul, the Beardos are the main antagonists of the book. They are a couple with three sons. The Heffleys indirectly met them during their road trip, though only Greg knows who they are. Their first encounter is at a motel, where Greg angrily berates one of the Beardo children, who then tells his father on him, causing Greg to fear running into them again. Greg and his family are convinced that the Beardos have stolen their luggage and belongings at a place they both attended called "Soak Central. '' They try to track them down though it was revealed at the end that Greg actually had the key to their locker in Soak Central, and that he got the number wrong. Their belongings were actually there. The Beardos were known for driving a purple van, similar to the Heffleys ' minivan. The family 's real surname is unknown, as Greg himself does not who they are. It is likely he dubbed them this because of the patriarch 's noticeably long beard.
In the film adaption of The Long Haul, Mr. and Mrs. Beardo are portrayed by Chris Coppola and Kimberli Lincoln, and have a daughter named Brandi and two sons named Brandon and Brent.
Joshie is a singer who is famous in Europe and is Rowley 's favorite singer and idol. Greg believes that Joshie is for six - year old girls, but Rowley ignores him, saying that Greg is jealous because he was the one who "discovered '' Joshie.
Maddox Selsam is a boy who lives in the middle of nowhere. He is not allowed to have any screen time, and does not have a TV at his house. He enjoys playing with his Legos and practicing his violin. He met Greg in Double Down when he found Greg 's balloon for the Balloon Brigade at his school.
Sweetie is a dog that first appeared in Dog Days. Greg 's dad buys him after discovering that his father lied about accidentally killing his childhood dog, Nutty. Sweetie wreaks havoc in the Heffley household and is given to Gramma at the end of the book. Sweetie undergoes drastic weight gain at Gramma 's house because he is fed lots of table scraps. Eventually Gramma dresses him up in a suit and tie like a little human. Greg and Rodrick like playing with him by going up behind him and making flatulence sounds. He will then sniff his rear end until he goes to sleep.
Nutty is Frank 's old dog which he had when he was around Greg 's age. Grandpa accidentally ran over and killed Nutty with his station wagon when he backed out of the driveway. Grandpa covered the truth by saying that Nutty ran away to a butterfly farm. Frank is very angry when he finds out the truth during a Father 's Day brunch.
Killer is Joe Heffley 's family dog. In Dog Days, he wreaks havoc by eating part of Greg 's birthday cake.
Rudy was Aunt Cakey 's dog. He was usually oblivious to what was going on around him, opting to stare straight ahead doing nothing. It is not known how Rudy died.
Henry is Gramma 's dog who died around the time of the dog days of summer.
Rebel is a Rottweiler that used to chase Greg and Rowley on their way to school before his owner installed an electric fence around the front yard. He only appears in Hard Luck.
In Dog Days, Greg buys an angel fish from a pet store. He also buys a journal to log the actions of his fish but later realizes he can not put much in it. Greg 's fish was later made to share a tank with Rodrick 's fish, who ate it while Greg and his family were at the water park on Father 's Day.
Rodrick 's fish is a piranha - type fish that was picked out the fish at a pet store in Dog Days, because it was described as aggressive. Due to Rodrick 's neglect at cleaning the tank it was made to share a tank with Greg 's fish, which it ate. The fish has not appeared since Dog Days, with no further mention of its eventual fate.
Aunt Gretchen has about thirty pets that the Heffleys pet - sit in Hard Luck, while she is sightseeing. Her pets include three dogs, two cats, a mouse, a parakeet, a turtle, a snake, a lizard, and a litter of bunnies that her rabbit gave birth to while Gretchen is away.
Squirm was an inchworm Greg found and took care of when he was nine. It was stood on and squashed by Manny when he began learning how to walk.
The Heffley 's pet pig has appeared in all books except The Getaway since The Long Haul, in which Manny Heffley won it at a country fair for correctly guessing the weight of a hog. To the annoyance of Greg, the pig exhibits extraordinary intelligence and gains human characteristics. One running gag is that despite not having opposable thumbs, the pig opens objects such as soda cans or a jar full of candy corn.
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what is the name of the tallest building in the world located in dubai | Burj Khalifa - Wikipedia
The Burj Khalifa (Arabic: برج خليفة , Arabic for "Khalifa Tower ''; pronounced English: / ˈbɜːrdʒ kəˈliːfə /), known as the Burj Dubai before its inauguration in 2010, is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. With a total height of 829.8 m (2,722 ft) and a roof height (excluding antenna) of 828 m (2,717 ft), the Burj Khalifa has been the tallest structure in the world since its topping out in late 2008.
Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004, with the exterior completed five years later in 2009. The primary structure is reinforced concrete. The building was opened in 2010 as part of a new development called Downtown Dubai. It is designed to be the centrepiece of large - scale, mixed - use development. The decision to construct the building is reportedly based on the government 's decision to diversify from an oil - based economy, and for Dubai to gain international recognition. The building was originally named Burj Dubai but was renamed in honour of the ruler of Abu Dhabi and president of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan; Abu Dhabi and the UAE government lent Dubai money to pay its debts. The building broke numerous height records, including its designation as the tallest building in the world.
Burj Khalifa was designed by Adrian Smith, of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, whose firm designed the Willis Tower and One World Trade Center. Hyder Consulting was chosen to be the supervising engineer with NORR Group Consultants International Limited chosen to supervise the architecture of the project. The design is derived from the Islamic architecture of the region, such as in the Great Mosque of Samarra. The Y - shaped tripartite floor geometry is designed to optimize residential and hotel space. A buttressed central core and wings are used to support the height of the building. Although this design was derived from Tower Palace III, the Burj Khalifa 's central core houses all vertical transportation with the exception of egress stairs within each of the wings. The structure also features a cladding system which is designed to withstand Dubai 's hot summer temperatures. It contains a total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators.
Critical reception to Burj Khalifa has been generally positive, and the building has received many awards. There were complaints concerning migrant workers from South Asia who were the primary building labor force. These centered on low wages and the practice of confiscating passports until duties are completed. Several instances of suicides have been reported.
Construction began on 6 January 2004, with the exterior of the structure completed on 1 October 2009. The building officially opened on 4 January 2010, and is part of the 2 km (490 - acre) Downtown Dubai development at the ' First Interchange ' along Sheikh Zayed Road, near Dubai 's main business district. The tower 's architecture and engineering were performed by Souffian AL - Jabiry of Chicago, with Adrian Smith as chief architect, and Bill Baker as chief structural engineer. The primary contractor was Samsung C&T of South Korea.
At a certain point in the architectural and engineering process, the original Emaar developers had run into a financial issue, and had required more money and economic funding, therefore Sheikh Khalifa, the ruler of the United Arab Emirates, had granted monetary aid and funding, hence resulting in the changing of the name to "Burj Khalifa ''.
Burj Khalifa was designed to be the centerpiece of a large - scale, mixed - use development to include 30,000 homes, nine hotels (including The Address Downtown Dubai), 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of parkland, at least 19 residential towers, the Dubai Mall, and the 12 - hectare (30 - acre) artificial Burj Khalifa Lake. The decision to build Burj Khalifa was reportedly based on the government 's decision to diversify from an oil - based economy to one that is service and tourism based. According to officials, it was necessary for projects like Burj Khalifa to be built in order to garner more international recognition, and hence investment. "He (Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum) wanted to put Dubai on the map with something really sensational, '' said Jacqui Josephson, a tourism and VIP delegations executive at Nakheel Properties. The tower was known as Burj Dubai ("Dubai Tower '') until its official opening in January 2010. It was renamed in honour of the ruler of Abu Dhabi the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan; Abu Dhabi and the federal government of UAE lent Dubai tens of billions of US dollars so that Dubai could pay its debts -- Dubai borrowed at least $80 billion for construction projects. In the 2000s, Dubai started diversifying its economy but it suffered from an economic crisis in 2007 -- 2010, leaving large - scale projects already in construction abandoned.
There are unconfirmed reports of several planned height increases since its inception. Originally proposed as a virtual clone of the 560 m (1,837 ft) Grollo Tower proposal for Melbourne, Australia 's Docklands waterfront development, the tower was redesigned by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. Marshall Strabala, a Skidmore, Owings and Merrill architect who worked on the project until 2006, said in late 2008 that Burj Khalifa was designed to be 808 m (2,651 ft) tall.
The architect who designed it, Adrian Smith, felt that the uppermost section of the building did not culminate elegantly with the rest of the structure, so he sought and received approval to increase its height. It was stated that this change did not add any floors, which fit with Smith 's attempts to make the crown more slender. The building opened on 4 January 2010.
The tower was designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, which also designed the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower) in Chicago and the One World Trade Center in New York City. Burj Khalifa uses the bundled tube design of the Willis Tower, invented by Fazlur Rahman Khan. Due to its tubular system, proportionally only half the amount of steel was used in the construction, compared to the Empire State Building. The design is reminiscent of Frank Lloyd Wright 's vision for The Illinois, a mile - high skyscraper designed for Chicago, as well as Chicago 's Lake Point Tower. According to Strabala, Burj Khalifa was designed based on the 73 floor Tower Palace Three, an all residential building in Seoul. In its early planning, Burj Khalifa was intended to be entirely residential.
Subsequent to the original design by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, Emaar Properties chose Hyder Consulting to be the supervising engineer and NORR Group Consultants International Ltd to supervise the architecture of the project. Hyder was selected for their expertise in structural and MEP (mechanical, electrical and plumbing) engineering. Hyder consulting 's role was to supervise construction, certify the architect 's design, and be the engineer and architect of record to the UAE authorities. NORR 's role was the supervision of all architectural components including on site supervision during construction and design of a 6 - storey addition to the office annex building for architectural documentation. NORR was also responsible for the architectural integration drawings for the Armani Hotel included in the Tower. Emaar Properties also engaged GHD, an international multidisciplinary consulting firm, to act as an independent verification and testing authority for concrete and steelwork.
The design is derived from Islamic architecture. As the tower rises from the flat desert base, there are 27 setbacks in a spiral pattern, decreasing the cross section of the tower as going upward and creating convenient outdoor terraces. These setbacks are arranged and aligned in a way that minimizes vibration wind loading from eddy currents and vortices. At the top, the central core emerges and is sculpted to form a finishing spire. At its tallest point, the tower sways a total of 1.5 m (4.9 ft).
The spire of Burj Khalifa is composed of more than 4,000 tonnes (4,400 short tons; 3,900 long tons) of structural steel. The central pinnacle pipe weighs 350 tonnes (390 short tons; 340 long tons) and has a height of 200 m (660 ft). The spire also houses communications equipment. This 244 - metre spire is widely considered vanity height, since very little of its space is usable. Without the spire, Burj Khalifa would be 585 metres tall. This was reported in a Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat study, which notes that the empty spire "could be a skyscraper on its own ''. Such a skyscraper, if located in Europe, would be the 11th tallest building on that continent.
In 2009, architects announced that more than 1,000 pieces of art would adorn the interiors of Burj Khalifa, while the residential lobby of Burj Khalifa would display the work of Jaume Plensa.
The cladding system consists of 142,000 m (1,528,000 sq ft) of more than 26,000 reflective glass panels and aluminium and textured stainless steel spandrel panels with vertical tubular fins. The architectural glass provides solar and thermal performance as well as an anti-glare shield for the intense desert sun, extreme desert temperatures and strong winds. The glass covers more than 174,000 m (1,870,000 sq ft) in area. The Burj 's typical curtain wall panels measure 4'6 '' wide by 10'8 '' high and weigh about 800 pounds each, with wider panels near the buildings edges and taller ones near the top.
The exterior temperature at the top of the building is thought to be 6 ° C (11 ° F) cooler than at its base.
A 304 - room Armani Hotel, the first of four by Armani, occupies 15 of the lower 39 floors. The hotel was supposed to open on 18 March 2010, but after several delays, it finally opened to the public on 27 April 2010. The corporate suites and offices were also supposed to open from March onwards, yet the hotel and observation deck remained the only parts of the building which were open in April 2010.
The sky lobbies on the 43rd and 76th floors house swimming pools. Floors through to 108 have 900 private residential apartments (which, according to the developer, sold out within eight hours of being on the market). An outdoor zero - entry swimming pool is located on the 76th floor of the tower. Corporate offices and suites fill most of the remaining floors, except for a 122nd, 123rd and 124th floor where the At. mosphere restaurant, sky lobby and an indoor and outdoor observation deck are located respectively. In January 2010, it was planned that Burj Khalifa would receive its first residents from February 2010.
The building has 57 elevators and 8 escalators. The elevators have a capacity of 12 to 14 people per cabin, the fastest rising and descending at up to 10 m / s (33 ft / s) for double - deck elevators. However, the world 's fastest single - deck elevator still belongs to Taipei 101 at 16.83 m / s (55.2 ft / s). Engineers had considered installing the world 's first triple - deck elevators, but the final design called for double - deck elevators. The double - deck elevators are equipped with entertainment features such as LCD displays to serve visitors during their travel to the observation deck. The building has 2,909 stairs from the ground floor to the 160th floor.
The Burj Khalifa 's water system supplies an average of 946,000 L (250,000 U.S. gal) of water per day through 100 km (62 mi) of pipes. An additional 213 km (132 mi) of piping serves the fire emergency system, and 34 km (21 mi) supplies chilled water for the air conditioning system. The waste water system uses gravity to discharge water from plumbing fixtures, floor drains, mechanical equipment and storm water, to the city municipal sewer.
The air conditioning system draws air from the upper floors where the air is cooler and cleaner than on the ground. At peak cooling times, the tower 's cooling is equivalent to that provided by 13,000 short tons (26,000,000 lb) of melting ice in one day, or about 46 MW. Water is collected via a condensate collection system and is used to irrigate the nearby park.
To wash the 24,348 windows, totaling 120,000 m (1,290,000 sq ft) of glass, the building has three horizontal tracks which each hold a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) bucket machine. Above level 109, and up to tier 27, traditional cradles from davits are used. The top of the building is cleaned by a crew that uses ropes to descend from the top to gain access. Under normal conditions, when all building maintenance units are operational, it takes 36 workers three to four months to clean the entire exterior.
Unmanned machines clean the top 27 additional tiers and the glass spire. The cleaning system was developed in Melbourne, Australia at a cost of A $ 8 million. The contract for building the cleaning machines was won by Australian company CoxGomyl, a manufacturer of building maintenance units.
The elevator operating chart of the Burj Khalifa
Outside, WET Enterprises designed a fountain system at a cost of Dh 800 million (US $217 million). Illuminated by 6,600 lights and 50 coloured projectors, it is 270 m (900 ft) long and shoots water 150 m (500 ft) into the air, accompanied by a range of classical to contemporary Arabic and other music. It is the world 's second largest choreographed fountain. On 26 October 2008, Emaar announced that based on results of a naming contest the fountain would be called the Dubai Fountain.
An outdoor observation deck, named At the Top, opened on 5 January 2010 on the 124th floor. At 452 m (1,483 ft), it was the highest outdoor observation deck in the world when it opened. Although it was surpassed in December 2011 by Cloud Top 488 on the Canton Tower, Guangzhou at 488 m (1,601 ft), Burj Khalifa opened the 148th floor SKY level at 555 m (1,821 ft), once again giving it the highest observation deck in the world on 15 October 2014, until the Shanghai Tower opened in June 2016 with an observation deck at a height of 561 metres. The 124th floor observation deck also features the electronic telescope, an augmented reality device developed by Gsmprjct ° of Montréal, which allows visitors to view the surrounding landscape in real - time, and to view previously saved images such as those taken at different times of day or under different weather conditions. To manage the daily rush of sightseers, visitors are able to purchase tickets in advance for a specific date and time and at a 75 % discount on tickets purchased on the spot.
On 8 February 2010, the observation deck was closed to the public for two months after power - supply problems caused an elevator to become stuck between floors, trapping a group of tourists for 45 minutes. When the tide is low and visibility is high, people can see the shores of Iran from the top of the skyscraper.
Burj Khalifa is surrounded by an 11 ha (27 - acre) park designed by landscape architects SWA Group. Like the tower, the park 's design was based on the flower of the Hymenocallis, a desert plant. At the centre of the park is the water room, which is a series of pools and water jet fountains. Benches and signs incorporate images of Burj Khalifa and the Hymenocallis flower.
The plants are watered by water collected from the building 's cooling system. The system provides 68,000,000 L (15,000,000 imp gal) annually. WET Enterprises, who also developed the Dubai Fountain, developed the park 's six water features.
The following is a breakdown of floors.
The tower was constructed by Samsung C&T from South Korea, which also did work on the Petronas Twin Towers and Taipei 101. Samsung C&T built the tower in a joint venture with Besix from Belgium and Arabtec from UAE. Turner was the project manager on the main construction contract.
Under UAE law, the contractor and the engineer of record, Hyder Consulting (manual structural analysis professionals which used flash analysis authored by Allen Wright), is jointly and severally liable for the performance of Burj Khalifa.
The primary structure is reinforced concrete. Putzmeister created a new, super high - pressure trailer concrete pump, the BSA 14000 SHP - D, for this project. Burj Khalifa 's construction used 330,000 m (431,600 cu yd) of concrete and 55,000 tonnes (61,000 short tons; 54,000 long tons) of steel rebar, and construction took 22 million man - hours. In May 2008 Putzmeister pumped concrete with more than 21 MPA ultimate compressive strength of gravel to surpass the 600 meters weight of the effective area of each column from the foundation to the next fourth level, and the rest was by metal columns jacketed or covered with concrete to a then world record delivery height of 606 m (1,988 ft), the 156th floor. Three tower cranes were used during construction of the uppermost levels, each capable of lifting a 25 - tonne load. The remaining structure above was constructed of lighter steel.
In 2003, 33 test holes were drilled to study the strength of the bedrock underlying the structure. "Weak to very weak sandstone and siltstone '' was found, just metres below the surface. Samples were taken from test holes drilled to a depth of 140 metres, finding weak to very weak rock all the way. The study described the site as part of a "seismically active area ''.
Over 45,000 m (58,900 cu yd) of concrete, weighing more than 110,000 tonnes (120,000 short tons; 110,000 long tons) were used to construct the concrete and steel foundation, which features 192 piles; each pile is 1.5 metre in diameter by 43 m in length, buried more than 50 m (164 ft) deep. The foundation was designed to support the total building weight of approximately 450,000 tonnes (500,000 short tons; 440,000 long tons). This weight was then divided by the compressive strength of concrete of which is 30 MPa which yielded a 450 sq. meters of vertical normal effective area, which then yielded to a 12 meters by 12 meters dimensions. A cathodic protection system is under the concrete to neutralize the groundwater and prevent corrosion.
The Burj Khalifa is highly compartmentalised. Pressurized, air - conditioned refuge floors are located approximately every 35 floors where people can shelter on their long walk down to safety in case of an emergency or fire.
Special mixes of concrete were made to withstand the extreme pressures of the massive building weight; as is typical with reinforced concrete construction, each batch of concrete was tested to ensure it could withstand certain pressures. CTLGroup, working for Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, conducted the creep and shrinkage testing critical for the structural analysis of the building.
The consistency of the concrete used in the project was essential. It was difficult to create a concrete that could withstand both the thousands of tonnes bearing down on it and Persian Gulf temperatures that can reach 50 ° C (122 ° F). To combat this problem, the concrete was not poured during the day. Instead, during the summer months, ice was added to the mixture and it was poured at night when the air was cooler and the humidity was higher. Cooler concrete cures more evenly and is therefore less likely to set too quickly and crack. Any significant cracks could have put the entire project in jeopardy.
In March 2009, Mohamed Ali Alabbar, chairman of the project 's developer, Emaar Properties, said office space pricing at Burj Khalifa reached US $4,000 per sq ft (over US $43,000 per m2) and the Armani Residences, also in Burj Khalifa, sold for US $3,500 per sq ft (over US $37,500 per m2). He estimated the total cost for the project to be about US $1.5 billion.
The project 's completion coincided with the global financial crisis of 2007 -- 2012, and with vast overbuilding in the country, leading to high vacancies and foreclosures. With Dubai mired in debt from its huge ambitions, the government was forced to seek multibillion dollar bailouts from its oil - rich neighbor Abu Dhabi. Subsequently, in a surprise move at its opening ceremony, the tower was renamed Burj Khalifa, said to honour the UAE President Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan for his crucial support.
Because of the slumping demand in Dubai 's property market, the rents in the Burj Khalifa plummeted 40 % some ten months after its opening. Out of 900 apartments in the tower, 825 were still empty at that time. However, over the next two and a half years, overseas investors steadily began to purchase the available apartments and office space. By October 2012, Emaar reported that around 80 % of the apartments were occupied.
The ceremony was broadcast live on a giant screen on Burj Park Island and on smaller screens elsewhere. Hundreds of media outlets from around the world reported live from the scene. In addition to the media presence, 6,000 guests were expected.
The opening was held on 4 January 2010. The ceremony featured a display of 10,000 fireworks, light beams projected on and around the tower, and further sound, light and water effects. The celebratory lighting was designed by UK lighting designers Speirs and Major Associates. Using the 868 powerful stroboscope lights that are integrated into the façade and spire of the tower, different lighting sequences were choreographed, together with more than 50 different combinations of other effects.
A short film about Burj Khalifa and Dubai in general was followed by a fireworks and light show. The first part of the show was based on a desert flower theme and included fireworks, lights, and sounds. The second segment told the story of the tower 's construction using 300 projectors to generate an image of the tower. The final segment used fireworks and lights to illuminate the tower.
In June 2010, Burj Khalifa was the recipient of the 2010 "Best Tall Building Middle East & Africa '' award by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. On 28 September 2010 Burj Khalifa won the award for best project of the year at the Middle East Architect Awards 2010. Awards Chair Gordon Gill, of Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture, said:
We are talking about a building here that has changed the landscape of what is possible in architecture a building that became internationally recognized as an icon long before it was even completed. ' Building of the Century ' was thought a more appropriate title for it.
Burj Khalifa was also the recipient of following awards.
The building has been used by several experienced BASE jumpers for both authorised and unauthorised BASE jumping:
On 28 March 2011, Alain "Spiderman '' Robert scaled the outside of Burj Khalifa. The climb to the top of the spire took six hours. To comply with UAE safety laws, Robert, who usually climbs in free solo style, used a rope and harness.
Within 17 months of the building 's official opening, a man described as "an Asian in his mid-30s '' who worked at one of the companies in the tower, died by suicide on 10 May 2011 by jumping from the 147th floor. He fell 39 floors, landing on a deck on the 108th floor. Dubai police confirmed the act as a suicide, reporting that "(they) also came to know that the man decided to commit suicide as his company refused to grant leave. ''
The Daily Mail reported that on 16 November 2014, Laura Vanessa Nunes, a Portuguese national who was in Dubai on a tourist visa, fell to her death from Burj Khalifa 's "At the Top '' observation deck on the 148th floor. However, on 18 May 2015, Dubai police disputed the report made by the Daily Mail on this incident and said that this incident took place in Jumeirah Lakes Towers. A Dubai coroner 's report stated her body was found on the third floor of the Burj Khalifa. Emails obtained under the Freedom of Information act from Portugal 's embassy in the UAE also confirmed that she had committed suicide from the 148th floor of the Burj Khalifa.
At the higher floors, people can still see the sun for several minutes after it has set. This has led Dubai clerics to rule that those living above the 80th floor should wait 2 additional minutes to break their Ramadan fast, and those living above the 150th floor, 3 minutes.
The Burj Khalifa was built primarily by workers from South Asia and East Asia. This is generally because the current generation of UAE locals prefer governmental jobs and do not have an attitude favouring private sector employment. On 17 June 2008, there were about 7,500 skilled workers employed at the construction site. Press reports indicated in 2006 that skilled carpenters at the site earned £ 4.34 a day, and labourers earned £ 2.84. According to a BBC investigation and a Human Rights Watch report, the workers were housed in abysmal conditions, and worked long hours for low pay. During construction, only one construction - related death was reported. However, workplace injuries and fatalities in the UAE are "poorly documented '', according to Human Rights Watch.
On 21 March 2006, about 2,500 workers, upset over buses that were delayed for the end of their shifts, protested and triggered a riot, damaging cars, offices, computers and construction equipment. A Dubai Interior Ministry official said the rioters caused almost £ 500,000 in damage. Most of the workers involved in the riot returned the following day but refused to work.
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who played buck barrow in bonnie and clyde | Bonnie and Clyde (film) - wikipedia
Bonnie and Clyde is a 1967 American biographical crime film directed by Arthur Penn and starring Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway as the title characters Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker. The film features Michael J. Pollard, Gene Hackman, and Estelle Parsons, with Denver Pyle, Dub Taylor, Gene Wilder, Evans Evans, and Mabel Cavitt in supporting roles. The screenplay was written by David Newman and Robert Benton. Robert Towne and Beatty provided uncredited contributions to the script; Beatty also produced the film. The soundtrack was composed by Charles Strouse.
Bonnie and Clyde is considered a landmark film, and is regarded as one of the first films of the New Hollywood era, since it broke many cinematic taboos and was popular with the younger generation. For some members of the counterculture, the film was considered to be a "rallying cry. '' Its success prompted other filmmakers to be more open in presenting sex and violence in their films. The film 's ending also became iconic as "one of the bloodiest death scenes in cinematic history. ''
The film received Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actress (Estelle Parsons) and Best Cinematography (Burnett Guffey). It was among the first 100 films selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.
In the middle of the Great Depression, Clyde Barrow (Warren Beatty) and Bonnie Parker (Faye Dunaway) meet when Clyde tries to steal Bonnie 's mother 's car. Bonnie, who is bored by her job as a waitress, is intrigued by Clyde, and decides to take up with him and become his partner in crime. They pull off some holdups, but their amateur efforts, while exciting, are not very lucrative.
The duo 's crime spree shifts into high gear once they hook up with a dim - witted gas station attendant, C.W. Moss (Michael J. Pollard), then with Clyde 's older brother Buck (Gene Hackman) and his wife, Blanche (Estelle Parsons), a preacher 's daughter. The women dislike each other on first sight, and their feud only escalates from there: shrill Blanche has nothing but disdain for Bonnie, Clyde and C.W., while gun - moll Bonnie sees Blanche 's flighty presence as a constant danger to the gang 's well - being.
Bonnie and Clyde turn from pulling small - time heists to robbing banks. Their exploits also become more violent. When C.W. botches a bank robbery by parallel parking the getaway car, Clyde shoots the bank manager in the face after he jumps onto the slow - moving car 's running board. The gang is pursued by law enforcement, including Texas Ranger Frank Hamer (Denver Pyle), whom they capture and humiliate before setting him free. A raid later catches the outlaws off guard, mortally wounding Buck with a gruesome shot to his head and injuring Blanche. Bonnie, Clyde and C.W. barely escape with their lives. With Blanche sightless and in police custody, Hamer tricks her into revealing C.W. 's name, who was up until now still only an "unidentified suspect. ''
Hamer locates Bonnie, Clyde and C.W. hiding at the house of C.W. 's father Ivan Moss (Dub Taylor), who thinks the couple -- and an ornate tattoo -- have corrupted his son. The elder Moss strikes a bargain with Hamer: in exchange for leniency for the boy, he helps set a trap for the outlaws. When Bonnie and Clyde stop on the side of the road to help Mr. Moss fix a flat tire, the police in the bushes open fire and riddle them with bullets. Hamer and his posse then come out of hiding, looking pensively at the couple 's bodies.
Actor Gene Wilder portrayed Eugene Grizzard, one of Bonnie and Clyde 's hostages. His girlfriend Velma Davis was played by Evans Evans, who was the wife of film director John Frankenheimer.
The family gathering scene was filmed in Red Oak, Texas. Several local residents gathered to watch the film being shot. When the filmmakers noticed Mabel Cavitt, a local school teacher, among the people gathered, she was cast as Bonnie Parker 's mother. Cavitt delivers key lines in the film that represent a turning point in the plot. When Clyde promises to give up crime, marry Bonnie and move back near her mother, Mrs. Parker rebuffs Clyde by saying "You best keep runnin ' Clyde Barrow. And you know it. '' She then hugs Bonnie and says "Bye, baby. '' From this point in the film, the Barrow gang begins its demise.
The film was intended as a romantic and comic version of the violent gangster films of the 1930s, updated with modern filmmaking techniques. Arthur Penn portrayed some of the violent scenes with a comic tone, sometimes reminiscent of Keystone Kops - style slapstick films, then shifted disconcertingly into horrific and graphic violence. The film was strongly influenced by the French New Wave directors, both in its rapid shifts of tone, and in its choppy editing, which is particularly noticeable in the film 's closing sequence.
The first handling of the script was in the early 1960s. Very influenced by the French New Wave writers and in a state not yet completed, it was first sent by its writers David Newman and Robert Benton to Arthur Penn. He was already engaged in the first decisions of production for the 1966 film The Chase and could not further involve himself at that point. The writers then sent to François Truffaut, renowned director of the New Wave movement, who made contributions to the script. He passed on the project and went on to make Fahrenheit 451. At Truffaut 's suggestion, the writers, much excited (the film 's then - producers less so), approached Jean - Luc Godard. Some sources claim Godard did n't trust Hollywood and refused; Robert Benton claimed that Godard wanted to shoot the film in New Jersey in January during the winter and took offense when would - be producer Norah Wright objected that that was unreasonable considering the story took place in Texas with its year - round warm environment. Her partner Elinor Jones claimed they did not believe Godard was right for the project in the first place. Godard 's retort: "Je vous parle de cinéma, vous me parlez de météo. Au revoir. '' ("I 'm talking cinema and you 're talking weather. Goodbye. '') After the 1968 Academy Awards, Godard sent Benton and Newman a cable that read, "Now, let 's make it all over again! ''
Soon after the failed negotiations for production, Warren Beatty was visiting Paris and learned through Truffaut of the project and its perambulations. On returning to Hollywood, Beatty requested the script and bought the rights. A meeting with Godard was not productive. Beatty then changed compass and convinced the writers that while the script at first reading was very much of the French New Wave style, an American director was necessary for the subject.
Beatty offered the position to George Stevens, William Wyler, Karel Reisz, John Schlesinger, Brian G. Hutton, and Sydney Pollack, all of whom turned down the opportunity. Arthur Penn actually turned down the director 's position again further times before Beatty finally convinced him to helm the film.
When Warren Beatty was on board as producer only, his sister Shirley MacLaine was a strong possibility to play Bonnie, but when Beatty decided to play Clyde, obviously a different actress was needed. Those considered for the role were Jane Fonda, Tuesday Weld, Ann - Margret, Leslie Caron, Carol Lynley and Sue Lyon. Cher auditioned for the part, while Warren Beatty begged Natalie Wood to play the role. Wood declined the role to concentrate more on her therapy at the time, and acknowledged that working with Beatty before was "difficult. '' Faye Dunaway stated that she won the part "by the skin of her teeth! ''
The film is forthright in its handling of sexuality, but that theme was toned down from its conception. Originally, Benton and Newman wrote Clyde as bisexual and he and Bonnie were to have a three - way sexual relationship with their male getaway driver. However, Arthur Penn persuaded the writers that since the relationship 's emotional complexity was underwritten, it dissipated the passion of the title characters and it would harm the audience 's sympathy for the characters who would write them off as sexual deviants because they were criminals. Others claimed that Beatty was not willing to have his character display that kind of sexuality and that the Production Code would never have allowed such content in the first place. Instead, Clyde is portrayed as unambiguously heterosexual, if impotent. When Clyde brandishes his gun to display his manhood, Bonnie suggestively strokes the phallic symbol. Like the 1950 film Gun Crazy, Bonnie and Clyde portrays crime as alluring and intertwined with sex. Because Clyde is impotent, his attempts to physically woo Bonnie are frustrating and anti-climactic.
Bonnie and Clyde was one of the first films to feature extensive use of squibs -- small explosive charges, often mounted with bags of stage blood, that are detonated inside an actor 's clothes to simulate bullet hits. Released in an era where shootings were generally depicted as bloodless and painless, the Bonnie and Clyde death scene was one of the first in mainstream American cinema to be depicted with graphic realism.
Beatty had originally wanted the film to be shot in black and white, but Warner Bros. rejected this idea. As it stood, much of the senior management of the studio was hostile to this film project, especially Jack L. Warner who considered the subject - matter an unwanted throwback to Warner Bros. ' early period when gangster films were common product. In addition, Warner was already annoyed at Beatty who refused to star in the film, PT 109 at his behest and was insolent enough to defy his favorite gesture of authority of showing the studio water tower with the WB logo on it by responding "Well, it 's got your name, but it 's got my initials. '' In addition, Warner complained about the film 's extensive location shooting in Texas which exceeded its production schedule and budget, until he ordered the crew back to the studio backlot, where it was planned to be anyway for final process shots.
At first, Warner Bros. did not promote Bonnie and Clyde for general release, but instead mounted only limited regional releases that seemed to confirm its misgivings about the film 's lack of commercial appeal, despite the fact the film was doing excellent sustained business in select urban theatres. In fact, while Jack Warner was selling the studio to Seven Arts Productions, he would have had the film dumped but for the fact that Israel, of which Warner was a major supporter, had scored a triumphant victory in the Six Day War, and he was in too defiant a mood to sell any of his studio 's films. Meanwhile, Warren Beatty, Bonnie and Clyde 's producer and star, complained to Warner Bros. that if the company was willing to go to so much trouble for Reflections in a Golden Eye (they had changed the coloration scheme at considerable expense), their neglect of his film, which was getting excellent press, suggested a conflict of interest; he threatened to sue the company. Warner Bros. gave Beatty 's film a general release. Much to Warner Bros. ' management surprise, the film eventually became a major box office success.
The instrumental banjo piece "Foggy Mountain Breakdown '' by Flatt and Scruggs was introduced to a worldwide audience as a result of its frequent use in the movie. Its use is strictly anachronistic as the bluegrass - style of music dates from the mid-1940s rather than the 1930s, but the functionally similar Old - time music genre was long established and widely recorded at the period in which the film is set. Long out of print in vinyl and cassette formats, the film soundtrack album was finally released on CD in 2009.
The film considerably simplifies the lives of Bonnie and Clyde, which included other gang members, repeated jailings, other murders and a horrific auto accident that left Parker burned and a near - invalid.
The Gene Wilder -- Evans Evans sequence is based on the kidnappings of the undertaker H.D. Darby and his acquaintance Sophia Stone, near Ruston, Louisiana on the late afternoon of April 27, 1933 by the Barrow gang, who had stolen their car.
The film strays furthest from fact in its portrayal of the Texas Ranger Frank Hamer as a vengeful bungler who had been captured, humiliated, and released by Bonnie and Clyde. In real life, Hamer was already a legendary and decorated Texas Ranger when he was coaxed out of semi-retirement to hunt down the duo; indeed he had never seen them until the moment he and his posse ambushed them near Gibsland, Louisiana on May 23, 1934. In 1968, Hamer 's widow and son sued the movie producers for defamation of character over his portrayal and were awarded an out - of - court settlement in 1971.
The couple 's notoriety in 1933 came from photos found by police as undeveloped film in a hastily abandoned hideout in Joplin, Missouri. In one, Bonnie holds a gun in her hand and a cigar between her teeth. Its publication nationwide typed her as a dramatic gun moll. The film portrays the taking of this playful photo. It implies the gang sent photos -- and poetry -- to the press, but this is untrue. The police found most of the gang 's items in the Joplin cache. Bonnie 's final poem, read aloud by her in the movie, was publicized only posthumously by her mother.
The only two members of the Barrow Gang who were alive at the time of the film 's release were Blanche Barrow and W.D. Jones. While Blanche Barrow approved the depiction of her in the original version of the script, she objected to the later re-writes. At the film 's release, she complained loudly about Estelle Parsons 's portrayal of her, saying, "That film made me look like a screaming horse 's ass! ''
The film was controversial on its original release for its supposed glorification of murderers, and for its level of graphic violence, which was unprecedented at the time. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times was so appalled that he began to campaign against the increasing brutality of American films. Dave Kaufman of Variety criticized the film for uneven direction and for portraying Bonnie and Clyde as bumbling fools. Joe Morgenstern for Newsweek initially panned the film as a "squalid shoot - ' em - up for the moron trade. '' After seeing the film a second time and noticing the enthusiastic audience, he wrote a second article saying he had misjudged it and praised the film. Warner Bros. took advantage of this, marketing the film as having made a major critic change his mind about its virtues.
Roger Ebert gave Bonnie and Clyde a largely positive review, giving it four stars out of four. He called the film "a milestone in the history of American movies, a work of truth and brilliance. '' More than 30 years later, he added the film to his The Great Movies list. Film critics Dave Kehr and James Berardinelli have also praised the film in the years since.
The fierce debate about the film is discussed at length in For the Love of Movies: The Story of American Film Criticism. This 2009 documentary film chronicles what occurred as a result: The New York Times fired Bosley Crowther because his negative review seemed so out of touch with the public, and Pauline Kael, who wrote a lengthy freelance essay in The New Yorker in praise of the film, became the magazine 's new staff - critic.
It performed well at the box office, and by year 's end had grossed $23,000,000 in US theatrical rentals, becoming the studio 's second highest - grossing film of all time, right behind My Fair Lady. Listal lists it as one of the top five grossing films of 1967 with $50,700,000 in US sales, and $70,000,000 worldwide.
Although many believe the film 's groundbreaking portrayal of violence adds to the film 's artistic merit, Bonnie and Clyde is still sometimes criticized for opening the floodgates for violence in cinema. It currently holds a 90 % "Certified Fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with 45 / 50 reviews positive.
In the 40th Academy Awards, Estelle Parsons won Best Supporting Actress award for her portrayal of Blanche Barrow, and Burnett Guffey won for Best Cinematography. The film was also nominated for:
In 1992, Bonnie and Clyde was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. ''
The film is also honored by the American Film Institute:
In 2012, the Motion Picture Editors Guild listed the film as the fifth best edited film of all time based on a survey of its membership.
Forty years after its premiere, Bonnie and Clyde has been cited as a major influence for such disparate films as The Wild Bunch, The Godfather, The Departed, and Natural Born Killers.
The "Storage Jars '' skit of episode 33 of Monty Python 's Flying Circus features a brief still shot of Warren Beatty as Clyde Barrow firing a Thompson submachine gun as he escapes from the Red Crown Tourist Court.
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explain the operation of pn junction diode in forward bias and reverse bias | P -- n junction - wikipedia
A p -- n junction is a boundary or interface between two types of semiconductor materials, p - type and n - type, inside a single crystal of semiconductor. The "p '' (positive) side contains an excess of holes, while the "n '' (negative) side contains an excess of electrons in the outer shells of the electrically neutral atoms there. This allows electrical current to pass through the junction only in one direction. The p-n junction is created by doping, for example by ion implantation, diffusion of dopants, or by epitaxy (growing a layer of crystal doped with one type of dopant on top of a layer of crystal doped with another type of dopant). If two separate pieces of material were used, this would introduce a grain boundary between the semiconductors that would severely inhibit its utility by scattering the electrons and holes.
p -- n junctions are elementary "building blocks '' of semiconductor electronic devices such as diodes, transistors, solar cells, LEDs, and integrated circuits; they are the active sites where the electronic action of the device takes place. For example, a common type of transistor, the bipolar junction transistor, consists of two p -- n junctions in series, in the form n -- p -- n or p -- n -- p; while a diode can be made from a single p-n junction. A Schottky junction is a special case of ap -- n junction, where metal serves the role of the p - type semiconductor.
The p -- n junction possesses essential properties for modern electronics. A p - doped semiconductor is relatively conductive. The same is true of an n - doped semiconductor, but the junction between them can become depleted of charge carriers, and hence non-conductive, depending on the relative voltages of the two semiconductor regions. By manipulating this non-conductive layer, p -- n junctions are commonly used as diodes: circuit elements that allow a flow of electricity in one direction but not in the other (opposite) direction. Bias is the application of a voltage across ap -- n junction; forward bias is in the direction of easy current flow, and reverse bias is in the direction of little or no current flow.
The forward - bias and the reverse - bias properties of the p -- n junction imply that it can be used as a diode. A p -- n junction diode allows electric charges to flow in one direction, but not in the opposite direction; negative charges (electrons) can easily flow through the junction from n to p but not from p to n, and the reverse is true for holes. When the p -- n junction is forward - biased, electric charge flows freely due to reduced resistance of the p -- n junction. When the p -- n junction is reverse - biased, however, the junction barrier (and therefore resistance) becomes greater and charge flow is minimal.
In ap -- n junction, without an external applied voltage, an equilibrium condition is reached in which a potential difference is formed across the junction. This potential difference is called built - in potential V b i (\ displaystyle V_ (\ rm (bi))).
After joining p - type and n - type semiconductors, electrons from the n region near the p -- n interface tend to diffuse into the p region leaving behind positively charged ions in the n region and being recombined with holes, forming negatively charged ions in the p region. Likewise, holes from the p - type region near the p -- n interface begin to diffuse into the n - type region, leaving behind negatively charged ions in the p region and recombining with electrons, forming positive ions in the n region. The regions near the p -- n interface lose their neutrality and most of their mobile carriers, forming the space charge region or depletion layer (see figure A).
The electric field created by the space charge region opposes the diffusion process for both electrons and holes. There are two concurrent phenomena: the diffusion process that tends to generate more space charge, and the electric field generated by the space charge that tends to counteract the diffusion. The carrier concentration profile at equilibrium is shown in figure A with blue and red lines. Also shown are the two counterbalancing phenomena that establish equilibrium.
The space charge region is a zone with a net charge provided by the fixed ions (donors or acceptors) that have been left uncovered by majority carrier diffusion. When equilibrium is reached, the charge density is approximated by the displayed step function. In fact, since the y - axis of figure A is log - scale, the region is almost completely depleted of majority carriers (leaving a charge density equal to the net doping level), and the edge between the space charge region and the neutral region is quite sharp (see figure B, Q (x) graph). The space charge region has the same magnitude of charge on both sides of the p -- n interfaces, thus it extends farther on the less doped side in this example (the n side in figures A and B).
In forward bias, the p - type is connected with the positive terminal and the n - type is connected with the negative terminal.
With a battery connected this way, the holes in the p - type region and the electrons in the n - type region are pushed toward the junction and start to neutralize the depletion zone, reducing its width. The positive potential applied to the p - type material repels the holes, while the negative potential applied to the n - type material repels the electrons. The change in potential between the p side and the n side decreases or switches sign. With increasing forward - bias voltage, the depletion zone eventually becomes thin enough that the zone 's electric field can not counteract charge carrier motion across the p -- n junction, which as a consequence reduces electrical resistance. The electrons that cross the p -- n junction into the p - type material (or holes that cross into the n - type material) will diffuse into the nearby neutral region. The amount of minority diffusion in the near - neutral zones determines the amount of current that may flow through the diode.
Only majority carriers (electrons in n - type material or holes in p - type) can flow through a semiconductor for a macroscopic length. With this in mind, consider the flow of electrons across the junction. The forward bias causes a force on the electrons pushing them from the N side toward the P side. With forward bias, the depletion region is narrow enough that electrons can cross the junction and inject into the p - type material. However, they do not continue to flow through the p - type material indefinitely, because it is energetically favorable for them to recombine with holes. The average length an electron travels through the p - type material before recombining is called the diffusion length, and it is typically on the order of micrometers.
Although the electrons penetrate only a short distance into the p - type material, the electric current continues uninterrupted, because holes (the majority carriers) begin to flow in the opposite direction. The total current (the sum of the electron and hole currents) is constant in space, because any variation would cause charge buildup over time (this is Kirchhoff 's current law). The flow of holes from the p - type region into the n - type region is exactly analogous to the flow of electrons from N to P (electrons and holes swap roles and the signs of all currents and voltages are reversed).
Therefore, the macroscopic picture of the current flow through the diode involves electrons flowing through the n - type region toward the junction, holes flowing through the p - type region in the opposite direction toward the junction, and the two species of carriers constantly recombining in the vicinity of the junction. The electrons and holes travel in opposite directions, but they also have opposite charges, so the overall current is in the same direction on both sides of the diode, as required.
The Shockley diode equation models the forward - bias operational characteristics of ap -- n junction outside the avalanche (reverse - biased conducting) region.
Connecting the p - type region to the negative terminal of the battery and the n - type region to the positive terminal corresponds to reverse bias. If a diode is reverse - biased, the voltage at the cathode is comparatively higher than at the anode. Therefore, very little current will flow until the diode breaks down. The connections are illustrated in the adjacent diagram.
Because the p - type material is now connected to the negative terminal of the power supply, the ' holes ' in the p - type material are pulled away from the junction, leaving behind charged ions and causing the width of the depletion region to increase. Likewise, because the n - type region is connected to the positive terminal, the electrons will also be pulled away from the junction, with similar effect. This increases the voltage barrier causing a high resistance to the flow of charge carriers, thus allowing minimal electric current to cross the p -- n junction. The increase in resistance of the p -- n junction results in the junction behaving as an insulator.
The strength of the depletion zone electric field increases as the reverse - bias voltage increases. Once the electric field intensity increases beyond a critical level, the p -- n junction depletion zone breaks down and current begins to flow, usually by either the Zener or the avalanche breakdown processes. Both of these breakdown processes are non-destructive and are reversible, as long as the amount of current flowing does not reach levels that cause the semiconductor material to overheat and cause thermal damage.
This effect is used to advantage in Zener diode regulator circuits. Zener diodes have a low breakdown voltage. A standard value for breakdown voltage is for instance 5.6 V. This means that the voltage at the cathode can not be more than about 5.6 V higher than the voltage at the anode (although there is a slight rise with current), because the diode will break down -- and therefore conduct -- if the voltage gets any higher. This in effect limits the voltage over the diode.
Another application of reverse biasing is Varicap diodes, where the width of the depletion zone (controlled with the reverse bias voltage) changes the capacitance of the diode.
For ap -- n junction, letting C A (x) (\ displaystyle C_ (A) (x)) and C D (x) (\ displaystyle C_ (D) (x)) be the concentrations of acceptor and donor atoms respectively, and letting N 0 (x) (\ displaystyle N_ (0) (x)) and P 0 (x) (\ displaystyle P_ (0) (x)) be the equilibrium concentrations of electrons and holes respectively, yields, by Poisson 's equation:
− d 2 V d x 2 = ρ ε = q ε ((N 0 − P 0) + (C D − C A)) (\ displaystyle - (\ frac (\ mathrm (d) ^ (2) V) (\ mathrm (d) x ^ (2))) = (\ frac (\ rho) (\ varepsilon)) = (\ frac (q) (\ varepsilon)) \ left ((N_ (0) - P_ (0)) + (C_ (D) - C_ (A)) \ right))
where V (\ displaystyle V) is the electric potential, ρ (\ displaystyle \ rho) is the charge density, ε (\ displaystyle \ varepsilon) is permittivity and q (\ displaystyle q) is the magnitude of the electron charge. Letting d p (\ displaystyle d_ (p)) be the width of the depletion region within the p - side, and letting d n (\ displaystyle d_ (n)) be the width of the depletion region within the n - side, it must be that
d p C A = d n C D (\ displaystyle d_ (p) C_ (A) = d_ (n) C_ (D))
because the total charge on either side of the depletion region must cancel out. Therefore, letting D (\ displaystyle D) and Δ V (\ displaystyle \ Delta V) represent the entire depletion region and the potential difference across it,
Δ V = ∫ D ∫ q ε ((N 0 − P 0) + (C D − C A)) d x d x (\ displaystyle \ Delta V = \ int _ (D) \ int (\ frac (q) (\ varepsilon)) \ left ((N_ (0) - P_ (0)) + (C_ (D) - C_ (A)) \ right) \, \ mathrm (d) x \, \ mathrm (d) x)
= C A C D C A + C D q 2 ε (d p + d n) 2 (\ displaystyle = (\ frac (C_ (A) C_ (D)) (C_ (A) + C_ (D))) (\ frac (q) (2 \ varepsilon)) (d_ (p) + d_ (n)) ^ (2))
where P 0 = N 0 = 0 (\ displaystyle P_ (0) = N_ (0) = 0), because we are in the depletion region. And thus, letting d (\ displaystyle d) be the total width of the depletion region, we get
d = 2 ε q C A + C D C A C D Δ V (\ displaystyle d = (\ sqrt ((\ frac (2 \ varepsilon) (q)) (\ frac (C_ (A) + C_ (D)) (C_ (A) C_ (D))) \ Delta V)))
Δ V (\ displaystyle \ Delta V) can be written as Δ V 0 + Δ V ext (\ displaystyle \ Delta V_ (0) + \ Delta V_ (\ text (ext))), where we have broken up the voltage difference into the equilibrium plus external components. The equilibrium potential results from diffusion forces, and thus we can calculate Δ V 0 (\ displaystyle \ Delta V_ (0)) by implementing the Einstein relation and assuming the semiconductor is nondegenerate (i.e. the product P 0 N 0 (\ displaystyle ((P) _ (0)) ((N) _ (0))) is independent of the Fermi energy):
Δ V 0 = k T q ln (C A C D P 0 N 0) (\ displaystyle \ Delta ((V) _ (0)) = (\ frac (kT) (q)) \ ln \ left ((\ frac (((C) _ (A)) ((C) _ (D))) (((P) _ (0)) ((N) _ (0)))) \ right))
where T is the temperature of the semiconductor and k is Boltzmann constant.
The Shockley ideal diode equation characterizes the current across ap -- n junction as a function of external voltage and ambient conditions (temperature, choice of semiconductor, etc.). To see how it can be derived, we must examine the various reasons for current. The convention is that the forward (+) direction be pointed against the diode 's built - in potential gradient at equilibrium.
In the above diagrams, contact between the metal wires and the semiconductor material also creates metal -- semiconductor junctions called Schottky diodes. In a simplified ideal situation a semiconductor diode would never function, since it would be composed of several diodes connected back - to - front in series. But, in practice, surface impurities within the part of the semiconductor that touches the metal terminals will greatly reduce the width of those depletion layers to such an extent that the metal - semiconductor junctions do not act as diodes. These non-rectifying junctions behave as ohmic contacts regardless of applied voltage polarity.
The p-n junction is created by doping, for example by ion implantation, diffusion of dopants, or by epitaxy (growing a layer of crystal doped with one type of dopant on top of a layer of crystal doped with another type of dopant). If two separate pieces of material were used, this would introduce a grain boundary between the semiconductors that would severely inhibit its utility by scattering the electrons and holes.
The invention of the p -- n junction is usually attributed to American physicist Russell Ohl of Bell Laboratories in 1939. Two years later (1941), Vadim Lashkaryov reported discovery of p -- n junctions in Cu O and silver sulphide photocells and selenium rectifiers.
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where does the last name little come from | Little - wikipedia
Little is a surname in the English language. The name is derived from the Middle English littel, and the Old English lȳtel, which mean "little ''. In some cases the name was originally a nickname for a little man. In other cases, the name was used to distinguish the younger of two bearers of the same personal name. Early records of the name include: Litle, in 972; Litle, in about 1095; and le Lytle, in 1296. The surname has absorbed several non English - language surnames. For example, Little is sometimes a translation of the Irish Ó Beagáin, meaning "descendant of Beagán ''. Little can also be a translation of the French Petit and Lepetit, as well as other surnames in various languages with the same meaning ("little ''), especially the German name Klein during World War II.
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where did the virgin of guadalupe first appear | Our Lady of Guadalupe - wikipedia
Our Lady of Guadalupe (Spanish: Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe), also known as the Virgin of Guadalupe (Spanish: Virgen de Guadalupe), is a Roman Catholic title of the Blessed Virgin Mary associated with a venerated image enshrined within the Minor Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City. The basilica is the most visited Catholic pilgrimage site in the world, and the world 's third most - visited sacred site. Pope Leo XIII granted the venerated image a Canonical Coronation on 12 October 1895.
Official Catholic accounts state that the Virgin Mary appeared four times before Juan Diego and one more before Juan Diego 's uncle. According to these accounts the first apparition occurred on the morning of December 9, 1531, when a native Mexican peasant named Juan Diego saw a vision of a maiden at a place called the Hill of Tepeyac, which would become part of Villa de Guadalupe, a suburb of Mexico City. Speaking to Juan Diego in his native Nahuatl language (the language of the Aztec empire), the maiden identified herself as the Virgin Mary, "mother of the very true deity '' and asked for a church to be built at that site in her honor.
Based on her words, Juan Diego then sought out the archbishop of Mexico City, Fray Juan de Zumárraga, to tell him what had happened. As the bishop did not believe Diego, on the same day, Juan Diego saw the Virgin Mary for a second time (the second apparition); she asked him to keep insisting.
On Sunday, December 10, Juan Diego talked to the archbishop for a second time. The latter instructed him to return to Tepeyac Hill, and ask the lady for a miraculous sign to prove her identity. That same day, the third apparition occurred when Diego returned to Tepeyac and encountering the Virgin Mary, reported the bishop 's request for a sign; she consented to provide one on the following day (December 11).
By Monday, December 11, however, Juan Diego 's uncle Juan Bernardino had fallen sick and Juan Diego was obliged to attend to him. In the very early hours of Tuesday, December 12, Juan Bernardino 's condition having deteriorated overnight, Juan Diego set out to Tlatelolco to fetch a priest to hear Juan Bernardino 's confession and minister to him on his death - bed.
In order to avoid being delayed by the Virgin and ashamed at having failed to meet her on the Monday as agreed, Juan Diego chose another route around the hill, but the Virgin intercepted him and asked where he was going (fourth apparition); Juan Diego explained what had happened and the Virgin gently chided him for not having had recourse to her. In the words which have become the most famous phrase of the Guadalupe event and are inscribed over the main entrance to the Basilica of Guadalupe, she asked, "¿ No estoy yo aquí que soy tu madre? '' (Am I not here, I who am your mother?). She assured him that Juan Bernardino had now recovered and she told him to gather flowers from the top of Tepeyac Hill, which was normally barren, especially in December. Juan followed her instructions and he found Castilian roses, not native to Mexico, blooming there. The Virgin arranged the flowers in Juan 's tilma, or cloak, and when Juan Diego opened his cloak before archbishop Zumárraga on December 12, the flowers fell to the floor, and on the fabric was the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe.
The next day, on December 13, Juan Diego found his uncle fully recovered, as the Virgin had assured him, and Juan Bernardino recounted that he too had seen her, at his bed - side (fifth apparition); that she had instructed him to inform the bishop of this apparition and of his miraculous cure; and that she had told him she desired to be known under the title of Guadalupe.
The bishop kept Juan Diego 's mantle first in his private chapel and then in the church on public display where it attracted great attention. On December 26, 1531 a procession formed for taking the miraculous image back to Tepeyac where it was installed in a small hastily erected chapel. In course of this procession, the first miracle was allegedly performed when an Indian was mortally wounded in the neck by an arrow shot by accident during some stylized martial displays executed in honour of the Virgin. In great distress, the Indians carried him before the Virgin 's image and pleaded for his life. Upon the arrow being withdrawn, the victim made a full and immediate recovery.
Juan Diego 's tilma has become Mexico 's most popular religious and cultural symbol, and has received widespread ecclesiastical and popular support. In the 19th century it became the rallying call of American - born Spaniards in New Spain, who saw the story of the apparition as legitimizing their own Mexican origin and infusing it with an almost messianic sense of mission and identity -- thus also legitimizing their armed rebellion against Spain.
Historically the devotion to Our Lady of Guadalupe did not lack clerical opponents within Mexico, especially in the early years, and in more recent times some Catholic scholars, and even a former abbot of the basilica, Monsignor Guillermo Schulenburg, have openly doubted the historical existence of Juan Diego, referring to the devotion as merely symbolic, propagated by a sensational cult. Nonetheless, Juan Diego was canonized in 2002, under the name Saint Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin.
While the image garners much religious devotion and Mexican patriotism, scholarly criticism on the image is also notable, considering the artistic disproportion of the image, the similarity of the image to Spanish pre-colonial artwork closely related to the Aztec colony at the time, the alleged relationship of Marcos Cipac de Aquino in either inventing or amending the tilma cloak, and the public declaration of the abbot of the Guadalupe shrine pertaining to the false existence of the Marian apparitions.
Following the Conquest in 1519 -- 21, the Spanish destroyed a temple of the mother goddess Tonantzin at Tepeyac outside Mexico City, and built a chapel dedicated to the Virgin on the site. Newly converted natives continued to come from afar to worship there, often addressing the Virgin Mary as Tonantzin.
What is purported by some to be the earliest mention of the miraculous apparition of the Virgin is a page of parchment (the Codex Escalada) which was discovered in 1995 and, according to investigative analysis, dates from the sixteenth century. This document bears two pictorial representations of Juan Diego and the apparition, several inscriptions in Nahuatl referring to Juan Diego by his Aztec name, and the date of his death: 1548, as well as the year that the Virgin Mary appeared: 1531. It also contains the glyph of Antonio Valeriano; and finally, the signature of Fray Bernardino de Sahagun that was authenticated by experts from the Banco de Mexico and Charles E. Dibble.
Scholarly doubts have been cast on the authenticity of the document, however.
A more complete early description of the apparition occurs in a 16 - page manuscript called the Nican mopohua, which was acquired by the New York Public Library in 1880, and has been reliably dated in 1556. This document, written in Nahuatl, but in Latin script, tells the story of the apparitions and the supernatural origin of the image. It was probably composed by a native Aztec man, called Antonio Valeriano, who had been educated by Franciscans. The text of this document was later incorporated into a printed pamphlet which was widely circulated in 1649.
In spite of these documents, there are no written accounts of the Guadalupe vision by Catholic clergymen of the 16th century, as there ought to have been if the event had the importance it is claimed to have had. In particular, the canonical account of the vision features archbishop Juan de Zumárraga as a major player in the story, but, although Zumárraga was a prolific writer, there is nothing in his extant writings that can confirm the story.
The written record that does exist suggests the Catholic clergy in 16th century Mexico were deeply divided as to the orthodoxy of the cult springing up around the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe, with the Franciscan order (who had custody of the chapel at Tepeyac) being strongly opposed to the cult, while the Dominicans supported it.
The main promoter of the cult was the Dominican Alonso de Montúfar, who succeeded the Franciscan Juan de Zumárraga as archbishop of Mexico. In a 1556 sermon Montúfar commended popular devotion to "Our Lady of Guadalupe, '' referring to a painting on cloth (a tilma) in the chapel of the Virgin Mary at Tepeyac, where certain miracles had occurred. Days later, Fray Francisco de Bustamante, local head of the Franciscan order, delivered a sermon denouncing the cult. He expressed concern that the Archbishop was promoting a superstitious regard for an image:
"The devotion at the chapel... to which they have given the name Guadalupe was prejudicial to the Indians because they believed that the image itself worked miracles, contrary to what the missionary friars had been teaching them, and because many were disappointed when it did not. ''
The next day Archbishop Montúfar opened an inquiry into the matter. At the inquiry, the Franciscans repeated their position that the image encouraged idolatry and superstition, and four witnesses testified to Bustamante 's claim that the image was painted by an Indian, with one witness naming him "the Indian painter Marcos ''. This could refer to the Aztec painter Marcos Cipac de Aquino, who was active at that time. But "if he did, he did so without making a preliminary sketch -- in itself a near - miraculous procedure. (...) Cipac may well have had a hand in painting the Image, but only in painting the additions, such as the angel and moon at the Virgin 's feet '', claims Prof. Jody Brant Smith (referring to Philip Serna Callahan 's examination of the tilma using infrared photography in 1979).
Ultimately Archbishop Montúfar (himself a Dominican) decided to end Franciscan custody of the shrine. From then on the shrine was served by diocesan priests under the authority of the archbishop. Moreover, Archbishop Montúfar authorized the construction of a much larger church at Tepeyac, in which the tilma was mounted and displayed.
The report of this 1556 inquiry is the most extensive documentation concerning the Virgin of Guadalupe from the 16th century, and significantly, it makes no mention of Juan Diego, the miraculous apparition, or any other element from the legend.
In the late 1570s, the Franciscan historian Bernardino de Sahagún denounced the cult at Tepeyac and the use of the name "Tonantzin '' to call Our Lady in a personal digression in his General History of the Things of New Spain, in the version known as the Florentine Codex.
At this place (Tepeyac), (the Indians) had a temple dedicated to the mother of the gods, whom they called Tonantzin, which means Our Mother. There they performed many sacrifices in honor of this goddess... And now that a church of Our Lady of Guadalupe is built there, they also call her Tonantzin, being motivated by the preachers who called Our Lady, the Mother of God, Tonantzin. It is not known for certain where the beginning of this Tonantzin may have originated, but this we know for certain, that, from its first usage, the word means that ancient Tonantzin. And it is something that should be remedied, for the correct (native) name of the Mother of God, Holy Mary, is not Tonantzin, but Dios inantzin. It appears to be a Satanic invention to cloak idolatry under the confusion of this name, Tonantzin.
Sahagún 's criticism of the cult seems to have stemmed primarily from his concern about a syncretistic application of the native name Tonantzin to the Virgin Mary. However, Sahagún often used the same name in his sermons as late as the 1560s.
In the 16th century and probably continuing into the early 17th century, the image was modified by adding the mandorla - shaped sunburst around the Virgin, the stars on her cloak, the moon under her feet, and the angel with folded cloth supporting her -- as was determined by an infrared and ocular study of the tilma in 1979.
The first printed account of the history of the apparitions and image occurs in Imagen de la Virgen Maria, Madre de Dios de Guadalupe, published in 1648 by Miguel Sánchez, a diocesan priest of Mexico City.
The next printed account was a 36 - page tract in the Nahuatl language, Huei tlamahuiçoltica ("The Great Event ''), which was published in 1649. This tract contains a section called the Nican mopohua ("Here it is recounted ''), which we have already touched on above. The composition and authorship of the Huei tlamahuiçoltica is assigned by a majority of scholars to Luis Laso de la Vega, vicar of the sanctuary of Tepeyac from 1647 -- 1657. Nevertheless, the most important section of the tract, the Nican Mopohua, appears to be much older. It has been attributed since the late 1600s to Antonio Valeriano (ca. 1531 -- 1605), a native Aztec man who had been educated by the Franciscans and who collaborated extensively with Bernardino de Sahagún. A manuscript version of the Nican Mopohua, now held by the New York Public Library, appears to be datable to the mid-1500s, and may have been the original work by Valeriano that was used by Laso in composing the Huei tlamahuiçoltica. Most authorities agree on the dating and on Valeriano 's authorship.
On the other hand, in 1666, the scholar Luis Becerra Tanco published in Mexico a book about the history of the apparitions under the name "Origen milagroso del santuario de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, '' which was republished in Spain in 1675 as "Felicidad de Mexico en la admirable aparición de la virgen María de Guadalupe y origen de su milagrosa Imagen, que se venera extramuros de aquella ciudad. '' In the same way, in 1688, Jesuit Father Francisco de Florencia published "La Estrella del Norte de México '' with the history of the same apparitions.
Two separate accounts, one in Nahuatl from Juan Bautista del Barrio de San Juan from the 16th century, and the other in Spanish by Servando Teresa de Mier date the original apparition and native celebration on September 8 of the Julian calendar, but also note that the Spaniards celebrate it on December 12 instead.
With the help of the Informaciones Jurídicas de 1666, a feast day in name of Our Lady of Guadalupe was requested and approved, as well as the transfer of the date of the feast of the Virgin of Guadalupe from September 8 to December 12, the latest date on which the Virgin supposedly appeared to Juan Diego. The initiative to perform them was made by Francisco de Siles who proposed to ask the Church of Rome a Mass itself with allusive text to the apparitions and stamping of the image, along with the divine office itself, and the precept of hearing Mass on December 12, the last date of the apparitions of the Virgin to Juan Diego as the new date to commemorate the apparitions (which until then was on September 8, the birth of the Virgin).
In 1666, the Church in México began gathering information from people who reported having known Juan Diego, and in 1723 a formal investigation into his life was ordered, where more data was gathered to support veneration. Because of the Informaciones Jurídicas de 1666 in the year 1754, the Sacred Congregation of Rites confirmed the true value of the apparitions and granted celebrating Mass and Office for the feast of Guadalupe on December 12.
These published accounts of the origin of the image venerated in Tepeyac increased interest in the identity of Juan Diego, the original recipient of the vision. A new Basilica church was built to house the image. Completed in 1709, it is now known as the Old Basilica.
The image had originally featured a 12 - point crown on the Virgin 's head, but this disappeared in 1887 -- 88. The change was first noticed on 23 February 1888, when the image was removed to a nearby church. Eventually a painter confessed on his deathbed that he had been instructed by a clergyman to remove the crown. This may have been motivated by the fact that the gold paint was flaking off of the crown, leaving it looking dilapidated. But according to the historian David Brading, "the decision to remove rather than replace the crown was no doubt inspired by a desire to ' modernize ' the image and reinforce its similarity to the nineteenth - century images of the Immaculate Conception which were exhibited at Lourdes and elsewhere... What is rarely mentioned is that the frame which surrounded the canvas was adjusted to leave almost no space above the Virgin 's head, thereby obscuring the effects of the erasure. '' it is unclear why the frame was lowered, which makes the covering of the crown not easily noticeable.
A different crown was installed to the image. On 8 February 1887, a Papal bull from Pope Leo XIII granted permission a Canonical Coronation of the image, which occurred on 12 October 1895. Since then the Virgin of Guadalupe has been proclaimed "Queen of Mexico '', "Patroness of the Americas '', "Empress of Latin America '', and "Protectress of Unborn Children '' (the latter two titles given by Pope John Paul II in 1999). Under this title, she was also proclaimed "Heavenly Patroness of the Philippines '' on 16 July 1935 by Pope Pius XI both witnessed and signed by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, a designation he later rescinded on 12 September 1942 upon becoming Pope Pius XII.
On 25 March 1966, Pope Paul VI presented a Golden Rose to the sacred image. Finally, under Pope John Paul II the move to beatify Juan Diego intensified. John Paul II took a special interest in non-European Catholics and saints. During his leadership, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints declared Juan Diego "venerable '' (in 1987), and the pope himself announced his beatification on 6 May 1990, during a Mass at the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City, declaring him "protector and advocate of the indigenous peoples, '' with December 9 established as his feast day.
At that time historians revived doubts as to the quality of the evidence regarding Juan Diego. The writings of bishop Zumárraga, into whose hands Juan purportedly delivered the miraculous image, did not refer to him or the event. The record of the 1556 ecclesiastical inquiry omitted him, and he was not mentioned in documentation before the mid-17th century. In 1996 the 83 - year - old abbot of the Basilica of Guadalupe, Guillermo Schulenburg, was forced to resign following an interview published in the Catholic magazine Ixthus, in which he was quoted as saying that Juan Diego was "a symbol, not a reality '', and that his canonization would be the "recognition of a cult. It is not recognition of the physical, real existence of a person. '' In 1883 Joaquín García Icazbalceta, historian and biographer of Zumárraga, in a confidential report on the Lady of Guadalupe for Bishop Labastida, had been hesitant to support the story of the vision. He concluded that Juan Diego had not existed.
In 1995, Father Xavier Escalada, a Jesuit whose four volume Guadalupe encyclopedia had just been published, announced the existence of a sheet of parchment (known as Codex Escalada), which bore an illustrated account of the vision and some notations in Nahuatl concerning the life and death of Juan Diego. Previously unknown, the document was dated 1548. It bore the signatures of Antonio Valeriano and Bernardino de Sahagún, which are considered to verify its contents. The codex was the subject of an appendix to the Guadalupe enciclopedia, published in 1997. Some scholars remained unconvinced, one describing the discovery of the Codex as "rather like finding a picture of St. Paul 's vision of Christ on the road to Damascus, drawn by St. Luke and signed by St. Peter. ''
In the earliest account of the apparition, the Nican Mopohua, the Virgin Mary tells Juan Bernardino, the uncle of Juan Diego, that the image left on the tilma is to be known by the name "the Perfect Virgin, Holy Mary of Guadalupe. ''
Scholars do not agree as to how the name "Guadalupe '' was ascribed to the image. Some believe that the Spanish transcribed or transliterated a Nahuatl name, as the site had long been an important sacred spot. Others hold that the Spanish name Guadalupe is the original name, and refers to the Spanish Our Lady of Guadalupe, Extremadura, whose cult had been important in Spain in the 16th century and had been brought to the New World with the Spanish conquest.
The first theory to promote a Nahuatl origin was that of Luis Becerra Tanco. In his 1675 work Felicidad de Mexico, Becerra Tanco claimed that Juan Bernardino and Juan Diego would not have been able to understand the name Guadalupe because the "d '' and "g '' sounds do not exist in Nahuatl.
He proposed two Nahuatl alternative names that sound similar to "Guadalupe '', Tecuatlanopeuh (tekwat͡ɬaˈnopeʍ), which he translates as "she whose origins were in the rocky summit '', and Tecuantlaxopeuh (tekwant͡ɬaˈʃopeʍ), "she who banishes those who devoured us. ''
Ondina and Justo Gonzalez suggest that the name is a Spanish version of the Nahuatl term, Coātlaxopeuh (koaːt͡ɬaˈʃopeʍ), which they interpret as meaning "the one who crushes the serpent, '' and that it may be referring to the feathered serpent Quetzalcoatl. In addition, Mary was portrayed in European art as crushing the serpent of the Garden of Eden.
According to another theory the juxtaposition of Guadalupe and a snake may indicate a nexus with the Aztec goddess of love and fertility, Tonantzin (in Nahuatl, "Our Revered Mother ''), who was also known by the name Coatlícue ("The Serpent Skirt ''). This appears to be borne out by the fact that this goddess had had a temple dedicated to her on the very Tepeyac Hill where Juan Diego had his vision, temple which had recently been destroyed at the behest of the new Catholic authorities. In the 16th century the Franciscans were suspicious that the cult of Guadalupe showed, or was susceptible to, elements of syncretism, i.e. the importation of an object of reverence in one belief system into another (see above).
The theory promoting the Spanish language origin of the name claims that:
The portrait was executed on a fabric support of natural material constituted by two pieces (originally three) joined together. The join is clearly visible as a seam passing from top to bottom, with the Virgin 's face and hands and the head of the angel on the left piece. It passes through the left wrist of the Virgin. The fabric is mounted on a large metal sheet to which it has been glued for some time. The image, currently set in a massive frame protected behind bullet - proof glass, hangs inclined at a slight angle on the wall of the basilica behind the altar. At this point, there is a wide gap between the wall and the sanctuary facilitating closer viewing from moving walkways set on the floor beneath the main level of the basilica, carrying people a short distance in either direction. Viewed from the main body of the basilica, the image is located above and to the right of the altar and is retracted at night into a small vault (accessible by steps) set into the wall. An intricate metal crown designed by the painter Salomé Pina according to plans devised by Rómulo Escudero and Pérez Gallardo, and executed by the Parisian goldsmith, Edgar Morgan, is fixed above the image by a rod, and a massive Mexican flag is draped around and below the frame.
The nature of the fabric is discussed below. Its measurements were taken by José Ignacio Bartolache on December 29, 1786 in the presence of Joseph Bernardo de Nava, a public notary: height 170 cm (67 in), width 105 cm (41 in). The original height (before it was first shielded behind glass in the late 18th century, at which time the unpainted portion beyond the Virgin 's head must have been cut down) was 229 cm (90 in).
Neither the fabric ("the support '') nor the image (together, "the tilma '') has been analyzed using the full range of resources now available to museum conservationists. Four technical studies have been conducted so far. Of these, the findings of at least three have been published. Each study required the permission of the custodians of the tilma in the Basilica. However, Callahan 's study was taken at the initiative of a third party: the custodians did not know in advance what his research would reveal.
Summary conclusions ("contra '' indicates a contrary finding)
The iconography of the Virgin is fully Catholic: Miguel Sanchez, the author of the 1648 tract Imagen de la Virgen María, described her as the Woman of the Apocalypse from the New Testament 's Revelation 12: 1, "clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and upon her head a crown of twelve stars. '' She is described as a representation of the Immaculate Conception.
Virgil Elizondo says the image also had layers of meaning for the indigenous people of Mexico who associated her image with their polytheistic deities, which further contributed to her popularity. Her blue - green mantle was the color reserved for the divine couple Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl; her belt is interpreted as a sign of pregnancy; and a cross-shaped image, symbolizing the cosmos and called nahui - ollin, is inscribed beneath the image 's sash. She was called "mother of maguey, '' the source of the sacred beverage pulque. Pulque was also known as "the milk of the Virgin. '' The rays of light surrounding her are seen to also represent maguey spines.
Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe became the recognized symbol of Catholic Mexicans. Miguel Sánchez, the author in 1648 of the first published account of the vision, identified Guadalupe as Revelation 's Woman of the Apocalypse, and said:
"... this New World has been won and conquered by the hand of the Virgin Mary... (who had) prepared, disposed, and contrived her exquisite likeness in this her Mexican land, which was conquered for such a glorious purpose, won that there should appear so Mexican an image. ''
Throughout the Mexican national history of the 19th and 20th centuries, the Guadalupan name and image have been unifying national symbols; the first President of Mexico (1824 -- 29) changed his name from José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernández y Félix to Guadalupe Victoria in honor of the Virgin of Guadalupe. Father Miguel Hidalgo, in the Mexican War of Independence (1810), and Emiliano Zapata, in the Mexican Revolution (1910), led their respective armed forces with Guadalupan flags emblazoned with an image of Our Lady of Guadalupe. In 1999, the Church officially proclaimed her the Patroness of the Americas, the Empress of Latin America, and the Protectress of Unborn Children.
In 1810 Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla initiated the bid for Mexican independence with his Grito de Dolores, with the cry "Death to the Spaniards and long live the Virgin of Guadalupe! '' When Hidalgo 's mestizo - indigenous army attacked Guanajuato and Valladolid, they placed "the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe, which was the insignia of their enterprise, on sticks or on reeds painted different colors '' and "they all wore a print of the Virgin on their hats. '' After Hidalgo 's death leadership of the revolution fell to a zambo / mestizo priest named José María Morelos, who led insurgent troops in the Mexican south. Morelos adopted the Virgin as the seal of his Congress of Chilpancingo, inscribing her feast day into the Chilpancingo constitution and declaring that Guadalupe was the power behind his victories:
New Spain puts less faith in its own efforts than in the power of God and the intercession of its Blessed Mother, who appeared within the precincts of Tepeyac as the miraculous image of Guadalupe that had come to comfort us, defend us, visibly be our protection.
Simón Bolívar noticed the Guadalupan theme in these uprisings, and shortly before Morelos 's execution in 1815 wrote: "the leaders of the independence struggle have put fanaticism to use by proclaiming the famous Virgin of Guadalupe as the queen of the patriots, praying to her in times of hardship and displaying her on their flags... the veneration for this image in Mexico far exceeds the greatest reverence that the shrewdest prophet might inspire. ''
In 1912, Emiliano Zapata 's peasant army rose out of the south against the government of Francisco Madero. Though Zapata 's rebel forces were primarily interested in land reform -- "tierra y libertad '' (' land and liberty ') was the slogan of the uprising -- when his peasant troops penetrated Mexico City they carried Guadalupan banners. More recently, the contemporary Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN) named their "mobile city '' in honor of the Virgin: it is called Guadalupe Tepeyac. EZLN spokesperson Subcomandante Marcos wrote a humorous letter in 1995 describing the EZLN bickering over what to do with a Guadalupe statue they had received as a gift.
Harringon argues that:
Hernán Cortés, the Conquistador who overthrew the Aztec empire in 1521, was a native of Extremadura, home to Our Lady of Guadalupe. By the 16th century the Extremadura Guadalupe, a statue of the Virgin said to be carved by Saint Luke the Evangelist, was already a national icon. It was found at the beginning of the 14th century when the Virgin appeared to a humble shepherd and ordered him to dig at the site of the apparition. The recovered Virgin then miraculously helped to expel the Moors from Spain, and her small shrine evolved into the great Guadalupe monastery.
According to the traditional account, the name of Guadalupe was chosen by the Virgin herself when she appeared on the hill outside Mexico City in 1531, ten years after the Conquest.
Guadalupe continues to be a mixture of the cultures which blended to form Mexico, both racially and religiously, "the first mestiza '', or "the first Mexican ''. "bringing together people of distinct cultural heritages, while at the same time affirming their distinctness. '' As Jacques Lafaye wrote in Quetzalcoatl and Guadalupe, "as the Christians built their first churches with the rubble and the columns of the ancient pagan temples, so they often borrowed pagan customs for their own cult purposes. '' The author Judy King asserts that Guadalupe is a "common denominator '' uniting Mexicans. Writing that Mexico is composed of a vast patchwork of differences -- linguistic, ethnic, and class - based -- King says "The Virgin of Guadalupe is the rubber band that binds this disparate nation into a whole. '' The Mexican novelist Carlos Fuentes once said that "you can not truly be considered a Mexican unless you believe in the Virgin of Guadalupe. '' Nobel Literature laureate Octavio Paz wrote in 1974 that "the Mexican people, after more than two centuries of experiments, have faith only in the Virgin of Guadalupe and the National Lottery ''.
One notable reference in literature to La Virgen of Guadalupe and her predecessor, the Aztec Earth goddess Tonantzín, is in Sandra Cisneros ' short story "Little Miracles, Kept Promises, '' from her collection Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories (1991). Cisneros ' story is constructed out of brief notes that people give Our Lady of Guadalupe in thanks for favors received, which in Cisneros ' hands becomes a portrait of an extended Chicano community living throughout Texas. "Little Miracles '' ends with an extended narrative (pp. 124 - 29) of a feminist artist, Rosario "Chayo '' De Leon, who at first did n't allow images of La Virgen de Guadalupe in her home because she associated her with subservience and suffering, particularly by Mexican women. But when she learns that Guadalupe 's shrine is built on the same hill in Mexico City that had a shrine to Tonantzín, the Aztec Earth goddess and serpent destroyer, Chayo comes to understand that there 's a deep, syncretic connection between the Aztec goddess and the Mexican saint; together they inspire Chayo 's new artistic creativity, inner strength, and independence. In Chayo 's words, "I finally understood who you are. No longer Mary the mild, but our mother Tonantzín. Your church at Tepeyac built on the site of her temple '' (128).
Our Lady of Guadalupe, Juan Diego, and the tilma have been investigated through film several times in recent history. One of the most notable and thorough filmic investigations was done by director Tim Watkins in the 2013 film The Blood & The Rose. Documentarians have been portraying the message of Our Lady of Guadalupe since the 1990s in an attempt to bring the message of the apparition to the North American audience.
Several Pontiffs have granted recognitions to the venerated image, namely the following:
Roman Catholic sources claim many miraculous and supernatural properties for the image such as that the tilma has maintained its structural integrity over nearly 500 years against soot, candle wax, incense, constant manual veneration by devotees and the historical fact that the image was displayed without any protective glass for the first 115 years when replicas normally last only about 15 years before suffering degradation, and that it repaired itself with no external help after a 1791 accident in which nitric acid was spilled on the top right of the image, causing considerable damage but leaving the aureola of the Virgin intact.
Furthermore, on 14 November 1921 a bomb hidden within a basket of flowers brought by anti-Catholic secularist damaged the altar, but left the tilma unharmed. A brass standing Crucifix, bent in the explosion, is now preserved at the shrine museum and is believed to be miraculous among devotees.
In 1929 and 1951 photographers claimed to have found a figure reflected in the Virgin 's eyes; upon inspection they said that the reflection was tripled in what is called the Purkinje effect, commonly found in human eyes. An ophthalmologist, Dr. Jose Aste Tonsmann, later enlarged an image of the Virgin 's eyes by 2500x and claimed to have found not only the aforementioned single figure, but images of all the witnesses present when the tilma was first revealed before Zumárraga in 1531, plus a small family group of mother, father, and a group of children, in the center of the Virgin 's eyes, fourteen people in all.
Numerous Catholic websites repeat an unsourced claim that in 1936 biochemist Richard Kuhn analyzed a sample of the fabric and announced that the pigments used were from no known source, whether animal, mineral or vegetable. Dr. Philip Serna Callahan, who photographed the icon under infrared light, declared from his photographs that portions of the face, hands, robe, and mantle had been painted in one step, with no sketches or corrections and no visible brush strokes.
The shrine of the Virgin of Guadalupe is the most visited Catholic pilgrimage destination in the world. Over the Friday and Saturday of December 11 to 12, 2009, a record number of 6.1 million pilgrims visited the Basilica of Guadalupe in Mexico City to commemorate the anniversary of the apparition.
The Virgin of Guadalupe is considered the Patroness of Mexico and the Continental Americas; she is also venerated by Native Americans, on the account of the devotion calling for the conversion of the Americas. Replicas of the tilma can be found in thousands of churches throughout the world, and numerous parishes bear her name.
Due to a claim that her black girdle indicates pregnancy on the image, the Blessed Virgin Mary, under this title is popularly invoked as Patroness of the Unborn and a common image for the Pro-Life movement.
Coordinates: 19 ° 29 ′ 04 '' N 99 ° 07 ′ 02 '' W / 19.48444 ° N 99.11722 ° W / 19.48444; - 99.11722
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what is the difference between dr. and dr | Doctor (title) - wikipedia
Doctor is an academic title that originates from the Latin word of the same spelling and meaning. The word is originally an agentive noun of the Latin verb docēre (dɔˈkeːrɛ) ' to teach '. It has been used as an academic title in Europe since the 13th century, when the first Doctorates were awarded at the University of Bologna and the University of Paris. Having become established in European universities, this usage spread around the world. Contracted "Dr '' or "Dr. '', it is used as a designation for a person who has obtained a Doctorate (e.g. PhD). In many parts of the world it is also used by medical practitioners, regardless of whether or not they hold a doctoral - level degree.
The doctorate (Latin: doceō, lit. ' I teach ') appeared in medieval Europe as a license to teach (Latin: licentia docendi) at a medieval university. Its roots can be traced to the early church when the term "doctor '' referred to the Apostles, church fathers and other Christian authorities who taught and interpreted the Bible. The right to grant a licentia docendi was originally reserved to the church which required the applicant to pass a test, take an Oath of allegiance and pay a fee. The Third Council of the Lateran of 1179 guaranteed the access -- now largely free of charge -- of all able applicants, who were, however, still tested for aptitude by the ecclesiastic scholastic. This right remained a bone of contention between the church authorities and the slowly emancipating universities, but was granted by the pope to the University of Paris in 1213 where it became a universal license to teach (licentia ubiquie docendi). However, while the licentia continued to hold a higher prestige than the bachelor 's degree (Baccalaureus), it was ultimately reduced to an intermediate step to the Magister and doctorate, both of which now became the exclusive qualification for teaching.
The earliest doctoral degrees (theology, law, and medicine) reflected the historical separation of all university study into these three fields. Over time the D.D. has gradually become less common and studies outside theology, law, and medicine have become more common (such studies were then called "philosophy '', but are now classified as sciences and humanities -- however this usage survives in the degree of Doctor of Philosophy).
The Ph. D. was originally a degree granted by a university to learned individuals who had achieved the approval of their peers and who had demonstrated a long and productive career in the field of philosophy (in the broad sense of the term, meaning the pursuit of knowledge). The appellation of "Doctor '' (from Latin: teacher) was usually awarded only when the individual was in middle age. It indicated a life dedicated to learning, knowledge, and the spread of knowledge. The Ph. D. entered widespread use in the 19th century at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin as a degree to be granted to someone who had undertaken original research in the sciences or humanities. Prior to the formal degree, the contemporary doctorate (PhD), arguably, arose in Leipzig as a successor to the Master 's (MA) degree in 1652 (Dr. habil).
In some European countries, such as Italy and Portugal, Doctor became a title given to all or most degree holders, not just those with doctorates. As a result, the title is used by many professionals in these countries, including those such as lawyers who are not normally granted the title elsewhere. The title is also used for lawyers in South America, where they have traditionally earned doctoral degrees, as well as in the former Portuguese territory of Macau in China.
The primary meaning of Doctor in English has historically been with reference to the holder of a doctoral degree. These particularly referred to the ancient faculties of divinity, law and medicine, sometimes with the addition of music, which were the only doctoral degrees offered until the 19th century. During the 19th century, Ph. D.s became increasingly common in Britain, although to obtain the degree it was necessary to travel to continental Europe or (from 1861) to the United States, as the degree was not awarded in the UK until 1917.
However, the title, not being protected by law, was adopted by quacks. As a result, by the mid 19th century, it was normal in the UK to omit the title "Dr '' when addressing letters to those holding doctoral degrees, and instead write the abbreviated form of the degree after the name, e.g. "The Reverend Robert Phelps, D.D. '', "Thomas Elliotson, Esq. M.D. '', or "John Lindsey, Esq. Ph. D. '', in order to avoid classing academic doctors "with the village apothecary and the farrier '' and various "quacks in literature, science, or art ''. In the US it similarly became customary to use post-nominals rather than the title of Doctor when addressing letters. All those with doctoral degrees continued to use the title professionally, although the title was not used socially.
