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who made the american flag and what year was it | Flag of the United States - wikipedia
The flag of the United States of America, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. It consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton (referred to specifically as the "union '') bearing fifty small, white, five - pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows, where rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternate with rows of five stars. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America, and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain, and became the first states in the U.S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, and The Star - Spangled Banner.
The current design of the U.S. flag is its 27th; the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48 - star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49 - star version became official on July 4, 1959. The 50 - star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21, 1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the longest - used version of the U.S. flag and has been in use for over 57 years.
The Continental Colors (aka the "Grand Union Flag '')
Flag of the British East India Company, 1707 -- 1801
At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the Continental Congress would not legally adopt flags with "stars, white in a blue field '' for another year. The flag contemporaneously known as "the Continental Colors '' has historically been referred to as the first national flag.
The Continental Navy raised the Colors as the ensign of the fledgling nation in the American War for Independence -- likely with the expedient of transforming their previous British red ensigns by adding white stripes -- and would use this flag until 1777, when it would form the basis for the subsequent de jure designs.
The name "Grand Union '' was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the U.S. flag.
The flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been easily constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign, one of the three maritime flags used throughout the British Empire at the time. However, an East India Company flag could have from nine to 13 stripes, and was not allowed to be flown outside the Indian Ocean.
In any case, both the stripes (barry) and the stars (mullets) have precedents in classical heraldry. Mullets were comparatively rare in early modern heraldry, but an example of mullets representing territorial divisions predating the U.S. flag are those in the coat of arms of Valais of 1618, where seven mullets stood for seven districts.
On June 14, 1777, the Second Continental Congress passed the Flag Resolution which stated: "Resolved, That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation. '' Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment.
The first official U.S. flag flown during battle was on August 3, 1777, at Fort Schuyler (Fort Stanwix) during the Siege of Fort Stanwix. Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. Soldiers cut up their shirts to make the white stripes; scarlet material to form the red was secured from red flannel petticoats of officers ' wives, while material for the blue union was secured from Capt. Abraham Swartwout 's blue cloth coat. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag.
The 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a national flag did not yet exist, or was only nascent. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee. On May 10, 1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern "it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. '' However, the term, "Standard, '' referred to a national standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the national standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag.
The Flag Resolution did not specify any particular arrangement, number of points, nor orientation for the stars and the arrangement or whether the flag had to have seven red stripes and six white ones or vice versa. The appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows and some replaced a state 's star with its initial. One arrangement features 13 five - pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle (as opposed to up), the so - called Betsy Ross flag. This flag, however, is more likely a flag used for celebrations of anniversaries of the nation 's birthday. Experts have dated the earliest known example of this flag to be 1792 in a painting by John Trumbull.
Despite the 1777 resolution, the early years of American independence featured many different flags. Most were individually crafted rather than mass - produced. While there are many examples of 13 - star arrangements, some of those flags included blue stripes as well as red and white. Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, in a letter dated October 3, 1778, to Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, described the American flag as consisting of "13 stripes, alternately red, white, and blue, a small square in the upper angle, next the flag staff, is a blue field, with 13 white stars, denoting a new Constellation. '' John Paul Jones used a variety of 13 - star flags on his U.S. Navy ships including the well - documented 1779 flags of the Serapis and the Alliance. The Serapis flag had three rows of eight - pointed stars with stripes that were red, white, and blue. The flag for the Alliance, however, had five rows of eight - pointed stars with 13 red and white stripes, and the white stripes were on the outer edges. Both flags were documented by the Dutch government in October 1779, making them two of the earliest known flags of 13 stars.
Francis Hopkinson of New Jersey, a naval flag designer, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence, designed the 1777 flag while he was the Chairman of the Continental Navy Board 's Middle Department, sometime between his appointment to that position in November 1776 and the time that the flag resolution was adopted in June 1777. The Navy Board was under the Continental Marine Committee. Not only did Hopkinson claim that he designed the U.S. flag, but he also claimed that he designed a flag for the U.S. Navy. Hopkinson was the only person to have made such a claim during his own lifetime, when he sent a letter and several bills to Congress for his work. These claims are documented in the Journals of the Continental Congress and George Hasting 's biography of Hopkinson. Hopkinson initially wrote a letter to Congress, via the Continental Board of Admiralty, on May 25, 1780. In this letter, he asked for a "Quarter Cask of the Public Wine '' as payment for designing the U.S. flag, the seal for the Admiralty Board, the seal for the Treasury Board, Continental currency, the Great Seal of the United States, and other devices. However, in three subsequent bills to Congress, Hopkinson asked to be paid in cash, but he did not list his U.S. flag design. Instead, he asked to be paid for designing the "great Naval Flag of the United States '' in the first bill; the "Naval Flag of the United States '' in the second bill; and "the Naval Flag of the States '' in the third, along with the other items. The flag references were generic terms for the naval ensign that Hopkinson had designed, that is, a flag of seven red stripes and six white ones. The predominance of red stripes made the naval flag more visible against the sky on a ship at sea. By contrast, Hopkinson 's flag for the United States had seven white stripes, and six red ones -- in reality, six red stripes laid on a white background. Hopkinson 's sketches have not been found, but we can make these conclusions because Hopkinson incorporated different stripe arrangements in the Admiralty (naval) Seal that he designed in the Spring of 1780 and the Great Seal of the United States that he proposed at the same time. His Admiralty Seal had seven red stripes; whereas, his second U.S. Seal proposal had seven white ones. Hopkinson 's flag for the Navy is the one that the Nation preferred as the national flag. Remnants of Hopkinson 's U.S. flag of seven white stripes can be found in the Great Seal of the United States and the President 's seal. When Hopkinson was chairman of the Navy Board, his position was like that of today 's Secretary of the Navy. The payment was not made, however, because it was determined he had already received a salary as a member of Congress. This contradicts the legend of the Betsy Ross flag, which suggests that she sewed the first Stars and Stripes flag by request of the government in the Spring of 1776. Furthermore, a letter from the War Board to George Washington on May 10, 1779, documents that there was still no design established for a national flag for the Army 's use in battle.
The origin of the stars and stripes design has been muddled by a story disseminated by the descendants of Betsy Ross. The apocryphal story credits Betsy Ross for sewing the first flag from a pencil sketch handed to her by George Washington. No evidence for this exists either in the diaries of George Washington nor in the records of the Continental Congress. Indeed, nearly a century passed before Ross ' grandson, William Canby, first publicly suggested the story in 1870. By her family 's own admission, Ross ran an upholstery business, and she had never made a flag as of the supposed visit in June 1776. Furthermore, her grandson admitted that his own search through the Journals of Congress and other official records failed to find corroboration of his grandmother 's story.
The family of Rebecca Young claimed that she sewed the first flag. Young 's daughter was Mary Pickersgill, who made the Star Spangled Banner Flag. According to rumor, the Washington family coat of arms, shown in a 15th - century window of Selby Abbey, was the origin of the stars and stripes.
In 1795, the number of stars and stripes was increased from 13 to 15 (to reflect the entry of Vermont and Kentucky as states of the Union). For a time the flag was not changed when subsequent states were admitted, probably because it was thought that this would cause too much clutter. It was the 15 - star, 15 - stripe flag that inspired Francis Scott Key to write "Defence of Fort M'Henry '', later known as "The Star Spangled Banner '', which is now the American national anthem. The flag is currently on display in the exhibition, "The Star - Spangled Banner: The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem '' at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History in a two - story display chamber that protects the flag while it is on view.
On April 4, 1818, a plan was passed by Congress at the suggestion of U.S. Naval Captain Samuel C. Reid in which the flag was changed to have 20 stars, with a new star to be added when each new state was admitted, but the number of stripes would be reduced to 13 so as to honor the original colonies. The act specified that new flag designs should become official on the first July 4 (Independence Day) following admission of one or more new states. The most recent change, from 49 stars to 50, occurred in 1960 when the present design was chosen, after Hawaii gained statehood in August 1959. Before that, the admission of Alaska in January 1959 prompted the debut of a short - lived 49 - star flag.