Despite being historically associated with doctorates in law, the title of doctor for lawyers has not customarily been used in English - speaking countries, where lawyers were traditionally not required to have a university degree and were trained by other lawyers by apprenticeship or in the Inns of Court. The exception being those areas where, up to the 19th century, civil law rather than common law was the governing tradition, including admiralty law, probate and ecclesiastical law: such cases were heard in the Doctor 's Commons, and argued by advocates who held degrees either of doctor of civil law at Oxford or doctor of law at Cambridge. As such, lawyers practicing common law in England were not doctoral candidates and had not earned a doctorate. When university degrees became more common for those wanting to qualify as a lawyer in England, the degree awarded was the Bachelor of Laws (LL. B.). Similarly in the US, even though degrees became standard for lawyers much earlier, the degree was again the LL. B., only becoming the Juris Doctor generally in the latter half of the 20th century.
In many English - speaking countries, it is common to refer to physicians by the title of doctor, even when they do not hold a doctoral level qualification. The word Doctor has long had a secondary meaning in English of physician, e.g. in Johnson 's Dictionary, which quotes its use with this meaning by Shakespeare. In the US, the medical societies established the proprietary medical colleges in the 19th century to award their own MDs, but in the UK and the British Empire, where degree granting was strictly controlled, this was not an option. The usage of the title to refer to medical practitioners, even when they did n't hold doctoral degrees, was common by the mid 18th century. However, the first official recognition of Doctor being applied as a title to medical practitioners regardless of whether they held a doctoral degree was in 1838, when the Royal College of Physicians resolved that it would "regard in the same light, and address by the same appellation, all who have obtained its diploma, whether they have graduated elsewhere or not. ''
The Medical Act 1858 made it illegal for anyone not qualified in medicine to use a title that implied they were. This led to prosecutions of people making unauthorised use of the title "Dr ''. However, it also called into question the use of the title by licentiates of the Colleges of Physicians -- all of whom were, under the new act, allowed to practice throughout the UK. In 1859, the London College reversed its earlier decision, resolving "That the title of Doctor shall not be given in any official document issued from this College to any person who is not possessed of the Degree of Doctor of Medicine ''. This was followed up in 1860 by new bylaws that stated "No Fellow, Member, or Licentiate of the College shall assume the title of Doctor of Medicine, or use any other name, title, designation or distinction implying that he is a Graduate in Medicine of an University, unless he be a Graduate in Medicine of an University ''. In Ireland, the question of whether the license of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland granted the title of Doctor of Medicine led to a court case in 1861, with the conclusion that it did not. The British Medical Journal (BMJ) observed, however, that anyone wanting the right to the title of "Doctor '' could gain it "with a five - shilling degree of Doctor of Philosophy '' from abroad, or could simply assume the title, as only "Doctor of Medicine '' was actually protected. Debate continued as to the use of "Doctor '' as a courtesy title by those who did not use it by right as holders of doctoral degrees, with the BMJ noting in 1876 that "We have again a sort of flood of letters for and against the use of the title of Doctor by physicians '' and in 1882 that "There is not any other subject which appears to excite so wide spread an interest as this ''. In February 1876, a report recommended that the Royal College of Physicians should use the courtesy title of Doctor for all fellows and members, but this was rejected. Then in April of the same year, the College amended its bylaws to forbid any fellow, member, extra-licentiate or licentiate from using the title of Doctor unless they had a doctorate in medicine from a recognised university -- closing the loophole the BMJ had identified. It was not until the early 20th century that this was reversed. In 1905 the Royal College of Surgeons passed a motion instructing their council "to take the necessary steps in conjunction with the Royal College of Physicians to ensure that all persons who pass the Conjoint examination shall be legally entitled to call themselves Doctors ''. The council of the surgeons ' College felt it to be impractical to secure the legal right to the title as this would mean gaining the right to award M.D.s, but noted that the title had been used by the public to refer to medics for generations and was used without any legal right by Bachelors of Medicine -- the only obstacle to licentiates of both colleges doing the same was the prohibition in the physicians ' bylaws. On this occasion the College of Physicians refused to act, but they did finally relent in 1912, removing the clause forbidding the assumption of the title of Doctor. This was described in the American press as "the British apostles of red - tape have been forced to bow to the popular will ''.
Regulation of the medical profession also took place in the United States in the latter half of the 19th century, preventing quacks from using the title of Doctor. However, medical usage of the title was far from exclusive, with it being acknowledged that other doctorate holders could use the title and that dentists and veterinarians frequently did. The Etiquette of To - day, published in 1913, recommended addressing letters to physicians "(full name), M.D. '' and those to other people holding doctorates "Dr. (full name) '', although both were "Dr. '' in the salutation and only physicians were explicitly said to include their title on their visiting card. By the 1920s there were a great variety of doctorates in the US, many of them taking entrants directly from high school, and ranging from the Doctor of Chiropractic (DC), which (at the time) required only two or three years of college - level education, up to the PhD. All doctoral degree holders, with the exception of the JD, were customarily addressed as "Doctor '', but the title was also regularly used, without doctoral degrees, by pharmacists, ministers of religion, teachers and chiropodists, and sometimes by other professions such as beauty practitioners, patent medicine manufacturers, etc.
By the 1940s, the widespread usage of the title in the US was under threat. A 1944 article claimed that "the Ph. D. has immediate and far - reaching value of social as well as economic nature '' due to America 's "national fondness for the tinsel of titles '', but went on to note that some universities were moving away from using the title, concluding that "it is ungracious in most environments not to render unto the Doctor of Philosophy his ' Doctor ' title ''. The same writer noted in a letter to the Journal of Higher Education in 1948 that Alfred University had banned the use of the title for faculty (while retaining it for the president and deans) "in a strange move professedly designed to uphold and promote ' democracy ' and ' Americanism ' ''. However, it was noted in 1959 that professors with PhDs were now generally addressed as "Doctor '', with the title of "Professor '' sometimes being substituted for those without doctorates, leading to a decline in the perceived value of that title. In the 1960s the inconsistent usage at American universities and colleges was mentioned in the New York Times Book Review and the editor of Science noted that: "In some universities, administrators call all Ph. D. 's ' Mister, ' but students and colleagues call them ' Doctor. ' Often, but not always, Ph. D. 's are ' Misters ' socially. In industry and government, both socially and professionally, they are ' Doctors, ' as they are also in the pages of the New Yorker, Time, the Saturday Review, and the New York Times. '' In 1965, the League of Women Voters designated medical doctors "Dr. '' and PhDs "Mr. '' at a hustings in Princeton, leading to a letter of protest in Science; it was reported that the League believed PhDs would be embarrassed by the title, and that etiquette writers differed in whether PhDs used the title. In 1970, reverse snobbism in the face of the rising number of "discount doctorates '' was linked to professors at prestigious universities wanting to be called "mister ''.
In the late 1960s the rising number of American law schools awarding Juris Doctor (JD) degrees led to debate over whether lawyers could ethically use the title "Doctor ''. Initial informal ethics opinions, based on the Canons of Professional Ethics then in force, came down against this. These were then reinforced with a full ethics opinion that maintained the ban on using the title in legal practice as a form of self - laudation (except when dealing with countries where the use of "Doctor '' by lawyers was standard practice), but allowed the use of the title in academia "if the school of graduation thinks of the J.D. degree as a doctor 's degree ''. These opinions led to further debate. The introduction of the new Code of Professional Responsibility in 1969 seemed to settle the question -- in states where this was adopted -- in favour of allowing the use of the title. There was some dispute over whether only the PhD - level Doctor of Juridical Science should properly be seen as granting the title, but ethics opinions made it clear that the new Code allowed JD - holders to be called "Doctor '', while reaffirming that the older Canons did not. As not all state bars adopted the new Code, and some omitted the clause permitting the use of the title, confusion over whether lawyers could ethically use the title "Doctor '' continued.
Throughout much of the academic world, the term Doctor refers to someone who has earned a doctoral degree (highest degree) from a university. This is normally the Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated PhD (sometimes Ph. D. in North America) from the Latin Philosophiae Doctor or DPhil from its English name, or equivalent research doctorates at level 8 of the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 classifications (ISCED 2011) or level 6 of the ISCED 1997 classifications. Beyond academia, Doctor as a noun normally refers to a medical practitioner, who would usually hold a qualification at level 7 of ISCED 2011 / level 5 of ISCED 1997 such as the British MBBS or the American MD.
When addressing several people, each of whom holds a doctoral title, one may use the plural contraction "Drs '' (or "Drs. '' in American English) -- or in some languages (for example, German) "Dres. '' (from the Latin doctores) may be used -- for example, instead of Dr. Miller and Dr. Rubinstein: Drs. Miller and Rubinstein. When referring to relatives with the same surname the form "The Doctors Smith '' can be used. The abbreviation Drs. can also refer to doctorandus, a Dutch academic title.
In English, Dr is not usually combined with other titles, except for The Reverend in "The Revd Dr '' before the surname of a minister of religion, e.g., "The Revd Dr Smith '' or "The Revd John Smith, DD '', and similarly "Rabbi Dr ''. In Caribbean English, the usage "Dr. the Honorable '' is common for politicians holding doctoral degrees. Usage in many other languages is similar to English but some, notably German, allow for the stacking of titles.
In the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Ghana and other countries whose cultures were recently linked to the UK, the title Dr is generally used both for those who hold doctoral degrees and for registered medical practitioners. History has dictated the use of the courtesy title Dr by physicians and general practitioners. However, surgeons do not use the title of Dr but, due to the origins of surgery with the barber surgeons, instead use Mr, Mrs, Ms, Miss, etc. This custom applies to surgeons of any grade who have passed the appropriate exams and is not the exclusive province of consultant - level surgeons. In recent times, other surgically orientated specialists, such as gynaecologists, have also adopted these prefixes. A surgeon who is also a professor is usually known as "Professor '' and, similarly, a surgeon who has been ennobled, knighted, created a baronet or appointed a dame uses the corresponding title (Lord, Sir, Dame). Physicians, on the other hand, when they pass their "MRCP (UK) '' examinations, or equivalent, do not drop Dr but retain it, even as consultants. The status and rank of consultant surgeons, addressed as "Mister '', and consultant physicians, addressed as "Doctor '', is equivalent.
In Bangladesh, use of the title of Doctor (Dr.) is permitted for Ph. D. degree holders and registered medical practitioners. According to an amendment, universities are allowed to approve or reject any subject proposed for a thesis by a candidate for the degree of "Doctor '' in any subject. For registered medical practitioners, only MBBS and BDS degree holders are allowed to use the title "Dr. '' and be called "Medical Doctors ''. Registered veterinary practitioners may use the title "Dr. '' after earning the "Doctor of Veterinary Medicine '' (DVM) degree. However, Registered Homeopath practitioners also use the title "Dr. '' even though, according to Homeopathic Practitioners Ordinance 1983, they are only permitted to use "Homeopath ''. Currently, Physiotherapy has no separate council and no authorized act at present permits the use of the prefix "Dr. '' for physiotherapist. According to Bangladesh Unani & Ayurvedic Practitioners Ordinance 1983, practitioners of the Unani system are called "Tabib '' or "Hakim '' and are strictly prohibited from using the title "Dr. ''; similarly, practitioners of Ayurvedic system are called "Vaid '' or "Kabiraj '' and are also strictly prohibited from using "Dr. ''. Currently, medical practitioners having MBBS degree or dental surgeons having BDS are legally permitted to use "Dr. '' prefix. Using "Dr. '' for other medical practitioners remains controversial.
Hong Kong follows British practice in calling physicians "Doctor '' even though many of them hold only a degree of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS or MBChB). An attempt by their professional body to prevent chiropractors from calling themselves "Doctor '' failed in the courts, in part because it was pointed out that practicing chiropractors may hold an academic doctorate in their discipline, and it would be anomalous to prevent them using the title when holders of doctorates in non-medical disciplines faced no such restriction.
In India, general practitioners in the field of medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and physiotherapy. are usually addressed as Doctor even though holding Bachelor level degrees such as MBBS, BDS, PharmD, BPT. physiotherapists can use a dr as prefix with a (PT) as a suffix MBBS practitioners after a rigorous 6 years of clinical and academic training, once recognized by the Medical Council of India, can write the eponym ' Dr ' in front of their names legally. They can further train to obtain specializations in the various sub specialties of medicine.
Also, a person who has completed the Doctoral academic research requirements (usually consisting of rigorous prescribed course work followed by the publication of a thesis which makes a substantial contribution to existing knowledge, or a Doctoral dissertation embodying the results of guided research and public defense of their thesis in an Open Viva Voce) when awarded with a PhD (or any other Doctoral level degree) by a University recognized by The University Grants Commission of India, is entitled by Right to be addressed as Doctorate and prefix the abbreviation Dr. to their name. However, by convention this degree signifies essentially a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and these academicians do not legally have any right to practice clinical medicine, unlike the ' Medical Doctors '.
The Indonesian titles "dr. '' is used in front of the name of medical doctor who holds a specification as general practitioner, also when the doctor already holds his specialization to ___, such as "Sp. THT '' or "Spesialis Telinga, Hidung, Tenggorokan '' (ENT or Ear, Nose, and Throat Specialist).
Dr. is used in front of the name as the title "Doktor '' for doctorate title, the same level as Ph. D. title.
In Pakistan, the title of Doctor (Dr.) can be used by Ph. D. degree holders as well as medical, dental and veterinary doctors with MBBS, BDS and DVM degrees respectively. Pharmacists and physiotherapists with PharmD and DPT degrees respectively are also allowed to use the title doctor.
In the Philippines, titles and names of occupations usually follow Spanish naming conventions which utilize gender - specific terms. "Doktór '' is the masculine form, which retains the abbreviation Dr.; the feminine form is "Doktóra '', and is abbreviated usually as "Dra. ''; others, however, some being Anglophones who wish to sound modern and Westernised (or were raised in an almost exclusively English - speaking family environment), or some who advocate gender equality, would dispense with the distinction altogether. There does exist in Filipino an equivalent, gender - neutral term for the professional that carries the more general notion of "healer '', traditional (for example, an albuláryo) or otherwise: manggagámot.
In Sri Lanka the title doctor "Dr. '' is used for both physicians (including dentists and veterinarians) and Ph. D. holders. However, when addressing in native Sinhalese a physician is addressed as "Vaidya '' (වෛද්ය) or "Dosthara '' (දොස්තර) while a Ph. D. holder is addressed as "Aacharya '' (ආචාර්ය).
The usage of Doctor (ดอกเตอร์) or Dr (ดร.) has been borrowed from English. It can be seen as a title in academic circles and in the mass media. In contrast to other academic titles (Professor, Associate Professor and Assistant Professor), the use of Doctor as a title has not been recognized by the Royal Institute of Thailand. Therefore, this title, in theory, can not be used officially. For example, in court of justice where strictly formal Thai language is used, Dr can not be mentioned as a person 's title.
Canada lies somewhere between British and American usage of the degree and terminology of "doctor ''. Research doctorates -- PhDs and ScDs -- are entitled to use the title "doctor ''. Healthcare professions for which members may be called by the title of doctor are: medicine, dentistry, clinical psychology, optometry, chiropractic, veterinary medicine, podiatry and, more recently, pharmacy. In Alberta, Registered Nurses or Nurse Practitioners with an earned doctoral degree may use the title "doctor '' in conjunction with professional practice. Members of these professions generally complete a minimum of 2 years of undergraduate studies, followed by a four - to six - year professional program (considered, despite the name of the degree, to be at bachelor 's - level) to earn the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.), Doctor of Dental Surgery (D.D.S.), Doctor of Psychology (Psy. D.), Doctor of Optometry (O.D.), Doctor of Chiropractic (D.C.) or Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M.). In some provinces it is also possible to earn the Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (D.P.M) or Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.). In some provinces, such as Ontario, psychologists take a PhD in Psychology rather than the PsyD degree. In Ontario, only chiropractors, dentists, medical doctors, optometrists and psychologists can use the title "doctor '', when offering or purporting to offer health related services, while registered naturopathic doctors (N.D.) may only use the title "doctor '' in written format if they also use the phrase, "naturopathic doctor '' immediately following their name. A 2006 amendment that would allow practitioners of Traditional Chinese Medicine to use the title has not, as of 1 August 2016, entered into force.
Some confusion has recently arisen with respect to Canada 's legal profession, after many Canadian law schools started offering to grant the J.D. ("Juridicae Doctor '' or "Juris Doctor '') degree (considered, like the medical professional degrees, to be at bachelor 's level) to their existing students and to their alumni - as a replacement for the degree they traditionally awarded: the LL. B. ("Legum Baccalaureus '' or "Bachelor of Laws ''). The course requirements did not change, only the name. Canadian law schools started offering this option to their graduates to make it easier to practise in the United States (where law schools have traditionally granted a J.D. rather than an LL. B.). The convention governing use of the title "Dr '' by lawyers has not changed in Canada. The only lawyers who typically use "Dr '' are those who have continued with their studies, in order to obtain both an LL. M. ("Legum Magister '' or "Master of Laws '') and an S.J.D. ("Scientiae Juridicae Doctor '' or "Doctor of the Science of the Law ''). Sometimes also referred to as a "J.S.D. '', the S.J.D. degree is legal discipline 's equivalent to a Ph. D. degree. The McGill University Faculty of Law offers a doctoral level program in law, but it grants a D.C.L. ("Doctor of Civil Law '') instead. To save money, some Canadian law schools (including U.B.C. and Calgary) have opted to work with their respective faculties of graduate studies to offer Ph. D. degrees in law instead of founding new S.J.D. programs.
The usage of the French Docteur and Docteure, and their abbreviated forms Dr, Dre, D and D, is controlled by the Code des professions. As a pre-nominal title it can be used without any further explication by physicians, veterinarians, and dentists. It can also be used prenominally, when accompanied by the name of the profession immediately after the name, by professionals who require a doctorate for their professional licence, such as psychology or chiropractic, e.g. Dr X, psychologue or Dr Y, chiropraticien. Academic doctors, where the doctorate is not required to practice, bear the title only after their name; this is not abbreviated, e.g. M. Z, docteur en philosophie not M. Z, Ph. D.
In the United States, the use of the title "Doctor '' is dependent upon the setting. The title is commonly used socially by physicians and those holding doctoral degrees; however, there was formerly a division between Letitia Baldrige and Miss Manners on its social usage by those who are not physicians. Baldrige saw this usage as acceptable, while in contrast, Miss Manners wrote that "only people of the medical profession correctly use the title of doctor socially, '' but supports those who wish to use it in social contexts in the spirit of addressing people according to their wishes. Miss Manners has since softened her approach, noting in her The Washington Post column that there are two approaches: "having been earned, it should be used '' and "that level of education being assumed, it need not be expressly mentioned ''; while she maintains that everyone should be addressed according to their wishes, she no longer states that only medical professionals use the title correctly but instead acknowledges that the title has been earned by those with Ph. D.s. The Emily Post Institute similarly advises that "Socially as well as professionally, medical doctors, dentists, and other professionals are addressed by, and introduced with, their titles. People who have earned a Ph. D. or any other academic, nonmedical doctoral degree have the choice of whether to use "Dr. '' both professionally and socially. '' Other advice columns have also noted that "it has become common to see someone with a Ph. D. addressed on the envelope as Dr., and as a consequence, deviation from convention has become acceptable. '' The 2017 book Etiquette Rules! gives identical forms for addressing a "doctor of medicine (MD), dental surgery (DDS), veterinary medicine (DVM), etc. '', and the holder of a Ph. D., advising in both cases the use of initials after the name for formal correspondence and Dr. before the name for social correspondence. Although the usage of the title by Ph. D. graduates has become common, its use socially by holders of professional doctorates (other than those noted) is neither explicitly endorsed nor explicitly discouraged by writers on etiquette. Miss Manners has, however, stated that a physician who has had their license revoked should be addressed by their former preferred honorific (i.e. not according to their M.D. degree). It is unusual for those who hold honorary doctorates to use the title "Doctor ''.
Recent publications from the office of the President of the United States of America also refer to Ph. D. holders as Dr. Soandso, and Second Lady Jill Biden used the style "Dr. Jill Biden '' after earning her Ph. D. For addresses (defined as "the conventional forms of address as determined by social and official custom ''), NASA uses "Dr. (full name) '' in addresses for Ph. D. holders while for physicians it uses "(full name), MD '', although both are addressed as "Dr. (surname) '' in the salutation (which is described as "informal ''). The National Institutes of Health similarly use "Dr. (surname) '' in salutations for people with an M.D., Ph. D. or D.D.S. They advise using full name followed by degrees in addressees, explicitly stating not to use the title "Dr. '', although an example in the following paragraph does, in fact, use the title rather than giving degrees.
Most newspapers in the US follow the AP Stylebook and reserve the title for medical doctors in their house styles; notable exceptions include The New York Times, which follows the preference of the individual when referring to PhD holders (although the title is not used for those with honorary doctorates), and the Wall Street Journal, which similarly prefers "Dr. '' for Ph. D. holders and physicians (if this is the person 's choice) while stating explicitly that the title is not used for lawyers with J.D.s or people with honorary doctorates. Until 1989, The Washington Post used the title for "practitioners of the healing arts (including chiropractors and osteopaths) but not for holders of PhDs or honorary degrees '', after which it dropped its use entirely.
The expansion of professional doctorates in clinical fields in the late 20th and early 21st centuries has led to disputes between physicians and other medical professions over who can use the title in a clinical context. This has been interpreted by some as part of larger battles within medicine, such as who gets to treat patients first and who has prescribing authority. The American Medical Association calls for non-physicians (those not holding an M.D. or D.O.) who use the title "Doctor '' and are in direct contact with patients to clarify that they are not physicians and to "define the nature of their doctorate degree '', while the American Osteopathic Association opposes the use of the title by non-physicians in clinical settings absolutely as (in their view) "such use deceives the public ''. Contrary to this, the Emergency Nurses Association has adopted as a position statement that "1. Nurses are entitled to have their educational degrees recognized and acknowledged in the same manner as other professions. 2. The proper title protection and use of accurate credentials is appropriate in the clinical setting. 3. When being addressed or introduced as doctor in the clinical environment, it is responsible practice for all healthcare providers to clarify their professional role. 4. Patients, families and the general public have a right and expectation to be informed regarding the credentials of their caregivers, including the use of the title "doctor ''. ''
The American Medical Association launched a campaign in 2011 for states to adopt "truth in advertising '' legislation. As a result, many states now have laws in place that protect the title of doctor when offering medical services. In some jurisdictions, the use of the title in health care is limited to those who have both a doctorate and are licensed to practice medicine, and there is a requirement that the field of the doctorate be disclosed. Some other jurisdictions require the practitioner to hold a doctorate and to disclose the field, but make no stipulations as to licensing. Professional boards may also place limits on its use by the practitioners they regulate, e.g. requiring either a Ph. D. in psychology or a Doctor of Psychology degree to use the title while practicing as a psychologist. Some states require name badges to be worn in medical facilities giving first name, licensure status, and staff position, although these laws may not explicitly address the use of the title "Doctor ''.
Though lawyers in the United States do not customarily use the title, the law degree in that country is the Juris Doctor, a professional doctorate. Some J.D. holders in the United States use the title of doctor in professional situations, although ethics board decisions have varied on whether this is permissible or might mislead the public into believing the lawyer was medically qualified or had a PhD. It is also sometimes used by J.D. holders in academic situations. In 2011, Mother Jones published an article claiming that Michele Bachmann was misrepresenting her qualifications by using the "bogus '' title Dr. based on her J.D. The article was later amended to note that the use of the title by lawyers "is a (begrudgingly) accepted practice in some states and not in others '', although they maintained that it was rarely used as it "suggests that you 're a medical doctor or a Ph. D. -- and therefore conveys a false level of expertise ''.
Ecclesiastical seminaries and entitled churches award their own doctorates in the United States, e.g. the Doctor of Religious Science (Dr. sc. rel.), the Doctor of Divinity (D.D.), the Doctor of Biblical Studies (D.B.S.) or the Doctor of Metaphysics (Dr. mph.). These titles are most commonly awarded to meritorious clerics for their outstanding work or another achievement in the field of religious and biblical studies.
American professional doctorates are not generally considered doctoral level degrees internationally, instead being classified as bachelor 's or master 's level. The ISCED mapping for these degrees, developed collaboratively between the US and UNESCO, places them at master 's level. As a result, holders of MD, JD, PharmD, etc. may not be permitted to use the title of Doctor in countries, such as Germany, where this is strictly controlled.
In the European Union, the title of doctor refers primarily to holders of post-graduate research doctorates, such as the PhD. In many European languages the term doctor is distinct from a medical practitioner, which can be referred to as e.g. läkare in Swedish, Arzt in German, dokter or arts in Dutch, or lääkäri in Finnish.
Standardisation of degrees into the three cycles of bachelor 's -- master 's -- doctorate across the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) is being carried out through the Bologna process, although not all EHEA member states have fully conformed to the 1999 Bologna declaration in favour of their own historic customs. With respect to the title "doctor '', it should be noted that the Bologna process makes no prescriptions regarding the names of degrees nor the titles they may confer. However, under the Lisbon Recognition Convention, recognition of a foreign degree allows "the use of an academic title, subject to the laws and regulations of the country in which recognition is sought ''. According to the Explanatory report, this means that: "The competent authorities of the Parties may grant the right to use the title in the exact form in which it was awarded in the Party concerned or in any other form. They may alternatively grant the right to use the corresponding title of the country in which recognition is sought. ''
In Austria, the degree "Doktor '' is granted to holders of research degrees (Dr. techn., Dr. phil., Dr. rer. nat., etc.).
In addition, the title of "Doktor '' is granted to physicians (Dr. med. univ.) and dentists (Dr. med. dent.), which do not technically possess doctorate degrees, but Diplom - level degrees. A post-graduate research doctorate (Dr. med. univ. et sci. med.) can be obtained, for example, after three years post-graduate studies at a Faculty of Medicine.
All doctors may be addressed as "Doktor ______ '', and the title is usually contracted to "Dr. ______ ''. Contrary to popular belief, "Dr. '' is not part of the name but a degree like "Mag. '' or "Dipl. - Ing. ''. It is not mandatory to use the title, although it can be added to official documents (driver 's license, passport, etc.), if desired.
In Finland, the title of tohtori or doktor denotes holder of a research doctorate comparable to a PhD. Until recent years it was customary to first become licentiate (after the master 's degree), which meant persons becoming doctors already had had quite a long academic career. Nowadays doctorate programs are available after the master 's degree in many fields and becoming doctor at young age is much more common.
Getting the doctorate requires advanced studies after the master 's degree, writing a thesis, nowadays often a thesis by publication, and publicly defending the thesis.
Physicians are in Finnish referred to as lääkäri (physician) unless they have a research doctorate.
In France, the title of Docteur is only used generally for physicians (médecin) and dentists (chirurgiens - dentistes) but can also be used by pharmacists, along with holders of research doctorates. Medical professionals do not normally hold a doctorate, which in France is used only to refer to a research doctorate, but a "State Diploma of Doctor of Medicine '' (Diplôme d'État de docteur en médecine).
The law in France allows the title of Dr to be used professionally by the above medical professionals and by holders of research doctorates, with the field of their speciality being mentioned after the name. The courts have ruled that stating the specialisation is not necessary except in circumstances specifically related to professional practice; at other times the title alone may be used. The courts have also determined that questioning the right of the holder of a research doctorate to use the title Dr is a form of libel. The National Union of Hospital Scientists (Syndicat National des Scientifiques Hospitaliers) launched a campaign in 2015 to raise awareness of the right of scientists to use the title.
In German language - speaking countries, the word Doktor refers to a doctorate awardee in formal language (similar to a PhD). It is distinct from Arzt, since a doctoral degree is not a requirement for medical practitioners, though colloquial use of the word Doktor for physician is common and ordinary people often incorrectly assume that only Doktors may practice medicine. For this reason, 80 % of all students in medicine write "doctoral '' dissertations, comparable to a master 's thesis in science, alongside their undergraduate studies to obtain a Dr. med. degree. The European Research Council decided in 2010 that those Dr. med. doctorates do not meet the international standards of a PhD research degree.
In Germany, the most common doctoral degrees are Dr. med. (medicine), Dr. med. dent. (dentistry), Dr. med. vet. (veterinary medicine), Dr. rer. nat. (natural sciences), Dr. phil. (humanities), Dr. iur. (law), Dr. rer. pol. (economic and political sciences, also as Dr. rer. oec. in Switzerland), Dr. - Ing. (engineering), and Dr. theol. (theology). All holders of doctoral degrees are appropriately addressed as "Herr / Frau Dr. _____ '' in all social situations.
In Germany, double doctorates are indicated in the title by "Dr. Dr. '' or "DDr. '' and triple doctorates as "Dr. Dr. Dr. '' or "DDDr. ''. More doctorates are indicated by the addition of "mult. '', such as "Dr. mult. ''. Honorary titles are shown with the addition of "h.c. '', which stands for "honoris causa ''. Example: "Dr. h.c. mult. ''
All people holding a doctorate from an EU member state are, since 2001, entitled to use "Doctor '' or "Dr. '' in all formal, legal and published communications without any further addenda. For academics with doctorates from non-EU member states, the qualification must be recognised formally ("validated '') by the Federal Educational Ministry in Bonn. The recognition process can be done by the employer or employee and may be part of the official bureaucracy for confirming professional status and is dependent on individual bilateral agreements between Germany and other countries and, since 2007, the Lisbon Recognition Convention. An example of mutual recognition of Doctor titles among EU countries is the "Bonn Agreement of November 14, 1994 '', signed between Germany and Spain (prior to the general recognition of EU doctorates).
In 2008, The Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder in the Federal Republic of Germany extended their 2001 decision to recognise EU PhDs to cover PhDs that were awarded in Australia, Israel, Japan, Canada, and some American universities. It was announced in 2012 that this would be further extended to cover PhDs awarded in New Zealand. PhDs that were awarded in the United States are recognized if the awarding institution is classified by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching as a "Research University (high research activity) '' or as a "Research University (very high research activity). '' Permission to use the title covers only scientific research degrees and does not extend to professional degrees such as the M.D. or J.D.
In Greece, the title "Διδάκτωρ '' (didaktōr) is used to reference holders of a doctorate degree, while the term "Ιατρός '' (iatros) is used for physicians of any specialty.
In Hungary, graduates of six - year medical schools (dr. med.), five - year dentistry schools (dr. med. dent.), five - year law schools (dr. jur.) and five - year veterinary medical schools (dr. vet.) receive the title of a doctor at the end of their studies, after completing and successfully defending their thesis; their undergraduate studies must have lasted for a minimum of three years. Completing a PhD research programme (or DLA in arts and music) also leads to the doctor title. Since 2008, also those who graduated of five - year pharmacy schools have the right to use the title "dr '' (dr. pharm.).
A large part of Hungarians with doctor titles received their titles for research in the old academic system before PhD was introduced in Hungary. Since the introduction of PhD title (1993), the dr. univ title (given before 1993). The CSc Candidate of Science title was a scientific title in the old academic system and is now treated as an equivalent of PhD. CSc titles were awarded by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Before 1989, juris doctors were allowed to use the Dr. title in their name.
The highest level doctoral degree in Hungary is DSc Doctor of Sciences, awarded by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. It is also called Doctor of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
The title of doctor used to become a part of the name and was added as such to personal identity documents. This practice is still common and graduates after receiving their diploma would usually change their personal documents in order to officially indicate the achievement.
Usage in Ireland is similar to that in the UK. The title of doctor is used for holders of doctoral degrees as well as for medical practitioners (except surgeons), dentists, and vets.
The first university of Western civilization, the University of Bologna, is located in Italy, where until modern times the only degree granted was that of the doctorate, and all other Italian universities followed that model. During the 20th century Italian universities introduced more advanced research degrees, such as the Ph. D., and now that it is part of the E.U. Bologna Process, a new three - year first degree, or "laurea '' (equivalent to a B.A. of other countries), has been introduced. The old - style "laurea '' is now known as "laurea magistrale / specialistica '' (Bologna Process second cycle / ISCED 2011 Level 7). For historical reasons, even to this day, the title of "dottore / dottoressa '' (abbrev. both as dott / dott. ssa or as dr. / dr. ssa) is awarded even to those who have studied for a "laurea ''. Upper levels of degree are anyway shown in the title, as those who obtain a master 's degree can be referred to as "dottore / dottoressa magistrale '' (masterly doctor) while those who achieve the relatively new program of "dottorato di ricerca '' (research doctorate, equivalent of a Ph. D.), carry the title of "dottore / dottoressa di ricerca '' (research doctor), which can be abbreviated as "Dott. Ric. '' or "Ph. D. ''
In Malta, the title of Doctor is used by academic doctors (with Ph. D.s), medical practitioners, dentists and lawyers. Its use by lawyers is due to the qualifying degree for practicing law having been the LLD until reforms in 2014, and has been described as "historical baggage '' by the Dean of the University of Malta 's law school. Lawyers do not generally use the title when practicing outside of Malta.
In the Dutch language the word "dokter '' refers to a physician, whereas "doctor '' refers to the academic title. The doctor title is abbreviated as dr. placed before the holders name (note the lowercase).
To enter a Dutch doctoral defense, the candidate must hold a validated master 's degree (a master 's degree of an acknowledged university, or a master equivalent degree validated on a case by case basis by the Dutch government). In some cases the candidate can be granted special dispensation if no master 's degree is held. There is no specific notation of the discipline in which the doctorate is obtained. Exceptions only exist for the disciplines with specific master titles of engineering "ir. '' ("ingenieur '', i.e. Engineer) and law "mr. '' ("meester '', i.e. Master of Law) where the title dr. is added to the original master title. For these disciplines, the original master 's degree abbreviation is combined with the dr. abbreviation thus resulting in for example "dr. ir. Familyman ''. The dr. title is always placed in front of the ir. title. In the case of a PhD in law, the original mr. title is placed before the dr. title (mr. dr., see e.g. Jan Peter Balkenende). For a person having a law master 's degree, but holding a PhD in another field than law the mr. title is placed after the dr. title (dr. mr.). No specific notation or title for the medical disciplines exists in the Netherlands. Although a physician is usually referred to as "dokter '' (note the spelling difference) this does not necessarily imply the physician holds a doctoral degree; nor does it give the physician a title equivalent to that of PhD.
Confusion can be caused by the original Dutch Master level title "drs. '' (for all non-engineering and non-law master 's degrees). This abbreviation stands for the Dutch title doctorandus Latin for "he who should become a doctor '' (female form is "doctoranda ''). Dutch drs. should not be confused with the plural ' doctorates ': having a PhD in multiple disciplines. Once a doctorate is achieved the doctorandus is promoted to doctor, and no longer uses the drs. abbreviation. Stacking of multiples titles of the same level, as seen in countries like for example Germany (Dr. Dr. Dr. Musterfrau) is highly uncommon in the Netherlands (although stacking of titles with different levels is common: prof. dr. ir. Appelmans). Those who have multiple doctor titles may use dr. mult. before their name, although this is rarely used.
After obtaining a doctorate successfully, Dutch doctors may bear either the title dr. (lower case) before, or the letter D (rarely in practice) behind their name, but not both simultaneously. In the Netherlands, Academic titles are used exclusively within academia. Holding a PhD title has become a standard requirement for a university career. The doctor title has little to no meaning or implications for public life outside academia. It can not be added to documentation (e.g. passport, drivers licence), and is used infrequently in daily practice.
Historically, The Netherlands used their own academic degree nomenclature, but for many years now have recognised and implemented the Bologna declaration. In everyday practice, the Anglo Saxon titles (e.g. PhD) are frequently used. Dutch academic titles are legally protected. PhD degrees can only be granted by recognised (research) universities. Illegal use is considered a misdemeanor and subject to legal prosecution.
In Portugal, up to recent times after the completion of an undergraduate degree -- except in architecture and engineering -- a person was referred to as doutor (Dr.) -- male or doutora (Dra.) -- female. The architects and engineers were referred by their professional titles: arquitecto (Arq.) and engenheiro (Eng.). Nurses are also referred to as "nurse '', enfermeiro (male) or enfermeira (female), the title being Enf. for both.
Nowadays Portugal is a signatory to the Bologna process and according to the current legislation the title of Doctor (doutor, doutora) is reserved for graduate holders of an academic doctorate. Professions such as physicians, attorneys, pharmacists, veterinarians, and few others are usually referred to by the title Dr. (doutor) even if they have not been awarded a doctoral degree.
However, custom gives the legislation little strength and most graduates use the Dr. title in its abbreviated form, although use of the full Doutor is normally restricted to those with doctorates... Those who are both holders of an academic doctorate and Professors at a college level are generally referred to as Professor Doutor.
The social standing of Doctors in Spain is evidenced by the fact that only Ph. D. holders, Grandees and Dukes can take seat and cover their heads in the presence of the King.
Ph. D. Degrees are regulated by Royal Decree (R.D. 1393 / 2007), Real Decreto (in Spanish). They are granted by the University on behalf of the King, and its Diploma has the force of a public document. The Ministry of Science keeps a national database of doctoral theses called TESEO. Any person who uses the Spanish title of doctor / doctora (or Dr. / Dra.) without being included in this Government database can be prosecuted for fraud. However, the Spanish Royal Academy recognises that it is used colloquially to describe medics, even without doctoral degrees, as well as (in the feminine form, doctora, abbreviated Dra.) the wives of doctors (i.e. holders of doctoral degrees) and medics, as well as "women who shine with wisdom and understanding ''.
Unlike other countries, until recently Spain has registered a comparatively small number of Doctor degree holders, but the tendency is changing. According to the Spanish Statistical Office (INE), less than 5 % of M.Sc. degree holders are admitted to Ph. D. programs. This reinforces the prestige that Doctors have historically enjoyed in Spain 's society.
Doctor is commonly used in the United Kingdom as the title for a person who has received a doctoral degree or, as courtesy title, for a qualified medical practitioner or dentist who does not have a doctorate. There are no restrictions on the use of the title "Doctor '' in the United Kingdom, except where, in commercial advertising, it might imply that the user holds a general medical qualification. The UK government allows medical doctors and holders of doctorates to have the title recorded on the observations page of their UK passport. The lack of legal restrictions was confirmed in Parliament in 1996 by health minister Gerald Malone, who noted that the title doctor had never been restricted by law to either medical practitioners or those with doctoral degrees in the UK, although the titles "physician, doctor of medicine, licentiate in medicine and surgery, bachelor of medicine, surgeon, general practitioner and apothecary '' were protected.
According to the etiquette guide, Debrett 's, holders of doctoral degrees and medical doctors (but not surgeons) should be addressed as "Doctor ''. It should be noted that for medical doctors, "Doctor '' is a professional title rather than an academic one: it is due to their being a medical practitioner rather than their having gained a doctoral degree. The Quality Assurance Agency states that "The use of the title ' Dr ' by medical doctors is a historical abbreviation for the profession; it does not indicate a qualification at doctoral level ''. On guest lists and seating plans for formal events, holders of academic doctorates (but not medical doctors or other people using the title as a courtesy title) are listed either as "Dr John Smith '' or "John Smith, Esq, PhD '', while untitled men (other than those holding doctorates) are shown as either "Mr John Smith '' or "John Smith, Esq '' (as appropriate to ensure the styling remains consistent). The title "Dr '' is also used on visiting cards.
Medical students in the UK normally complete a course of study leading to the degree of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS, BMBS or MBChB). The MD degree is not a qualifying degree in the UK, but can be either a professional doctorate (at the same academic level as a PhD), a doctorate by thesis, or a higher doctorate, depending on the university. To be eligible for an MD degree in the UK one must already hold an entry level medical degree (for example, MBBS, MBChB, BMed, or a North American MD degree) and usually must have had at least 5 years of postgraduate training and experience. Trainee doctors are permitted to use the title Doctor once they have started their post-graduation "Foundation Programme ''.
Debrett 's states that medical doctors (except surgeons) should be addressed on envelopes as "Dr (full name), (medical qualifications) '', e.g. "Dr John Smith, MD '', "Dr Anne Jones, MB BS, FRCP '', "Dr David Evans, MB ChB '', contrary to the normal rule of not mixing titles and post-nominals. Surgeons (and dentists, if not holding a doctoral degree) should be "(full name), Esq, (medical / dental qualifications) '', e.g. "John Smith, Esq, MS, FRCS '', "David Evans, Esq., BDS '', but "Dr Anne Jones, DDS, FDS RCS '',. By contrast, those holding (non medical or dental) doctoral degrees, if not surgeons, should be "Dr (full name) '' without post-nominals on envelopes, e.g. "Dr John Smith ''.
A & C Black 's Titles and Forms of Address diverges from Debrett 's on how to address envelopes to medical doctors, omitting the pre-nominal title of Dr (e.g. John Smith, Esq, MD; John Smith, MD; John Smith, MB) except in Scotland and for general practitioners, where the post-nominals are instead usually omitted (e.g. Dr John Smith). Black 's also state that it is down to individual choice whether non-medical doctors are addressed on envelopes as "Dr John Smith '' or "John Smith, Esq, PhD '' (or appropriate letters for the doctorate held), with the exception of doctors of divinity, who would be "The Rev. J. Smith, DD '' on the envelope and "Reverend Sir '' in a formal salutation (informally in the salutation "Dear Dr Smith '', and "Dr Smith '' in speech).
The custom of not referring to surgeons (members and fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons) as Dr has been commented on in the British Medical Journal and may stem from the historical origins of the profession such as that some barbers also used to function as surgeons. In 2005, the then - president of the Royal College of Surgeons called upon surgeons to use the title of Dr, saying that the use of Mr or Miss was confusing to patients. Black 's note that gynaecologists are addressed as surgeons in England and Wales but as doctors elsewhere.
In a similar manner to the medical MBBS, dentists qualify with a Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) and vets with a Bachelor of Veterinary Science (BVSc), Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine (BVetMed) or Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery (BVMS). All of these are, like the MBBS, master 's level qualifications that bear bachelor 's designations for historical reasons.
Dentists have traditionally (as dental surgeons) been referred to in the same way as surgeons, but since 1995 the General Dental Council have permitted dentists to use the title "Doctor '', though many do not choose to do this, thereby stressing their surgeon status. However, Debrett 's continues to advises that dentists are normally addressed as surgeons and that the title "Doctor '' is usually only used for dentists who have a doctoral degree.
On 5 March 2015 the council of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS) voted to permit its members to use the courtesy title of "Doctor ''. Guidance from the RCVS says the title should be used either with the description "veterinary surgeon '' or the postnominals "MRCVS '' to ensure there is no confusion with doctors of human medicine or holders of doctoral degrees.
Optometrists are not permitted to use the title "Doctor '' based on their initial qualification (BOptom or BSc (Optom)). Optometrists can earn PhDs or Doctor of Optometry degrees (in the UK a PhD - level qualification for qualified optometrists with experience in practice). Ophthalmologists are fully qualified medical doctors. However, ophthalmology is considered a branch of surgery, thus ophthalmologists, like other surgeons in the UK, do not use the title "Doctor ''.
The General Chiropractic Council permits registered chiropractors to use the title "Doctor '', although it advises chiropractors to avoid using the title in advertising or, if they do, to spell out that they are "Doctors of Chiropractic ''. The Committee of Advertising Practice advises, however, that "references to ' DC ' or ' doctor of chiropractic ' are unlikely to dispel that misleading impression (of being a medical practitioner), when used in conjunction with unqualified references to the prefix ' Dr ' '', saying that the use of the title by chiropractors may be acceptable in advertising if "clearly and prominently qualified with additional text which makes clear it is a courtesy title and that the practitioner does not hold a general medical qualification ''.
The Advertising Standards Authority has ruled that practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine should not use the title doctor in adverts unless they hold a general medical qualification and are registered with the General Medical Council. It similarly advises that osteopaths should not use the title unless holding a general medical qualification. There have also been rulings that an advert for an osteomyologist which referred to him as a doctor was misleading, as was an advert which used the title "Dr '' and the post-nominals "PhD '' on the basis of a PhD from an unaccredited university.
Holders of honorary doctorates in the UK have the right, in most cases, to use the title of Doctor, although holders are encouraged to refrain from doing so. Black 's says that "The same rules apply as to other holders '', although notes that the post-nominals would not normally be used.
In some circumstances, "doctor '' may be used on its own as a form of address rather than as a title before a name. This is limited to when the person is being addressed by their job title and so is only used for medical doctors.
Wales follows UK usage in English. In Welsh, the holder of a doctoral degree is doethur while a medical doctor is doctor or meddyg. The title "y Doethur '' is used by those holding doctorates, e.g. "y Doethur Brinley Jones '', "y Doethur John Elfed Jones, which can be abbreviated "Dr ''. Medical doctors use, as in English, the title "Doctor '', also abbreviated "Dr ''.
In countries that were formerly Yugoslavian republics, such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia the title formally belongs to holders of academic doctoral degree such as PhD or pre-Bologna dr.sc. (Doctor scientiae) degree. The distinction is not formally accentuated (much like pre-Bologna mr.sc. i.e. "Magister scientiae '' versus the Bologna mag. / M.A. / M.Sc... which is informally often referred to as "masters '') between holders of two titles irrespective of the difference in years of study and required academic achievement which were both higher for earlier degrees. Informally it is not uncommon to accentuate that someone is holding a post-Bologna doctorate by using the PhD title, which was not used prior to Bologna, whereas holders of pre-Bologna degrees are common to use the earlier formal abbreviation of "dr.sc. '' that is not common in post-Bologna doctorates.
Informally, the title, in both it 's full and abbreviated form (i.e. "dr. '') is used honorifically to address medical doctors even in more formal environment like in lectored media texts, however officially it is reserved only for the holders of academic degrees. Formally the professional title for medical doctor is "lijekar '' in Bosnian and Montenegrin, "liječnik '' in Croatian, "lekar / лекар '' in Macedonian and Serbian and "zdravnik '' in Slovenian and they can hold different academic degrees, as well as additional honorific title of Primarius that is given to distinguished specialists with exemplary reputation and achievements.
With the introduction of National Health Practitioner registration legislation on 1 July 2010, the title "doctor '' is not restricted in any Australian state. The title "medical practitioner '' is restricted for use by registered medical practitioners, while the title "doctor '' is not restricted by law. Despite this, the Medical Board of Australia advises that practitioners who are not medical practitioners who choose to use the title ' Doctor ' (or ' Dr ') should clearly state their profession in advertisements, even if they hold a PhD or another doctoral degree, e.g. ' Dr Smith (Dentist) ' or ' Dr Jones (Chiropodist) '. The Psychology Board of Australia prohibits psychologists from using the title, to avoid confusion with psychiatrists, unless they hold a doctoral degree, in which case they must make it clear that they are not a medical practitioner or psychiatrist, e.g. by putting ' (Psychologist) ' after their name. The Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) defines doctoral degrees as being at Level 10 of the framework; it specifies that: "Individuals who have been awarded a Doctoral Degree at Level 10 on the AQF are entitled to use the title ' Doctor '. The title ' Doctor ' will not be used by those who hold an honorary award. '' The name ' Doctor ' is also used in the name of some extended master 's degrees at Level 9 (e.g. Juris Doctor and Doctor of Medicine); these are not considered doctoral degrees.
In British English it is not necessary to indicate an abbreviation with a full stop (period) after the abbreviation, when the last letter of the abbreviation is the same as the unabbreviated word, while such a full stop is required in American English. This means that while the abbreviation of Doctor is usually written as "Dr '' in most of the Commonwealth, it is usually written as "Dr. '' in North America. However, the US Postal Service prefers punctuation to be omitted from addresses.
Similarly, conventions regarding the punctuation of degree abbreviations vary. In the United Kingdom, it is normal also to omit stops from postnominal letters, thus the usual abbreviation of "Esquire '' in postnominals is "Esq '', and the usual abbreviation for "Doctor of Philosophy '' is "PhD '' (or "DPhil '', where this is used). The fully punctuated "Ph. D. '' or "D. Phil. '' is anachronistic and, where the abbreviated form of the degree is defined by regulation rather than custom (e.g. Oxford), may be technically incorrect.
An honorary doctorate is a doctoral degree awarded for service to the institution or the wider community. It may also be awarded for outstanding achievement in a particular field. This service or achievement does not need to be academic in nature. Often, the same set of degrees is used for higher doctorates, but they are distinguished as being honoris causa: in comprehensive lists, the lettering used to indicate the possession of a higher doctorate is often adjusted to indicate this, for example, "Hon. Sc. D. '', as opposed to the earned research doctorate "Sc. D. ''. The degrees of Doctor of the University (D. Univ.) and Doctor of Humane Letters (D.H.L.), however, are only awarded as honorary degrees.
By convention, recipients of honorary doctorates do not use the title "Dr '' in general correspondence, although in formal correspondence from the university issuing the honorary degree it is normal to address the recipient by the title. However, this social convention is not always scrupulously observed; notable people who defied social convention and used the honorary prefix include:
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atchafalaya delta wildlife management area and game preserve franklin la | List of Louisiana Wildlife management areas - wikipedia
Louisiana Wildlife Management Areas are protected conservation areas within the state of Louisiana. The goal is protecting, conserving, and replenishing wildlife, including all aquatic life. Wildlife Management Areas may be owned or managed by the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. The Enforcement Division ensures compliance of laws and rules and regulations regarding the management, conservation, protection of natural wildlife and fisheries resources, and providing public safety.
Louisiana is divided into areas called ecoregions, West Gulf Coast Plain (WGCP) with 370,861 acres, East Gulf Coast Plain (EGCP) with 198,377 acres, Mississippi Alluvial Valley - North (MAVN) with 128,736 acres, and the Mississippi Alluvial Valley - South (MAVS) with 257,999 acres.
Louisiana Wildlife Management Areas:
The LDWF free - lease on the more than 25,000 acre Jackson - Bienville Wildlife Management Area (a WMA since 1961) was not renewed as of July 1, 2016, as an agreement with the Weyerhaeuser Company could not be reached. Nesting areas of the Red - cockaded woodpeckers are still subject to protection by the State of Louisiana and the LDWF under current laws and rules and regulations.
A 25,480 acre tract of land, bordered on the west by the Upper Ouachita National Wildlife Refuge, managed by the LDWF under a twenty - five year lease with tax exemptions that started in 1994, was removed as a WMA in 2003. The property, previously known as Terzia Game Preserve, under cooperative agreements with the state of Louisiana since 1935, was renamed Georgia Pacific WMA in 1966. Georgia Pacific Corporation transferred the property to a subsidy, The Timber Company, and the property was acquired by Plum Creek Timber Company during a 2001 merger. A local attorney brought a lawsuit in 2002 challenging the legality of a 1987 Legislative act (LSA - R.S. 56: 24), that exempted local and state property taxes on corporate forest lands leased to the State for hunting by the public, that allegedly conflicts with Section 21 of Article 7 of the Louisiana Constitution. The lawsuit will likely have far reaching implications on land made available to the public that includes over 400,000 acres in Louisiana. With the potential loss of tax exemptions more property owners will likely not renew leases and many will opt to self - manage property pursuing other uses like leasing to hunting clubs, that have become a lucrative deal.
White Lake Wetlands Conservation Area in Vermilion Parish
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who are the hosts of sunday nfl countdown | Sunday NFL Countdown - wikipedia
Sunday NFL Countdown is a pregame show of all the NFL action for that week. The official name is Sunday NFL Countdown presented by Snickers. The show airs on ESPN, ESPN HD, TSN and TSN HD from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. Eastern time every Sunday during the National Football League regular season. In Europe it is aired by ESPN America.
It is very similar to The NFL Today on CBS and Fox NFL Sunday, which airs on Fox. The show 's former names include NFL GameDay from 1985 to 1995, NFL Countdown from 1996 to 1997, and since 1998, Sunday NFL Countdown (to demarcate from the Monday night version of the series). In 2006, the program introduced new graphics and a new logo to resemble the network 's Monday Night Football logo.
Chris Berman had been the studio host since 1986 succeeding Bob Ley. Jack Youngblood was the first analyst. In 1987, he was replaced by Pete Axthelm and Tom Jackson.
The show 's awards include seven Sports Emmy Awards for Outstanding Weekly Show (1988, 1991, 1994, 1995, 2001, 2003, and 2006 seasons) and five CableACE Awards (1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995 seasons).
On September 7, 2014, which was the 35th anniversary of ESPN 's launch, Sunday NFL Countdown debuted a brand - new studio inside Digital Center 2 of ESPN 's main facilities in Bristol. With it, came a new logo and also, a new graphics package similar to that of SportsCenter. Like SportsCenter, a Helvetica font is used, but with the lower - thirds having white text on a black background, as opposed to black text on a white background. Starting September 8, every NFL show produced at ESPN now shares its new graphics, new logo, and a new set (except Monday Night Countdown, which itself shares the same graphics package and theme music as Monday Night Football).
On September 13, 2015, Sunday NFL Countdown was shortened from 3 hours to 2 hours, due to a new Sunday edition of NFL Insiders being aired in the 10 a.m. to 11 a.m. ET time slot. Therefore, Sunday NFL Countdown was moved down an hour to 11 a.m. ET. On September 10, 2017, Sunday NFL Countdown moved back to the 10 a.m. ET time slot and became a 3 - hour program once again, resulting in the cancellation of NFL Insiders: Sunday Edition after 2 seasons.
The show usually originates from Bristol, but it originates in the city hosting the Super Bowl for its Super Bowl edition. On November 20, 2016, the show originated from Mexico City, which was hosting the Monday Night Football game the following night between the Houston Texans and Oakland Raiders. In January 2017, ESPN announced that Berman would leave the show at the end of the 2016 - 17 season, ending his 31 - year tenure as host of this program. Berman was replaced with Samantha Ponder, who had previously co-hosted and contributed to College GameDay from 2012 -- 2016.
On July 14, 2003, ESPN announced that Rush Limbaugh would be joining the show as a weekly commentator when it premiered on September 7. Limbaugh would provide the "voice of the fan '' and was supposed to spark debate on the show. On September 28, Limbaugh commented about Donovan McNabb, the quarterback of the Philadelphia Eagles:
On October 1, 2003, less than one week after that comment, Limbaugh resigned from ESPN. The following Sunday on air Tom Jackson said about Limbaugh:
In February 2007, ESPN confirmed an earlier report in the Dallas Morning News that Michael Irvin would not be brought back to the show or to the network. On March 12, ESPN confirmed on its website that Michael Irvin 's former teammate, Emmitt Smith would fill Irvin 's chair, but that arrangement only lasted one season. Keyshawn Johnson also joined the network and has served as an analyst for Countdown, among other programs.
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can a 3 way bulb work in any lamp | 3 - way lamp - wikipedia
A 3 - way lamp, also known as a tri-light, is a lamp that uses a 3 - way light bulb to produce three levels of light in a low - medium - high configuration. A 3 - way lamp requires a 3 - way bulb and socket, and a 3 - way switch. Unlike an incandescent lamp controlled by a dimmer, each of the filaments operates at full voltage, so the color of the light does not change between the three steps of light available. Certain compact fluorescent lamp bulbs are designed to replace 3 - way incandescent bulbs, and have an extra contact and circuitry to bring about similar light level. In recent years, LED three way bulbs have become available as well.
Lamp bulbs with dual (carbon) filaments were built as early as 1902 to allow adjustable lighting levels. Large lamps of 500 - watt rating were used for street lighting in France, which had a second filament at 200 watts to reduce lighting costs. In 1933 in the United States, Westinghouse announced a dual - filament lamp for commercial lighting and a smaller lamp for residential use.
A 3 - way incandescent bulb has two filaments designed to produce different amounts of light.
The two filaments can be activated separately or together, giving three different amounts of light. A typical 3 - way incandescent bulb is a 50 W / 100 W / 150 W bulb. It has a low - power 50 W filament and a medium - power 100 W filament. When they are both energized at the same time, 150 W of power is delivered, and a high level of light is produced. Usually screw - base 3 - way bulbs fit into regular Type A sockets. Larger 3 - way bulbs (up to 300 W) have a larger "mogul '' base. These 3 way bulbs can also come in spiral designs.
Some compact fluorescent lamps have similar circuitry to produce the different amounts of light.
A standard screw lamp socket has only two electrical contacts. In the center of the bottom of a standard socket is the hot contact (contact one in photo), which typically looks like a small metal tongue bent over. The threaded metal shell is itself the neutral contact (contact three in photo). When a standard bulb is screwed into a standard socket, a matching contact on the bottom of the bulb presses against the metal tongue in the center of the socket, creating the live connection. The metal threads of the bulb base touch the socket shell, which creates the neutral connection, and this is how the electrical circuit is completed.
A 3 - way socket has three electrical contacts. In addition to the two contacts of the standard socket, a third contact is added. This contact is positioned off - center in the bottom of the socket (contact two in photo). This extra contact matches a ring - shaped contact on the bottom of a 3 - way bulb, which creates the connection for the second filament inside the bulb. A problem of these devices is that the ring contact of the socket (contact two in photo) digs into the lead seal on the lamp bulb 's contact ring and this connection tends to fail early (sometimes in months), leading to intermittent flashes, popping noises, and loss of power to the low wattage filament as the lead seal on the bulb 's ring alternately melts and solidifies.
The center contact of the bulb typically connects to the medium - power filament, and the ring connects to the low - power filament. Thus, if a 3 - way bulb is screwed into a standard light socket that has only a center contact, only the medium - power filament operates. In the case of the 50 W / 100 W / 150 W bulb, putting this bulb in a regular lamp socket will result in it behaving like a normal 100W bulb.
A 3 - way socket that is to be wired to a separate 3 - way 2 - circuit switch, is called a "keyless 3 - way socket. '' This would be typical in a 3 - way floor - standing torchiere lamp. A "keyed 3 - way socket '' has the switch incorporated in the lamp socket and requires no external wiring between switch and socket.
The switch used to control a 3 - way lamp is usually a rotary switch or a pull - chain switch. Although it is referred to as a 3 - way switch, it has four positions, off, lamp one (low), lamp two (medium), and lamps one and two (high). When properly connected to a 3 - way socket containing a 3 - way bulb, this switch will first power one filament, then the other filament, then both, then return to the off position. To do this, the switch must be capable of operating two different circuits. Internal to the switch there are two sets of switch contacts that are not connected electrically, but which are connected mechanically in such a way that they operate together as shown in this table.
Wiring a 3 - way lamp is a simple matter of connecting the 3 - way switch 's two switched live wires (frequently red for the low - wattage circuit and blue for the medium - wattage circuit) from the switch to the two live terminals on the 3 - way socket. The lamp 's power cord must be connected so that the wire from the wide blade on the power cord plug (neutral) connects to the neutral terminal on the socket, and the wire from the narrow blade on the plug (hot) connects to the black wire on the switch.
Another type of 2 - circuit lamp is also fairly common. This is the lamp with night light. While related to a 3 - way lamp, this lamp is different from a 3 - way lamp in both its intention and the parts it uses. The main intent of a lamp with night light is not to offer three levels of light, but rather to offer only two levels: a bright working light, and a very dim night light or decorative accent. Typically it does still use the 3 - way 2 - circuit switch. However, instead of having one 3 - way socket, it uses two regular sockets.
A lamp with night light is often configured so that one of the two sockets is a medium - base socket, considered to be the Main Lamp (under the lamp shade), and the other socket is a candelabra - base socket that is the night light or decorative accent light. The night light is usually placed somewhere on or inside the body of the lamp. In a typical set - up, the main lamp would have a 150 W medium - base bulb, and the night light would have 7 W candelabra bulb. The operation of the switch is still the same, such that the night light comes on, then the main lamp, then both together, then it goes back to off.
Sometimes a 3 - way 2 - circuit switch is incorporated together with a regular socket, to be used as the main lamp socket in a lamp with a night light. In this configuration, the switched lamp one live terminal for the night light socket is exposed externally on the base of the socket, to be wired to the remote candelabra socket. Hence, this type of socket has a Hot terminal, a Neutral terminal, and a switched Hot terminal. This creates a confusing situation in which a keyed 3 - way socket (which has a 3 - contact socket at the top of it) has only two terminal screws, while a night - light socket (which does not have a 3 - contact socket at the top) has three terminal screws on the base.
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the mississippian civilization settled along the rocky mountains | Mississippian culture - wikipedia
The Mississippian culture was a mound - building Native American civilization archeologists date from approximately 800 CE to 1600 CE, varying regionally.
It was composed of a series of urban settlements and satellite villages (suburbs) linked together by a loose trading network, the largest city being Cahokia, believed to be a major religious center. The civilization flourished from the southern shores of the Great Lakes at Western New York and Western Pennsylvania in what is now the Eastern Midwest, extending south - southwest into the lower Mississippi Valley and wrapping easterly around the southern foot of the Appalachians barrier range into what is now the Southeastern United States.
The Mississippian way of life began to develop in the Mississippi River Valley (for which it is named). Cultures in the tributary Tennessee River Valley may have also begun to develop Mississippian characteristics at this point. Almost all dated Mississippian sites predate 1539 -- 1540 (when Hernando de Soto explored the area), with notable exceptions being Natchez communities that maintained Mississippian cultural practices into the 18th century.
A number of cultural traits are recognized as being characteristic of the Mississippians. Although not all Mississippian peoples practiced all of the following activities, they were distinct from their ancestors in adoption of some or all of these traits.
The Mississippians had no writing system or stone architecture. They worked naturally occurring metal deposits, such as hammering and annealing copper for ritual objects like Mississippian copper plates and other decorations, but did not smelt iron or practice bronze metallurgy.
The Mississippi stage is usually divided into three or more chronological periods. Each period is an arbitrary historical distinction varying regionally. At a particular site, each period may be considered to begin earlier or later, depending on the speed of adoption or development of given Mississippian traits. The "Mississippi period '' should not be confused with the "Mississippian culture ''. The Mississippi period is the chronological stage, while Mississippian culture refers to the cultural similarities that characterize this society.
The term Middle Mississippian is also used to describe the core of the classic Mississippian culture area. This area covers the central Mississippi River Valley, the lower Ohio River Valley, and most of the Mid-South area, including western and central Kentucky, western Tennessee, and northern Alabama and Mississippi. Sites in this area often contain large ceremonial platform mounds, residential complexes and are often encircled by earthen ditches and ramparts or palisades.
Middle Mississippian cultures, especially the Cahokia polity located near East St. Louis, Illinois, was very influential on neighboring societies. High status artifacts, including stone statuary and elite pottery associated with Cahokia, have been found far outside of the Middle Mississippian area. These items, especially the pottery, were also copied by local artists.
The term South Appalachian Province was originally used by W.H. Holmes in 1903 to describe a regional ceramic style in the southeast involving surface decorations applied with a carved wooden paddle. By the late 1960s archaeological investigations had shown the similarity of the culture that produced the pottery and the midwestern Mississippian pattern defined in 1937 by the Midwestern Taxonomic System.
In 1967 James B. Griffin coined ' South Appalachian Mississippian ' to describe the evolving understanding of the peoples of the Southeast. South Appalachian Mississippian area sites are distributed across a contiguous area including Alabama, Georgia, northern Florida, South Carolina, central and western North Carolina, and Tennessee. Chronologically this area became influenced by Mississippian culture later than the Middle Mississippian area (about 1000 CE as compared to 800 CE) to its northwest. It is believed that the peoples of this area adopted Mississippian traits from their northwestern neighbors.
Typical settlements were located on riverine floodplains and included villages with defensive palisades enclosing platform mounds and residential areas. Etowah and Ocmulgee (both located in Georgia) are prominent examples of the South Appalachian Mississippian settlements.
The Caddoan Mississippian area, a regional variant of the Mississippian culture, covered a large territory, including what is now eastern Oklahoma, western Arkansas, northeastern Texas, and northwestern Louisiana. Archaeological evidence has led to a scholarly consensus that the cultural continuity is unbroken from prehistory to the present, and that the Caddo and related Caddo language speakers in prehistoric times and at first European contact are the direct ancestors of the modern Caddo Nation of Oklahoma.
The climate in this area was drier than areas in the eastern woodlands, hindering maize production, and the lower population on the plains to the west may have meant fewer neighboring competing chiefdoms to contend with. Major sites such as Spiro and the Battle Mound Site are in the Arkansas River and Red River Valleys, the largest and most fertile of the waterways in the Caddoan region, where maize agriculture would have been the most productive. The sites generally lacked wooden palisade fortifications often found in the major Middle Mississippian towns. Living on the western edge of the Mississippian world, the Caddoans may have faced fewer military threats from their neighbors. Their societies may also have had a somewhat lower level of social stratification.
The Caddoan people were speakers of one of the many Caddoan languages. The Caddoan languages once had a broad geographic distribution, but many are now extinct. The modern languages in the Caddoan family include Caddo and Pawnee, now spoken mainly by elderly people.
Hernando de Soto led an expedition into the area in the early 1540s, he encountered several native groups now thought to have been Caddoan. Composed of many tribes, the Caddo were organized into three confederacies, the Hasinai, Kadohadacho, and Natchitoches, which were all linked by their similar languages.
The Plaquemine culture was an archaeological culture in the lower Mississippi River Valley in western Mississippi and eastern Louisiana. Good examples of this culture are the Medora Site (the type site for the culture and period) in West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, and the Anna, Emerald Mound, Winterville and Holly Bluff sites located in Mississippi. Plaquemine culture was contemporaneous with the Middle Mississippian culture at the Cahokia site near St. Louis, Missouri. It is considered ancestral to the Natchez and Taensa Peoples.
Although the Mississippian culture was heavily disrupted before a complete understanding of the political landscape was written down, many Mississippian political bodies were documented and others have been discovered by research.
Mississippian peoples were almost certainly ancestral to the majority of the American Indian nations living in this region in the historic era. The historic and modern day American Indian nations believed to have descended from the overarching Mississippian Culture include: the Alabama, Apalachee, Caddo, Chickasaw, Cherokee, Choctaw, Muscogee Creek, Guale, Hitchiti, Houma, Kansa, Missouria, Mobilian, Natchez, Osage, Quapaw, Seminole, Tunica - Biloxi, Yamasee, and Yuchi.
Scholars have studied the records of Hernando de Soto 's expedition of 1539 -- 1543 to learn of his contacts with Mississippians, as he traveled through their villages of the Southeast. He visited many villages, in some cases staying for a month or longer. The list of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition chronicles those villages. Some encounters were violent, while others were relatively peaceable. In some cases, de Soto seems to have been used as a tool or ally in long - standing native feuds. In one example, de Soto negotiated a truce between the Pacaha and the Casqui.
De Soto 's later encounters left about half of the Spaniards and perhaps many hundreds of Native Americans dead. The chronicles of de Soto are among the first documents written about Mississippian peoples, and are an invaluable source of information on their cultural practices. The chronicles of the Narváez expedition were written before the de Soto expedition; the Narváez expedition informed the Court of de Soto about the New World.
After the destruction and flight of the de Soto expedition, the Mississippian peoples continued their way of life with little direct European influence. Indirectly, however, European introductions dramatically changed native societies in the Eastern United States. Because the natives lacked immunity to new infectious diseases, such as measles and smallpox, epidemics caused so many fatalities that they undermined the social order of many chiefdoms. Some groups adopted European horses and changed to nomadism. Political structures collapsed in many places.
At Joara, near Morganton, North Carolina, Native Americans of the Mississippian culture interacted with Spanish colonizers of the Juan Pardo expedition, who built a base there in 1567 called Fort San Juan. Expedition documentation and archaeological evidence of the fort and Native American culture both exist. The soldiers were at the fort about 18 months (1567 -- 1568) before the natives killed them and destroyed the fort. (They killed soldiers stationed at five other forts as well; only one man of 120 survived.) Sixteenth - century Spanish artifacts have been recovered from the site, marking the first European colonization in the interior of what became the United States.
By the time more documentary accounts were being written, the Mississippian way of life had changed irrevocably. Some groups maintained an oral tradition link to their mound - building past, such as the late 19th - century Cherokee. Other Native American groups, having migrated many hundreds of miles and lost their elders to diseases, did not know their ancestors had built the mounds dotting the landscape. This contributed to the myth of the Mound Builders as a people distinct from Native Americans, which was rigorously debunked by Cyrus Thomas in 1894.
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what is tan in terms of sin and cos | Trigonometric functions - wikipedia
In mathematics, the trigonometric functions (also called circular functions, angle functions or goniometric functions) are functions of an angle. They relate the angles of a triangle to the lengths of its sides. Trigonometric functions are important in the study of triangles and modeling periodic phenomena, among many other applications.
The most familiar trigonometric functions are the sine, cosine, and tangent. In the context of the standard unit circle (a circle with radius 1 unit), where a triangle is formed by a ray starting at the origin and making some angle with the x-axis, the sine of the angle gives the length of the y - component (the opposite to the angle or the rise) of the triangle, the cosine gives the length of the x-component (the adjacent of the angle or the run), and the tangent function gives the slope (y - component divided by the x-component). More precise definitions are detailed below. Trigonometric functions are commonly defined as ratios of two sides of a right triangle containing the angle, and can equivalently be defined as the lengths of various line segments from a unit circle. More modern definitions express them as infinite series or as solutions of certain differential equations, allowing their extension to arbitrary positive and negative values and even to complex numbers.
Trigonometric functions have a wide range of uses including computing unknown lengths and angles in triangles (often right triangles). In this use, trigonometric functions are used, for instance, in navigation, engineering, and physics. A common use in elementary physics is resolving a vector into Cartesian coordinates. The sine and cosine functions are also commonly used to model periodic function phenomena such as sound and light waves, the position and velocity of harmonic oscillators, sunlight intensity and day length, and average temperature variations through the year.
In modern usage, there are six basic trigonometric functions, tabulated here with equations that relate them to one another. Especially with the last four, these relations are often taken as the definitions of those functions, but one can define them equally well geometrically, or by other means, and then derive these relations.
The notion that there should be some standard correspondence between the lengths of the sides of a triangle and the angles of the triangle comes as soon as one recognizes that similar triangles maintain the same ratios between their sides. That is, for any similar triangle the ratio of the hypotenuse (for example) and another of the sides remains the same. If the hypotenuse is twice as long, so are the sides. It is these ratios that the trigonometric functions express.
To define the trigonometric functions for the angle A, start with any right triangle that contains the angle A. The three sides of the triangle are named as follows:
In ordinary Euclidean geometry, according to the triangle postulate, the inside angles of every triangle total 180 ° (π radians). Therefore, in a right - angled triangle, the two non-right angles total 90 ° (π / 2 radians), so each of these angles must be in the range of (0, π / 2) as expressed in interval notation. The following definitions apply to angles in this 0 -- π / 2 range. They can be extended to the full set of real arguments by using the unit circle, or by requiring certain symmetries and that they be periodic functions. For example, the figure shows sin (θ) for angles θ, π − θ, π + θ, and 2π − θ depicted on the unit circle (top) and as a graph (bottom). The value of the sine repeats itself apart from sign in all four quadrants, and if the range of θ is extended to additional rotations, this behavior repeats periodically with a period 2π.
The trigonometric functions are summarized in the following table and described in more detail below. The angle θ is the angle between the hypotenuse and the adjacent line -- the angle at A in the accompanying diagram.
The sine of an angle is the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the length of the hypotenuse. The word comes from the Latin sinus for gulf or bay, since, given a unit circle, it is the side of the triangle on which the angle opens. In our case:
The cosine (sine complement, Latin: cosinus, sinus complementi) of an angle is the ratio of the length of the adjacent side to the length of the hypotenuse, so called because it is the sine of the complementary or co-angle, the other non-right angle. Because the angle sum of a triangle is π radians, the co-angle B is equal to π / 2 − A; so cos A = sin B = sin (π / 2 − A). In our case:
The tangent of an angle is the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the length of the adjacent side: so called because it can be represented as a line segment tangent to the circle, that is the line that touches the circle, from Latin linea tangens or touching line (cf. tangere, to touch). In our case:
Tangent may also be represented in terms of sine and cosine, that is:
These ratios do not depend on the size of the particular right triangle chosen, as long as the focus angle is equal, since all such triangles are similar.
The acronyms "SOH - CAH - TOA '' ("soak - a-toe '', "sock - a-toa '', "so - kah - toa '') and "OHSAHCOAT '' are commonly used trigonometric mnemonics for these ratios.
The remaining three functions are best defined using the above three functions, and can be considered their reciprocals.
The cosecant (secant complement, Latin: cosecans, secans complementi), csc (A) or cosec (A), is the reciprocal of sin (A); i.e. the ratio of the length of the hypotenuse to the length of the opposite side; so called because it is the secant of the complementary or co-angle:
The secant sec (A) is the reciprocal of cos (A); i.e. the ratio of the length of the hypotenuse to the length of the adjacent side:
It is so called because it represents the line that cuts the circle (from Latin: secare, to cut).
The cotangent (tangent complement, Latin: cotangens, tangens complementi), cot (A), ctg (A) or ctn (A), is the reciprocal of tan (A); i.e. the ratio of the length of the adjacent side to the length of the opposite side; so called because it is the tangent of the complementary or co-angle:
Equivalent to the right - triangle definitions, the trigonometric functions can also be defined in terms of the rise, run, and slope of a line segment relative to horizontal. The slope is commonly taught as "rise over run '' or rise / run. The three main trigonometric functions are commonly taught in the order sine, cosine, tangent. With a line segment length of 1 (as in a unit circle), the following mnemonic devices show the correspondence of definitions:
This shows the main use of tangent and arctangent: converting between the two ways of telling the slant of a line, i.e., angles and slopes. (The arctangent or "inverse tangent '' is not to be confused with the cotangent, which is cosine divided by sine.)
While the length of the line segment makes no difference for the slope (the slope does not depend on the length of the slanted line), it does affect rise and run. To adjust and find the actual rise and run when the line does not have a length of 1, just multiply the sine and cosine by the line length. For instance, if the line segment has length 5, the run at an angle of 7 ° is 5 cos (7 °)
The six trigonometric functions can be defined as Cartesian coordinates of points on the Euclidean plane that are related to the unit circle, which is the circle of radius one centered at the origin. While right - angled triangle definitions permit the definition of the trigonometric functions for angles between 0 and π 2 (\ displaystyle (\ frac (\ pi) (2))) radians, the unit circle definition extends the definitions of the trigonometric functions to all positive and negative arguments.
Given an arbitrary angle θ, let us rotate the positive half of the x-axis by this angle around the center O of the unit circle, which is also the origin of the coordinates. If θ > 0, (\ displaystyle \ theta > 0,) the half - axis is rotated counterclockwise, and if θ < 0, (\ displaystyle \ theta < 0,) it is rotated clockwise. The rotated half - axis intersects the unit circle, the line x = 1, and the line y = 1 at points A, B and C respectively (see the figure). The trigonometric functions cos (θ) and sin (θ) are defined, respectively, as the x - and y - coordinates of point A. When 0 ≤ θ ≤ π / 2, (\ displaystyle 0 \ leq \ theta \ leq \ pi / 2,) this definition is the same as the right - angled triangle definition, as one can see by considering the right - angled triangles having OA as hypotenuse. Since the equation of the unit circle is x 2 + y 2 = 1, (\ displaystyle x ^ (2) + y ^ (2) = 1,) this definition of cosine and sine justifies the Pythagorean identity, which is written as
The tangent of the unit circle at point A intersects the x - and y - axes at points E and D, respectively. Using the definitions of tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant in terms of sine and cosine, that is
and the Pythagorean identity, a geometric proof allows proving that tan (θ) (\ displaystyle \ tan (\ theta)) is the ordinate of B, cot (θ) (\ displaystyle \ cot (\ theta)) is the abscissa of C, sec (θ) (\ displaystyle \ sec (\ theta)) is the abscissa of E, and csc (θ) (\ displaystyle \ csc (\ theta)) is the ordinate of D.
As a rotation of an angle of ± 2 π (\ displaystyle \ pm 2 \ pi) does not change the position or size of a shape, point A is the same for two angles whose difference is an integer multiple of 2 π (\ displaystyle 2 \ pi). Thus trigonometric functions are periodic functions with period 2 π (\ displaystyle 2 \ pi). That is, the equalities
hold for any angle θ and any integer k. The same is true for the four other trigonometric functions. However, a rotation of an angle of π (\ displaystyle \ pi) does not change B or C. This implies that the tangent function and the cotangent function are periodic with period π (\ displaystyle \ pi). That is, the equalities
hold for any angle θ and any integer k.
The smallest positive period is π for the tangent and the cotangent and 2π for the four other trigonometric functions.
The algebraic expressions for sin (0 °), sin (30 °), sin (45 °), sin (60 °) and sin (90 °) are
respectively. Writing the numerators as square roots of consecutive natural numbers (0 2, 1 2, 2 2, 3 2, 4 2 (\ displaystyle (\ tfrac (\ sqrt (0)) (2)), (\ tfrac (\ sqrt (1)) (2)), (\ tfrac (\ sqrt (2)) (2)), (\ tfrac (\ sqrt (3)) (2)), (\ tfrac (\ sqrt (4)) (2)))) provides an easy way to remember the values. Such simple expressions generally do not exist for other angles which are rational multiples of a straight angle.
For an angle which, measured in degrees, is a multiple of three, the sine and the cosine may be expressed in terms of square roots, as shown below. These values of the sine and the cosine may thus be constructed by ruler and compass.
For an angle of an integer number of degrees, the sine and the cosine may be expressed in terms of square roots and the cube root of a non-real complex number. Galois theory allows proof that, if the angle is not a multiple of 3 °, non-real cube roots are unavoidable.
For an angle which, measured in degrees, is a rational number, the sine and the cosine are algebraic numbers, which may be expressed in terms of nth roots. This results from the fact that the Galois groups of the cyclotomic polynomials are cyclic.
For an angle which, measured in degrees, is not a rational number, then either the angle or both the sine and the cosine are transcendental numbers. This is a corollary of Baker 's theorem, proved in 1966.
Algebraic expressions for 15 °, 18 °, 36 °, 54 °, 72 ° and 75 ° are as follows:
From these, the algebraic expressions for all multiples of 3 ° can be computed. For example:
Algebraic expressions can be deduced for other angles of an integer number of degrees, for example,
where z = a + ib, and a and b are the above algebraic expressions for, respectively, cos 3 ° and sin 3 °, and the principal cube root (that is, the cube root with the largest real part) is to be taken.
Trigonometric functions are analytic functions. Using only geometry and properties of limits, it can be shown that the derivative of sine is cosine and the derivative of cosine is the negative of sine. One can then use the theory of Taylor series to show that the following identities hold for all real numbers x. Here, and generally in calculus, all angles are measured in radians.
The infinite series appearing in these identities are convergent in the whole complex plane and are often taken as the definitions of the sine and cosine functions of a complex variable. Another standard (and equivalent) definition of the sine and the cosine as functions of a complex variable is through their differential equation, below.
Other series can be found. For the following trigonometric functions:
When the series for the tangent and secant functions are expressed in a form in which the denominators are the corresponding factorials, the numerators, called the "tangent numbers '' and "secant numbers '' respectively, have a combinatorial interpretation: they enumerate alternating permutations of finite sets, of odd cardinality for the tangent series and even cardinality for the secant series. The series itself can be found by a power series solution of the aforementioned differential equation.
From a theorem in complex analysis, there is a unique analytic continuation of this real function to the domain of complex numbers. They have the same Taylor series, and so the trigonometric functions are defined on the complex numbers using the Taylor series above.
There is a series representation as partial fraction expansion where just translated reciprocal functions are summed up, such that the poles of the cotangent function and the reciprocal functions match:
This identity can be proven with the Herglotz trick. Combining the (-- n) th with the nth term lead to absolutely convergent series:
It can be shown from the series definitions that the sine and cosine functions are respectively the imaginary and real parts of the exponential function of a purely imaginary argument. That is, if x is real, we have
and
The latter identity, although primarily established for real x, remains valid for every complex x, and is called Euler 's formula.
Euler 's formula can be used to derive most trigonometric identities from the properties of the exponential function, by writing sine and cosine as:
It is also sometimes useful to express the complex sine and cosine functions in terms of the real and imaginary parts of their arguments.
This exhibits a deep relationship between the complex sine and cosine functions and their real (sin, cos) and hyperbolic real (sinh, cosh) counterparts.
In the following graphs the domain is the complex plane pictured with domain coloring, and the range values are indicated at each point by color. Brightness indicates the size (absolute value) of the range value, with black being zero. Hue varies with argument, or angle, measured from the positive real axis.
Both the sine and cosine functions satisfy the linear differential equation:
That is to say, each is the additive inverse of its own second derivative. Within the 2 - dimensional function space V consisting of all solutions of this equation,
Since the sine and cosine functions are linearly independent, together they form a basis of V. This method of defining the sine and cosine functions is essentially equivalent to using Euler 's formula. (See linear differential equation.) It turns out that this differential equation can be used not only to define the sine and cosine functions but also to prove the trigonometric identities for the sine and cosine functions.
Further, the observation that sine and cosine satisfies y '' = − y means that they are eigenfunctions of the second - derivative operator.
The tangent function is the unique solution of the nonlinear differential equation
satisfying the initial condition y (0) = 0. There is a very interesting visual proof that the tangent function satisfies this differential equation.
Radians specify an angle by measuring the length around the path of the unit circle and constitute a special argument to the sine and cosine functions. In particular, only sines and cosines that map radians to ratios satisfy the differential equations that classically describe them. If an argument to sine or cosine in radians is scaled by frequency,
then the derivatives will scale by amplitude.
Here, k is a constant that represents a mapping between units. If x is in degrees, then
This means that the second derivative of a sine in degrees does not satisfy the differential equation
but rather
The cosine 's second derivative behaves similarly.
This means that these sines and cosines are different functions, and that the fourth derivative of sine will be sine again only if the argument is in radians.
Many identities interrelate the trigonometric functions. Among the most frequently used is the Pythagorean identity, which states that for any angle, the square of the sine plus the square of the cosine is 1. This is easy to see by studying a right triangle of hypotenuse 1 and applying the Pythagorean theorem. In symbolic form, the Pythagorean identity is written
which is standard shorthand notation for
Other key relationships are the sum and difference formulas, which give the sine and cosine of the sum and difference of two angles in terms of sines and cosines of the angles themselves. These can be derived geometrically, using arguments that date to Ptolemy. One can also produce them algebraically using Euler 's formula.
These in turn lead to the following three - angle formulae:
When the two angles are equal, the sum formulas reduce to simpler equations known as the double - angle formulae.
When three angles are equal, the three - angle formulae simplify to
These identities can also be used to derive the product - to - sum identities that were used in antiquity to transform the product of two numbers into a sum of numbers and greatly speed operations, much like the logarithm function.
For integrals and derivatives of trigonometric functions, see the relevant sections of Differentiation of trigonometric functions, Lists of integrals and List of integrals of trigonometric functions. Below is the list of the derivatives and integrals of the six basic trigonometric functions. The number C is a constant of integration.
In mathematical analysis, one can define the trigonometric functions using functional equations based on properties like the difference formula. Taking as given these formulas, one can prove that only two continuous functions satisfy those conditions. Formally, there exists exactly one pair of continuous functions -- sin and cos -- such that for all real numbers x and y, the following equation holds:
with the added condition that
This may also be used for extending sine and cosine to the complex numbers. Other functional equations are also possible for defining trigonometric functions.
The computation of trigonometric functions is a complicated subject, which can today be avoided by most people because of the widespread availability of computers and scientific calculators that provide built - in trigonometric functions for any angle. This section, however, describes details of their computation in three important contexts: the historical use of trigonometric tables, the modern techniques used by computers, and a few "important '' angles where simple exact values are easily found.
The first step in computing any trigonometric function is range reduction -- reducing the given angle to a "reduced angle '' inside a small range of angles, say 0 to π / 2, using the periodicity and symmetries of the trigonometric functions.
Prior to computers, people typically evaluated trigonometric functions by interpolating from a detailed table of their values, calculated to many significant figures. Such tables have been available for as long as trigonometric functions have been described (see History below), and were typically generated by repeated application of the half - angle and angle - addition identities starting from a known value (such as sin (π / 2) = 1).
Modern computers use a variety of techniques. One common method, especially on higher - end processors with floating point units, is to combine a polynomial or rational approximation (such as Chebyshev approximation, best uniform approximation, and Padé approximation, and typically for higher or variable precisions, Taylor and Laurent series) with range reduction and a table lookup -- they first look up the closest angle in a small table, and then use the polynomial to compute the correction. Devices that lack hardware multipliers often use an algorithm called CORDIC (as well as related techniques), which uses only addition, subtraction, bitshift, and table lookup. These methods are commonly implemented in hardware floating - point units for performance reasons.
For very high precision calculations, when series expansion convergence becomes too slow, trigonometric functions can be approximated by the arithmetic - geometric mean, which itself approximates the trigonometric function by the (complex) elliptic integral.
Finally, for some simple angles, the values can be easily computed by hand using the Pythagorean theorem, as in the following examples. For example, the sine, cosine and tangent of any integer multiple of π / 60 radians (3 °) can be found exactly by hand.