Prior to the adoption of the 48 - star flag in 1912, there was no official arrangement of the stars in the canton, although the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy used standardized designs. Throughout the 19th century there was an abundance of different star patterns, rectangular and circular.
On July 4, 2007, the 50 - star flag became the version of the flag in longest use, surpassing the 48 - star flag that was used from 1912 to 1959.
The U.S. flag was brought to the city of Canton (Guǎngzhōu) in China in 1784 by the merchant ship Empress of China, which carried a cargo of ginseng. There it gained the designation "Flower Flag '' (Chinese: 花旗; pinyin: huāqí; Cantonese Yale: fākeì). According to a pseudonymous account first published in the Boston Courier and later retold by author and U.S. naval officer George H. Preble:
When the thirteen stripes and stars first appeared at Canton, much curiosity was excited among the people. News was circulated that a strange ship had arrived from the further end of the world, bearing a flag "as beautiful as a flower ''. Every body went to see the kwa kee chuen (花旗 船; Fākeìsyùhn), or "flower flagship ''. This name at once established itself in the language, and America is now called the kwa kee kwoh (花旗 國; Fākeìgwok), the "flower flag country '' -- and an American, kwa kee kwoh yin (花旗 國人; Fākeìgwokyàhn) -- "flower flag countryman '' -- a more complimentary designation than that of "red headed barbarian '' -- the name first bestowed upon the Dutch.
In the above quote, the Chinese words are written phonetically based on spoken Cantonese. The names given were common usage in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Other Asian nations have equivalent terms for America, for example Vietnamese: Hoa Kỳ ("Flower Flag ''). Chinese now refer to the United States as simplified Chinese: 美国; traditional Chinese: 美國; pinyin: Měiguó. Měi is short for Měilìjiān (simplified Chinese: 美利坚; traditional Chinese: 美利堅, phono - semantic matching of "American '') and "guó '' means "country '', so this name is unrelated to the flag. However, the "flower flag '' terminology persists in some places today: for example, American Ginseng is called simplified Chinese: 花旗 参; traditional Chinese: 花旗 參; literally: "flower flag ginseng '' in Chinese, and Citibank, which opened a branch in China in 1902, is known as 花旗 银行; "Flower Flag Bank ''.
The U.S. flag took its first trip around the world in 1787 -- 90 on board the Columbia. William Driver, who coined the phrase "Old Glory '', took the U.S. flag around the world in 1831 -- 32. The flag attracted the notice of Japanese when an oversized version was carried to Yokohama by the steamer Great Republic as part of a round - the - world journey in 1871.
In the following table depicting the 28 various designs of the United States flag, the star patterns for the flags are merely the usual patterns, often associated with the United States Navy. Canton designs, prior to the proclamation of the 48 - star flag, had no official arrangement of the stars. Furthermore, the exact colors of the flag were not standardized until 1934.
In the November 2012 U.S. election, Puerto Rico voted to become a U.S. state. However, the legitimacy of the result of this election was disputed. On June 11, 2017, another referendum was held, this time with the result that 97 % of voters in Puerto Rico voted for statehood, but it had a turnout of only 23 %. Similarly in November 2016, a statehood referendum was held in the District of Columbia where 86 % of voters approved the proposal. If a new U.S. state were to be admitted, it would require a new design on the flag to accommodate the additional star.
The modern meaning of the flag was forged in December 1860, when Major Robert Anderson moved the U.S. garrison from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. Author Adam Goodheart argues this was the opening move of the American Civil War, and the flag was used throughout northern states to symbolize U.S. nationalism and rejection of secessionism.
Before that day, the flag had served mostly as a military ensign or a convenient marking of American territory, flown from forts, embassies, and ships, and displayed on special occasions like American Independence day. But in the weeks after Major Anderson 's surprising stand, it became something different. Suddenly the Stars and Stripes flew -- as it does today, and especially as it did after the September 11 attacks in 2001 -- from houses, from storefronts, from churches; above the village greens and college quads. For the first time American flags were mass - produced rather than individually stitched and even so, manufacturers could not keep up with demand. As the long winter of 1861 turned into spring, that old flag meant something new. The abstraction of the Union cause was transfigured into a physical thing: strips of cloth that millions of people would fight for, and many thousands die for. -- Adam Goodheart.