Consider a right triangle where the two other angles are equal, and therefore are both π / 4 radians (45 °). Then the length of side b and the length of side a are equal; we can choose a = b = 1. The values of sine, cosine and tangent of an angle of π / 4 radians (45 °) can then be found using the Pythagorean theorem:
Therefore:
To determine the trigonometric functions for angles of π / 3 radians (60 °) and π / 6 radians (30 °), we start with an equilateral triangle of side length 1. All its angles are π / 3 radians (60 °). By dividing it into two, we obtain a right triangle with π / 6 radians (30 °) and π / 3 radians (60 °) angles. For this triangle, the shortest side is 1 / 2, the next largest side is √ 3 / 2 and the hypotenuse is 1. This yields:
There are some commonly used special values in trigonometric functions, as shown in the following table.
The symbol ∞ here represents the point at infinity on the projectively extended real line, the limit on the extended real line is + ∞ on one side and - ∞ on the other.
The trigonometric functions are periodic, and hence not injective, so strictly they do not have an inverse function. Therefore, to define an inverse function we must restrict their domains so that the trigonometric function is bijective. In the following, the functions on the left are defined by the equation on the right; these are not proved identities. The principal inverses are usually defined as:
The notations sin and cos are often used for arcsin and arccos, etc. When this notation is used, the inverse functions could be confused with the multiplicative inverses of the functions. The notation using the "arc - '' prefix avoids such confusion, though "arcsec '' for arcsecant can be confused with "arcsecond ''.
Just like the sine and cosine, the inverse trigonometric functions can also be defined in terms of infinite series. For example,
These functions may also be defined by proving that they are antiderivatives of other functions. The arcsine, for example, can be written as the following integral:
Analogous formulas for the other functions can be found at inverse trigonometric functions. Using the complex logarithm, one can generalize all these functions to complex arguments:
In an inner product space, the angle between two non-zero vectors is defined to be
The trigonometric functions, as the name suggests, are of crucial importance in trigonometry, mainly because of the following two results.
The law of sines states that for an arbitrary triangle with sides a, b, and c and angles opposite those sides A, B and C:
where Δ is the area of the triangle, or, equivalently,
where R is the triangle 's circumradius.
It can be proven by dividing the triangle into two right ones and using the above definition of sine. The law of sines is useful for computing the lengths of the unknown sides in a triangle if two angles and one side are known. This is a common situation occurring in triangulation, a technique to determine unknown distances by measuring two angles and an accessible enclosed distance.
The law of cosines (also known as the cosine formula or cosine rule) is an extension of the Pythagorean theorem:
or equivalently,
In this formula the angle at C is opposite to the side c. This theorem can be proven by dividing the triangle into two right ones and using the Pythagorean theorem.
The law of cosines can be used to determine a side of a triangle if two sides and the angle between them are known. It can also be used to find the cosines of an angle (and consequently the angles themselves) if the lengths of all the sides are known.
The following all form the law of tangents
The explanation of the formulae in words would be cumbersome, but the patterns of sums and differences, for the lengths and corresponding opposite angles, are apparent in the theorem.
If
and
then the following all form the law of cotangents
It follows that
In words the theorem is: the cotangent of a half - angle equals the ratio of the semi-perimeter minus the opposite side to the said angle, to the inradius for the triangle.
The trigonometric functions are also important in physics. The sine and the cosine functions, for example, are used to describe simple harmonic motion, which models many natural phenomena, such as the movement of a mass attached to a spring and, for small angles, the pendular motion of a mass hanging by a string. The sine and cosine functions are one - dimensional projections of uniform circular motion.
Trigonometric functions also prove to be useful in the study of general periodic functions. The characteristic wave patterns of periodic functions are useful for modeling recurring phenomena such as sound or light waves.
Under rather general conditions, a periodic function f (x) can be expressed as a sum of sine waves or cosine waves in a Fourier series. Denoting the sine or cosine basis functions by φ, the expansion of the periodic function f (t) takes the form:
For example, the square wave can be written as the Fourier series
In the animation of a square wave at top right it can be seen that just a few terms already produce a fairly good approximation. The superposition of several terms in the expansion of a sawtooth wave are shown underneath.
While the early study of trigonometry can be traced to antiquity, the trigonometric functions as they are in use today were developed in the medieval period. The chord function was discovered by Hipparchus of Nicaea (180 -- 125 BCE) and Ptolemy of Roman Egypt (90 -- 165 CE).
The functions sine and cosine can be traced to the jyā and koti - jyā functions used in Gupta period Indian astronomy (Aryabhatiya, Surya Siddhanta), via translation from Sanskrit to Arabic and then from Arabic to Latin.
All six trigonometric functions in current use were known in Islamic mathematics by the 9th century, as was the law of sines, used in solving triangles. al - Khwārizmī produced tables of sines, cosines and tangents. They were studied by authors including Omar Khayyám, Bhāskara II, Nasir al - Din al - Tusi, Jamshīd al - Kāshī (14th century), Ulugh Beg (14th century), Regiomontanus (1464), Rheticus, and Rheticus ' student Valentinus Otho.
Madhava of Sangamagrama (c. 1400) made early strides in the analysis of trigonometric functions in terms of infinite series.
The terms tangent and secant were first introduced by the Danish mathematician Thomas Fincke in his book Geometria rotundi (1583).
The first published use of the abbreviations sin, cos, and tan is probably by the 16th century French mathematician Albert Girard.
In a paper published in 1682, Leibniz proved that sin x is not an algebraic function of x.
Leonhard Euler 's Introductio in analysin infinitorum (1748) was mostly responsible for establishing the analytic treatment of trigonometric functions in Europe, also defining them as infinite series and presenting "Euler 's formula '', as well as near - modern abbreviations (sin., cos., tang., cot., sec., and cosec.).
A few functions were common historically, but are now seldom used, such as the chord (crd (θ) = 2 sin (θ / 2)), the versine (versin (θ) = 1 − cos (θ) = 2 sin (θ / 2)) (which appeared in the earliest tables), the coversine (coversin (θ) = 1 − sin (θ) = versin (π / 2 - θ)), the haversine (haversin (θ) = 1 / 2versin (θ) = sin (θ / 2)), the exsecant (exsec (θ) = sec (θ) − 1), and the excosecant (excsc (θ) = exsec (π / 2 − θ) = csc (θ) − 1). See List of trigonometric identities for more relations between these functions.
The word sine derives from Latin sinus, meaning "bend; bay '', and more specifically "the hanging fold of the upper part of a toga '', "the bosom of a garment '', which was chosen as the translation of what was interpreted as the Arabic word jaib, meaning "pocket '' or "fold '' in the twelfth - century translations of works by Al - Battani and al - Khwārizmī into Medieval Latin. The choice was based on a misreading of the Arabic written form j-y-b (جيب), which itself originated as a transliteration from Sanskrit jīvā, which along with its synonym jyā (the standard Sanskrit term for the sine) translates to "bowstring '', being in turn adopted from Ancient Greek χορδή "string ''.
The word tangent comes from Latin tangens meaning "touching '', since the line touches the circle of unit radius, whereas secant stems from Latin secans -- "cutting '' -- since the line cuts the circle.
The prefix "co - '' (in "cosine '', "cotangent '', "cosecant '') is found in Edmund Gunter 's Canon triangulorum (1620), which defines the cosinus as an abbreviation for the sinus complementi (sine of the complementary angle) and proceeds to define the cotangens similarly.
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who killed bruce wayne's parents in batman forever | Batman Forever - wikipedia
Batman Forever is a 1995 American superhero film directed by Joel Schumacher and produced by Tim Burton, based on the DC Comics character Batman. It is the third installment of the initial Batman film series, with Val Kilmer replacing Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman. The film stars Chris O'Donnell, Nicole Kidman, Tommy Lee Jones and Jim Carrey. The plot focuses on Batman trying to stop Two - Face (Jones) and the Riddler (Carrey) in their villainous scheme to extract confidential information from all the minds in Gotham City and use it to learn Batman 's identity and bring the city under their control. He gains allegiance from a love interest -- psychiatrist Dr. Chase Meridian (Kidman) and a young, orphaned circus acrobat named Dick Grayson (O'Donnell), who becomes his sidekick Robin.
Batman Forever 's tone is significantly different from the previous installments, becoming more family - friendly since Warner Bros. believed that the previous Batman film, Batman Returns (1992), failed to outgross its predecessor due to parent complaints about the film 's violence and dark overtones. Schumacher eschewed the dark, dystopian atmosphere of Burton 's films by drawing inspiration from the Batman comic book of the Dick Sprang era, as well as the 1960s television series. Keaton chose not to reprise the role due to Burton stepping down as director. William Baldwin and Ethan Hawke were initially considered for Keaton 's replacement before Kilmer joined the cast.
The film was released on June 16, 1995, receiving mixed reviews, but was a financial success. Batman Forever grossed over $336 million worldwide and became the sixth - highest - grossing film worldwide of 1995.
In Gotham City, some time after defeating the Penguin, the crime fighter Batman defuses a hostage situation caused by a criminal known as Two - Face, the alter ego of the former district attorney Harvey Dent, but Two - Face escapes and remains at large. Edward Nygma, a researcher at Wayne Enterprises who idolizes Bruce Wayne, has developed a device that can beam television into a person 's brain. Bruce offers to let Nygma come up with schematics for the device and set up a meeting with his assistant. However, after Nygma demands an answer from him immediately, Bruce rejects the invention, believing it to be too close to mind manipulation. After killing his supervisor Fred Stickley, Nygma resigns and seeks retaliation against Bruce for rejecting his invention and begins to send him riddles (Nygma rigs the security cameras to record Stickley committing suicide, as well as a suicide note, which everybody believes but Bruce Wayne doubts this is the truth) A news report reveals how Harvey Dent became Two - Face: when he was prosecuting a mob boss named Sal Maroni, Maroni threw acid on Dent 's face, disfiguring half of it. Batman tried to save him, but failed. After the incident, Dent seeks to kill Batman for failing to save him. Bruce meets Chase Meridian, a psychiatrist who is obsessed with Batman, and invites her to come with him to a circus event. After a performance from the circus performers, The Flying Graysons, Two - Face arrives and threatens to blow up the circus unless Batman comes forward and surrenders his life to him. The Flying Graysons attempt to stop Two - Face, but most of them get killed as a result. Only Dick Grayson, the youngest member, survives as he climbs to the roof and throws Two - Face 's bomb into a river.
Bruce invites the orphaned Dick to stay at Wayne Manor. Dick, still troubled by the murder of his family, intends to kill Two - Face and avenge his family. When he discovers that Bruce is Batman, he demands that Bruce help him find Two - Face so that he can kill him, but Bruce refuses. Meanwhile, Nygma turns himself into a criminal called the Riddler and forms an alliance with Two - Face. The two steal capital in order to mass - produce Nygma 's brainwave device. At Nygma 's business party, Nygma discovers Bruce 's alter ego using the brainwave device. Two - Face arrives and crashes the party. He nearly kills Batman, but Dick manages to save him. Meanwhile, Chase has fallen in love with Bruce, which surpasses her obsession with Batman, but she soon discovers that they are one and the same. Bruce decides to stop being Batman in order to have a normal life with Chase and to prevent Dick from murdering Two - Face. Dick angrily runs away while Bruce and Chase have dinner together in the manor. The Riddler and Two - Face arrive and attack Wayne Manor; in the process, the Riddler destroys the Batcave. The criminals kidnap Chase after Two - Face shoots Bruce and the Riddler leaves him an another riddle.
Using the riddles, Bruce and his butler, Alfred, deduce the Riddler 's secret identity. Chase is imprisoned by The Riddler and Two - Face in their hideout. Dick returns and becomes Batman 's sidekick, Robin, after realising that the Caped Crusader could use a hand. Batman and Robin head to Riddler and Two - Face 's lair, Claw Island, where they are separated. Robin encounters Two - Face and nearly kills him, but realizing that he does not have it in him to murder, Robin spares him. Two - Face gets the upper hand and captures Robin. Batman arrives at the lair, where Robin and Chase are held as hostages. The Riddler gives Batman a chance to save only one hostage, but Batman destroys the Riddler 's brainwave collecting device, causing the Riddler to suffer a mental breakdown. Batman then rescues both Robin and Chase. Two - Face corners the trio and determines their fate with the flip of a coin, but Batman throws a handful of identical coins in the air, causing Two - Face to stumble and fall to his death. The Riddler is taken to Arkham Asylum and imprisoned, but he claims he knows who Batman is. Chase is asked to consult on the case, but Nygma says that he himself is Batman, due to his damaged memories. Chase meets Bruce outside and tells him that his secret is safe before parting ways. Bruce resumes his crusade as Batman with Robin as his partner to protect Gotham from crime.
Batman Returns was released in 1992 with financial success and generally favorable reviews from critics, but Warner Bros. was disappointed with its box office run, having made $150 million less than the first film. Director Tim Burton was asked to restrict himself to the role of producer, with approval of Joel Schumacher as director and the husband and wife screenwriting couple Lee and Janet Scott - Batchler, who agreed with him that "the key element to Batman is his duality. And it 's not just that Batman is Bruce Wayne ''. Their original script introduced a psychotic Riddler with a pet rat accompanying him. The story elements and much of the dialogue still remained in the finished film, though Schumacher felt it could be "lighte (ne) d down ''. Schumacher claims he originally had in mind an adaptation of Frank Miller 's Batman: Year One. Warner Bros. rejected the idea as they wanted a sequel, not a prequel, though Schumacher was able to include very brief events in Bruce Wayne 's childhood with some events of the comic The Dark Knight Returns. Akiva Goldsman, who worked with Schumacher on The Client, was brought in to rewrite the script. Burton, who was more interested in directing Ed Wood, later reflected he was taken aback by some of the focus group meetings for Batman Forever, a title which he hated. Producer Peter MacGregor - Scott represented the studio 's aim in making a film for the MTV Generation with full merchandising appeal.
Production went on fast track with Rene Russo cast as Dr. Chase Meridian but Michael Keaton decided not to reprise Batman because he did not like the new direction the film series was heading in. Keaton also wanted to pursue "more interesting roles '', turning down $15 million. A decision was made to go with a younger actor for Bruce Wayne, and an offer was made to Ethan Hawke, who turned it down. Schumacher had seen Val Kilmer in Tombstone, but was also interested in Daniel Day - Lewis, Ralph Fiennes, William Baldwin and Johnny Depp. Kilmer signed on without reading the script or knowing who the new director was.
With Kilmer 's casting, Warner Bros. dropped Rene Russo as Chase Meridian. Robin Wright, Jeanne Tripplehorn and Linda Hamilton were all being considered the role was recast with Nicole Kidman. Billy Dee Williams took on the role of Harvey Dent in Batman on the possibility of portraying Two - Face in a sequel, but Schumacher cast Tommy Lee Jones in the role, after having worked with him on The Client. Jones was reluctant to accept the role, but did so after his son 's insistence. Robin Williams was in discussions to be the Riddler at one point. In a 2003 interview, Schumacher stated Michael Jackson lobbied hard for the role, but was turned down before Jim Carrey was cast. Robin appeared in the shooting script of Batman Returns but was deleted due to too many characters. Marlon Wayans had been cast in the role, and signed for a potential sequel. It was decided to replace Wayans with a white actor. Leonardo DiCaprio was considered, but decided not to pursue the role after a meeting with Schumacher. Chris O'Donnell was cast and Mitchell Gaylord served as his stunt double. Schumacher attempted to create a cameo role for Bono as his MacPhisto character, but both came to agree it was not suitable for the film.
Filming started in September 1994. Schumacher hired Barbara Ling for production design, claiming that the film needed a "force '' and good design. Ling could "advance on it ''. Schumacher wanted a design that was not to be in any way connected to the previous films, and instead was to be inspired by the images from the Batman comic books seen in the 1940s / early 1950s and taken from that of New York City architecture in the 1930s, with a combination of modern Tokyo. He also wanted a "city with personality '', with more statues, as well as various amounts of neon.
Schumacher had problems filming with Kilmer, whom he described as "childish and impossible '', reporting that he fought with various crewmen, and refused to speak to Schumacher during two weeks after the director told him to stop behaving in a rude way. Schumacher also mentioned Tommy Lee Jones as a source of trouble: "Jim Carrey was a gentleman, and Tommy Lee was threatened by him. I 'm tired of defending overpaid, overprivileged actors. I pray I do n't work with them again. '' Carrey later acknowledged Jones was not friendly to him, telling him once off - set during the production, "I hate you. I really do n't like you... I can not sanction your buffoonery. ''
Rick Baker designed the prosthetic makeup. John Dykstra, Andrew Adamson and Jim Rygiel served as visual effects supervisors, with Pacific Data Images also contributing to visual effects work. PDI provided a computer - generated Batman for complicated stunts. For the costume design, producer Peter MacGregor - Scott claimed that 146 workers were at one point working together. Batman 's costume was redesigned along the lines of a more "MTV organic, and edgier feel '' to the suit. Sound editing and mixing was supervised by Bruce Stambler and John Levesque, which included trips to caves to record bat sounds. A new Batmobile was designed for Batman Forever, with two cars being constructed, one for stunt purposes and one for close - ups. Swiss surrealist painter H.R. Giger provided his version for the Batmobile but it was considered too sinister for the film.
Elliot Goldenthal was hired by Schumacher to compose the film score before the screenplay was written. In discussions with Schumacher, the director wanted Goldenthal to avoid taking inspiration from Danny Elfman, and requested an original composition. The film 's promotional teaser trailer used the main title theme from Elfman 's score of 1989 's Batman.
The soundtrack was commercially successful, selling almost as many copies as Prince 's soundtrack to the 1989 Batman film. Only five of the songs on the soundtrack are actually featured in the movie. Hit singles from the soundtrack include "Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me '' by U2 and "Kiss from a Rose '' by Seal, both of which were nominated for MTV Movie Awards. "Kiss from a Rose '' (whose video was also directed by Joel Schumacher) reached No. 1 in the U.S. charts as well. The soundtrack itself, featuring additional songs by The Flaming Lips, Brandy (both songs also included in the film), Method Man, Nick Cave, Michael Hutchence (of INXS), PJ Harvey, and Massive Attack, was an attempt to (in producer Peter MacGregor - Scott 's words) make the film more "pop ''.
Batman Forever went through a few major edits before its release. Originally darker than the final product, the movie 's original length was closer to 2 hours and 40 minutes according to director Joel Schumacher. There was talk of an extended cut being released to DVD for the film 's 10th anniversary in 2005. While all four previous Batman films were given special edition DVD releases on the same day as the Batman Begins DVD release, none of them were given extended cuts, although some of the following scenes were in a deleted scenes section in the special features.
There was an undercurrent theme involving Bruce having repressed memories of an aspect of his parents ' death that he had n't faced which was finding his father 's diary on the night of his parents ' wake and reading that Bruce insisted his parents go to the theater so he could watch one of the shows, meaning the reason he became Batman was out of the guilt that he killed them.
Many scenes were filmed but deleted from the film, other scenes had footage removed. These included:
Batman Forever opened in 2,842 theaters in the United States on June 16, 1995, making $52.8 million in its opening weekend, breaking Jurassic Park 's record for highest opening weekend gross of all - time (it was surpassed two years later by The Lost World: Jurassic Park 's $72.1 million). The film went on to gross $184 million in North America, and $152.5 million in other countries, totaling $336.53 million. The film earned more money than its predecessor Batman Returns, and was the second - highest (behind Toy Story) grossing film of 1995, in the U.S.
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 40 % based on 58 reviews, with an average rating of 5.1 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, "Loud, excessively busy, and often boring, Batman Forever nonetheless has the charisma of Jim Carrey and Tommy Lee Jones to offer mild relief. '' On Metacritic, the film has a score of 51 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews ''. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A -- '' on an A+ to F scale.
Peter Travers said "Batman Forever still gets in its licks. There 's no fun machine this summer that packs more surprises. '' However, he criticized the film 's excessive commercialism and felt that "the script misses the pain Tim Burton caught in a man tormented by the long - ago murder of his parents '' seeing the Bruce Wayne of Kilmer as "inexpressive ''. Brian Lowry of Variety believed "One does have to question the logic behind adding nipples to the hard - rubber batsuit. Whose idea was that supposed to be anyway, Alfred 's? Some of the computer - generated Gotham cityscapes appear too obviously fake. Elliot Goldenthal 's score, while serviceable, also is n't as stirring as Danny Elfman 's work in the first two films. ''
James Berardinelli enjoyed the film. "It 's lighter, brighter, funnier, faster - paced, and a whole lot more colorful than before. '' Scott Beatty felt "Tommy Lee Jones played Harvey Dent as a Joker knock - off rather than a multi-layered rogue. '' Lee Bermejo called Batman Forever "unbearable ''. Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert both gave the film mixed reviews, but with the former giving it a thumbs up and the latter a thumbs down. In his written review, Ebert wrote: "Is the movie better entertainment? Well, it 's great bubblegum for the eyes. Younger children will be able to process it more easily; some kids were led bawling from Batman Returns where the PG - 13 rating was a joke. '' Mick LaSalle had a mixed reaction, concluding "a shot of Kilmer 's rubber buns at one point is guaranteed to bring squeals from the audience. ''
At the 68th Academy Awards, Batman Forever was nominated for Cinematography (lost to Braveheart), Sound Mixing (Donald O. Mitchell, Frank A. Montaño, Michael Herbick and Petur Hliddal; lost to Apollo 13) and Sound Editing (John Leveque and Bruce Stambler) (also lost to Braveheart). "Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me '' by U2 was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song (lost to "Colors of the Wind '' from Pocahontas), but was also nominated for the Worst Original Song Golden Raspberry Award (lost to "Walk Into the Wind '' from Showgirls). At the Saturn Awards, the film was nominated for Best Fantasy Film (lost to Babe), Make - up (lost to Seven), Special Effects (lost to Jumanji) and Costume Design (lost to 12 Monkeys). Composer Elliot Goldenthal was given a Grammy Award nomination. Batman Forever received six nominations at the 1996 MTV Movie Awards, four of which were divided between two categories (Carrey and Lee Jones for Best Villain; and Seal 's "Kiss from a Rose '' and U2 's "Hold Me '' in Best Song from a Movie). However, it won in just one category -- Best Song from a Movie for Seal 's "Kiss from a Rose ''.
In addition to a large line of toys and action figures from Kenner, the McDonald 's food chain released several collectibles and mugs to coincide with the release of the film. Peter David and Alan Grant wrote separate novelizations of the film. Dennis O'Neil authored a comic book adaptation, with art by Michal Dutkiewicz.
Six Flags Great Adventure theme park re-themed their "Axis Chemical '' arena, home of the Batman stunt show, to resemble "Batman Forever '', and the new show featured props from the film. Because of the mostly negative critical reaction however, the stunt arena was changed back to its original version after the season. Six Flags Over Texas featured a one - time fireworks show to promote the movie, and replica busts of Batman, Robin, Two - Face, and the Riddler can still be found in the Justice League store in the Looney Tunes U.S.A. section.
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where is women's british open being played | 2017 Women 's British Open - wikipedia
The 2017 Ricoh Women 's British Open was played 3 -- 6 August in Scotland at Kingsbarns Golf Links in Fife. It was the 41st Women 's British Open, the 17th as a major championship on the LPGA Tour, and the first at Kingsbarns, southeast of nearby St Andrews.
This was the first WBO organised by The R&A, which merged with the Ladies ' Golf Union in late 2016.
The event was televised by Golf Channel and NBC Sports in the United States and Sky Sports in the United Kingdom.
The field is 144 players, and most earn exemptions based on past performance on the Ladies European Tour, the LPGA Tour, previous major championships, or with a high ranking in the Women 's World Golf Rankings. The rest of the field earn entry by successfully competing in qualifying tournaments open to any female golfer, professional or amateur, with a low handicap.
There are 19 exemption categories for the 2017 Women 's British Open.
1. The top 15 finishers (and ties) from the 2016 Women 's British Open.
Beth Allen (9 - LET), Bae Hee - kyung, Chun In - gee (13), Jang Ha - na (8), Ariya Jutanugarn (8, 9 - LPGA, 11), Megan Khang, Lee Mi - hyang (8), Mirim Lee (8), Stacy Lewis (11), Mo Martin (11), Catriona Matthew (11), Ryu So - yeon (8, 13), Lexi Thompson (8, 13), Karrie Webb
2. The top 10 Ladies European Tour members in the Women 's World Golf Rankings not exempt under (1).
Carlota Ciganda (3, 5), Jodi Ewart Shadoff (3), Shanshan Feng (3, 5, 8), Charley Hull (3), Karine Icher (3, 5), In - Kyung Kim (3, 5, 8), Caroline Masson (5), Anna Nordqvist (3, 5, 8), Su - Hyun Oh (5), Suzann Pettersen (3, 5, 13)
3. The top 30 LPGA Tour members in the Women 's World Golf Rankings not exempt under (1) as of 4 July.
Chella Choi, Austin Ernst, Brooke Henderson (8, 13), M.J. Hur, Moriya Jutanugarn, Danielle Kang (8, 13), Cristie Kerr (8), Kim Hyo - joo (13), Kim Sei - young (8), Lydia Ko (13), Jessica Korda, Brittany Lang (13), Minjee Lee, Brittany Lincicome (8, 13), Haru Nomura, Inbee Park (8, 11, 12, 13), Park Sung - hyun (9 - KLPGA, 13), Gerina Piller, Lizette Salas, Jenny Shin, Michelle Wie (13), Amy Yang (8)
4. The top 25 on the current LET money list not exempt under (1) or (2) as of 4 July.
Carly Booth, Hannah Burke, Holly Clyburn, Olivia Cowan, Tonje Daffinrud, Annabel Dimmock, Sandra Gal (5), Jenny Haglund, Georgia Hall, Kylie Henry, Whitney Hillier, Nuria Iturrios, Felicity Johnson, Karolin Lampert, Camilla Lennarth, Florentyna Parker (8), Emily Kristine Pedersen (5), Pamela Pretswell, Leticia Ras - Anderica, Melissa Reid (8), Marianne Skarpnord, Klára Spilková (8), Noora Tamminen, Anne van Dam, Angel Yin (5)
5. The top 40 on the current LPGA Tour money list not exempt under (1) or (3) as of 4 July.
Marina Alex, Brittany Altomare, Cydney Clanton, Jacqui Concolino, Lindy Duncan, Laura Gonzalez Escallon, Wei - Ling Hsu, Ji Eun - hee, Kim Kaufman, Katherine Kirk (8), Nelly Korda, Candie Kung, Alison Lee, Lee Jeong - eun, Pernilla Lindberg, Gaby López, Azahara Muñoz (5), Ryann O'Toole, Lee - Anne Pace, Jane Park, Pornanong Phatlum, Madelene Sagström (5), Alena Sharp, Kelly Shon, Sarah Jane Smith, Jennifer Song, Angela Stanford, Yoo Sun - young
6. The top five on the current LPGA of Japan Tour (JLPGA) money list not exempt under (1), (2), (3), or (14) as of 4 July.
Kotone Hori, Fumika Kawagishi, Lee Min - young, Yukari Nishiyama, Ai Suzuki
7. The top two on the current LPGA of Korea Tour (KLPGA) money list not exempt under (1), (2), (3), or (6) as of 4 July.
8. Winners of any recognised LET or LPGA Tour events in the calendar year 2017.
Atthaya Thitikul (a)
9. Winners of the 2016 LET, LPGA, JLPGA and KLPGA money lists.
10. The top 30 in the Women 's World Golf Rankings, not exempt above as of 4 July.
11. Winners of the last 10 editions of the Women 's British Open.
Yani Tseng
12. Winner of the Gold Medal in the 2016 Rio Olympics.
13. Winners of the last five editions of the U.S. Women 's Open, ANA Inspiration, and Women 's PGA Championship, and the Evian Championship winners from 2013 to 2016.
14. Winner of the 2016 Japan LPGA Tour Championship Ricoh Cup.
15. The leading five LPGA Tour members in the 2017 Marathon Classic who have entered the Championship and who are not otherwise exempt.
Aditi Ashok, Pei - Yun Chien, Laura Diaz, Thidapa Suwannapura, Prima Thammaraks
16. The leading three LET members in the 2017 Aberdeen Asset Management Ladies Scottish Open, who have entered the Championship and who are not otherwise exempt.
Lina Boqvist, Olafia Kristinsdottir, Becky Morgan
17. The 2017 British Ladies Amateur champion, 2016 U.S. Women 's Amateur champion, 2016 International European Ladies Amateur Championship champion, winner or next available player in the 2016 LGU Order of Merit, and the Mark H. McCormack Medal holder provided they are still amateurs at the time of the Championship and a maximum of two other leading amateurs at the discretion of the Ladies ' Golf Union.
Leona Maguire, Olivia Mehaffey, Seong Eun - jeong
Bronte Law forfeited her exemption for winning the European Ladies Amateur by turning professional.
18. Any players granted special exemptions from qualifying by the Championship Committee.
Ai Miyazato
19. Balance of the 90 LPGA Tour members.
Simin Feng, Jaye Marie Green, Joanna Klatten, Morgan Pressel
Qualifiers:
Thursday, 3 August 2017
One of the early starters, Michelle Wie led by a stroke after a course - record round of 64 which included 9 birdies. Play was twice suspended during the afternoon because of lightning in the area.
Friday, 4 August 2017
Saturday, 5 August 2017
Sunday, 6 August 2017
Source:
Final round
Cumulative tournament scores, relative to par
Source:
Coordinates: 56 ° 17 ′ 56 '' N 2 ° 38 ′ 46 '' W / 56.299 ° N 2.646 ° W / 56.299; - 2.646
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malayalam movie mazha peyyunnu maddalam kottunnu full movie | Mazha Peyyunnu Maddalam Kottunnu - Wikipedia
Mazha Peyyunnu Maddalam Kottunnu is a 1986 Malayalam comedy film directed by Priyadarshan. Starring Mohanlal, Mukesh, Lizy, Sreenivasan, Jagathi Sreekumar, Maniyanpilla Raju, and Kuthiravattam Pappu in the main roles. This film was a huge hit and considered as one of the best comedy films in Malayalam cinema. It was remade in Telugu as Saradaga Kasepu.
Madhavan, a.k.a. M.A Dhavan (Sreenivasan), who has a rather eccentric personality, is back in Kerala after completing his business studies in USA. His schoolmate Shambhu (Mohanlal) is now working as a driver at his house, whom the now vain and snobbish Madhavan treats with disdain. Madhavan 's parents want him to get married to Shobha (Lizy), the only daughter of Sardar Krishna Kurup (Jagathy Sreekumar), a rich and aristocratic businessman. Madhavan, who wants to observe his fiancée from a distance, decides to go to her house disguised as the driver and makes his driver Shambhu act as Madhavan. Just minutes after they set out from he house, his parents telephone Krishna Kurupp about their son 's scheme. Various mishaps on way end up with Madhavan discarding his plan and deciding to visit as himself. Unaware of the change in plan, Sardar Krishna Kurup and wife have the driver Shambhu mistaken for the prospective groom and Madhavan as the driver. The prospective in - laws dote over Shambu, ignoring Madhavan, who is unaware of the impression that Kurup and wife are under. The situation gets tougher for Madhavan, due to his innate eccentric behavior towards the Kurup family. In the meantime Shobha, who also mistakes Shambhu as the fiance, falls in love with him. At the same time, Sardar Koma Kurup (Kuthiravattam Pappu), cousin to Sardar Krishna Kurup, is in constant fight with Krishna Kurup for past long years. Both are trying to capture the power at the Nethaji Club, a reputed social club, for personal reasons. Damodaran, a.k.a. Damu, (Maniyanpilla Raju) impersonates himself as a lawyer and enters the house of Koma Kurup and wins his trust. But the real intention of Damu is to kill Koma Kuruppu and marry his daughter Aruna (Priya), so that he could grab the whole property. But one after another, the attempts of Damu to kill Koma Kurup fails, with each time, Damu getting himself nearly killed in the process. It was then, Shivan (Mukesh), a friend to both Damu and Shambhu, arrives at the house of Koma Kurup, apparently under the guise of Damu 's imaginary brother who is apparently a heart patient. He instantly succeeds in winning the heart of Aruna, destroying the plans of Damu. Thus the two love stories, one between Shambhu and Shobha and the other between Shivan and Aruna, blooms side by side. This chain of events pit Shambhu and Shivan against Madhavan and Damu respectively. Unable to bear Shambhu 's progress, Madhavan hires Kadathanatt Pappan Gurukkal (Cochin Haneefa), a known goon to beat up Shambhu, but instead, the goons themselves get beaten up by the adept Shambhu. This incident makes Shambhu to go all out against Madhavan and force Krishna Kurup to conduct the marriage within three days. But, everything turns more messy as the parents of Madhavan makes a surprise visit at the house of Sardar Krishna Kurup. They find the foul play of Shambhu, and Krishna Kurup, who realizes the mistake decides to get his daughter married to Madhavan. Shobha, who by this time is in love with Shambhu is adamant that she wo n't marry Madhavan. The marriage venue and date is fixed. At the same time Sardar Koma Kurup also finds out that his daughter is in love with Shivan, who is rather an adamant sickly fellow, falls for Damu 's words and drive Shivan out. At the marriage venue both Shambhu and Shivan are denied entry. They calls up police by informing that there is gold hidden by Krishna Kurup at the marriage hall. The Police enters the venue and then happens a long fight packed with several comic incidents. In the end, with the help of police inspector (Jagadish), Shambhu marries Shobha and Shivan marries Aruna. Everything ends well and both couples starts their married life with the blessing of all others including the then dejected Madhavan and Damu.
The music was composed by KJ Joy and lyrics was written by Panthalam Sudhakaranand.
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what did north korea do to south korea | Division of Korea - wikipedia
The division of Korea between North and South Korea was the result of the Allied victory in World War II in 1945, ending the Empire of Japan 's 35 - year rule of Korea. The United States and the Soviet Union occupied the country, with the boundary between their zones of control along the 38th parallel.
With the onset of the Cold War, negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union failed to lead to an independent, unified Korea. In 1948, UN-supervised elections were held in the US - occupied south only. This led to the establishment of the Republic of Korea in South Korea, which was promptly followed by the establishment of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea in North Korea. The United States supported the South, the Soviet Union supported the North, and each government claimed sovereignty over the whole Korean peninsula.
The subsequent Korean War, which lasted from 1950 to 1953, ended with a stalemate and has left the two Koreas separated by the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) up to the present day.
When the Russo - Japanese War ended in 1905 Korea became a nominal protectorate of, and was annexed in 1910 by, Japan. The Korean king Gojong was removed. In the following decades, nationalist and radical groups emerged, mostly in exile, to struggle for independence. Divergent in their outlooks and approaches, these groups failed to unite in one national movement. The Korean Provisional Government in China failed to obtain widespread recognition.
In November 1943, Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Chiang Kai - shek met at the Cairo Conference to discuss what should happen to Japan 's colonies, and agreed that Japan should lose all the territories it had conquered by force. In the declaration after this conference, Korea was mentioned for the first time. The three powers declared that they were, "mindful of the enslavement of the people of Korea,... determined that in due course Korea shall become free and independent. ''
At the Tehran Conference in November 1943 and the Yalta Conference in February 1945, the Soviet Union promised to join its allies in the Pacific War in two to three months after victory in Europe. On August 8, 1945, three months to the day after the end of hostilities in Europe, and two days after the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan. Soviet troops advanced rapidly, and the US government became anxious that they would occupy the whole of Korea. On August 10, 1945 two young officers -- Dean Rusk and Charles Bonesteel -- were assigned to define an American occupation zone. Working on extremely short notice and completely unprepared, they used a National Geographic map to decide on the 38th parallel. They chose it because it divided the country approximately in half but would place the capital Seoul under American control. No experts on Korea were consulted. The two men were unaware that forty years before, Japan and pre-revolutionary Russia had discussed sharing Korea along the same parallel. Rusk later said that had he known, he "almost surely '' would have chosen a different line. The division placed sixteen million Koreans in the American zone and nine million in the Soviet zone. To the surprise of the Americans, the Soviet Union immediately accepted the division. The agreement was incorporated into General Order No. 1 (approved on 17 August 1945) for the surrender of Japan.
Soviet forces began amphibious landings in Korea by August 14 and rapidly took over the north - east of the country, and on August 16 they landed at Wonsan. On August 24, the Red Army reached Pyongyang.
General Abe Nobuyuki, the last Japanese Governor - General of Korea, had established contact with a number of influential Koreans since the beginning of August 1945 to prepare the hand - over of power. Throughout August, Koreans organized people 's committee branches for the "Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence '' (CPKI, 조선 건국 준비 위원회), headed by Lyuh Woon - hyung, a left - wing politician. On September 6, 1945, a congress of representatives was convened in Seoul and founded the short - lived People 's Republic of Korea.
In December 1945, at the Moscow Conference, the Allies agreed that the Soviet Union, the US, the Republic of China, and Britain would take part in a trusteeship over Korea for up to five years in the lead - up to independence. Many Koreans demanded independence immediately; however, the Korean Communist Party, which was closely aligned with the Soviet Communist party, supported the trusteeship. The US President Franklin Roosevelt had initiated the idea of the trusteeship for Korea in 1943.
A Soviet - US Joint Commission met in 1946 and 1947 to work towards a unified administration, but failed to make progress due to increasing Cold War antagonism and to Korean opposition to the trusteeship. Meanwhile, the division between the two zones deepened. The difference in policy between the occupying powers led to a polarization of politics, and a transfer of population between North and South. In May 1946 it was made illegal to cross the 38th parallel without a permit.
With the American government fearing Soviet expansion, and the Japanese authorities in Korea warning of a power vacuum, the embarkation date of the US occupation force was brought forward three times.
On September 7, 1945, General Douglas MacArthur announced that Lieutenant General John R. Hodge was to administer Korean affairs, and Hodge landed in Incheon with his troops the next day. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, which had operated from China, sent a delegation with three interpreters to Hodge, but he refused to meet with them. Likewise, Hodge refused to recognize the newly formed People 's Republic of Korea and its People 's Committees, and outlawed it on 12 December.
In September 1946, thousands of laborers and peasants rose up against the military government. This uprising was quickly defeated, and failed to prevent scheduled October elections for the South Korean Interim Legislative Assembly.
The ardent anti-communist Syngman Rhee, who had been the first president of the Provisional Government and later worked as a pro-Korean lobbyist in the US, became the most prominent politician in the South. On July 19, 1947, Lyuh Woon - hyung, the last senior politician committed to left - right dialogue, was assassinated by a right - winger.
The government conducted a number of military campaigns against left - wing insurgents. Over the course of the next few years, between 30,000 and 100,000 people were killed.
When Soviet troops entered Pyongyang, they found a local branch of the Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence operating under the leadership of veteran nationalist Cho Man - sik. The Soviet Army allowed these "People 's Committees '' (which were friendly to the Soviet Union) to function. Colonel - General Terentii Shtykov set up the Soviet Civil Administration, taking control of the committees and placing communists in key positions.
In February 1946 a provisional government called the Provisional People 's Committee was formed under Kim Il - sung, who had spent the last years of the war training with Soviet troops in Manchuria. Conflicts and power struggles ensued at the top levels of government in Pyongyang as different aspirants maneuvered to gain positions of power in the new government. In March 1946 the provisional government instituted a sweeping land - reform program: land belonging to Japanese and collaborator landowners was divided and redistributed to poor farmers. Organizing the many poor civilians and agricultural laborers under the people 's committees, a nationwide mass campaign broke the control of the old landed classes. Landlords were allowed to keep only the same amount of land as poor civilians who had once rented their land, thereby making for a far more equal distribution of land. The North Korean land reform was achieved in a less violent way than in China or in Vietnam. Official American sources stated: "From all accounts, the former village leaders were eliminated as a political force without resort to bloodshed, but extreme care was taken to preclude their return to power. '' The farmers responded positively; many collaborators and former landowners fled to the south, where some of them obtained positions in the new South Korean government. According to the U.S. military government, 400,000 northern Koreans went south as refugees.
Key industries were nationalized. The economic situation was nearly as difficult in the north as it was in the south, as the Japanese had concentrated agriculture in the south and heavy industry in the north.
Soviet forces departed in 1948.
With the failure of the Joint Commission to make progress, the US brought the problem before the United Nations in September 1947. The Soviet Union opposed UN involvement. At that time, the US had more influence over the UN than the USSR. The UN passed a resolution on November 14, 1947, declaring that free elections should be held, foreign troops should be withdrawn, and a UN commission for Korea, the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea (UNTCOK), should be created. The Soviet Union boycotted the voting and did not consider the resolution to be binding, arguing that the UN could not guarantee fair elections. In the absence of Soviet co-operation, it was decided to hold UN-supervised elections in the south only. Some UNTCOK delegates felt that the conditions in the south gave unfair advantage to right - wing candidates, but they were overruled.
The decision to proceed with separate elections was unpopular among many Koreans, who rightly saw it as a prelude to a permanent division of the country. General strikes in protest against the decision began in February 1948. In April, Jeju islanders rose up against the looming division of the country. South Korean troops were sent to repress the rebellion. Tens of thousands of islanders were killed and by one estimate, 70 % of the villages were burned by the South Korean troops. The uprising flared up again with the outbreak of the Korean War.
In April 1948, a conference of organizations from the north and the south met in Pyongyang, but the conference produced no results. The southern politicians Kim Koo and Kim Kyu - sik attended the conference and boycotted the elections in the south, as did other politicians and parties. Kim Koo was assassinated the following year.
On May 10, 1948 the south held a general election. On August 15, the "Republic of Korea '' formally took over power from the U.S. military, with Syngman Rhee as the first president. In the North, the "Democratic People 's Republic of Korea '' was declared on September 9, with Kim Il - sung as prime minister.
On December 12, 1948, the United Nations General Assembly accepted the report of UNTCOK and declared the Republic of Korea to be the "only lawful government in Korea ''.
Unrest continued in the South. In October 1948, the Yeosu -- Suncheon Rebellion took place, in which some regiments rejected the suppression of the Jeju uprising and rebelled against the government. In 1949, the Syngman Rhee government established the Bodo League in order to keep an eye on its political opponents. The majority of the Bodo League 's members were innocent farmers and civilians who were forced into membership. The registered members or their families were executed at the beginning of the Korean War. On December 24, 1949, South Korean Army massacred Mungyeong citizens who were suspected communist sympathizers or their family and affixed blame to communists.
This division of Korea, after more than a millennium of being unified, was seen as controversial and temporary by both regimes. From 1948 until the start of the civil war on June 25, 1950, the armed forces of each side engaged in a series of bloody conflicts along the border. In 1950, these conflicts escalated dramatically when North Korean forces invaded South Korea, triggering the Korean War. The North overran much of the South until pushed back by a US - led United Nations intervention. The UN forces then occupied most of the North, until Chinese forces intervened and restored communist control of the North.
The Korean Armistice Agreement was signed after three years of war. The two sides agreed to create a four - kilometer - wide buffer zone between the states, known as the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). This new border, reflecting the territory held by each side at the end of the war, crossed the 38th parallel diagonally.
As dictated by the terms of the Korean Armistice, a Geneva Conference was held in 1954 on the Korean question. Despite efforts by many of the nations involved, the conference ended without a declaration for a unified Korea.
The Armistice established a Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC) which was tasked to monitor the Armistice. Since 1953, members of the Swiss and Swedish Armed Forces have been members of the NNSC stationed near the DMZ.
Since the war, Korea has remained divided along the DMZ. North and South have remained in a state of conflict, with the opposing regimes both claiming to be the legitimate government of the whole country. Sporadic negotiations have failed to produce lasting progress towards reunification.
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who plays the wise merlin in kingsman the secret service | Kingsman: the Secret Service - wikipedia
Kingsman: The Secret Service is a 2014 action spy comedy film directed and co-produced by Matthew Vaughn. The screenplay was written by Vaughn and Jane Goldman, based on the comic book series Kingsman, created by Dave Gibbons and Mark Millar. It follows the recruitment and training of Gary "Eggsy '' Unwin (Taron Egerton), into a secret spy organisation. Eggsy joins a mission to tackle a global threat from Richmond Valentine (Samuel L. Jackson), a wealthy megalomaniac. The film also stars Colin Firth, Mark Strong, and Michael Caine.
Kingsman: The Secret Service premiered at the annual film marathon Butt - Numb - A-Thon on 13 December 2014, and was theatrically released in the United Kingdom on 29 January 2015. The film received generally positive reviews from critics who highly praised the stylized action sequences, the acting performances, villain, score, and its black humor, though some of the violent and sexual scenes were criticized for being too over the top. The film has grossed over $414 million worldwide, becoming Vaughn 's most commercially successful film to date. In 2015, it won the Empire Award for Best British Film.
A sequel, titled Kingsman: The Golden Circle, was released in September 2017, with Vaughn and the main cast returning.
Probationary secret agent Lee Unwin sacrifices himself to protect his superior Harry Hart while on a mission in the Middle East in 1997. Hart, blaming himself, returns to London to give Lee 's widow Michelle and her young son Gary "Eggsy '' a medal engraved with an emergency assistance number.
Seventeen years later, Eggsy, having dropped out of training for the Royal Marines despite his intelligence and capability, has become a stereotypical chav. After being arrested for stealing a car, Eggsy calls the number. Hart arranges his release. Hart explains that he is a member of Kingsman, a private intelligence service founded by wealthy British individuals who lost their heirs in World War I. Hart, code name "Galahad '', explains there is a position available, as agent "Lancelot '' was killed by the assassin Gazelle while trying to rescue Professor James Arnold from kidnappers. Eggsy becomes Hart 's candidate. Other candidates are eliminated through dangerous training tests run by operative "Merlin '', until only Eggsy and Roxy, a candidate he befriended, are left. Eggsy is unable to complete the final test -- shooting a dog he has raised during the training process (unaware that the gun holds blanks) -- and Roxy is named the new "Lancelot ''.
Meanwhile, Merlin discovers that Professor Arnold has returned to work as if nothing had happened. Hart attempts to interrogate him, but a chip in Professor Arnold 's neck explodes, killing him. The detonation signal is traced to a facility owned by Internet billionaire and philanthropist Richmond Valentine, who has recently offered everyone in the world SIM cards that grant free lifetime cellular and Internet connectivity. Hart, impersonating a billionaire philanthropist, meets Valentine face - to - face. Hart learns of Valentine 's connection to an obscure hate group 's church in Kentucky, and travels there, wearing glasses containing a video transceiver. Eggsy watches as Valentine activates the SIM cards in the church, triggering a signal that causes the parishioners to become muderously violent. Hart 's spy training leaves him as the only survivor. Outside the church Valentine explains what happened, then shoots Hart in the face.
Eggsy returns to Kingsman headquarters and finds that Chester "Arthur '' King, Kingsman 's leader, has a scar on his neck just like Professor Arnold 's. King reveals that Valentine plans to transmit his "neurological wave '' worldwide via satellite network, believing the resulting "culling '' of the human race will avert its extinction. Only those Valentine has chosen, willing and unwilling, will be unaffected. King tries to poison Eggsy, but Eggsy switches glasses and King poisons himself.
Eggsy, Merlin and Roxy set out to stop Valentine. Roxy uses high - altitude balloons to destroy one of Valentine 's satellites and break up the network, but Valentine quickly secures a replacement from a business associate. Merlin flies Eggsy to Valentine 's base, where he masquerades as King. Eggsy is discovered by a failed Kingsman recruit, leading to both Eggsy and Merlin being cornered. On Eggsy 's suggestion, Merlin activates the implanted chips ' failsafe, killing everyone with a chip. An angry Valentine activates the signal and triggers worldwide pandemonium. Eggsy kills Gazelle and uses her sharpened prosthetic leg to impale Valentine and kill him, stopping the signal and ending the threat.
In a mid-credits scene, Eggsy, now a full Kingsman agent, offers his mother and half - sister a new home away from his abusive stepfather Dean, who flatly objects to Eggsy 's suggestion. Eggsy then dispatches him in exactly the same manner that Hart dealt with one of Dean 's henchmen earlier.
Jonno Davies played Lee Unwin, Eggsy 's father and a former Kingsman candidate who sacrificed himself to save Hart. Nicholas Banks, Nicholas Agnew, Rowan Polonski and Tom Prior portrayed, respectively, Digby Barker, Nathaniel, Piers and Hugo Higins, the other four Kingsman candidates. Fiona Hampton played Amelia, a Kingsman employee who masquerades as a candidate in order to "die '' during the first test. Richard Brake played the interrogator during the penultimate test, Ralph Ineson the police interviewer after Eggsy 's arrest, whereas Corey Johnson starred as a fanatic church leader, and Velibor Topić portrayed the biggest goon in the bar fight scene. Tobias Bakare and Theo Barklem - Biggs play Eggsy 's friends Jamal and Ryan.
The project originated when Mark Millar and Vaughn were at a bar discussing spy movies, lamenting that the genre had become too serious over the years and deciding to do "a fun one. '' To have the time to make the film, Vaughn had to opt out of directing X-Men: Days of Future Past, which he called "a really tough decision ''. He reasoned that if he did not do it, "somebody else... (would) wake up and do a fun spy movie. Then I would have written a bloody screenplay that no one would want to make. '' Colin Firth joined the cast to lead the film on 29 April 2013. It was initially reported in 2013 that Leonardo DiCaprio was in talks to play a villain, although Vaughn himself later denied that he was ever considered stating that he came as close to playing the role "as I am to becoming the Pope. '' Instead the role of the villain went to Samuel L. Jackson, Jackson took the role, in part because of a career long dream to be in a James Bond movie. As he felt that this was unlikely to come true he took on the role stating "I felt like this was an opportunity to play a really great Bond villain. '' Jackson 's character has a notable lisp, a choice he decided to make based partially on the stutter he had as a kid. In September 2013, Vaughn cast Sophie Cookson for the female lead, preferring a newcomer over more obvious candidates like Emma Watson and Bella Heathcote. Mark Hamill was cast as Professor James Arnold, a reference to his character in the source comic book being named "Mark Hamill ''.
Principal photography began 6 October 2013 in Deepcut, Surrey, on a budget reported to be one - third of the $200 million budget of Skyfall. The Alexandra Road Estate in Camden was used for Eggsy 's home area, and some scenes were filmed at Imperial College London. The Black Prince Pub in Kennington, South London, was used for various fight scenes and the car chase. Savile Row in Mayfair was also employed as a location and the exterior of tailors Huntsman, which provided the clothes and James Lock & Co. in St James 's which provided the hats. While rumours of several celebrity cameo parts were published, including Adele, Elton John, Lady Gaga, and David Beckham, none of these rumours proved to be true.
In May 2014, it was reported that Henry Jackman and Matthew Margeson would be composing the music for the film, while in July it was announced that Gary Barlow would be writing the music for the film. Additionally, a song from Take That 's seventh studio album III, "Get Ready for It '', played during the end credits.
The film 's premiere was held in London on 14 January 2015, with director Vaughn and stars Firth, Egerton, and Strong attending, and Take That performing the film 's theme live. A regional premiere was held in Glasgow at exactly the same time as the London event, and live footage was streamed from the premiere to Glasgow. Mark Millar also hosted a charity screening of the film ahead of its release in Glasgow to raise money for his old school, St. Bartholomews. The film opened in the United Kingdom on 29 January 2015. In the United States 20th Century Fox planned to release the film on 14 November 2014, but later delayed it to 6 March 2015. It was later moved up to 24 October 2014, before being delayed again to 13 February 2015. The film was released in most of Latin America and Indonesia, with the action scene set in the church removed. The scene, considered vital by the director and film critics, was excised almost completely, leaving only the set - up and immediate consequences.
The trade paperback collecting the comics miniseries was released on 14 January 2015. Vaughn teamed up with luxury retailer Mr Porter to create a 60 - piece clothing line based on the film. Mr Porter worked with the film 's costume designer, Arianne Phillips, to design the bespoke suiting, while everything from the ties and shirts to eyewear, umbrellas, shoes and watches were designed by heritage brands such as Cutler and Gross, George Cleverley, Mackintosh and Bremont. The collaboration is the first of its kind, making Kingsman: The Secret Service the first film from which customers can buy all of the outfits they see. The film also includes significant product placement for Adidas Originals.
The film was released on digital HD on 15 May 2015 and on Blu - ray Disc and DVD on 9 June.
Kingsman: The Secret Service grossed $414.4 million worldwide; $24.2 million of the takings were generated from the UK market and $128.3 million from North America.
Kingsman opened on 30 January 2015 in Sweden, UK, Ireland and Malta. In the UK the film opened with $6.5 million and debuted at second place (behind Big Hero 6). The following weekend it opened in two additional countries: Australia and New Zealand. It debuted atop the box office in both countries and had a successful opening in Australia with $3.6 million. In its third weekend, it earned $23 million from 4,844 screens in 39 countries. It topped the box office in three countries; Singapore, Hong Kong, and Thailand, the rest of which were dominated by Fifty Shades of Grey. In its fourth weekend, it expanded to a total of 54 countries and grossed $33.4 million from 5,940 screens. Its biggest opener outside of North America was in China where it earned $27.9 million. Other high openings occurred in South Korea ($5.3 million) Russia and the CIS ($3.6 million), Taiwan ($3.4 million), and France ($3.3 million).
In the United States and Canada, the film opened on 13 February and was predicted to debut to around $28 million. The film opened in 3,204 cinemas and grossed $10.4 million on its first day, $15.4 million on its second day and $10.4 million on its third day, for a weekend gross of $36.2 million (an $11,300 per - cinema average), finishing second at the box office behind Fifty Shades of Grey. During the four - day Presidents Day weekend it grossed $41.8 million.
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes sampled 230 critics and judged 74 % of the reviews as positive, with an average rating of 6.8 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, "Stylish, subversive, and above all fun, Kingsman: The Secret Service finds director Matthew Vaughn sending up the spy genre with gleeful abandon. '' On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews ''. The Movie Review Query Engine (MRQE) rates the film at 63 out of 100, based on 108 film critic reviews. According to CinemaScore, audiences gave the film a grade of "B + '' on an A+ to F scale.
Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said of the film, "This slam - bang action movie about British secret agents is deliriously shaken, not stirred... Even when it stops making sense, Kingsman is unstoppable fun ''. Jordan Hoffman, writing for The Guardian, said of the film, "The spirit of 007 is all over this movie, but Vaughn 's script... has a licence to poke fun... no one involved in the production can believe they 're getting away with making such a batshit Bond. '' Comparing the film to those of Christopher Nolan, Hoffman said, "Despite the presence of grandfatherly Michael Caine, Kingsman 's tone is about as far from the Christopher Nolan - style superhero film as you can get. Verisimilitude is frequently traded in for a rich laugh ''. Peter Bradshaw, writing for The Guardian, called the film "a smirking spy spoof, weirdly charmless and dated in unintentional ways '', commenting that "it is a film forever demanding to be congratulated on how "stylish '' it is. ''
Some reviewers were critical of the film 's depiction of violence, which was considered to be too graphic for a comedy. Anthony Lane of The New Yorker stated, "Few recent movies have fetched quite as far as "Kingsman '', and countless viewers will relish the brazen zest of its invention. '' However, Lane was critical of the film 's use of stereotypes. Manohla Dargis of The New York Times enjoyed the film, but criticised Vaughn 's use of violence as a cinematic tool, calling it "narrative overkill ''. Jason Ward of The Guardian wrote that "(e) verything about Kingsman exists to disguise the fact that it is solidly conservative ''. His examples include "(t) he depiction of Valentine 's plan as a throwback to a less serious era of spy movies (which) is revealed as a feint, with the ulterior motive of undermining environmentalists ''. Likewise, The A.V. Club 's Ignatiy Vishnevetsky commented that, "Far from being a Team America - style send - up of gentleman spy movies, Kingsman is actually even more reactionary than the movies it 's referencing; it traffics in the kind of Tory values Bond flicks merely suggest (...) the thing is, the movie is fun, at least from a visual design standpoint, even though it 's hard to separate its bespoke fashions, future - vintage gadgets, and aristocratic décor from its fusty worldview ''. Peter Sobczynski of rogerebert.com, who gave the film two out of four stars, likened Vaughn 's script to the spy film equivalent of Scream and also criticised the overuse of graphic violence, despite its cartoonish rendering. Vaughn has faced some criticism for an anal sex gag at the end of the film that was a reference to the James Bond films.
# TBT to That Time Archer Met Kingsman, also known as Throwback to That Time Archer Met Kingsman, is a 2017 animated short film set between Kingsman: The Secret Service and Kingsman: The Golden Circle. The short was unveiled at the 2017 Comic - Con 's Kingsman: The Golden Circle panel in Hall H, showing a meeting between Taron Egerton 's Eggsy and H. Jon Benjamin 's Sterling Archer, who stumbles into the Kingsmen 's secret arsenal hidden in the bespoke suit shop. There, he helps himself to guns and alcohol. Fighting to reclaim the goods, Eggsy challenges Archer to "the most gentlemanly of competitions '': a drinking contest, while planning to kill him with a drugged glass. However, Archer instead drinks the bottle and passes out. Eggsy, insulted by Archer 's behaviour, vows to go to America and "teach them a lesson ''.
Millar and Vaughn stated that a sequel was possible if the film performs well at the box office, and Vaughn expressed interest in directing the sequel. Vaughn also noted that he hoped to have Firth back in the sequel, and that Strong was interested in returning as well. It was confirmed that Taron Egerton is contracted for the sequel. When asked how they would incorporate Firth 's character into the sequel, Millar stated that various ideas have been discussed, including giving Harry Hart an evil brother, or perhaps turning the character into a ghost. Fox announced a sequel was in the works, but it was unclear if Vaughn would return to direct. On 11 June 2015, it was confirmed Vaughn had begun writing the sequel, and that he might return to direct it. Principal photography was set to begin in April 2016, with an October 6, 2017, release date. It was reported that Julianne Moore was in talks to star as the new villain, and Halle Berry might sign on as the Head of the CIA. On 18 March 2016, Edward Holcroft was also confirmed to reprise his role as Charles "Charlie '' Hesketh.
Vaughn later revealed the sequel 's title to be Kingsman: The Golden Circle. The plot follows Eggsy and Merlin joining forces with "Statesman '', their American counterpart after Kingsman was destroyed by the film 's villain Poppy, played by Moore. On 7 April 2016, Egerton revealed the first poster for the film, which strongly hinted that Firth would return for the film; the poster features Harry Hart 's trademark pair of glasses with one of the eyes missing below the tagline (a borrowed quote from Mark Twain) stating "reports of my death have been greatly exaggerated. '' Sophie Cookson will also reprise her role as Roxy Morton in the sequel. The next day, Deadline reported that Pedro Pascal was in talks for the role of Jack Daniels. On 12 April 2016, Elton John was in talks about joining the cast of the upcoming sequel. The next day, Channing Tatum announced on his Twitter account that he was joining the cast.
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when are hereditary defects present in a developing fetus | Birth defect - wikipedia
A birth defect, also known as a congenital disorder, is a condition present at birth regardless of its cause. Birth defects may result in disabilities that may be physical, intellectual, or developmental. The disabilities can range from mild to severe. Birth defects are divided into two main types: structural disorders in which there are problems with the shape of a body part and functional disorders in which there are problems with how a body part works. Functional disorders include metabolic and degenerative disorders. Some birth defects include both structural and functional disorders.
Birth defects may result from genetic or chromosomal disorders, exposure to certain medications or chemicals, or certain infections during pregnancy. Risk factors include folate deficiency, drinking alcohol or smoking during pregnancy, poorly controlled diabetes, and a mother over the age of 35 years old. Many are believed to involve multiple factors. Birth defects may be visible at birth or diagnosed by screening tests. A number of defects can be detected before birth by different prenatal tests.
Treatment varies depending on the defect in question. This may include therapy, medication, surgery, or assistive technology. Birth defects affected about 96 million people as of 2015. In the United States they occur in about 3 % of newborns. They resulted in about 628,000 deaths in 2015 down from 751,000 in 1990. The types with the greatest numbers of deaths are congenital heart disease (303,000), followed by neural tube defects (65,000).
Much of the language used for describing congenital conditions predates genome mapping, and structural conditions are often considered separately from other congenital conditions. It is now known that many metabolic conditions may have subtle structural expression, and structural conditions often have genetic links. Still, congenital conditions are often classified in a structural basis, organized when possible by primary organ system affected.
Several terms are used to describe congenital abnormalities. (Some of these are also used to describe noncongenital conditions, and more than one term may apply in an individual condition.)
A limb anomaly is called a dysmelia. These include all forms of limbs anomalies, such as amelia, ectrodactyly, phocomelia, polymelia, polydactyly, syndactyly, polysyndactyly, oligodactyly, brachydactyly, achondroplasia, congenital aplasia or hypoplasia, amniotic band syndrome, and cleidocranial dysostosis.
Congenital anomalies of the heart include patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and tetralogy of fallot.
Congenital anomalies of the nervous system include neural tube defects such as spina bifida, encephalocele and anencephaly. Other congenital anomalies of the nervous system include the Arnold - Chiari malformation, the Dandy - Walker malformation, hydrocephalus, microencephaly, megalencephaly, lissencephaly, polymicrogyria, holoprosencephaly, and agenesis of the corpus callosum.
Congenital anomalies of the gastrointestinal system include numerous forms of stenosis and atresia, and perforation, such as gastroschisis.
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) include renal parenchyma, kidneys, and urinary collecting system.
Defects can be bilateral or unilateral, and different defects often coexist in an individual child.
A congenital metabolic disease is also referred to as an inborn error of metabolism. Most of these are single gene defects, usually heritable. Many affect the structure of body parts but some simply affect the function.
Other well defined genetic conditions may affect the production of hormones, receptors, structural proteins, and ion channels.
The mother 's consumption of alcohol during pregnancy can cause a continuum of various permanent birth defects: cranofacial abnormalities, brain damage, intellectual disability, heart disease, kidney abnormality, skeletal anomalies, ocular abnormalities.
The prevalence of children affected is estimated at least 1 percent in U.S. as well in Canada.
Very few studies have investigated the links between paternal alcohol use and offspring health.
However, recent animal research has shown a correlation between paternal alcohol exposure and decreased offspring birth weight. Behavioral and cognitive disorders, including difficulties with learning and memory, hyperactivity, and lowered stress tolerance have been linked to paternal alcohol ingestion. The compromised stress management skills of animals whose male parent was exposed to alcohol are similar to the exaggerated responses to stress that children with fetal alcohol syndrome display because of maternal alcohol use. These birth defects and behavioral disorders were found in cases of both long - and short - term paternal alcohol ingestion. In the same animal study, paternal alcohol exposure was correlated with a significant difference in organ size and the increased risk of the offspring displaying ventricular septal defects at birth.
Substances whose toxicity can cause congenital disorders are called teratogens, and include certain pharmaceutical and recreational drugs in pregnancy as well as many environmental toxins in pregnancy.
A review published in 2010 identified 6 main teratogenic mechanisms associated with medication use: folate antagonism, neural crest cell disruption, endocrine disruption, oxidative stress, vascular disruption and specific receptor - or enzyme - mediated teratogenesis.
It is estimated that 10 % of all birth defects are caused by prenatal exposure to a teratogenic agent. These exposures include, but are not limited to, medication or drug exposures, maternal infections and diseases, and environmental and occupational exposures. Paternal smoking use has also been linked to an increased risk of birth defects and childhood cancer for the offspring, where the paternal germline undergoes oxidative damage due to cigarette use. Teratogen - caused birth defects are potentially preventable. Studies have shown that nearly 50 % of pregnant women have been exposed to at least one medication during gestation. During pregnancy, a female can also be exposed to teratogens from the contaminated clothing or toxins within the seminal fluid of a partner. An additional study found that of 200 individuals referred for genetic counseling for a teratogenic exposure, 52 % were exposed to more than one potential teratogen.
Probably, the most well - known teratogenic drug is thalidomide. It was developed near the end of the 1950s by Chemie Grűnenthal as a sleep inducing aid and antiemetic. Because of its ability to prevent nausea it was prescribed for pregnant women in almost 50 countries worldwide between 1956 -- 1962. Until William McBride published the study leading to its withdrawal from the market at 1961, about 8 - 10 000 severely malformed children were born. The most typical disorder induced by thalidomide were reductional deformities of the long bones of the extremities. Phocomelia otherwise a rare deformity, which therefore helped to recognise the teratogenic effect of the new drug. Among other malformations caused by thalidomide were those of ears, eyes, brain, kidney, heart, digestive and respiratory tract. 40 % of the prenatally affected children died soon after birth. As thalidomide is used today as a treatment for multiple myeloma and leprosy, several births of affected children were described in spite of the strictly required use of contraception among female patients treated by it.
Vitamin A, is the sole vitamin which is embryotoxic even in a therapeutic dose, for example in multivitamins, because its metabolite retinoic acid, plays an important role as a signal molecule in the development of several tisues and organs. Its natural precursor, β - carotene, is considered safe, whereas the consumption of animal liver can lead to malformation, as the liver stores lipophile vitamins, including retinol. Isotretinoin (13 - cis - retinoic - acid; brand name Roaccutane), vitamine A analog, which is often used to treat severe acne, is such a strong teratogen that just a single dose taken by a pregnant woman (even transdermally) may result in serious birth defects. Because of this effect, most countries have systems in place to ensure that it is not given to pregnant women, and that the patient is aware of how important it is to prevent pregnancy during and at least one month after treatment. Medical guidelines also suggest that pregnant women should limit vitamin A intake to about 700 μg / day, as it has teratogenic potential when consumed in excess. Vitamine A and similar substances can induce spontaneous abortions, premature births, defects of eyes (microphthalmia), ears, thymus, face deformities, neurological (hydrocephalus, microcephalia) and cardiovascular defects, as well as mental retardation.
Tetracycline, an antibiotic, should never be prescribed to women of reproductive age or to children, because of its negative impact on bone mineralization and teeth mineralization. The "tetracycline teeth '' have brown or grey colour as a result of a defective development of both the dentine and the enamel of teeth.
Several anticonvulsants are known to be highly teratogenic. Phenytoin, also known as diphenylhydantoin, along with carbamazepine is responsible for the fetal hydantoin syndrome, which may typically include broad nose base, cleft lip and / or palate, microcephalia, nails and fingers hypoplasia, intrauterine growth restriction and mental retardation. Trimethadione taken during pregnancy is responsible for the fetal trimethadione syndrome, characterized by craniofacial, cardiovascular, renal and spine malformations, along with a delay in mental and physical development. Valproate has antifolate effects, leading to neural tube closure - related defects such as spina bifida. Lower IQ and autism have recently also been reported as a result of intrauterine valproate exposure.
Hormonal contraception is considered as harmless for the embryo. Peterka and Novotná do however state that syntethic progestines used to prevent miscarriage in the past frequently caused masculinization of the outer reproductive organs of female newborns due to their androgenic activity. Diethylstilbestrol is a synthetic estrogen used from the 1940s to 1971 when the prenatal exposition has been linked to the clear - cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina. Following studies showed elevated risks for other tumors and congenital malformations of the sex organs for both sexes.
All cytostatics are strong teratogens, abortion is usually recommended when pregnancy is discovered during or before chemotherapy. Aminopterin, a cytostatic drug with anti-folate effect, was used during the 1950s and 1960s to induce therapeutic abortions. In some cases the abortion didn _́ t happen, but the newborns suffered a fetal aminopterin syndrome consisting of growth retardation, craniosynostosis, hydrocephalus, facial dismorphities, mental retardation and / or leg defomities
Drinking water is often a medium through which harmful toxins travel. Studies have shown that heavy metals, elements, nitrates, nitrites, fluoride can be carried through water and cause congenital disorders.
Nitrate, which is found mostly in drinking water from ground sources, is a powerful teratogen. A case - control study in rural Australia that was conducted following frequent reports of prenatal mortality and congenital malformations found that those who drank the nitrate - infected groundwater, as opposed to rain water, ran the risk of giving birth to children with central nervous system disorders, muscoskeletal defects, and cardiac defects.
Chlorinated and aromatic solvents such as benzene and trichloroethylene sometimes enter the water supply due to oversights in waste disposal. A case - control study on the area found that by 1986, leukemia was occurring in the children of Woburn, Massachusetts at a rate that was four times the expected rate of incidence. Further investigation revealed a connection between the high occurrence of leukemia and an error in water distribution that delivered water to the town with significant contamination manufacturing waste containing trichloroethylene. As an endocrine disruptor, the DDT was shown to induce miscarriages, interfere with the development of the female reproductive system, cause the congenital hypothyroidism and suspectibly childhood obesity.
Fluoride, when transmitted through water at high levels, can also act as a teratogen. Two reports on fluoride exposure from China, which were controlled to account for the education level of parents, found that children born to parents who were exposed to 4.12 PPM fluoride grew to have IQs that were, on average, seven points lower than their counterparts whose parents consumed water that contained 0.91 PPM fluoride. In studies conducted on rats, higher PPM fluoride in drinking water lead to increased acetylcholinesterase levels, which can alter prenatal brain development. The most significant effects were noted at a level of 5 PPM.
The fetus is even more susceptible to damage from carbon monoxide intake, which can be harmful when inhaled during pregnancy, usually through first or second - hand tobacco smoke. The concentration of carbon monoxide in the infant born to a non-smoking mother is around 2 %, and this concentration drastically increases to a range of 6 % -- 9 % if the mother smokes tobacco. Other possible sources of prenatal carbon monoxide intoxication are exhaust gas from combustion motors, use of dichloromethane (paint thinner, varnish removers) in enclosed areas, defective gas hot water heaters, indoor barbeques, open flames in poorly - ventilated areas, atmospheric exposure in highly polluted areas. Exposure to carbon monoxide at toxic levels during the first two trimesters of pregnancy can lead to intrauterine growth restriction, leading to a baby that has stunted growth and is born smaller than 90 % of other babies at the same gestational age. The effect of chronic exposure to carbon monoxide can depend on the stage of pregnancy in which the mother is exposed. Exposure during the embryonic stage can have neurological consequences, such as telencephalic dysgenesis, behavioral difficulties during infancy, and reduction of cerebellum volume. There are also possible skeletal defects that could result from exposure to carbon monoxide during the embryonic stage, such as hand and foot malformations, hip dysplasia, hip subluxation, agenisis of a limb, and inferior maxillary atresia with glossoptosis. Also, carbon monoxide exposure between days 35 and 40 of embryonic development can lead to an increased risk of the child developing a cleft palate. Exposure to carbon monoxide or polluted ozone exposure can also lead to cardiac defects of the ventrical septal, pulmonary artery and heart valves. The effects of carbon monoxide exposure are decreased later in fetal development during the fetal stage, but they may still lead to anoxic encephalopathy.
Industrial pollution can also lead to congenital defects. Over a period of 37 years, the Chisso Corporation, a petrochemical and plastics company, contaminated the waters of Minamata Bay with an estimated 27 tons of methylmercury, contaminating the local water supply. This led to many people in the area developing what became known as the "Minamata Disease. '' Because methylmercury is a teratogen, the mercury poisoning of those residing by the bay resulted in neurological defects in the offspring. Infants exposed to mercury poisoning in utero showed predispositions to cerebral palsy, ataxia, inhibited psychomotor development, and mental retardation.
Landfill sites have been shown to have adverse effects on fetal development. Extensive research has been shown that landfills have several negative effects on babies born to mothers living near landfill sites: low birth weight, birth defects, spontaneous abortion, and fetal and infant mortality. Studies done around the Love Canal site near Niagara Falls and the Lipari Landfill in New Jersey have shown a higher proportion of low birth babies than communities farther away from landfills. A study done in California showed a positive correlation between time and quantity of dumping and low birth weights and neonatal deaths. A study in the United Kingdom showed a correspondence between pregnant women living near landfill sites and an increased risk of congenital disorders, such as neural tube defects, hypospadias, epispadia, and abdominal wall defects, such as gastroschisis and exomphalos. A study conducted on a Welsh community also showed an increase incidence of gastroschisis. Another study was done on twenty - one European hazardous waste sites and showed that those living within three kilometers had an increased risk of giving birth to infants with birth defects and that as distance from the land increased, the risk decreased. These birth defects included neural tube defects, malformations of the cardiac septa, anomalies of arteries and veins, and chromosomal anomalies. Looking at communities that live near landfill sites brings up environmental justice. A vast majority of sites are located near poor, mostly black, communities. For example, between the early 1920s and 1978, about 25 % of Houston 's population was black. However, over 80 % of landfills and incinerators during this time were located in these black communities.
Another issue regarding environmental justice is lead poisoning. If the fetus is exposed to lead during the pregnancy, this can result in learning difficulties and slowed growth. A lot of paints (before 1978) and pipes contain lead. Therefore, pregnant women who live in homes with lead paint will inhale the dust containing lead, leading to lead exposure in the fetus. When lead pipes are used for drinking water and cooking water, this water is ingested, along with the lead, exposing the fetus to this toxin. This issue is more prevalent in poorer communities. This is because more well off families are able to afford to have their homes repainted and pipes renovated.
Paternal smoking prior to conception has been linked with the increased risk of congenital abnormalities in offspring.
Smoking causes DNA mutations in the germline of the father, which can be inherited by the offspring. Cigarette smoke acts as a chemical mutagen on germ cell DNA. The germ cells suffer oxidative damage, and the effects can be seen in altered mRNA production, infertility issues, and side effects in the embryonic and fetal stages of development. This oxidative damage may result in epigenetic or genetic modifications of the father 's germline. Research has shown that fetal lymphocytes have been damaged as a result of a father 's smoking habits prior to conception.
Correlations between paternal smoking and the increased risk of offspring developing childhood cancers (including acute leukemia, brain tumors, and lymphoma) before age five have been established. However, further research is needed to confirm these findings. Little is currently known about how paternal smoking damages the fetus, and what window of time in which the father smokes is most harmful to offspring.
A vertically transmitted infection is an infection caused by bacteria, viruses or, in rare cases, parasites transmitted directly from the mother to an embryo, fetus or baby during pregnancy or childbirth. It can occur when the mother gets an infection as an intercurrent disease in pregnancy.
Congenital disorders were initially believed to be the result of only hereditary factors. However, in the early 1940s, Australian pediatric ophthalmologist Norman Gregg began recognizing a pattern in which the infants arriving at his surgery were developing congenital cataracts at a higher rate than those who developed it from hereditary factors. On October 15, 1941, Gregg delivered a paper which explained his findings - 68 out of the 78 children who were afflicted with congenital cataracts had been exposed in utero to rubella due to an outbreak in Australian army camps. These findings confirmed, to Gregg, that there could, in fact, be environmental causes for congenital disorders.
Rubella is known to cause abnormalities of the eye, internal ear, heart, and sometimes the teeth. More specifically, fetal exposure to rubella during weeks five to ten of development (the sixth week particularly) can cause cataracts and microphthalmia in the eyes. If the mother is infected with rubella during the ninth week, a crucial week for internal ear development, there can be destruction of the organ of Corti, causing deafness. In the heart the ductus arteriosus can remain after birth, leading to hypertension. Rubella can also lead to atrial and ventricular septal defects in the heart. If exposed to rubella in the second trimester, the fetus can develop central nervous system malformations. However, because infections of rubella may remain undetected, misdiagnosed, or unrecognized in the mother, and / or some abnormalities are not evident until later in the child 's life, precise incidence of birth defects due to rubella are not entirely known. The timing of the mother 's infection during fetal development determines the risk and type of birth defect. As the embryo develops, the risk of abnormalities decreases. If exposed to the rubella virus during the first four weeks, the risk of malformations is 47 percent. Exposure during weeks five through eight creates a 22 percent chance, while weeks nine to twelve a seven percent chance exists, followed by a percentage of six if the exposure is during the thirteenth to sixteenth weeks. Exposure during the first eight weeks of development can also lead to prematurity and fetal death. These numbers are calculated from immediate inspection of the infant after birth. Therefore, mental defects are not accounted for in the percentages because they are not evident until later in the child 's life. If they were to be included, these numbers would be much higher.
Other infectious agents include cytomegalovirus, the herpes simplex virus, hyperthermia, toxoplasmosis, and syphilis. Mother exposure to cytomegalovirus can cause microcephaly, cerebral calcifications, blindness, chorioretinitis (which can cause blindness), hepatosplenomegaly, and meningoencephalitis in fetuses. Microcephaly is a disorder in which the fetus has an atypically small head, cerebral calcifications means certain areas of the brain have atypical calcium deposits, and meningoencephalitis is the enlargement of the brain. All three disorders cause abnormal brain function or mental retardation. Hepatosplenomegaly is the enlargement of the liver and spleen which causes digestive problems. It can also cause some kernicterus and petechiae. Kernicterus causes yellow pigmentation of the skin, brain damage, and deafness. Petechaie is when the capillaries bleed resulting in red / purple spots on the skin. However, cytomegalovirus is often fatal in the embryo.
The herpes simplex virus can cause microcephaly, microphthalmus (abnormally small eyeballs), retinal dysplasia, hepatosplenomegaly, and mental retardation. Both microphthalmus and retinal dysplasia can cause blindness. However, the most common symptom in infants is an inflammatory response that develops during the first three weeks of life. Hyperthermia causes anencephaly, which is when part of the brain and skull are absent in the infant. Mother exposure to toxoplasmosis can cause cerebral calcification, hydrocephalus (causes mental disabilities), and mental retardation in infants. Other birth abnormalities have been reported as well, such as chorioretinitis, microphthalmus, and ocular defects. Syphilis causes congenital deafness, mental retardation, and diffuse fibrosis in organs, such as the liver and lungs, if the embryo is exposed.
For example, a lack of folic acid, a vitamin B, in the diet of a mother can cause cellular neural tube deformities that result in spina bifida. Congenital disorders such as a neural tube deformity (NTD) can be prevented by 72 % if the mother consumes 4 milligrams of folic acid before the conception and after 12 weeks of pregnancy. Folic acid, or vitamin B, aids the development of the foetal nervous system.
Studies with mice have found that food deprivation of the male mouse prior to conception leads to the offspring displaying significantly lower blood glucose levels.
External physical shocks or constrainment due to growth in a restricted space, may result in unintended deformation or separation of cellular structures resulting in an abnormal final shape or damaged structures unable to function as expected. An example is Potter syndrome due to oligohydramnios. This finding is important for future understandings of how genetics may predispose individuals for diseases like obesity, diabetes, and cancer.
For multicellular organisms that develop in a womb, the physical interference or presence of other similarly developing organisms such as twins can result in the two cellular masses being integrated into a larger whole, with the combined cells attempting to continue to develop in a manner that satisfies the intended growth patterns of both cell masses. The two cellular masses can compete with each other, and may either duplicate or merge various structures. This results in conditions such as conjoined twins, and the resulting merged organism may die at birth when it must leave the life - sustaining environment of the womb and must attempt to sustain its biological processes independently.
Genetic causes of congenital anomalies include inheritance of abnormal genes from the mother or the father, as well as new mutations in one of the germ cells that gave rise to the fetus. Male germ cells mutate at a much faster rate than female germ cells, and as the father ages, the DNA of the germ cells mutates quickly. If an egg is fertilized with sperm that has damaged DNA, there is a possibility that the fetus could develop abnormally.
Genetic disorders or diseases are all congenital, though they may not be expressed or recognized until later in life. Genetic diseases may be divided into single - gene defects, multiple - gene disorders, or chromosomal defects. Single - gene defects may arise from abnormalities of both copies of an autosomal gene (a recessive disorder) or of only one of the two copies (a dominant disorder). Some conditions result from deletions or abnormalities of a few genes located contiguously on a chromosome. Chromosomal disorders involve the loss or duplication of larger portions of a chromosome (or an entire chromosome) containing hundreds of genes. Large chromosomal abnormalities always produce effects on many different body parts and organ systems.
A low socioeconomic status in a deprived neighborhood may include exposure to "environmental stressors and risk factors. '' Socioeconomic inequalities are commonly measured by the Cartairs - Morris score, Index of Multiple Deprivation, Townsend deprivation index, and the Jarman score. The Jarman score, for example, considers "unemployment, overcrowding, single parents, under - fives, elderly living alone, ethnicity, low social class and residential mobility. '' In Vos ' meta - analysis these indices are used to view the effect of low SES neighborhoods on maternal health. In the meta - analysis, data from individual studies were collected from 1985 up until 2008. Vos concludes that a correlation exists between prenatal adversities and deprived neighborhoods. Other studies have shown that low SES is closely associated with the development of the fetus in utero and growth retardation. Studies also suggest that children born in low SES families are "likely to be born prematurely, at low birth weight, or with asphyxia, a birth defect, a disability, fetal alcohol syndrome, or AIDS. '' Bradley and Corwyn also suggest that congenital disorders arise from the mother 's lack of nutrition, a poor lifestyle, maternal substance abuse and "living in a neighborhood that contains hazards affecting fetal development (toxic waste dumps). '' In a meta - analysis that viewed how inequalities influenced maternal health, it was suggested that deprived neighborhoods often promoted behaviors such as smoking, drug and alcohol use. After controlling for socioeconomic factors and ethnicity, several individual studies demonstrated an association with outcomes such as perinatal mortality and preterm birth.
For the survivors of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, who are known as the Hibakusha, no statistically demonstrable increase of birth defects / congenital malformations was found among their later conceived children, or found in the later conceived children of cancer survivors who had previously received radiotherapy. The surviving women of Hiroshima and Nagasaki who were able to conceive, though exposed to substantial amounts of radiation, later had children with no higher incidence of abnormalities / birth defects than in the Japanese population as a whole.
Relatively few studies have researched the effects of paternal radiation exposure on offspring. Following the Chernobyl disaster, it was assumed in the 1990s that the germ line of irradiated fathers suffered minisatellite mutations in the DNA, which was inherited by descendants. more recently however, the World Health Organization states, "children conceived before or after their father 's exposure showed no statistically significant differences in mutation frequencies ''. This statistically insignificant increase was also seen by independent researchers analyzing the children of the liquidators. Animal studies have shown that incomparably massive doses of X-ray irradiation of male mice resulted in birth defects of the offspring.
In the 1980s, a relatively high prevalence of pediatric leukemia cases in children living near a nuclear processing plant in West Cumbria, UK, led researchers to investigate whether the cancer was a result of paternal radiation exposure. A significant association between paternal irradiation and offspring cancer was found, but further research areas close to other nuclear processing plants did not produce the same results. Later this was determined to be the Seascale cluster in which the leading hypothesis is the influx of foreign workers, who have a different rate of leukemia within their race than the British average, resulted in the observed cluster of 6 children more than expected around Cumbria.
Certain birth complications can occur more often in advanced maternal age (greater than 35 years). Complications include fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia, placental abruption, pre-mature births, and stillbirth. These complications not only may put the child at risk, but also the mother.
The effects of the fathers age on offspring are not yet well understood and are studied far less extensively than the effects of the mother 's age. Fathers contribute proportionally more DNA mutations to their offspring via their germ cells than the mother, with the paternal age governing how many mutations are passed on. This is because, as humans age, male germ cells acquire mutations at a much faster rate than female germ cells.
Around a 5 % increase in the incidence of ventricular septal defects, atrial septal defects, and patent ductus arteriosus in offspring has been found to be correlated with advanced paternal age. Advanced paternal age has also been linked to increased risk of achondroplasia and Apert syndrome. Offspring born to fathers under the age of 20 show increased risk of being affected by patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defects, and the tetralogy of Fallot. It is hypothesized that this may be due to environmental exposures or lifestyle choices.
Research has found that there is a correlation between advanced paternal age and risk of birth defects such as limb anomalies, syndromes involving multiple systems, and Down 's syndrome. Recent studies have concluded that 5 - 9 % of Down 's syndrome cases are due to paternal effects, but these findings are controversial.
There is concrete evidence that advanced paternal age is associated with the increased likelihood that a mother will have a miscarriage or that fetal death will occur.
Although significant progress has been made in identifying the etiology of some birth defects, approximately 65 % have no known or identifiable cause. These are referred to as sporadic, a term that implies an unknown cause, random occurrence regardless of maternal living conditions, and a low recurrence risk for future children. For 20 - 25 % of anomalies there seems to be a "multifactorial '' cause, meaning a complex interaction of multiple minor genetic anomalies with environmental risk factors. Another 10 -- 13 % of anomalies have a purely environmental cause (e.g. infections, illness, or drug abuse in the mother). Only 12 -- 25 % of anomalies have a purely genetic cause. Of these, the majority are chromosomal anomalies.
Newborn screening tests were introduced in the early 1960s and initially dealt with just two disorders. Since then tandem mass spectrometry, gas chromatography -- mass spectrometry, and DNA analysis has made it possible for a much larger range of disorders to be screened. Newborn screening mostly measures metabolite and enzyme activity using a dried blood spot sample. Screening tests are carried out in order to detect serious disorders that may be treatable to some extent. Early diagnosis makes possible the readiness of therapeutic dietary information, enzyme replacement therapy and organ transplants. Different countries support the screening for a number of metabolic disorders (inborn errors of metabolism (IEM)), and genetic disorders including cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Tandem mass spectroscopy can also be used for IEM, and investigation of sudden infant death, and shaken baby syndrome.
Screening can also be carried out prenatally and can include obstetric ultrasonography to give scans such as the nuchal scan. 3D ultrasound scans can give detailed information of structural anomalies.
Congenital anomalies resulted in about 632,000 deaths per year in 2013 down from 751,000 in 1990. The types with the greatest death are congenital heart defects (323,000), followed by neural tube defects (69,000).
Many studies have found that the frequency of occurrence of certain congenital malformations depends on the sex of the child (table). For example, pyloric stenosis occurs more often in males while congenital hip dislocation is four to five times more likely to occur in females. Among children with one kidney, there are approximately twice as many males, whereas among children with three kidneys there are approximately 2.5 times more females. The same pattern is observed among infants with excessive number of ribs, vertebrae, teeth and other organs which in a process of evolution have undergone reduction -- among them there are more females. Contrarily, among the infants with their scarcity, there are more males. Anencephaly is shown to occur approximately twice as frequently in females. The number of boys born with 6 fingers is two times higher than the number of girls. Now various techniques are available to detect congenital anomalies in fetus before birth.
About 3 % of newborns have a "major physical anomaly '', meaning a physical anomaly that has cosmetic or functional significance. Physical congenital abnormalities are the leading cause of infant mortality in the United States, accounting for more than 20 % of all infant deaths. Seven to ten percent of all children will require extensive medical care to diagnose or treat a birth defect.
P.M. Rajewski and A.L. Sherman (1976) have analyzed the frequency of congenital anomalies in relation to the system of the organism. Prevalence of men was recorded for the anomalies of phylogenetically younger organs and systems.
In respect of an etiology, sexual distinctions can be divided on appearing before and after differentiation of male 's gonads in during embryonic development, which begins from eighteenth week. The testosterone level in male embryos thus raises considerably. The subsequent hormonal and physiological distinctions of male and female embryos can explain some sexual differences in frequency of congenital defects. It is difficult to explain the observed differences in the frequency of birth defects between the sexes by the details of the reproductive functions or the influence of environmental and social factors.
The CDC and National Birth Defect Project studied the incidence of birth defects in the US. Key findings include:
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who plays the voice of jr in veggie tales | List of VeggieTales characters - wikipedia
This is a list of characters that appear in the animated series VeggieTales.
Bob the Tomato (introduced 1992) is usually the "straight man '' in his partnership with Larry the Cucumber, as they introduce many of the stories at the beginning and wrap - up the Biblical lesson at the end of most of the shows. He also plays many character roles in the story segments, some of which are in contrast to his more mature persona, which Phil Vischer called "my inner Mr. Rogers ''. He first appeared in 1993 in Big Idea 's first video, Where 's God When I 'm S - Scared?. In it, he and Larry set the opening format which has largely become a VeggieTales standard, where a letter is read from a viewer by the duo on a kitchen counter (which serves as a sort of stage). In this show, Bob played himself in the first of the two 15 - minute segment titled "Tales from the Crisper '', comforting frightened Junior Asparagus with the cheerful song, "God is Bigger. '' The end of this episode started a running gag in which Bob is annoyed by the "What We Have Learned '' end - of - episode song, impatiently waiting until it is over so that he can ask Qwerty what they 've learned.
He is voiced by VeggieTales co-creator Phil Vischer.
Larry the Cucumber (introduced 1991) partners with his best friend Bob as the wacky companion hosting the videos. In the pre-2015 theme song, he plays a sousaphone while Bob and other characters sing it. Larry is often cast as the central character in videos with one of his central roles is as the host of the short, recurring musical segment entitled Silly Songs with Larry, in which Larry performs humorous musical numbers of various style and content. The Silly Song segment, typically placed in the middle of the video, immediately became a very popular staple of VeggieTales entertainment. Larry also has several other recurring roles including: "Minnesota Cuke '' (a parody of Indiana Jones); "Elliot '' / "Buccaneer Larry '', one of The Pirates Who Do n't Do Anything; and the comical "superhero '' LarryBoy in both computer - animated and traditionally animated adventures. Larry was also the star of his own short - lived animated series, 2002 's Larryboy: The Cartoon Adventures.
Larry was first used by Vischer to make a short film called "Mr. Cuke 's Screen Test '' in 1991 and this film inspired Vischer and Mike Nawrocki to create VeggieTales. Larry 's on - screen debut was in Big Idea 's first video, Where 's God When I 'm S - Scared? In this first episode, he was the source of most of the jokes, including physical gags and silly dialogue. The video also featured the first Silly Song in which Larry wore an oversized cowboy hat and sang "The Water Buffalo Song. '' Larry is the only character to have made an appearance in every single VeggieTales episode (to date).
One of the most notable differences between the Larry of Where 's God When I 'm S - Scared? and more recent videos is the range of his voice. While Nawrocki has always performed Larry 's voice, early shows were voiced with a broad vocal range, from Nawrocki 's natural tenor to well above. Starting with Are You My Neighbor?, that range was limited in scope to the upper range and included a slight lisp, giving Larry a more youthful and sillier sound. Gradually, Larry 's speech became more normal, at about the time of the making of the video King George and the Ducky.
Larry is one of the only Veggies to have spoken about, and to have been seen with his family. He talks about his Aunt Ruth in Dave and the Giant Pickle 's Silly Song, "I Love My Lips '' and about a cousin in Josh and the Big Wall 's Silly Song, "Song of the Cebu ''. In Duke and the Great Pie War, he introduces his three brothers, named Bob, Mark, and Steve, who perform the "What We Have Learned '' song.
Larry is voiced by VeggieTales co-creator Mike Nawrocki.
Junior Asparagus (introduced 1993) is one of the co-stars of the VeggieTales series and is a 5 - year - old typical child. Junior has taken a lead role in several videos, including Where 's God When I 'm S - Scared?, Dave and the Giant Pickle, Lyle the Kindly Viking, and Lord of the Beans. He is also a member of the boy band "Boyz in the Sink '', along with Larry, Mr. Lunt, and Jimmy Gourd, which have appeared in several Silly Songs. Junior is also seen at various times with his parents, Dad and Mom Asparagus.
In the initial episodes, Junior was as much a main character as Bob or Larry, having a starring role in at least one segment in every episode - even appearing alongside Bob on the sink counter (in place of Larry) in Josh and the Big Wall and Abe and the Amazing Promise. As the series has evolved, his role has become less pronounced such that Esther... The Girl Who Became Queen would become the first episode in which Junior did not make an appearance. However, Junior continues to be featured prominently with leading roles in such movies as Pistachio -- The Little Boy That Wood n't and The Little Drummer Boy.
Junior is voiced by Lisa Vischer (the wife of Phil Vischer) in the video releases, and by Tress MacNeille in the VeggieTales in the House series.
Archibald Asparagus (introduced 1992) appears in a stereotypical role of a stuffy, classically - educated "adult '' contrasting with the rest of his co-stars. Archibald has a monocle, a red bowtie, and an Oxford English accent.
Archibald first appeared in Where 's God When I 'm S - Scared?, where he played King Darius in the Daniel and the Lion 's Den segment. This episode also coined his on - going dialogue with Larry the Cucumber about his Silly Songs being "too silly ''. He has also appeared in other Silly Songs including singing, The Biscuit of Zazzamarandabo. Archibald has a recurring role as Larry - Boy 's butler and was featured as the title character in Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie.
Archibald is voiced by VeggieTales co-creator Phil Vischer.
Laura Carrot (introduced 1995) is a 6 - year - old carrot and is Junior 's best friend. She first appeared in Are You My Neighbor? and got her first major role in Rack, Shack and Benny. She is usually used when there is a child female lead including playing the title characters. For example, Princess and the Popstar.
Laura Carrot has been voiced by Kristin Blegen, Megan Murphy, and Keri Pisapia in the videos, and Tress MacNeille in the VeggieTales in the House series.
Mr. Lunt (introduced 1995) is a decorative gourd with a Spanish accent who grew up in New Jersey. He often appears as Mr. Nezzer 's assistant and they were both introduced in Rack, Shack & Benny and the pair were typically used as the video 's bad guys in early VeggieTales episodes. Mr. Lunt also regularly appears as Pirate Lunt / Sedgewick, one of "The Pirates Who Do n't Do Anything '', and as a member of the boy band, the "Boyz in the Sink ''. In addition to his "Boyz '' songs, Mr. Lunt has gotten two of his own Silly Songs ("His Cheeseburger '' & "Doughnuts for Benny ''). A notable feature is his lack of eyes and thus must use the brim of a hat or his eyebrows for expression.
Mr. Lunt is voiced by Phil Vischer.
Jimmy and Jerry Gourd (introduced 1995) are gourd brothers who appear as a secondary comic dual. While Bob and Larry can be considered animated versions of Abbott and Costello, Jimmy (the orange gourd) and Jerry (the yellow gourd) might more closely resemble Tweedledee and Tweedledum. The pair debuted together in Are You My Neighbor? which established that they love to eat. Jimmy is a reoccurring member of the boy band "Boyz in the Sink ''. Jerry appeared with Mr. Lunt in the Love Song "His Cheeseburger '' (furthering his reputation as loving to eat). Alongside Mr. Lunt, Jimmy did musical commentary in Sweetpea Beauty: A Girl After God 's Own Heart.
Jimmy and Jerry are voiced respectively by Phil Vischer and Mike Nawrocki.
Madame Blueberry (introduced 1998) is a blueberry with a French accent who first appeared as the title character in Madame Blueberry. Her name and the theme of this video are both obvious allusions to the tale of Madame Bovary and as such Madame Blueberry was early on cast as a vain character. Although a blueberry, she is similar in size to Bob the Tomato and slightly larger than the similarly - sized - in - real - life French Peas. Madame Blueberry has a reoccurring role as the Mayor of Bumblyburg in the Larry - Boy videos.
Madame Blueberry was voiced in the direct - to - video series by Megan Moore Burns in 1998, by Gail Bock from 1999 - 2002, by Jackie Ritz from 2002 - 2009, and Megan Murphy from 2005 to the present. She is voiced by Tress MacNeille in the VeggieTales in the House series.
Petunia Rhubarb (introduced 2005) is a red - headed rhubarb who is often seen with Larry as his love interest or female co-star. Her first appearance was in Duke and the Great Pie War playing the part of Princess Petunia, the scorned "Ruth '' figure waiting to be redeemed by Larry 's "Boaz ''. Petunia has a reoccurring role in the Larryboy videos and has also sung alongside Larry in the Silly Song, "Where Have All The Staplers Gone? '' on the video Pistachio - The Little Boy That Wood n't.
Petunia Rhubarb is voiced by Cydney Trent for the direct - to - video series and by Tress MacNeille in VeggieTales in the House.
Pa Grape (introduced 1994) is, as his name suggests, an elderly looking grape with glasses and a stereo - typical Jewish accent. Pa made his first appearance in God Wants Me to Forgive Them!?! as the father of the "Grapes of Wrath. '' Pa Grape has a reoccurring role as the captain of the "Pirates Who Do n't Do Anything, '' / George appearing alongside Larry and Mr. Lunt. Pa Grape is typically cast as a wise, fatherly figure such as Jesse in Dave and the Giant Pickle, Little Joe 's father in The Ballad of Little Joe, cousin Mordecai in Esther... The Girl Who Became Queen and the angel sent to guide Gideon in Gideon: Tuba Warrior.
Pa Grape is voiced by Phil Vischer.
Mr. Nezzer (introduced 1995) is a zucchini who made his debut in Rack, Shack & Benny as "Nebby K. Nezzer '' (an allusion to Nebuchadnezzar, the King of Babylon) the owner of a chocolate bunny factory who creates an idol that he wants everyone to worship. In The Toy That Saved Christmas, Mr. Nezzer plays Nebby 's brother "Wally P. Nezzer '', again with side - kick and chief trouble - maker Mr. Lunt. In The Star of Christmas and An Easter Carol, he is "Ebenezer Nezzer '' (an allusion to Ebenezer Scrooge) who owns a theater and an Easter egg factory respectively. In addition to his roles as the villain, Mr. Nezzer usually appears as the leader in VeggieTales videos such as his role as the King Xerxes of Persia character in Esther... The Girl Who Became Queen, Olaf the lead Viking in Lyle the Kindly Viking, and the Mayor of Dodgeball City in The Ballad of Little Joe and Moe and the Big Exit.
Mr. Nezzer is voiced by Phil Vischer.
Headed by Jean - Claude and Philippe, the French Peas (introduced 1996) are a group of Monty Python-esque green peas with broken French accents who debuted playing the Philistines in Dave and the Giant Pickle. The Peas, before they shrunk to a regular pea size, are often portrayed as villains, albeit agitating ones as opposed to menacing. Like the French soldiers in Monty Python and the Holy Grail, the French Peas often torment passersby with strange, nonsensical threats, as seen in Josh and the Big Wall!, which fits their overall "yapping little dog '' personas. The pair narrate the episode Madame Blueberry, calling it a French folk tale. The French Peas should not be confused with the more ordinary peas (see below) who frequently appear as background characters. Philippe and Jean - Claude also have another brother, Christophe, who appears infrequently.
Jean - Claude and Philippe are voiced respectively by Mike Nawrocki and Phil Vischer. Christophe is voiced by Chris Olsen, a former animator. Numerous other voice actors have played other French Peas including animator Brian K. Roberts.
Qwerty (introduced 1993) is the desktop computer seen on the kitchen counter which Bob and Larry use to read the Bible verse at the end of each show. Qwerty 's name is derived from the first six letters that appear on a standard English keyboard. Though Qwerty is not alive per se, it does have certain anthropomorphic characteristics, including responsory noises and voice activation. In every episode, Bob says "We 're over here by Qwerty to talk about what we learned today... '' to which voices start to sing the "What We Learned Today '' song. Qwerty is not always perfect. As in the first episode "Where 's God When I 'm S - Scared? '', where it accidentally posts a meatloaf recipe instead of a verse, after which its screen droops into a frown shape. And in the second episode "God Wants Me to Forgive Them? '' Qwerty is shown playing the video game Pong. According to Phil Vischer, the original design for Qwerty was an Intel 80386 model computer. Qwerty was slightly updated in Abe and the Amazing Promise, giving two verses instead of one, and got a more "life - changing '' update in the episode Pistachio - The Little Boy That Wood n't as it now has its own voice. The design of the new update, including a black screen rather than the original blue, is reminiscent of an Apple iMac.
Qwerty is voiced by Mike Nawrocki.
The Scallions (introduced 1993) are a trio of often devious green onions who are led by their tallest member (simply called Scallion # 1). Along with Mr. Nezzer and Mr. Lunt, the Scallions are among the most consistent antagonists in VeggieTales. They debuted as The Wisemen opposite Larry 's "Daniel '' in the second act of the video Where 's God When I 'm S - Scared? (Daniel in the Lions ' Den) and later appeared in Are You My Neighbor? as a trio of bandits that hold - up Larry in "The Story of Flibber - O - Loo ''. In the Silly Songs "The Yodeling Veterinarian Of The Alps '', "Listen '', and "A Helping Hand '', they (along with Frankencelery) perform as a barbershop quartet that narrates the songs. Occasionally, one of The Scallions will make a solo appearance: Scallion # 1 appeared as a salesman to sell his new "Forgive - O - Matic '' device in God Wants Me to Forgive Them!?!, and Scallion # 3 appeared as the Milk Money Bandit of Bumblyburg in LarryBoy and the Rumor Weed. None of the Scallions have actual names, which Scallion # 1 laments at the end of the Silly Song "High Silk Hat '' from Lyle the Kindly Viking ("I 've been around since show one and I still do n't have a name '').
Scallion # 1 is voiced by Phil Vischer, Scallion # 2 is voiced by Mike Nawrocki, and Scallion # 3 has been voiced by Mike Sage, Brian K. Roberts, and Mike Nawrocki.
Junior 's father, Dad Asparagus, (introduced 1993) first appeared in Where 's God When I 'm S - Scared?. He often appears opposite Junior whenever a video requires a father figure. Seen less often, Junior 's Mother, Mom Asparagus (introduced 1992), appears in the traditional mother role supporting Junior and also debuted in Where 's God When I 'm S - Scared?.
Dad Asparagus was voiced by Dan Anderson in the direct - to - video prior to "VeggieTales in the House '' and by Rob Paulsen since VeggieTales in the House. Mom Asparagus has been voiced at times by G. Bock, Pamela Thomas and Lisa Vischer in the videos prior to the "VeggieTales in the House '' series and by Tress MacNeille from the VeggieTales in the House series onwards.
Scooter (introduced 1995), a carrot with a Scottish accent, first appeared as the engineer of the "USS Applepies '' (a spoof of Scotty from the original Star Trek television series) in "The Gourds Must Be Crazy '' section of Are You My Neighbor? Scooter is seen as an Israelite in Josh and the Big Wall! and as Horatio the baker in Lyle the Kindly Viking and has a recurring role as a police officer in the Larry - Boy episodes. He returned as the USS Applepies ' engineer in the video Veggies In Space: The Fennel Frontier.
Scooter is voiced by Jim Poole.
Mabel and Penelope (introduced 1993) are a pear and an asparagus respectively. The pair 's first appearance was in Where 's God When I 'm S - Scared? as King Darius 's maidservants. The pair is frequently seen together as secondary female characters such as wives to Mr. Nezzer and Jimmy Gourd in Lyle, The Kindly Viking.
Mabel and Penelope are voiced respectively by Pamela Thomas and Gail Bock.
Phil Winkelstein (introduced 1993) first appears in Where 's God When I 'm S - Scared? as Frankencelery, the star of the veggie horror film of the same name. Hailing from Toledo, Ohio, Winkelstein is a mild - mannered celery stalk with a high - pitched voice who resembles the classic Frankenstein 's monster, sporting purple eyelids, cervical electrodes, black hair, and a unibrow, outside of his acting career. Winkelstein also sings the bass part of the barbershop quartet with The Scallions in The Yodeling Veterinarian of the Alps, "Listen '' from "Larry Learns to Listen '', and "A Helping Hand '' from "Bob Lends a Helping Hand ''. He also appeared as a background citizen of Bumblyburg in Larry - Boy and the Fib from Outer Space!.
Phil Winkelstein is voiced by Mike Nawrocki.
The Green Onions (introduced 1996) consist of daughter Annie, her two parents, and Grandpa George. Grandpa George was the first Green Onion to be seen and made his debut in Rack, Shack, and Benny as the postman / episode narrator and has similar reoccurring roles as a narrator of VeggieTales episodes. Annie first appeared in The Toy That Saved Christmas, alongside Grandpa George who reprises his postman role, where it is revealed that they are related. Annie 's parents first appeared, alongside Annie, in Madame Blueberry playing poor French green onions.
Annie Onion has been voiced by: Shelby Vischer, Phil Vischer 's daughter; Allie Nawrocki, Mike Nawrocki 's daughter; and is currently voiced by Maggie Roberts, Brian Roberts 's daughter. Annie 's parents are voiced by Phil and Lisa Vischer. Grandpa George is voiced by Mike Nawrocki.
Miss Achmetha (introduced 2000) is a green onion who made her first appearance singing the song Lost Puppies in Esther... The Girl Who Became Queen. Miss Achmetha is known for her constantly twitching eye, her somewhat confused or annoyed demeanor, and her accordion, which she sometimes plays during her singing roles. She also appears in speaking and non-speaking parts in Silly Songs including "SUV '', "High Silk Hat '', and "Bellybutton ''.
Miss Achmetha is voiced by Charlotte Jackson and Marin Miller.
Khalil (introduced 2002) is a half worm, half caterpillar who first appeared in Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie as a rug salesman and foil / conscience to Jonah. He was then heard to voice Lutfi in the fanciful "flannel - graph '' of Saint Patrick, the opening element of the episode Sumo of the Opera. He also has a reoccurring role in the "Boyz in the Sink '' Silly Songs.
Khalil is voiced by Tim Hodge.
Ichabeezer (introduced 2014) is the grumpy zucchini neighbor to Bob and Larry in the VeggieTales in the House series on Netflix. Ichabeezer is used on the Netflix series in essentially the same manner as Mr. Nezzer is in the video series - as either the gruff, semi-villain or as the vaguely simple - minded authority figure in the stories.
Ichabeezer is voiced by Rob Paulsen.
Lovey Asparagus (introduced 1994) is an asparagus like her husband and first appeared in Larry 's Lagoon as "Lovey. '' She returned soon after as the Flibbian doctor in The Story of Flibber - o - loo. She is usually cast alongside Archibald in a supporting role and is differentiated from Mom Asparagus by a British accent similar to Archibald 's.
Archibald 's Wife is voiced by G. Bock.
Not to be confused with the French Peas, the Peas (introduced 1995) consist of Percy Pea, Li'l Pea, and other peas that are only seen in a group of other Veggies as background characters. The Peas first appear as background characters in Rack, Shack, and Benny. They also star as the monks alongside Pa Grape in Lyle the Kindly Viking. In Dave and the Giant Pickle and Josh and the Big Wall, Percy and other peas appear as the Israelites. The entire family is seen in The Toy That Saved Christmas where Percy and Li'l Pea receive their first speaking parts. Percy and Li'l Pea see their largest roles in Larry - Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space!, Larry - Boy and the Rumor Weed and "Bully Trouble '' (from Minnesota Cuke and the Search of Sampson 's Hairbrush).
Phil Vischer voices Percy Pea. Leslie Benodin (1996 -- 1999) and Mike Nawrocki voice Li'l Pea (1999 -- present).
Grandma Gourd (introduced 2004) is a yellow gourd who has appeared in several episodes as a minor / background character. Grandma Gourd first appeared in Sumo of the Opera as a woman beating the Italian Scallion (Larry the Cucumber) over the head with her cane and had several other non-speaking roles in subsequent episodes. Her roles became slightly larger starting in 2010 with a minor speaking part in Pistachio - The Little Boy That Wood n't as a bookseller, as Mrs. Josephson in It 's a Meaningful Life, as Miss Lewis in Robin Good and The Not - So - Merry Men and as Old Mother Hubbard (Goldilocks (Laura Carrot) 's mother) in "The Good Egg of Gooseville '' portion of the Little House That Stood.
Grandma Gourd is voiced by Keri Pisapia.
Tom Grape (introduced 1994) is Pa Grape 's son. Tom made his first appearance in God Wants Me to Forgive Them!?! along with the rest of his family. His only other appearances have been in Dave and the Giant Pickle and Josh and the Big Wall, both times alongside his father, Pa Grape. His sister, Rosie, and mother, Ma Grape, have not made an appearance since their debut episode.
Tom Grape is voiced by Phil Vischer.
Charlie Pincher (introduced 2002) is an old scallion who first appeared in The Star of Christmas and is frequently cast as a hermit or oddball character. He has appeared in such videos as The Ballad of Little Joe, Lord of the Beans, Moe and the Big Exit, and Abe and the Amazing Promise.
Charlie Pincher is voiced by Tim Hodge.
The Peach (introduced 1995) first appears in the Silly Song Where is My Hairbrush? and is only ever referred to by the rest of the cast as "the peach ''. He later appeared in the Oh, Santa! Silly Song in which he played an IRS agent. The running joke about The Peach is that he, unlike most of the other characters, has hair. He was thus the obvious choice to play Samson in Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Samson 's Hairbrush, however he is seen only in still pictures throughout the episode. His most recent appearance in a speaking role was as a mall employee in Merry Larry and the True Light of Christmas.
The Peach is voiced by Mike Nawrocki.
Don Gourdon (introduced 2005) is one of the schoolyard bullies who is around Junior Asparagus ' age. He first appeared in Bully Trouble and later appeared in LarryBoy and the Bad Apple and The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's.
Don Gourdon is voiced by Brian K. Roberts.
Apollo Gourd (introduced in 2001) is a massive yellow gourd who first appears in a non-speaking part in the Silly Song Larry 's High Silk Hat in Lyle the Kindly Viking wearing a "Gourd 's Gym '' tank top shirt (a parody of the then - popular "God 's Gym '' shirts which in turn were a parody of Gold 's Gym). His next appearances were as King Twistomer of Ninevah in Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie, as himself in Sumo of the Opera, and as Big Jim in Huckleberry Larry 's Big River Rescue.
Apollo Gourd is voiced by Phil Vischer.
Goliath (introduced 1996) is a gigantic pickle who is much larger than any other vegetable in the show. He first appeared as the "Goliath '' figure alongside the French Peas in Dave and the Giant Pickle looking for an Israelite to fight. He also appeared in Madame Blueberry, on a background poster in which he is fighting the Fib from Larry - Boy and the Fib From Outer Space in a wrestling match, and in Josh and the Big Wall as the dad of a giant - pickle family that scared the Israelites out of the Promised Land.
Goliath is voiced by Phil Vischer.
Ellen (introduced 2008), debuted in The Pirates Who Do n't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie, as Mr Lunt (Buccaneer Sedgewick) 's girlfriend. She has also been seen as Linda in It 's a Meaningful Life and as Mama Bear in "The Good Egg of Gooseville '' story of "The Little House That Stood ''.
Ellen is voiced by Keri Pisapia.
Asparagus by nature, Art Bigotti (introduced 1997) is a bowling champion. Although he has yet to have an individual speaking part and has only appeared in one video, as part of the Silly Song High Silk Hat, Art Bigotti has been mentioned in several episodes including when Junior Asparagus unintentionally breaks his dad 's rare "Art Bigotti limited edition collector 's plate '' in Larry - Boy and the Fib from Outer Space!.
Libby Asparagus (introduced 2012) is Junior Asparagus ' little sister and debuted as a character in the opening story, "Lenny and the Lost Birthday '', in Robin Good and His Not - So - Merry Men. She is also seen as Ermengarde in The Penniless Princess and as Little Bo Peep in "The Good Egg of Gooseville '' story of The Little House That Stood.
Libby Asparagus is voiced by Megan Murphy.
Sara Crewe (introduced 2012) is a rhubarb who played the title character, and daughter of Larry the Cucumber, in The Penniless Princess. She was also in Merry Larry and the True Light of Christmas as Christina.
Sara Crewe is voiced by Anna Grace Stewart.
Palmy (introduced in 1994) is a palm tree who congratulates Bob the Tomato, Larry the Cucumber, Archie Asparagus, Lovey Asparagus and Mike Asparagus for their forgiveness and sings The Forgiveness Song for them.
Palmy 's voiced by Jeff Morrow IV, but not the other Jeff Morrow who was born in 1907 as Irving Morrow and later passed away in 1993.
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what is a b c d e f g | ABCDEFG - wikipedia
ABCDEFG are the first seven letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet and may be used to refer to that alphabet as a whole, as in the Alphabet song.
ABCDEFG may also refer to:
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which of the following phrases describes the shape of the puerto rico trench | Puerto Rico Trench - wikipedia
Coordinates: 19 ° 50 ′ 9 '' N 66 ° 45 ′ 16 '' W / 19.83583 ° N 66.75444 ° W / 19.83583; - 66.75444
The Puerto Rico Trench is located on the boundary between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The oceanic trench is associated with a complex transition between the Lesser Antilles subduction zone to the south and the major transform fault zone or plate boundary, which extends west between Cuba and Hispaniola through the Cayman Trench to the coast of Central America. The trench is 800 kilometres (497 mi) long and has a maximum depth of 8,648 metres (28,373 ft) or 5.373 miles at Milwaukee Deep, which is the deepest point in the Atlantic Ocean and the deepest point not in the Pacific Ocean.
Scientific studies have concluded that an earthquake occurring along this fault zone could generate a significant tsunami. The island of Puerto Rico which lies immediately to the south of the fault zone and the trench, suffered a destructive tsunami soon after the 1918 San Fermín earthquake.
The Puerto Rico Trench is located at a boundary between two plates that pass each other along a transform boundary with only a small component of subduction. The Caribbean Plate is moving to the east while the North American Plate is moving to the west. The North American Plate is being subducted by the Caribbean Plate obliquely at the trench while to the southeast, the South American Plate is being more directly subducted along the Lesser Antilles subduction zone. This subduction zone explains the presence of active volcanoes over the southeastern part of the Caribbean Sea. Volcanic activity is frequent along the island arc southeast from Puerto Rico to the coast of South America.
Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, British Virgin Islands, and the Dominican Republic do not have active volcanoes; however, they are at risk from earthquakes and tsunamis. The Puerto Rico Trench is capable of producing earthquakes greater than magnitude 8.0.
Knowledge of the earthquake and tsunami risks has not been widespread among the general public of the islands located near the trench. Since 1988, the Puerto Rican Seismic Society has been trying to use the Puerto Rican media to inform people about a future earthquake that could result in a catastrophic tragedy.
Following the 2004 tsunami that affected more than forty countries in the Indian Ocean, many more people now fear the consequences that such an event would bring to the Caribbean. Local governments have begun emergency planning. In the case of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, the United States government has been studying the problem for years. It is increasing its seismic investigations and developing tsunami warning systems.
On 11 October 1918, the western coast of the island was hit by a major earthquake which caused a tsunami. The 1918 earthquake was caused by an old left - lateral strike - slip fault near the Mona Passage. In 1953, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, was affected by the Santo Domingo earthquake. The actual subduction zone (Puerto Rico Trench) has not ruptured in over 200 years, which is a major concern to geophysicists, as they believe it may be due for a major event.
Puerto Rico has always been an area of concern to earthquake experts because, apart from the 1918 episode, there are frequent tremors in and around the island, indicating activity. A 1981 tremor was felt across the island, while another in 1985 was felt in the towns of Cayey and Salinas.
"The January 13, 2014 M 6.4 earthquake north of Puerto Rico occurred as a result of oblique - thrust faulting. Preliminary faulting mechanisms for the event indicate it ruptured either a structure dipping shallowly to the south and striking approximately east - west, or a near - vertical structure striking northwest - southeast. At the location of this earthquake, the North America plate moves west - southwest with respect to the Caribbean plate at a velocity of approximately 20 mm / yr, and subducts beneath the Caribbean plate at the Puerto Rico Trench. The location, depth and mechanism of the earthquake are consistent with the event occurring on this subduction zone interface. ''
Several exploration cruises carried out by USGS in the Puerto Rico Trench have for the first time mapped the entire trench using ship mounted multibeam bathymetry (see references and external links below).
The seafloor was visited for the first time by French bathyscaphe Archimède in 1964 and then by a robotic vehicle in 2012. The most conspicuous aspect of the footage was the swarm of benthic amphipods. Some of these amphipods were collected by bait bags attached to the vehicle and were brought to the surface for further analysis. The samples recovered were Scopelocherius schellenbergi, a species of lysianassoid amphipod that have so far only been found in ultradeep trenches in the Pacific. Two invertebrate creatures were also observed in the video. One soft dark individual, estimated to be 10 - 20 centimeters long, has been identified by Dr. Stace E. Beaulieu of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution as a sea cucumber, tentatively assigned to genus Peniagone. The other individual, a small crustacean, is tentatively identified as a munnposid isopod, based on morphology and similar walking and jumping movements observed for other hadal munnopsid isopods. Because these individual were not collected, it is not possible to obtain species - level identifications. However, these sightings likely exceed the deepest known records for genus Peniagone and family Munnopsidae.
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who played mr blewitt in dad's army | Harold Bennett - Wikipedia
Harold Frank Bennett (17 November 1898 -- 15 September 1981) was an English actor best remembered for having played ' Young Mr. Grace ' in the 1970s British sitcom Are You Being Served?.
Bennett was born in Hastings, Sussex. After leaving school at the age of twelve, in his early life he toured America as a clown with a circus, and later taught English at the Working Men 's College in London. During World War I he served as a courier, initially on horseback, then on motorcycle. After the war he took up acting and eventually worked as stage producer in the now defunct Tower Theatre, London. He subsequently pursued a career as a draughtsman for an electric company, only taking up his acting career again following retirement.
Harold Bennett died of a heart attack on 15 September 1981, aged 82. His wife predeceased him in the Thirties; he was survived by their three children. One of his children, John, was also an actor.
He played the recurring character Mr. (Sidney) Bluett in Dad 's Army from 1969 to 1977, but it was as Young Mr. Grace, the ancient, amiably callous owner of Grace Brothers department store in British sitcom Are You Being Served? that he achieved his greatest fame. His last appearance in Are You Being Served aired some three months after his death, having been filmed earlier in the year.
Bennett also played the role of the aged Archdeacon Pulteney in The Stalls of Barchester, the 1971 BBC A Ghost Story for Christmas broadcast 24 December 1971 and adapted from the M.R. James story of the same name. Bennett appeared in several films, including an old man in Vote, Vote, Vote for Nigel Barton (1965), a photographer in Games That Lovers Play (1970) and as Lord Tryke in The Ups and Downs of a Handyman (1975).
On the stage, he appeared in a Royal Shakespeare Company production of London Assurance, and in an Open University production of Chekhov 's The Three Sisters.
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which is the north pole of a magnet | North magnetic Pole - wikipedia
The North Magnetic Pole is the point on the surface of Earth 's Northern Hemisphere at which the planet 's magnetic field points vertically downwards (in other words, if a magnetic compass needle is allowed to rotate about a horizontal axis, it will point straight down). There is only one location where this occurs, near (but distinct from) the Geographic North Pole and the Geomagnetic North Pole.
The North Magnetic Pole moves over time due to magnetic changes in the Earth 's core. In 2001, it was determined by the Geological Survey of Canada to lie west of Ellesmere Island in northern Canada at 81 ° 18 ′ N 110 ° 48 ′ W / 81.3 ° N 110.8 ° W / 81.3; - 110.8 (Magnetic North Pole 2001). It was situated at 83 ° 06 ′ N 117 ° 48 ′ W / 83.1 ° N 117.8 ° W / 83.1; - 117.8 (Magnetic North Pole 2005 est) in 2005. In 2009, while still situated within the Canadian Arctic territorial claim at 84 ° 54 ′ N 131 ° 00 ′ W / 84.9 ° N 131.0 ° W / 84.9; - 131.0 (Magnetic North Pole 2009), it was moving toward Russia at between 55 and 60 kilometres (34 and 37 mi) per year. As of 2017, the pole is projected to have moved beyond the Canadian Arctic territorial claim to 86 ° 30 ′ N 172 ° 36 ′ W / 86.5 ° N 172.6 ° W / 86.5; - 172.6 (Magnetic North Pole 2017 est).
Its southern hemisphere counterpart is the South Magnetic Pole. Since the Earth 's magnetic field is not exactly symmetrical, the North and South Magnetic Poles are not antipodal, meaning that a straight line drawn from one to the other does not pass through the geometric centre of the Earth.
The Earth 's North and South Magnetic Poles are also known as Magnetic Dip Poles, with reference to the vertical "dip '' of the magnetic field lines at those points.
All magnets have two poles, where the lines of magnetic flux enter and emerge. By analogy with the Earth 's magnetic field, these are called the magnet 's "north '' and "south '' poles. The convention in early compasses was to call the end of the needle pointing to the Earth 's North Magnetic Pole the "north pole '' (or "north - seeking pole '') and the other end the "south pole '' (the names are often abbreviated to "N '' and "S ''). Because opposite poles attract, this definition means that the Earth 's North Magnetic Pole is actually a magnetic south pole and the Earth 's South Magnetic Pole is a magnetic north pole.
The direction of magnetic field lines is defined such that the lines emerge from the magnet 's north pole and enter into the magnet 's south pole.
Early European navigators believed that compass needles were attracted to a "magnetic island '' somewhere in the far north (see Rupes Nigra), or to the Pole Star. The idea that the Earth itself acts as a giant magnet was first proposed in 1600 by the English physician and natural philosopher William Gilbert. He was also the first to define the North Magnetic Pole as the point where the Earth 's magnetic field points vertically downwards. This is the definition used nowadays, though it would be a few hundred years before the nature of the Earth 's magnetic field was understood properly.
The first expedition to reach the North Magnetic Pole was led by James Clark Ross, who found it at Cape Adelaide on the Boothia Peninsula on June 1, 1831. Roald Amundsen found the North Magnetic Pole in a slightly different location in 1903. The third observation was by Canadian government scientists Paul Serson and Jack Clark, of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, who found the pole at Allen Lake on Prince of Wales Island in 1947.
At the start of the Cold War, the United States Department of War recognized a need for a comprehensive survey of the North American Arctic and asked the United States Army to undertake the task. An assignment was made in 1946 for the newly formed Army 's Air Corps Strategic Air Command to explore the entire Arctic Ocean area. The exploration was conducted by the 46th (later re-designated the 72nd) Photo Reconnaissance Squadron and reported on as a classified Top Secret mission named Project Nanook. This project in turn was divided into many separate, but identically classified, projects, one of which was Project Polaris, which was a radar, photographic (trimetrogon, or three - angle, cameras) and visual study of the entire Canadian Archipelago. A Canadian officer observer was assigned to accompany each flight.
Directing Project Polaris was its navigation leader, 1st Lieutenant Frank O. Klein, a World War II combat veteran. Incidental to the project and taken up at his own initiative was a study of northern terrestrial magnetism. The study was prompted by the surprise that the fluxgate compass did not behave erratically as expected. It oscillated no more than 1 to 2 degrees over much of the region. With the cooperation of many of his squadron teammates in obtaining many hundreds of statistical readings, startling results were revealed:
The centre of the north magnetic dip pole was on Prince of Wales Island some 400 kilometres (250 mi) NNW of the positions determined by Amundsen and Ross, and the dip pole occupied a larger elliptical area, with foci about 400 km (250 mi) apart on Boothia Peninsula and Bathurst Island.
Klein called the two foci local poles, for their importance to navigation in emergencies when using a "homing '' procedure. About 3 months after Klein 's findings were officially reported, a Canadian ground expedition was sent into the Archipelago to locate the position of the magnetic pole. R. Glenn Madill, Chief of Terrestrial Magnetism, Department of Mines and Resources, Canada, wrote to Lt. Klein on 21 July 1948:
... we agree on one point and that is the presence of what we can call the main magnetic pole on northwestern Prince of Wales Island. I have accepted as a purely preliminary value the position latitude 73 ° N and longitude 100 ° W. Your value of 73 ° 15'N and 99 ° 45'W is in excellent agreement, and I suggest that you use your value by all means.
(The positions were less than 30 km (20 mi) apart.)
The Canadian government has made several measurements since, which show that the North Magnetic Pole is moving continually northwestward. In 2001, an expedition located the pole at 81 ° 18 ′ N 110 ° 48 ′ W / 81.3 ° N 110.8 ° W / 81.3; - 110.8 (Magnetic North Pole 2001 location). In 2007, the latest survey found the pole at 83 ° 57 ′ N 120 ° 43 ′ W / 83.95 ° N 120.72 ° W / 83.95; - 120.72 (Magnetic North Pole 2007 location). During the 20th century it moved 1100 km, and since 1970 its rate of motion has accelerated from 9 km / year to approximately 52 km / year (2001 -- 2007 average; see also Polar drift). Members of the 2007 expedition to locate the magnetic north pole wrote that such expeditions have become logistically difficult, as the pole moves farther away from inhabited locations. They expect that in the future, the magnetic pole position will be obtained from satellite data instead of ground surveys.
This general movement is in addition to a daily or diurnal variation in which the North Magnetic Pole describes a rough ellipse, with a maximum deviation of 80 km from its mean position. This effect is due to disturbances of the geomagnetic field by charged particles from the Sun.
The first team of novices to reach the Magnetic North Pole did so in 1996, led by David Hempleman - Adams. It included the first British woman Sue Stockdale and first Swedish woman to reach the Pole. The team also successfully tracked the location of the Magnetic North Pole on behalf of the University of Ottawa, and certified its location by magnetometer and theodolite at 78 ° 35.7 ′ N 104 ° 11.9 ′ W / 78.5950 ° N 104.1983 ° W / 78.5950; - 104.1983 (Magnetic North Pole 1996).
The biennial Polar Race takes place between Resolute Bay in northern Canada and the 1996 - certified location of the North Magnetic Pole at 78 ° 35.7 ′ N 104 ° 11.9 ′ W / 78.5950 ° N 104.1983 ° W / 78.5950; - 104.1983 (Magnetic North Pole 1996). On 25 July 2007, the Top Gear Polar Challenge Special was broadcast on BBC Two in the United Kingdom, in which Jeremy Clarkson and James May (and their support and camera team) became the first people in history to reach this location in a car.
The direction in which a compass needle points is known as magnetic north. In general, this is not exactly the direction of the North Magnetic Pole (or of any other consistent location). Instead, the compass aligns itself to the local geomagnetic field, which varies in a complex manner over the Earth 's surface, as well as over time. The local angular difference between magnetic north and true north is called the magnetic declination. Most map coordinate systems are based on true north, and magnetic declination is often shown on map legends so that the direction of true north can be determined from north as indicated by a compass.
Magnetic declination has been measured in many countries, including the U.S. The line of zero declination (the agonic line) in North America runs from the North Magnetic Pole through Lake Superior and southward into the Gulf of Mexico. Along this line, true north is the same as magnetic north. West of the line of zero declination, a compass will give a reading that is east of true north. Conversely, east of the line of zero declination, a compass reading will be west of true north.
Magnetic declination is still very important for certain types of navigation that have traditionally made much use of magnetic compasses.
As a first - order approximation, the Earth 's magnetic field can be modelled as a simple dipole (like a bar magnet), tilted about 10 ° with respect to the Earth 's rotation axis (which defines the Geographic North and Geographic South Poles) and centred at the Earth 's centre. The North and South Geomagnetic Poles are the antipodal points where the axis of this theoretical dipole intersects the Earth 's surface. If the Earth 's magnetic field were a perfect dipole then the field lines would be vertical at the Geomagnetic Poles, and they would coincide with the Magnetic Poles. However, the approximation is imperfect, and so the Magnetic and Geomagnetic Poles lie some distance apart.
Like the North Magnetic Pole, the North Geomagnetic Pole attracts the north pole of a bar magnet and so is in a physical sense actually a magnetic south pole. It is the centre of the region of the magnetosphere in which the Aurora Borealis can be seen. As of 2005 it was located at approximately 79 ° 44 ′ N 71 ° 47 ′ W / 79.74 ° N 71.78 ° W / 79.74; - 71.78 (Geomagnetic North Pole 2005 est), off the northwest coast of Greenland, but it is now drifting away from North America and toward Siberia.
Over the life of the Earth, the orientation of Earth 's magnetic field has reversed many times, with magnetic north becoming magnetic south and vice versa -- an event known as a geomagnetic reversal. Evidence of geomagnetic reversals can be seen at mid-ocean ridges where tectonic plates move apart and the seabed is filled in with magma. As the magma seeps out of the mantle the magnetic particles contained within it are oriented in the direction of the magnetic field at the time the magma cools and solidifies.
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the last three digit of pin code represent | Postal Index number - wikipedia
A Postal Index Number or PIN or PIN code is a code in the post office numbering or post code system used by India Post, the Indian postal administration. The code is six digits long.
The PIN Code system was introduced on 15 August 1972 by Shriram Bhikaji Velankar, an additional secretary in the Union Ministry of Communications. The system was introduced to simplify the manual sorting and delivery of mail by eliminating confusion over incorrect addresses, similar place names and different languages used by the public.
There are nine PIN zones in India, including eight regional zones and one functional zone (for the Indian Army). The first digit of the PIN code indicates the region. The second digit indicates the sub-region, and the third digit indicates the sorting district within the region. The final three digits are assigned to individual post offices.
The 9 PIN zones cover the Indian states and union territories as follows:
The first three digits of the PIN represent a specific geographical region called a sorting district that is headquartered at the main post office of the largest city and is known as the sorting office. A state may have one or more sorting districts depending on the volumes of mail handled.
The fourth digit represents the route on which a Delivery office is located in the sorting district. This is 0 for offices in the core area of the sorting district.
The last two digits represent the delivery office within the sorting district starting from 01 which would be the GPO or HO. The numbering of the delivery office is done chronologically with higher numbers assigned to newer delivery offices. If the volume of mails handled at a delivery office is too large, a new delivery office is created and the next available PIN is assigned. Thus two delivery offices situated next to each other will only have the first four digits in common.
Each PIN code is mapped to exactly one delivery post office which receives all the mail to be delivered to one or more lower offices within its jurisdiction, all of which share the same code. The delivery office can either be a General Post Office (GPO), a Head Office (HO) or Sub Office (SO) which are usually located in urban areas. The post from the delivery office is sorted and routed to other delivery offices for a different PIN or to one of the relevant sub offices or branch offices for the same PIN. Branch offices (BO) are located in rural areas and have limited postal services.
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dierks bentley i want to close your eyes | I Wanna Make You Close Your Eyes - wikipedia
"I Wanna Make You Close Your Eyes '' is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Dierks Bentley. It was released in July 2009 as the third and final single from his 2009 album Feel That Fire. Bentley wrote the song with Brett Beavers.
This song is a country ballad, in which the song 's male narrator tells his lover that he "want (s) to make (her) close (her) eyes '' (i.e., he wants to feel sexual arousal to the point that she closes her eyes to savor it).
Bentley said of the song, "One of the best compliments I can get is when a guy comes up to me and says that one of my songs helped him out at home... maybe helped him smooth something over with his girlfriend or wife. That 's the goal with this one. ''
Andrew Lacy of Engine 145 gave the song a "thumbs down '' rating l, criticizing it for "being boring and forgettable. '' He also went on to say that "(h) ere, (Bentley) sound (ed) as though co-producer Brett Beavers pulled him out of bed early in the morning, put a microphone in front of him, and told him to make it quick because Luke Bryan need (ed) to use the studio in 20 minutes. ''
The music video was directed by Chris Hicky and premiered in late 2009.
"I Wanna Make You Close Your Eyes '' debuted at number 91 on the Billboard Hot 100 and peaked at number 52. On the week of January 26, 2010, it peaked at number 2 on the country chart, making it the first single from this album to miss the top spot.
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where do the atoms in the products of a chemical reaction come from | Chemical reaction - wikipedia
A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, with no change to the nuclei (no change to the elements present), and can often be described by a chemical equation. Nuclear chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that involves the chemical reactions of unstable and radioactive elements where both electronic and nuclear changes can occur.
The substance (or substances) initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants or reagents. Chemical reactions are usually characterized by a chemical change, and they yield one or more products, which usually have properties different from the reactants. Reactions often consist of a sequence of individual sub-steps, the so - called elementary reactions, and the information on the precise course of action is part of the reaction mechanism. Chemical reactions are described with chemical equations, which symbolically present the starting materials, end products, and sometimes intermediate products and reaction conditions.
Chemical reactions happen at a characteristic reaction rate at a given temperature and chemical concentration. Typically, reaction rates increase with increasing temperature because there is more thermal energy available to reach the activation energy necessary for breaking bonds between atoms.
Reactions may proceed in the forward or reverse direction until they go to completion or reach equilibrium. Reactions that proceed in the forward direction to approach equilibrium are often described as spontaneous, requiring no input of free energy to go forward. Non-spontaneous reactions require input of free energy to go forward (examples include charging a battery by applying an external electrical power source, or photosynthesis driven by absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the form of sunlight).
Different chemical reactions are used in combinations during chemical synthesis in order to obtain a desired product. In biochemistry, a consecutive series of chemical reactions (where the product of one reaction is the reactant of the next reaction) form metabolic pathways. These reactions are often catalyzed by protein enzymes. Enzymes increase the rates of biochemical reactions, so that metabolic syntheses and decompositions impossible under ordinary conditions can occur at the temperatures and concentrations present within a cell.
The general concept of a chemical reaction has been extended to reactions between entities smaller than atoms, including nuclear reactions, radioactive decays, and reactions between elementary particles, as described by quantum field theory.
Chemical reactions such as combustion in fire, fermentation and the reduction of ores to metals were known since antiquity. Initial theories of transformation of materials were developed by Greek philosophers, such as the Four - Element Theory of Empedocles stating that any substance is composed of the four basic elements -- fire, water, air and earth. In the Middle Ages, chemical transformations were studied by Alchemists. They attempted, in particular, to convert lead into gold, for which purpose they used reactions of lead and lead - copper alloys with sulfur.
The production of chemical substances that do not normally occur in nature has long been tried, such as the synthesis of sulfuric and nitric acids attributed to the controversial alchemist Jābir ibn Hayyān. The process involved heating of sulfate and nitrate minerals such as copper sulfate, alum and saltpeter. In the 17th century, Johann Rudolph Glauber produced hydrochloric acid and sodium sulfate by reacting sulfuric acid and sodium chloride. With the development of the lead chamber process in 1746 and the Leblanc process, allowing large - scale production of sulfuric acid and sodium carbonate, respectively, chemical reactions became implemented into the industry. Further optimization of sulfuric acid technology resulted in the contact process in the 1880s, and the Haber process was developed in 1909 -- 1910 for ammonia synthesis.
From the 16th century, researchers including Jan Baptist van Helmont, Robert Boyle, and Isaac Newton tried to establish theories of the experimentally observed chemical transformations. The phlogiston theory was proposed in 1667 by Johann Joachim Becher. It postulated the existence of a fire - like element called "phlogiston '', which was contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion. This proved to be false in 1785 by Antoine Lavoisier who found the correct explanation of the combustion as reaction with oxygen from the air.
Joseph Louis Gay - Lussac recognized in 1808 that gases always react in a certain relationship with each other. Based on this idea and the atomic theory of John Dalton, Joseph Proust had developed the law of definite proportions, which later resulted in the concepts of stoichiometry and chemical equations.
Regarding the organic chemistry, it was long believed that compounds obtained from living organisms were too complex to be obtained synthetically. According to the concept of vitalism, organic matter was endowed with a "vital force '' and distinguished from inorganic materials. This separation was ended however by the synthesis of urea from inorganic precursors by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828. Other chemists who brought major contributions to organic chemistry include Alexander William Williamson with his synthesis of ethers and Christopher Kelk Ingold, who, among many discoveries, established the mechanisms of substitution reactions.
Chemical equations are used to graphically illustrate chemical reactions. They consist of chemical or structural formulas of the reactants on the left and those of the products on the right. They are separated by an arrow (→) which indicates the direction and type of the reaction; the arrow is read as the word "yields ''. The tip of the arrow points in the direction in which the reaction proceeds. A double arrow (⇌) pointing in opposite directions is used for equilibrium reactions. Equations should be balanced according to the stoichiometry, the number of atoms of each species should be the same on both sides of the equation. This is achieved by scaling the number of involved molecules (A, B, C (\ displaystyle (\ ce (A, B, C))) and D (\ displaystyle (\ ce (D))) in a schematic example below) by the appropriate integers a, b, c and d.
More elaborate reactions are represented by reaction schemes, which in addition to starting materials and products show important intermediates or transition states. Also, some relatively minor additions to the reaction can be indicated above the reaction arrow; examples of such additions are water, heat, illumination, a catalyst, etc. Similarly, some minor products can be placed below the arrow, often with a minus sign.
Retrosynthetic analysis can be applied to design a complex synthesis reaction. Here the analysis starts from the products, for example by splitting selected chemical bonds, to arrive at plausible initial reagents. A special arrow (⇒) is used in retro reactions.
The elementary reaction is the smallest division into which a chemical reaction can be decomposed, it has no intermediate products. Most experimentally observed reactions are built up from many elementary reactions that occur in parallel or sequentially. The actual sequence of the individual elementary reactions is known as reaction mechanism. An elementary reaction involves a few molecules, usually one or two, because of the low probability for several molecules to meet at a certain time.
The most important elementary reactions are unimolecular and bimolecular reactions. Only one molecule is involved in a unimolecular reaction; it is transformed by an isomerization or a dissociation into one or more other molecules. Such reactions require the addition of energy in the form of heat or light. A typical example of a unimolecular reaction is the cis -- trans isomerization, in which the cis - form of a compound converts to the trans - form or vice versa.
In a typical dissociation reaction, a bond in a molecule splits (ruptures) resulting in two molecular fragments. The splitting can be homolytic or heterolytic. In the first case, the bond is divided so that each product retains an electron and becomes a neutral radical. In the second case, both electrons of the chemical bond remain with one of the products, resulting in charged ions. Dissociation plays an important role in triggering chain reactions, such as hydrogen -- oxygen or polymerization reactions.
For bimolecular reactions, two molecules collide and react with each other. Their merger is called chemical synthesis or an addition reaction.
Another possibility is that only a portion of one molecule is transferred to the other molecule. This type of reaction occurs, for example, in redox and acid - base reactions. In redox reactions, the transferred particle is an electron, whereas in acid - base reactions it is a proton. This type of reaction is also called metathesis.
for example
Most chemical reactions are reversible, that is they can and do run in both directions. The forward and reverse reactions are competing with each other and differ in reaction rates. These rates depend on the concentration and therefore change with time of the reaction: the reverse rate gradually increases and becomes equal to the rate of the forward reaction, establishing the so - called chemical equilibrium. The time to reach equilibrium depends on such parameters as temperature, pressure and the materials involved, and is determined by the minimum free energy. In equilibrium, the Gibbs free energy must be zero. The pressure dependence can be explained with the Le Chatelier 's principle. For example, an increase in pressure due to decreasing volume causes the reaction to shift to the side with the fewer moles of gas.
The reaction yield stabilizes at equilibrium, but can be increased by removing the product from the reaction mixture or changed by increasing the temperature or pressure. A change in the concentrations of the reactants does not affect the equilibrium constant, but does affect the equilibrium position.
Chemical reactions are determined by the laws of thermodynamics. Reactions can proceed by themselves if they are exergonic, that is if they release energy. The associated free energy of the reaction is composed of two different thermodynamic quantities, enthalpy and entropy:
Reactions can be exothermic, where ΔH is negative and energy is released. Typical examples of exothermic reactions are precipitation and crystallization, in which ordered solids are formed from disordered gaseous or liquid phases. In contrast, in endothermic reactions, heat is consumed from the environment. This can occur by increasing the entropy of the system, often through the formation of gaseous reaction products, which have high entropy. Since the entropy increases with temperature, many endothermic reactions preferably take place at high temperatures. On the contrary, many exothermic reactions such as crystallization occur at low temperatures. Changes in temperature can sometimes reverse the sign of the enthalpy of a reaction, as for the carbon monoxide reduction of molybdenum dioxide:
This reaction to form carbon dioxide and molybdenum is endothermic at low temperatures, becoming less so with increasing temperature. ΔH ° is zero at 7003185500000000000 ♠ 1855 K, and the reaction becomes exothermic above that temperature.
Changes in temperature can also reverse the direction tendency of a reaction. For example, the water gas shift reaction
is favored by low temperatures, but its reverse is favored by high temperature. The shift in reaction direction tendency occurs at 7003110000000000000 ♠ 1100 K.
Reactions can also be characterized by the internal energy which takes into account changes in the entropy, volume and chemical potential. The latter depends, among other things, on the activities of the involved substances.
The speed at which reactions takes place is studied by reaction kinetics. The rate depends on various parameters, such as:
Several theories allow calculating the reaction rates at the molecular level. This field is referred to as reaction dynamics. The rate v of a first - order reaction, which could be disintegration of a substance A, is given by:
Its integration yields:
Here k is first - order rate constant having dimension 1 / time, (A) (t) is concentration at a time t and (A) is the initial concentration. The rate of a first - order reaction depends only on the concentration and the properties of the involved substance, and the reaction itself can be described with the characteristic half - life. More than one time constant is needed when describing reactions of higher order. The temperature dependence of the rate constant usually follows the Arrhenius equation:
where E is the activation energy and k is the Boltzmann constant. One of the simplest models of reaction rate is the collision theory. More realistic models are tailored to a specific problem and include the transition state theory, the calculation of the potential energy surface, the Marcus theory and the Rice -- Ramsperger -- Kassel -- Marcus (RRKM) theory.
In a synthesis reaction, two or more simple substances combine to form a more complex substance. These reactions are in the general form:
Two or more reactants yielding one product is another way to identify a synthesis reaction. One example of a synthesis reaction is the combination of iron and sulfur to form iron (II) sulfide:
Another example is simple hydrogen gas combined with simple oxygen gas to produce a more complex substance, such as water.
A decomposition reaction is when a more complex substance breaks down into its more simple parts. It is thus the opposite of a synthesis reaction, and can be written as
One example of a decomposition reaction is the electrolysis of water to make oxygen and hydrogen gas:
In a single replacement reaction, a single uncombined element replaces another in a compound; in other words, one element trades places with another element in a compound These reactions come in the general form of:
One example of a single displacement reaction is when magnesium replaces hydrogen in water to make magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen gas:
In a double replacement reaction, the anions and cations of two compounds switch places and form two entirely different compounds. These reactions are in the general form:
For example, when barium chloride (BaCl) and magnesium sulfate (MgSO) react, the SO anion switches places with the 2Cl anion, giving the compounds BaSO and MgCl.
Another example of a double displacement reaction is the reaction of lead (II) nitrate with potassium iodide to form lead (II) iodide and potassium nitrate:
Redox reactions can be understood in terms of transfer of electrons from one involved species (reducing agent) to another (oxidizing agent). In this process, the former species is oxidized and the latter is reduced. Though sufficient for many purposes, these descriptions are not precisely correct. Oxidation is better defined as an increase in oxidation state, and reduction as a decrease in oxidation state. In practice, the transfer of electrons will always change the oxidation state, but there are many reactions that are classed as "redox '' even though no electron transfer occurs (such as those involving covalent bonds).
In the following redox reaction, hazardous sodium metal reacts with toxic chlorine gas to form the ionic compound sodium chloride, or common table salt:
In the reaction, sodium metal goes from an oxidation state of 0 (as it is a pure element) to + 1: in other words, the sodium lost one electron and is said to have been oxidized. On the other hand, the chlorine gas goes from an oxidation of 0 (it is also a pure element) to − 1: the chlorine gains one electron and is said to have been reduced. Because the chlorine is the one reduced, it is considered the electron acceptor, or in other words, induces oxidation in the sodium -- thus the chlorine gas is considered the oxidizing agent. Conversely, the sodium is oxidized or is the electron donor, and thus induces reduction in the other species and is considered the reducing agent.
Which of the involved reactants would be reducing or oxidizing agent can be predicted from the electronegativity of their elements. Elements with low electronegativity, such as most metals, easily donate electrons and oxidize -- they are reducing agents. On the contrary, many ions with high oxidation numbers, such as H O, MnO, CrO, Cr O, OsO can gain one or two extra electrons and are strong oxidizing agents.
The number of electrons donated or accepted in a redox reaction can be predicted from the electron configuration of the reactant element. Elements try to reach the low - energy noble gas configuration, and therefore alkali metals and halogens will donate and accept one electron respectively. Noble gases themselves are chemically inactive.
An important class of redox reactions are the electrochemical reactions, where electrons from the power supply are used as the reducing agent. These reactions are particularly important for the production of chemical elements, such as chlorine or aluminium. The reverse process in which electrons are released in redox reactions and can be used as electrical energy is possible and used in batteries.
In complexation reactions, several ligands react with a metal atom to form a coordination complex. This is achieved by providing lone pairs of the ligand into empty orbitals of the metal atom and forming dipolar bonds. The ligands are Lewis bases, they can be both ions and neutral molecules, such as carbon monoxide, ammonia or water. The number of ligands that react with a central metal atom can be found using the 18 - electron rule, saying that the valence shells of a transition metal will collectively accommodate 18 electrons, whereas the symmetry of the resulting complex can be predicted with the crystal field theory and ligand field theory. Complexation reactions also include ligand exchange, in which one or more ligands are replaced by another, and redox processes which change the oxidation state of the central metal atom.
In the Brønsted -- Lowry acid -- base theory, an acid - base reaction involves a transfer of protons (H) from one species (the acid) to another (the base). When a proton is removed from an acid, the resulting species is termed that acid 's conjugate base. When the proton is accepted by a base, the resulting species is termed that base 's conjugate acid. In other words, acids act as proton donors and bases act as proton acceptors according to the following equation:
The reverse reaction is possible, and thus the acid / base and conjugated base / acid are always in equilibrium. The equilibrium is determined by the acid and base dissociation constants (K and K) of the involved substances. A special case of the acid - base reaction is the neutralization where an acid and a base, taken at exactly same amounts, form a neutral salt.
Acid - base reactions can have different definitions depending on the acid - base concept employed. Some of the most common are:
Precipitation is the formation of a solid in a solution or inside another solid during a chemical reaction. It usually takes place when the concentration of dissolved ions exceeds the solubility limit and forms an insoluble salt. This process can be assisted by adding a precipitating agent or by removal of the solvent. Rapid precipitation results in an amorphous or microcrystalline residue and slow process can yield single crystals. The latter can also be obtained by recrystallization from microcrystalline salts.
Reactions can take place between two solids. However, because of the relatively small diffusion rates in solids, the corresponding chemical reactions are very slow in comparison to liquid and gas phase reactions. They are accelerated by increasing the reaction temperature and finely dividing the reactant to increase the contacting surface area.
Reaction can take place at the solid gas interface, surfaces at very low pressure such as ultra-high vacuum. Via scanning tunneling microscopy, it is possible to observe reactions at the solid gas interface in real space, if the time scale of the reaction is in the correct range. Reactions at the solid gas interface are in some cases related to catalysis.
In photochemical reactions, atoms and molecules absorb energy (photons) of the illumination light and convert into an excited state. They can then release this energy by breaking chemical bonds, thereby producing radicals. Photochemical reactions include hydrogen -- oxygen reactions, radical polymerization, chain reactions and rearrangement reactions.
Many important processes involve photochemistry. The premier example is photosynthesis, in which most plants use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, disposing of oxygen as a side - product. Humans rely on photochemistry for the formation of vitamin D, and vision is initiated by a photochemical reaction of rhodopsin. In fireflies, an enzyme in the abdomen catalyzes a reaction that results in bioluminescence. Many significant photochemical reactions, such as ozone formation, occur in the Earth atmosphere and constitute atmospheric chemistry.
In catalysis, the reaction does not proceed directly, but through reaction with a third substance known as catalyst. Although the catalyst takes part in the reaction, it is returned to its original state by the end of the reaction and so is not consumed. However, it can be inhibited, deactivated or destroyed by secondary processes. Catalysts can be used in a different phase (heterogeneous) or in the same phase (homogeneous) as the reactants. In heterogeneous catalysis, typical secondary processes include coking where the catalyst becomes covered by polymeric side products. Additionally, heterogeneous catalysts can dissolve into the solution in a solid -- liquid system or evaporate in a solid -- gas system. Catalysts can only speed up the reaction -- chemicals that slow down the reaction are called inhibitors. Substances that increase the activity of catalysts are called promoters, and substances that deactivate catalysts are called catalytic poisons. With a catalyst, a reaction which is kinetically inhibited by a high activation energy can take place in circumvention of this activation energy.
Heterogeneous catalysts are usually solids, powdered in order to maximize their surface area. Of particular importance in heterogeneous catalysis are the platinum group metals and other transition metals, which are used in hydrogenations, catalytic reforming and in the synthesis of commodity chemicals such as nitric acid and ammonia. Acids are an example of a homogeneous catalyst, they increase the nucleophilicity of carbonyls, allowing a reaction that would not otherwise proceed with electrophiles. The advantage of homogeneous catalysts is the ease of mixing them with the reactants, but they may also be difficult to separate from the products. Therefore, heterogeneous catalysts are preferred in many industrial processes.
In organic chemistry, in addition to oxidation, reduction or acid - base reactions, a number of other reactions can take place which involve covalent bonds between carbon atoms or carbon and heteroatoms (such as oxygen, nitrogen, halogens, etc.). Many specific reactions in organic chemistry are name reactions designated after their discoverers.
In a substitution reaction, a functional group in a particular chemical compound is replaced by another group. These reactions can be distinguished by the type of substituting species into a nucleophilic, electrophilic or radical substitution.
In the first type, a nucleophile, an atom or molecule with an excess of electrons and thus a negative charge or partial charge, replaces another atom or part of the "substrate '' molecule. The electron pair from the nucleophile attacks the substrate forming a new bond, while the leaving group departs with an electron pair. The nucleophile may be electrically neutral or negatively charged, whereas the substrate is typically neutral or positively charged. Examples of nucleophiles are hydroxide ion, alkoxides, amines and halides. This type of reaction is found mainly in aliphatic hydrocarbons, and rarely in aromatic hydrocarbon. The latter have high electron density and enter nucleophilic aromatic substitution only with very strong electron withdrawing groups. Nucleophilic substitution can take place by two different mechanisms, S 1 and S 2. In their names, S stands for substitution, N for nucleophilic, and the number represents the kinetic order of the reaction, unimolecular or bimolecular.
The S 1 reaction proceeds in two steps. First, the leaving group is eliminated creating a carbocation. This is followed by a rapid reaction with the nucleophile.
In the S 2 mechanism, the nucleophile forms a transition state with the attacked molecule, and only then the leaving group is cleaved. These two mechanisms differ in the stereochemistry of the products. S 1 leads to the non-stereospecific addition and does not result in a chiral center, but rather in a set of geometric isomers (cis / trans). In contrast, a reversal (Walden inversion) of the previously existing stereochemistry is observed in the S 2 mechanism.
Electrophilic substitution is the counterpart of the nucleophilic substitution in that the attacking atom or molecule, an electrophile, has low electron density and thus a positive charge. Typical electrophiles are the carbon atom of carbonyl groups, carbocations or sulfur or nitronium cations. This reaction takes place almost exclusively in aromatic hydrocarbons, where it is called electrophilic aromatic substitution. The electrophile attack results in the so - called σ - complex, a transition state in which the aromatic system is abolished. Then, the leaving group, usually a proton, is split off and the aromaticity is restored. An alternative to aromatic substitution is electrophilic aliphatic substitution. It is similar to the nucleophilic aliphatic substitution and also has two major types, S 1 and S 2
In the third type of substitution reaction, radical substitution, the attacking particle is a radical. This process usually takes the form of a chain reaction, for example in the reaction of alkanes with halogens. In the first step, light or heat disintegrates the halogen - containing molecules producing the radicals. Then the reaction proceeds as an avalanche until two radicals meet and recombine.
The addition and its counterpart, the elimination, are reactions which change the number of substitutents on the carbon atom, and form or cleave multiple bonds. Double and triple bonds can be produced by eliminating a suitable leaving group. Similar to the nucleophilic substitution, there are several possible reaction mechanisms which are named after the respective reaction order. In the E1 mechanism, the leaving group is ejected first, forming a carbocation. The next step, formation of the double bond, takes place with elimination of a proton (deprotonation). The leaving order is reversed in the E1cb mechanism, that is the proton is split off first. This mechanism requires participation of a base. Because of the similar conditions, both reactions in the E1 or E1cb elimination always compete with the S 1 substitution.
The E2 mechanism also requires a base, but there the attack of the base and the elimination of the leaving group proceed simultaneously and produce no ionic intermediate. In contrast to the E1 eliminations, different stereochemical configurations are possible for the reaction product in the E2 mechanism, because the attack of the base preferentially occurs in the anti-position with respect to the leaving group. Because of the similar conditions and reagents, the E2 elimination is always in competition with the S 2 - substitution.
The counterpart of elimination is the addition where double or triple bonds are converted into single bonds. Similar to the substitution reactions, there are several types of additions distinguished by the type of the attacking particle. For example, in the electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide, an electrophile (proton) attacks the double bond forming a carbocation, which then reacts with the nucleophile (bromine). The carbocation can be formed on either side of the double bond depending on the groups attached to its ends, and the preferred configuration can be predicted with the Markovnikov 's rule. This rule states that "In the heterolytic addition of a polar molecule to an alkene or alkyne, the more electronegative (nucleophilic) atom (or part) of the polar molecule becomes attached to the carbon atom bearing the smaller number of hydrogen atoms. ''
If the addition of a functional group takes place at the less substituted carbon atom of the double bond, then the electrophilic substitution with acids is not possible. In this case, one has to use the hydroboration -- oxidation reaction, where in the first step, the boron atom acts as electrophile and adds to the less substituted carbon atom. At the second step, the nucleophilic hydroperoxide or halogen anion attacks the boron atom.
While the addition to the electron - rich alkenes and alkynes is mainly electrophilic, the nucleophilic addition plays an important role for the carbon - heteroatom multiple bonds, and especially its most important representative, the carbonyl group. This process is often associated with an elimination, so that after the reaction the carbonyl group is present again. It is therefore called addition - elimination reaction and may occur in carboxylic acid derivatives such as chlorides, esters or anhydrides. This reaction is often catalyzed by acids or bases, where the acids increase by the electrophilicity of the carbonyl group by binding to the oxygen atom, whereas the bases enhance the nucleophilicity of the attacking nucleophile.
Nucleophilic addition of a carbanion or another nucleophile to the double bond of an alpha, beta unsaturated carbonyl compound can proceed via the Michael reaction, which belongs to the larger class of conjugate additions. This is one of the most useful methods for the mild formation of C -- C bonds.
Some additions which can not be executed with nucleophiles and electrophiles, can be succeeded with free radicals. As with the free - radical substitution, the radical addition proceeds as a chain reaction, and such reactions are the basis of the free - radical polymerization.
In a rearrangement reaction, the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged to give a structural isomer of the original molecule. These include hydride shift reactions such as the Wagner - Meerwein rearrangement, where a hydrogen, alkyl or aryl group migrates from one carbon to a neighboring carbon. Most rearrangements are associated with the breaking and formation of new carbon - carbon bonds. Other examples are sigmatropic reaction such as the Cope rearrangement.
Cyclic rearrangements include cycloadditions and, more generally, pericyclic reactions, wherein two or more double bond - containing molecules form a cyclic molecule. An important example of cycloaddition reaction is the Diels -- Alder reaction (the so - called (4 + 2) cycloaddition) between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene to form a substituted cyclohexene system.
Whether a certain cycloaddition would proceed depends on the electronic orbitals of the participating species, as only orbitals with the same sign of wave function will overlap and interact constructively to form new bonds. Cycloaddition is usually assisted by light or heat. These perturbations result in different arrangement of electrons in the excited state of the involved molecules and therefore in different effects. For example, the (4 + 2) Diels - Alder reactions can be assisted by heat whereas the (2 + 2) cycloaddition is selectively induced by light. Because of the orbital character, the potential for developing stereoisomeric products upon cycloaddition is limited, as described by the Woodward -- Hoffmann rules.
Biochemical reactions are mainly controlled by enzymes. These proteins can specifically catalyze a single reaction, so that reactions can be controlled very precisely. The reaction takes place in the active site, a small part of the enzyme which is usually found in a cleft or pocket lined by amino acid residues, and the rest of the enzyme is used mainly for stabilization. The catalytic action of enzymes relies on several mechanisms including the molecular shape ("induced fit ''), bond strain, proximity and orientation of molecules relative to the enzyme, proton donation or withdrawal (acid / base catalysis), electrostatic interactions and many others.
The biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms are collectively known as metabolism. Among the most important of its mechanisms is the anabolism, in which different DNA and enzyme - controlled processes result in the production of large molecules such as proteins and carbohydrates from smaller units. Bioenergetics studies the sources of energy for such reactions. An important energy source is glucose, which can be produced by plants via photosynthesis or assimilated from food. All organisms use this energy to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which can then be used to energize other reactions.
Chemical reactions are central to chemical engineering where they are used for the synthesis of new compounds from natural raw materials such as petroleum and mineral ores. It is essential to make the reaction as efficient as possible, maximizing the yield and minimizing the amount of reagents, energy inputs and waste. Catalysts are especially helpful for reducing the energy required for the reaction and increasing its reaction rate.
Some specific reactions have their niche applications. For example, the thermite reaction is used to generate light and heat in pyrotechnics and welding. Although it is less controllable than the more conventional oxy - fuel welding, arc welding and flash welding, it requires much less equipment and is still used to mend rails, especially in remote areas.
Mechanisms of monitoring chemical reactions depend strongly on the reaction rate. Relatively slow processes can be analyzed in situ for the concentrations and identities of the individual ingredients. Important tools of real time analysis are the measurement of pH and analysis of optical absorption (color) and emission spectra. A less accessible but rather efficient method is introduction of a radioactive isotope into the reaction and monitoring how it changes over time and where it moves to; this method is often used to analyze redistribution of substances in the human body. Faster reactions are usually studied with ultrafast laser spectroscopy where utilization of femtosecond lasers allows short - lived transition states to be monitored at time scaled down to a few femtoseconds.
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who wants to be a millionaire the movie | Slumdog Millionaire - wikipedia
Slumdog Millionaire is a 2008 British drama film directed by Danny Boyle, written by Simon Beaufoy, and produced by Christian Colson. Set and filmed in India, it is a loose adaptation of the novel Q & A (2005) by Indian author and diplomat Vikas Swarup, telling the story of Jamal Malik, age 18, from the Juhu slums of Mumbai. As a contestant on the Indian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? who is able to answer every stage correctly, he is accused of cheating. Jamal recounts his history, illustrating how he is able to answer each question.
After its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival and later screenings at the Toronto International Film Festival and the London Film Festival, Slumdog Millionaire had a nationwide release in the United Kingdom on 9 January 2009, in Mumbai on 22 January 2009, and in the United States on 23 January 2009.
Regarded as a sleeper hit, Slumdog Millionaire was widely acclaimed, being praised for its plot, soundtrack and direction. It was nominated for ten Academy Awards in 2009 and won eight -- the most for any 2008 film -- including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Adapted Screenplay. It won seven BAFTA Awards including Best Film, five Critics ' Choice Awards and four Golden Globes.
18 - year - old Jamal Malik, an Indian Muslim from the Juhu slum, is a contestant on the Indian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, and is one question away from the grand prize. However, before the ₹ 20 million (US $310,000) question, he is detained and tortured by the police, who suspect him of cheating because of the impossibility of a simple "slumdog '' with very little education knowing all the answers. Jamal recounts, through flashbacks, the incidents in his life which provided him with each answer.
Jamal 's flashbacks begin with his managing, at age five, to obtain the autograph of Bollywood star Amitabh Bachchan, which his brother Salim then sells, followed immediately by the death of his mother during the Bombay riots. As they flee the riot, the brothers meet Latika, a girl from their slum. Salim is reluctant to take her in, but Jamal suggests that she could be the "third musketeer '', a character from the Alexandre Dumas novel The Three Musketeers (which they had been studying -- albeit not very diligently -- in school), whose name they do not know.
The three are found by Maman -- a gangster who tricks and then trains street children into becoming beggars. When Salim discovers Maman is blinding the children in order to make them more effective beggars, he flees with Jamal and Latika to a departing train. Latika fails to board the train as Salim purposefully lets go of her hand, in revenge for an extremely embarrassing prank that Latika had played on Salim. This resulted in her being recaptured by Maman. Over the next few years, Salim and Jamal make a living travelling on top of trains, selling goods, picking pockets, working as dish washers, and pretending to be tour guides at the Taj Mahal, where they also steal people 's shoes. At Jamal 's insistence, they return to Mumbai to find Latika, discovering that she is being raised by Maman to be a prostitute, to fetch him soon a high price and as a virgin. The brothers rescue her, and while escaping Maman they shoot him to death. Salim then manages to get a job with Javed -- Maman 's rival crime lord. Back at their room, Salim orders Jamal to leave him and Latika alone. When Jamal refuses, Salim draws a gun on him, whereas Latika persuades Jamal to obey his brother and go away.
Years later, Jamal, now a Chaiwala in an Indian call centre, searches the centre 's database for Salim and Latika. He fails in finding Latika, while succeeding in finding Salim, now a high - ranking lieutenant in Javed 's crime organisation. Jamal reproaches Salim, who then pleads for forgiveness, and offers him to stay in his luxurious apartment. Jamal later bluffs his way into Javed 's residence to reunite with Latika but as he professes his love for her, Latika asks him to forget about her. Jamal nevertheless promises to wait for her every day at five o'clock at the VT station. Latika attempts to meet him there, but is recaptured by Javed 's men, led by Salim, and once Javed moves to another house, outside Mumbai, the two again lose contact. Jamal becomes a contestant on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, knowing that she watches the show regularly. Much to the consternation of Prem Kumar, the show 's host, Jamal becomes a wonder across India. He uses the 50 / 50 lifeline on the penultimate question and during the following break, whilst in the men 's room, Kumar tries to fool Jamal, feeding him with a wrong answer, yet Jamal chooses the other one, which turns out to be the correct answer.
Assuming Jamal is cheating, the police are involved. After an initial beating, the police inspector listens to Jamal 's explanation of how he reached each answer. Finding all of them "bizarrely plausible '', he allows him back on the show. At Javed 's safehouse, Latika sees Jamal on the news and Salim, in an effort to make amends for his past behaviour, gives Latika his mobile phone and car keys, and asks her to forgive him and to go to Jamal. Latika is reluctant out of fear of Javed, but agrees and escapes. Salim fills a bathtub with money and sits in it, awaiting for Javed and his men as they realize that he let Latika free. Jamal 's final question is the name of the third musketeer in The Three Musketeers, which he never learned. Jamal uses his "Phone - A-Friend '' lifeline to call Salim 's cell, as it is the only phone number he knows. Latika answers the phone, and, while she does not know the answer, tells Jamal that she is safe. Relieved, Jamal arbitrarily picks Aramis, the right answer, and wins the grand prize. Javed hears Latika on the show and realises that Salim has betrayed him. He and his men break down the bathroom door but Salim kills Javed before he is shot, gasping, "God is great ''. Soon thereafter, Jamal and Latika meet on the platform at the railway station and they kiss.
Screenwriter Simon Beaufoy wrote Slumdog Millionaire based on the Boeke Prize - winning and Commonwealth Writers ' Prize - nominated novel Q & A by Vikas Swarup. To hone the script, Beaufoy made three research trips to India and interviewed street children, finding himself impressed with their attitudes. The screenwriter said of his goal for the script: "I wanted to get (across) the sense of this huge amount of fun, laughter, chat, and sense of community that is in these slums. What you pick up on is this mass of energy. ''
By the summer of 2006, British production companies Celador Films and Film4 Productions invited director Danny Boyle to read the script of Slumdog Millionaire. Boyle hesitated, since he was not interested in making a film about Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, which was produced by Celador. Then Boyle learned that the screenwriter was Beaufoy, who had written The Full Monty (1997), one of the director 's favourite British films, and decided to revisit the script. Boyle was impressed by how Beaufoy wove the multiple storylines from Swarup 's book into one narrative, and the director decided to commit to the project. The film was projected to cost $15 million, so Celador sought a US film distributor to share costs. Warner Independent Pictures stepped up with $5 million and won rights to the picture.
Gail Stevens came on board to oversee casting globally. Stevens had worked with Boyle throughout his career and was well known for discovering new talent. Meredith Tucker was appointed to cast out of the US. The film - makers then travelled to Mumbai in September 2007 with a partial crew and began hiring local cast and crew for production in Karjat. Originally appointed as one of the five casting directors in India, Loveleen Tandan has stated, "I suggested to Danny and Simon Beaufoy, the writer of Slumdog, that it was important to do some of it in Hindi to bring the film alive (...) They asked me to pen the Hindi dialogues which I, of course, instantly agreed to do. And as we drew closer to the shoot date, Danny asked me to step in as the co-director. '' Boyle then decided to translate nearly a third of the film 's English dialogue into Hindi. The director fibbed to Warner Independent 's president that he wanted 10 % of the dialogue in Hindi, and she approved the change. Filming locations included shooting in Mumbai 's megaslum and in shantytown parts of Juhu, so film - makers controlled the crowds by befriending onlookers. Filming began on 5 November 2007.
In addition to Swarup 's original novel Q & A, the film was also inspired by Indian cinema. Tandan has referred to Slumdog Millionaire as a homage to Hindi cinema, noting that "Simon Beaufoy studied Salim - Javed 's kind of cinema minutely. '' Boyle has cited the influence of several Bollywood films set in Mumbai. Deewaar (1975), which Boyle described as being "absolutely key to Indian cinema '', is a crime film written by Salim - Javed based on the Bombay gangster Haji Mastan, portrayed by Bollywood superstar Amitabh Bachchan, whose autograph Jamal seeks at the beginning of Slumdog Millionaire. Anil Kapoor noted that some scenes of the film "are like Deewaar, the story of two brothers of whom one is completely after money while the younger one is honest and not interested in money. '' Slumdog Millionaire has a similar narrative structure to Deewaar. Satya (1998), written by Saurabh Shukla (who plays Constable Srinivas in Slumdog Millionaire), and Company (2002), based on the D - Company, both offered "slick, often mesmerising portrayals of the Mumbai underworld '' and displayed realistic "brutality and urban violence. '' Boyle has also stated that the chase in one of the opening scenes of Slumdog Millionaire was based on a "12 - minute police chase through the crowded Dharavi slum '' in Black Friday (2007), adapted from Hussein Zaidi 's book of the same name about the 1993 Bombay bombings.
Boyle has cited other Indian films as influences in later interviews. The rags - to - riches, underdog theme was also a recurring theme in classic Bollywood movies from the 1950s through to the 1980s, when "India worked to lift itself from hunger and poverty. '' Other classic Bollywood tropes in the film include "the fantasy sequences '' and the montage sequence where "the brothers jump off a train and suddenly they are seven years older ''.
The producer 's first choice for the role of Prem Kumar was Shahrukh Khan, an established Bollywood star and host of the 2007 series of Kaun Banega Crorepati (the Indian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?). However, Khan turned down the role, concerned that he did not want to give his audience the impression that the real show was a fraud by playing a fraud host in the movie. Despite the subsequent success of the film, Khan has stated that he does not regret turning the role down, and has been a vociferous supporter of the film to its critics. Paul Smith, the executive producer of Slumdog Millionaire and the chairman of Celador Films, previously owned the international rights to Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
In August 2007, Warner Independent Pictures acquired the North American rights and Pathé the international rights to distribute Slumdog Millionaire theatrically. However, in May 2008, Warner Independent Pictures was shut down, with all of its projects being transferred to Warner Bros., its parent studio. Warner Bros. doubted the commercial prospects of Slumdog Millionaire and suggested that it would go straight to DVD without a US theatrical release. In August 2008, the studio began searching for buyers for various productions, to relieve its overload of end - of - the - year films. Halfway through the month, Warner Bros. entered into a pact with Fox Searchlight Pictures to share distribution of the film, with Fox Searchlight buying 50 % of Warner Bros. 's interest in the movie and handling US distribution.
Following its success at the 81st Academy Awards, the film topped the worldwide box office (barring North America), grossing $16 million from 34 markets in the week following the Academy Awards. Worldwide, the film has currently grossed over $377 million, becoming Fox Searchlight Pictures 's highest - grossing film ever (surpassing Juno).
The Australian 2008 release of Slumdog Millionaire was produced by Icon Film Distribution.
Slumdog Millionaire was first shown at the Telluride Film Festival on 30 August 2008, where it was positively received by audiences, generating "strong buzz ''. The film also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on 7 September 2008, where it was "the first widely acknowledged popular success '' of the festival, winning the People 's Choice Award. Slumdog Millionaire debuted with a limited North American release on 12 November 2008, followed by a nationwide release in the United States on 23 January 2009.
After debuting on a Wednesday, the film grossed $360,018 in 10 theatres in its first weekend, a strong average of $36,002 per theatre. In its second weekend, it expanded to 32 theatres and made $947,795, or an average of $29,619 per theatre, representing a drop of only 18 %. In the 10 original theatres that it was released in, viewership went up 16 %, and this is attributed to strong word - of - mouth. The film expanded into wide release on 25 December 2008 at 614 theatres and earned $5,647,007 over the extended Christmas weekend. Following its success at the 81st Academy Awards, the film 's takings increased by 43 %, the most for any film since Titanic. In the weekend of 27 February to 1 March, the film reached its widest release at 2,943 theatres. The film has grossed over $140 million at the North American box office.
The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray in the United States on 31 March 2009. The film opened at No. 2 in the DVD sales chart, making $14.16 m off 842,000 DVD units. As of 12 November 2009, an estimated 1,964,962 DVD units have been sold, translating to $31.32 m in revenue. This figure does not include Blu - ray sales / DVD rentals. It had previously been announced that 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment would be starting a new marketing program with two versions of each release: a stripped - down minimal version for the rental market, and a traditional full version with "bonus extra '' features, such as commentary and "making of '' material for the retail market. The release production was mixed up; some full versions were shipped in rental cases, and some retail versions were missing the extras despite their being listed on the outside of the box. Public apologies were issued by Fox and Amazon.
The film was released in the United Kingdom on 9 January 2009, and opened at No. 2 at the UK box office. The film reached No. 1 in its second weekend and set a UK box office record, as the film 's takings increased by 47 %. This is the "biggest ever increase for a UK saturation release, '' breaking "the record previously held by Billy Elliot 's 13 %. '' This record - breaking "ticket surge '' in the second weekend came after Slumdog Millionaire won four Golden Globes and received eleven BAFTA nominations. The film grossed £ 6.1 million in its first eleven days of release in the UK. The takings increased by another 7 % the following weekend, bringing the film 's gross up to £ 10.24 million for its first seventeen days in the UK, and up to £ 14.2 million in its third week.
As of 20 February 2009, the film 's UK box office gross was £ 22,973,110, making it "the eighth biggest hit at UK cinemas of the past 12 months. '' In the week ending 1 March 2009, following its success at the 81st Academy Awards where it won eight Oscars, the film returned to No. 1 at the UK box office, grossing £ 26 million as of 2 March 2009. As of 17 May 2009, the total UK gross was over £ 31.6 million. The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray on 1 June 2009.