The flag of the United States is one of the nation 's most widely recognized symbols. Within the United States, flags are frequently displayed not only on public buildings but on private residences. The flag is a common motif on decals for car windows, and clothing ornaments such as badges and lapel pins. Throughout the world the flag has been used in public discourse to refer to the United States.
The flag has become a powerful symbol of Americanism, and is flown on many occasions, with giant outdoor flags used by retail outlets to draw customers. Desecration of the flag is considered a public outrage, but remains protected as free speech. Scholars have noted the irony that "(t) he flag is so revered because it represents the land of the free, and that freedom includes the ability to use or abuse that flag in protest ''. In worldwide comparison, Testi noted in 2010 that the United States was not unique in adoring its banner, for the flags of Scandinavian countries are also "beloved, domesticated, commercialized and sacralized objects ''.
The man credited with designing the current 50 star American flag was Robert G. Heft. He was 17 years old at the time and created the flag design in 1958 as a high school class project while living with his grandparents in Ohio. He received a B − on the project. According to Heft, his history teacher honored their agreement to change his grade to an A after his design was selected.
The basic design of the current flag is specified by 4 U.S.C. § 1; 4 U.S.C. § 2 outlines the addition of new stars to represent new states. The specification gives the following values:
These specifications are contained in an executive order which, strictly speaking, governs only flags made for or by the U.S. federal government. In practice, most U.S. national flags available for sale to the public have a different width - to - height ratio; common sizes are 2 × 3 ft. or 4 × 6 ft. (flag ratio 1.5), 2.5 × 4 ft. or 5 × 8 ft. (1.6), or 3 × 5 ft. or 6 × 10 ft. (1.667). Even flags flown over the U.S. Capitol for sale to the public through Representatives or Senators are provided in these sizes. Flags that are made to the prescribed 1.9 ratio are often referred to as "G - spec '' (for "government specification '') flags.
The exact red, white, and blue colors to be used in the flag are specified with reference to the CAUS Standard Color Reference of America, 10th edition. Specifically, the colors are "White '', "Old Glory Red '', and "Old Glory Blue ''. The CIE coordinates for the colors of the 9th edition of the Standard Color Card were formally specified in JOSA in 1946. These colors form the standard for cloth, and there is no perfect way to convert them to RGB for display on screen or CMYK for printing. The "relative '' coordinates in the following table were found by scaling the luminous reflectance relative to the flag 's "white ''.
As with the design, the official colors are only officially required for flags produced for the U.S. federal government, and other colors are often used for mass - market flags, printed reproductions, and other products intended to evoke flag colors. The practice of using more saturated colors than the official cloth is not new. As Taylor, Knoche, and Granville wrote in 1950: "The color of the official wool bunting (of the blue field) is a very dark blue, but printed reproductions of the flag, as well as merchandise supposed to match the flag, present the color as a deep blue much brighter than the official wool. ''
Sometimes, Pantone Matching System (PMS) approximations to the flag colors are used. One set was given on the website of the U.S. embassy in London as early as 1998; the website of the U.S. embassy in Stockholm claimed in 2001 that those had been suggested by Pantone, and that the U.S. Government Printing Office preferred a different set. A third red was suggested by a California Military Department document in 2002. In 2001, the Texas legislature specified that the colors of the Texas flag should be "(1) the same colors used in the United States flag; and (2) defined as numbers 193 (red) and 281 (dark blue) of the Pantone Matching System. ''
When Alaska and Hawaii were being considered for statehood in the 1950s, more than 1,500 designs were submitted to President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Although some of them were 49 - star versions, the vast majority were 50 - star proposals. At least three of these designs were identical to the present design of the 50 - star flag. At the time, credit was given by the executive department to the United States Army Institute of Heraldry for the design.