The film 's success at the Academy Awards led to it seeing large increases in takings elsewhere in Europe the following week. Its biggest single country increase was in Italy, where it was up 556 % from the previous week. The takings in France and Spain also increased by 61 % and 73 % respectively. During the same week, the film debuted in other European countries with successful openings: in Croatia it grossed $170,419 from 10 screens, making it the biggest opening there in the last four months; and in Poland it opened in second place with a gross of $715,677. The film was released in Sweden on 6 March 2009 and in Germany on 19 March 2009.
In India, the premiere of Slumdog Millionaire took place in Mumbai on 22 January 2009 and was attended by major personalities of the Indian film industry, with more than a hundred attending this event. A dubbed Hindi version, Slumdog Crorepati (स्लमडॉग करोड़पति), was also released in India in addition to the original version of the film. Originally titled Slumdog Millionaire: Kaun Banega Crorepati, the name was shortened for legal reasons. Loveleen Tandan, who supervised the dubbing, stated, "All the actors from the original English including Anil Kapoor, Irrfan Khan and Ankur Vikal dubbed the film. We got a boy from Chembur, Pratik Motwani to dub for the male lead Dev Patel. I did n't want any exaggerated dubbing. I wanted a young unspoilt voice. '' The film was also dubbed in Tamil as Naanum Kodeeswaran, with Silambarasan dubbing for Patel, while S.P. Balasubrahmanyam and Radha Ravi dubbed for Kapoor and Khan respectively.
Fox Searchlight released 351 prints of the film across India for its full release there on 23 January 2009. It earned ₹ 23,545,665 (equivalent to ₹ 42 million or US $660,000 in 2017) in its first week at the Indian box office, or $2.2 million according to Fox Searchlight. Though not as successful as major Bollywood releases in India during its first week, this was the highest weekend gross for any Fox film and the third highest for any Western release in the country, trailing only Spider - Man 3 and Casino Royale. In its second week, the film 's gross rose to ₹ 30,470,752 (equivalent to ₹ 55 million or US $850,000 in 2017) at the Indian box office.
A few analysts have offered their opinions about the film 's performance at the Indian box office. Trade analyst Komal Nahta commented, "There was a problem with the title itself. Slumdog is not a familiar word for majority Indians. '' In addition, trade analyst Amod Mehr has stated that with the exception of Anil Kapoor, the film lacks recognisable stars and that "the film... is not ideally suited for Indian sentiment. '' A cinema owner commented that "to hear slum boys speaking perfect English does n't seem right but when they are speaking in Hindi, the film seems much more believable. '' The dubbed Hindi version, Slumdog Crorepati, did better at the box office, and additional copies of that version were released. Following the film 's success at the 81st Academy Awards, the film 's takings in India increased by 470 % the following week, bringing its total up to $6.3 million that week. As of 15 March 2009, Slumdog Crorepati had grossed ₹ 158,613,802 (equivalent to ₹ 280 million or US $4.4 million in 2017) at the Indian box office.
The film 's success at the Academy Awards led to it seeing large increases in takings in the Asia - Pacific region. In Australia, the takings increased by 53 %, bringing the film up to second place there. In Hong Kong, the film debuted taking $1 million in its opening weekend, making it the second biggest opening of the year there. The film was released in Japan on 18 April 2009, South Korea on 19 March 2009, China on 26 March 2009, Vietnam on 10 April 2009, and 11 April 2009 in the Philippines.
In particular, the film was a major success in East Asia. In the People 's Republic of China, the film grossed $2.2 million in its opening weekend (27 -- 29 March). In Japan, the film grossed $12 million, the most the film has grossed in any Asian country.
Slumdog Millionaire was critically acclaimed, named in the top ten lists of various newspapers. On 22 February 2009, the film won eight out of ten Academy Awards for which it was nominated, including the Best Picture and Best Director. It is the eighth film ever to win eight Academy Awards and the eleventh Best Picture Oscar winner without a single acting nomination. At the same time, Taare Zameen Par (Like Stars on Earth), India 's submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Film, failed to make the short list of nominations and was frequently compared with Slumdog Millionaire in the Indian media.
The film also won seven of the eleven BAFTA Awards for which it was nominated, including Best Film; all four of the Golden Globe Awards for which it was nominated, including Best Drama Film; and five of the six Critics ' Choice Awards for which it was nominated.
The much acclaimed title sequence has been honoured by a nomination at the prestigious 2009 Rushes Soho Shorts Film Festival in the ' Broadcast Design Award ' category in competition with the likes of the Match of the Day Euro 2008 titles by Aardman and two projects by Agenda Collective.
In 2010, the Independent Film & Television Alliance selected the film as one of the 30 Most Significant Independent Films of the last 30 years
Outside of India, Slumdog Millionaire was met with much critical acclaim. As of 25 April 2015, Rotten Tomatoes has given the film a 92 % rating with 267 reviews. The average score is 8.4 / 10. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film has received an average score of 86, based on 36 reviews. Movie City News shows that the film appeared in 123 different top ten lists, out of 286 different critics lists surveyed, the 4th most mentions on a top ten list of any film released in 2008.
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times gave the film 4 out of 4 stars, stating that it is, "a breathless, exciting story, heartbreaking and exhilarating. '' Wall Street Journal critic Joe Morgenstern refers to Slumdog Millionaire as, "the film world 's first globalised masterpiece. '' Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post argues that, "this modern - day ' rags - to - rajah ' fable won the audience award at the Toronto International Film Festival earlier this year, and it 's easy to see why. With its timely setting of a swiftly globalising India and, more specifically, the country 's own version of the ' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ' TV show, combined with timeless melodrama and a hardworking orphan who withstands all manner of setbacks, ' Slumdog Millionaire ' plays like Charles Dickens for the 21st century. '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times describes the film as "a Hollywood - style romantic melodrama that delivers major studio satisfactions in an ultra-modern way '' and "a story of star - crossed romance that the original Warner brothers would have embraced, shamelessly pulling out stops that you would n't think anyone would have the nerve to attempt any more. '' Anthony Lane of the New Yorker stated, "There is a mismatch here. Boyle and his team, headed by the director of photography, Anthony Dod Mantle, clearly believe that a city like Mumbai, with its shifting skyline and a population of more than fifteen million, is as ripe for storytelling as Dickens 's London (...) At the same time, the story they chose is sheer fantasy, not in its glancing details but in its emotional momentum. How else could Boyle get away with assembling his cast for a Bollywood dance number, at a railroad station, over the closing credits? You can either chide the film, at this point, for relinquishing any claim to realism or you can go with the flow -- surely the wiser choice. '' Colm Andrew of the Manx Independent was also full of praise, saying the film "successfully mixes hard - hitting drama with uplifting action and the Who Wants To Be a Millionaire show is an ideal device to revolve events around ''. Several other reviewers have described Slumdog Millionaire as a Bollywood - style "masala '' movie, due to the way the film combines "familiar raw ingredients into a feverish masala '' and culminates in "the romantic leads finding each other. ''
Other critics offered more mixed reviews. For example, Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film three out of five stars, stating that "despite the extravagant drama and some demonstrations of the savagery meted out to India 's street children, this is a cheerfully undemanding and unreflective film with a vision of India that, if not touristy exactly, is certainly an outsider 's view; it depends for its full enjoyment on not being taken too seriously. '' He also pointed out that the film is co-produced by Celador, who own the rights to the original Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? and claimed that "it functions as a feature - length product placement for the programme. ''
A few critics outright panned it. Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle states that, "Slumdog Millionaire has a problem in its storytelling. The movie unfolds in a start - and - stop way that kills suspense, leans heavily on flashbacks and robs the movie of most of its velocity... (T) he whole construction is tied to a gimmicky narrative strategy that keeps Slumdog Millionaire from really hitting its stride until the last 30 minutes. By then, it 's just a little too late. '' Eric Hynes of IndieWIRE called it "bombastic '', "a noisy, sub-Dickens update on the romantic tramp 's tale '' and "a goofy picaresque to rival Forrest Gump in its morality and romanticism. ''
Slumdog Millionaire has been a subject of discussion among a variety of people in India and the Indian diaspora. Some film critics have responded positively to the film. At the same time, others objected to issues such as Jamal 's use of British English or the fact that similar films by Indian filmmakers have not received equal recognition. A few notable filmmakers such as Aamir Khan and Priyadarshan have been critical of the film. Author and critic Salman Rushdie argues that it has "a patently ridiculous conceit. ''
Adoor Gopalakrishnan, one of the most acclaimed film makers in India during the 1980s and 1990s, a five time Best Director award winner of the Indian National Film Awards -- the highest film awards in India -- lambasted Slumdog Millionaire, calling it in an interview to NDTV: "A very anti-Indian film. All the bad elements of Mumbai commercial cinema are put together and in a very a slick way. And it underlines and endorses what the West thinks about of us. It is falsehood built upon falsehood. And at every turn is fabricated. At every turn it is built on falsehood. I was ashamed to see it was being appreciated widely in the west... Fortunately Indians are turning it down. ''
The film has been subject to serious academic criticism. Mitu Sengupta (2009 and 2010) raises substantial doubts about both the realism of the film 's portrayal of urban poverty in India and whether the film will assist those arguing for the poor. Rather, Sengupta argues the film 's "reductive view '' of such slums is likely to reinforce negative attitudes to those who live there. The film is therefore likely to support policies that have tended to further dispossess the slum dwellers in terms of material goods, power and dignity. The film, it is also suggested, celebrates characters and places that might be seen as symbolic of Western culture and models of development.
However, there are others who point to the changing urban aspirations and prospects for mobility that can be seen in Indian cities such as Mumbai in which the film is set. The film is seen by D. Parthasarathy (2009) as reflecting a larger context of global cultural flows, which implicates issues of labour, status, ascription - achievement, and poverty in urban India. Parthasarathy (2009) argues for a better understanding of issues of dignity of labour and that the film should be interpreted in a more nuanced way as reflecting the role of market forces and India 's new service economy in transforming the caste and status determined opportunity structure in urban India.
Slumdog Millionaire has stirred controversy on a few issues including the welfare and illegal housing of its child actors and its portrayals of Indian communities.
The Slumdog Millionaire soundtrack was composed by A.R. Rahman, who planned the score for over two months and completed it in two weeks. Danny Boyle has said that he chose Rahman because "not only does he draw on Indian classical music, but he 's got R&B and hip hop coming in from America, house music coming in from Europe and this incredible fusion is created. '' Rahman won the 2009 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score and won two Academy Awards, one for Best Original Score and one for Best Original Song for "Jai Ho ''. Rahman had two songs nominated for Best Original Song -- the nomination for "O... Saya '' was shared with M.I.A., while the win for "Jai Ho '' was shared with lyricist Gulzar. The soundtrack was released on M.I.A. 's record label N.E.E.T.. On Radio Sargam, film critic Goher Iqbal Punn termed the soundtrack Rahman 's "magnum opus '' which will acquaint "the entire world '' with his artistry.
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where does the danube enter the black sea | Danube - wikipedia
The Danube (/ ˈdænjuːb / DAN - ewb, known by various names in other languages) is Europe 's second - longest river, after the Volga River. It is located in Central and Eastern Europe.
The Danube was once a long - standing frontier of the Roman Empire, and today flows through 10 countries, more than any other river in the world. Originating in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for 2,860 km (1,780 mi), passing through or touching the border of Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine before emptying into the Black Sea. Its drainage basin extends into nine more countries. The Danube river basin is the most biodiverse region in Europe, and is home to hundreds of fish species, such as pike, zander, huchen, wels catfish, burbot and tench. It is also home to a large diversity of carp and sturgeon, as well as salmon and trout. A few species of Euryhaline fish, such as European seabass, mullet, and eel, inhabit the Danube delta and the lower portion of the river.
Old European river names derived from a Proto - Indo - European * dānu. Other river names from the same root include the Dunajec, Dzvina / Daugava, Don, Donets, Dnieper, Dniestr and Dysna. In Rigvedic Sanskrit, dānu means "fluid, drop '', in Avestan, the same word means "river ''. In the Rigveda, Dānu once appears as the mother of Vrtra. It is possible that dānu in Scythian as in Avestan was a generic word for "river '': Dnieper and Dniestr, from Danapris and Danastius, are presumed to continue Scythian * dānu apara "far river '' and * dānu nazdya - "near river '', respectively.
Known to the ancient Greeks as the Istros (Ἴστρος) a borrowing from a Daco - Thracian name meaning "strong, swift '' (akin to Sanskrit iṣiras "swift ''). In Latin, the Danube was variously known as Danubius, Danuvius or as Ister. The Dacian / Thracian name was Donaris for the upper Danube and Istros for the lower Danube. The Thraco - Phrygian name was Matoas, "the bringer of luck ''.
The Latin name is masculine, as are all its Slavic names (the name of the Rhine is also masculine in Latin, most of the Slavic languages, as well as in German). The German Donau (Early Modern German Donaw, Tonaw, Middle High German Tuonowe) is feminine, as it has been re-interpreted as containing the suffix - ouwe "wetland ''.
The modern languages spoken in the Danube basin all use names related to Dānuvius: German: Donau ((ˈdoːnaʊ̯); Bavarian: Doana; Yiddish: Dunay דונײַ (dʊnaj)); Silesian: Důnaj; Upper Sorbian: Dunaj; Slovak: Dunaj ((ˈdunaj)); Hungarian: Duna ((ˈdunɒ)); Serbo - Croatian: Dunav / Дунав ((dǔnaʋ) or (dǔnaːʋ) Romanian: Dunărea ((ˈdunəre̯a)); Romani: Dunaja ((ˈdunaja)); Bulgarian: Дунав, Dunav ((ˈdunɐf)); Ukrainian: Дунай, Dunai ((duˈnɑj)); Czech: Dunaj (Czech pronunciation: (ˈdʊnaj)); Polish: Dunaj (Polish pronunciation: (ˈdũnaj)); Slovene: Donava ((ˈdóːnaʋa)); Italian: Danubio ((da'nubjo)); Romansh: Danubi.
Classified as an international waterway, it originates in the town of Donaueschingen, in the Black Forest of Germany, at the confluence of the rivers Brigach and Breg. The Danube then flows southeast for about 2,800 km (1,700 mi), passing through four capital cities before emptying into the Black Sea via the Danube Delta in Romania and Ukraine.
Once a long - standing frontier of the Roman Empire, the river passes through or touches the borders of 10 countries: Romania (29.0 % of basin area), Hungary (11.6 %), Serbia (10.2 %), Austria (10.0 %), Germany (7.0 %), Bulgaria (5.9 %), Slovakia (5.9 %), Croatia (4.4 %), Ukraine (3.8 %), and Moldova (1.6 %). Its drainage basin extends into nine more.
In addition to the bordering countries (see above), the drainage basin includes parts of nine more countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina (4.6 %), the Czech Republic (2.9 %), Slovenia (2.0 %), Montenegro (0.9 %), Switzerland (0.2 %), Italy (< 0.1 %), Poland (< 0.1 %), the Republic of Macedonia (< 0.1 %) and Albania (< 0.1 %). The highest point of the drainage basin is the summit of Piz Bernina at the Italy -- Switzerland border, at 4,049 metres (13,284 ft).
The land drained by the Danube extends into many other countries. Many Danubian tributaries are important rivers in their own right, navigable by barges and other shallow - draught boats. From its source to its outlet into the Black Sea, its main tributaries are (in order that they enter):
18. Tisza 19. Sava (entering at Belgrade) 20. Tamiš (entering at Pančevo) 21. Great Morava 22. Caraș 23. Jiu (entering at Bechet) 24. Iskar (entering near Gigen) 25. Olt (entering at Turnu Măgurele) 26. Osam (entering near Nikopol, Bulgaria) 27. Argeș (entering at Oltenița) 28. Ialomița 29. Siret (entering near Galați) 30. Prut (entering near Galați)
The Danube flows through many cities, including four national capitals (shown below in bold), more than any other river in the world. Ordered from the source to the mouth they are:
The Danube is navigable by ocean ships from the Black Sea to Brăila in Romania and by river ships to Kelheim, Bavaria, Germany; smaller craft can navigate further upstream to Ulm, Württemberg, Germany. About 60 of its tributaries are also navigable.
Since the completion of the German Rhine -- Main -- Danube Canal in 1992, the river has been part of a trans - European waterway from Rotterdam on the North Sea to Sulina on the Black Sea, a distance of 3,500 km (2,200 mi). In 1994 the Danube was declared one of ten Pan-European transport corridors, routes in Central and Eastern Europe that required major investment over the following ten to fifteen years. The amount of goods transported on the Danube increased to about 100 million tons in 1987. In 1999, transport on the river was made difficult by the NATO bombing of three bridges in Serbia during the Kosovo War. Clearance of the resulting debris was completed in 2002, and a temporary pontoon bridge that hampered navigation was removed in 2005.
At the Iron Gate, the Danube flows through a gorge that forms part of the boundary between Serbia and Romania; it contains the Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station dam, followed at about 60 km (37 mi) downstream (outside the gorge) by the Iron Gate II Hydroelectric Power Station. On 13 April 2006, a record peak discharge at Iron Gate Dam reached 15,400 m / s (540,000 cu ft / s).
There are three artificial waterways built on the Danube: the Danube - Tisa - Danube Canal (DTD) in the Banat and Bačka regions (Vojvodina, northern province of Serbia); the 64 km (40 mi) Danube - Black Sea Canal, between Cernavodă and Constanța (Romania) finished in 1984, shortens the distance to the Black Sea by 400 km (250 mi); the Rhine -- Main -- Danube Canal is about 171 km (106 mi), finished in 1992, linking the North Sea to the Black Sea.
In 2010 -- 12, shipping companies (especially from Ukraine) claimed that their vessels suffered from "regular pirate attacks '', on the Serbian and Romanian stretches of the Danube. However, these transgressions may not be considered acts of piracy, as defined according to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, but rather instances of "river robbery ''.
On the other hand, media reports say the crews on transport ships often steal and sell their own cargo and then blame the plundering on "pirates '', and the alleged attacks are not piracy but small - time contraband theft that is taking place along the river.
The Danube Delta (Romanian: Delta Dunării pronounced (ˈdelta ˈdunərij); Ukrainian: Дельта Дунаю, Del'ta Dunaju) is the largest river delta in the European Union. The greater part of the Danube Delta lies in Romania (Tulcea county), while its northern part, on the left bank of the Chilia arm, is situated in Ukraine (Odessa Oblast). The approximate surface is 4,152 km (1,603 sq mi), of which 3,446 km (1,331 sq mi) are in Romania. If one includes the lagoons of Razim - Sinoe (1,015 km (392 sq mi) of which 865 km (334 sq mi) water surface), which are located south of the delta proper, but are related to it geologically and ecologically (their combined territory is part of the World Heritage Site), the total area of the Danube Delta reaches 5,165 km (1,994 sq mi).
The Danube Delta is also the best preserved river Delta in Europe, a UNESCO World Heritage Site (since 1991) and a Ramsar Site. Its lakes and marshes support 45 freshwater fish species. Its wetlands support vast flocks of migratory birds of over 300 species, including the endangered pygmy cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmaeus). These are threatened by rival canalization and drainage schemes such as the Bystroye Canal.
The International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR) is an organization consisting of 14 member states (Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Montenegro and Ukraine) and the European Union. The commission, established in 1998, deals with the whole Danube river basin, which includes tributaries and the groundwater resources. Its goal is to implement the Danube River Protection Convention by promoting and coordinating sustainable and equitable water management, including conservation, improvement and rational use of waters and the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive.
The Danube Commission is concerned with the maintenance and improvement of the river 's navigation conditions. It was established in 1948 by seven countries bordering the river. Members include representatives from Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Moldova, Slovakia, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, and Serbia, It meets regularly twice a year. It also convenes groups of experts to consider items provided for in the commission 's working plans.
The commission dates to the Paris Conferences of 1856 and 1921, which established for the first time an international regime to safeguard free navigation on the Danube. Today the Commission include riparian and non-riparian states.
Although the headwaters of the Danube are relatively small today, geologically, the Danube is much older than the Rhine, with which its catchment area competes in today 's southern Germany. This has a few interesting geological complications. Since the Rhine is the only river rising in the Alps mountains which flows north towards the North Sea, an invisible line beginning at Piz Lunghin divides large parts of southern Germany, which is sometimes referred to as the European Watershed.
Before the last ice age in the Pleistocene, the Rhine started at the southwestern tip of the Black Forest, while the waters from the Alps that today feed the Rhine were carried east by the so - called Urdonau (original Danube). Parts of this ancient river 's bed, which was much larger than today 's Danube, can still be seen in (now waterless) canyons in today 's landscape of the Swabian Alb. After the Upper Rhine valley had been eroded, most waters from the Alps changed their direction and began feeding the Rhine. Today 's upper Danube is but a meek reflection of the ancient one.
Since the Swabian Alb is largely shaped of porous limestone, and since the Rhine 's level is much lower than the Danube 's, today subsurface rivers carry much water from the Danube to the Rhine. On many days in the summer, when the Danube carries little water, it completely oozes away noisily into these underground channels at two locations in the Swabian Alp, which are referred to as the Donauversickerung (Danube Sink). Most of this water resurfaces only 12 kilometres (7 mi) south at the Aachtopf, Germany 's wellspring with the highest flow, an average of 8,500 litres per second (300 cu ft / s), north of Lake Constance -- thus feeding the Rhine. The European Water Divide applies only for those waters that pass beyond this point, and only during the days of the year when the Danube carries enough water to survive the sink holes in the Donauversickerung.
Since such large volumes of underground water erode much of the surrounding limestone, it is estimated that the Danube upper course will one day disappear entirely in favor of the Rhine, an event called stream capturing.
The hydrological parameters of Danube are regularly monitored in Croatia at Batina, Dalj, Vukovar and Ilok.
The Danube basin was the site of some of the earliest human cultures. The Danubian Neolithic cultures include the Linear Pottery cultures of the mid-Danube basin. Many sites of the sixth - to - third millennium BC Vinča culture, (Vinča, Serbia) are sited along the Danube. The third millennium BC Vučedol culture (from the Vučedol site near Vukovar, Croatia) is famous for its ceramics.
Darius the Great, king of Persia, crossed the river in the late 6th century BC in order to invade European Scythia and to subdue the Scythians.
Alexander the Great defeated the Triballian king Syrmus and the northern barbarian Thracian and Illyrian tribes by advancing from Macedonia as far as the Danube in 336 BC.
Under the Romans the Danube formed the border of the Empire with the tribes to the north almost from its source to its mouth. At the same time it was a route for the transport of troops and the supply of settlements downstream. From AD 37 to the reign of the Emperor Valentinian I (364 -- 375) the Danubian Limes was the northeastern border of the Empire, with occasional interruptions such as the fall of the Danubian Limes in 259. The crossing of the Danube into Dacia was achieved by the Imperium Romanum, first in two battles in 102 and then in 106 after the construction of a bridge in 101 near the garrison town of Drobeta at the Iron Gate. This victory over Dacia under Decebalus enabled the Province of Dacia to be created, but in 271 it was lost again.
Avars used the river as their southeastern border in the 6th century.
Part of the rivers Danubius or Istros was also known as (together with the Black Sea) the Okeanos in ancient times, being called the Okeanos Potamos (Okeanos River). The lower Danube was also called the Keras Okeanoio (Gulf or Horn of Okeanos) in the Argonautica by Apollonius Rhodos (Argon. IV. 282).
At the end of the Okeanos Potamos, is the holy island of Alba (Leuke, Pytho Nisi, Isle of Snakes), sacred to the Pelasgian (and later, Greek) Apollo, greeting the sun rising in the east. Hecateus Abderitas refers to Apollo 's island from the region of the Hyperboreans, in the Okeanos. It was on Leuke, in one version of his legend, that the hero Achilles was buried (to this day, one of the mouths of the Danube is called Chilia). Old Romanian folk songs recount a white monastery on a white island with nine priests.
Between the late 14th and late 19th centuries, the Ottoman Empire competed first with the Kingdom of Hungary and later with the Austrian Habsburgs for controlling the Danube (Turks call it Tuna), which formed the northern border of the Ottoman Empire for centuries. Many of the Ottoman -- Hungarian Wars (1366 -- 1526) and Ottoman -- Habsburg wars (1526 -- 1791) were fought along the river.
The most important wars of the Ottoman Empire along the Danube include the Battle of Nicopolis (1396), the Siege of Belgrade (1456), the Battle of Mohács (1526), the first Turkish Siege of Vienna (1529), the Siege of Esztergom (1543), the Long War (1591 -- 1606), the Battle of Vienna (1683), the Great Turkish War (1683 -- 1699), the Crimean War (1853 -- 1856) and the Russo - Turkish War (1877 -- 1878).
Along its course, the Danube is a source of drinking water for about 20 million people. In Baden - Württemberg, Germany, almost 30 percent (as of 2004) of the water for the area between Stuttgart, Bad Mergentheim, Aalen and Alb - Donau (district) comes from purified water of the Danube. Other cities such as Ulm and Passau also use some water from the Danube.
In Austria and Hungary, most water is drawn from ground and spring sources, and only in rare cases is water from the Danube used. Most states also find it too difficult to clean the water because of extensive pollution; only parts of Romania where the water is cleaner still obtain drinking water from the Danube on a regular basis.
In the 19th century, the Danube was an important waterway but was, as The Times of London put it, "annually swept by ice that will lift a large ship out of the water or cut her in two as if she were a carrot. ''
Today, as "Corridor VII '' of the European Union, the Danube is an important transport route. Since the opening of the Rhine -- Main -- Danube Canal, the river connects the Port of Rotterdam and the industrial centres of Western Europe with the Black Sea and, also, through the Danube -- Black Sea Canal, with the Port of Constanța.
The waterway is designed for large - scale inland vessels (110 × 11.45 m) but it can carry much larger vessels on most of its course. The Danube has been partly canalized in Germany (5 locks) and Austria (10 locks). Proposals to build a number of new locks to improve navigation have not progressed, due in part to environmental concerns.
Downstream from the Freudenau locks in Vienna, canalization of the Danube was limited to the Gabčíkovo dam and locks near Bratislava and the two double Iron Gate locks in the border stretch of the Danube between Serbia and Romania. These locks have larger dimensions. Downstream of the Iron Gate, the river is free flowing all the way to the Black Sea, a distance of more than 860 kilometres (530 mi).
The Danube connects with the Rhine -- Main -- Danube Canal at Kelheim, with the Donaukanal in Vienna, and with the Danube -- Black Sea Canal at Cernavodă.
Apart from a couple of secondary navigable branches, the only major navigable rivers linked to the Danube are the Drava, Sava and Tisa. In Serbia, a canal network also connects to the river; the network, known as the Danube -- Tisa -- Danube Canals, links sections downstream.
In the Austrian and German sections of the Danube, a type of flat - bottomed boat called a Zille was developed for use along the river. Zillen are still used today for fishing, ferrying, and other transport of goods and people in this area.
The importance of fishing on the Danube, which was critical in the Middle Ages, has declined dramatically. Some fishermen are still active at certain points on the river, and the Danube Delta still has an important industry.
The Upper Danube ecoregion alone has about 60 fish species and the Lower Danube -- Dniester ecoregion has about twice as many. Among these are an exceptionally high diversity of sturgeon, a total of six species (beluga, Russian sturgeon, bastard sturgeon, sterlet, starry sturgeon and European sea sturgeon), but these are all threatened and have largely -- or entirely in the case of the European sea sturgeon -- disappeared from the river. The huchen, one of the largest species of salmon, is endemic to the Danube basin, but has been introduced elsewhere by humans.
Important tourist and natural spots along the Danube include the Wachau Valley, the Nationalpark Donau - Auen in Austria, Gemenc in Hungary, the Naturpark Obere Donau in Germany, Kopački rit in Croatia, Iron Gate in Serbia and Romania, the Danube Delta in Romania, and the Srebarna Nature Reserve in Bulgaria.
Also, leisure and travel cruises on the river are of significance. Besides the often frequented route between Vienna and Budapest, some ships even go from Passau in Germany to the Danube Delta and back. During the peak season, more than 70 cruise liners are in use on the river, while the traffic - free upper parts can only be discovered with canoes or boats.
The Danube region is not only culturally and historically of importance, but also due to its fascinating landmarks and sights important for the regional tourism industry. With its well established infrastructure regarding cycling, hiking and travel possibilities, the region along the Danube attracts every year an international clientele. In Austria alone, there are more than 14 million overnight stays and about 6.5 million arrivals per year.
The Danube Banks in Budapest are a part of Unesco World Heritage sites, they can be viewed from a number of sightseeing cruises offered in the city.
The Danube Bend is also a popular tourist destination.
The Danube Bike Trail (also called Danube Cycle Path or the Donauradweg) is a bicycle trail along the river. Especially the parts through Germany and Austria are very popular, which makes it one of the 10 most popular bike trails in Germany.
The Danube Bike Trail starts at the origin of the Danube and ends where the river flows into the Black Sea. It is divided into four sections:
The Sultans Trail is a hiking trail that runs along the river between Vienna and Smederevo in Serbia. From there the Sultans Trail leaves the Danube, terminating in Istanbul. Sections along the river are as follows.
In 2010 the Donausteig, a hiking trail from Passau to Grein, was opened. It is 450 kilometres (280 mi) long and it is divided into 23 stages. The route passes five Bavarian and 40 Austrian communities. An impressive landscape and beautiful viewpoints, which are along the river, are the highlights of the Donausteig.
The Route of Emperors and Kings is an international touristic route leading from Regensburg to Budapest, calling in Passau, Linz and Vienna. The international consortium ARGE Die Donau - Straße der Kaiser und Könige, comprising ten tourism organisations, shipping companies, and cities, strives for the conservation and touristic development of the Danube region.
In medieval Regensburg, with its maintained old town, stone bridge and cathedral, the Route of Emperors and Kings begins. It continues to Engelhartszell, with the only Trappist monastery in Austria. Further highlight - stops along the Danube include the "Schlögener Schlinge '', the city of Linz, which was European Capital of Culture in 2009 with its contemporary art richness, the Melk Abbey, the university city of Krems and the cosmopolitan city of Vienna. Before the Route of Emperors and Kings ends, you pass Bratislava and Budapest, the latter which was seen as the twin town of Vienna during the times of the Austro - Hungarian Empire. Since ancient Roman times, famous emperors and their retinue travelled on and along the Danube and used the river for travel and transportation. While travelling on the mainland was quite exhausting, most people preferred to travel by ship on the Danube. So the Route of Emperors and Kings was the setting for many important historical events, which characterize the Danube up until today.
The route got its name from the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I of Barbarossa and the crusaders as well as from Richard I of England who had been jailed in the Dürnstein Castle, which is situated above the Danube. The most imperial journeys throughout time were those of the Habsburg family. Once crowned in Frankfurt, the emperors ruled from Vienna and also held in Regensburg the Perpetual Diet of Regensburg. Many famous castles, palaces, residences and state - run convents where built by the Habsburger along the river. Nowadays they still remind us of the bold architecture of the "Donaubarock ''.
Today, people can not only travel by boat on the Danube, but also by train, by bike on the Danube Bike Trail or walk on the "Donausteig '' and visit the UNESCO World Heritage cities of Regensburg, Wachau and Vienna.
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what is a friend function in c plus plus | Friend function - wikipedia
In object - oriented programming, a friend function, that is a "friend '' of a given class, is a function that is given the same access as methods to private and protected data.
A friend function is declared by the class that is granting access, so friend functions are part of the class interface, like methods. Friend functions allow alternative syntax to use objects, for instance f (x) instead of x.f (), or g (x, y) instead of x.g (y). Friend functions have the same implications on encapsulation as methods.
A similar concept is that of friend class.
This approach may be used in friendly function when a function needs to access private data in objects from two different classes. This may be accomplished in two similar ways
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what caused tension between the union and great britain | United Kingdom and the American Civil war - wikipedia
The United Kingdom (the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) remained officially neutral throughout the American Civil War (1861 -- 1865). It legally recognised the belligerent status of the Confederate States of America (CSA) but never recognised it as a nation and neither signed a treaty with it nor exchanged ambassadors. Over 90 percent of Confederate trade with Britain ended, causing a severe shortage of cotton by 1862. Britain financed blockade runners that sent munitions and luxuries to Confederate ports in return for cotton and tobacco. Top British officials debated offering to mediate in the first 18 months, which the CSA wanted but the U.S. strongly rejected.
The British elite tended to support the Confederacy, but ordinary people tended to support the United States. Large - scale trade continued between Britain and the U.S.: The U.S. shipped grain to Britain and Britain sent manufactured items and munitions. Immigration continued into the US, with many Britons volunteering for its army. British trade with the Confederacy fell over 90 % from the prewar period, with a small amount of cotton going to Britain and some munitions and luxury goods slipped in by numerous small blockade runners. They were operated and funded by British private interests. They were legal under international law, and caused no dispute between the US and the UK.
The Confederate strategy for securing independence was based largely on the hope of military intervention by Britain and France. That never happened because it probably would have caused war with the US, and would have cut off much of Britain 's food supply. A serious diplomatic dispute erupted over the "Trent Affair '' in late 1861 but was resolved peacefully after five weeks. British intervention was likely only in co-operation with France, which had an imperialistic venture underway in Mexico. By early 1863, intervention was no longer seriously considered, as Britain turned its attention elsewhere, especially toward Russia and Greece.
A long - term issue was sales of warships to the CSA. A British shipyard (John Laird and Sons) built two warships for the Confederacy, including the CSS Alabama, over vehement protests from the US. Known as the Alabama Claims, the controversy was resolved peacefully after the Civil War when the US was awarded $15.5 million in arbitration by an international tribunal for damages caused by the warships.
The fact that British private interests operated blockade runners was not a cause of serious tension. In the end, British involvement did not significantly affect the outcome of the war. The U.S. diplomatic mission headed by Minister Charles Francis Adams, Sr., proved much more successful than the Confederate missions, which were never officially recognized by Britain.
The Confederacy, such as President Jefferson Davis, believed from the beginning in "King Cotton '': British dependence on cotton for its large textile industry would lead to diplomatic recognition and mediation or military intervention. The Confederates had not sent out agents ahead of time to ascertain if the King Cotton policy would be effective. Instead, by popular demand, not government action, shipments of cotton to Europe were ended in spring 1861. When the Confederate diplomats arrived, they tried to convince British leaders that the US naval blockade was an illegal paper blockade. Historian Charles Hubbard writes:
Hubbard added that Davis 's policy was stubborn and coercive. The King Cotton strategy was resisted by the Europeans. Secretary of War Judah Benjamin and Secretary of the Treasury Christopher Memminger warned that cotton should be immediately exported to build up foreign credits.
The Union 's main goal in foreign affairs was to maintain friendly relations and large - scale trade with the world and to prevent any official recognition of the Confederacy by any country, especially Britain. Other concerns included preventing the Confederacy from buying foreign - made warships; gaining European support for policies against slavery; and attracting immigrant laborers, farmers and soldiers. There had been continuous improvement in Anglo - American relations throughout the 1850s. The issues of Oregon, Texas, and the Canada -- US border had all been resolved, and trade was brisk. Secretary of State William H. Seward, the primary architect of American foreign policy during the war, intended to maintain the policy principles that had served the country well since the American Revolution: "non-intervention by the United States in the affairs of other countries and resistance to foreign intervention in the affairs of the United States and other countries in this hemisphere. ''
British public opinion was divided on the American Civil War. The Confederacy tended to have support from the elites -- from the aristocracy and gentry, which identified with the landed plantation owners, and from Anglican clergy and some professionals who admired tradition, hierarchy and paternalism. The Union was favored by the middle classes, the Nonconformists in religion, intellectuals, reformers and most factory workers, who saw slavery and forced labor as a threat to the status of the workingman. The cabinet made the decisions. Chancellor of the Exchequer William E Gladstone, whose family fortune was based on slavery in the West Indies before 1833, supported the Confederacy. Foreign Minister Lord Russell wanted neutrality. Prime Minister Lord Palmerston wavered between support for national independence, his opposition to slavery, and the strong economic advantages of Britain remaining neutral.
Even before the war started, Lord Palmerston pursued a policy of neutrality. His international concerns were centred in Europe, where he had to watch both Napoleon III 's ambitions in Europe and Otto von Bismarck 's rise in Prussia. There were also serious problems involving Italy, Poland, Russia, Denmark and China. British reactions to American events were shaped by past British policies and their own national interests, both strategically and economically. In the Western Hemisphere, as relations with the United States improved, Britain had become cautious about confronting it over issues in Central America. As a naval power, Britain had a long record of insisting that neutral nations abide by its blockades, a perspective that led from the earliest days of the war to de facto support for the Union blockade and frustration in the South.
Diplomatic observers were suspicious of British motives. The Russian Minister in Washington, Eduard de Stoeckl, noted, "The Cabinet of London is watching attentively the internal dissensions of the Union and awaits the result with an impatience which it has difficulty in disguising. '' '' De Stoeckl advised his government that Britain would recognize the Confederacy at its earliest opportunity. Cassius Clay, the United States Minister in Russia, stated, "I saw at a glance where the feeling of England was. They hoped for our ruin! They are jealous of our power. They care neither for the South nor the North. They hate both. ''
Lincoln appointed Charles Francis Adams, Sr., as minister to Britain. An important part of his mission was to make clear to the British that the war was strictly an internal insurrection and afforded the Confederacy no rights under international law. Any movement by Britain to recognizing the Confederacy officially would be considered an unfriendly act toward the US. Seward 's instructions to Adams included the suggestion that it should be made clear to Britain that a nation with widely scattered possessions, as well as a homeland that included Scotland and Ireland, should be very wary of "set (ting) a dangerous precedent. ''
Lord Lyons was appointed as the British minister to the United States in April 1859. An Oxford graduate, he had two decades of diplomatic experience before being given the American post. Lyons, like many British leaders, had reservations about Seward and shared them freely in his correspondence, which was widely circulated within the British government. As early as January 7, 1861, well before the Lincoln administration had even assumed office, Lyons wrote to British Foreign Secretary Lord Russell about Seward:
I can not help fearing that he will be a dangerous foreign minister. His view of the relations between the United States and Britain had always been that they are a good material to make political capital of... I do not think Mr. Seward would contemplate actually going to war with us, but he would be well disposed to play the old game of seeking popularity here by displaying violence toward us.
Despite his distrust of Seward, throughout 1861, Lyons maintained a "calm and measured '' diplomacy that contributed to a peaceful resolution to the Trent crisis.
The Confederate States came into existence after seven of the fifteen slave states seceded because of the election of Republican President Lincoln, whose party committed to the containment of slavery geographically and the weakening of slaveowners ' political power. Slavery was the cornerstone of the South 's plantation economy, although it was repugnant to the moral sensibilities of most people in Britain, which had abolished slavery in its Empire in 1833. Until the Fall of 1862, the immediate end of slavery was not an issue in the war; in fact, some Union states (Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Delaware, and what became West Virginia) allowed slavery. In 1861, Missouri had sought to extradite an escaped slave from Canada to face trial for a murder committed in his flight for which some in Britain falsely believed the punishment was to be burned alive.
Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation, announced in preliminary form in September 1862, made ending slavery an objective of the war and caused European intervention on the side of the South to be unpopular. However, some British leaders expected it would cause a large scale race war that might need foreign intervention. Pro-Southern leaders in Britain then spoke of mediation, which they understood to mean the independence of the Confederacy and the continuation of slavery.
Outright war was a possibility in late 1861, when the U.S. Navy took control of a British mail ship and seized two Confederate diplomats. Confederate President Jefferson Davis had named James M. Mason and John Slidell as commissioners to represent Confederate interests in England and France. They went to Havana, in Spanish Cuba, where they took passage for England on the British mail steamer Trent. The American warship USS San Jacinto under Captain Charles Wilkes was looking for them. It was generally then agreed that a nation at war had the right to stop and search a neutral merchant ship if it suspected that ship of carrying the enemy 's dispatches. Mason and Slidell, Wilkes reasoned, were in effect Confederate dispatches and so he had the right to remove them. On November 8, 1861, he fired twice across the bow of the Trent, sent a boat 's crew aboard, seized the Confederate commissioners, and bore them off in triumph to the US, where they were held prisoner in Boston. Wilkes was hailed as a national hero.
The violation of British neutral rights triggered an uproar in Britain. Britain sent 11,000 troops to Canada, the British fleet was put on a war footing, with plans to capture New York City if war broke out, and a sharp note was dispatched to Washington to demand return of the prisoners and an apology. Lincoln, concerned about Britain entering the war, ignored anti-British sentiment and issued what the British interpreted as an apology, without apologizing, and ordered the prisoners to be released.
War was unlikely in any event, as the United States was providing Britain with over 40 % of its wheat ("corn '') imports during the war years, and suspension would have caused severe disruption to its food supply. Britain imported about 25 - 30 % of its grain, and poor crops in 1861 and 1862 in France made Britain even more dependent on shiploads from New York City. Furthermore, British banks and financial institutions in the City of London had financed many projects such as railways in the US. There were fears that war would result in enormous financial losses as investments were lost and loans defaulted on.
Britain 's shortage of cotton was partially made up by imports from India and Egypt by 1863. The Trent Affair led to the Lyons - Seward Treaty of 1862, an agreement to clamp down hard on the Atlantic slave trade by using the US Navy and the Royal Navy.
The possibility of recognizing the Confederacy came to the fore late in the summer of 1862. At that time, as far as any European could see, the war seemed to be a stalemate. The US attempt to capture the Confederate capital had failed, and in the east and west alike, the Confederates were on the offensive. Charles Francis Adams, Sr., warned Washington that the British government might very soon offer to mediate the difficulty between North and South, which would be a polite but effective way of intimating that in the opinion of Britain, the fight had gone on long enough and should be ended by giving the South what it wanted. Recognition, as Adams warned, risked all - out war with the United States. War would involve an invasion of Canada, a full - scale American attack on British shipping interests worldwide, an end to American grain shipments that were providing a large part of the British food supply, and an end to British sales of machinery and supplies to the US. The British leadership, however, thought that if the Union armies were decisively defeated, the US might soften its position and accept mediation.
Earl Russell, British Foreign Secretary, had given Mason no encouragement, but after news of the Second Battle of Bull Run reached London in early September, Palmerston agreed that in late September, there could be a cabinet meeting at which Palmerston and Russell would ask approval of the mediation proposal. Then, Russell and Palmerston decided not to bring the plan before the cabinet until they got further word about Lee 's invasion of the North. If the Northerners were beaten, the proposal would go through; if Lee failed, it might be well to wait a little longer before taking any action.
The British working - class population, most notably the British cotton workers who suffered the Lancashire Cotton Famine, remained consistently opposed to the Confederacy. A resolution of support was passed by the inhabitants of Manchester and sent to Lincoln. His letter of reply has become famous:
I know and deeply deplore the sufferings which the working people of Manchester and in all Europe are called to endure in this crisis. It has been often and studiously represented that the attempt to overthrow this Government which was built on the foundation of human rights, and to substitute for it one which should rest exclusively on the basis of slavery, was likely to obtain the favor of Europe.
Through the action of disloyal citizens, the working people of Europe have been subjected to a severe trial for the purpose of forcing their sanction to that attempt. Under the circumstances I can not but regard your decisive utterances on the question as an instance of sublime Christian heroism which has not been surpassed in any age or in any country. It is indeed an energetic and re-inspiring assurance of the inherent truth and of the ultimate and universal triumph of justice, humanity and freedom.
I hail this interchange of sentiments, therefore, as an augury that, whatever else may happen, whatever misfortune may befall your country or my own, the peace and friendship which now exists between the two nations will be, as it shall be my desire to make them, perpetual.
-- Abraham Lincoln, 19 January 1863
There is now a statue of Lincoln in Manchester, with an extract from his letter carved on the plinth.
Lincoln became a hero amongst the British working class with progressive views. His portrait, often alongside that of Garibaldi, adorned many parlour walls. One can still be seen in the boyhood home of David Lloyd George, now part of the Lloyd George Museum.
The decisive factor, in the fall of 1862 and increasingly thereafter was the Battle of Antietam and what grew out of it. Lee 's invasion was a failure at Antietam, and he barely escaped back to Virginia. It was now obvious that no final, conclusive Confederate triumph could be anticipated. The swift recession of the high Confederate tide was as visible in Britain as in America, and in the end, Palmerston and Russell dropped any notion of bringing a mediation - recognition program before the cabinet.
During the late spring and early summer of 1862, Lincoln had come to see that he must broaden the base of the war. The Union itself was not enough; the undying vitality and drive of Northern anti-slavery men must be brought into full, vigorous support of the war effort and so the United States chose to declare itself officially against slavery. The Lincoln administration believed that slavery was the basis of the Confederate economy and leadership class and that victory required its destruction. Lincoln had drafted a plan and waited for a battlefield victory to announce it. The Battle of Antietam gave Lincoln victory, and on September 22, he gave the Confederacy 100 days notice to return to the Union or else on January 1, 1863, all slaves held in areas in rebellion would be free. William Ewart Gladstone, the Chancellor of the Exchequer and a senior Liberal leader was accepting toward slavery in his youth; his family had grown wealthy through the ownership of slaves in the West Indies, however, the idea of slavery was abhorrent to him with his idea of civilising all nations. He strongly spoke out for Confederate independence. When the Emancipation Proclamation was announced, he tried to make the counterargument that an independent Confederacy would do a better job of freeing the slaves than an invading northern army would. He warned that a race war was imminent and would justify British intervention. Emancipation also alarmed the British Foreign Secretary Lord John Russell, who expected a bloody slave uprising. The question then would be British intervention on humanitarian grounds. However, there was no slave uprising and no race war. The advice of the war minister against going to war with United States, and the tide of British public opinion, convinced the cabinet to take no action.
Once the war with the US began, the best hope for the survival of the Confederacy was military intervention by Britain and France. The US realized that as well and made it clear that recognition of the Confederacy meant war and the end of food shipments into Britain. The Confederates who had believed in "King Cotton '' (Britain had to support the Confederacy to obtain cotton for its industries) were proven wrong. Britain, in fact, had ample stores of cotton in 1861 and depended much more on grain from the US.
During its existence, the Confederate government sent repeated delegations to Europe; historians do not give them high marks for diplomatic skills. James M. Mason was sent to London as Confederate minister to Queen Victoria, and John Slidell was sent to Paris as minister to Napoleon III. Both were able to obtain private meetings with high British and French officials, but they failed to secure official recognition for the Confederacy. Britain and the US were at sword 's point during the Trent Affair in late 1861. Mason and Slidell had been illegally seized from a British ship by an American warship. Queen Victoria 's husband, Prince Albert, helped calm the situation, and Lincoln released Mason and Slidell and so the episode was no help to the Confederacy.
Throughout the early years of the war, British foreign secretary Lord Russell, Napoleon III, and, to a lesser extent, British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston, explored the risks and advantages of recognition of the Confederacy or at least offering a mediation. Recognition meant certain war with the US, loss of American grain, loss of exports, loss of investments in American securities, potential invasion of Canada and other North American colonies, higher taxes, and a threat to the British merchant marine with little to gain in return. Many party leaders and the general public wanted no war with such high costs and meager benefits. Recognition was considered following the Second Battle of Manassas, when the British government was preparing to mediate in the conflict, but the Union victory at the Battle of Antietam and Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation, combined with internal opposition, caused the government to back away.
In 1863, the Confederacy expelled all foreign consuls (all of them British or French diplomats) for advising their subjects to refuse to serve in combat against the US.
Throughout the war, all European powers adopted a policy of neutrality, meeting informally with Confederate diplomats but withholding diplomatic recognition. None ever sent an ambassador or official delegation to Richmond. However, they applied principles of international law and recognized both sides as belligerents. Canada allowed both Confederate and Union agents to work openly within its borders.
Northerners were outraged at British tolerance of non-neutral acts, especially the building of warships. The United States demanded vast reparations for the damages caused by British - built commerce raiders, especially CSS Alabama, which Palmerston bluntly refused to pay.
The dispute continued for years after the war. After Palmerston 's death, Prime Minister Gladstone agreed to include the US war claims in treaty discussions on other pending issues, such as fishing rights and border disputes. In 1872, pursuant to the resultant Treaty of Washington, an international arbitration board awarded $15,500,000 to the US, and the British apologized for the destruction caused by the British - built Confederate ships but admitted no guilt.
The Union victory emboldened the forces in Britain that demanded more democracy and public input into the political system. The resulting Reform Act 1867 enfranchised the urban male working class in England and Wales and weakened the upper - class landed gentry, who identified more with the Southern planters. Influential commentators included Walter Bagehot, Thomas Carlyle, John Stuart Mill, and Anthony Trollope. Additionally, many Irishmen saw service in both the Union and Confederate State Army.
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where is the white cliffs of dover located | White cliffs of Dover - wikipedia
Coordinates: 51 ° 08 ′ N 1 ° 22 ′ E / 51.14 ° N 1.37 ° E / 51.14; 1.37
The White Cliffs of Dover are cliffs that form part of the English coastline facing the Strait of Dover and France. The cliffs are part of the North Downs formation. The cliff face, which reaches up to 350 feet (110 m), owes its striking appearance to its composition of chalk accented by streaks of black flint. The cliffs stretch along the coastline for eight miles (13 km), spreading east and west from the town of Dover in the county of Kent, an ancient and still important English port.
The cliffs have great symbolic value in Britain because they face towards continental Europe across the narrowest part of the English Channel, where invasions have historically threatened and against which the cliffs form a symbolic guard. The National Trust calls the cliffs "an icon of Britain '', with "the white chalk face a symbol of home and war time defence. '' Because crossing at Dover was the primary route to the continent before the advent of air travel, the white line of cliffs also formed the first or last sight of Britain for travellers. In World War II, thousands of allied troops on the little ships in the Dunkirk evacuation saw the welcoming sight of the cliffs.
The cliffs are located along the coastline of England between approximately 51 ° 06 ′ N 1 ° 14 ′ E / 51.100 ° N 1.233 ° E / 51.100; 1.233 and 51 ° 12 ′ N 1 ° 24 ′ E / 51.200 ° N 1.400 ° E / 51.200; 1.400. The White Cliffs are at one end of the Kent Downs designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
During the summer of 1940, reporters gathered at Shakespeare Cliff to watch aerial dogfights between German and British aircraft during the Battle of Britain. It marks the point where Great Britain most closely approaches continental Europe. On a clear day, the cliffs are easily visible from the French coast.
In 1999 a sustainable National Trust visitor centre was built in the area. The Gateway building was designed by van Heyningen and Haward Architects and houses a restaurant, an information centre on the work of the National Trust, and details of local archaeology, history and landscape.
The cliffs themselves were formed at the same time as the Strait of Dover, by ice - age floods.
The cliffs are mainly soft white chalk with a very fine - grained texture, composed primarily of coccoliths, plates of calcium carbonate formed by coccolithophores, single - celled planktonic algae whose skeletal remains sank to the bottom of the ocean during the Cretaceous and, together with the remains of bottom - living creatures, formed sediments. Flint and quartz are also found in the chalk. White cliffs like those of Dover are also found on the Danish islands of Møn and Langeland and the island of Rügen in Germany. The chalk cliffs of the Alabaster Coast of Normandy, France, are part of the same geological system as Dover 's cliffs.
The cliff face continues to weather at an average rate of 1 centimetre (0.4 in) per year, although occasionally large pieces will fall. This occurred in 2001, when a large chunk of the edge, as large as a football pitch, fell into the Channel. A further large section collapsed into the Channel on 15 March 2012. Visitors are, therefore, urged to remain well away from the cliff edge.
Several species of cliff nesting birds nest on the cliff face, including fulmar and colonies of black - legged kittiwake.
The white cliffs of Dover seen across the channel from Cap Gris Nez, France
South Foreland lighthouse above the white cliffs of Dover
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how do trade winds create the weather phenomenon known as el niño | El Niño - Wikipedia
El Niño (/ ɛl ˈniːn. joʊ /; Spanish: (el ˈniɲo)) is the warm phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (commonly called ENSO) and is associated with a band of warm ocean water that develops in the central and east - central equatorial Pacific (between approximately the International Date Line and 120 ° W), including off the Pacific coast of South America. El Niño Southern Oscillation refers to the cycle of warm and cold temperatures, as measured by sea surface temperature, SST, of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean. El Niño is accompanied by high air pressure in the western Pacific and low air pressure in the eastern Pacific. The cool phase of ENSO is called "La Niña '' with SST in the eastern Pacific below average and air pressures high in the eastern and low in western Pacific. The ENSO cycle, both El Niño and La Niña, cause global changes of both temperatures and rainfall.
Developing countries that are dependent upon agriculture and fishing, particularly those bordering the Pacific Ocean, are usually most affected. In American Spanish, the capitalized term "El Niño '' refers to "the boy '', so named because the pool of warm water in the Pacific near South America is often at its warmest around Christmas. The original name, "El Niño de Navidad '', traces its origin centuries back to Peruvian fishermen, who named the weather phenomenon in reference to the newborn Christ. "La Niña '', chosen as the ' opposite ' of El Niño, literally translates to "the girl ''.
Originally the term El Niño applied to an annual weak warm ocean current that ran southwards along the coast of Peru and Ecuador at about Christmas time. However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above - average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. This warming causes a shift in the atmospheric circulation with rainfall becoming reduced over Indonesia and Australia, while rainfall and tropical cyclone formation increases over the tropical Pacific Ocean. The low - level surface trade winds, which normally blow from east to west along the equator, either weaken or start blowing from the other direction.
Historically, El Niño events are thought to have been occurring for thousands of years. For example, it is thought that El Niño affected the Moche in modern - day Peru, who sacrificed humans in order to try to prevent the rains. Scientists have also found the chemical signatures of warmer sea surface temperatures and increased rainfall caused by El Niño in coral specimens that are around 13,000 years old. In around 1525 when Francisco Pizarro made landfall on Peru, he noted rainfall occurring in the deserts which subsequently became the first written record of the impacts of El Niño. Modern day research and reanalysis techniques have managed to find at least 26 El Niño events since 1900, with the 1982 - 83, 1997 -- 98 and 2014 -- 16 events among the strongest on record.
Currently, each country has a different threshold for what constitutes an El Niño event, which is tailored to their specific interests. For example, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology looks at the trade winds, SOI, weather models and sea surface temperatures in the Nino 3 and 3.4 regions, before declaring an El Niño. The United States Climate Prediction Center (CPC) and the International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI) looks at the sea surface temperatures in the Niño 3.4 region, the tropical Pacific atmosphere and forecasts that NOAA 's Oceanic Niño Index will equal or exceed + 0.5 ° C for several seasons in a row. However, the Japan Meteorological Agency declares that an El Niño event has started when the average 5 month sea surface temperature deviation for the NINO. 3 region, is over 0.5 ° C (0.90 ° F) warmer for 6 consecutive months or longer. The Peruvian government declares that a coastal El Niño is under way if the sea surface temperatures in the Niño 1 and 2 regions equal or exceed + 0.4 ° C for at least 3 months.
There is no consensus on if climate change will have any influence on the occurrence, strength or duration of El Niño events, as research supports El Niño events becoming stronger, longer, shorter and weaker.
A timeline of all the El Niño episodes between 1900 and 2016.
El Niño events are thought to have been occurring for thousands of years. For example, it is thought that El Niño affected the Moche in modern - day Peru, who sacrificed humans in order to try and prevent the rains.
It is thought that there have been at least 30 El Niño events since 1900, with the 1982 - 83, 1997 -- 98 and 2014 -- 16 events among the strongest on record. Since 2000, El Niño events have been observed in 2002 -- 03, 2004 -- 05, 2006 -- 07, 2009 -- 10 and 2014 -- 16.
Major ENSO events were recorded in the years 1790 -- 93, 1828, 1876 -- 78, 1891, 1925 -- 26, 1972 -- 73, 1982 -- 83, 1997 -- 98, and 2014 -- 16.
Typically, this anomaly happens at irregular intervals of two to seven years, and lasts nine months to two years. The average period length is five years. When this warming occurs for seven to nine months, it is classified as El Niño "conditions ''; when its duration is longer, it is classified as an El Niño "episode ''.
There is no consensus on whether climate change will have any influence on the occurrence, strength or duration of El Niño events, as research supports El Niño events becoming stronger, longer, shorter and weaker.
During strong El Niño episodes, a secondary peak in sea surface temperature across the far eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean sometimes follows the initial peak.
ENSO conditions have occurred at two - to seven - year intervals for at least the past 300 years, but most of them have been weak. Evidence is also strong for El Niño events during the early Holocene epoch 10,000 years ago.
El Niño may have led to the demise of the Moche and other pre-Columbian Peruvian cultures. A recent study suggests a strong El - Niño effect between 1789 and 1793 caused poor crop yields in Europe, which in turn helped touch off the French Revolution. The extreme weather produced by El Niño in 1876 -- 77 gave rise to the most deadly famines of the 19th century. The 1876 famine alone in northern China killed up to 13 million people.
An early recorded mention of the term "El Niño '' to refer to climate occurred in 1892, when Captain Camilo Carrillo told the geographical society congress in Lima that Peruvian sailors named the warm north - flowing current "El Niño '' because it was most noticeable around Christmas. The phenomenon had long been of interest because of its effects on the guano industry and other enterprises that depend on biological productivity of the sea.
Charles Todd, in 1888, suggested droughts in India and Australia tended to occur at the same time; Norman Lockyer noted the same in 1904. An El Niño connection with flooding was reported in 1894 by Víctor Eguiguren (es) (1852 -- 1919) and in 1895 by Federico Alfonso Pezet (1859 -- 1929). In 1924, Gilbert Walker (for whom the Walker circulation is named) coined the term "Southern Oscillation ''. He and others (including Norwegian - American meteorologist Jacob Bjerknes) are generally credited with identifying the El Niño effect.
The major 1982 -- 83 El Niño led to an upsurge of interest from the scientific community. The period 1991 -- 1995 was unusual in that El Niños have rarely occurred in such rapid succession. An especially intense El Niño event in 1998 caused an estimated 16 % of the world 's reef systems to die. The event temporarily warmed air temperature by 1.5 ° C, compared to the usual increase of 0.25 ° C associated with El Niño events. Since then, mass coral bleaching has become common worldwide, with all regions having suffered "severe bleaching ''.
It is thought that there are several different types of El Niño events, with the canonical eastern Pacific and the Modoki central Pacific types being the two that receive the most attention. These different types of El Niño events are classified by where the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are the largest. For example, the strongest sea surface temperature anomalies associated with the canonical eastern Pacific event are located off the coast of South America. The strongest anomalies associated with the Modoki central Pacific event are located near the International Dateline. However, during the duration of a single event, the area with the greatest sea surface temperature anomalies can change.
The traditional Niño, also called Eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño, involves temperature anomalies in the Eastern Pacific. However, in the last two decades, nontraditional El Niños were observed, in which the usual place of the temperature anomaly (Niño 1 and 2) is not affected, but an anomaly arises in the central Pacific (Niño 3.4). The phenomenon is called Central Pacific (CP) El Niño, "dateline '' El Niño (because the anomaly arises near the dateline), or El Niño "Modoki '' (Modoki is Japanese for "similar, but different '').
The effects of the CP El Niño are different from those of the traditional EP El Niño -- e.g., the recently discovered El Niño leads to more hurricanes more frequently making landfall in the Atlantic.
There is also a scientific debate on the very existence of this "new '' ENSO. Indeed, a number of studies dispute the reality of this statistical distinction or its increasing occurrence, or both, either arguing the reliable record is too short to detect such a distinction, finding no distinction or trend using other statistical approaches, or that other types should be distinguished, such as standard and extreme ENSO.
The first recorded El Niño that originated in the central Pacific and moved toward the east was in 1986. Recent Central Pacific El Niños happened in 1986 -- 87, 1991 -- 92, 1994 -- 95, 2002 -- 03, 2004 -- 05 and 2009 -- 10. Furthermore, there were "Modoki '' events in 1957 -- 59, 1963 -- 64, 1965 -- 66, 1968 -- 70, 1977 -- 78 and 1979 -- 80.
El Nino affects the global climate and disrupts normal weather patterns, which as a result can lead to intense storms in some places and droughts in others.
Most tropical cyclones form on the side of the subtropical ridge closer to the equator, then move poleward past the ridge axis before recurving into the main belt of the Westerlies. Areas west of Japan and Korea tend to experience much fewer September -- November tropical cyclone impacts during El Niño and neutral years. During El Niño years, the break in the subtropical ridge tends to lie near 130 ° E, which would favor the Japanese archipelago.
Within the Atlantic Ocean vertical wind shear is increased, which inhibits tropical cyclone genesis and intensification, by causing the westerly winds in the atmosphere to be stronger. The atmosphere over the Atlantic Ocean can also be drier and more stable during El Niño events, which can also inhibit tropical cyclone genesis and intensification. Within the Eastern Pacific basin: El Niño events contribute to decreased easterly vertical wind shear and favours above - normal hurricane activity. However, the impacts of the ENSO state in this region can vary and are strongly influenced by background climate patterns. The Western Pacific basin experiences a change in the location of where tropical cyclones form during El Niño events, without a major change in how many develop each year. As a result of this change Micronesia is more likely to be affected by several tropical cyclones, while China has a decreased risk of being affected by several tropical cyclones. A change in the location of where tropical cyclones form also occurs within the Southern Pacific Ocean between 135 ° E and 120 ° W, with tropical cyclones more likely to occur within the Southern Pacific basin than the Australian region. As a result of this change tropical cyclones are 50 % less likely to make landfall on Queensland, while the risk of a tropical cyclone is elevated for island nations like Niue, French Polynesia, Tonga, Tuvalu and the Cook Islands.
A study of climate records has shown that El Niño events in the equatorial Pacific are generally associated with a warm tropical North Atlantic in the following spring and summer. About half of El Niño events persist sufficiently into the spring months for the Western Hemisphere Warm Pool to become unusually large in summer. Occasionally, El Niño 's effect on the Atlantic Walker circulation over South America strengthens the easterly trade winds in the western equatorial Atlantic region. As a result, an unusual cooling may occur in the eastern equatorial Atlantic in spring and summer following El Niño peaks in winter. Cases of El Niño - type events in both oceans simultaneously have been linked to severe famines related to the extended failure of monsoon rains.
Many ENSO linkages exist in the high southern latitudes around Antarctica. Specifically, El Niño conditions result in high - pressure anomalies over the Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas, causing reduced sea ice and increased poleward heat fluxes in these sectors, as well as the Ross Sea. The Weddell Sea, conversely, tends to become colder with more sea ice during El Niño. The exact opposite heating and atmospheric pressure anomalies occur during La Niña. This pattern of variability is known as the Antarctic dipole mode, although the Antarctic response to ENSO forcing is not ubiquitous.
Observations of El Niño events since 1950, show that impacts associated with El Niño events depend on what season it is. However, while certain events and impacts are expected to occur during events, it is not certain or guaranteed that they will occur. The impacts that generally do occur during most El Niño events include below - average rainfall over Indonesia and northern South America, while above average rainfall occurs in southeastern South America, eastern equatorial Africa, and the southern United States.
During El Niño events, the shift in rainfall away from the Western Pacific may mean that rainfall across Australia is reduced. Over the southern part of the continent, warmer than average temperatures can be recorded as weather systems are more mobile and fewer blocking areas of high pressure occur. The onset of the Indo - Australian Monsoon in tropical Australia is delayed by two to six weeks, which as a consequence means that rainfall is reduced over the northern tropics. The risk of a significant bushfire season in south - eastern Australia is higher following an El Niño event, especially when it is combined with a positive Indian Ocean Dipole event. During an El Niño event, New Zealand tends to experience stronger or more frequent westerly winds during their summer, which leads to an elevated risk of drier than normal conditions along the east coast. There is more rain than usual though on New Zealand 's West Coast, because of the barrier effect of the North Island mountain ranges and the Southern Alps.
Fiji generally experiences drier than normal conditions during an El Niño, which can lead to drought becoming established over the Islands. However, the main impacts on the island nation is felt about a year after the event becomes established. Within the Samoan Islands, below average rainfall and higher than normal temperatures are recorded during El Niño events, which can lead to droughts and forest fires on the islands. Other impacts include a decrease in the sea level, possibility of coral bleaching in the marine environment and an increased risk of a tropical cyclone affecting Samoa.
In Africa, East Africa -- including Kenya, Tanzania, and the White Nile basin -- experiences, in the long rains from March to May, wetter - than - normal conditions. Conditions are also drier than normal from December to February in south - central Africa, mainly in Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Botswana.
As warm water spreads from the west Pacific and the Indian Ocean to the east Pacific, it takes the rain with it, causing extensive drought in the western Pacific and rainfall in the normally dry eastern Pacific. Singapore experienced the driest February in 2014 since records began in 1869, with only 6.3 mm of rain falling in the month and temperatures hitting as high as 35 ° C on 26 February. The years 1968 and 2005 had the next driest Februaries, when 8.4 mm of rain fell.
El Niño 's effects on Europe are controversial, complex and difficult to analyse, as it is one of several factors that influence the weather over the continent and other factors can overwhelm the signal.
Over North America, the main temperature and precipitation impacts of El Niño, generally occur in the six months between October and March. In particular the majority of Canada generally has milder than normal winters and springs, with the exception of eastern Canada where no significant impacts occur. Within the United States, the impacts generally observed during the six - month period include; wetter - than - average conditions along the Gulf Coast between Texas and Florida, while drier conditions are observed in Hawaii, the Ohio Valley, Pacific Northwest and the Rocky Mountains. Over California and the South - Western United States, there is a weak relationship between El Nino and above - average precipitation, as it strongly depends on the strength of the El Niño event and other factors.
The synoptic condition for the Tehuantepecer is associated with high - pressure system forming in Sierra Madre of Mexico in the wake of an advancing cold front, which causes winds to accelerate through the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Tehuantepecers primarily occur during the cold season months for the region in the wake of cold fronts, between October and February, with a summer maximum in July caused by the westward extension of the Azores High. Wind magnitude is greater during El Niño years than during La Niña years, due to the more frequent cold frontal incursions during El Niño winters. Its effects can last from a few hours to six days. Some El Niño events were recorded in the isotope signals of plants, and that had helped centifics to study his impact.
Because El Niño 's warm pool feeds thunderstorms above, it creates increased rainfall across the east - central and eastern Pacific Ocean, including several portions of the South American west coast. The effects of El Niño in South America are direct and stronger than in North America. An El Niño is associated with warm and very wet weather months in April -- October along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador, causing major flooding whenever the event is strong or extreme. The effects during the months of February, March, and April may become critical along the west coast of South America, El Niño reduces the upwelling of cold, nutrient - rich water that sustains large fish populations, which in turn sustain abundant sea birds, whose droppings support the fertilizer industry. The reduction in upwelling leads to fish kills off the shore of Peru.
The local fishing industry along the affected coastline can suffer during long - lasting El Niño events. The world 's largest fishery collapsed due to overfishing during the 1972 El Niño Peruvian anchoveta reduction. During the 1982 -- 83 event, jack mackerel and anchoveta populations were reduced, scallops increased in warmer water, but hake followed cooler water down the continental slope, while shrimp and sardines moved southward, so some catches decreased while others increased. Horse mackerel have increased in the region during warm events. Shifting locations and types of fish due to changing conditions provide challenges for fishing industries. Peruvian sardines have moved during El Niño events to Chilean areas. Other conditions provide further complications, such as the government of Chile in 1991 creating restrictions on the fishing areas for self - employed fishermen and industrial fleets.
The ENSO variability may contribute to the great success of small, fast - growing species along the Peruvian coast, as periods of low population removes predators in the area. Similar effects benefit migratory birds that travel each spring from predator - rich tropical areas to distant winter - stressed nesting areas.
Southern Brazil and northern Argentina also experience wetter than normal conditions, but mainly during the spring and early summer. Central Chile receives a mild winter with large rainfall, and the Peruvian - Bolivian Altiplano is sometimes exposed to unusual winter snowfall events. Drier and hotter weather occurs in parts of the Amazon River Basin, Colombia, and Central America.
When El Niño conditions last for many months, extensive ocean warming and the reduction in easterly trade winds limits upwelling of cold nutrient - rich deep water, and its economic effect on local fishing for an international market can be serious.
More generally, El Niño can affect commodity prices and the macroeconomy of different countries. It can constrain the supply of rain - driven agricultural commodities; reduce agricultural output, construction, and services activities; create food - price and generalised inflation; and may trigger social unrest in commodity - dependent poor countries that primarily rely on imported food. A University of Cambridge Working Paper shows that while Australia, Chile, Indonesia, India, Japan, New Zealand and South Africa face a short - lived fall in economic activity in response to an El Niño shock, other countries may actually benefit from an El Niño weather shock (either directly or indirectly through positive spillovers from major trading partners), for instance, Argentina, Canada, Mexico and the United States. Furthermore, most countries experience short - run inflationary pressures following an El Niño shock, while global energy and non-fuel commodity prices increase. The IMF estimates a significant El Niño can boost the GDP of the United States by about 0.5 % (due largely to lower heating bills) and reduce the GDP of Indonesia by about 1.0 %.
Extreme weather conditions related to the El Niño cycle correlate with changes in the incidence of epidemic diseases. For example, the El Niño cycle is associated with increased risks of some of the diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, such as malaria, dengue, and Rift Valley fever. Cycles of malaria in India, Venezuela, Brazil, and Colombia have now been linked to El Niño. Outbreaks of another mosquito - transmitted disease, Australian encephalitis (Murray Valley encephalitis -- MVE), occur in temperate south - east Australia after heavy rainfall and flooding, which are associated with La Niña events. A severe outbreak of Rift Valley fever occurred after extreme rainfall in north - eastern Kenya and southern Somalia during the 1997 -- 98 El Niño.
ENSO conditions have also been related to Kawasaki disease incidence in Japan and the west coast of the United States, via the linkage to tropospheric winds across the north Pacific Ocean.
ENSO may be linked to civil conflicts. Scientists at The Earth Institute of Columbia University, having analyzed data from 1950 to 2004, suggest ENSO may have had a role in 21 % of all civil conflicts since 1950, with the risk of annual civil conflict doubling from 3 % to 6 % in countries affected by ENSO during El Niño years relative to La Niña years.
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when was the last time texas voted democrat in a presidential election | Politics of Texas - wikipedia
For approximately 100 years, from after Reconstruction until the 1990s, the Democratic Party dominated Texas politics.
In a reversal of alignments, since the late 1960s the Republican Party has grown more prominent within the state based on an influx of primarily white voters (the majority in the state) from the Democratic Party. By the mid-1990s, it became the state 's dominant political party.
The 19th - century culture of the state was heavily influenced by the plantation culture of the Old South, dependent on African - American slave labor, as well as the patron system once prevalent (and still somewhat present) in northern Mexico and South Texas. In these societies the government 's primary role was seen as being the preservation of social order. Solving of individual problems in society was seen as a local problem with the expectation that the individual with wealth should resolve his or her own issues. These influences continue to affect Texas today. In their book, Texas Politics Today 2009 - 2010, authors Maxwell, Crain, and Santos attribute Texas ' traditionally low voter turnout among whites to these influences. But beginning in the early 20th century, voter turnout was dramatically reduced by the state legislature 's disenfranchisement of most blacks, and many poor whites and Latinos.
From 1848 until Richard M. Nixon 's victory in 1972, Texas voted for the Democratic candidate for president in every election except 1928, when it did not support Catholic Al Smith. The state had a white majority and Democrats re-established their dominance after the Civil War. In the mid-20th century 1952 and 1956 elections, the state voters joined the landslide for Dwight D. Eisenhower. (Texas did not vote in 1864 and 1868 due to the Civil War and Reconstruction).
In the post-Civil War era, two of the most important Republican figures in Texas were African Americans George T. Ruby and Norris Wright Cuney. Ruby was a black community organizer, director in the federal Freedmen 's Bureau, and leader of the Galveston Union League. His protégé Cuney was a mulatto whose wealthy, white planter father freed him and his siblings before the Civil War and arranged for his education in Pennsylvania. Cuney returned and settled in Galveston, where he became active in the Union League and the Republican party; he rose to the leadership of the party. He became influential in Galveston and Texas politics, and is widely regarded as one of the most influential black leaders in the South during the 19th century.
From 1902 through 1965, Texas had virtually disenfranchised most blacks and many Latinos and poor whites through imposition of the poll tax and white primaries. Across the South, Democrats controlled congressional apportionment based on total population, although they had disenfranchised the black population. The Solid South exercised tremendous power in Congress, and Democrats gained important committee chairmanships by seniority. They gained federal funding for infrastructure projects in their states and the region, as well as support for numerous military bases, as two examples of how they brought federal investment to the state and region.
In the post-Reconstruction era, by the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Republican Party became non-competitive in the South, due to Democratic - dominated legislatures ' disenfranchisement of blacks and many poor whites and Latinos. In Texas, the legislature excluded them through passage of a poll tax and white primary. As can be seen on the graph at the following link, voter turnout in Texas declined dramatically following these disenfranchisement measures, and Southern voting turnout was far below the national average.
Although blacks made up 20 percent of the state population at the turn of the century, they were essentially excluded from formal politics. Republican support in Texas had been based almost exclusively in the free black communities, particularly in Galveston, and in the so - called "German counties '' -- the rural Texas Hill Country inhabited by German immigrants and their descendants, who had opposed slavery in the antebellum period. The German counties continued to run Republican candidates. Harry M. Wurzbach was elected from the 14th district from 1920 to 1926, contesting and finally winning the election of 1928, and being re-elected in 1930.
Some of the most important American political figures of the 20th century, such as President Lyndon B. Johnson, Vice-President John Nance Garner, Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn, and Senator Ralph Yarborough were Texas Democrats. But, the Texas Democrats were rarely united, being divided into conservative, moderate and liberal factions that vied with one another for power.
Some analysts suggest that the rebirth of the Republican Party in Texas among white conservatives can be traced to 1952, when Democratic Governor Allan Shivers clashed with the Truman Administration over the federal claim on the Tidelands. He worked to help Texas native General Dwight D. Eisenhower to carry the state. Eisenhower had great respect due to his role as Commander of the Allies in World War II and was popular nationally, winning the election. Beginning in the late 1960s, Republican strength increased in Texas, particularly among residents of the expanding "country club suburbs '' around Dallas and Houston. The election of Republicans such as John Tower (who had shifted from the Democratic Party) and George H.W. Bush to Congress in 1961 and 1966, respectively, reflected this trend. Nationally, Democrats supported the civil rights movement and achieved important passage of federal legislation in the mid-1960s. In the South, however, Democratic leaders had opposed changes to bring about black voting or desegregated schools and public facilities and in many places exercised resistance. Following passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, southern white conservative Democrats began to leave the party and join the Republicans, a movement accelerated after the next year, when Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, providing for federal enforcement of minorities ' constitutional right to vote. Voter registration and turnout increased among blacks and Latinos in Texas and other states.
Unlike the rest of the South, however, Texas voters were never especially supportive of the various third - party candidacies of Southern Democrats. It was the only state in the former Confederacy to back Democrat Hubert Humphrey in the 1968 presidential election. During the 1980s, a number of conservative Democrats defected to the GOP, including Senator Phil Gramm, Congressman Kent Hance, and GOP Governor Rick Perry, who was a Democrat during his time as a state lawmaker.
John Tower 's 1961 election to the U.S. Senate made him the first statewide GOP officeholder since Reconstruction and the disenfranchisement of black Republicans. Republican Governor Bill Clements and Senator Phil Gramm (also a former Democrat) were elected after him. Republicans became increasingly dominant in national elections in white - majority Texas. The last Democratic presidential candidate to win the state was Jimmy Carter in 1976. Previously, a Democrat had to win Texas to win the White House, but in the 1992 election, Bill Clinton won the Oval Office while losing Texas electoral votes. This result significantly reduced the power of Texas Democrats at the national level, as party leaders believed the state had become unwinnable.
Despite increasing Republican strength in national elections, after the 1990 census, Texas Democrats still controlled both houses of the State Legislature and most statewide offices. As a result, they directed the redistricting process after the decennial census. Although Congressional Texas Democrats received an average of 40 percent of the votes, Democrats consistently had a majority in the state delegation, as they had in every election since at least the end of Reconstruction.
In 1994, Democratic Governor Ann Richards lost her bid for re-election against Republican George W. Bush, ending an era in which Democrats controlled the governorship for all but eight of the past 120 years. Republicans have won the governorship ever since. In 1998, Bush won re-election in a landslide victory, with Republicans sweeping to victory in all the statewide races.
After the 2000 census, the Republican - controlled state Senate sought to draw a congressional district map that would guarantee a Republican majority in the state 's delegation. The Democratic - controlled state House desired to retain a plan similar to the existing lines. There was an impasse. With the Legislature unable to reach a compromise, the matter was settled by a panel of federal court judges, who ruled in favor of a district map that largely retained the status quo.
But, Republicans dominated the Legislative Redistricting Board, which defines the state legislative districts, by a majority of four to one. The Republicans on this board used their voting strength to adopt a map for the state Senate that was more favorable to the Republicans and a map for the state House that also strongly favored them, as Democrats had before in their turn.
In 2002, Texas Republicans gained control of the Texas House of Representatives for the first time since Reconstruction. The newly elected Republican legislature engaged in an unprecedented mid-decade redistricting plan. Democrats said that the redistricting was a blatant partisan gerrymander, while Republicans argued that it was a much - needed correction of the partisan lines drawn after the 1990 census. But, the Republicans ignored the effects of nearly one million new citizens in the state, basing redistricting on 2000 census data. The result was a gain of six seats by the Republicans in the 2004 elections, giving them a majority of the state 's delegation for the first time since Reconstruction.
In December 2005, the US Supreme Court agreed to hear an appeal that challenged the legality of this redistricting plan. While largely upholding the map, it ruled the El Paso - to - San Antonio 23rd District, which had been a protected majority - Latino district until the 2003 redistricting, was unconstitutionally drawn. The ruling forced nearly every district in the El Paso - San Antonio corridor to be reconfigured. Partly due to this, Democrats picked up two seats in the state in the 2006 elections. The 23rd 's Republican incumbent was defeated in this election. It was the first time a Democratic House challenger unseated a Texas Republican incumbent in 10 years.
Republicans control all statewide Texas offices, both houses of the state legislature and have a majority in the Texas congressional delegation. This makes Texas one of the most Republican states in the U.S.
Despite overall Republican dominance, Austin, the state capital, is primarily Democratic, as are El Paso, Houston, Dallas, San Antonio and the Rio Grande Valley. However, the suburbs of these cities remain heavily Republican.
In 2017, Texas has more transgender candidates for office than any other state. Some trans candidates cited proposed bathroom bills and other legislation targeting trans people as their motivation to run.
Texas, like California, is now a minority - majority state. This means that Hispanics, African Americans and other minorities constitute the majority of the state (Hispanics can be of any race and were traditionally classified as white following the United States acquisition of Mexico 's territory.) The Hispanic population had continued to increase, based on both natural increase and continued immigration from Mexico. It accounted for 38.1 % of the state 's population as of 2011 (compared to 44.8 % for non-Hispanic whites).
The state 's changing demographics may result in a change in its overall political alignment, as most Hispanic and Latino voters support the Democratic Party. Mark Yzaguirre questioned forecasts of Democratic dominance by highlighting Governor Rick Perry 's courting of 39 % of Hispanics in his victory in the 2010 Texas Gubernatorial. Analysts with Gallup suggest that low turnout among Texas Hispanics is all that enables continued Republican dominance. The African American population in Texas also is increasing due to the New Great Migration, many of them support the Democratic party.
Texas has a reputation for strict "law and order '' sentencing. According to the Prison Policy Initiative, of the 21 counties in the United States where more than a fifth of residents are prison inmates, 10 are in Texas. Texas leads the nation in executions, with 464 executions from 1974 to 2011. The second - highest ranking state is Virginia, with 108. A 2002 Houston Chronicle poll of Texans found that when asked "Do you support the death penalty? '' 69.1 % responded that they did, 21.9 % did not support and 9.1 % were not sure or gave no answer.
Texas has a long history with secession. It was originally a Spanish province, which in 1821 seceded from Spain and helped form the First Mexican Empire. In 1824 Texas became a state in the new Mexican republic. In 1835 Antonio López de Santa Anna assumed dictatorial control over the state and several states openly rebelled against the changes: Coahuila y Tejas (the northern part of which would become the Republic of Texas), San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Durango, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Yucatán, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and Zacatecas. Several of these states formed their own governments: the Republic of the Rio Grande, the Republic of Yucatan, and the Republic of Texas. Only the Texans defeated Santa Anna and retained their independence.
Some Texans believe that because it joined the United States as a country, the Texas state constitution includes the right to secede. However, neither the ordinance of The Texas Annexation of 1845 nor The Annexation of Texas Joint Resolution of Congress March 1, 1845 included provisions giving Texas the right to secede. Texas did originally retain the right to divide into as many as five independent States, and as part of the Compromise of 1850 continues to retain that right while ceding former claims westward and northward along the full length of the Rio Grande in exchange for $10 million from the federal government.
The United States Supreme Court 's primary ruling on the legality of secession involved a case brought by Texas involving a Civil War era bonds transfer. In deciding the 1869 Texas v. White case, the Supreme Court first addressed the issue of whether Texas had in fact seceded when it joined the Confederacy. In a 5 - 3 vote the Court "held that as a matter of constitutional law, no state could leave the Union, explicitly repudiating the position of the Confederate States that the United States was a voluntary compact between sovereign states. '' In writing the majority opinion Chief Justice Salmon Chase opined that:
When, therefore, Texas became one of the United States, she entered into an indissoluble relation. All the obligations of perpetual union, and all the guaranties of republican government in the Union, attached at once to the State. The act which consummated her admission into the Union was something more than a compact; it was the incorporation of a new member into the political body. And it was final. The union between Texas and the other States was as complete, as perpetual, and as indissoluble as the union between the original States. There was no place for reconsideration or revocation, except through revolution or through consent of the States.
However, as the issue of secession per se was not the one before the court, it has been debated as to whether this reasoning is merely dicta or a binding ruling on the question. It is also worth noting that Salmon Chase was nominated by Abraham Lincoln and was a staunch anti-secessionist. It is unlikely that he or his Republican appointed court would have approved of the Confederacy and Texas ' choice to join it.
While the state 's organized secessionist movement is relatively small, a notable minority of Texans hold secessionist sentiments. A 2009 poll found that 31 % of Texans believe that Texas has the legal right to secede and form an independent country and 18 % believe it should do so.
Until 2010, Texas had weathered the Great Recession fairly well, buffered by its vast oil and gas industries. It avoided the housing industry meltdown and its unemployment rate continues to be below the national level. It benefited from having a two - year budget cycle, allowing officials create budget plans with more time to focus on issues of importance. However, Texas was impacted by the economic downturn just like many other states, and by 2011 was suffering from tens of billions of dollars in budget deficits. In order to deal with this deficit, a supermajority of Republicans led to a massive cost cutting spree. In order to draw new businesses to the state, Texas has developed a program of tax incentives to corporations willing to move there. These efforts, along with Texas focusing on developing their natural energy resources, has led to a surplus as Texas begins its next two year budget cycle.
For FY 2011, the top Texas revenue sources by category were approximately: Federal Income: $42,159,665,863.56 Sales Tax: $21,523,984,733.17 Investments: $10,406,151,499.48 Other Revenue: $8,569,805,443.66 Licenses, Fees, Fines and Penalties: $7,741,880,095.57
As of 2008, Texas residents paid a total of $88,794 million dollars in income taxes. This does not include Federal taxes paid by Texas businesses.
Besides sales tax, other taxes include franchise, insurance, natural gas, alcohol, cigarettee and tobacco taxes. Texas has no personal state income tax.
For FY 2011, the top Texas State Agency spending categories were approximately: Public Assistance Payments: $26,501,123,478.54 Intergovernmental Payments: $21,014,819,852.52 Interfund Transfers / Other: $12,319,487,032.40 Salaries and Wages: $8,595,912,992.82 Employee Benefits: $5,743,905,057.61
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who has the most draft picks in the nba | NBA draft - wikipedia
The NBA draft is an annual event dating back to 1947 in which the (now thirty) teams from the National Basketball Association (NBA) can draft players who are eligible and wish to join the league. These are typically college basketball players, but international players are also eligible to be drafted. College players who have finished their four - year college eligibility are automatically eligible for selection, while the underclassmen have to declare their eligibility and give up their remaining college eligibility. International players who are at least 22 years old are automatically eligible for selection, while the players younger than 22 have to declare their eligibility. Players who are not automatically eligible but have declared their eligibility are often called "early - entrants '' or "early - entry candidates ''. The draft usually takes place at the end of June, during the NBA offseason. Since 1989, the draft has consisted of two rounds; this is much shorter than the entry drafts of the other major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada, all of which run at least seven rounds. Sixty players are selected in each draft. No player may sign with the NBA until he has been eligible for at least one draft.
In the past, high school players were also eligible to be selected. However, starting in the 2006 draft, high school players were not eligible to enter the draft directly after graduating from high school. The rules now state that high school players will gain eligibility for draft selection one year after their high school graduation, and they must also be at least 19 years old as of the end of the calendar year of the draft. Some players have chosen to use that year to play professionally overseas for example, such as Brandon Jennings (Italy), Emmanuel Mudiay (China), and Terrance Ferguson (Australia). Thon Maker was eligible for the 2016 draft despite not going to college because he chose to undertake a postgraduate year, so he was technically one year removed from graduation.
Some players must be at least 19 years of age during the calendar year of the draft, and a player who completed basketball eligibility at an American high school must also be at least one year removed from the graduation of his high school class. Restrictions exist on players signing with sports agents and on declaring for, then withdrawing from, drafts -- although most of them are enforced by the NCAA rather than the NBA. There had been only 44 draftees from high school to college to play in the NBA throughout this process. Any players who are not an "international player '' must be at least one year out of the graduation of his high school class in order for them to qualify for the upcoming draft. Not many high school players went directly to the NBA draft for almost 20 years after Darryl Dawkins in 1975 because of the exposure of the college games.
In the early years of the draft, teams would select players until they ran out of prospects. The 1960 and 1968 drafts went 21 rounds. By 1974, it had stabilized to 10 rounds (except 1977, when the rounds were eight), which held up until 1985, when the draft was shortened to seven rounds. By agreement with the National Basketball Players Association, the drafts from 1989 onward have been limited to two rounds, which gives undrafted players the chance to try out for any team.
From 2009 through 2015, the college underclassmen had until the day before the April signing period to withdraw their name from the draft and retain NCAA eligibility. Since 2016, players could enter the draft and participate in the NBA Draft Combine multiple times and retain NCAA eligibility by withdrawing from the draft within 10 days after the end of the mid-May NBA draft combine.
The NBA Draft Lottery is an annual event held by the NBA, where the teams who did not make the playoffs in the past year participate in a state - lottery style process in order to determine the first three picks of the draft, until 2018. The team with the worst record receives the best odds of receiving the first pick. The NBA introduced the lottery process in 1985. The league was attempting to counter accusations that certain teams were purposefully losing in order to gain a chance to participate in the annual coin flip, where the worst team in each division flips a coin to see who will receive the first pick in the upcoming draft. In 2019, the first four picks will be determined.
In the lottery system, the league uses "a lottery - style ping - pong ball machine with 14 balls numbered 1 -- 14, and 1,000 four - digit combinations are assigned to the 14 lottery teams. '' Until 2018, the worst team received 250 combinations, the second worst getting 199, the third worst team 156, and so on. The first three draft picks were determined. Starting in 2019, the three worst teams will receive 140 combinations each, the fourth worst 125, and so on. Those three teams will have an equal chance of winning the top overall pick. After the first four picks are determined, the rest of the teams are ordered in reverse order based on their record in the previous season, like in the previous system.
The lottery is generally held in the third or fourth week of May. The NBA goes to great lengths in order to keep the selection process both fair and not tampered with in any way. "The actual Lottery procedure will take place in a separate room just prior to the national broadcast on ESPN. Select media members, NBA officials and representatives of the participating teams and the accounting firm of Ernst & Young will be in attendance for the drawing. '' Attendees are n't allowed cell phone or any other electronic access until the number one pick is revealed on the television broadcast.
The NBA draft has been dominated by collegiate players since the draft was put in place in 1950. In more recent years high school seniors have also had a large impact on the draft. These include players like Kobe Bryant, LeBron James, Kevin Garnett, Dwight Howard, Tracy McGrady and Amar'e Stoudemire. However, because of the new age requirement put in place in 2005, high school seniors are no longer eligible for the draft, unless they were declared as postgraduates by the NBA, which would not happen until 2015 with Indian prospect Satnam Singh Bhamara in the second round and again in 2016 with South Sudanese -- Australian prospect Thon Maker in the first round.
Foreign players have made a large impact on how teams are now drafting. When the draft began, foreign players were not selected. As the years progressed, things began to change and a few international players were selected. The first foreign player, in the sense of being a national of a country other than the U.S., to be chosen first overall in the draft was Bahamian Mychal Thompson in 1978. However, Thompson 's selection was not a true harbinger of the game 's globalization, as he had spent much of his childhood in Florida, and had played college basketball at Minnesota. Thompson has three sons, one is NBA champion, Klay Thompson. One of the first foreign players selected in the draft to play in the NBA was Manute Bol out of the Sudan in 1983 in the 5th round by the San Diego Clippers. Bol 's selection was later deemed ineligible by the NBA. Two years later Bol was drafted again by the NBA this time out of Division II University of Bridgeport in 1985 as the 31st pick overall in the second round. Although Bol did not have a stellar career, he is known for being one of the tallest players ever to play the game at 7 feet and 7 inches. He holds the record for being the tallest player ever to hit a 3 - point field goal. The following two years saw two players born outside the U.S. selected first overall -- Nigerian Hakeem Olajuwon in 1984 and Jamaica - born American Patrick Ewing in 1985. However, like Thompson before them, both had played U.S. college basketball -- Olajuwon at Houston and Ewing at Georgetown -- and Ewing had also played high school basketball in the U.S.
By the 1999 draft, the number of foreign players being drafted dramatically increased. The top pick in the 1997 NBA draft, Tim Duncan, became the third international player picked number 1 overall -- although his designation as "international '' is a matter of semantics, as he is a native of the United States Virgin Islands and, like all USVI natives, is a U.S. citizen by birth. He also had played U.S. college basketball at Wake Forest. Including Duncan, 12 international players were selected in the two rounds of the draft -- although half of them, including Duncan and the next two such players picked, had played college basketball. The 1998 draft saw another foreign player picked first overall, Nigerian Michael Olowokandi, but like Duncan he had played college basketball, in his case at Pacific. In 2001 the highest drafted foreign player, Pau Gasol, was selected 3rd overall by the Atlanta Hawks. That would all change the following season when Yao Ming became the first foreign player without U.S. college experience to be selected number 1 overall. Not only was the first overall pick an international player, but five more picks in the first round alone were also from overseas. In total, the 2002 draft produced 17 international players, with only three of them (all second - round picks) having U.S. college experience.
As noted earlier, four international players had gone first overall before 2002, although all had played college basketball in the U.S., and one of them was in fact a U.S. citizen by birth. It was not until 2002 that an international player without college experience went first overall -- Yao Ming. His selection was not only a watershed moment for the NBA, but it also had a large impact in Yao 's homeland of China. Hannah Beech (2003) wrote "Yao has single - handedly transformed his countrymen from nameless, faceless millions into mighty men who can jam with the very best ''. Yao has helped the NBA grow into a worldwide product. Beech (2003) goes on to write "Ratings for NBA games broadcast on Chinese TV have never been higher than this year as the nation keeps track of its new favorite team, Yao 's Houston Rockets ''. For his career Yao averaged a solid 19.0 points per game, 9.2 rebounds per game, 1.89 blocks per game, and shot 82.6 percent from the free throw line. It had later gotten to a point where the last four drafts from 2013 -- 2016 all held international prospects as # 1 selections in their respective drafts before ending the run in 2017.
The 2002, 2005, 2006, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2018 NBA drafts saw international players picked first overall. In 2002, the Houston Rockets selected Yao Ming from China first in the draft. In 2005, the Milwaukee Bucks picked Andrew Bogut, from Australia by way of the University of Utah, # 1. The next year, the Toronto Raptors drafted Andrea Bargnani from Italy, making him the second foreign player without U.S. college experience and the first European to be selected number 1 overall. In 2011, Australian born Kyrie Irving was selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers after having played one year at Duke. In 2013, the Cleveland Cavaliers selected Anthony Bennett, who played at UNLV, first overall and making Bennett the first Canadian to be drafted at # 1. In the 2014 NBA draft, the Cleveland Cavaliers, again picking # 1, selected Canadian shooting guard / small forward Andrew Wiggins. During the 2015 NBA draft, the Minnesota Timberwolves selected American / Dominican Center Karl - Anthony Towns as the first player from the Dominican Republic to become the # 1 selection, teaming up with Andrew Wiggins in the process. During the 2016 NBA draft, the Philadelphia 76ers selected Australian Forward Ben Simmons to be the # 1 selection, the first time the franchise got one in 20 years since the 1996 NBA draft when they selected the first overall pick Allen Iverson, a sophomore from Georgetown. In the 2018 NBA draft, the Phoenix Suns selected Bahamian Center DeAndre Ayton as their first ever # 1 selection, with Ayton being the second Bahamian taken at # 1 behind Mychal Thompson.
Some of the most noted NBA draft years are 1984, 1996, and 2003. Each of those is often referred to as one of, if not the, best NBA draft ever. The 2003 NBA draft is now considered the best draft in the last 15 years, with superstars such as LeBron James, Dwyane Wade, Carmelo Anthony and Chris Bosh headlined. The 2000 NBA draft has been regarded as the worst in history, with Sports Illustrated calling its first round "a horrible group of players ''. The 1986 Draft was notable for the number of solid and even outstanding players selected in later rounds, partly because of drug problems that claimed the life of second overall pick Len Bias and affected the careers of several other first - round picks.
The NBA draft has been televised since 1980, the same year the NFL and NHL televised (or publicized) theirs. USA Network broadcast the draft as part of its contract with the NBA until 1984; starting in 1985, TBS did so as part of its NBA on TBS package. From 1990 to 2002, TNT took over the draft as more NBA properties moved to the network (the NBA on TNT). When ESPN acquired the rights to the NBA from NBC in 2002, ESPN began broadcasting the draft (starting in 2003) with the NBA on ESPN, which it continues to do today.
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how many books are in the beautiful creatures | Beautiful Creatures (novel) - wikipedia
Beautiful Creatures is an American young adult novel written by authors Kami Garcia and Margaret Stohl and the first book in the Caster Chronicles series. The book was published on December 1, 2009, by Little, Brown, and Company. In the UK, Beautiful Creatures is published by Penguin Books. On January 3, 2013, a new edition of the novel was published, featuring images from the movie on the cover. The book was written in 12 weeks, inspired by a dare (a bet with 7 kids the authors knew) and was never intended to be published.
Sixteen - year - old Ethan Wate lives in Gatlin, South Carolina, with his widowed father. Lena Duchannes is a mysterious girl with magical powers who appears in Ethan 's recurring nightmares. Though she initially rebuffs his attempts at interacting with her, they eventually become friends despite harassment from other classmates that almost gets her expelled. Lena 's uncle Macon Ravenwood also attempts to keep Ethan and Lena apart to protect them. Every member of Lena 's family is a "Caster '' with magical powers. On Lena 's sixteenth birthday, she will be "claimed '' as either a Light or Dark Caster, but she is terrified of becoming an evil Dark Caster.
Meanwhile, Ethan discovers a locket at Ravenwood Manor, Lena 's home, that induces visions of Lena 's ancestor Genevieve Duchannes and Ethan 's ancestor Ethan Carter Wate, who were engaged during the Civil War. Through the locket, they discover that Genevieve tried to resurrect Ethan Carter Wate using the magical Book of Moons. Due to Genevieve 's use of the spell, the Book has the ability to determine which of the Duchannes will be Light or Dark. Ethan and Lena find the Book of Moons in Genevieve 's grave and study it for ways to prevent Lena from becoming Dark. Furthermore, Lena is continuously spiritually attacked by a Dark Caster named Sarafine, who is actually her mother. While the Duchannes can not prevent the attacks, Ethan 's presence seems to stop them.
Lena 's sixteenth birthday is celebrated by Ethan, the Duchannes, and her classmates. Macon forbids Lena to attend the party set up by her classmates, but Lena sneaks out anyway and confesses her love to Ethan, who reciprocates. Sarafine reveals herself at the party, accompanied by incubus Hunting Ravenwood. Sarafine tells Lena that she will be able to Claim herself for the Dark or Light at midnight. If she chooses to go Dark, all the Light Casters in her family will die, but she would be able to have a previously - impossible physical relationship with Ethan. If she chooses to go Light, all the Dark Casters in her family will die, including Macon. A fight occurs, culminating in Sarafine escaping and Hunting nearly killing Macon. After Ethan gathers the other Duchannes for help, Ethan searches for Lena, but instead meets Sarafine, who kills him. At midnight, Lena uses her power over nature to block out the moonlight, preventing her from being claimed. She recites a spell from the Book of Moons to resurrect Ethan. The spell works, but as payment, the Book kills Macon.
Kirkus Reviews writes that "Ethan 's wry narrative voice will resonate with readers of John Green as well as the hordes of supernatural - romance fans looking for the next book to sink their teeth into ''. Booklist also positively reviewed the book, stating "there 's plenty teens will like: romance, magic, hauntings, and the promise of more to come. '' The School Library Journal praised Beautiful Creatures 's "detailed descriptions '' and "satisfying conclusion '', writing that it would appeal to fans of True Blood. Publishers Weekly criticized the book 's "protracted climax '' but wrote that Beautiful Creatures had a "compelling and dimensional mythology ''. Despite its use of magic, the book is praised for its "authentic '' characters and world. Linda Perez of the Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy states "Stohl writes clearly and lyrically, '' "the world they 've created... is so believable that readers will find themselves unwittingly believing in magic ''. According to Ilene Cooper of Booklist "the 600 pages could have been cut to make a tight, better story ''.
The series was named one of MTV News 's "series to watch '' in 2010.
Alcon Entertainment, with 3 Arts Entertainment and Belle Pictures, produced a 2013 movie version for Warner Bros., adapted and directed by Richard LaGravenese, starring Alden Ehrenreich and Alice Englert as Ethan Wate and Lena Duchannes and Jeremy Irons, Viola Davis, Emma Thompson, and Emmy Rossum in supporting roles. The film was released on February 14, 2013. The film received mixed to average reviews and was a box office disappointment.
Beautiful Creatures: The Official Illustrated Movie Companion by Mark Cotta Vaz, was published in the UK by Penguin Books on 2 January 2013, as a Puffin Paperback.
Yen Press announced in 2012 it was adapting Beautiful Creatures into manga format, with artist Cassandra Jean.
Garcia, Kami; Stohl, Margaret (2009). Beautiful Creatures. Beautiful Creatures. New York: Little, Brown and company. p. 563.
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2014 film for which julianne moore won an oscar | List of Awards and Nominations received by Julianne Moore - wikipedia
The following is a list of awards and nominations received by film and television actress Julianne Moore.
Among her numerous competitive awards, she has won an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, a Daytime Emmy Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, two Golden Globe Awards, and two Screen Actors Guild Awards. She is one of only two actresses (the other is Juliette Binoche) to win the European "Best Actress Triple Crown '' for wins at the Berlin, Cannes and Venice film festivals.
The tables below are ordered by awarding body, but can be sorted according to year, film, category, or result by clicking the arrow next to the column heading.
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give a little of my love to you | Give a Little Bit - wikipedia
"Give a Little Bit '' is the opening song on Supertramp 's 1977 album Even in the Quietest Moments... The song was released as a single that same year and became an international hit for the band, peaking at number 15 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart. It was a chart hit in the band 's native UK, reaching number 29 on the UK Singles Chart. The single was re-released in 1992 to raise funds for the ITV Telethon Charity event, but failed to chart.
Its writing credits are given to Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson, although it is a Hodgson composition. Hodgson and Davies shared writing credits from 1974 until 1983, when Hodgson left Supertramp. The song is characterized by the ringing tones of 12 - string acoustic guitars, which is joined by a Hohner Clavinet through a Leslie speaker in the bridge of the song.
"Give a Little Bit '' was first written by Hodgson when he was 19 or 20 years old before it was introduced to the band for recording five to six years later. Hodgson stated that the song was inspired by The Beatles ' "All You Need Is Love '', released during the love and peace movement of the ' 60s.
Drummer Bob Siebenberg recounted that "Roger had been working at Malibu for quite a while on this tune. I 'd hear the song in hotel rooms and places like that. He had the song on a little tape when I first joined the band so I was quite familiar with the tune. We tried out various drum things and it seemed right to ride it along on the snare drum... giving it something almost like a train beat. So it 's all on the snare and bass drum, with no tom - tom fills or anything. ''
A short snippet of the song is played in the film Superman shortly before Lois Lane 's death scene. The song, however, is not featured on the movie 's soundtrack.
The song was used interwoven with the final scenes and part of the end credits for the Ricky Gervais 2009 film The Invention of Lying.
The song was used in 2014 for Stouffer 's, Coca - Cola 's Share Happiness commercials, and Target Australia 's Christmas commercials. In 2017 a choral recording was used for Amazon 's worldwide holiday commercial.
"Give a Little Bit '' was recorded to be released on the live album Paris, but the song was dropped because the band members found all the available recordings of the song to be of unacceptable quality.
After Hodgson had left Supertramp, the song was included in almost all his live performances. The song has also been performed by Hodgson during his tour with Ringo Starr & His All - Starr Band in 2001; a recording appears on the album Ringo Starr and Friends. On Sunday 1 July 2007, Roger Hodgson sang this song as his finale for his short set at the Concert for Diana, held in Wembley Stadium in London. Princess Diana loved the song, and Hodgson said of the performance in her honor: "It was very wonderful when the audience all stood up, and the princes also, to sing ' Give a Little Bit ' with me. That was a magical moment. '' "Give a Little Bit '' can also be found on Hodgson 's album Classics Live, a collection of his live performances from acoustic, band and orchestra shows recorded on tour in 2010.
After Hodgson 's departure from Supertramp, the band included the song for the first time in their set list in 2002 during their One More For The Road Tour. The song was sung by Jesse Siebenberg. They also played the song in their 70 - 10 Tour in 2010.
Give a Little Bit (with choir)
In 2004, the Goo Goo Dolls covered the song, releasing it as a single. It peaked at number 37 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in February, 2005. It was first covered (partially) in 2001, when guitarist / lead vocalist Johnny Rzeznik appeared in an ad for The Gap singing the song along with other artists. The song opened the live album Live in Buffalo: July 4th, 2004, and later appeared as a track on their hit album Let Love In. In May 2006, their version of "Give a Little Bit '' was honored by the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) in recognition of being one of the most played songs in the ASCAP repertoire in 2005.
It was also featured in an episode of Smallville, season 4.
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how many ships does the china navy have | List of active People 's Liberation Army Navy ships - wikipedia
List of active People 's Liberation Army Navy ships is a list of ships currently in active service with the People 's Liberation Army Navy. There are approximately 496 ships listed in the tables below that constitute active ships, but this figure does not include the 232 various auxiliary vessels of the PLAN. A summary of ship types in service with the PLAN include an aircraft carrier, amphibious transport docks, landing ship tanks, landing ship medium, destroyers, frigates, corvettes, missile boats, submarine chasers, gunboats, mine countermeasures vessels, replenishment oilers and various auxiliaries. In addition, there are also nuclear and conventional submarines presently in service.
All ships and submarines currently in commission with the People 's Liberation Army Navy were built in China, with the exception of the Sovremenny - class destroyers, Kilo - class submarines and the aircraft carrier Liaoning. Those vessels were either imported from, or originated from Russia or Ukraine. As of 2008, English - language official Chinese state media no longer uses the term "People 's Liberation Army Navy '', instead the term "Chinese Navy '' along with the usage of the unofficial prefix "CNS '' for "Chinese Navy Ship '' is now employed.
(by type)
* Figure includes both coastal and ocean - going auxiliaries, from tugboats to hospital ships. Not counted towards total number of active ships.
The tables below list the various ships according to their class and date of commission. The newest class of ship is listed first, with proceeding classes listed afterwards, arranged in order of age. Column headings include: "Type '' (i.e. Chinese class designation), the types "NATO designation '', the ships "Pennant number '' (or hull number), the ships name in English and Chinese (Han 中文), ships "Displacement '' in tonnes, and the "Fleet '' in which it serves (e.g. North Sea Fleet, South Sea Fleet and East Sea Fleet).
The "Status '' column is colour coded, green indicates relatively new and modern classes in service, while red indicates obsolescence and being in the process of decommissioning as newer types are brought into service. A third colour, blue, specifically indicates a ship which is not yet in commission, but has been launched and is in the final stages of construction, or has been handed over for sea trials. Any ships with a status colour of blue is not counted towards the total number of active ships.
Where a specific piece of information is not known, the cell is left blank.
For a complete list of auxiliary vessels currently in service with the People 's Liberation Army Navy please see: People 's Liberation Army Navy Surface Force # Auxiliaries. Note that it may contain significant inaccuracies.
Ships of PLAN are named per Naval Vessels Naming Regulation (中国 海军 舰艇 命名 条例) that was first issued by the Central Military Commission (CMC) on November 3, 1978, and subsequently revised July 7, 1986. Per CMC convention, warships of the size of a cruiser or larger are named by Joint Staff Department, and others are named by PLAN, in accordance with the following table:
A distinct difference between PLAN and most western navies is that unlike its western counterparts, PLAN does not use ship prefixes internally. However, a system of ship prefixes similar to that of west has been developed by many internet sources for similar classification:
Not all classes are pictured here.
Type 039A submarine (Yuan class)
Type 039 submarine (Song class)
Kilo - class submarine
Type 052C destroyer (Luyang II class)
Type 051B (Luhai class)
Type 052 destroyer (Luhu class)
Type 054A frigate (Jiangkai II class)
Type 054 frigate (Jiangkai I class)
Type 053H2G frigate (Jiangwei I class)
Type 056 corvette (Jiangdao class)
Type 037II missile boat (Houjian class)
Type 022 missile boat (Houbei class)
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how have tensions in the middle east posed concerns for the united states | United States foreign policy in the Middle East - wikipedia
United States foreign policy in the Middle East has its roots as early as the Barbary Wars in the first years of the U.S. 's existence, but became much more expansive after World War II. American policy during the Cold War tried to prevent Soviet Union influence by supporting anti-communist regimes and backing Israel against Soviet - sponsored Arab countries. The U.S. also came to replace the United Kingdom as the main security patron of the Persian Gulf states in the 1960s and 1970s, working to ensure a stable flow of Gulf oil. Since the 9 / 11 attacks of 2001, U.S. policy has included an emphasis on counter-terrorism. The U.S. has diplomatic relations with all countries in the Middle East except for Iran, whose 1979 revolution brought to power a staunchly anti-American regime.
Recent priorities of the U.S. government in the Middle East have included resolving the Arab -- Israeli conflict and limiting the spread of weapons of mass destruction among regional states.
The United States ' relationship with the Middle East prior to World War I was limited, although commercial ties existed even in the early 19th century. President Andrew Jackson established formal ties with the Sultan of Muscat and Oman in 1833. (The Sultan saw the U.S. as a potential balance to Britain 's overwhelming regional influence.) Commercial relations opened between the U.S. and Persia in 1857, after Britain persuaded the Persian government not to ratify a similar agreement in 1851.
In comparison to European powers such as Britain and France which had managed to colonize almost all of the Middle East region after defeating the Ottoman Empire in 1918, the United States was "popular and respected throughout the Middle East ''. Indeed, "Americans were seen as good people, untainted by the selfishness and duplicity associated with the Europeans. '' American missionaries had brought modern medicine and set up educational institutions all over the Middle East. Moreover, the United States had provided the Middle East with highly skilled petroleum engineers. Thus, there were some connections made between the United States and the Middle East before the Second World War. Other examples of cooperations between the U.S. and the Middle East are the Red Line Agreement signed in 1928 and the Anglo - American Petroleum Agreement signed in 1944. Both of these agreements were legally binding and reflected an American interest in control of Middle Eastern energy resources, namely oil, and moreover reflected an American "security imperative to prevent the (re) emergence of a powerful regional rival ''. The Red Line Agreement had been "part of a network of agreements made in the 1920s to restrict supply of petroleum and ensure that the major (mostly American) companies... could control oil prices on world markets ''. The Red Line agreement governed the development of Middle East oil for the next two decades. The Anglo - American Petroleum Agreement of 1944 was based on negotiations between the United States and Britain over the control of Middle Eastern oil. Below is shown what the American President Franklin D. Roosevelt had in mind for to a British Ambassador in 1944:
Persian oil... is yours. We share the oil of Iraq and Kuwait. As for Saudi Arabian oil, it 's ours.
On August 8, 1944, the Anglo - American Petroleum Agreement was signed, dividing Middle Eastern oil between the United States and Britain. Consequently, political scholar Fred H. Lawson remarks, that by the mid-1944, U.S. officials had buttressed their country 's position on the peninsula by concluding an Anglo - American Petroleum Agreement that protected "all valid concession contracts and lawfully acquired rights '' belonging to the signatories and established a principle of "equal opportunity '' in those areas where no concession had yet been assigned. Furthermore, political scholar Irvine Anderson summarises American interests in the Middle East in the late 19th century and the early 20th century noting that, "the most significant event of the period was the transition of the United States from the position of net exporter to one of net importer of petroleum. ''
By the end of the Second World War, the United States had come to consider the Middle East region as "the most strategically important area of the world. '' and "one of the greatest material prizes in world history, '' argues Noam Chomsky. For that reason, it was not until around the period of World War II that America became directly involved in the Middle East region. At this time the region was going through great social, economic and political changes and as a result, internally the Middle East was in turmoil. Politically, the Middle East was experiencing an upsurge in the popularity of nationalistic politics and an increase in the number of nationalistic political groups across the region, which was causing great trouble for the English and French colonial powers.
History scholar Jack Watson explains that "Europeans could not hold these lands indefinitely in the face of Arab nationalism ''. Watson then continues, stating that "by the end of 1946 Palestine was the last remaining mandate, but it posed a major problem ''. In truth, this nationalistic political trend clashed with American interests in the Middle East, which were, as Middle East scholar Louise Fawcett argues, "about the Soviet Union, access to oil and the project for a Jewish state in Palestine ''. Hence, Arabist Ambassador Raymond Hare described the Second World War, as "the great divide '' in United States ' relation with the Middle East, because these three interests would later serve as a backdrop and reasoning for a great deal of American interventions in the Middle East and thus also come to be the cause of several future conflicts between the United States and the Middle East.
In 1947, the U.S. and the Truman administration, under domestic political pressure, pushed for a solution and resolution on the Arab -- Israeli conflict, and in May 1948 the new state of Israel came into existence. This process was not without its fights and loss of lives. Nevertheless, "the first state to extend diplomatic recognition to Israel was the United States; the Soviet Union and several Western nations quickly followed suit. No Arab state, however, recognized Israel. ''
Syria became an independent republic in 1946, but the March 1949 Syrian coup d'état, led by Army Chief of Staff Husni al - Za'im, ended the initial period of civilian rule. Za'im met at least six times with CIA operatives in the months prior to the coup to discuss his plan to seize power. Za'im requested American funding or personnel, but it is not known whether this assistance was provided. Once in power, Za'im made several key decisions that benefitted the United States. He approved the Trans - Arabian Pipeline (TAPLINE), an American project designed to transport Saudi Arabian oil to Mediterranean ports. Construction of TAPLINE had been delayed due to Syrian intransigence. Za'im also improved relations with two American allies in the region: Israel and Turkey. He signed an armistice with Israel, formally ending the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War and he renounced Syrian claims to Hatay Province, a major source of dispute between Syria and Turkey. Za'im also cracked down on local communists. However, Za'im's regime was short - lived. He was overthrown in August, just four and a half months after seizing power.
Opposed to foreign intervention in Iran and a keen nationalist, Mohammed Mosaddeq became the prime minister of Iran in 1951. Thus, when Mosaddeq was elected he chose to nationalize the Iranian oil industry, where previously British holdings had generated great profits for Britain through the Anglo - Iranian Oil Company. Furthermore, prior to the nationalisation of Iranian oil Mosaddeq had also cut all diplomatic ties with Britain. The Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was opposed to the nationalisation of Iranian oil as he feared this would result in an oil embargo, which would destroy Iran 's economy and thus, the Shah was very concerned with the effect of Mosaddeq 's policies on Iran. Equally worried were workers in the Iranian oil industry, when they experienced the economic effect of the sanctions on Iranian oil exports which Mosaddeq 's policies had resulted in, and riots were happening across Iran.
Thus, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi asked Mosaddeq to resign, as was the Shah 's constitutional right, but Mosaddeq refused, which resulted in national uprisings. The Shah, fearing for his personal security, fled the country but nominated General Fazlollah Zahedi as new Prime Minister. Although General Fazlollah Zahedi was a nationalist, he did not agree with the Mosaddeq 's lenient attitude towards the communist Tudeh party, which the United States had also become increasingly concerned with, fearing Soviet influence spreading in the Middle East. Therefore, in late 1952, the British government asked the U.S. administration for help with the removal of Mohammed Mosaddeq. President Harry S. Truman thought Mossadeq was a valuable bulwark against Soviet influence. However, Truman left office in January 1953, and the new administration of Dwight Eisenhower shared British concern over Mossadeq. Allen Dulles, the director of the CIA, approved one million dollars on April 4, 1953 to be used "in any way that would bring about the fall of Mossadegh '' Consequently, after a failed attempt on August 15, "on August 19, 1953, General Fazlollah Zahedi succeeded (with the help of the United States and Britain) and Mossadegh was overthrown. The CIA covertly funneled five million dollars to General Zahedi 's regime on August 21, 1953. ''
This CIA operation, often referred to as Operation Ajax and led by CIA officer Kermit Roosevelt, Jr., ensured the return of the Shah on August 22, 1953.
Today more than a quarter of the world 's oil is shipped through the Suez Canal.
Although accepting large sums of military aid from the United States in 1954, by 1956 Egyptian leader Nasser had grown tired of the American influence in the country. The involvement that the U.S. would take in Egyptian business and politics in return for aid, Nasser thought "smacked of colonialism. '' Indeed, as political scholar B.M. Bleckman argued in 1978, "Nasser had ambivalent feelings toward the United States. From 1952 to 1954 he was on close terms with U.S. officials and was viewed in Washington as a promising moderate Arab leader. The conclusion of an arms deal with the USSR in 1955, however, had cooled the relationship between Cairo and Washington considerably, and the Dulles - Eisenhower decision to withdraw the offer to finance the Aswan High Dam in mid-1956 was a further blow to the chances of maintaining friendly ties. Eisenhower 's stand against the British, French, and Israeli attack on Egypt in October 1956 created a momentary sense of gratitude on the part of Nasser, but the subsequent development of the Eisenhower Doctrine, so clearly aimed at ' containing ' Nasserism, undermined what little goodwill existed toward the United States in Cairo. '' "The Suez Crisis of 1956 marked the demise of British power and its gradual replacement by USA as the dominant power in the Middle East. '' The Eisenhower Doctrine became a manifestation of this process. "The general objective of the Eisenhower Doctrine, like that of the Truman Doctrine formulated ten years earlier, was the containment of Soviet expansion. '' Furthermore, when the Doctrine was finalised on March 9, 1957, it "essentially gave the president the latitude to intervene militarily in the Middle East... without having to resort to Congress. '' indeed as, Middle East scholar Irene L. Gerdzier explains "that with the Eisenhower Doctrine the United States emerged "as the uncontested Western power... in the Middle East. ''
Meanwhile, in Jordan nationalistic anti-government rioting broke out and the United States decided to send a battalion of marines to Lebanon in case of possibly having to intervene in Jordan later that year. Moreover, attempting to keep the pro-American King Hussein of Jordan in power, the CIA started to make secret payments of millions of dollars a year to King Hussein. In the same year, the U.S. supported allies in Lebanon, Iraq, Turkey and Saudi Arabia and sent fleets to be near Syria as Syria 's government had executed nationalistic and pro-Soviet policies the same year. However, 1958 was to become a difficult year in U.S. foreign policy; in 1958 Syria and Egypt were merged into the "United Arab Republic '', anti-American and anti-government revolts started occurring in Lebanon, causing the Lebanese president Chamoun to ask America for help, and the very pro-American King Feisal the 2nd of Iraq was overthrown by a group of nationalistic military officers. It was quite "commonly believed that (Nasser)... stirred up the unrest in Lebanon and, perhaps, had helped to plan the Iraqi revolution. ''
In June 1967 Israel fought with Egypt, Jordan, and Syria in the Six - Day War. As a result of the war, Israel captured the West Bank, Golan Heights, and the Sinai Peninsula. The U.S. supported Israel with weapons and continued to support Israel financially throughout the 1970s. On September 17, 1970, with U.S. and Israeli help, Jordanian troops attacked PLO guerrilla camps, while Jordan 's U.S. - supplied air force dropped napalm from above. The U.S. deployed the aircraft carrier Independence and six destroyers off the coast of Lebanon and readied troops in Turkey to support the assault.
The American interventions in the years before the Iranian revolution have all proven to be based in part on economic considerations, but more so have been influenced and led by the international Cold War context.
Saudi Arabia and the United States are strategic allies, but relations with the U.S. became strained following September 11 attacks.
In March 2015, President Barack Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their military intervention in Yemen, establishing a "Joint Planning Cell '' with Saudi Arabia. The report by Human Rights Watch stated that US - made bombs were being used in attacks indiscriminately targeting civilians and violating the laws of war.
Afghanistan and Pakistan, though situated in South Asia, are considered part of the Greater Middle East. U.S. intervention in both Afghanistan and Pakistan started with the Carter Administration after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The relations of the U.S. with Afghanistan and Pakistan have been closely tied to the War on terrorism that has happened there. American policy has been instrumental in coordinating the ongoing conflicts in Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. In recent times, political situations of both countries have been bracketed under a single theater of operations, denoted by the newly coined American term "AfPak. ''
On 15 July 2016, a coup d'état was attempted in Turkey by a faction within the Turkish Armed Forces against state institutions, including, but not limited to the government and President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.
The Turkish government accused the coup leaders of being linked to the Gülen movement, which is designated as a terrorist organization by the Republic of Turkey and led by Fethullah Gülen, a Turkish businessman and cleric who lives in Pennsylvania, United States. Erdoğan accuses Gülen of being behind the coup -- a claim that Gülen denies -- and accused the United States of harboring him. President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan accused the head of United States Central Command, chief General Joseph Votel of "siding with coup plotters, '' (after Votel accused the Turkish government of arresting the Pentagon 's contacts in Turkey).
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what is the meaning behind the princess and the pea | The Princess and the Pea - wikipedia
"The Princess and the Pea '' (Danish: "Prinsessen paa Ærten ''; literal translation: "The Princess on the Pea '') is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen about a young woman whose royal identity is established by a test of her physical sensitivity. The tale was first published with three others by Andersen in an inexpensive booklet on 8 May 1835 in Copenhagen by C.A. Reitzel.
Andersen had heard the story as a child, and it likely has its source in folk material, possibly originating from Sweden, as it is unknown in the Danish oral tradition. Neither "The Princess and the Pea '' nor Andersen 's other tales of 1835 were well received by Danish critics, who disliked their casual, chatty style and their lack of morals.
In 1959 "The Princess and the Pea '' was adapted to the musical stage in a production called Once Upon a Mattress starring Carol Burnett.
The story tells of a prince who wants to marry a princess, but is having difficulty finding a suitable wife. Something is always wrong with those he meets, and he can not be certain they are real princesses because they have bad table manners or they are too fat or thin or not beautiful. One stormy night a young woman drenched with rain seeks shelter in the prince 's castle. She claims to be a princess, so the prince 's mother decides to test their unexpected, unwitting guest by placing a pea in the bed she is offered for the night, covered by 20 mattresses and 20 feather - beds. In the morning, the guest tells her hosts that she endured a sleepless night, kept awake by something hard in the bed that she is certain has bruised her. The prince rejoices. Only a real princess would have the sensitivity to feel a pea through such a quantity of bedding, so the two are married.
The story ends with the pea being placed in a museum, where according to the storyteller it can still be seen today, unless someone has removed it.
In his preface to the second volume of Tales and Stories (1863) Andersen claims to have heard the story in his childhood, but the tale has never been a traditional one in Denmark. He may as a child have heard a Swedish version, "Princess Who Lay on Seven Peas '' ("Princessa ' som lå ' på sju ärter ''), which tells of an orphan girl who establishes her identity after a sympathetic helper (a cat or a dog) informs her that an object (a bean, a pea, or a straw) had been placed under her mattress.
Andersen deliberately cultivated a funny and colloquial style in the tales of 1835, reminiscent of oral storytelling techniques rather than the sophisticated literary devices of the fairy tales written by les précieuses, E.T.A. Hoffmann, and other precursors. The earliest reviews criticized Andersen for not following such models. In the second volume of the 1863 edition of his collected works Andersen remarked in the preface: "The style should be such that one hears the narrator. Therefore, the language had to be similar to the spoken word; the stories are for children, but adults too should be able to listen in. ''
Although no materials appear to exist specifically addressing the composition of "The Princess and the Pea '', Andersen does speak to the writing of the first four tales of 1835 of which "The Princess on the Pea '' is one. New Year 's Day 1835, Andersen wrote to a friend: "I am now starting on some ' fairy tales for children. ' I am going to win over future generations, you may want to know '', and, in a letter dated February 1835 he wrote to the poet, Bernhard Severin Ingemann: "I have started some ' Fairy Tales Told for Children ' and believe I have succeeded. I have told a couple of tales which as a child I was happy about, and which I do not believe are known, and have written them exactly the way I would tell them to a child. '' Andersen had finished the tales by March 1835 and told Admiral Wulff 's daughter, Henriette: "I have also written some fairy tales for children; Ørsted says about them that if The Improvisatore makes me famous then these will make me immortal, for they are the most perfect things I have written; but I myself do not think so. '' On 26 March, he observed that "(the fairy tales) will be published in April, and people will say: the work of my immortality! Of course I sha n't enjoy the experience in this world. ''
"The Princess and the Pea '' was first published in Copenhagen, Denmark by C.A. Reitzel on 8 May 1835 in an unbound 61 - page booklet called Tales, Told for Children. First Collection. First Booklet. 1835. (Eventyr, fortalte for Børn. Første Samling. Første Hefte. 1835.). "The Princess and the Pea '' was the third tale in the collection, with "The Tinderbox '' ("Fyrtøiet ''), "Little Claus and Big Claus '' ("Lille Claus og store Claus ''), and "Little Ida 's Flowers '' ("Den lille Idas Blomster ''). The booklet was priced at twenty - four shillings (the equivalent of 25 Dkr. or approximately US $5 as of 2009), and the publisher paid Andersen 30 rixdollars (US $450 as of 2009). A second edition was published in 1842, and a third in 1845. "The Princess and the Pea '' was reprinted on 18 December 1849 in Tales. 1850. with illustrations by Vilhelm Pedersen. The story was published again on 15 December 1862, in Tales and Stories. First Volume. 1862.
The first Danish reviews of Andersen 's 1835 tales appeared in 1836, and were hostile. Critics disliked the informal, chatty style, and the lack of morals, and offered Andersen no encouragement. One literary journal failed to mention the tales at all, while another advised Andersen not to waste his time writing "wonder stories ''. He was told he "lacked the usual form of that kind of poetry... and would not study models ''. Andersen felt he was working against their preconceived notions of what a fairy tale should be and returned to writing novels, believing it to be his true calling.
Charles Boner was the first to translate "The Princess and the Pea '' into English, working from a German translation that had increased Andersen 's lone pea to a trio of peas in an attempt to make the story more credible, an embellishment also added by another early English translator, Caroline Peachey. Boner 's translation was published as "The Princess on the Peas '' in A Danish Story - Book in 1846. Boner has been accused of missing the satire of the tale by ending with the rhetorical question, "Now was not that a lady of exquisite feeling? '' rather than Andersen 's joke of the pea being placed in the Royal Museum. Boner and Peachey 's work established the standard for English translations of the fairy tales, which, for almost a century, as Wullschlager notes, "continued to range from the inadequate to the abysmal ''.
Wullschlager observes that in "The Princess and the Pea '' Andersen blended his childhood memories of a primitive world of violence, death, and inexorable fate, with his social climber 's private romance about the serene, secure and cultivated Danish bourgeoisie, which did not quite accept him as one of their own. Researcher Jack Zipes said that Andersen, during his lifetime, "was obliged to act as a dominated subject within the dominant social circles despite his fame and recognition as a writer ''; Andersen therefore developed a feared and loved view of the aristocracy. Others have said that Andersen constantly felt as though he did not belong, and longed to be a part of the upper class. The nervousness and humiliations Andersen suffered in the presence of the bourgeoisie were mythologized by the storyteller in the tale of "The Princess and the Pea '', with Andersen himself the morbidly sensitive princess who can feel a pea through 20 mattresses.
Maria Tatar notes that, unlike the folk heroine of his source material for the story, Andersen 's princess has no need to resort to deceit to establish her identity; her sensitivity is enough to validate her nobility. For Andersen, she indicates, "true '' nobility derived not from an individual 's birth but from their sensitivity. Andersen 's insistence upon sensitivity as the exclusive privilege of nobility challenges modern notions about character and social worth. The princess 's sensitivity, however, may be a metaphor for her depth of feeling and compassion.
While a 1905 article in the American Journal of Education recommended the story for children aged 8 -- 10, "The Princess and the Pea '' was not uniformly well received by critics. Toksvig wrote in 1934, "(the story) seems to the reviewer not only indelicate but indefensible, in so far as the child might absorb the false idea that great ladies must always be so terribly thin - skinned. '' Tatar notes that the princess 's sensitivity has been interpreted as poor manners rather than a manifestation of noble birth, a view said to be based on "the cultural association between women 's physical sensitivity and emotional sensitivity, specifically, the link between a woman reporting her physical experience of touch and negative images of women who are hypersensitive to physical conditions, who complain about trivialities, and who demand special treatment ''.
Researcher Jack Zipes notes that the tale is told tongue - in - cheek, with Andersen poking fun at the "curious and ridiculous '' measures taken by the nobility to establish the value of bloodlines. He also notes that the author makes a case for sensitivity being the decisive factor in determining royal authenticity and that Andersen "never tired of glorifying the sensitive nature of an elite class of people ''.
"The Princess and the Pea '' spurred on positive criticism, as well. In fact, critic Paul Hazard pointed out the realistic aspects of the fairy tale that make it easily relatable to all people. He believed that "the world Andersen witnessed -- which encompassed sorrow, death, evil, and man 's follies -- is reflected in his tales, '' and most evidently in "The Princess and the Pea. '' Another scholar, Niels Kofoed, noticed that "since they involve everyday - life themes of love, death, nature, injustice, suffering, and poverty, they appeal to all races, ideologies, classes, and genders. '' Moreover, Celia Catlett Anderson realized that one of the things that makes this story so appealing and relatable is that optimism prevails over pessimism, especially for the main character of the princess. This inspires hope in the readers for their own futures and strength within themselves.
In 1927, German composer Ernst Toch published an opera based on "The Princess and the Pea '', with a libretto by Benno Elkan. Reportedly this opera was very popular in the American student repertoires; the music as well as the English translation (by Marion Farquhar) were praised in a review in Notes. The story was adapted to the musical stage in 1959 as Once Upon a Mattress, with comedian Carol Burnett playing the play 's heroine, Princess Winnifred the Woebegone. The musical was revived in 1997 with Sarah Jessica Parker in the role. A television adaptation of "The Princess and the Pea '' starred Liza Minnelli in a Faerie Tale Theatre episode in 1984. The story has been adapted to two films, one full - length animation film in 2002, and a six - minute IMAX production in 2001.
The tale was the basis for a story in The Stinky Cheese Man and Other Fairly Stupid Tales by Jon Scieszka and Lane Smith, wherein the prince decides to slip a bowling ball underneath one hundred mattresses after three years of unsuccessful attempts with the pea. In the morning, the princess comes downstairs and tells the queen, "This might sound odd, but I think you need another mattress. I felt like I was sleeping on a lump as big as a bowling ball. '' which satisfies the king and the queen. The princess gets married to the prince, and they live happily, though maybe not completely honestly, ever after. American poet Jane Shore published a poem, "The Princess and the Pea '', in the January 1973 issue of Poetry, in which a close dependency between princess and pea is posited: "I lie in my skin as in an ugly coat: / my body owned by the citizens / who ache and turn whenever I turn / on the pea on which so much depends '' (13 - 16). Russian writer Evgeny Shvarts incorporates the story, with two other Andersen stories, in his Naked King.
Tales of extreme sensitivity are infrequent in world culture but a few have been recorded. As early as the 1st century, Seneca the Younger had mentioned a legend about a Sybaris native who slept on a bed of roses and suffered due to one petal folding over. The 11th - century Kathasaritsagara by Somadeva tells of a young man who claims to be especially fastidious about beds. After sleeping in a bed on top of seven mattresses, and newly made with clean sheets, the young man rises in great pain. A crooked red mark is discovered on his body, and upon investigation a hair is found on the bottom-most mattress of the bed. An Italian tale called "The Most Sensitive Woman '' tells of a woman whose foot is bandaged after a jasmine petal falls upon it. The Brothers Grimm included a "Princess on the Pea '' tale in an edition of their Kinder - und Hausmärchen, but removed it after they discovered that it belonged to the Danish literary tradition. A few folk tales feature a boy discovering a pea or a bean assumed to be of great value. After the boy enters a castle and is given a bed of straw for the night he tosses and turns in his sleep, attempting to guard his treasure. Some observers are persuaded that the boy is restless because he is unaccustomed to sleeping on straw, and is therefore of aristocratic blood.
In the more popular versions of the tale, only one pea is used. However, Charles Boner added in two more peas in his translation of the story upon which Andersen based his tale. Other differences amongst versions can be seen in various numbers of mattresses as well as feather beds. Versions of the story differ based on whether or not the character of the helper is included. The helper, in some cases, tells the princess to pretend as though she slept badly. In other versions, the helper does not appear at all, and the princess decides to lie all on her own.
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in summer paralympics games 2016 held in rio de generio gold medal in men's high jump was won by | Mariyappan Thangavelu - wikipedia
Mariyappan Thangavelu
Mariyappan Thangavelu (born 28 June 1995) is an Indian Paralympic high jumper. He represented India in the 2016 Summer Paralympic games held in Rio de Janeiro in the men 's high jump T - 42 category, winning the gold medal in the finals. He is India 's first Paralympian gold medallist since 2004. Tamil film director Aishwaryaa Dhanush is making a film about this life and achievements titled Mariyappan.
On 25 January 2017, Government of India announced "Padma Shri '' award for his contribution towards sports and in the same year he was also awarded Arjuna Award.
Mariyappan was born in Periavadagampatti village, Salem district, Tamil Nadu, one of six children (four brothers and a sister). His father reportedly abandoned the family early on, and his mother, Saroja, raised her children as a single mother, carrying bricks as a labourer until becoming a vegetable seller, earning ₹ 100 (US $1.60) a day. At the age of five, Mariyappan suffered permanent disability in his right leg when he was run over by a drunk bus driver while walking to school; the bus crushed his leg below the knee, causing it to become stunted. Despite this setback, he completed secondary schooling; he says he "did n't see myself as different from able - bodied kids. ''
Mariyappan enjoyed playing volleyball as a student; subsequently, his school physical education instructor encouraged him to try high jumping. In his first competitive event, aged 14, he placed second among a field of able - bodied competitors, after which he received strong encouragement from his classmates and others in Salem district. In 2013, his current coach Mr. Satyanarayana, supported by the Sports academy of India for differently - abled, first noticed his performance at the Indian national para-athletics championships, and formally took him on as a student in 2015, bringing him to Bengaluru for further coaching.
In March 2016, Mariyappan cleared a distance of 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) in the men 's high jump T -- 42 event at the IPC Grand Prix in Tunisia, qualifying him for the Rio Paralympics. At the Rio Paralympics, he won the gold medal in the men 's high jump T -- 42 event, with a leap of 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in).
In 2015, Mariyappan completed a bachelor 's degree in business administration from AVS College of Arts and Science. He plans to complete an MBA from the same institution.
He has an elder sister Sudha and two younger brothers Kumar and Gopi.
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what is the value of charge to mass ratio of electron | Mass - to - charge ratio - wikipedia
The mass - to - charge ratio (m / Q) is a physical quantity that is most widely used in the electrodynamics of charged particles, e.g. in electron optics and ion optics. It appears in the scientific fields of electron microscopy, cathode ray tubes, accelerator physics, nuclear physics, Auger electron spectroscopy, cosmology and mass spectrometry. The importance of the mass - to - charge ratio, according to classical electrodynamics, is that two particles with the same mass - to - charge ratio move in the same path in a vacuum, when subjected to the same electric and magnetic fields. Its SI units are kg / C. In rare occasions the thomson has been used as its unit in the field of mass spectrometry.
Some fields use the charge - to - mass ratio (Q / m) instead, which is the multiplicative inverse of the mass - to - charge ratio. The 2014 CODATA recommended value for an electron is ⁄ = - 7011175882002400000 ♠ 1.758 820 024 (11) × 10 C / kg.
When charged particles move in electric and magnetic fields the following two laws apply:
where F is the force applied to the ion, m is the mass of the particle, a is the acceleration, Q is the electric charge, E is the electric field, and v × B is the cross product of the ion 's velocity and the magnetic flux density.
This differential equation is the classic equation of motion for charged particles. Together with the particle 's initial conditions, it completely determines the particle 's motion in space and time in terms of m / Q. Thus mass spectrometers could be thought of as "mass - to - charge spectrometers ''. When presenting data in a mass spectrum, it is common to use the dimensionless m / z, which denotes the dimensionless quantity formed by dividing the mass number of the ion by its charge number.
Combining the two previous equations yields:
This differential equation is the classic equation of motion of a charged particle in vacuum. Together with the particle 's initial conditions it determines the particle 's motion in space and time. It immediately reveals that two particles with the same m / Q ratio behave in the same way. This is why the mass - to - charge ratio is an important physical quantity in those scientific fields where charged particles interact with magnetic or electric fields.
There are non-classical effects that derive from quantum mechanics, such as the Stern -- Gerlach effect that can diverge the path of ions of identical m / Q.
The IUPAC recommended symbol for mass and charge are m and Q, respectively, however using a lowercase q for charge is also very common. Charge is a scalar property, meaning that it can be either positive (+) or negative (−). The Coulomb (C) is the SI unit of charge; however, other units can be used, such as expressing charge in terms of the elementary charge (e). The SI unit of the physical quantity m / Q is kilogram per coulomb.
The units and notation above are used when dealing with the physics of mass spectrometry; however, the m / z notation is used for the independent variable in a mass spectrum. This notation eases data interpretation since it is numerically more related to the unified atomic mass unit. The m refers to the molecular or atomic mass number and z to the charge number of the ion; however, the quantity of m / z is dimensionless by definition. An ion of 100 atomic mass units (m = 100) carrying two charges (z = 2) will be observed at m / z = 50.
In the 19th century, the mass - to - charge ratios of some ions were measured by electrochemical methods. In 1897, the mass - to - charge ratio of the electron was first measured by J.J. Thomson. By doing this, he showed that the electron was in fact a particle with a mass and a charge, and that its mass - to - charge ratio was much smaller than that of the hydrogen ion H. In 1898, Wilhelm Wien separated ions (canal rays) according to their mass - to - charge ratio with an ion optical device with superimposed electric and magnetic fields (Wien filter). In 1901 Walter Kaufman measured the increase of electromagnetic mass of fast electrons (Kaufmann -- Bucherer -- Neumann experiments), or relativistic mass increase in modern terms. In 1913, Thomson measured the mass - to - charge ratio of ions with an instrument he called a parabola spectrograph. Today, an instrument that measures the mass - to - charge ratio of charged particles is called a mass spectrometer.
The charge - to - mass ratio (Q / m) of an object is, as its name implies, the charge of an object divided by the mass of the same object. This quantity is generally useful only for objects that may be treated as particles. For extended objects, total charge, charge density, total mass, and mass density are often more useful.
Derivation:
q v B = m v v r (\ displaystyle qvB = mv (\ frac (v) (r))) or q m = v B r (\ displaystyle (\ frac (q) (m)) = (\ frac (v) (Br))) (1)
Since F e l e c t r i c = F m a g n e t i c (\ displaystyle F_ (electric) = F_ (magnetic)),
E q = B q v (\ displaystyle Eq = Bqv) or v = E B (\ displaystyle v = (\ frac (E) (B))) (2)
Equations (1) and (2) yield
q m = E B 2 r (\ displaystyle (\ frac (q) (m)) = (\ frac (E) (B ^ (2) r)))
In some experiments, the charge - to - mass ratio is the only quantity that can be measured directly. Often, the charge can be inferred from theoretical considerations, so that the charge - to - mass ratio provides a way to calculate the mass of a particle.
Often, the charge - to - mass ratio can be determined from observing the deflection of a charged particle in an external magnetic field. The cyclotron equation, combined with other information such as the kinetic energy of the particle, will give the charge - to - mass ratio. One application of this principle is the mass spectrometer. The same principle can be used to extract information in experiments involving the cloud chamber.
The ratio of electrostatic to gravitational forces between two particles will be proportional to the product of their charge - to - mass ratios. It turns out that gravitational forces are negligible on the subatomic level, due to the extremely small masses of subatomic particles.
The elementary charge - to - electron mass quotient, e / m e (\ displaystyle e / m_ (e)), is a quantity in experimental physics. It bears significance because the electron mass m is difficult to measure directly, and is instead derived from measurements of the elementary charge e and e / m e (\ displaystyle e / m_ (e)). It also has historical significance; the Q / m ratio of the electron was successfully calculated by J.J. Thomson in 1897 -- and more successfully by Dunnington, which involves the angular momentum and deflection due to a perpendicular magnetic field. Thomson 's measurement convinced him that cathode rays were particles, which were later identified as electrons, and he is generally credited with their discovery.
The 2014 CODATA recommended value is e / m e (\ displaystyle e / m_ (e)) = 2988824117997600000 ♠ − 1.758820024 (11) × 10 C / kg. CODATA refers to this as the electron charge - to - mass quotient, but ratio is still commonly used.
There are two other common ways of measuring the charge - to - mass ratio of an electron, apart from Thomson and Dunnington 's methods.
The charge - to - mass ratio of an electron may also be measured with the Zeeman effect, which gives rise to energy splittings in the presence of a magnetic field B:
Here m are quantum integer values ranging from - j to j, with j as the eigenvalue of the total angular momentum operator J, with
where S is the spin operator with eigenvalue s and L is the angular momentum operator with eigenvalue l. g is the Landé g - factor, calculated as
The shift in energy is also given in terms of frequency ν and wavelength λ as
Measurements of the Zeeman effect commonly involve the use of a Fabry -- Pérot interferometer, with light from a source (placed in a magnetic field) being passed between two mirrors of the interferometer. If δD is the change in mirror separation required to bring the m - order ring of wavelength λ + Δλ into coincidence with that of wavelength λ, and ΔD brings the (m + 1) ring of wavelength λ into coincidence with the m - order ring, then
It follows then that
Rearranging, it is possible to solve for the charge - to - mass ratio of an electron as
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top 10 hollywood movies box office collection all time wiki | List of highest - grossing films - wikipedia
Films generate income from several revenue streams, including theatrical exhibition, home video, television broadcast rights and merchandising. However, theatrical box office earnings are the primary metric for trade publications in assessing the success of a film, mostly because of the availability of the data compared to sales figures for home video and broadcast rights, but also because of historical practice. Included on the list are charts of the top box office earners (ranked by both the nominal and real value of their revenue), a chart of high - grossing films by calendar year, a timeline showing the transition of the highest - grossing film record, and a chart of the highest - grossing film franchises and series. All charts are ranked by international theatrical box office performance where possible, excluding income derived from home video, broadcasting rights and merchandise.
Traditionally, war films, musicals and historical dramas have been the most popular genres, but franchise films have been among the best performers in the 21st century. Five Harry Potter films and five films from Peter Jackson 's Middle - earth series are included in the nominal earnings chart, while the Star Wars, Jurassic Park and Pirates of the Caribbean franchises feature prominently. There is also strong interest in the superhero genre, with six films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe featuring among the nominal top - earners. Marvel Comics has also had success with its Spider - Man and X-Men properties, while films based on Batman and Superman from DC Comics have generally performed well. Although the nominal earnings chart is dominated by films adapted from pre-existing properties and sequels, it is headed by Avatar and Titanic (both directed by James Cameron), which are original works. Animated family films have performed consistently well, with Disney films enjoying lucrative re-releases prior to the home - video era. Disney also enjoyed later success with films such as Frozen (the highest - grossing animated film), Zootopia and The Lion King, as well as with its Pixar brand, of which Toy Story 3, Incredibles 2 and the Finding Nemo films have been the best performers. Beyond Disney and Pixar animation, the Despicable Me, Shrek and Ice Age series have met with the most success.
While inflation has eroded away the achievements of most films from the 1960s and 1970s, there are franchises originating from that period that are still active. Besides the Star Wars and Superman franchises, James Bond and Star Trek films are still being released periodically; all four are among the highest - grossing franchises. Some of the older films that held the record of highest - grossing film still have respectable grosses by today 's standards, but no longer compete numerically against today 's top - earners in an era of much higher individual ticket prices. When properly adjusted for inflation, however, on that comparative scale Gone with the Wind -- which was the highest - grossing film outright for twenty - five years -- is still the highest - grossing film of all time. All grosses on the list are expressed in U.S. dollars at their nominal value, except where stated otherwise.
With a worldwide box - office gross of over $2.7 billion, Avatar is often proclaimed to be the "highest - grossing '' film, but such claims usually refer to theatrical revenues only and do not take into account home video and television income, which can form a significant portion of a film 's earnings. Once revenue from home entertainment is factored in it is not immediately clear which film is the most successful. Titanic earned $1.2 billion from video and DVD sales and rentals, in addition to the $2.2 billion it grossed in theaters. While complete sales data are not available for Avatar, it earned $345 million from the sale of sixteen million DVD and Blu - ray units in North America, and ultimately sold a total of thirty million DVD and Blu - ray units worldwide. After home video income is accounted for, both films have earned over $3 billion. Television broadcast rights will also substantially add to a film 's earnings, with a film often earning as much as 20 -- 25 % of its theatrical box - office for a couple of television runs on top of pay - per - view revenues; Titanic earned a further $55 million from the NBC and HBO broadcast rights, equating to about 9 % of its North American gross.
When a film is highly exploitable as a commercial property, its ancillary revenues can dwarf its income from direct film sales. The Lion King earned over $2 billion in box - office and home video sales, but this pales in comparison to the $6 billion earned at box offices around the world by the stage adaptation. Merchandising can be extremely lucrative too: The Lion King also sold $3 billion of merchandise, while Pixar 's Cars -- which earned $462 million in theatrical revenues and was only a modest hit by comparison to other Pixar films -- generated global merchandise sales of over $8 billion in the five years after its 2006 release. Pixar also had another huge hit with Toy Story 3, which generated almost $10 billion in merchandise retail sales in addition to the $1 billion it earned at the box office.
On this chart, films are ranked by the revenues from theatrical exhibition at their nominal value, along with the highest positions they attained. Thirty - six films in total have grossed in excess of $1 billion worldwide, of which four have grossed over $2 billion, with Avatar ranked in the top position. All of the films have had a theatrical run (including re-releases) in the 21st century, and films that have not played during this period do not appear on the chart because of ticket - price inflation, population size and ticket purchasing trends not being considered.
Box Office Mojo stopped updating its main total for Frozen in August 2014, while it was still in release. The total listed here incorporates subsequent earnings in Japan, Nigeria, Spain, the United Kingdom and Germany up to the end of 2015 but omits earnings in Turkey, Iceland, Brazil, and Australia (2016) which amount to a few hundred thousand dollars. It was re-released in the United Kingdom in December 2017 with Olaf 's Frozen Adventure earning an additional $1,655,398. The total is rounded to $1 million to compensate for the numerical inaccuracy. In the case of The Fate of the Furious the gross is sourced from BoxOffice rather than the chart 's regular source, Box Office Mojo, after irregularities were discovered in the latter 's figure. Ongoing weekly drops in the totals for several countries -- Argentina being the worst affected -- led to a drop in the overall worldwide total. In view of what appears to be an aberration in the source an alternative figure is provided. Box Office Mojo revised the grosses for Pixar films in August 2016, resulting in the gross for Toy Story 3 being corrected from $1.063 billion to $1.067 billion. This means that it peaked at # 4 rather than # 5 at the end of its release, as indicated by the source. Disney issued an erratum to the gross for The Lion King, correcting its gross from $987.5 million to $968.5 million. This means that Despicable Me 2 finished its run ahead of it and would have ranked one place higher at the end of its release. Finding Nemo finished one place higher at the end of its original release, after taking corrections into account. Its total now stands at $940.3 million, which would put the first run at $871.0 million after deducting the 3D reissue gross of $69.3 million, and slightly higher than the $864.6 million Box Office Mojo originally had listed. Meanwhile, Box Office Mojo originally had the gross for The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring listed at $871.4 million prior to its 2011 re-release, but this was dropped to $870.8 million by 2009. The slightly higher gross of $871.0 million for Finding Nemo would rank above the slightly lower gross of $870.8 million for The Fellowship of the Ring.
Because of the long - term effects of inflation, notably the significant increase of movie theater ticket prices, the list unadjusted for inflation gives far more weight to later films. The unadjusted list, while commonly found in the press, is therefore largely meaningless for comparing films widely separated in time, as many films from earlier eras will never appear on a modern unadjusted list, despite achieving higher commercial success when adjusted for price increases. To compensate for the devaluation of the currency, some charts make adjustments for inflation, but not even this practice fully addresses the issue since ticket prices and inflation do not necessarily parallel one another. For example, in 1970, tickets cost $1.55 or about $6.68 in inflation - adjusted 2004 dollars; by 1980, prices had risen to about $2.69, a drop to $5.50 in inflation - adjusted 2004 dollars. Ticket prices have also risen at different rates of inflation around the world, further complicating the process of adjusting worldwide grosses.
Another complication is release in multiple formats for which different ticket prices are charged. One notable example of this phenomenon is Avatar, which was also released in 3D and IMAX: almost two - thirds of tickets for that film were for 3D showings with an average price of $10, and about one - sixth were for IMAX showings with an average price over $14.50, compared to a 2010 average price of $7.61 for 2D films. Social and economic factors such as population change and the growth of international markets also impact on the number of people purchasing theater tickets, along with audience demographics where some films sell a much higher proportion of discounted children 's tickets, or perform better in big cities where tickets cost more.
The measuring system for gauging a film 's success is based on unadjusted grosses, mainly because historically this is the way it has always been done because of the practices of the film industry: the box office receipts are compiled by theaters and relayed to the distributor, which in turn releases them to the media. Converting to a more representative system that counts ticket sales rather than gross is also fraught with problems because the only data available for older films are the sale totals. As the motion picture industry is highly oriented towards marketing currently released films, unadjusted figures are always used in marketing campaigns so that new blockbuster films can much more easily achieve a high sales ranking, and thus be promoted as a "top film of all time '', so there is little incentive to switch to a more robust analysis from a marketing or even newsworthy point of view.
Despite the inherent difficulties in accounting for inflation, several attempts have been made. Estimates depend on the price index used to adjust the grosses, and the exchange rates used to convert between currencies can also impact upon the calculations, both of which can have an effect on the ultimate rankings of an inflation adjusted list. Gone with the Wind -- first released in 1939 -- is generally considered to be the most successful film, with Guinness World Records in 2014 estimating its adjusted global gross at $3.4 billion. Estimates for Gone with the Wind 's adjusted gross have varied substantially: its owner, Turner Entertainment, estimated its adjusted earnings at $3.3 billion in 2007, a few years earlier than the Guinness estimate; other estimates fall either side of this amount, with one putting its gross just under $3 billion in 2010, while another provided an alternative figure of $3.8 billion in 2006. Which film is Gone with the Wind 's nearest rival depends on the set of figures used: Guinness had Avatar in second place with $3 billion, while other estimates saw Titanic in the runner - up spot with first - run worldwide earnings of almost $2.9 billion at 2010 prices. The only other film that all sources agreed grossed in excess of $2 billion at recent prices is Star Wars; according to Guinness it has earned $2.8 billion at 2014 price levels, while other sources from 2010 / 2011 put its adjusted earnings at $2.2 -- 2.6 billion.
Inflation adjustment is carried out using the International Monetary Fund 's global Consumer price index. The index is uniformly applied to the grosses in the chart published by Guinness World Records in 2014, beginning with the 2014 index. The figures in the above chart take into account inflation that occurred in 2014, and in every available year since then, with 2016 the most recent year available.
Guinness ' adjusted total for Titanic only increased by $102,000,000 between the 2012 (published in 2011) and 2015 editions, a rise of 4.2 % shared by the other adjusted totals in the chart, and omitted the gross from a 3D re-release in 2012. This chart incorporates the gross of $343,550,770 from the reissue and adjusts it from the 2014 index. Titanic was re-released again in 2017 but this figure is not represented in the adjusted total.
Since Star Wars: The Force Awakens was released in 2015, inflation is only applied to its gross from 2016 onwards.
Audience tastes were fairly eclectic during the 20th century, but several trends did emerge. During the silent era, films with war themes were popular with audiences, with The Birth of a Nation (American Civil War), The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, The Big Parade and Wings (all World War I) becoming the most successful films in their respective years of release, with the trend coming to an end with All Quiet on the Western Front in 1930. With the advent of sound in 1927, the musical -- the genre best placed to showcase the new technology -- took over as the most popular type of film with audiences, with 1928 and 1929 both being topped by musical films. The genre continued to perform strongly in the 1930s, but the outbreak of World War II saw war themed films dominate again during this period, starting with Gone with the Wind (American Civil War) in 1939, and finishing with The Best Years of Our Lives (World War II) in 1946. Samson and Delilah (1949) saw the beginning of a trend of increasingly expensive historical dramas set during Ancient Rome / biblical times throughout the 1950s as cinema competed with television for audiences, with Quo Vadis, The Robe, The Ten Commandments, Ben - Hur and Spartacus all becoming the highest - grossing film of the year during initial release, before the genre started to wane after several high - profile failures. The success of White Christmas and South Pacific in the 1950s foreshadowed the comeback of the musical in the 1960s with West Side Story, Mary Poppins, My Fair Lady, The Sound of Music and Funny Girl all among the top films of the decade. The 1970s saw a shift in audience tastes to high concept films, with six such films made by either George Lucas or Steven Spielberg topping the chart during the 1980s. The 21st century has seen an increasing dependence on franchises and adaptations, with the box office dominance of films based on pre-existing intellectual property at record levels.
Steven Spielberg is the most represented director on the chart with six films to his credit, occupying the top spot in 1975, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1989 and 1993. Cecil B. DeMille (1932, 1947, 1949, 1952 and 1956) and William Wyler (1942, 1946, 1959 and 1968) are in second and third place with five and four films respectively, while D.W. Griffith (1915, 1916 and 1920), George Roy Hill (1966, 1969 and 1973) and James Cameron (1991, 1997 and 2009) all feature heavily with three films apiece. George Lucas directed two chart - toppers in 1977 and 1999, but also served in a strong creative capacity as a producer and writer in 1980, 1981, 1983, 1984 and 1989 as well. The following directors have also all directed two films on the chart: Frank Lloyd, King Vidor, Frank Capra, Michael Curtiz, Leo McCarey, Alfred Hitchcock, David Lean, Stanley Kubrick, Guy Hamilton, Mike Nichols, William Friedkin, Peter Jackson, Gore Verbinski and Michael Bay; Mervyn LeRoy, Ken Annakin and Robert Wise are each represented by one solo credit and one shared credit, and John Ford co-directed two films. Disney films are usually co-directed and some directors have served on several winning teams: Wilfred Jackson, Hamilton Luske, Clyde Geronimi, David Hand, Ben Sharpsteen, Wolfgang Reitherman and Bill Roberts have all co-directed at least two films on the list. Only five directors have topped the chart in consecutive years: McCarey (1944 and 1945), Nichols (1966 and 1967), Spielberg (1981 and 1982), Jackson (2002 and 2003) and Verbinski (2006 and 2007).
Because of release schedules -- especially in the case of films released towards the end of the year -- and different release patterns across the world, many films can do business in two or more calendar years; therefore the grosses documented here are not confined to just the year of release. Grosses are not limited to original theatrical runs either, with many older films often being re-released periodically so the figures represent all the business a film has done since its original release; a film 's first - run gross is included in brackets after the total if known. Because of incomplete data it can not be known for sure how much money some films have made and when they made it, but generally the chart chronicles the films from each year that went on to earn the most. In the cases where estimates conflict both films are recorded, and in cases where a film has moved into first place because of being re-released the previous record - holder is also retained.
(...) Since grosses are not limited to original theatrical runs, a film 's first - run gross is included in brackets after the total if known.
Canada and U.S. gross only.
Distributor rental.
To be ascertained.
No contemporary sources provide figures for 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, although The Numbers provides a figure of $8,000,000 for the North American box office gross. However, it is possible this figure has been mistaken for the gross of the 1954 remake which also earned $8,000,000 in North American rentals.
Some sources such as The Numbers state that Aloma of the South Seas is the highest grossing film of the year, earning $3 million. However, no contemporary sources provide figures for Aloma of the South Seas, so it is unclear what the $3 million figure relates to. If it were the rental gross then that would have made it not only the highest - grossing film of the year, but one of the highest - grossing films of the silent era, and if that is the case it would be unusual for both International Motion Picture Almanac and Variety to omit it from their lists.
It is not clear if the figure for Sunny Side Up is for North America or worldwide. Other sources put its earnings at $2 million, which may suggest the higher figure is the worldwide rental, given the confusion over international figures during this period.
The figure for It Happened One Night is not truly representative of its success: it was distributed as a package deal along with more than two dozen other Columbia films, and the total earnings were averaged out; the true gross would have been much higher.
Snow White 's $418 million global cume omits earnings outside of North America from 1987 onwards.
It is not absolutely clear how much Gone with the Wind earned from its initial release. Contemporary accounts often list it as earning $32 million in North American rentals and retrospective charts have often duplicated this claim; however, it is likely this was the worldwide rental figure. Trade journals would collate the data by either obtaining it from the distributors themselves, who were keen to promote a successful film, or by surveying theaters and constructing an estimate. Distributors would often report the worldwide rental since the higher figure made the film appear more successful, while estimates were limited to performance in North America; therefore it was not unusual for worldwide and North American rentals to be mixed up. Following the outbreak of World War II, many of the foreign markets were unavailable to Hollywood so it became standard practice to just report on North American box - office performance. In keeping with this new approach, the North American rental for Gone with the Wind was revised to $21 million in 1947 ($11 million lower than the previous figure), and as of 1953 -- following the 1947 re-release -- Variety was reporting earnings of $26 million. Through 1956, MGM reported cumulative North American earnings of $30,015,000 and foreign earnings of $18,964,000, from three releases. Worldwide rentals of $32 million from the initial release is consistent with the revised figures and later reported worldwide figures: they indicate that the film earned $21 million in North America and $11 million overseas from the initial release, and added a further $9 million in North America and $8 million overseas from subsequent re-releases up to 1956.
Mom and Dad does not generally feature in ' high - gross ' lists such as those published by Variety due to its independent distribution. Essentially belonging to the exploitation genre, it was marketed as an educational sex hygiene film in an effort to circumvent censorship laws. Falling foul of the Motion Picture Production Code, Mom and Dad was prevented from obtaining mainstream distribution and restricted to independent and drive - in theaters. It was the biggest hit of its kind, and remained in continual distribution until the 1970s when hardcore pornography eventually took over. At the end of 1947 it had earned $2 million, and by 1949, $8 million; by 1956 it had earned $22 million in rentals, representing a gross of $80 million, and would have easily placed in the top ten films in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Estimates of its total earnings are as high as $100 million.
Chopra - Gant stipulates that the figure given for Unconquered is for North American box - office, but as was common at the time, the chart confuses worldwide and North American grosses. Other sources state that the takings for Forever Amber ($8 million) and Life with Father ($6.5 million) were in fact worldwide rental grosses, so it is possible this is also true of Unconquered.
The Cinerama figures represent gross amounts. Since the Cinerama corporation owned the theaters there were no rental fees for the films, meaning the studio received 100 % of the box - office gross, unlike the case with most other films where the distributor typically receives less than half the gross. Since Variety at the time ranked films by their US rental, they constructed a hypothetical rental figure for the Cinerama films to provide a basis for comparison to other films in their chart: in the case of This Is Cinerama, the $50 million worldwide gross was reconfigured as a $12.5 million US rental gross; this is exactly 25 % of the amount reported by Cinerama, so Variety 's formula seemingly halved the gross to obtain an estimate for the US share, and halved it again to simulate a rental fee. Variety 's ' rental ' amounts are often repeated, but have no basis in the reality of what the films actually earned -- they are hypothetical figures conceived for comparative analysis. All five Cinerama features collectively generated $120 million in worldwide box office receipts.
Variety put the worldwide rental for The Greatest Show on Earth at around $18.35 million (with $12.8 million coming from the United States) a year after its release; however, Birchard puts its earnings at just over $15 million up to 1962. It is likely that Birchard 's figure is just the North American gross rental, and includes revenue from the 1954 and 1960 reissues.
The "first run '' Star Wars grosses do not include revenue from the 1997 special - edition releases; however, the figure does include revenue from the re-releases prior to the special editions.
Production costs were shared with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1.
At least ten films have held the record of ' highest - grossing film ' since The Birth of a Nation assumed the top spot in 1915. Both The Birth of a Nation and Gone with the Wind spent twenty - five consecutive years apiece as the highest - grosser, with films directed by Steven Spielberg holding the record on three occasions and James Cameron -- the current holder -- twice. Spielberg became the first director to break his own record when Jurassic Park overtook E.T., and Cameron emulated the feat when Avatar broke the record set by Titanic.
Some sources claim that The Big Parade superseded The Birth of a Nation as highest - grossing film, eventually being replaced by Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, which in turn was quickly usurped by Gone with the Wind. Exact figures are not known for The Birth of a Nation, but contemporary records put its worldwide earnings at $5.2 million as of 1919. Its international release was delayed by World War I, and it was not released in many foreign territories until the 1920s; coupled with further re-releases in the United States, its $10 million earnings as reported by Variety in 1932 are consistent with the earlier figure. At this time, Variety still had The Birth of a Nation ahead of The Big Parade ($6,400,000) on distributor rentals and -- if its estimate is correct -- Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ($8,500,000) would not have earned enough on its first theatrical run to take the record; although it would have been the highest - grossing ' talkie ', displacing The Singing Fool ($5,900,000). Although received wisdom holds that it is unlikely The Birth of a Nation was ever overtaken by a silent - era film, the record would fall to 1925 's Ben - Hur ($9,386,000) if The Birth of a Nation earned significantly less than its estimated gross. In addition to its gross rental earnings through public exhibition, The Birth of a Nation played at a large number of private, club and organizational engagements which figures are unavailable for. It was hugely popular with the Ku Klux Klan who used it to drive recruitment, and at one point Variety estimated its total earnings to stand at around $50 million. Despite later retracting the claim, the sum has been widely reported even though it has never been substantiated. While it is generally accepted that Gone with the Wind took over the record of highest - grossing film on its initial release -- which is true in terms of public exhibition -- it is likely it did not overtake The Birth of a Nation in total revenue until a much later date, with it still being reported as the highest earner up until the 1960s. Gone with the Wind itself may have been briefly overtaken by The Ten Commandments (1956), which closed at the end of 1960 with worldwide rentals of $58 -- 60 million compared to Gone with the Wind 's $59 million; if it did claim the top spot its tenure there was short - lived, since Gone with the Wind was re-released the following year and increased its earnings to $67 million. Depending on how accurate the estimates are, the 1959 remake of Ben - Hur may also have captured the record from Gone with the Wind: as of the end of 1961 it had earned $47 million worldwide, and by 1963 it was trailing Gone with the Wind by just $2 million with international takings of $65 million, ultimately earning $66 million from its initial release.
Another film purported to have been the highest - grosser is the 1972 pornographic film, Deep Throat. In 1984, Linda Lovelace testified to a United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on juvenile justice that the film had earned $600 million; this figure has been the subject of much speculation, since if it is accurate then the film would have made more money than Star Wars, and finished the 1970s as the highest - grossing film. The main argument against this figure is that it simply did not have a wide enough release to sustain the sort of sums that would be required for it to ultimately gross this amount. Exact figures are not known, but testimony in a federal trial in 1976 -- about four years into the film 's release -- showed the film had grossed over $25 million. Roger Ebert has reasoned it possibly did earn as much as $600 million on paper, since mobsters owned most of the adult movie theaters during this period and would launder income from drugs and prostitution through them, so probably inflated the box office receipts for the film.
The Birth of a Nation, Gone with the Wind, The Godfather, Jaws, Star Wars, E.T. and Avatar all increased their record grosses with re-releases. The grosses from their original theatrical runs are included here along with totals from re-releases up to the point that they lost the record; therefore the total for The Birth of a Nation includes income from its reissues up to 1940; the total for Star Wars includes revenue from the late 1970s and early 1980s reissues but not from the 1997 Special Edition; the total for E.T. incorporates its gross from the 1985 reissue but not from 2002; the total for Avatar -- as the current record - holder -- includes all its earnings at the present time. Gone with the Wind is represented twice on the chart: the 1940 entry includes earnings from its staggered 1939 -- 1942 release (roadshow / general release / second - run) along with all of its revenue up to the 1961 reissue prior to losing the record to The Sound of Music in 1966; its 1971 entry -- after it took back the record -- includes income from the 1967 and 1971 reissues but omitting later releases. The Godfather was re-released in 1973 after its success at the 45th Academy Awards, and Jaws was released again in 1976, and their grosses here most likely include earnings from those releases. The Sound of Music, The Godfather, Jaws, Jurassic Park and Titanic increased their earnings with further releases in 1973, 1997, 1979, 2013 and 2012 respectively, but they are not included in the totals here since they had already conceded the record prior to being re-released.
Distributor rental.
Includes revenue from re-releases. If a film increased its gross through re-releases while holding the record, the year in which it recorded its highest gross is also noted in italics.
Prior to 2000, only seven film series had grossed over $1 billion at the box office: James Bond, Star Wars, Indiana Jones, Rocky, Batman, Jurassic Park and Star Trek. Since the turn of the century that number has increased to over fifty (not including one - off hits such as Avatar, Titanic and Frozen). This is partly due to inflation and market growth, but also to Hollywood 's adoption of the franchise model: films that have built - in brand recognition, such as being based on a well known literary source or an established character. The methodology is based on the concept that films associated with things audiences are already familiar with can be more effectively marketed to them, and as such are known as "pre-sold '' films within the industry.
A franchise traditionally has a tautological relationship with an intellectual property, but this is not a prerequisite. An enduring staple of the franchise model is the concept of the crossover, which can be defined as "a story in which characters or concepts from two or more discrete texts or series of texts meet ''. A consequence of a crossover is that an intellectual property may be utilized by more than one franchise. For example, Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice belongs to not only the Batman and Superman franchises, but also to the DC Extended Universe, which is a shared universe. A shared universe is a particular type of crossover where a number of characters from a wide range of fictional works wind up sharing a fictional world too. The most successful shared universe in the medium of film is the Marvel Cinematic Universe, a crossover between multiple superhero properties owned by Marvel Comics. The Marvel Cinematic Universe is also the highest - grossing franchise, amassing over $17 billion at the box office.
The Star Wars films are the highest - grossing series based on a single property, earning over $9 billion at the box office (although the Eon James Bond films have earned over $14 billion in total when adjusted to current prices). If ancillary income from merchandise is included, then Star Wars is the most lucrative property; it holds the Guinness world record for the "most successful film merchandising franchise '' and was valued at £ 19.51 billion in 2012 (approximately $30 billion). The Marvel Cinematic Universe has had the most films gross over $1 billion with six and the three Avengers films comprise the only franchise where each installment has grossed over $1 billion. Avengers is also the only franchise to have a series average of over $1 billion per film, although the Star Wars, Pirates of the Caribbean, Jurassic Park and Finding Nemo franchises, Harry Potter films, and Peter Jackson 's Middle - earth adaptation all average over $1 billion adjusted for inflation.
Canada and U.S. gross only.
Distributor rental.
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who plays the sheriff on sons of anarchy | Sons of Anarchy (season 4) - wikipedia
The fourth season of the American television drama series Sons of Anarchy created by Kurt Sutter about the lives of a close - knit outlaw motorcycle club operating in Charming, a fictional town in California 's Central Valley. The show centers on protagonist Jackson "Jax '' Teller (Charlie Hunnam), the then -- vice president of the club, who begins questioning the club and himself.
Season Four premiered on September 6, 2011, on cable network FX. The season premiere ("Out '') by series executive producer and principal director Paris Barclay and written by series creator and executive producer Kurt Sutter was one of the highest - rated telecasts in FX 's history.
Sons of Anarchy is the story of the Teller - Morrow family of Charming, California, as well as the other members of Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club, Redwood Original (SAMCRO), their families, various Charming townspeople, allied and rival gangs, associates, and law agencies that undermine or support SAMCRO 's legal and illegal enterprises.
Although Sons of Anarchy is set in Northern California 's Central Valley, it is filmed primarily at Occidental Studios Stage 5A in North Hollywood. Main sets located there include the clubhouse, St. Thomas Hospital and Jax 's house. The production rooms at the studio used by the writing staff also double as the Charming police station. External scenes are often filmed nearby in Sun Valley and Tujunga.
Alan Sepinwall stated that the fourth season risked predictability by returning to a successful formula of storytelling, but he nonetheless preferred those episodes to those of season three. Maureen Ryan reviewed the fourth season positively. She praised the addition of Lincoln Potter (played by Ray McKinnon), comparing the character 's quality to that of Breaking Bad 's antagonist, Gustavo Fring. The A.V. Club called the fourth season more "focused '' and "operatic ''. AV Club reviewer Zack Handlen was fond of the season but felt disappointed with the finale, saying it featured a "lousy case of dictated convenience, of an arbitrary and unbelievable reveal used to shift characters around to where the writers want them to be for next season, as opposed to where they might land organically. '' However, the review did praise Charlie Hunnam 's performance in the finale. TIME said the fourth season was the strongest since season two, but the show needed to end sooner rather than later. TIME also agreed that the finale 's contrivances were sometimes too visible, stating "it 's the principle: you can only turn up alive at your own funeral so many times before it starts to lose its impact. ''
The fourth season was released on DVD and Blu - ray in region 1 on August 28, 2012.
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from the latin what is the date of a person's death | Death (personification) - wikipedia
Death, due to its prominent place in human culture, is frequently imagined as a personified force, also known as the Grim Reaper. In some mythologies, the Grim Reaper causes the victim 's death by coming to collect them. In turn, people in some stories try to hold on to life by avoiding Death 's visit, or by fending Death off with bribery or tricks. Other beliefs hold that the Spectre of Death is only a psychopomp, serving to sever the last ties between the soul and the body, and to guide the deceased to the afterlife, without having any control over when or how the victim dies. Death is most often personified in male form, although in certain cultures Death is perceived as female (for instance, Marzanna in Slavic mythology).
Mot (lit. "Death '') was personified to Canaanites as a god of death. He was considered a son of the king of the gods, El. His contest with the storm god Baʿal forms part of the myth cycle discovered in the 1920s in the ruins of Ugarit. Lacunae obscure some of the details, but Mot apparently consumes Baʿal before being split open and mutilated by that god 's sister, the warrior ' Anat. After a time, both gods are restored and resume battle before the sun goddess Shapash prompts a truce by warning Mot that, if forced to, El would intervene on Baʿal 's behalf. The Phoenicians also worshipped death under the name Mot and a version of Mot later became Maweth, the devil or angel of death in Judaism.
Ancient Greece found Death to be inevitable, and therefore, he is not represented as purely evil. He is often portrayed as a bearded and winged man, but has also been portrayed as a young boy. Death, or Thanatos, "θάνατος '' in Greek, is the counterpart of life, death being represented as male, and life as female. He is the twin brother of Hypnos, "ὕπνος '' in Greek, the god of sleep. He is typically shown with his brother and is represented as being just and gentle. His job is to escort the dead to the underworld, Hades, "ᾄδῃς '' in Greek. He then hands the dead over to Charon, "χάρων '' in Greek, who mans the boat that carries them over the river Styx, "Στύξ '' in Greek, which separates the land of the living from the land of the dead. It was believed that if the ferryman did not receive some sort of payment i.e. Charon 's obol, "ὀβολός '' in Greek, the soul would not be delivered to the underworld and would be left by the riverside for a hundred years. Thanatos ' sisters, the Keres, were the spirits of violent death. They were associated with deaths from battle, disease, accident, and murder. The sisters were portrayed as evil, often feeding on the blood of the body after the soul had been escorted to Hades. They had fangs and talons, and would be dressed in bloody garments.
Breton folklore shows a spectral figure portending death, the Ankou (yr Angau in Welsh). Usually, the Ankou is the spirit of the last person that died within the community and appears as a tall, haggard figure with a wide hat and long white hair or a skeleton with a revolving head who sees everyone, everywhere. The Ankou drives a deathly wagon or cart with a creaking axle. The cart or wagon is piled high with corpses and a stop at a cabin means instant death for those inside.
In Ireland there was a creature known as a dullahan, whose head would be tucked under his or her arm (dullahans were not one, but an entire species), and the head was said to have large eyes and a smile that could reach the head 's ears. The dullahan would ride a black horse or a carriage pulled by black horses, and stop at the house of someone about to die, and call their name, and immediately the person would die. The dullahan did not like being watched, and it was believed that if a dullahan knew someone was watching them, they would lash that person 's eyes with their whip, which was made from a spine; or they would toss a basin of blood on the person, which was a sign that the person was next to die.
Also in Ireland there is a female spirit known as Banshee, who heralds the death of a person, usually by shrieking or keening. The banshee is often described in Gaelic lore as wearing red or green, usually with long, disheveled hair. She can appear in a variety of forms. Perhaps most often she is seen as an ugly, frightful hag, but she can also appear as young and beautiful if she chooses. In Ireland and parts of Scotland, a traditional part of mourning is the keening woman (bean chaointe), who wails a lament -- in Irish: Caoineadh, caoin meaning "to weep, to wail ''. When several banshees appear at once, it indicates the death of someone great or holy. The tales sometimes recounted that the woman, though called a fairy, was a ghost, often of a specific murdered woman, or a mother who died in childbirth.
In Scottish folklore there was a belief that a black, dark green or white dog known as a Cù Sìth took dying souls to the afterlife.
In Poland, Death, or Śmierć, has an appearance similar to the traditional Grim Reaper, but instead of a black robe, Death has a white robe. Also, due to grammar, Death is a female (the word śmierć is of feminine gender), mostly seen as an old skeletal woman, as depicted in 16th century dialogue "Rozmowa Mistrza Polikarpa ze Śmiercią '' (Latin: "Dialogus inter Mortem et Magistrum Polikarpum '').
In Serbia and other slavic Balkan countries, Grim Reaper is well known as Smrt ("Death '') or Kosač ("Billhook ''), Balkan people found this very similar to the Devil and other dark powers. One popular saying about the Grim Reaper is: Smrt ne bira ni vreme, ni mesto, ni godine ("Death is not choosing a time, place or years '' - which means she is destiny.)
In the Netherlands, but also to lesser extent in Belgium, the personification of Death is known as Magere Hein ("Meager Hein ''). Historically, he was sometimes simply referred to as Hein or variations thereof such as Heintje, Heintjeman and Oom Hendrik ("Uncle Hendrik ''). Related archaic terms are Beenderman ("Bone - man ''), Scherminkel (very meager person, "skeleton '') and Maaijeman ("mow - man '', a reference to his scythe).
The concept of Magere Hein was pre-Christian and tied to Pagan beliefs, but it was Christianized and likely gained its modern name and features (scythe, skeleton, black robe etc.) during the Middle Ages. The designation "Meager '' comes from its portrayal as a skeleton, which was largely influenced by the Christian "Dance of Death '' (Dutch: dodendans) theme that was prominent in Europe during the late Middle Ages. "Hein '' was a Middle Dutch name originating as a short form of Heinric (see Henry (given name)). Its use was possibly related to the comparable German concept of "Freund Hein ''. Notable is that many of the names given to Death can also refer to the Devil, showing how his status as a feared and "evil '' being led to him being merged into the concept of Satan.
In Belgium, this personification of Death is now commonly called Pietje de Dood "Little Pete, the Death ''. As with some of the Dutch names, it can also refer to the Devil.
In Scandinavia, in Norse mythology death was personified in the shape of Hel, the goddess of death and ruler over the realm of the same name, where she received a portion of the dead. In the times of the Black Plague, Death would often be depicted as an old woman known by the name of Pesta, meaning "plague hag ''. She wore a black hood. She would go into a town carrying either a rake or a broom. If she brought the rake, some people would survive the plague; if she brought the broom, however, everyone would die.
Later, Scandinavians adopted the classic Grim Reaper with a scythe and black robe.
Lithuanians named Death Giltinė, deriving from the word gelti ("to sting ''). Giltinė was viewed as an old, ugly woman with a long blue nose and a deadly poisonous tongue. The legend tells that Giltinė was young, pretty and communicative until she was trapped in a coffin for seven years. The goddess of death was a sister of the goddess of life and destiny, Laima, symbolizing the relationship between beginning and end.
Lithuanians later adopted the classic Grim Reaper with a scythe and black robe.
The Sanskrit word for death is mrityu (cognate with Latin mors and Polish śmierć), which is often personified in Dharmic religions.
In Hindu scriptures, the lord of death is called King Yama (यम राज, Yama Rājā). He is also known as the King of Karmic Justice (Dharmaraja) as one 's karma at death was considered to lead to a just rebirth. (Yudhishthira, eldest of the pandavas and a personification of justice, was born through Kunti 's prayers to Yama.) Yama rides a black buffalo and carries a rope lasso to carry the soul back to his home, called Naraka, pathalloka, or Yamaloka. There are many forms of reapers, although some say there is only one who disguises himself as a small child. His agents, the Yamadutas, carry souls back to Yamalok. There, all the accounts of a person 's good and bad deeds are stored and maintained by Chitragupta. The balance of these deeds allows Yama to decide where the soul has to reside in its next life, following the theory of reincarnation. Yama is also mentioned in the Mahabharata as a great philosopher and devotee of the Supreme Brahman.
Buddhist scriptures also mention Mara, much in the similar way.
Yama was introduced to Chinese mythology through Buddhism. In Chinese, he is known as King Yan (t 閻 王, s 阎 王, p Yánwáng) or Yanluo (t 閻羅 王, s 阎罗 王, p Yánluówáng), ruling the ten gods of the underworld Diyu. He is normally depicted wearing a Chinese judge 's cap and traditional Chinese robes and appears on most forms of hell money offered in ancestor worship. From China, Yama spread to Japan as the Great King Enma (閻魔 大 王, Enma - Dai - Ō), ruler of Jigoku (地獄); Korea as the Great King Yŏmna (염라 대 왕), ruler of Jiok (지옥); and Vietnam as Diêm La Vương, ruler of Địa Ngục or Âm Phủ
Separately, the Kojiki relates that the Japanese goddess Izanami was burnt to death giving birth to the fire god Hinokagutsuchi. She then entered a realm of perpetual night called Yomi - no - Kuni. Her husband Izanagi pursued her there but discovered his wife was no longer as beautiful as before. After an argument, she promises she will take a thousand lives every day, becoming a goddess of death. There are also death gods called shinigami (死神), which are closer to the Western tradition of the Grim Reaper; while common in modern Japanese arts and fiction, they were essentially absent in traditional mythology.
In Korean mythology, the equivalent of the Grim Reaper is the "Netherworld Emissary '' Jeoseung - saja (저승 사자). He is depicted as a stern and ruthless bureaucrat in Yŏmna 's service. A psychopomp, he escorts all -- good or evil -- from the land of the living to the netherworld when the time comes.
Our Lady of the Holy Death (Santa Muerte) is a female deity of Mexican folk religion, whose faith has been spreading in Mexico and the United States. Since the pre-Columbian era Mexican culture has maintained a certain reverence towards death, which can be seen in the widespread commemoration of the Day of the Dead. Elements of that celebration include the use of skeletons to remind people of their mortality. The cult of Santa Muerte is indeed a continuation of the Aztec cult of the goddess of death Mictecacihuatl (Nahuatl for "Lady of the Dead '') clad in Spanish iconography.
In Aztec mythology, Mictecacihuatl is the "Queen of Mictlan '' (Mictlancihuatl), the underworld, ruling over the afterlife with Mictlantecuhtli, another deity who is designated as her husband. Her role is to keep watch over the bones of the dead. She presided over the ancient festivals of the dead, which evolved from Aztec traditions into the modern Day of the Dead after synthesis with Spanish cultural traditions. She is said now to preside over the contemporary festival as well. She is known as the "Lady of the Dead '' since it is believed that she was born, then sacrificed as an infant. Mictecacihuatl was represented with a defleshed body and with jaw agape to swallow the stars during the day.
San La Muerte (Saint Death) is a skeletal folk saint that is venerated in Paraguay, the Northeast of Argentina and southern Brazil. As the result of internal migration in Argentina since the 1960s the veneration of San La Muerte has been extended to Greater Buenos Aires and the national prison system as well. Saint Death is depicted as a male skeleton figure usually holding a scythe. Although the Catholic Church in Mexico has attacked the devotion of Saint Death as a tradition that mixes paganism with Christianity and is contrary to the Christian belief of Christ defeating death, many devotees consider the veneration of San La Muerte as being part of their Catholic faith. The rituals connected to and powers ascribed to San La Muerte are very similar to those of Santa Muerte.
In the Brazilian religion Umbanda, the orixá Omolu personifies sickness and death, and also the cure. The image of the death is also associated with Exu, lord of the crossroads, who rules the midnight and the cemeteries.
The "Angel of the Lord '' smites 185,000 men in the Assyrian camp (II Kings 19: 35). When the Angel of Death passes through to smite the Egyptian first - born, God prevents "the destroyer '' (shâchath) from entering houses with blood on the lintel and side posts (Exodus 12: 23). The "destroying angel '' (mal'ak ha - mashḥit) rages among the people in Jerusalem (II Sam. 24: 16). In I Chronicles 21: 15 the "angel of the Lord '' is seen by King David standing "between the earth and the heaven, having a drawn sword in his hand stretched out over Jerusalem. '' The biblical Book of Job (33: 22) uses the general term "destroyers '' (memitim), which tradition has identified with "destroying angels '' (mal'ake Khabbalah), and Prov. 16: 14 uses the term the "angels of death '' (mal'ake ha - mavet). The angel Azra'il is sometimes referred as the Angel of Death as well.
Jewish tradition also refers to Death as the Angel of Dark and Light, a name which stems from Talmudic lore. There is also a reference to "Abaddon '' (The Destroyer), an Angel who is known as the "Angel of the Abyss ''. In Talmudic lore, he is characterized as archangel Michael.
In Hebrew scriptures, Death ("Maweth '') is sometimes personified as a devil or angel of death (e.g., Habakkuk 2: 5; Job 18: 13). In both the Book of Hosea and the Book of Jeremiah, Maweth / Mot is mentioned as a deity to whom Yahweh can turn over Judah as punishment for worshiping other gods. The memitim are a type of angel from biblical lore associated with the mediation over the lives of the dying. The name is derived from the Hebrew word mĕmītǐm (מְמִיתִים -- "executioners '', "slayers '', "destroyers '') and refers to angels that brought about the destruction of those whom the guardian angels no longer protected. While there may be some debate among religious scholars regarding the exact nature of the memitim, it is generally accepted that, as described in the Book of Job 33: 22, they are killers of some sort.
According to the Midrash, the Angel of Death was created by God on the first day. His dwelling is in heaven, whence he reaches earth in eight flights, whereas Pestilence reaches it in one. He has twelve wings. "Over all people have I surrendered thee the power, '' said God to the Angel of Death, "only not over this one which has received freedom from death through the Law. '' It is said of the Angel of Death that he is full of eyes. In the hour of death, he stands at the head of the departing one with a drawn sword, to which clings a drop of gall. As soon as the dying man sees Death, he is seized with a convulsion and opens his mouth, whereupon Death throws the drop into it. This drop causes his death; he turns putrid, and his face becomes yellow. The expression "the taste of death '' originated in the idea that death was caused by a drop of gall.
The soul escapes through the mouth, or, as is stated in another place, through the throat; therefore, the Angel of Death stands at the head of the patient (Adolf Jellinek, l.c. ii. 94, Midr. Teh. to Ps. xi.). When the soul forsakes the body, its voice goes from one end of the world to the other, but is not heard (Gen. R. vi. 7; Ex. R. v. 9; Pirḳe R. El. xxxiv.). The drawn sword of the Angel of Death, mentioned by the Chronicler (I. Chron. 21: 15; comp. Job 15: 22; Enoch 62: 11), indicates that the Angel of Death was figured as a warrior who kills off the children of men. "Man, on the day of his death, falls down before the Angel of Death like a beast before the slaughterer '' (Grünhut, "Liḳḳuṭim '', v. 102a). R. Samuel 's father (c. 200) said: "The Angel of Death said to me, ' Only for the sake of the honor of mankind do I not tear off their necks as is done to slaughtered beasts ' '' (' Ab. Zarah 20b). In later representations, the knife sometimes replaces the sword, and reference is also made to the cord of the Angel of Death, which indicates death by throttling. Moses says to God: "I fear the cord of the Angel of Death '' (Grünhut, l.c.v. 103a et seq.). Of the four Jewish methods of execution, three are named in connection with the Angel of Death: Burning (by pouring hot lead down the victim 's throat), slaughtering (by beheading), and throttling. The Angel of Death administers the particular punishment that God has ordained for the commission of sin.
A peculiar mantle ("idra '' - according to Levy, "Neuhebr. Wörterb. '' i. 32, a sword) belongs to the equipment of the Angel of Death (Eccl. R. iv. 7). The Angel of Death takes on the particular form which will best serve his purpose; e.g., he appears to a scholar in the form of a beggar imploring pity (The beggar should receive Tzedakah.) (M. Ḳ. 28a). "When pestilence rages in the town, walk not in the middle of the street, because the Angel of Death (i.e., pestilence) strides there; if peace reigns in the town, walk not on the edges of the road. When pestilence rages in the town, go not alone to the synagogue, because there the Angel of Death stores his tools. If the dogs howl, the Angel of Death has entered the city; if they make sport, the prophet Elijah has come '' (B. Ḳ. 60b). The "destroyer '' (saṭan ha - mashḥit) in the daily prayer is the Angel of Death (Ber. 16b). Midr. Ma'ase Torah (compare Jellinek, "B.H. '' ii. 98) says: "There are six Angels of Death: Gabriel over kings; Ḳapẓiel over youths; Mashbir over animals; Mashḥit over children; Af and Ḥemah over man and beast. ''
Talmud teachers of the 4th century associate quite familiarly with him. When he appeared to one on the street, the teacher reproached him with rushing upon him as upon a beast, whereupon the angel called upon him at his house. To another, he granted a respite of thirty days, that he might put his knowledge in order before entering the next world. To a third, he had no access, because he could not interrupt the study of the Talmud. To a fourth, he showed a rod of fire, whereby he is recognized as the Angel of Death (M.K. 28a). He often entered the house of Bibi and conversed with him (Ḥag. 4b). Often, he resorts to strategy in order to interrupt and seize his victim (B.M. 86a; Mak. 10a).
The death of Joshua ben Levi in particular is surrounded with a web of fable. When the time came for him to die and the Angel of Death appeared to him, he demanded to be shown his place in paradise. When the angel had consented to this, he demanded the angel 's knife, that the angel might not frighten him by the way. This request also was granted him, and Joshua sprang with the knife over the wall of paradise; the angel, who is not allowed to enter paradise, caught hold of the end of his garment. Joshua swore that he would not come out, and God declared that he should not leave paradise unless he was absolved from his oath; if not absolved, he was to remain. The Angel of Death then demanded back his knife, but Joshua refused. At this point, a heavenly voice (bat ḳol) rang out: "Give him back the knife, because the children of men have need of it will bring death. '' Hesitant, Joshua Ben Levi gives back the knife in exchange for the Angel of Deaths name. To never forget the name he carved Troke into his arm the Angel of Death 's chosen name. When the knife was returned to the Angel Joshua 's carving of the name faded and he forgot. (Ket. 77b; Jellinek, l.c. ii. 48 -- 51; Bacher, l.c.i. 192 et seq.).
The Rabbis found the Angel of Death mentioned in Psalm 89: 48, where the Targum translates: "There is no man who lives and, seeing the Angel of Death, can deliver his soul from his hand. '' Eccl. 8: 4 is thus explained in Midrash Rabbah to the passage: "One may not escape the Angel of Death, nor say to him, ' Wait until I put my affairs in order, ' or ' There is my son, my slave: take him in my stead. ' '' Where the Angel of Death appears, there is no remedy, but his name (Talmud, Ned. 49a; Hul. 7b). If one who has sinned has confessed his fault, the Angel of Death may not touch him (Midrash Tanhuma, ed. Buber, 139). God protects from the Angel of Death (Midrash Genesis Rabbah lxviii.).
By acts of benevolence, the anger of the Angel of Death is overcome; when one fails to perform such acts the Angel of Death will make his appearance (Derek Ereẓ Zuṭa, viii.). The Angel of Death receives his orders from God (Ber. 62b). As soon as he has received permission to destroy, however, he makes no distinction between good and bad (B. Ḳ. 60a). In the city of Luz, the Angel of Death has no power, and, when the aged inhabitants are ready to die, they go outside the city (Soṭah 46b; compare Sanh. 97a). A legend to the same effect existed in Ireland in the Middle Ages (Jew. Quart. Rev. vi. 336).
In Roman Catholicism, the archangel Michael is viewed as the good Angel of Death (as opposed to Samael, the controversial Angel of Death), carrying the souls of the deceased to Heaven (cf. his invocation in the traditional offertory prayer of the Requiem Mass). Death is also one of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse portrayed in the Book of Revelation. Revelation 6: 7 -- 8
In Islam, Azrail (Malak al - Maut) is the angel of Death. He pulls the souls out of the body, and guides them through the journey of the afterlife. His appearance depends on the person 's deed and actions, with those that did good seeing a beautiful being, and those that did wrong seeing a horrific monster.
Islamic tradition discusses elaborately, almost in graphic detail, as to what exactly happens before, during, and after the death. The angel of death (Malak al - Maut) appears to the dying to take out their souls. The sinners ' souls are extracted in a most painful way while the righteous are treated easily. After the burial, two angels -- Munkar and Nakir -- come to question the dead in order to test their faith. The righteous believers answer correctly and live in peace and comfort while the sinners and disbelievers fail and punishments ensue. The time period or stage between death and resurrection is called the life of barzakh.
Death is a significant event in Islamic life and theology. It is seen not as the termination of life, rather the continuation of life in another form. In Islamic belief, God has made this worldly life as a test and a preparation ground for the afterlife; and with death, this worldly life comes to an end. Thus, every person has only one chance to prepare themselves for the life to come where God will resurrect and judge every individual and will entitle them to rewards or punishment, based on their good or bad deeds. And death is seen as the gateway to and beginning of the afterlife. In Islamic belief, death is predetermined by God, and the exact time of a person 's death is known only to God.
* NOTE: Although this game does not make a direct reference to (the personification of) Death, the character 's name (Mr. D, or The Dark One) along with characteristics and features that both Death and this character possess, distinctively implies that this character is Death.
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describe the similarities among major events in latin american countries during the cold war | Latin America -- United States relations - wikipedia
Latin America -- United States relations ' are relations between the United States of America and the countries of Latin America. Historically speaking, bilateral relations between the United States and the various countries of Latin America have been multifaceted and complex, at times defined by strong regional cooperation and at others filled with economic and political tension and rivalry. Although relations between the U.S. government and most of Latin America were limited prior to the late 1800s, for most of the past century, the United States has unofficially regarded parts of Latin America as within its sphere of influence, and for much of the Cold War (1947 -- 1991), actively vied with the Soviet Union for influence in the Western Hemisphere.
Today, the ties between the United States and most of Latin America (with the exception of certain countries such as Cuba and Venezuela) are generally cordial, but there remain areas of tension between the two sides. Latin America is the largest foreign supplier of oil to the United States and its fastest - growing trading partner, as well as the largest source of drugs and U.S. immigrants, both documented and otherwise, all of which underline the continually evolving relationship between the two.
Until the end of the 19th century, the United States had a special relationship primarily with nearby Mexico and Cuba. Otherwise, relationships with other Latin American countries were of minor importance to both sides, consisting mostly of a small amount of trade. Apart from Mexico, there was little migration to the United States and little American financial investment. Politically and economically, Latin America (apart from Mexico and the Spanish colony of Cuba) was largely tied to Britain. The United States had no involvement in the process by which Spanish possessions broke away and became independent around 1820. In cooperation with, and help from, Britain, the United States issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823, warning against the establishment of any additional European colonies in Latin America.
Texas, which had been settled by colonies of Americans, fought a successful war to steal land from Mexico in 1836. Mexico refused to recognize the independence and warned that annexation to the United States meant war. Annexation came in 1845 and the Mexican - American War began in 1846. The American military was easily triumphant. The result was the Mexican Cession of Santa Fe de Nuevo México and Alta California. About 60,000 Mexicans remained in the territories and became US citizens. France took advantage of the American Civil War (1861 -- 65), using its army to take over Mexico. Due to defeats in Europe, France pulled out troops, leaving the Imperialists and Maximilian I of Mexico to face defeat from the Benito Juarez - led Republicans (backed by the US).
The Anglo - Venezuelan boundary dispute of Guayana Esequiba in 1895 asserted for the first time a more outward - looking American foreign policy, particularly in the Americas, marking the United States as a world power. This was the earliest example of modern interventionism under the Monroe Doctrine, in which the U.S. exercised its claimed prerogatives in the Americas. By the late nineteenth century the rapid economic growth of the United States increasingly troubled Latin America. A Pan-American Union was created under American aegis, but it had little impact as did its successor the Organization of American States.
As unrest in Cuba escalated in the 1890s, the United States demanded reforms that Spain was unable to accomplish. The result was the short Spanish -- American War of 1898, in which United States acquired Puerto Rico and set up a protectorate over Cuba under the Platt Amendment rule passed as part of the 1901 Army Appropriations Bill. The building of the Panama Canal absorbed American attention from 1903. The US facilitated a revolt that made Panama independent and set up the Panama Canal Zone as an American owned and operated district that was finally returned to Panama in 1979. The Canal opened in 1914 and proved a major factor in world trade. The United States paid special attention to protection of the military approaches to the Panama Canal, including threats by Germany. Repeatedly it seized temporary control of the finances of several countries, especially Haiti and Nicaragua.
The Mexican Revolution started in 1911; it alarmed American business interests that had invested in Mexican mines and railways. The United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution, include, among other violations of sovereignty, the ambassadorial backing of a coup and assassination of President Francisco I. Madero and the military occupation of Veracruz. Large numbers of Mexicans fled the war - torn revolution into the southwestern United States. Meanwhile, the United States increasingly replaced Britain as the major trade partner and financier throughout Latin America. The US adopted a "Good Neighbor Policy '' in the 1930s, which meant friendly trade relations would continue regardless of political conditions or dictatorships. United States signed up the major countries as allies against Germany and Japan in World War II. However, some countries like Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela only joined the Allied side in 1945. The era of the Good Neighbor Policy ended with the ramp - up of the Cold War in 1945, as the United States felt there was a greater need to protect the western hemisphere from Soviet Union influence and a potential rise of communism. These changes conflicted with the Good Neighbor Policy 's fundamental principle of non-intervention and led to a new wave of US involvement in Latin American affairs.
The turn of Castro 's revolution in Cuba after 1959 toward Soviet communism alienated Cuba from the United States. An attempted invasion failed and at the peak of the Cold War in 1962, the Cuban Missile Crisis threatened major war as the Soviet Union installed nuclear weapons in Cuba to defend it from an American invasion. There was no invasion, but the United States imposed an economic boycott on Cuba that remains in effect, as well as a broke off diplomatic relations, that lasted until 2015. The US also saw the rise of left - wing governments in central America as a threat and, in some cases, overthrew democratically elected governments perceived at the time as becoming left - wing or unfriendly to U.S. interests. Examples include the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état, the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état, the 1973 Chilean coup d'état and the support of the Contra rebels in Nicaragua. After 1960, Latin America increasingly supplied illegal drugs, especially marijuana and cocaine to the rich American market. One consequence was the growth of extremely violent drug gangs in Mexico and other parts of Central America attempting to control the drug supply. In the 1970s and 80s, the United States gave strong support to violent anti-Communist forces in Latin America. The fall of Soviet communism in 1989 -- 92 largely ended the communist threat. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) took effect in 1994 and dramatically increased the volume of trade among Mexico, the United States and Canada.
As of late, several left - wing parties have gained power through elections, and Venezuela under the late Hugo Chávez and his successor Nicolás Maduro has been particularly critical of U.S. foreign policy; Nicaragua, Bolivia, and Ecuador currently have governments sometimes seen as aligned with Venezuela, while Cuba and the U.S. continue to have non-existent relations. Left - wing governments in nations such as Brazil, Peru, Paraguay, Argentina, and Uruguay during this period were considerably more centrist and neutral.
The centre - right governments in Argentina, Mexico, Panama, Chile, and Colombia have closer relations with the U.S., with Mexico being the U.S 's largest economic partner in Latin America and its third largest overall trade partner after Canada and China. Thanks to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) signed with Canada and Mexico in 1994, the United States enjoys virtual duty - free trade with Mexico. Since 1994, the United States has signed other notable free - trade agreements with Chile in 2004, Peru in 2007, and most recently Colombia and Panama in 2011. By 2015, relations were tense between United States and Venezuela.
Large - scale immigration from Latin America to the United States grew since the late twentieth century. Today approximately 18 % of the U.S. population is Hispanic and Latino Americans, totaling more than 50 million people, mostly of Mexican and Central American background. Furthermore, over 10 million illegal immigrants live in the United States, most of them with Hispanic origins. Many send money back home to family members and contribute considerably to the domestic economies of their countries of origin. Large - scale immigration to the United States came primarily from Mexico and Cuba. Smaller, though still significant, immigrant populations from El Salvador, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala and Colombia exist in the United States.
Most of Latin America is still part of the Organization of American States, and remains bound by the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance also known as the Rio Pact, which provides for hemispheric defense, with the exceptions of Bolivia, Cuba, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Mexico and Venezuela, all of which withdrew from the Treaty during the past decade.
In addition, Argentina is a major non-NATO ally of the United States, the result of a policy of reapproachment and market liberalization led by President Carlos Menem during the 1990s which saw the country send troops as part of the coalition in the Gulf War and become one of the world 's largest contributors to UN peacekeeping operations. After a period of worsening relations during the late 2000s administration of Cristina Kirchner, the election of centre - right President Mauricio Macri has resulted in renewed interest in both countries to continue improving trade and bilateral relations.
Following the events of the Revolution of April 19, 1810, the Captain General Vicente Emparan, designated by Joseph Bonaparte to govern the Captaincy General of Venezuela, were deposed by an expanded municipal government in Caracas that called itself the Supreme Junta to Preserve the Rights of Ferdinand VII (La Suprema Junta Conservadora de los Derechos de Fernando VII). One of the first acts of the Junta was to send a diplomatic mission to the United States to seek the recognition of the Supreme Junta of Caracas as the legitimate government of Venezuela in the absence of the King. Juan Vicente Bolívar Palacios, Jose Rafael Revenga and Telesforo Orea managed to attract the interest of the government of President James Madison to support the Supreme Junta.
In 1811, the arrival of Joel Roberts Poinsett in Santiago de Chile marked the beginning of U.S. involvement in Chilean politics. He had been sent by President James Madison in 1809 as a special agent to the South American Spanish colonies to investigate the prospects of the revolutionaries in their struggle for independence from Spain.
The 1823 Monroe Doctrine, which began the United States ' policy of isolationism, deemed it necessary for the United States to refrain from entering into European affairs, but to protect nations in the Western hemisphere from foreign military intervention. In cooperation with the United Kingdom, The United States issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823, warning against the establishment of any additional European colonies in Latin America.
Despite this, European interventions continued to occur in American countries with the tacit or explicit support of the United States. These interventions include the occupation of the Falkland Islands by Britain in 1833, the French naval blockade of Argentine ports between 1839 and 1840, the Anglo - French blockade of the River Plate from 1845 to 1850, the Spanish invasion of the Dominican Republic between 1861 and 1865, the French intervention in Mexico between 1862 and 1865, the British occupation of the Mosquito coast in Nicaragua and the occupation of the Guayana Essequiba in Venezuela by Great Britain in 1855.
The Anderson -- Gual Treaty (formally, the General Convention of Peace, Amity, Navigation, and Commerce) was an 1824 treaty between the United States and Gran Colombia (now the modern day countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama and Ecuador). It was the first bilateral treaty concluded by the United States with another American country.
The treaty was signed in Santafe de Bogotá on October 3, 1824 by U.S. diplomat, Richard Clough Anderson, and by Venezuelan minister, Pedro Gual Escandón. It was ratified by both countries and began enforcement in May 1825.
The commercial provisions of the treaty granted reciprocal most - favored - nation status and were maintained despite the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1830. The treaty contained a clause that stated it would be in force for 12 years after ratification by both parties; the treaty therefore expired in 1837.
The notion of an international union in the New World was first put forward by the Venezuelan Liberator Simón Bolívar who, at the 1826 Congress of Panama (still being part of Gran Colombia), proposed a league of all American republics with a common military, a mutual defense pact and a supranational parliamentary assembly. Bolívar 's dream of Latin American unity was meant to unify Hispanic American nations against external powers, including the United States. The meeting was attended by representatives of Gran Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, the United Provinces of Central America, and Mexico but the grandly titled "Treaty of Union, League, and Perpetual Confederation '' was ultimately ratified only by Gran Colombia. The United States ' delegates to the Congress were delayed by internal politics in the United States. Though delegates were eventually dispatched by President John Quincy Adams, one (Richard Clough Anderson) died en route to Panama, and the other (John Sergeant) arrived after the Congress had concluded. Thus Great Britain, which attended with only observer status, managed to negotiate many trade deals with Latin American countries. Bolívar 's dream soon foundered, with civil war in Gran Colombia, the disintegration of Central America and the emergence of national, rather than New World, outlooks in the newly independent American republics.
Texas, settled primarily by Anglo - Americans, fought a successful war of independence against Mexico in 1836. Mexico refused to recognize the independence and warned that annexation to the United States meant war. US Annexation of Texas occurred in 1845; predictably, war followed annexation in 1846. The American military was triumphant. The result was the American purchase of New Mexico, Arizona, California and adjacent areas. About 60,000 Mexicans remained in the new territories and became US citizens. In 1862, French forces under Napoleon III invaded and conquered Mexico, giving control to the puppet monarch Emperor Maximilian I. Washington denounced this as a violation of the Monroe Doctrine, but was unable to intervene because of the American Civil War. In 1865, the United States stationed a large combat army on the border to emphasize its demand that France leave. France did pull out and Mexican nationalists executed Maximilian.
The Ostend Manifesto of 1854 was a proposal circulated by American diplomats that proposed the United States offer to purchase Cuba from Spain, while implying that the U.S. should declare war if Spain refused. Nothing came of it. Diplomatically, the US was content to see the island remain in Spanish hands so long as it did not pass to a stronger power such as Britain or France.
The United States tried to bring an early end to the War of the Pacific in 1879, mainly because of US business interests in Peru, but also because its leaders worried that the United Kingdom would take economic control of the region through Chile. Peace negotiations failed when a stipulation required Chile to return the conquered lands. Chileans suspected the new US initiative was tainted with a pro-Peruvian bias. As a result, relations between Chile and the United States took a turn for the worse. Chile instead asked that the United States remain neutral and the United States, unable to match Chilean naval power, backed down.
US Secretary of State, James G. Blaine, created the Big Brother policy in the 1880s, aiming to rally Latin American nations behind US leadership and to open Latin American markets to U.S. traders. Blaine served as United States Secretary of State in 1881 in the cabinet of President James Garfield and again from 1889 to 1892 in the cabinet of President Benjamin Harrison. As part of the policy, Blaine arranged for and lead as the first president the First International Conference of American States in 1889. Blaine went on to live for a few years in Mexico following his success in their relations.
The Venezuelan crisis of 1895 occurred over Venezuela 's longstanding dispute with the United Kingdom about the territory of Essequibo and Guayana Esequiba, which Britain claimed as part of British Guiana and Venezuela saw as Venezuelan territory. As the dispute became a crisis, the key issue became Britain 's refusal to include the territory east of the "Schomburgk Line '', in the proposed international arbitration, which a surveyor had drawn half a century earlier as a boundary between Venezuela and the former Dutch territory of British Guiana. By December 17, 1895, President Grover Cleveland delivered an address to the United States Congress reaffirming the Monroe Doctrine and its relevance to the dispute. The crisis ultimately saw the Britain Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury, accept the United States ' intervention to force arbitration of the entire disputed territory and tacitly accept the United States ' right to intervene under the Monroe Doctrine. A tribunal convened in Paris in 1898 to decide the matter, and in 1899, awarded the bulk of the disputed territory to British Guiana. For the first time, the Anglo - Venezuelan boundary dispute asserted for the first time a more outward - looking American foreign policy, particularly in the Americas, marking the United States as a world power. This was the earliest example of modern interventionism under the Monroe Doctrine, in which the U.S. exercised its claimed prerogatives in the Americas.
The Spanish -- American War was a conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor, leading to American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. The sinking of the USS Maine occurred on February 15, resulting in the deaths of 266 people and causing the United States to blame Spain, since the ship had been sent to Havana in order to protect a community of U.S. citizens there. American acquisition of Spain 's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine -- American War.
Revolts against Spanish rule had been occurring for some years in Cuba as is demonstrated by the Virginius Affair in 1873. In the late 1890s, journalists Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst which used yellow journalism, anti-Spanish propaganda, to agitate U.S. public opinion nd encourage war. However, the Hearst and Pulitzer papers circulated among the working class in New York City and did not reach a national audience.
After the mysterious sinking of the US Navy battleship Maine in Havana harbor, political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed the administration of Republican President William McKinley into a war he had wished to avoid. Spain promised time and again that it would reform, but never delivered. The United States sent an ultimatum to Spain demanding it surrender control of Cuba. First Madrid, then Washington, formally declared war.
Although the main issue was Cuban independence, the ten - week war was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific. US naval power proved decisive, allowing expeditionary forces to disembark in Cuba against a Spanish garrison already facing nationwide Cuban insurgent attacks and further wasted by yellow fever. Numerically superior Cuban, Philippine and US forces obtained the surrender of Santiago de Cuba and Manila despite the good performance of some Spanish infantry units and fierce fighting for positions such as San Juan Hill. With two obsolete Spanish squadrons sunk in Santiago de Cuba and Manila Bay and a third, more modern fleet recalled home to protect the Spanish coasts, Madrid sued for peace.
The result was the 1898 Treaty of Paris, negotiated on terms favorable to the U.S., which allowed temporary U.S. control of Cuba and ceded ownership of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine islands. The cession of the Philippines involved payment of $20 million ($588,320,000 today) to Spain by the US to cover infrastructure owned by Spain.
The war began exactly fifty - two years after the beginning of the Mexican -- American War. It was one of only five US wars (against a total of eleven sovereign states) to have been formally declared by Congress.
The Venezuelan crisis of 1902 -- 03 was a naval blockade imposed against Venezuela by Britain, Germany and Italy and lasted from December 1902 to February 1903. The blockade was a result of President Cipriano Castro 's refusal to pay foreign debts and damages suffered by European citizens in the recent Venezuelan Civil War. Castro assumed that the United States ' Monroe Doctrine would see the US prevent European military intervention, but at the time, President Roosevelt interpreted the Doctrine to concern European seizure of territory, rather than intervention per se. With prior promises that no such seizure would occur, the US allowed the action to go ahead without objection. The blockade quickly disabled Venezuela 's small navy, but Castro refused to give in. Instead, he agreed in principle to submit some of the claims to international arbitration, which he had previously rejected. Germany initially objected to this, particularly because it felt some claims should be accepted by Venezuela without arbitration.
U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt forced the blockading nations to back down by sending his own larger fleet under Admiral George Dewey and threatening war if the Germans landed. With Castro failing to back down, increased U.S. and British pressure, and American press reaction to the affair, the blockading nations agreed to a compromise. However, the blockade remained during negotiations over the details of the compromise. The Washington Protocols agreement was signed on February 13, 1903. The agreement lifted the blockade and obligated Venezuela commit 30 % of its customs duties to settling claims. When the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague subsequently awarded preferential treatment to the blockading powers against the claims of other nations, the U.S. feared this would encourage future European intervention. This incident was a major driver of the Roosevelt Corollary and the subsequent U.S. Big Stick policy and Dollar Diplomacy in Latin America.
On March 2, 1901, the Platt Amendment was passed as part of the 1901 Army Appropriations Bill. It stipulated seven conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish -- American War and an eighth condition that Cuba sign a treaty accepting these seven conditions. The amendment defined the terms of Cuban and U.S. relations to essentially be an unequal, with U.S. dominance over Cuba. On December 25, 1901, Cuba amended its constitution to contain the text of the Platt Amendment. On May 22, 1903, Cuba entered into a treaty with the United States to allow the United States to intervene unilaterally in Cuban affairs and a pledge to lease land to the United States for naval bases on the island as Guantanamo.
Theodore Roosevelt, who became President of the United States in 1901, believed that a U.S. - controlled canal across Central America was a vital strategic interest to the United States. This idea gained wide impetus following the destruction of the battleship USS Maine in Cuba on February 15, 1898. The USS Oregon, a battleship stationed in San Francisco, was dispatched to take her place, but the voyage -- around Cape Horn -- took 67 days. Although she was in time to join in the Battle of Santiago Bay, the voyage would have taken just three weeks via Panama. A voyage through a canal in Panama or Nicaragua would have reduced travel time by 60 - 65 % and shortened the travel to 20 -- 25 days.
Roosevelt was able to reverse a previous decision by the Walker Commission in favour of a Nicaragua Canal and pushed through the acquisition of the French Panama Canal effort. Panama was then part of Colombia, so Roosevelt opened negotiations with the Colombians to obtain the necessary permission. In early 1903, he Hay -- Herrán Treaty was signed by both nations, but the Colombian Senate failed to ratify the treaty.
Controversially, Roosevelt implied to Panamanian rebels that if they revolted, the U.S. Navy would assist their cause for independence. Panama proceeded to proclaim its independence on November 3, 1903 and the USS Nashville in local waters impeded any interference from Colombia.
The victorious Panamanians returned the favor to Roosevelt by allowing the United States control of the Panama Canal Zone on February 23, 1904, for US $10,000,000 (as provided in the Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty, signed on November 18, 1903).
When the Venezuelan government under Cipriano Castro was no longer able to placate the demands of European bankers in 1902, naval forces from Britain, Italy, and Germany erected a blockade along the Venezuelan coast and even fired upon coastal fortifications. The U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt 's concern with the threat of penetration into the region by Germany and the increasingly negative British and American press reactions to the affair led to the blockading nations agreement to a compromise. The blockade was maintained during negotiations over the details of refinacial the debt on Washington Protocols.
The U.S. president then formulated the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, in December 1904, which asserted the right of the United States to intervene in Latin American nations ' affairs. In its altered state, the Monroe Doctrine would now consider Latin America as an agency for expanding U.S. commercial interests in the region, along with its original stated purpose of keeping European hegemony from the hemisphere. In addition, the corollary proclaimed the explicit right of the United States to intervene in Latin American conflicts exercising an international police power.
Roosevelt first used the Corollary to act in the Dominican Republic in 1904, which at the time was severely indebted and becoming a failed state.
From 1909 to 1913, President William Howard Taft and Secretary of State Philander C. Knox followed a foreign policy characterized as "dollar diplomacy. '' Taft shared the view held by Knox (a corporate lawyer who had founded the giant conglomerate U.S. Steel) that the goal of diplomacy should be to create stability abroad and, through this stability, promote American commercial interests. Knox felt that not only was the goal of diplomacy to improve financial opportunities, but also to use private capital to further U.S. interests overseas. "Dollar diplomacy '' was evident in extensive U.S. interventions in Cuba, Central America and Venezuela, especially in measures undertaken by the United States government to safeguard American financial interests in the region. During the presidency of Juan Vicente Gómez, Venezuela provided a very favorable atmosphere for U.S. activities at that time petroleum was discovered under Lake Maracaibo basin in 1914. Gómez managed to deflate Venezuela 's staggering debt by granting concessions to foreign oil companies, which won him the support of the United States and the European powers. The growth of the domestic oil industry strengthened the economic ties between the U.S. and Venezuela. In spite of successes, "dollar diplomacy '' failed to counteract economic instability and the tide of revolution in places like Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua and China.
The United States appears to have pursued an inconsistent policy toward Mexico during the Mexican Revolution, but in fact it was the pattern for U.S. diplomacy. "Every victorious faction between 1910 and 1919 enjoyed the sympathy, and in most cases the direct support of U.S. authorities in its struggle for power. In each case, the administration in Washington soon turned on its new friends with the same vehemence it had initially expressed in supporting them. '' The U.S. turned against the regimes it helped install when they began pursuing policies counter to U.S. diplomatic and business interests.
The U.S. sent troops to the border with Mexico when it became clear in March 1911 that the regime of Porfirio Díaz could not control revolutionary violence. Díaz resigned, opening the way for free elections that brought Francisco I. Madero to the presidency in November 1911. The U.S. ambassador to Mexico, Henry Lane Wilson, conspired with opposition forces to topple Madero 's regime in February 1913, during what is known as the Ten Tragic Days.
The U.S. intervened in Mexico twice under the Presidency of Woodrow Wilson. The first time was the United States occupation of Veracruz by the Navy in 1914. The second time, the U.S. mounted a punitive operation in northern Mexico in the Pancho Villa Expedition, aimed at capturing the northern revolutionary who had attacked Columbus, New Mexico.
At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the US carried on several military interventions under principles of Big Stick policy in what became known as the Banana Wars. The term arose from the connections between the interventions and the preservation of US commercial interests. An example is the United Fruit corporation, which had significant financial stakes in production of bananas, tobacco, sugar cane, and various other agricultural products throughout the Caribbean, Central America and the northern portions of South America. US citizens advocating imperialism in the pre -- World War I era often argued that these conflicts helped central and South Americans by aiding in stability. Some imperialists argued that these limited interventions did not serve US interests sufficiently and argued for expanded actions in the region. Anti-imperialists argued that these actions were a first step down a slippery slope towards US colonialism in the region.
Some modern observers have argued that if World War I had not lessened American enthusiasm for international activity these interventions might have led to the formation of an expanded U.S. colonial empire, with Central American states either annexed into statehood like Hawaii or becoming American territories, like the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam. However, this view is heavily disputed, especially as, after a decrease in activity during and after World War I, the U.S. government intervened again in the 1920s while again stating that no colonial ambitions were held. The Banana Wars ended with the 1933 Good Neighbor Policy of President Franklin D. Roosevelt; no official American colonies had been created.
The countries involved in the Banana Wars include:
Though many other countries in the region may have been influenced or dominated by American banana or other companies, there is no history of U.S. military intervention during this period in those countries.
The Great Depression made overseas military expeditions too costly for the U.S. In January 1931, Henry Stimson, then Secretary of State, announced that all U.S. soldiers in Nicaragua would be withdrawn following the 1932 election in the country. The Good Neighbor policy was the foreign policy of newly elected American president Franklin Roosevelt toward the countries of Latin America. The United States wished to improve relations with its Latin American neighbors in a time of increasing international conflict. Giving up unpopular military intervention, the United States implemented its policy of Pan-Americanism to maintain its influence. This policy supported strong domestic leaders, the training of national guards, economic and cultural penetration, Export - Import Bank loans, financial supervision, and political subversion. The Good Neighbor Policy meant that the United States would keep its eye on Latin America in a more peaceful manner. On March 4, 1933, Roosevelt stated during his inaugural address that: "In the field of world policy I would dedicate this nation to the policy of the good neighbor -- the neighbor who resolutely respects himself and, because he does so, respects the rights of others. '' This position was affirmed by Cordell Hull, Roosevelt 's Secretary of State, at a conference of American states in Montevideo in December 1933. Hull endorsed the resolution, "No country has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another. '' In December 1933 Roosevelt stated, "The definite policy of the United States from now on is one opposed to armed intervention. ''
President Roosevelt 's policy after 1939 was to pay special attention to Latin America, to fend off German influence, to build a united front on behalf of the war effort, and then to win support for the United Nations. Only Brazil contributed significant numbers of men to fight. British intelligence knew about Roosevelt 's fears and exploited them in 1941 by producing a fake map that indicated German plans for taking over South America. Roosevelt 's appointment of young Nelson Rockefeller to head the new, well - funded Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs provided energetic leadership; in practice Rockefeller reported to Roosevelt and largely ignored the State Department. Anti-fascist propaganda was a major project across Latin America, and was run by Rockefeller 's office. It spent millions on radio broadcasts and motion pictures, hoping to reach a large audience. Madison Avenue techniques generated a push back in Mexico, especially, where well - informed locals resisted heavy - handed American influence. Nevertheless, Mexico was a valuable ally in the war. A deal was reached whereby 250,000 Mexican citizens living in the United States served in the American forces; over 1000 were killed in combat. In addition to propaganda, large sums were allocated for economic support and development. On the whole the Roosevelt policy was a political success, except in Argentina, which tolerated German influence, and refused to follow Washington 's lead until the war was practically over.
After the United States declared war on Germany in December 1941, the Federal Bureau of Investigation drafted a list of Germans in fifteen Latin American countries it suspected of subversive activities and demanded their eviction to the U.S. for detention. In response, several countries expelled a total of 4,058 Germans to the U.S. Some 10 % to 15 % of them were Nazi party members, including some dozen recruiters for the Nazis ' overseas arm and eight people suspected of espionage. Also among them were 81 Jewish Germans who had only recently fled persecution in Nazi Germany. The bulk were ordinary Germans who were residents in the Latin American states for years or decades. Some were expelled because corrupt Latin American officials took the opportunity to seize their property or ordinary Latin Americans were after the financial reward that U.S. intelligence paid informants. Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico did not participate in the U.S. expulsion program.
Most Latin Americans have seen their neighbor to the north (the United States) growing richer; they have seen the elite elements in their own societies growing richer -- but the man in the street or on the land in Latin America today still lives the hand - to - mouth existence of his great, great grandfather... They are less and less happy with situations in which, to cite one example, 40 percent of the land is owned by 1 percent of the people, and in which, typically, a very thin upper crust lives in grandeur while most others live in squalor.
Officially started in 1947 with the Truman doctrine theorizing the "containment '' policy, the Cold War had important consequences in Latin America. Latin America was considered by the United States to be a full part of the Western Bloc, called "free world '', in contrast with the Eastern Bloc, a division born with the end of World War II and the Yalta Conference held in February 1945. It "must be the policy of the United States '', Truman declared, "to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures. '' Truman rallied to spend $400 million to intervene in the Greek civil war, while the CIA (created by the National Security Act of 1947) intervention in Greece was its first act in its infancy. By aiding Greece, Truman set a precedent for U.S. aid to regimes, no matter how repressive and corrupt, that requested help to fight communists. Washington began to sign a series of defense treaties with countries all over the world, including the North Atlantic Treaty of 1949, which created NATO, and the ANZUS in 1951 with Australia and New Zealand. Moscow response to NATO and to the Marshall Plan in Europe included the creation of the COMECON economic treaty and the Warsaw Pact defense alliance, gathering Eastern Europe countries which had fallen under its sphere of influence. After the Berlin Blockade by the Soviet Union, the Korean War (1950 -- 53) was one of the first conflicts of the Cold War, while the US succeeded France in the counter-revolutionary war against Viet - minh in Indochina.
In Latin America itself, the US defense treaty was the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (aka Rio Treaty or TIAR) of 1947, known as the "hemispheric defense '' treaty. It was the formalization of the Act of Chapultepec, adopted at the Inter-American Conference on the Problems of War and Peace in 1945 in Mexico City. The U.S. had maintained a hemispheric defense policy under the Monroe Doctrine and, during the 1930s, had been alarmed by Axis overtures toward military cooperation with Latin American governments, in particular apparent strategic threats against the Panama Canal. During the war, Washington had been able to secure Allied support from all individual governments except Uruguay, which remained neutral, and wished to make those commitments permanent. With the exceptions of Trinidad and Tobago (1967), Belize (1981) and the Bahamas (1982), no countries that became independent after 1947 have joined the treaty.
In April 1948, the Organization of American States (OAS) was created during the Ninth International Conference of American States held in Bogotá and led by U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall. Member states pledged to fight communism on the American continent. Twenty - one American countries signed the Charter of the Organization of American States on April 30, 1948.
Operation PBSUCCESS, which overthrew the democratically - elected President of Guatemala, (Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán) in 1954, was to be one of the first in a long series of US interventions in Latin America during the Cold War. It immediately followed the 1953 overthrow of Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh.
Also, the Inter-American Development Bank was established in 1959.
The slogan ' we will not allow another Cuba ' hides the possibility of perpetrating aggressions without fear of reprisal, such as the one carried out against the Dominican Republic or before that the massacre in Panama -- and the clear warning stating that Yankee troops are ready to intervene anywhere in America where the ruling regime may be altered, thus endangering their interests.
The 1959 Cuban Revolution, headed by Fidel Castro, was one of the first defeats of the US foreign policy in Latin America. In 1961, Cuba became a member of the newly created Non-Aligned Movement, which succeeded the 1955 Bandung Conference. After the implementation of several economic reforms, including complete nationalizations by Cuba 's government, US trade restrictions on Cuba increased. The U.S. halted Cuban sugar imports, on which Cuba 's economy depended the most. Additionally, the U.S. refused to supply its former trading partner with much needed oil, creating a devastating effect on the island 's economy. In March 1960, tensions increased when the freighter La Coubre exploded in Havana harbor, killing over 75 people. Fidel Castro blamed the United States and compared the incident to the 1898 sinking of the USS Maine, which had precipitated the Spanish -- American War; he could provide no evidence for his accusation. That same month, President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorized the CIA to organize, train and equip Cuban refugees as a guerrilla force to overthrow Castro, which would lead to the failed 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion authorized by president John F. Kennedy.
Every time the Cuban government nationalized US properties, the US government took countermeasures, resulting in the prohibition of all exports to Cuba on October 19, 1960. Consequently, Cuba began to consolidate trade relations with the Soviet Union, leading the US to break off all remaining official diplomatic relations. Later that year, U.S. diplomats Edwin L. Sweet and Wiliam G. Friedman were arrested and expelled from the island, having been charged with "encouraging terrorist acts, granting asylum, financing subversive publications and smuggling weapons ''. The U.S. began the formulation of new plans aimed at destabilizing the Cuban government, collectively known as "The Cuban Project '' (aka Operation Mongoose). This was to be a co-ordinated program of political, psychological and military sabotage, involving intelligence operations as well as assassination attempts on key political leaders. The Cuban project also proposed false flag attacks, known as Operation Northwoods. A U.S. Senate Select Intelligence Committee report later confirmed over eight attempted plots to kill Castro between 1960 and 1965, as well as additional plans against other Cuban leaders.
Besides this aggressive policy towards Cuba, John F. Kennedy tried to implement the Alliance for Progress, an economic aid program which proved to be too shy signed at an inter-American conference at Punta del Este, Uruguay, in August 1961.
In Venezuela, president Rómulo Betancourt faced determined opposition from extremists and rebellious army units, yet he continued to push for economic and educational reform. A fraction split from the government party, Democratic Action, and formed the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR). When leftists were involved in unsuccessful revolts at navy bases (El Barcelonazo, El Carupanazo, El Porteñazo), Betancourt suspended civil liberties in 1962. Elements of the left parties then formed the Armed Forces for National Liberation (FALN), a communist guerrilla army, to overthrow the democratic Betancourt administration. This drove the leftists underground, where they engaged in rural and urban guerrilla activities, including sabotaging oil pipelines, bombing a Sears Roebuck warehouse, kidnapping American colonel Michael Smolen, seizing soccer star Alfredo Di Stefano, and bombing the United States Embassy in Caracas. FALN failed to rally the rural poor and to disrupt the 1963 presidential elections.
After numerous attacks, the MIR and Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV) members of Congress were finally arrested. It became clear that Fidel Castro had been arming the rebels, so Venezuela protested to the Organization of American States (OAS). At the same time, the U.S. suspended economic and / or broke off diplomatic relations with several dictatorships between 1961 and JFK 's assassination in 1963, including Argentina, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras and Peru. However, these suspensions were imposed only temporarily, for periods of only three weeks to six months. However, the US finally decided it best to train Latin American militaries in counter-insurgency tactics at the School of the Americas. In effect, the Alliance for Progress included U.S. programs of military and police assistance to counter Communism, including Plan LAZO in Colombia from 1959 to 1964.
The nuclear arms race brought the two superpowers to the brink of nuclear war. In 1962, President John F. Kennedy responded to the installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba with a naval blockade -- a show of force that brought the world close to nuclear war. The Cuban Missile Crisis showed that neither superpower was ready to use nuclear weapons for fear of the other 's retaliation, and thus of mutually assured destruction. The aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis led to the first efforts toward nuclear disarmament and improving relations. (Palmowski)
By 1964, under President Lyndon Johnson, the program to discriminate against dictatorial regimes ceased. In March 1964, the U.S. supported a military coup in Brazil, overthrowing left - wing president, João Goulart, and was prepared to help if called upon under Operation Brother Sam. In 1965, the U.S. dispatched 24,000 soldiers to the Dominican Republic to prevent a possible left - wing takeover under Operation Power Pack. Earlier the OAS issued a resolution calling the combatants to end all hostilities. On May 5, the OAS Peace Committee arrived in Santo Domingo and a second definite cease fire agreement was signed, ending the main phase of the civil war. Under the Act of Santo Domingo, OAS was tasked with overseeing the implementation of the peace deal as well as distributing food and medication through the capital. The treaties failed to fully prevent violations such as small scale firefights and sniper fire. A day later, OAS members established the Inter-American Peace Force (IAPF) with the goal of serving as a peacekeeping formation in the Dominican Republic. IAPF consisted of 1,748 Brazilian, Paraguayan, Nicaraguan, Costa Rican, Salvadoran and Honduran troops and was headed by Brazilian general Hugo Panasco Alvim, with Bruce Palmer serving as his deputy commander.
On May 26, U.S. forces began gradually withdrawing from the island. The first post war elections were held on July 1, 1966, pitting Reformist Party candidate, Joaquín Balaguer, against former president Juan Emilio Bosch Gaviño. Balaguer emerged victorious in the elections, after building his campaign on promises of reconciliation. On September 21, 1966, the last OAS peacekeepers withdrew from the island, ending the foreign intervention in the conflict.
Through the Office of Public Safety, an organization dependent of the USAID and close to the CIA, the US assisted Latin American security forces, training them in interrogation methods, riot control, and sending them materiel. Dan Mitrione in Uruguay and Luis Posada Carriles in Venezuela became infamous for their systematic use of torture.
Following the 1959 Cuban Revolution and the local implementation in several countries of Che Guevara 's foco theory, the US waged a war in South America against what it called "Communist subversives '', leading to support of coups against democratically elected presidents such as the backing of the Chilean right wing, which would culminate with Augusto Pinochet 's 1973 Chilean coup against democratically - elected Salvador Allende. By 1976, all of South America was covered by similar military dictatorships, called juntas. In Paraguay, Alfredo Stroessner had been in power since 1954; in Brazil, left - wing President João Goulart was overthrown by a military coup in 1964 with the assistance of the US in what was known as Operation Brother Sam; in Bolivia, General Hugo Banzer overthrew leftist General Juan José Torres in 1971; in Uruguay, considered the "Switzerland '' of South America, Juan María Bordaberry seized power in the 27 June 1973 coup. In Peru, leftist General Velasco Alvarado in power since 1968, planned to use the recently empowered Peruvian military to overwhelm Chilean armed forces in a planned invasion of Pinochetist Chile. A "Dirty War '' was waged all over the subcontinent, culminating with Operation Condor, an agreement between security services of the Southern Cone and other South American countries to repress and assassinate political opponents, which was backed by the US government. The armed forces also took power in Argentina in 1976, and then supported the 1980 "Cocaine Coup '' of Luis García Meza Tejada in Bolivia, before training the "Contras '' in Nicaragua, where the Sandinista National Liberation Front, headed by Daniel Ortega, had taken power in 1979, as well as militaries in Guatemala and in El Salvador. In the frame of Operation Charly, supported by the US, the Argentine military exported state terror tactics to Central America, where the "dirty war '' was waged until well into the 1990s, making hundreds of thousands "disappeared ''.
With the election of President Jimmy Carter in 1977, the US moderated for a short time its support to authoritarian regimes in Latin America. It was during that year that the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, an agency of the OAS, was created. At the same time, voices in the US began to denounce Pinochet 's violation of human rights, in particular after the 1976 assassination of former Chilean minister Orlando Letelier in Washington D.C.
The inauguration of Ronald Reagan in 1981 meant a renewed support for right - wing authoritarian regimes in Latin America. In the 1980s, the situation progressively evolved in the world as in South America, despite a renewal of the Cold War from 1979 to 1985, the year during which Mikhail Gorbachev replaced Konstantin Chernenko as leader of the USSR, and began to implement the glasnost and the perestroika democratic - inspired reforms. South America saw various states returning progressively to democracy. This democratization of South America found a symbol in the OAS ' adoption of Resolution 1080 in 1991, which requires the Secretary General to convene the Permanent Council within ten days of a coup d'état in any member country. However, at the same time, Washington started to aggressively pursue the "War on Drugs '', which included the invasion of Panama in 1989 to overthrow Manuel Noriega, who had been a long - time ally of the US and had even worked for the CIA before his reign as leader of the country. The "War on Drugs '' was later expanded through Plan Colombia in the late 1990s and the Mérida Initiative in Mexico and central america.
The 1982 Malvinas / Falklands War between Argentina and the United Kingdom saw two close American allies engage in a military conflict with each other. While the United States was officially neutral in the conflict, allegations that Reagan provided intelligence to British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher during the war had a key role in the change of relations between Washington and Buenos Aires, as the military government had been actively helping Reagan. The Argentine intelligence service was training and arming the Nicaraguan Contras against the Sandinista government (Operation Charly). The 601 Intelligence Battalion, for example, trained Contras at Lepaterique base in Honduras, under the supervision of US ambassador John Negroponte. While the US were fighting against Nicaragua, leading to the 1986 Nicaragua v. United States case before the International Court of Justice, Washington, D.C. supported authoritarian regimes in Guatemala and Salvador. The support to General Ríos Montt during the Guatemalan Civil War and the alliance with José Napoleón Duarte during the Salvadoran Civil War were legitimized by the Reagan administration as full part of the Cold War, although other allies strongly criticized this assistance to dictatorships (i.e., the French Socialist Party 's 110 Propositions).
Due to the covert US support allegedly given, without mediation, to the United Kingdom during the Malvinas / Falklands war in 1982, a deep weakening of hemispheric relations occurred. In Brazil, this was taken by the academic establishment as a clear example of how the Hemispheric relations worked, leading to new perspectives in matters of foreign policy and international relations by the Brazilian establishment. Some of these academics, in fact, argue that this definitively turned the TIAR into a dead letter and the Mexican government withdrew from the treaty in 2001 citing the Falklands example, though notably Argentina itself is still a TIAR member.
In 2001, the United States invoked the Rio Treaty (TIAR) after the 11 September attacks, but only a few Latin American democracies would join the Coalition of the Willing during the 2003 Iraq War.
On the economic plane, hardly affected by the 1973 oil crisis, the refusal of Mexico in 1983 to pay the interest of its debt led to the Latin American debt crisis and subsequently to a shift from the Import substitution industrialization policies followed by most countries to export - oriented industrialization, which was encouraged by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the World Trade Organization (WTO). While globalization was making its effects felt in the whole world, the 1990s were dominated by the Washington Consensus, which imposed a series of neo-liberal economic reforms in Latin America. The First Summit of the Americas, held in Miami in 1994, resolved to establish a Free Trade Area of the Americas (ALCA, Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas) by 2005. The ALCA was supposed to be the generalization of the North American Free Trade Agreement between Canada, the US and Mexico, which came into force in 1994. Opposition to both NAFTA and ALCA was symbolized during this time by the Zapatista Army of National Liberation insurrection, headed by Subcomandante Marcos, which became active on the day that NAFTA went into force (1 January 1994) and declared itself to be in explicit opposition to the ideology of globalization or neoliberalism, which NAFTA symbolized.
The political context evolved again in the 2000s, with the election in several South American countries of socialist governments. This "pink tide '' thus saw the successive elections of Hugo Chávez in Venezuela (1998), Lula in Brazil (2002), Néstor Kirchner in Argentina (2003), Tabaré Vázquez in Uruguay (2004), Evo Morales in Bolivia (2005) (re-elected with 64.22 % of the vote in Bolivian general election, 2009), Michelle Bachelet in Chile (2006), Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua (2006), Rafael Correa in Ecuador (2007), Fernando Lugo in Paraguay (August 15, 2008), José Mujica in Uruguayan general election, 2009, Ollanta Humala in Peru (June 5, 2011) and most recently Luis Guillermo Solís in Costa Rica (2014). Although these leaders vary in their policies and attitude towards both Washington, D.C. and neoliberalism, while the states they govern also have different agendas and long - term historic tendencies, which can lead to rivalry and open contempt between themselves, they seem to have agreed on refusing the ALCA and on following a regional integration without the United States ' overseeing the process. In particular, Chávez and Morales seem more disposed to ally together, while Kirchner and Lula, who has been criticized by the left - wing in Brazil, including by the Movimento dos Sem Terra (MST) landless peasants movement (who, however, did call to vote for him on his second term), are seen as more centered. The state of Bolivia also has seen some friction with Brazil, as well as Chile. Thus, Nouriel Roubini, professor of economics at New York University, declared in a May 2006 interview:
On one side, you have a number of administrations that are committed to moderate economic reform. On the other, you 've had something of a backlash against the Washington Consensus (a set of liberal economic policies that Washington - based institutions urged Latin American countries to follow, including privatization, trade liberalization and fiscal discipline) and some emergence of populist leaders
In the same way, although a leader such as Chávez verbally attacked the George W. Bush administration as much as the latter attacked him, and claimed to be following a democratic socialist Bolivarian Revolution, the geo - political context has changed a lot since the 1970s. Larry Birns, director of the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, thus stated:
La Paz has found itself at the economic and political nexus of the pink tide, linked by ideology to Caracas, but economically bound to Brasilia and Buenos Aires. One thing that Morales knew, however, was that he could n't repudiate his campaign pledges to the electorate or deprive Bolivia of the revenue that is so urgently needed.
One sign of the US setback in the region has been the OEA 2005 Secretary General election. For the first time in the OEA 's history, Washington 's candidate was refused by the majority of countries, after two stalemates between José Miguel Insulza, member of the Socialist Party of Chile and former Interior Minister of the latter country, and Luis Ernesto Derbez, member of the conservative National Action Party (PAN) and former Foreign Minister of Mexico. Derbez was explicitly supported by the US, Canada, Mexico, Belize, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Bolivia (then presided by Carlos Mesa), Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua, while Chilean minister José Insulza was supported by all the Southern Cone countries, as well as Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela and the Dominican Republic. José Insulza was finally elected at the third turn, and took office on 26 May 2005
Momentum for the Free Trade Area of the Americas (ALCA) was lost after the 2005 Mar del Plata Summit of the Americas, which saw strong protests against the proposal from members of the Anti-Globalization Movement from across the continent, however free trade agreements were not abandoned. Regional economic integration under the sign of neoliberalism continued: Under the Bush administration, the United States, which had signed two free - trade agreements with Latin American countries, signed eight further agreements, reaching a total of ten such bilateral agreements (including the United States - Chile Free Trade Agreement in 2003, the Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement in 2006, etc.). Three others, including the Peru - United States Free Trade Agreement signed in 2006, are awaiting for ratification by the US Congress.
The Cuzco Declaration, signed a few weeks before at the Third South American Summit, announced the foundation of the Union of South American Nations (Unasul - Unasur) grouping Mercosul countries and the Andean Community and which as the aim of eliminating tariffs for non-sensitive products by 2014 and sensitive products by 2019. On the other hand, the CAFTA - DR free - trade agreement (Dominican Republic -- Central America Free Trade Agreement) was ratified by all countries except Costa Rica. The president of the latter country, Óscar Arias, member of the National Liberation Party and elected in February 2006, pronounced himself in favor of the agreement. Costa Rica then held a national referendum in which the population voted to approve CAFTA, which was then done by the parliament. Canada, which also has a free - trade agreement with Costa Rica, has also been negotiating such an agreement with Central American country, named Canada Central American Free Trade Agreement.
Reformist Luis Guillermo Solís of the Citizens Action Party was elected in 2014. Solís belongs to a moderate Progressive party and had no link with the far - left, and also kept a friendly relationship with the USA, nevertheless his victory was also attributed to a general contempt toward Washington - endorsed neoliberal policies (Solís, for example, was a staunch opponent of CAFTA). During his presidency Solís established close relationships with some Progressive governments of South America, to the point of leaving the United Nation 's chambers during Michel Temer 's speech in protest for Rousseff 's impeachment in September 2016. On the other hand, the Costa Rican Foreign Ministry has condemned Venezuela 's government accusing it of being authoritarian and anti-democratic.
Mercosur, the trade agreement between Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay (with Venezuela currently suspended) is also in negotiations to sign a wider free - trade agreement with the European Union, following the signing of similar agreements with the Andean Community, Israel and Egypt in August 2010, among others. These negotiations between Mercosur and the EU are advancing rapidly again after stalling during the 2000s.
On the other hand, a number of Latin American countries located in the Pacific such as Chile, Mexico and Peru have signed the Trans - Pacific Partnership with Australia, Brunei, Canada, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore and Vietnam. The agreement, originally signed on 4 February 2016, is being renegotiated after the United States withdrew. The eleven remaining members reached a partial agreement on 11 November 2017.
Apart from binational free - trade agreements, the US has also signed a number of bilateral investment treaties (BIT) with Latin American countries, establishing the conditions of foreign direct investment. These treaties include "fair and equitable treatment '', protection from expropriation, free transfer of means and full protection and security. Critics point out that US negotiators can control the pace, content and direction of bilateral negotiations with individual countries more easily than they can with larger negotiating frameworks.
In case of a disagreement between a multinational firm and a state over some kind of investment made in a Latin American country, the firm may depose a lawsuit before the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (International Center for the Resolution of Investment Disputes), which is an international court depending on the World Bank. Such a lawsuit was deposed by the US - based multinational firm Bechtel following its expulsion from Bolivia during the Cochabamba protests of 2000. Local population had demonstrated against the privatization of the water company, requested by the World Bank, after poor management of the water by Bechtel. Thereafter, Bechtel requested $50 millions from the Bolivian state in reparation. However, the firm finally decided to drop the case in 2006 after an international protest campaign.
Such BIT were passed between the US and numerous countries (the given date is not of signature but of entrance in force of the treaty): Argentina (1994), Bolivia (2001), Ecuador (1997), Grenada (1989), Honduras (2001), Jamaica (1997), Panama (1991, amended in 2001), Trinidad and Tobago (1996). Others where signed but not ratified: El Salvador (1999), Haiti (1983 -- one of the earliest, preceded by Panama), Nicaragua (1995).
In reply to the ALCA, Chavez initiated the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA). Venezuela, Cuba and Bolivia signed the TCP (or People 's Trade Agreement), while Venezuela, a main productor of natural gas and of petroleum (it is member of the OPEC) has signed treaties with Nicaragua, where Daniel Ortega, former leader of the Sandinistas, was elected in 2006 -- Ortega, however, cut down his anti-imperialist and socialist discourse, and is hotly controversial; both on the right - wing and on the left - wing. Chávez also implemented the Petrocaribe alliance, signed by 12 of the 15 members of the Caribbean Community in 2005. When Hurricane Katrina ravaged Florida and Louisiana, Chávez, who called the "Yanqui Empire '' a "paper tiger '', even ironically proposed to provide "oil - for - the - poor '' to the US after Hurricane Katrina the same year, through Citgo, a subsidiary of PDVSA the state - owned Venezuelan petroleum company, which has 14,000 gas stations and owns eight oil refineries in the US.
In June 2003, some 1,200 troops from Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua joined forces along with Spaniard forces (1,300 troops) to form the Plus Ultra Brigade in Iraq. The Brigade was dissolved in April 2004 following the retirement of Spain from Iraq, and all Latin American nations, except El Salvador, withdrew their troops.
In September 2005, it was revealed that Triple Canopy, Inc., a private military company present in Iraq, was training Latin American mercenaries in Lepaterique in Honduras. Lepaterique was a former training base for the Contras. 105 Chilean mercenaries were deported from the country. According to La Tribuna Honduran newspaper, in one day in November, Your Solutions shipped 108 Hondurans, 88 Chileans and 16 Nicaraguans to Iraq. Approximatively 700 Peruvians, 250 Chileans and 320 Hondurans work in Baghdad 's Green Zone for Triple Canopy, paid half price in comparison to North - American employees. The news also attracted attention in Chile, when it became known that retired military Marina Óscar Aspe worked for Triple Canopy. The latter had taken part to the assassination of Marcelo Barrios Andrade, a 21 - year - old member of the FPMR, who is on the list of victims of the Rettig Report -- while Marina Óscar Aspe is on the list of the 2001 Comisión Ética contra la Tortura (2001 Ethical Commission Against Torture). Triple Canopy also has a subsidiary in Peru.
In July 2007, Salvadoran president Antonio Saca reduced the number of deployed troops in Iraq from 380, to 280 soldiers. Four Salvadoran soldiers died in different situations since deployment in 2003, but on the bright side, more than 200 projects aimed to rebuild Iraq were completed.
The struggle for natural resources and the US defense of its commercial interests has not ceased since the zenith period of the banana republics supported by the US. The general context has changed significantly and each country 's approach has evolved accordingly. Thus, the Bolivian Gas War in 2003 -- 04 was sparked after projects by the Pacific LNG consortium to export natural gas -- Bolivia possessing the second largest natural gas reserves in South America after Venezuela -- to California (Baja California and US California) via Chile, resented in Bolivia since the War of the Pacific (1879 -- 1884) which deprived it of an access to the Pacific Ocean. The ALCA was also opposed during the demonstrations, headed by the Bolivian Workers ' Center and Felipe Quispe 's Indigenous Pachakuti Movement (MIP).
A proof of the new geopolitical context can be seen in Evo Morales ' announcement, in concordance with his electoral promises, of the nationalization of gas reserves, the second highest in South America after Venezuela. First of all, he carefully warned that they would not take the form of expropriations or confiscations, maybe fearing a violent response. The nationalizations, which, according to Vice President Álvaro García, are supposed to make the government 's energy - related revenue jump to $780 million in the following year, expanding nearly sixfold from 2002, led to criticisms from Brazil, which Petrobras company is one of the largest foreign investors in Bolivia, controlling 14 percent of the country 's gas reserves. Bolivia is one of the poorest countries in South America and was heavily affected by protests in the 1980s -- 90s, largely due to the shock therapy enforced by previous governments, and also by resentment concerning the coca eradication program -- coca is a traditional plant for the Native Quechua and Aymara people, who use it for therapeutical (against altitude sickness) and cultural purposes. Thus, Brazil 's Energy Minister, Silas Rondeau, reacted to Morales ' announcement by condemning the move as "unfriendly. '' According to Reuters, "Bolivia 's actions echo what Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, possibly Morales ' biggest ally, did in the world 's fifth - largest oil exporter with forced contract migrations and retroactive tax hikes -- conditions that major oil companies largely agreed to accept. '' The Bolivian gas company YPFB, privatized by former President Gonzalo Sanchez de Losada, was to pay foreign companies for their services, offering about 50 percent of the value of production, although the decree indicated that companies exploiting the country 's two largest gas fields would get just 18 percent. After initially hostile reactions, Repsol "expressed its willingness to cooperate with the Bolivian government, '' while Petrobras retreated its call to cancel new investment in Bolivia. However, still according to Larry Birns, "The nationalization 's high media profile could force the (US) State Department to take a tough approach to the region, even to the point of mobilizing the CIA and the U.S. military, but it is more likely to work its way by undermining the all - important chink in the armor -- the Latin American armed forces. ''
There are two broad schools of thought on Latin America -- United States relations:
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gun ownership in the us vs other countries | Estimated number of guns per capita by country - Wikipedia
This is a list of countries by estimated guns per capita (number of privately owned small firearms divided by number of residents).
The Small Arms Survey 2007 provides an estimate of the total number of known civilian - owned guns in a country per 100 people. These numbers do not clarify which percentage of the population owns those guns.
The ownership rate reported is the average estimate taken from a survey from the Small Arms Survey 2007. This survey also gives the minimum and maximum estimates, which are based on other surveys with estimations. Note that for some countries, this margin of error is considerable. For example, Iraq or the Middle Eastern countries, ranked near the top with an ownership rate of 54.8, has a low estimate of 28.6 and a high estimate of 81.1. While the United States is ranked for the highest gun ownership rate unambiguously, Yemen (based on the margin of error) may rank anywhere between 2nd and 18th.
Data was acquired by GunPolicy.org and are mainly based on second - hand surveys from 2007 (Karp, Aaron. 2007. "Completing the Count: Civilian firearms - Annexe online. '' Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 27 August) and 1999 (United Nations. 1999. "Analysis of Country Responses. '' United Nations International Study on Firearm Regulation.) Updated figures are calculated figures by gunpolicy.org. The figures cited are estimates for "private gun ownership (both licit and illicit) ''. The rate for the world overall is 10.2 guns per 100 residents.
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when did michael jordan win the national championship | Michael Jordan - wikipedia
Michael Jeffrey Jordan (born February 17, 1963), also known by his initials, MJ, is an American former professional basketball player. He played 15 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Chicago Bulls and Washington Wizards. His biography on the official NBA website states: "By acclamation, Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time. '' Jordan was one of the most effectively marketed athletes of his generation and was considered instrumental in popularizing the NBA around the world in the 1980s and 1990s. He is currently the principal owner and chairman of the NBA 's Charlotte Hornets.
Jordan played three seasons for coach Dean Smith at the University of North Carolina. As a freshman, he was a member of the Tar Heels ' national championship team in 1982. Jordan joined the Bulls in 1984 as the third overall draft pick. He quickly emerged as a league star and entertained crowds with his prolific scoring. His leaping ability, demonstrated by performing slam dunks from the free throw line in slam dunk contests, earned him the nicknames Air Jordan and His Airness. He also gained a reputation for being one of the best defensive players in basketball. In 1991, he won his first NBA championship with the Bulls, and followed that achievement with titles in 1992 and 1993, securing a "three - peat ''. Although Jordan abruptly retired from basketball before the beginning of the 1993 -- 94 NBA season and started a new career playing minor league baseball, he returned to the Bulls in March 1995 and led them to three additional championships in 1996, 1997, and 1998, as well as a then - record 72 regular - season wins in the 1995 -- 96 NBA season. Jordan retired for a second time in January 1999, but returned for two more NBA seasons from 2001 to 2003 as a member of the Wizards.
Jordan 's individual accolades and accomplishments include six NBA Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP) Awards, ten scoring titles (both all - time records), five MVP Awards, ten All - NBA First Team designations, nine All - Defensive First Team honors, fourteen NBA All - Star Game appearances, three All - Star Game MVP Awards, three steals titles, and the 1988 NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award. He holds the NBA records for highest career regular season scoring average (30.12 points per game) and highest career playoff scoring average (33.45 points per game). In 1999, he was named the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century by ESPN, and was second to Babe Ruth on the Associated Press 's list of athletes of the century. Jordan is a two - time inductee into the Basketball Hall of Fame, having been enshrined in 2009 for his individual career, and again in 2010 as part of the group induction of the 1992 United States men 's Olympic basketball team ("The Dream Team ''). He became a member of the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2015.
Jordan is also known for his product endorsements. He fueled the success of Nike 's Air Jordan sneakers, which were introduced in 1985 and remain popular today. Jordan also starred as himself in the 1996 film Space Jam. In 2006, he became part - owner and head of basketball operations for the Charlotte Bobcats; he bought a controlling interest in 2010. In 2014, Jordan became the first billionaire player in NBA history. He is the third - richest African - American, behind Robert F. Smith and Oprah Winfrey.
Jordan was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Deloris (née Peoples), who worked in banking, and James R. Jordan Sr., an equipment supervisor. His family moved to Wilmington, North Carolina, when he was a toddler.
Jordan is the fourth of five children. He has two older brothers, Larry Jordan and James R. Jordan, Jr., one older sister, Deloris, and one younger sister, Roslyn. Jordan 's brother James retired in 2006 as the Command Sergeant Major of the 35th Signal Brigade of the XVIII Airborne Corps in the U.S. Army.
Jordan attended Emsley A. Laney High School in Wilmington, where he highlighted his athletic career by playing basketball, baseball, and football. He tried out for the varsity basketball team during his sophomore year, but at 5'11 '' (1.80 m), he was deemed too short to play at that level. His taller friend, Harvest Leroy Smith, was the only sophomore to make the team.
Motivated to prove his worth, Jordan became the star of Laney 's junior varsity squad, and tallied several 40 - point games. The following summer, he grew four inches (10 cm) and trained rigorously. Upon earning a spot on the varsity roster, Jordan averaged about 20 points per game over his final two seasons of high school play. As a senior, he was selected to the McDonald 's All - American Team after averaging a triple - double: 29.2 points, 11.6 rebounds, and 10.1 assists.
Jordan was recruited by numerous college basketball programs, including Duke, North Carolina, South Carolina, Syracuse, and Virginia. In 1981, Jordan accepted a basketball scholarship to North Carolina, where he majored in cultural geography.
As a freshman in coach Dean Smith 's team - oriented system, he was named ACC Freshman of the Year after he averaged 13.4 points per game (ppg) on 53.4 % shooting (field goal percentage). He made the game - winning jump shot in the 1982 NCAA Championship game against Georgetown, which was led by future NBA rival Patrick Ewing. Jordan later described this shot as the major turning point in his basketball career. During his three seasons at North Carolina, he averaged 17.7 ppg on 54.0 % shooting, and added 5.0 rebounds per game (rpg). He was selected by consensus to the NCAA All - American First Team in both his sophomore (1983) and junior (1984) seasons. After winning the Naismith and the Wooden College Player of the Year awards in 1984, Jordan left North Carolina one year before his scheduled graduation to enter the 1984 NBA draft. The Chicago Bulls selected Jordan with the third overall pick, after Hakeem Olajuwon (Houston Rockets) and Sam Bowie (Portland Trail Blazers). One of the primary reasons why Jordan was not drafted sooner was because the first two teams were in need of a center. However, Trail Blazers general manager Stu Inman contended that it was not a matter of drafting a center, but more a matter of taking Sam Bowie over Jordan, in part because Portland already had Clyde Drexler, who was a guard with similar skills to Jordan. ESPN, citing Bowie 's injury - laden college career, named the Blazers ' choice of Bowie as the worst draft pick in North American professional sports history. Jordan returned to North Carolina to complete his degree in 1986. He graduated the same year with a Bachelor of Arts degree in geography.
During his rookie season with the Bulls, Jordan averaged 28.2 ppg on 51.5 % shooting. He quickly became a fan favorite even in opposing arenas, and appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated with the heading "A Star Is Born '' just over a month into his professional career. The fans also voted in Jordan as an All - Star starter during his rookie season. Controversy arose before the All - Star game when word surfaced that several veteran players -- led by Isiah Thomas -- were upset by the amount of attention Jordan was receiving. This led to a so - called "freeze - out '' on Jordan, where players refused to pass the ball to him throughout the game. The controversy left Jordan relatively unaffected when he returned to regular season play, and he would go on to be voted Rookie of the Year. The Bulls finished the season 38 -- 44 and lost to the Milwaukee Bucks in four games in the first round of the playoffs.
Jordan 's second season was cut short when he broke his foot in the third game of the year, causing him to miss 64 games. Despite Jordan 's injury and a 30 -- 52 record (at the time it was fifth worst record of any team to qualify for the playoffs in NBA history), the Bulls made the playoffs. Jordan recovered in time to participate in the playoffs and performed well upon his return. Against a 1985 -- 86 Boston Celtics team that is often considered one of the greatest in NBA history, Jordan set the still - unbroken record for points in a playoff game with 63 in Game 2. The Celtics, however, managed to sweep the series.
Jordan had completely recovered in time for the 1986 -- 87 season, and he had one of the most prolific scoring seasons in NBA history. He became the only player other than Wilt Chamberlain to score 3,000 points in a season, averaging a league high 37.1 points on 48.2 % shooting. In addition, Jordan demonstrated his defensive prowess, as he became the first player in NBA history to record 200 steals and 100 blocked shots in a season. Despite Jordan 's success, Magic Johnson won the league 's Most Valuable Player Award. The Bulls reached 40 wins, and advanced to the playoffs for the third consecutive year. However, they were again swept by the Celtics.
Jordan again led the league in scoring during the 1987 -- 88 season, averaging 35.0 ppg on 53.5 % shooting and won his first league MVP Award. He was also named the Defensive Player of the Year, as he had averaged 1.6 blocks and a league high 3.16 steals per game. The Bulls finished 50 -- 32, and made it out of the first round of the playoffs for the first time in Jordan 's career, as they defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in five games. However, the Bulls then lost in five games to the more experienced Detroit Pistons, who were led by Isiah Thomas and a group of physical players known as the "Bad Boys ''.
In the 1988 -- 89 season, Jordan again led the league in scoring, averaging 32.5 ppg on 53.8 % shooting from the field, along with 8 rpg and 8 assists per game (apg). The Bulls finished with a 47 -- 35 record, and advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals, defeating the Cavaliers and New York Knicks along the way. The Cavaliers series included a career highlight for Jordan when he hit The Shot over Craig Ehlo at the buzzer in the fifth and final game of the series. However, the Pistons again defeated the Bulls, this time in six games, by utilizing their "Jordan Rules '' method of guarding Jordan, which consisted of double and triple teaming him every time he touched the ball.
The Bulls entered the 1989 -- 90 season as a team on the rise, with their core group of Jordan and young improving players like Scottie Pippen and Horace Grant, and under the guidance of new coach Phil Jackson. Jordan averaged a league leading 33.6 ppg on 52.6 % shooting, to go with 6.9 rpg and 6.3 apg in leading the Bulls to a 55 -- 27 record. They again advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals after beating the Bucks and Philadelphia 76ers. However, despite pushing the series to seven games, the Bulls lost to the Pistons for the third consecutive season.
In the 1990 -- 91 season, Jordan won his second MVP award after averaging 31.5 ppg on 53.9 % shooting, 6.0 rpg, and 5.5 apg for the regular season. The Bulls finished in first place in their division for the first time in 16 years and set a franchise record with 61 wins in the regular season. With Scottie Pippen developing into an All - Star, the Bulls had elevated their play. The Bulls defeated the New York Knicks and the Philadelphia 76ers in the opening two rounds of the playoffs. They advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals where their rival, the Detroit Pistons, awaited them. However, this time the Bulls beat the Pistons in a four - game sweep.
The Bulls advanced to the NBA Finals for the first time in franchise history to face the Los Angeles Lakers, who had Magic Johnson and James Worthy, two formidable opponents. The Bulls won the series four games to one, and compiled a 15 -- 2 playoff record along the way. Perhaps the best known moment of the series came in Game 2 when, attempting a dunk, Jordan avoided a potential Sam Perkins block by switching the ball from his right hand to his left in mid-air to lay the shot into the basket. In his first Finals appearance, Jordan posted per game averages of 31.2 points on 56 % shooting from the field, 11.4 assists, 6.6 rebounds, 2.8 steals, and 1.4 blocks. Jordan won his first NBA Finals MVP award, and he cried while holding the NBA Finals trophy.
Jordan and the Bulls continued their dominance in the 1991 -- 92 season, establishing a 67 -- 15 record, topping their franchise record from 1990 -- 91. Jordan won his second consecutive MVP award with averages of 30.1 points, 6.4 rebounds and 6.1 assists per game on 52 % shooting. After winning a physical 7 - game series over the New York Knicks in the second round of the playoffs and finishing off the Cleveland Cavaliers in the Conference Finals in 6 games, the Bulls met Clyde Drexler and the Portland Trail Blazers in the Finals. The media, hoping to recreate a Magic -- Bird rivalry, highlighted the similarities between "Air '' Jordan and Clyde "The Glide '' during the pre-Finals hype. In the first game, Jordan scored a Finals - record 35 points in the first half, including a record - setting six three - point field goals. After the sixth three - pointer, he jogged down the court shrugging as he looked courtside. Marv Albert, who broadcast the game, later stated that it was as if Jordan was saying, "I ca n't believe I 'm doing this. '' The Bulls went on to win Game 1, and defeat the Blazers in six games. Jordan was named Finals MVP for the second year in a row and finished the series averaging 35.8 ppg, 4.8 rpg, and 6.5 apg, while shooting 53 % from the floor.
In the 1992 -- 93 season, despite a 32.6 ppg, 6.7 rpg, and 5.5 apg campaign, Jordan 's streak of consecutive MVP seasons ended as he lost the award to his friend Charles Barkley. Coincidentally, Jordan and the Bulls met Barkley and his Phoenix Suns in the 1993 NBA Finals. The Bulls won their third NBA championship on a game - winning shot by John Paxson and a last - second block by Horace Grant, but Jordan was once again Chicago 's leader. He averaged a Finals - record 41.0 ppg during the six - game series, and became the first player in NBA history to win three straight Finals MVP awards. He scored more than 30 points in every game of the series, including 40 or more points in 4 consecutive games. With his third Finals triumph, Jordan capped off a seven - year run where he attained seven scoring titles and three championships, but there were signs that Jordan was tiring of his massive celebrity and all of the non-basketball hassles in his life.
During the Bulls ' playoff run in 1993, controversy arose when Jordan was seen gambling in Atlantic City, New Jersey, the night before a game against the New York Knicks. In that same year, he admitted that he had to cover $57,000 in gambling losses, and author Richard Esquinas wrote a book claiming he had won $1.25 million from Jordan on the golf course. In 2005, Jordan talked to Ed Bradley of the CBS evening show 60 Minutes about his gambling and admitted that he made some reckless decisions. Jordan stated, "Yeah, I 've gotten myself into situations where I would not walk away and I 've pushed the envelope. Is that compulsive? Yeah, it depends on how you look at it. If you 're willing to jeopardize your livelihood and your family, then yeah. '' When Bradley asked him if his gambling ever got to the level where it jeopardized his livelihood or family, Jordan replied, "No. ''
On October 6, 1993, Jordan announced his retirement, citing a loss of desire to play the game. Jordan later stated that the death of his father three months earlier also shaped his decision. Jordan 's father was murdered on July 23, 1993, at a highway rest area in Lumberton, North Carolina, by two teenagers, Daniel Green and Larry Martin Demery, who carjacked his luxury Lexus bearing the license plate "UNC 0023 ''. His body was dumped in a South Carolina swamp and was not discovered until August 3. The assailants were traced from calls that they made on James Jordan 's cell phone. The two criminals were caught, convicted at trial, and sentenced to life in prison. Jordan was close to his father; as a child he had imitated his father 's proclivity to stick out his tongue while absorbed in work. He later adopted it as his own signature, displaying it each time he drove to the basket. In 1996, he founded a Chicago area Boys & Girls Club and dedicated it to his father.
In his 1998 autobiography For the Love of the Game, Jordan wrote that he had been preparing for retirement as early as the summer of 1992. The added exhaustion due to the Dream Team run in the 1992 Olympics solidified Jordan 's feelings about the game and his ever - growing celebrity status. Jordan 's announcement sent shock waves throughout the NBA and appeared on the front pages of newspapers around the world.
Jordan then further surprised the sports world by signing a minor league baseball contract with the Chicago White Sox on February 7, 1994. He reported to spring training in Sarasota, Florida, and was assigned to the team 's minor league system on March 31, 1994. Jordan has stated this decision was made to pursue the dream of his late father, who had always envisioned his son as a Major League Baseball player. The White Sox were another team owned by Bulls owner Jerry Reinsdorf, who continued to honor Jordan 's basketball contract during the years he played baseball.
In 1994, Jordan played for the Birmingham Barons, a Double - A minor league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox, batting. 202 with three home runs, 51 runs batted in, 30 stolen bases, 114 strikeouts, 51 base on balls, and 11 errors. He also appeared for the Scottsdale Scorpions in the 1994 Arizona Fall League, batting. 252 against the top prospects in baseball. On November 1, 1994, his number 23 was retired by the Bulls in a ceremony that included the erection of a permanent sculpture known as The Spirit outside the new United Center.
In the 1993 -- 94 season, the Bulls achieved a 55 -- 27 record without Jordan in the lineup, and lost to the New York Knicks in the second round of the playoffs. The 1994 -- 95 Bulls were a shell of the championship team of just two years earlier. Struggling at mid-season to ensure a spot in the playoffs, Chicago was 31 -- 31 at one point in mid-March. The team received help, however, when Jordan decided to return to the Bulls.
In March 1995, Jordan decided to quit baseball due to the ongoing Major League Baseball strike, as he wanted to avoid becoming a potential replacement player. On March 18, 1995, Jordan announced his return to the NBA through a two - word press release: "I 'm back. '' The next day, Jordan took to the court with the Bulls to face the Indiana Pacers in Indianapolis, scoring 19 points. The game had the highest Nielsen rating of a regular season NBA game since 1975. Although he could have opted to wear his normal number in spite of the Bulls having retired it, Jordan instead wore number 45, as he had while playing baseball.
Although he had not played an NBA game in a year and a half, Jordan played well upon his return, making a game - winning jump shot against Atlanta in his fourth game back. He then scored 55 points in the next game against the Knicks at Madison Square Garden on March 28, 1995. Boosted by Jordan 's comeback, the Bulls went 13 -- 4 to make the playoffs and advanced to the Eastern Conference Semifinals against the Orlando Magic. At the end of Game 1, Orlando 's Nick Anderson stripped Jordan from behind, leading to the game - winning basket for the Magic; he would later comment that Jordan "did n't look like the old Michael Jordan '' and that "No. 45 does n't explode like No. 23 used to. ''
Jordan responded by scoring 38 points in the next game, which Chicago won. Before the game, Jordan decided that he would immediately resume wearing his former number, 23. The Bulls were fined $25,000 for failing to report the impromptu number change to the NBA. Jordan was fined an additional $5,000 for opting to wear white sneakers when the rest of the Bulls wore black. He averaged 31 points per game in the series, but Orlando won the series in 6 games.
Jordan was freshly motivated by the playoff defeat, and he trained aggressively for the 1995 -- 96 season. The Bulls were strengthened by the addition of rebound specialist Dennis Rodman, and the team dominated the league, starting the season at 41 -- 3. The Bulls eventually finished with the then - best regular season record in NBA history, 72 -- 10; this record was later surpassed by the 2015 -- 16 Golden State Warriors. Jordan led the league in scoring with 30.4 ppg and won the league 's regular season and All - Star Game MVP awards.
In the playoffs, the Bulls lost only three games in four series (Miami Heat 3 -- 0, New York Knicks 4 -- 1, Orlando Magic 4 -- 0). They defeated the Seattle SuperSonics 4 -- 2 in the NBA Finals to win their fourth championship. Jordan was named Finals MVP for a record fourth time, surpassing Magic Johnson 's three Finals MVP awards. He also achieved only the second sweep of the MVP Awards in the All - Star Game, regular season and NBA Finals, Willis Reed having achieved the first, during the 1969 -- 70 season. Because this was Jordan 's first championship since his father 's murder, and it was won on Father 's Day, Jordan reacted very emotionally upon winning the title, including a memorable scene of him crying on the locker room floor with the game ball.
In the 1996 -- 97 season, the Bulls started out 69 -- 11, but missed out on a second consecutive 70 - win season by losing their final two games to finish 69 -- 13. However, this year Jordan was beaten for the NBA MVP Award by Karl Malone. The Bulls again advanced to the Finals, where they faced Malone and the Utah Jazz. The series against the Jazz featured two of the more memorable clutch moments of Jordan 's career. He won Game 1 for the Bulls with a buzzer - beating jump shot. In Game 5, with the series tied at 2, Jordan played despite being feverish and dehydrated from a stomach virus. In what is known as the "Flu Game '', Jordan scored 38 points, including the game - deciding 3 - pointer with 25 seconds remaining. The Bulls won 90 -- 88 and went on to win the series in six games. For the fifth time in as many Finals appearances, Jordan received the Finals MVP award. During the 1997 NBA All - Star Game, Jordan posted the first triple double in All - Star Game history in a victorious effort; however, he did not receive the MVP award.
Jordan and the Bulls compiled a 62 -- 20 record in the 1997 -- 98 season. Jordan led the league with 28.7 points per game, securing his fifth regular - season MVP award, plus honors for All - NBA First Team, First Defensive Team and the All - Star Game MVP. The Bulls won the Eastern Conference Championship for a third straight season, including surviving a seven - game series with the Indiana Pacers in the Eastern Conference Finals; it was the first time Jordan had played in a Game 7 since the 1992 Eastern Conference Semifinals with the Knicks. After winning, they moved on for a rematch with the Jazz in the Finals.
The Bulls returned to the Delta Center for Game 6 on June 14, 1998, leading the series 3 -- 2. Jordan executed a series of plays, considered to be one of the greatest clutch performances in NBA Finals history. With the Bulls trailing 86 -- 83 with 41.9 seconds remaining in the fourth quarter, Phil Jackson called a timeout. When play resumed, Jordan received the inbound pass, drove to the basket, and hit a shot over several Jazz defenders, cutting the Utah lead to 86 -- 85. The Jazz brought the ball upcourt and passed the ball to forward Karl Malone, who was set up in the low post and was being guarded by Rodman. Malone jostled with Rodman and caught the pass, but Jordan cut behind him and took the ball out of his hands for a steal. Jordan then dribbled down the court and paused, eyeing his defender, Jazz guard Bryon Russell. With 10 seconds remaining, Jordan started to dribble right, then crossed over to his left, possibly pushing off Russell, although the officials did not call a foul. With 5.2 seconds left, Jordan gave Chicago an 87 -- 86 lead with a game - winning jumper, the climactic shot of his Bulls career. Afterwards, John Stockton missed a game - winning three - pointer. Jordan and the Bulls won their sixth NBA championship and second three - peat. Once again, Jordan was voted the Finals MVP, having led all scorers averaging 33.5 points per game, including 45 in the deciding Game 6. Jordan 's six Finals MVPs is a record; Shaquille O'Neal, Magic Johnson, LeBron James and Tim Duncan are tied for second place with three apiece. The 1998 Finals holds the highest television rating of any Finals series in history. Game 6 also holds the highest television rating of any game in NBA history.
With Phil Jackson 's contract expiring, the pending departures of Scottie Pippen and Dennis Rodman looming, and being in the latter stages of an owner - induced lockout of NBA players, Jordan retired for the second time on January 13, 1999. On January 19, 2000, Jordan returned to the NBA not as a player, but as part owner and president of basketball operations for the Washington Wizards. Jordan 's responsibilities with the Wizards were comprehensive. He controlled all aspects of the Wizards ' basketball operations, and had the final say in all personnel matters. Opinions of Jordan as a basketball executive were mixed. He managed to purge the team of several highly paid, unpopular players (such as forward Juwan Howard and point guard Rod Strickland), but used the first pick in the 2001 NBA draft to select high schooler Kwame Brown, who did not live up to expectations and was traded away after four seasons.
Despite his January 1999 claim that he was "99.9 % certain '' that he would never play another NBA game, in the summer of 2001 Jordan expressed interest in making another comeback, this time with his new team. Inspired by the NHL comeback of his friend Mario Lemieux the previous winter, Jordan spent much of the spring and summer of 2001 in training, holding several invitation - only camps for NBA players in Chicago. In addition, Jordan hired his old Chicago Bulls head coach, Doug Collins, as Washington 's coach for the upcoming season, a decision that many saw as foreshadowing another Jordan return.
On September 25, 2001, Jordan announced his return to the NBA to play for the Washington Wizards, indicating his intention to donate his salary as a player to a relief effort for the victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks. In an injury - plagued 2001 -- 02 season, he led the team in scoring (22.9 ppg), assists (5.2 apg), and steals (1.42 spg). However, torn cartilage in his right knee ended Jordan 's season after only 60 games, the fewest he had played in a regular season since playing 17 games after returning from his first retirement during the 1994 -- 95 season. Jordan started 53 of his 60 games for the season, averaging 24.3 points, 5.4 assists, and 6.0 rebounds, and shooting 41.9 % from the field in his 53 starts. His last seven appearances were in a reserve role, in which he averaged just over 20 minutes per game.
Playing in his 14th and final NBA All - Star Game in 2003, Jordan passed Kareem Abdul - Jabbar as the all - time leading scorer in All - Star Game history (a record since broken by Kobe Bryant). That year, Jordan was the only Washington player to play in all 82 games, starting in 67 of them. He averaged 20.0 points, 6.1 rebounds, 3.8 assists, and 1.5 steals per game. He also shot 45 % from the field, and 82 % from the free throw line. Even though he turned 40 during the season, he scored 20 or more points 42 times, 30 or more points nine times, and 40 or more points three times. On February 21, 2003, Jordan became the first 40 - year - old to tally 43 points in an NBA game. During his stint with the Wizards, all of Jordan 's home games at the MCI Center were sold out, and the Wizards were the second most - watched team in the NBA, averaging 20,172 fans a game at home and 19,311 on the road. However, neither of Jordan 's final two seasons resulted in a playoff appearance for the Wizards, and Jordan was often unsatisfied with the play of those around him. At several points he openly criticized his teammates to the media, citing their lack of focus and intensity, notably that of the number one draft pick in the 2001 NBA draft, Kwame Brown.
With the recognition that 2002 -- 03 would be Jordan 's final season, tributes were paid to him throughout the NBA. In his final game at the United Center in Chicago, which was his old home court, Jordan received a four - minute standing ovation. The Miami Heat retired the number 23 jersey on April 11, 2003, even though Jordan never played for the team. At the 2003 All - Star Game, Jordan was offered a starting spot from Tracy McGrady and Allen Iverson, but refused both. In the end, he accepted the spot of Vince Carter, who decided to give it up under great public pressure.
Jordan played in his final NBA game on April 16, 2003, in Philadelphia. After scoring only 13 points in the game, Jordan went to the bench with 4 minutes and 13 seconds remaining in the third quarter and his team trailing the Philadelphia 76ers, 75 -- 56. Just after the start of the fourth quarter, the First Union Center crowd began chanting "We want Mike! '' After much encouragement from coach Doug Collins, Jordan finally rose from the bench and re-entered the game, replacing Larry Hughes with 2: 35 remaining. At 1: 45, Jordan was intentionally fouled by the 76ers ' Eric Snow, and stepped to the line to make both free throws. After the second foul shot, the 76ers in - bounded the ball to rookie John Salmons, who in turn was intentionally fouled by Bobby Simmons one second later, stopping time so that Jordan could return to the bench. Jordan received a three - minute standing ovation from his teammates, his opponents, the officials, and the crowd of 21,257 fans.
Jordan played on two Olympic gold medal - winning American basketball teams. He won a gold medal as a college player in the 1984 Summer Olympics. The team was coached by Bob Knight and featured players such as Patrick Ewing, Sam Perkins, Chris Mullin, Steve Alford, and Wayman Tisdale. Jordan led the team in scoring, averaging 17.1 ppg for the tournament.
In the 1992 Summer Olympics, he was a member of the star - studded squad that included Magic Johnson, Larry Bird, and David Robinson and was dubbed the "Dream Team ''. Jordan was the only player to start all 8 games in the Olympics. Playing limited minutes due to the frequent blowouts, Jordan averaged 14.9 ppg, finishing second on the team in scoring. Jordan and fellow Dream Team members Patrick Ewing and Chris Mullin are the only American men 's basketball players to win Olympic gold medals as amateurs and professionals.
After his third retirement, Jordan assumed that he would be able to return to his front office position as Director of Basketball Operations with the Wizards. However, his previous tenure in the Wizards ' front office had produced the aforementioned mixed results and may have also influenced the trade of Richard "Rip '' Hamilton for Jerry Stackhouse (although Jordan was not technically Director of Basketball Operations in 2002). On May 7, 2003, Wizards owner Abe Pollin fired Jordan as the team 's president of basketball operations. Jordan later stated that he felt betrayed, and that if he had known he would be fired upon retiring he never would have come back to play for the Wizards.
Jordan kept busy over the next few years. He stayed in shape, played golf in celebrity charity tournaments, and spent time with his family in Chicago. He also promoted his Jordan Brand clothing line and rode motorcycles. Since 2004, Jordan has owned Michael Jordan Motorsports, a professional closed - course motorcycle road racing team that competed with two Suzukis in the premier Superbike championship sanctioned by the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) until the end of the 2013 season. In 2006, Jordan and his wife Juanita pledged $5 million to Chicago 's Hales Franciscan High School. The Jordan Brand has made donations to Habitat for Humanity and a Louisiana branch of the Boys & Girls Clubs of America.
On June 15, 2006, Jordan bought a minority stake in the Charlotte Bobcats, becoming the team 's second - largest shareholder behind majority owner Robert L. Johnson. As part of the deal, Jordan took full control over the basketball side of the operation, with the title "Managing Member of Basketball Operations. '' Despite Jordan 's previous success as an endorser, he has made an effort not to be included in Charlotte 's marketing campaigns. A decade earlier, Jordan had made a bid to become part - owner of Charlotte 's original NBA team, the Charlotte Hornets, but talks collapsed when owner George Shinn refused to give Jordan complete control of basketball operations.
In February 2010, it was reported that Jordan was seeking majority ownership of the Bobcats. As February wore on, it became apparent that Jordan and former Houston Rockets president George Postolos were the leading contenders for ownership of the team. On February 27, the Bobcats announced that Johnson had reached an agreement with Jordan and his group, MJ Basketball Holdings, to buy the team pending NBA approval. On March 17, the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved Jordan 's purchase, making him the first former player to become the majority owner of an NBA team. It also made him the league 's only African - American majority owner of an NBA team.
During the 2011 NBA lockout, The New York Times wrote that Jordan led a group of 10 to 14 hardline owners who wanted to cap the players ' share of basketball - related income at 50 percent and as low as 47. Journalists observed that, during the labor dispute in 1998, Jordan had told Washington Wizards then - owner Abe Pollin, "If you ca n't make a profit, you should sell your team. '' Jason Whitlock of FoxSports.com called Jordan a "sellout '' wanting "current players to pay for his incompetence. '' He cited Jordan 's executive decisions to draft disappointing players Kwame Brown and Adam Morrison.
During the 2011 -- 12 NBA season that was shortened to 66 games by the lockout, the Bobcats posted a 7 -- 59 record. Their. 106 winning percentage was the worst in NBA history. "I 'm not real happy about the record book scenario last year. It 's very, very frustrating '', Jordan said later that year.
Jordan was a shooting guard who was also capable of playing as a small forward (the position he would primarily play during his second return to professional basketball with the Washington Wizards), and as a point guard. Jordan was known throughout his career for being a strong clutch performer. With the Bulls, he decided 25 games with field goals or free throws in the last 30 seconds, including two NBA Finals games and five other playoff contests. His competitiveness was visible in his prolific trash - talk and well - known work ethic. As the Bulls organization built the franchise around Jordan, management had to trade away players who were not "tough enough '' to compete with him in practice. To help improve his defense, he spent extra hours studying film of opponents. On offense, he relied more upon instinct and improvisation at game time. Noted as a durable player, Jordan did not miss four or more games while active for a full season from 1986 -- 87 to 2001 -- 02, when he injured his right knee. He played all 82 games nine times. Jordan has frequently cited David Thompson, Walter Davis, and Jerry West as influences. Confirmed at the start of his career, and possibly later on, Jordan had a special "Love of the Game Clause '' written into his contract (unusual at the time) which allowed him to play basketball against anyone at any time, anywhere.
Jordan had a versatile offensive game. He was capable of aggressively driving to the basket, as well as drawing fouls from his opponents at a high rate; his 8,772 free throw attempts are the ninth - highest total of all time. As his career progressed, Jordan also developed the ability to post up his opponents and score with his trademark fadeaway jump shot, using his leaping ability to "fade away '' from block attempts. According to Hubie Brown, this move alone made him nearly unstoppable. Despite media criticism as a "selfish '' player early in his career, Jordan 's 5.3 assists per game also indicate his willingness to defer to his teammates. After shooting under 30 % from three - point range in his first five seasons in the NBA, including a career - low 13 % in the 1987 -- 88 season, Jordan improved to a career - high 50 % in the 1994 -- 95 season. The three - point shot became more of a focus of his game from 1994 -- 95 to 1996 -- 97, when the NBA shortened its three - point line to 22 ft (6.7 m) (from 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m)). His three - point field - goal percentages ranged from 35 % to 43 % in seasons in which he attempted at least 230 three - pointers between 1989 -- 90 and 1996 -- 97. For a guard, Jordan was also a good rebounder (6.2 per game).
In 1988, Jordan was honored with the NBA 's Defensive Player of the Year Award and became the first NBA player to win both the Defensive Player of the Year and MVP awards in a career (since equaled by Hakeem Olajuwon, David Robinson, and Kevin Garnett; Olajuwon is the only player other than Jordan to win both during the same season). In addition, he set both seasonal and career records for blocked shots by a guard, and combined this with his ball - thieving ability to become a standout defensive player. He ranks third in NBA history in total steals with 2,514, trailing John Stockton and Jason Kidd. Jerry West often stated that he was more impressed with Jordan 's defensive contributions than his offensive ones. He was also known to have strong eyesight; broadcaster Al Michaels said that he was able to read baseball box scores on a 27 - inch (69 cm) television clearly from about 50 feet (15 m) away.
Jordan 's talent was clear from his first NBA season. Bird said that he had "Never seen anyone like him '', that he was "One of a kind '', and that Jordan was the best player he had ever seen and comparable to Wayne Gretzky as an athlete. In Jordan 's first game in Madison Square Garden against the New York Knicks, he received a prolonged standing ovation, a rarity for an opposing player. After Jordan scored a playoff record 63 points against the Boston Celtics on April 20, 1986, Bird described him as "God disguised as Michael Jordan ''.
Jordan led the NBA in scoring in 10 seasons (NBA record) and tied Wilt Chamberlain 's record of seven consecutive scoring titles. He was also a fixture on the NBA All - Defensive First Team, making the roster nine times (NBA record shared with Gary Payton, Kevin Garnett and Kobe Bryant). Jordan also holds the top career regular season and playoff scoring averages of 30.1 and 33.4 points per game, respectively. By 1998, the season of his Finals - winning shot against the Jazz, he was well known throughout the league as a clutch performer. In the regular season, Jordan was the Bulls ' primary threat in the final seconds of a close game and in the playoffs; he would always ask for the ball at crunch time. Jordan 's total of 5,987 points in the playoffs is the second - highest in NBA history. He retired with 32,292 points in regular season play, placing him fourth on the NBA 's all - time scoring list behind Kareem Abdul - Jabbar, Karl Malone, and Kobe Bryant.
With five regular - season MVPs (tied for second place with Bill Russell -- only Kareem Abdul - Jabbar has won more, with six), six Finals MVPs (NBA record), and three All - Star Game MVPs, Jordan is the most decorated player in NBA history. Jordan finished among the top three in regular - season MVP voting 10 times, and was named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996. He is one of only seven players in history to win an NCAA championship, an NBA championship, and an Olympic gold medal (doing so twice with the 1984 and 1992 U.S. men 's basketball teams). Since 1976, the year of the NBA 's merger with the American Basketball Association, Jordan and Pippen are the only two players to win six NBA Finals playing for one team. In the All - Star Game fan ballot, Jordan received the most votes nine times, more than any other player.
-- Magic Johnson
Many of Jordan 's contemporaries have said that Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time. In 1999, an ESPN survey of journalists, athletes and other sports figures ranked Jordan the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century, above such luminaries as Babe Ruth and Muhammad Ali. Jordan placed second to Babe Ruth in the Associated Press 's December 1999 list of 20th century athletes. In addition, the Associated Press voted him the greatest basketball player of the 20th century. Jordan has also appeared on the front cover of Sports Illustrated a record 50 times. In the September 1996 issue of Sport, which was the publication 's 50th - anniversary issue, Jordan was named the greatest athlete of the past 50 years.
Jordan 's athletic leaping ability, highlighted in his back - to - back slam dunk contest championships in 1987 and 1988, is credited by many people with having influenced a generation of young players. Several current NBA players -- including LeBron James and Dwyane Wade -- have stated that they considered Jordan their role model while they were growing up. In addition, commentators have dubbed a number of next - generation players "the next Michael Jordan '' upon their entry to the NBA, including Anfernee "Penny '' Hardaway, Grant Hill, Allen Iverson, Kobe Bryant, LeBron James, Vince Carter, and Dwyane Wade. Although Jordan was a well - rounded player, his "Air Jordan '' image is also often credited with inadvertently decreasing the jump shooting skills, defense, and fundamentals of young players, a fact Jordan himself has lamented.
I think it was the exposure of Michael Jordan; the marketing of Michael Jordan. Everything was marketed towards the things that people wanted to see, which was scoring and dunking. That Michael Jordan still played defense and an all - around game, but it was never really publicized.
During his heyday, Jordan did much to increase the status of the game, but the popularity of the NBA in the U.S. appears to have declined since his last title. Television ratings in particular increased only during his time in the league, and Finals ratings have not returned to the level reached during his last championship - winning season.
In August 2009, the Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield, Massachusetts, opened a Michael Jordan exhibit that contained items from his college and NBA careers, as well as from the 1992 "Dream Team ''. The exhibit also has a batting glove to signify Jordan 's short career in minor league baseball. After Jordan received word of his acceptance into the Hall of Fame, he selected Class of 1996 member David Thompson to present him. As Jordan would later explain during his induction speech in September 2009, when he was growing up in North Carolina, he was not a fan of the Tar Heels and greatly admired Thompson, who played at rival North Carolina State. In September, he was inducted into the Hall with several former Bulls teammates in attendance, including Scottie Pippen, Dennis Rodman, Charles Oakley, Ron Harper, Steve Kerr, and Toni Kukoč. Two of Jordan 's former coaches, Dean Smith and Doug Collins, were also among those present. His emotional reaction during his speech -- when he began to cry -- was captured by Associated Press photographer Stephan Savoia and would later go viral on social media as the Crying Jordan Internet meme. In 2016, President Barack Obama honored Jordan with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
Jordan married Juanita Vanoy in September 1989, and they had two sons, Jeffrey Michael and Marcus James, and a daughter, Jasmine. Jordan and Vanoy filed for divorce on January 4, 2002, citing irreconcilable differences, but reconciled shortly thereafter. They again filed for divorce and were granted a final decree of dissolution of marriage on December 29, 2006, commenting that the decision was made "mutually and amicably ''. It is reported that Juanita received a $168 million settlement (equivalent to $204 million in 2017), making it the largest celebrity divorce settlement on public record at the time.
In 1991, Jordan purchased a lot in Highland Park, Illinois, to build a 56,000 square - foot (5,200 m) mansion, which was completed four years later. Jordan listed his Highland Park mansion for sale in 2012. His two sons attended Loyola Academy, a private Roman Catholic high school located in Wilmette, Illinois. Jeffrey graduated as a member of the 2007 graduating class and played his first collegiate basketball game on November 11, 2007, for the University of Illinois. After two seasons, Jeffrey left the Illinois basketball team in 2009. He later rejoined the team for a third season, then received a release to transfer to the University of Central Florida, where Marcus was attending. Marcus transferred to Whitney Young High School after his sophomore year at Loyola Academy and graduated in 2009. He began attending UCF in the fall of 2009, and played three seasons of basketball for the school.
On July 21, 2006, a judge in Cook County, Illinois, determined that Jordan did not owe his alleged former lover Karla Knafel $5 million in a breach of contract claim. Jordan had allegedly paid Knafel $250,000 to keep their relationship a secret. Knafel claimed Jordan promised her $5 million for remaining silent and agreeing not to file a paternity suit after Knafel learned she was pregnant in 1991. A DNA test showed Jordan was not the father of the child.
He proposed to his longtime girlfriend, Cuban - American model Yvette Prieto, on Christmas 2011, and they were married on April 27, 2013, at Bethesda - by - the - Sea Episcopal Church. It was announced on November 30, 2013, that the two were expecting their first child together. On February 11, 2014, Prieto gave birth to identical twin daughters named Victoria and Ysabel.
Jordan is one of the most marketed sports figures in history. He has been a major spokesman for such brands as Nike, Coca - Cola, Chevrolet, Gatorade, McDonald 's, Ball Park Franks, Rayovac, Wheaties, Hanes, and MCI. Jordan has had a long relationship with Gatorade, appearing in over 20 commercials for the company since 1991, including the "Be Like Mike '' commercials in which a song was sung by children wishing to be like Jordan.
Nike created a signature shoe for him, called the Air Jordan. One of Jordan 's more popular commercials for the shoe involved Spike Lee playing the part of Mars Blackmon. In the commercials Lee, as Blackmon, attempted to find the source of Jordan 's abilities and became convinced that "it 's got ta be the shoes ''. The hype and demand for the shoes even brought on a spate of "shoe - jackings '' where people were robbed of their sneakers at gunpoint. Subsequently, Nike spun off the Jordan line into its own division named the "Jordan Brand ''. The company features an impressive list of athletes and celebrities as endorsers. The brand has also sponsored college sports programs such as those of North Carolina, Cal, Georgetown, and Marquette.
Jordan also has been associated with the Looney Tunes cartoon characters. A Nike commercial shown during 1992 's Super Bowl XXVI featured Jordan and Bugs Bunny playing basketball. The Super Bowl commercial inspired the 1996 live action / animated film Space Jam, which starred Jordan and Bugs in a fictional story set during the former 's first retirement from basketball. They have subsequently appeared together in several commercials for MCI. Jordan also made an appearance in the music video of Michael Jackson 's "Jam '' (1992).
Jordan 's yearly income from the endorsements is estimated to be over forty million dollars. In addition, when Jordan 's power at the ticket gates was at its highest point, the Bulls regularly sold out both their home and road games. Due to this, Jordan set records in player salary by signing annual contracts worth in excess of US $30 million per season. An academic study found that Jordan 's first NBA comeback resulted in an increase in the market capitalization of his client firms of more than $1 billion.
Most of Jordan 's endorsement deals, including his first deal with Nike, were engineered by his agent, David Falk. Jordan has described Falk as "the best at what he does '' and that "marketing-wise, he 's great. He 's the one who came up with the concept of ' Air Jordan. ' ''
In June 2010, Jordan was ranked by Forbes magazine as the 20th-most powerful celebrity in the world with $55 million earned between June 2009 and June 2010. According to the Forbes article, Jordan Brand generates $1 billion in sales for Nike. In June 2014, Jordan was named the first NBA player to become a billionaire, after he increased his stake in the Charlotte Hornets from 80 % to 89.5 %. On January 20, 2015, Jordan was honored with the Charlotte Business Journal 's Business Person of the Year for 2014. In 2017, he became a part owner of the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball.
Forbes designated Jordan as the athlete with the highest career earnings in 2017. From his Jordan Brand income and endorsements, Jordan 's 2015 income was an estimated $110 million, the most of any retired athlete. As of February 2018, his current net worth is estimated at $1.65 billion by Forbes. Jordan is the third - richest African - American as of 2018, behind Robert F. Smith and Oprah Winfrey.
Jordan co-owns an automotive group which bears his name. The company has a Nissan dealership in Durham, North Carolina, acquired in 1990, and formerly had a Lincoln -- Mercury dealership from 1995 until its closure in June 2009. The company also owned a Nissan franchise in Glen Burnie, Maryland. The restaurant industry is another business interest of Jordan 's. His restaurants include a steakhouse in New York City 's Grand Central Terminal, among others.
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the address - maxposure media group new delhi delhi | MaXposure Media Group - wikipedia
Maxposure Media Group, stylized as Maxposure Media, is a content marketing company in the genres of Travel, Hospitality, Retail, Automobile, Entertainment, FMCG and Real Estate around the world. It offers omnichannel solutions ranging from Digital content, Video, magazines, social media, mobile apps, augumented realty, and events. Maxposure 's key clients include Air Arabia Sharjah, Air Arabia Maroc, Indian Railways Air India, Gulf Air, SaudiGulf Airlines, Vistara Airlines (JV between TATA and Singapore airlines), Go Air, Trujet Airlines, Fly Easy, Spicejet Airlines, Ministry of External Affairs India Perspectives, MercedesBenz and The Oberoi Hotels & Resorts. It was founded by Vikas Johari in Coral Gables, Florida. The company 's India headquarters are in New Delhi. On 1 July 2011, the European Media conglomerate, Gruner + Jahr, acquired a 78.75 % interest in Maxposure Media Group by acquiring shares of Vikas Johari, Kusum Johari & Sweta Johari. Prakash Johari continued to own 21.25 % in the company.
On December 5, 2014, founders bought back stake from Gruner + Jahr for Rs 40 Crore. Prakash Johari actively manages the business since the buy back and has expanded the business to 6 countries.
Since the buyback, the company has ventured in to multiple new businesses like In - flight entertainment Content Services (CSP) for airlines around the world under brand label; Aeroplay Entertainment, targeted advertising business under the label GTAD, native advertising platform under the brand label Storycrux.com, and aviation ambient media advertising business under brand label Aviation OOH
Maxposure Media Group, LLC was incorporated in Coral Gables, Florida, United States in 2006 by Vikas Johari and Editor - in - Chief & Editorial Director Jorge Arauz. The first office was set up at 1111 Lincoln Road, South Beach, Miami. The pilot issue of the flagship magazine, ANDpersand (a.k.a. &) was created from Johari 's dorm room during his senior year at the University of Miami, where he studied with Arauz. In late summer 2006, Maxposure entered India with incorporation of Maxposure Media Group (India) Pvt. Ltd. in New Delhi. In fall 2006, an Indian edition of ANDpersand was launched as a quarterly in Mumbai.
The foundation of Maxposure Media is based on its 4 pillars. Content strategy, Content creation & Distribution, Content Monetisation, and Results & Analytics
It offers variety of services like bespoke content creation across platforms i.e. Print, Video, Audio, animation etc., and digital services like Mobile & Tablet apps creation, Website content and design building, and social media marketing services across various social media platforms. It also offers augmented realty and translation services.
In addition to ANDpersand, Maxposure Media Group (India) has launched various publications in different genres including AndMore ' (fashion & style), Forms (interior design & architecture) and The BEAT (city & lifestyle). The company has in - house creative agency; MaXcom; an online outsourcing division, Maxposure Digital; and an events division, Equator.
In August 2009, the company began publishing SpiceRoute for SpiceJet Airlines. The in - flight magazine is the second contract publishing project for the company after Beyond Luxury '. In October 2009, Maxposure Media Group (India) launched the Indian edition of Italian hair & beauty magazine Estetica. It marks the magazine 's 25th international edition. In June 2010, Maxposure Media Group (India) acquired the license for the Indian edition FHM from Next Gen Publishing Ltd. and Bauer Media Group in the United Kingdom. Maxposure Media Group (India) released the first issue of FHM since it acquired the licence in August 2010 with Lisa Haydon on the cover. FHM is the UK 's biggest men 's lifestyle media brand.
In Summer 2010, it launched Touchdown Magazine and the Indian edition of MercedesMagazine. The former is the official magazine of the Mumbai international airport and published for GVK and Mumbai International Airport Ltd. (MIAL). MercedesMagazine is published exclusively for Mercedes - Benz India customers and was launched by Vidya Balan & Dr. Wilfried Aulbur, Managing Director & CEO, Mercedes - Benz India. In September 2010, MaXposure acquired the rights to publish Elite Life for ICICI Prudential customers, as well as the Indian edition of Diabetic Living, under license from Meredith Corporation. A month later, Elite Life was launched. In May 2011, MaXposure Media Group launched Diabetic Living, a quarterly magazine distributed nationally on newsstands, inside hospitals and to medical professionals and diabetics throughout India.
In Summer 2011, it won the bid to publish the in - flight magazine for Air India, India 's oldest and largest airline, the inflight magazine is now called Shubh Yatra '' Magazine. It features editorial coverage in both English and Hindi and reaches more than 2.5 million readers monthly. The acquisition positioned Maxposure as India 's largest in - flight magazine publisher and the largest custom media publisher in India.
During the Gruner + Jahr era, it added Axis Bank magazines called Ascend and Homecoming, City Walker for Select Citywalk, Crossing Insights for Crossings Republik, Credai Times for Credai, Nissan magazine for Nissan Motor India Private Limited, Smart Trucking for Daimler India Commercial Vehicles, Milestones magazine for Ashok Leyland, Watts Up! for Havells, Circle magazine for Lifestyle Stores, Pantaloons magazine for Pantaloons Fashion & Retail, Promenade magazine for DLF Promenade, Ambience magazine for Ambience Malls, FDCI Dailies for Fashion Design Council of India, Isuzu Travelogue for Isuzu Motors India and India Perspective for Ministry of External Affairs (India)
Post Gruner + Jahr exit in December 2014, Maxposure sold its consumer media business to a TCG Media Limited in April 2015 to focus on its core business i.e. Content marketing with focus on Aviation, Luxury automobile, and Hospitality clients and expand internationally.
In January 2015, it launched various content marketing initiatives for Vistara airlinesincluding Vistara Inflight magazine, Mobile App, website, Augmented realty integration etc. Vistara is a joint venture between Tata Sons Limited and Singapore Airlines Limited (SIA).
In November 2015, it won the contract for Indian Railways mouthpiece Rail Bandhu. The bi-lingual magazine is available on - board Shatabdi, Rajdhani and Duronto trains across the country. Its first issue under new contract was December 2015. Further, web portal (www.railbandhu.in) and mobile apps on Android & iOS platforms were launched.
In December 2015, it launched Trujetter magazine for regional TruJet Airlines based out of Hyderabad.
In January 2016, it won rights to publish the monthly GoGetter magazine, the exclusive inflight magazine of GoAir and its first issue under new contract was February 2016 issue. Further in February, it bagged contract to publish FLY Smiles magazine for Bangalore - based airline called Air Pegasus. The first issue was April 2016.
In March 2016, it bagged the content marketing contract Gulf Air for 360 communications (mobile, web, print (Gulf Life), UGC etc.) with its customers, National Carrier of Kingdom of Bahrain. Its project started in May 2016 and content is produced in English language and Arabic.
In June 2016, it was awarded the content marketing contract for Air Arabia (mobile, web, print (Nawras), UGC etc.). Air Arabia is the Sharjah - headquartered United Arab Emirates National budget airline with over 101 destinations in 32 countries worldwide. Nawras is published in 2 editions; Sharjah (English language, Arabic) and Morocco (English language, French language, Arabic).
In early September 2016, it was awarded rights to publish The Oberoi Group magazine for Oberoi Hotels & Resorts (EIH Limited), with its first issue being Winter 2016. The Oberoi Group Magazine is an exclusive lifestyle and travel publication that caters to the interests and desires of the ultimate luxury consumer. The magazine is a quarterly and is distributed in Oberoi properties in India & across the globe.
The Year 2017 started strong with AirAsia India awarding its prestigious inflight magazine (Travel 3Sixty) to the company. Its first issue will be April 2017. The magazine will have monthly frequency and published in English language. AirAsia India is a joint venture between AirAsia Berhad & Tata Sons. By end of 2017, MaXposure 's operations had expanded to 5 countries (USA, Singapore, Bangladesh, India, UAE, Bahrain) with a very multicultural work force representing 8 Nationalities.
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where does the show the ranch take place | The Ranch (TV series) - wikipedia
The Ranch is an American comedy web television series starring Ashton Kutcher, Danny Masterson, Debra Winger, Elisha Cuthbert, and Sam Elliott that debuted in 2016 on Netflix. The show takes place on the fictional Iron River Ranch in the fictitious small town of Garrison, Colorado; detailing the life of the Bennetts, a dysfunctional family consisting of two brothers, their rancher father, and his divorced wife and local bar owner. While the opening sequence shows scenes from Norwood and Ouray, Colorado and surrounding Ouray and San Miguel Counties, The Ranch is filmed on a sound stage in front of a live audience in Burbank, California. Each season consists of 20 episodes broken up into two parts, each containing 10 episodes.
All episodes are named after American country music songs, predominantly Kenny Chesney in part one, George Strait in part two, Tim McGraw in part three, and Garth Brooks in part four: the first ten episodes premiered on April 1, 2016, the second batch of ten episodes premiered on October 7, 2016. In April 2016, Netflix renewed The Ranch for a second season of 20 episodes, the first half of which premiered on June 16, 2017, and the second half was released on December 15, 2017.
On July 4, 2017, Netflix announced through its official The Ranch Twitter account that the show had been renewed for a third season of 20 episodes to air in 2018. In December 2017, a week before the release of the second - half of the second season, it was announced Masterson had been written out of the show following multiple sexual assault allegations made against him, and will appear in only the first 10 episodes of the third season.
The Ranch has been met with mixed, but generally positive, reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the series an average approval rating of 70 % (60 % for season 1, 80 % for season 2) based on 92 reviews, with an average rating of 4.5 / 5. The site 's critical consensus reads, "A formulaic set - up and predictable plotting are elevated by The Ranch 's surprising sensitivity and strong performances. '' Metacritic gave the series a score of 56 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews ''.
Writing for Slate in a positive review, television critic Willa Paskin wrote of the show, "The Ranch is a red - state sitcom, though it takes place in the swing state of Colorado, and is good enough to be watched by people of any political affiliation '' and "The goodness sneaks up on you. '' Los Angeles Times wrote: "(Elliott and Winger 's) scenes together, as restrained as they are, are the show 's most emotionally resonant. You will want to check them out. ''
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dirty old bastard baby i got your money | Got Your Money - wikipedia
"Got Your Money '' is a single by American hip - hop artist Ol ' Dirty Bastard, taken from his second full - length LP Nigga Please. The song 's chorus is sung by American R&B singer Kelis who makes her first appearance on record. Both the single and the album were released on Elektra Records in 1999. The song was produced by The Neptunes. It was also the only single released from Nigga Please. Listed at number 255 on NMEs 500 greatest songs of all time. This was the last top 10 hit single by Ol ' Dirty Bastard that was released before his death on November 13, 2004.
In 2012, a parody of the song was made by ADHD called "Where You Hide Your Money '' with 2012 Republican presidential nominee, Mitt Romney, as the subject of the song. In 2013 and 2014, an altered version of the song appeared in a television commercial for Boost Mobile, and in 2015, a trailer for the film Get Hard.
The music video for "Got Your Money '' uses footage from the 1975 blaxploitation film Dolemite. No new footage of ODB was filmed for the video. Footage of ODB was taken from the 1995 music video for "Shimmy Shimmy Ya ''.
It also features Kelis, with Beverly Peele and Tangi Miller as backup dancers.
Pitchfork Media included it in its list of Top 50 Music Videos of the 1990s.
sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone
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constant the liberty of ancients compared with that of moderns | Benjamin Constant - wikipedia
Henri - Benjamin Constant de Rebecque (French: (kɔ̃stɑ̃); 25 October 1767 -- 8 December 1830), or simply Benjamin Constant, was a Swiss - French political activist and writer on politics and religion. He was the author of a partly biographical psychological novel, Adolphe. He was a fervent liberal of the early 19th century, who influenced the Trienio Liberal movement in Spain, the Liberal Revolution of 1820 in Portugal, the Greek War of Independence, the November Uprising in Poland, the Belgian Revolution, and Liberalism in Brazil and Mexico.
Henri - Benjamin Constant was born in Lausanne to descendants of Huguenot Protestants who had fled from Artois to Switzerland during the Huguenot Wars in the 16th century. His father, Jules Constant de Rebecque, served as a high - ranking officer in the Dutch States Army, like his grandfather, his uncle and his cousin Jean Victor de Constant Rebecque. When Constant 's mother died soon after his birth, both his grandmothers took care of him. Private tutors educated him in Brussels (1779) and in the Netherlands (1780). At the Protestant University of Erlangen (1783), he gained appointment to the court of Duchess Sophie Caroline Marie of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel. He had to leave after an affair with a girl, and moved to the University of Edinburgh. There he lived at the home of Andrew Duncan, the elder and became friends with James Mackintosh and Malcolm Laing. When he left the city, he promised to pay back his gambling debts.
In 1787, he returned, traveling on horseback through England and Scotland. In those years the European nobility, with their prerogatives, had come under heavy attack by those who were influenced by Rousseau 's Discourse on Inequality; Constant 's family criticized him when he left out part of his last name. In Paris, at the home of Jean - Baptiste - Antoine Suard he became acquainted with Isabelle de Charriere, a 46 - year older Dutch woman and writer, who later helped publish Rousseau 's Confessions, and who knew his uncle David - Louis Constant de Rebecque extremely well by correspondence for 15 years. When he stayed at her home in Colombier Switzerland, they wrote an epistolary novel together. She acted as a mother to him until Constant 's appointment to the court of Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel that required him to move north. He left the court when the War of the First Coalition began in 1792.
In Brunswick, he had married Wilhelmina von Cramm, but he divorced her in 1793. In September 1794, he met and became interested in the famous and rich (but married) Anne Louise Germaine de Staël, brought up on the principles of Rousseau. They both admired Jean Lambert Tallien and Talleyrand. Their intellectual collaboration between 1795 and 1811 made them one of the most celebrated intellectual couples of their time.
After the Reign of Terror in France (1793 -- 1794), Constant became a defender of bicameralism and of the Parliament of Great Britain. In revolutionary France this strand of political thought resulted in the Constitution of the Year III, the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients. In 1799, after 18 Brumaire, Constant was appointed by Napoleon Bonaparte to the Tribunat, but in 1802, the first consul forced him to withdraw because of his speeches and his connections with Mme de Staël.
Constant became acquainted with Julie Talma, the wife of François - Joseph Talma, who wrote him many letters of compelling human interest.
In 1800, the Plot of the rue Saint - Nicaise, an act of terror, failed. In 1803, at a time when Britain and France were at peace, Jean Gabriel Peltier, while living in England, argued that Napoleon should be killed. The lawyer James Mackintosh defended the French refugee against a libel suit instigated by Napoleon -- then First Consul of France. Mackintosh 's speech was widely published in English and also across Europe in a French translation by Madame de Staël. She was forced to leave Paris.
De Staël, disappointed in French Rationalism, became interested in German Romanticism. Constant moved with her and their two children to Weimar. Duchess Anna Amalia of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel welcomed them the day after their arrival. In Weimar they met Friedrich von Schiller; Johann Wolfgang Goethe at first hesitated. In Berlin, they met with August Wilhelm Schlegel, and his brother, Friedrich Schlegel. Constant parted from de Stael and in 1806 lived in Rouen and Meulan, where he started to work on his novel Adolphe. In 1809, he secretly married Caroline von Hardenberg, a woman who had been divorced twice, (she was related to Novalis and to Karl August von Hardenberg). He moved back to Paris in 1814, where Louis XVIII of France had become king. As a member of the Council of State; Constant defended the constitutional monarchy. He became friends with Madame Récamier and argued with Germaine de Staël, who had asked him to pay his debts when their daughter Albertine married Victor de Broglie. During the Hundred Days of Napoleon, who had become more liberal, Constant fled to the Vendée, but returned when he was invited several times at the Tuileries in order to set up changes for the Charter of 1815.
After the Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815), Constant moved to London -- not in the company of Madame Récamier, who went south, but with his wife. In 1817, back in Paris, he sat in the Chamber of Deputies, the lower legislative house of the Restoration - era government. One of its most eloquent orators, he became a leader of the parliamentary bloc first known as the Independants and later as "liberals ''. He became an opponent of Charles X of France during the Restoration between 1815 and 1830.
In 1830, King Louis Philippe I gave Constant a large sum of money to pay off his debts, and appointed him to the Conseil d'Etat.
One of the first thinkers to go by the name of Liberal, Constant looked to Britain rather than to ancient Rome for a practical model of freedom in a large, commercial society. He drew a distinction between the "Liberty of the Ancients '' and the "Liberty of the Moderns ''. The Liberty of the Ancients was a participatory, republican liberty, which gave the citizens the right to directly influence politics through debates and votes in the public assembly. In order to support this degree of participation, citizenship was a burdensome moral obligation requiring a considerable investment of time and energy. Generally, this required a sub-society of slaves to do much of the productive work, leaving the citizens free to deliberate on public affairs. Ancient Liberty was also limited to relatively small and homogenous societies, in which the people could be conveniently gathered together in one place to transact public affairs.
The Liberty of the Moderns, in contrast, was based on the possession of civil liberties, the rule of law, and freedom from excessive state interference. Direct participation would be limited: a necessary consequence of the size of modern states, and also the inevitable result of having created a commercial society in which there are no slaves but almost everybody must earn a living through work. Instead, the voters would elect representatives, who would deliberate in Parliament on behalf of the people and would save citizens from the necessity of daily political involvement.
He chastised several aspects of the French Revolution, and the failures within the social and political upheaval. He stated how the French attempted to apply ancient republic liberties to the modern state. Constant realized that freedom meant drawing a line between the area of a person 's private life and that of public authority. He admired the noble spirit of regeneration of the state; however, he stated that it was naïve that writers believed that two thousand years had not wrought some changes in the disposition and needs of the people. The dynamics of the state had changed: the ancient states ' population paled in comparison to that of modern countries. He even argued that with a large population, man had no role in government regardless of its form or type. Constant emphasized how the citizens of the ancient state found more satisfaction in their public existence and less in their private. However, the satisfaction of modern peoples occurs in their private existence.
Constant 's repeated denunciation of despotism pervaded his critique of French political philosophers Jean - Jacques Rousseau and Abbé de Mably. These writers, influential to the French Revolution, according to Constant mistook authority for liberty and approved any means of extending the action of authority. Reformers used the model of ancient states of public force, and organized the most absolute despotism under the name of the Republic. He continued to condemn despotism, citing the paradox of liberty derived from recourse to despotism, and the lack of substance in this ideology.
Furthermore, he pointed out the detrimental nature of the Reign of Terror; the inexplicable delirium. In François Furet 's words, Constant 's "entire political thought '' revolved around this question, namely the problem of explaining the Terror. Constant understood the revolutionaries ' disastrous over-investment in the political. The French revolutionaries such as the Sans - culottes were the primary forces in the streets. They promoted constant vigilance and a public emphasis. Constant pointed out how the most obscure life, the quietest existence, the most unknown name, offered no protection during the Reign of Terror. He also stated that each individual added to the number, and took fright in the number that he had helped increase. This mob mentality deterred many and helped to usher in new despots such as Napoleon.
Moreover, Constant believed that, in the modern world, commerce was superior to war. He attacked Napoleon 's martial appetite, on the grounds that it was illiberal and no longer suited to modern commercial social organization. Ancient Liberty tended to be warlike, whereas a state organized on the principles of Modern Liberty would be at peace with all peaceful nations.
Constant believed that if liberty were to be salvaged from the aftermath of the Revolution, then chimerical Ancient Liberty had to be reconciled with the practical and achievable Modern Liberty. England, since the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and then the United Kingdom after 1707, had demonstrated the practicality of Modern Liberty and Britain was a constitutional monarchy. Constant concluded that constitutional monarchy was better suited than republicanism to maintaining Modern Liberty. He was instrumental in drafting the "Acte Additional '' of 1815, which transformed Napoleon 's restored rule into a modern constitutional monarchy. This was only to last for "One Hundred Days '' before Napoleon was defeated, but Constant 's work nevertheless provided a means of reconciling monarchy with liberty. Indeed, the French Constitution (or Charter) of 1830 could be seen as a practical implementation of many of Constant 's ideas: a hereditary monarchy existing alongside an elected Chamber of Deputies and a senatorial Chamber of Peers, with the executive power vested in responsible ministers. Thus, although often ignored in France because of his Anglo - Saxon sympathies, Constant made a profound (albeit indirect) contribution to French constitutional traditions.
Secondly, Constant developed a new theory of constitutional monarchy, in which royal power was intended to be a neutral power, protecting, balancing and restraining the excesses of the other, active powers (the executive, legislature, and judiciary). This was an advance on the prevailing theory in the English - speaking world, which, following the conventional wisdom of William Blackstone, the 18th - century English jurist, had reckoned the King to be head of the executive branch. In Constant 's scheme, the executive power was entrusted to a Council of Ministers (or Cabinet) who, although appointed by the King, were ultimately responsible to Parliament. In making this clear theoretical distinction between the powers of the King (as head of state) and the ministers (as Executive) Constant was responding to the political reality which had been apparent in Britain for more than a century: that the ministers, and not the King, are responsible, and therefore that the King "reigns but does not rule ''. This was important for the development of parliamentary government in France and elsewhere. It should be noted, however, that the King was not to be a powerless cipher in Constant 's scheme: he would have many powers, including the power to make judicial appointments, to dissolve the Chamber and call new elections, to appoint the peers, and to dismiss ministers -- but he would not be able to govern, make policy, or direct the administration, since that would be the task of the responsible ministers. This theory was literally applied in Portugal (1822) and Brazil (1824), where the King / Emperor was explicitly given "Moderating Powers '' rather than executive power. Elsewhere (for example, the 1848 "Statuto albertino '' of the Kingdom of Sardinia, which later became the basis of the Italian constitution from 1861) the executive power was notionally vested in the King, but was exercisable only by the responsible ministers.
He defended the separation of powers as basis of a liberal State, but unlike Montesquieu and most of the liberal thinkers, he defended five powers instead of three. They were the Regal or Moderator, the Executive, the Representative Power of Opinion, the Representative Power of Tradition and the Judicial, the Moderator Power was a monarch, a type judge that was not part of the government, but served as a neutral power to the government, the Executive Power was the ministers that the monarch appointed and they were, collectively, the head of government, the Representative Powers were a separation of the Monstesquieu _́ s Legislative Power, with the Representative Power of Opinion being an elected body to represent the opinion of the citizens and the Representative Power of Tradition was an hereditary House of Peers and the judicial was similar to the Montesquieu 's Judicial Power.
Constant 's other concerns included a "new type of federalism '': a serious attempt to decentralize French government through the devolution of powers to elected municipal councils. This proposal reached fruition in 1831, when elected municipal councils (albeit on a narrow franchise) were created.
The importance of Constant 's writings on the liberty of the ancients has dominated understanding of his work. His wider literary and cultural writings (most importantly the novella Adolphe and his extensive histories of religion) emphasized the importance of self - sacrifice and warmth of the human emotions as a basis for social living. Thus, while he pleaded for individual liberty as vital for individual moral development and appropriate for modernity, he felt that egoism and self - interest were insufficient as part of a true definition of individual liberty. Emotional authenticity and fellow - feeling were critical. In this, his moral and religious thought was strongly influenced by the moral writings of Jean - Jacques Rousseau and German thinkers such as Immanuel Kant, whom he read in preparing his religious history.
Constant published only one novel during his lifetime, Adolphe (1816), the story of a young, indecisive man 's disastrous love affair with an older mistress. A first - person novel in the sentimentalist tradition, Adolphe examines the thoughts of the young man as he falls in and out of love with Ellenore, a woman of uncertain virtue. Constant began the novel as an autobiographical tale of two loves, but decided that the reading public would object to serial passions. The love affair depicted in the finished version of the novel is thought to be based on Constant 's affair with Anna Lindsay, who describes the affair in her correspondence (published in the Revue des Deux Mondes, December 1930 -- January 1931). The book has been compared to Chateaubriand 's René or Mme de Stael 's Corinne.
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where did the story of peter pan come from | Peter Pan - wikipedia
Nina Boucicault (Peter Pan 1904) Betty Bronson (Peter Pan 1924) Mary Martin (1954 Broadway Musical)
Peter Pan is a fictional character created by Scottish novelist and playwright J.M. Barrie. A free - spirited and mischievous young boy who can fly and never grows up, Peter Pan spends his never - ending childhood having adventures on the mythical island of Neverland as the leader of the Lost Boys, interacting with fairies, pirates, mermaids, Native Americans, and occasionally ordinary children from the world outside Neverland.
Peter Pan has become a cultural icon symbolizing youthful innocence and escapism. In addition to two distinct works by Barrie, the character has been featured in a variety of media and merchandise, both adapting and expanding on Barrie 's works. These include a 1953 animated film, a 2003 dramatic / live - action film, a television series and many other works.
J.M. Barrie first used Peter Pan as a character in a section of The Little White Bird (1902), an adult novel where he appears as a seven - day - old baby in the chapter entitled Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens. Following the success of the 1904 play, Barrie 's publishers, Hodder and Stoughton, extracted chapters 13 -- 18 of The Little White Bird and republished them in 1906 under the title Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, with the addition of illustrations by Arthur Rackham.
He returned to the character of Peter Pan as the centre of his stage play entitled Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Would n't Grow Up, which premiered on 27 December 1904 in London. Barrie later adapted and expanded the play 's story line as a novel, published in 1911 as Peter and Wendy.
Barrie never described Peter 's appearance in detail, even in his novel, leaving it to the imagination of the reader and the interpretation of anyone adapting the character. In the play, Peter 's outfit is made of autumn leaves and cobwebs. His name and playing the flute or pipes suggest the mythological character Pan. Barrie mentions in Peter and Wendy that Peter Pan still had all his "first teeth ''. He describes him as a beautiful boy with a beautiful smile, "clad in skeleton leaves and the juices that flow from trees ''.
Traditionally, the character has been played on stage by a petite adult woman. In the original productions in the UK, Peter Pan 's costume was a reddish tunic and dark green tights, such as that worn by Nina Boucicault in 1904. This costume is exhibited in Barrie 's Birthplace. The similar costume worn by Pauline Chase (who played the role from 1906 to 1913) is displayed in the Museum of London. Early editions of adaptations of the story also depict a red costume but a green costume (whether or not made of leaves) becomes more usual from the 1920s, and more so later after the release of Disney 's animated movie.
In the Disney films, Peter wears an outfit that consists of a short - sleeved green tunic and tights apparently made of cloth, and a cap with a red feather in it. He has pointed elf - like ears, brown eyes and his hair is red. In Hook (1991), the character is played as an adult by Robin Williams, with blue eyes and dark brown hair; in flashbacks to him in his youth, his hair is light brown. In this film his ears appear pointed only when he is Peter Pan, not as Peter Banning. His Pan attire resembles the Disney outfit (minus the cap). In the live - action 2003 Peter Pan film, he is portrayed by Jeremy Sumpter, who has blond hair and blue - green eyes. His outfit is made of leaves and vines.
J.M. Barrie created his character based on his older brother, David, who died in an ice - skating accident the day before his 14th birthday. His mother and brother thought of him as forever a boy. The "boy who would n't grow up '' character has been described as a variety of ages.
Peter is an exaggerated stereotype of a boastful and careless boy. He claims greatness, even when such claims are questionable (such as congratulating himself when Wendy re-attaches his shadow). In the play and book, Peter symbolises the selfishness of childhood, and is portrayed as being forgetful and self - centred.
Peter has a nonchalant, devil - may - care attitude, and is fearlessly cocky when it comes to putting himself in danger. Barrie writes that when Peter thought he was going to die on Marooners ' Rock, he felt scared, yet he felt only one shudder. With this blithe attitude, he says, "To die will be an awfully big adventure ''. In the play, the unseen and unnamed narrator ponders what might have been if Peter had stayed with Wendy, so that his cry might have become, "To live would be an awfully big adventure! '', "but he can never quite get the hang of it ''.
Peter 's archetypal quality is his unending youth. In Peter and Wendy, it is explained that Peter must forget his own adventures and what he learns about the world in order to stay childlike.
Peter 's ability to fly is explained, but inconsistently. In The Little White Bird, he is able to fly because he is said to be part bird, like all babies. In the play and novel, he teaches the Darling children to fly using a combination of "lovely wonderful thoughts '' and fairy dust. In Barrie 's Dedication to the play Peter Pan, The Boy Who Would n't Grow up, the author attributes the idea of fairy dust being necessary for flight to practical needs:
... after the first production I had to add something to the play at the request of parents (who thus showed that they thought me the responsible person) about no one being able to fly until the fairy dust had been blown on him; so many children having gone home and tried it from their beds and needed surgical attention. - J.M. Barrie
Peter has an effect on the whole of Neverland and its inhabitants when he is there. Barrie states that although Neverland appears different to every child, the island "wakes up '' when Peter returns from his trip to London. In the chapter "The Mermaids ' Lagoon '' in the book Peter and Wendy, Barrie writes that there is almost nothing that Peter can not do. He is a skilled swordsman, rivalling even Captain Hook, whose hand he cut off in a duel. He has remarkably keen vision and hearing. He is skilled in mimicry, copying the voice of Hook, and the ticking of the clock in the crocodile.
Peter has the ability to imagine things into existence and he is able to feel danger when it is near.
In Peter and Wendy, Barrie states that the Peter Pan legend Mrs Darling heard as a child was that when children died, he accompanied them part of the way to their destination so they would not be frightened. This is a role similar to the Greek god Hermes as a psychopomp.
In the original play, Peter states that no one must ever touch him (though he does not know why). The stage directions specify that no one does so throughout the play. Wendy approaches Peter to give him a "kiss '' (thimble), but is prevented by Tinker Bell.
The character 's name comes from two sources: Peter Llewelyn Davies, one of the five Llewelyn Davies boys who inspired the story, and Pan, a minor deity of Greek mythology who plays pipes to nymphs and is part human and part goat. This is referenced in Barrie 's works (particularly Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens) where Peter Pan plays pipes to the fairies and rides a goat. The god Pan represents Nature or Man 's natural state in contrast to Civilisation and the effects of upbringing on human behaviour. Peter Pan is a free spirit, being too young to be burdened with the effects of education or to have an adult appreciation of moral responsibility. As a ' betwixt - and - between ', who can fly and speak the language of fairies and birds, Peter is part animal and part human. According to psychologist Rosalind Ridley, by comparing Peter 's behaviour to adults and to other animals, Barrie raises many post-Darwinian questions about the origins of human nature and behaviour. As ' the boy who would n't grow up ', Peter exhibits many aspects of the stages of cognitive development seen in children and can be regarded as Barrie 's memory of himself as a child, being both charmingly childlike and childishly solipsistic.
Peter Pan ran away from his parents when he was a baby as told in Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens and Peter and Wendy. Finding the window closed and seeing a new baby in the house when he returned some time later, he believed his parents no longer wanted him and never came back. This younger sibling is referred to in the chapter "Lock - Out Time '' in Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens but is not mentioned again.
While in Kensington Gardens, Peter meets a lost girl named Maimie Mannering and the two quickly become friends. Peter proposes marriage to Maimie. While Maimie wants to stay in the Gardens with Peter, she comes to realise that her mother is so worried that she must return to her. Maimie promises to always remember Peter and goes back to her mother. When Maimie grows up, she continues to think of Peter, dedicating presents and letters to him. To remember Maimie, Peter rides the imaginary goat that Maimie created for him. She is considered to be the literary predecessor of Wendy Darling.
Wendy is hinted to have romantic feelings for Peter, but can not be with him because of his inability to love back. In the 2003 film Peter Pan, the feeling is mutual. Captain Hook can only take away Peter 's ability to fly by thoughts of Wendy leaving him, growing up, and replacing him with a husband. Wendy saves Peter by giving him her hidden kiss (signifying he is her true love); this gives him the will to live. In the movie Hook, an older Wendy implies that she used to (and perhaps, still does) have feelings for Peter, saying that she was shocked that he did not prevent her wedding day. In the sequel to the 1953 Disney film, Return to Neverland, Peter and a grown - up Wendy are briefly, but happily, reunited after many years and continue to show feelings for each other.
In the original novel, Peter later befriends Wendy 's daughter Jane (and her subsequent daughter Margaret), and it is implied that this pattern will go on forever. From time to time Peter visits the real world, and befriends children. Wendy Darling, whom he recruited to be his "mother '', is the most significant of them; he also brings her brothers John and Michael to Neverland at her request. It is mentioned that Wendy was the only girl who captured his attention.
John, the older brother of the Darlings, proves to be extremely mature for his age. He becomes fascinated with piracy and imitates Captain Hook while playing at home with his siblings. Not only sophisticated, John is also courageous and smart. Peter typically tasks John with the responsibility of directing the Lost Boys when Peter is absent. Michael, the youngest of the Darlings, is convinced that Peter Pan is a real person after hearing Wendy 's passionate narratives about him. During nursery games, it 's Michael who plays the role of Peter Pan whom he looks up to.
The parents of Wendy, John and Michael. Mr Darling works as a clerk in the City, and is named after George Llewelyn Davies. Mrs Darling is named after Mary Ansell, Barrie 's wife.
Tiger Lily is the daughter of Great Big Little Panther, the chief of the Piccaninny Native American tribe resident in Neverland. Barrie refers to her as "a princess in her own right '', and she is often described as such. She is kidnapped by the pirates and left to die on Marooners ' Rock, but is rescued by Peter. It is hinted later that she may have romantic feelings for Peter but he does not return them, as he is completely oblivious of other people 's feelings. In the Disney film, Tiger Lily shows her gratitude by performing a dance for Peter and kissing him. The kiss makes him turn bright red, and makes Wendy jealous of Tiger Lily.
Tinker Bell is a common fairy who is Peter Pan 's best friend and often jealously protective of him. She is the friend who helps him in his escapades. As his fairy, Tink 's malicious actions are usually caused by her jealousy which leads to the Lost Boys shooting arrows at Wendy (or nearly stoning her to death in the Disney film), and eventually even reveals Peter 's hideout to Captain Hook, thinking that Wendy will be captured rather than Peter. When Tink realises her serious mistake, she risks her own life by drinking the poison Hook has left for Peter (or pushing Hook 's bomb away in Disney 's movie). Her extreme loyalty and dedication to Peter is everlasting.
Peter is the leader of the Lost Boys, which include Tootles, Nibs, Slightly, Curly, and The Twins. The Lost Boys is a band of boys who were lost by their parents after they "fall out of their perambulators '' and came to live in Neverland. In Barrie 's novel Peter and Wendy (but not the original play Peter Pan), it is stated that Peter "thins them out '' when they start to grow up. This is never fully explained, but it is implied that he either kills them off or sends them back to the real world.
The crocodile (Tick - Tock in the Disney film) is Captain Hook 's nemesis. After Peter Pan cut off Captain Hook 's hand in a fight and threw it into the sea, the crocodile swallowed it and got a taste for Hook. It also swallowed a ticking clock, which alerts Hook of its presence.
Captain Hook whose right hand was cut off in a duel, is Peter Pan 's arch - enemy. Hook 's crew, including Smee and Starkey, also consider him a foe. Captain Hook 's two principal fears are the sight of his own blood (which is supposedly an unnatural colour) and one crocodile. His name plays on the iron hook that replaced his hand cut off by Peter Pan and eaten by a saltwater crocodile, which continues to pursue Hook.
In the 1953 animated film, Hook seeks revenge on Peter Pan for having fed the crocodile his hand, and refuses to leave Neverland without satisfaction. Hook is supported by Mr. Smee. After promising Tinker Bell ' not to lay a finger (or a hook) on Peter Pan ', he lays a bomb in Peter 's hideout. At the conclusion of the film, Hook is chased by the crocodile into the distance. Walt Disney insisted on keeping Hook alive, as he said: "The audience will get to liking Hook, and they do n't want to see him killed. '' In the sequel Return to Never Land, Hook mistakes Wendy 's daughter Jane for Wendy, and uses her as bait to lure Peter Pan to his death.
Mr. Smee is Captain Hook 's boatswain ("bo'sun '') and right - hand man in J.M. Barrie 's play Peter Pan and the novel Peter and Wendy. Mr. Smee is Captain Hook 's direct confidant. Unlike the other pirates, Smee is often clumsy and incapable of capturing any of the Lost Boys. Rather than engaging in Hook 's evil schemes, Smee finds excitement in bagging loot and treasures.
The name Peter Pan has been adopted for various purposes over the years:
Barrie commissioned a statue of Peter Pan by sculptor George Frampton which was erected overnight in Kensington Gardens on 30 April 1912 as a May Day surprise to the children of London. Seven statues have been cast from the original mould. The other six are located in:
Other statues are:
Statue in Kirriemuir, Scotland
Statue in Perth, Australia
Statue in St. John 's, Canada
Statue in Dunedin, New Zealand
Statue in Egmont Park, Brussels, Belgium
Peter Pan statue, Sefton Park, Liverpool
Peter Pan statue at Great Ormond Street Hospital, London
Peter Pan statue at Carl Schurz Park, New York, NYC
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what is season 9 of one tree hill about | One Tree Hill (season 9) - wikipedia
The ninth and final season of One Tree Hill, an American television series created by Mark Schwahn for The WB Television Network. The series was officially renewed by The CW for a ninth season on May 17, 2011; two days later, the network announced that the ninth season would serve as the series ' final season. Premiering on January 11, 2012, the series aired its 13 episodes uninterrupted.
Series leads Bethany Joy Lenz and Sophia Bush continue as full - time regulars, while James Lafferty returned as a part - time regular. Paul Johansson and Tyler Hilton both return to the show for the final season as regulars, whilst former series regulars Chad Michael Murray, Antwon Tanner, Barbara Alyn Woods, and Craig Sheffer guest star.
The season opened to 1.75 million viewers and a 0.9 Adults 18 -- 49 rating, up 26 % in viewers compared to its season eight finale. The final episode aired on April 4, 2012, concluding the series with 1.43 million viewers.
The ninth and final seasons deals with the disappearance and ransom of Nathan Scott. Clay battles a drug addiction and later learns of a secret that turns his life upside down. Brooke faces a demon from her past while struggling to reconnect with her father. Dan 's search for Nathan brings back old faces to Tree Hill. Haley battles with the prospect of being a single mother of two.
As Brooke and Julian begin to adjust to life with their new children, Haley and Nathan find themselves dealing with similar issues. Although they do n't know it yet, faces from the past threaten to interrupt plans for all their futures. Meanwhile, a mysterious problem arises for Clay and Quinn. Nathan finds out Dan Scott came back into town. Chris Keller returns to run Redbedroom Records.
Brooke discusses a new business venture with her father, despite her mothers wishes, as Julian stresses about his own investment in a sound studio. Quinn convinces Clay to get help, and Millie struggles to be honest with Mouth about his weight gain. Meanwhile, Chase asks Alex to move in with him as Chris Keller makes Alex an offer she may not be able to refuse to tour. Nathan volunteers to scout in Europe, leaving Dan with Haley, Jamie, and Lydia.
After Alex leaves for her tour, Chris looks to hire an intern and tries to cheer up Chase. Haley runs into trouble at Karen 's Cafe when her chef quits to work for a rival cafe. Clay arouses suspicion in Quinn that he is cheating on her. Meanwhile, Millie accidentally humiliates Mouth on the air. Brooke tries to help her father secure funding for her new clothing line, and Julian gets distracted by the prospect of a potential renter for his sound stage, resulting in Julian forgetting his son, Davis, in the family car, to which the police and an ambulance have been alerted.
Clay gets into trouble and Quinn gets involved; Julian deals with his guilt over leaving the baby in the car; Mouth agrees to take care of his health but continues eating when Millie is asleep. Meanwhile, a new cafe opens and the owner immediately angers Brooke and Haley.
Nathan seems to have vanished on his way home, Haley goes searching for him and ultimately suspects Dan of having something to do with it. Tara gives Brooke a cockroach - infested flower as a "Face to face friends request '', ultimately causing Brooke to destroy Tara 's cafe after Tara gets personal in her attacks. Chase continues to feel guilty for sleeping with Tara behind Chris Keller 's back. Chase also feels unwanted after Chuck spends all his attention on Keller and later his father, who finally comes back home. Clay checks into rehab, and Quinn spends the day babysitting Jamie & Lydia.
Dan enlists Julian to help in his search for Nathan. Mouth fills Clay in about Nathan, as Haley explains Nathan 's disappearance to Jamie. Brooke gets an idea of how to bring patrons to an empty Karen 's Cafe, and Chris Keller confronts Chase about Tara.
Haley seeks help from Lucas (guest star Chad Michael Murray) as Nathan makes an escape attempt. Lucas takes Jamie and Lydia out of town to stay with him and Peyton until Haley can find Nathan and bring him home. Brooke comes face - to - face with Xavier who is up for parole. Julian uncovers evidence that assists Dan in his search for Nathan. Clay makes a connection with another patient in rehab.
Haley gets a phone call that may change her life forever. Clay receives life changing news while revisiting his past. While Dan revisits his past during his search for Nathan, Deb returns. Haley goes to identify a body that is thought to be Nathan. Chase goes to extreme measures to protect Chuck.
Haley partners up with Dan to help search for Nathan. Brooke and Julian take new measures to protect their family. Chase faces consequences for defending Chuck. Skills helps Mouth get to a turning point. Clay reveals his past to Logan.
Dan, Julian and Chris Keller attempt to rescue Nathan. During the rescue, Nathan is saved and Dan kills most of the attackers. When they are about to escape, Dan is shot by Demetri before he himself is shot by Nathan. Brooke 's conflict with Xavier escalates when he attacks her in a parking garage, she is saved by the rival cafe owner Tara, who tasers him. Clay and Quinn revisit the past.
After successfully rescuing Nathan, Dan 's life hangs in the balance. Nathan looks back on his father 's life and forgives him for all he has done. Brooke 's father surprises her when he comes back into town. Clay and Quinn reconnect with Logan.
As Haley prepares to present the annual Tree Hill Burning Boat Festival, Brooke uses the opportunity to process her father 's betrayal, while Julian tries to breathe new life into a past idea. Mouth and Millie make a change to their morning show, and Clay and Quinn get ready for Logan 's first night at the beach house. Clay proposes to Quinn and Chase is offered to buy the bar.
In the final chapter of One Tree Hill, the tenth anniversary of Tric brings old faces and new possibilities for the Tree Hill family; Quinn adopts Logan and marries Clay, Haley introduces Jamie to her predictions with Lucas and Julian buys Brooke her childhood home. In the time - jump, the Tree Hill gang are seen at Jamie 's high - school basketball game, where his jersey is seen on the wall as the "all time top scorer ''. Bevin makes a guest appearance who is also seen back with Skills and Millie is pregnant.
The CW officially renewed One Tree Hill for a ninth season on May 17, 2011. On May 19, 2011, Dawn Ostroff confirmed that the 13 episodes for season nine will be the last for the series. In the official announcement of The CW 's schedule, they confirmed the series stars and the executive producers for the final season. Mark Schwahn, Joe Davola, Greg Prange, Mike Tollin, and Brian Robbins will all continue in their roles on the show. Deadline reported that the final season will begin mid-season and air its 13 episodes uninterrupted, leading into the series finale.
Production for the season began on July 7, 2011 at the Screen Gems Studios, Wilmington, North Carolina. While further scenes are shot in downtown Wilmington, including Wallace Park and Pure Gold Gentlemen 's Club. The Corning manufacturing site on North College Road is also being used as the location for some scenes based in Tree Hill 's hospital, police station and TV studio. A two - day shoot for some scenes in the season was also held at Kinston Regional Jetport. Paul Johansson will direct at least one episode in the season. At the Television Critics Association summer press tour, president of entertainment at The CW, Mark Pedowitz said "At this point it 's the final 13, '' about the possibility of extending the season. He added, "You never want to say never, '' revealing that he did speak to executive producer Mark Schwahn and that they agreed that 13 episodes is the best number to close the series with. One Tree Hill filmed its final scenes on November 16, 2011.
The season aired Wednesdays at 8: 00 pm Eastern / 7: 00 pm Central as a lead - in to new reality series, "Remodeled ''. It premiered on January 11, 2012, with an encore following immediately after. There was no opening credit sequence during the final season as producers did n't want to waste time that could potentially be used for story. Gavin Degraw will perform in the series finale. The series 's final epilogue was sports - themed.
In an interview with Carina Mackenzie of Zap2it, Sophia Bush revealed she was the first person to be approached for season nine, and the first to sign on. "The idea that we would do this as 13 final episode (s) and almost shoot like it a miniseries really appealed to me, '' she says. "On a professional level, if we had shot 22 episodes, it would be one more year we 'd be shooting through pilot season and unavailable for other things. '' When discussing the shows series finale and she being upset about the end, she said, "On the same side of the coin, most shows do n't last this long. Most shows do n't make it 6 years let alone 9, so I really feel like it 's all just been a gift. '' In another interview, Bethany Joy Galeotti revealed her own reasons for returning, "It was a really tough decision, but I have a few friendships here that I was n't ready to walk away from yet. Season 8 ended with like a booze - on - stage - 8 kind of party. I was kind of like ' This ca n't be how we say goodbye. At least let 's come back for 13 more episodes. ' ''
Sophia Bush directed the penultimate episode of the series. The CW has given more promotion for the launch of the final season than it has since the fifth season. Mark Pedowitz said, "I 'm a big believer in giving shows a proper sendoff. "It deserves a proper sendoff. Not many shows last nine years. Mark, his team and the cast deserve a really good sendoff. I think we did a good job for them this year. ''
After backlash from fans about whether Sophia Bush had asked not to work with Murray during his episode, she cleared up the matter in an interview with Zap2it:
"When I got the script and saw that Lucas was back, I called Mark, and I told him that if he wanted to write scenes where the whole gang gets together at Haley 's house and talks about how they 're going to find Nathan, then he should write that. I 've never asked not to work with any former cast mates, and I 'm certainly not going to start now, in the final season. This show is too important to me, and these characters are too important to me, and the fans are too important to me. ''
The series finale aired on Wednesday, April 4, 2012, 8: 00 -- 10: 00 p.m., as a special two - hour event. It featured interviews with the series ' stars as they look back at the shows most memorable moments.
Before season eight had finished filming, original cast members Bethany Joy Lenz and Sophia Bush signed on for a final season, while James Lafferty was expected to return part - time. Austin Nichols, Robert Buckley, Lisa Goldstein, Jana Kramer, Shantel Vansanten and Stephen Colletti are also contracted through season nine. The regulars for season nine -- as listed on a press release from The CW -- are Sophia Bush, Bethany Joy Lenz, James Lafferty, Austin Nichols, Robert Buckley, Shantel VanSanten and Jackson Brundage. Though, others later signed on. At The CW upfront presentation, the network expressed confidence that Chad Michael Murray and Hilarie Burton would return. Mark Pedowitz said, that with everyone knowing season nine will be the last, it makes it more possible for old cast members to return. On July 11, 2011, it was announced that Tyler Hilton would reprise his role as Chris Keller. Ten years have passed since he was last seen. He is rumored to return to help Haley run Red Bedroom Records as Peyton is still away. It was later reported that Hilton would return in the season premiere as a series regular. Kristin Dos Santos revealed that Paul Johansson will be returning to the series full - time as a regular.
TV Line revealed that James Lafferty will appear in half of the season. Zap2it later reported that he will remain a series regular, and revealed he will appear in exactly seven episodes. Chelsea Kane has been cast in a recurring role as Tara, a rival café owner to Haley and Brooke. Lisa Goldstein will continue on the series as a regular. Jana Kramer will only appear in the first two episodes, due to the actress ' musical commitments. Barbara Alyn Woods will be reprising her role as Deb Lee after taking a break from season six to spend time with her kids. Zap2it later reported that she will return for two episodes. Describing the circumstances around her return, they said she has n't always been the most maternal person, but will prove she can still be "mom '' when the situation demands it.
The CW announced on their official website that Chad Michael Murray will return as Lucas Scott for a guest appearance. Lucas returns to Tree Hill when Haley reaches out to him for help. Murray later revealed he will return for one episode. He will appear in the seventh episode of the season. Murray revealed in an interview his reasons for returning, "The fans have loved this show and rooted for every character throughout its run. I know how important Luke 's return is for our fans and wanted to give them one last ' Lucas Scott ' moment. Luke 's return is for them. '' Former Desperate Housewives actor Richard Burgi, has been cast as Brooke 's father, in a recurring role. Allison Munn and Scott Holroyd will return during season nine as Miss Lauren and David Fletcher, respectively. They will return as a couple, and she will be carrying his child. Devin McGee -- who portrayed Brooke 's attacker and Quentin 's murderer, Xavier Daniels during season six -- will also return during the season. James Lafferty has signed on for one extra episode, which will be the series finale. Bevin Prince will return as Bevin Mirskey in the series finale. Antwon Tanner will also be a part of the final episode.
Mark Schwahn revealed in an interview with Zap2it that they did reach out to Hilarie Burton to return with Murray, "We would have liked to include Hilarie as well but she has a (son) now, and she has a job, and she 's doing well and she just felt like her free time away from work she wanted to spend with her (son), which is a completely plausible, nice answer, '' he said.
Before the series was renewed, Mark Schwahn said that if they decide to air the ending for season eight that will satisfy as a series finale, he could introduce the unaired cliffhangers in the season nine premiere. In regard to her contract renewal, Sophia Bush tweeted, "The writers have GREAT plans! ''. The season will have Brooke and Haley balancing family life with running a busy Karen 's Cafe, while Nathan travels more as an agent. A possible wedding may occur with Mouth and Millie, or Clay and Quinn. Lucas will take Lydia to stay with him after he comes to visit. The series finale will have another time jump and will see the characters lives five years in the future. Zap2it said that fans of Nathan and Haley 's relationship can look forward to "plenty of shared scenes between Lafferty and Bethany Joy Lenz '', despite his reduced role in the season. Nathan will be kidnapped during the season, and Haley and Dan will be searching for him.
According to a promotional video shown at the end of an evening of events -- "An Evening with One Tree Hill ''; the opening moments of the seasons first episode is narrated by Nathan. He speaks over scenes of a burning building whilst viewers also see Dan and Chris Keller seemingly plot a murder -- in addition to this, opening shots include Chase in the back of a police car. Both Clay and Quinn are seen arguing alongside Brooke vandalising a rival cafe. Other scenes shown during the sequence include Julian being beaten up and Haley identifying a body in the morgue. Towards the end of the season, the Burning Boat Festival will return to Tree Hill. It was last seen in the third episode of season one.
Discussing the possibility of the death of one of the characters, Robert Buckley said: "The One Tree Hill family, as we know it, is going to change by season 's end. The people we start the season with (are) not the same group we end it with. '' During the season, Mouth will gain around 60 pounds. Lee Norris has said of the storyline, "He 's undergone a physical transformation... but what is really going to interest the audience is why this transformation happened. '' He also revealed he was "adamant '' about handling the topic with respect, "I did n't want it to be one of the broader comedic things on the show; I wanted it to be an issue that people identify with, '' he said. Regarding Haley 's direction for season nine, Bethany Joy Galeotti said, "Haley 's trying to deal with having Dan around and deciding whether she 's going to let this person back in her life and into her family 's life. And Nathan is away, and that 's taking a huge toll on their relationship. It 's a lot about Haley finding out what her limits are. '' Mark Schwahn has said we 'll see a lot of the strength of Nathan and Haley 's relationship and why they 're destined to be together. Regarding the friendship between Dan and Chris Keller he said, "villains understand villains. '' Chris Kellar will develop a "bromance '' with Chase this season as they begin to spend a lot of time together as he will be working next door to TRIC. James Lafferty believes this is the worst year for Nathan, but revealed that he is happy with where he left the character and the pay - off at the end is worth it.
Sophia Bush revealed Tree Hill High would be seen again before the series ended. The sets for the school were re-built for the final episodes, with Bush describing walking in them as "incredibly emotional ''. Regarding the series finale, Bush said "it 's perfect ''.
The season premiered to 1.7 million viewers, a 0.9 Adults 18 -- 49 rating, 1.2 in Adults 18 -- 34 and a 1.8 rating in The CW 's target of Women 18 -- 34. It gave the network its best numbers in the time - slot since Spring, 2011 and was higher than the average for season eight of the series.
Compared to the early episodes of season eight, the season declined 18 % in the 18 -- 49 demographic. However, it tied as the second - highest rated show on the network (with The Secret Circle).
The "An Evening with One Tree Hill '' event in Wilmington was filmed and will be included on the DVD release. Series stars Sophia Bush, Bethany Joy Lenz, Antwon Tanner and Lee Norris have done a DVD commentary for the series finale. The DVD box - set is currently scheduled for release on April 10, 2012. However, several people who pre-ordered the set received it in late March, before the finale aired, causing the finale to be leaked online including temporarily onto YouTube.
The box - set features over two hours of extra content, including five featurettes, audio commentary, unaired scenes and a gag reel. "Knowing this was to be our last year, we made sure to document it, which made for some excellent behind - the - scenes footage that we 've included here, along with our last, explosive, emotional season of One Tree Hill, '' said Mark Schwahn.
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who says you can't go home lyrics bon jovi and jennifer nettles | Who Says You Ca n't Go Home - wikipedia
"Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' is a song written by Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora for the American rock band Bon Jovi 's ninth album Have a Nice Day (2005). The song was produced by John Shanks, Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora. It was released as the second single in North America in the first quarter of 2006 and reached the top 30 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, peaking at # 23. Outside North America, "Welcome to Wherever You Are '' was released as the second single with "Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' being released as the album 's third release on June 12, 2006. The song reached # 5 in the UK, becoming the band 's second Top 10 single from the album. A version of the song was also shipped to country music radio, featuring duet vocals from Jennifer Nettles of the duo Sugarland and peaked at # 1 on the Country charts.
In the United States, a version of the song was released to the country music format as a duet with Jennifer Nettles, lead singer of the duo Sugarland.
The country music version was originally recorded as a duet with Keith Urban, who also played banjo on the song. After Jon Bon Jovi decided that Urban 's voice was too similar to his own, he asked a representative of Mercury Records to recommend a female duet partner.
The music video for the country / Jennifer Nettles version, released in November 2005 and directed by Jon 's brother, Anthony M. Bongiovi, features Habitat for Humanity volunteers, including members of the Philadelphia Soul Arena Football League team owned in part by Jon Bon Jovi, building homes for low - income families and was used to promote the organization. It won an award for Best Collaborative Video at the CMT Music Awards in 2006.
The shooting of the music video for the regular version, featuring a man dressed up as a dog, began at the March 9, 2006 Bon Jovi concert at the Glendale Arena outside Phoenix and continued in the Los Angeles area. The video was released in the week of week of March 27, 2006. It was directed by Jeff Labbé through @ radical. media, lensed by David Lanzenberg, and edited by Steve Prestemon.
During the 2008 US Presidential election, the original version of "Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' was used frequently at public events supporting the Republican Party. Specifically, the song was a prominent feature at several large rallies supporting vice-presidential candidate and former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin. This use of the song quickly became part of a controversy over several different songs that Republican candidates had been using without the artists ' permission, including music by Foo Fighters, Heart, John Mellencamp, and Boston. The Republicans, in turn, claimed "blanket rights '' to play the songs at their public events.
In launching the complaint, Bon Jovi stated,
Bon Jovi has been an enthusiastic Democratic Party supporter, appearing at a $30,000 - per - plate fundraiser in support of President Barack Obama and performing at rallies for various Democratic candidates.
These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "Who Says You Ca n't Go Home ''.
* - duet with Jennifer Nettles
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