Of these proposals, one created by 17 - year - old Robert G. Heft in 1958 as a school project received the most publicity. His mother was a seamstress, but refused to do any of the work for him. He originally received a B -- for the project. After discussing the grade with his teacher, it was agreed (somewhat jokingly) that if the flag was accepted by Congress, the grade would be reconsidered. Heft 's flag design was chosen and adopted by presidential proclamation after Alaska and before Hawaii was admitted into the Union in 1959. According to Heft, his teacher did keep to their agreement and changed his grade to an A for the project. The 49 - and 50 - star flags were each flown for the first time at Fort McHenry on Independence Day, in 1959 and 1960 respectively.
Traditionally, the flag may be decorated with golden fringe surrounding the perimeter of the flag as long as it does not deface the flag proper. Ceremonial displays of the flag, such as those in parades or on indoor posts, often use fringe to enhance the appearance of the flag.
The first recorded use of fringe on a flag dates from 1835, and the Army used it officially in 1895. No specific law governs the legality of fringe, but a 1925 opinion of the attorney general addresses the use of fringe (and the number of stars) "... is at the discretion of the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy... '' as quoted from footnote in previous volumes of Title 4 of the United States Code law books and is a source for claims that such a flag is a military ensign not civilian. However, according to the Army Institute of Heraldry, which has official custody of the flag designs and makes any change ordered, there are no implications of symbolism in the use of fringe. Several federal courts have upheld this conclusion, most recently and forcefully in Colorado v. Drew, a Colorado Court of Appeals judgment that was released in May 2010. Traditionally, the Army and Air Force use a fringed National Color for parade, color guard and indoor display, while the Sea Services (Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard) use a fringeless National Color for all occasions.
The flag is customarily flown year - round at most public buildings, and it is not unusual to find private houses flying full - size (3 by 5 feet (0.91 by 1.52 m)) flags. Some private use is year - round, but becomes widespread on civic holidays like Memorial Day, Veterans Day, Presidents ' Day, Flag Day, and on Independence Day. On Memorial Day it is common to place small flags by war memorials and next to the graves of U.S. war veterans. Also on Memorial Day it is common to fly the flag at half staff, until noon, in remembrance of those who lost their lives fighting in U.S. wars.
The United States Flag Code outlines certain guidelines for the use, display, and disposal of the flag. For example, the flag should never be dipped to any person or thing, unless it is the ensign responding to a salute from a ship of a foreign nation. This tradition may come from the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, where countries were asked to dip their flag to King Edward VII: the American flag bearer did not. Team captain Martin Sheridan is famously quoted as saying "this flag dips to no earthly king '', though the true provenance of this quotation is unclear.
The flag should never be allowed to touch the ground and, if flown at night, must be illuminated. If the edges become tattered through wear, the flag should be repaired or replaced. When a flag is so tattered that it can no longer serve as a symbol of the United States, it should be destroyed in a dignified manner, preferably by burning. The American Legion and other organizations regularly conduct flag retirement ceremonies, often on Flag Day, June 14. (The Boy Scouts of America recommends that modern nylon or polyester flags be recycled instead of burned, due to hazardous gases being produced when such materials are burned.)
The Flag Code prohibits using the flag "for any advertising purpose '' and also states that the flag "should not be embroidered, printed, or otherwise impressed on such articles as cushions, handkerchiefs, napkins, boxes, or anything intended to be discarded after temporary use ''. Both of these codes are generally ignored, almost always without comment.
Section 8, entitled Respect For Flag states in part: "The flag should never be used as wearing apparel, bedding, or drapery '', and "No part of the flag should ever be used as a costume or athletic uniform ''. Section 3 of the Flag Code defines "the flag '' as anything "by which the average person seeing the same without deliberation may believe the same to represent the flag of the United States of America ''.
An additional part of Section 8 Respect For Flag, that is frequently violated at sporting events is part (c) "The flag should never be carried flat or horizontally, but always aloft and free. ''
Although the Flag Code is U.S. federal law, there is no penalty for a private citizen or group failing to comply with the Flag Code and it is not widely enforced -- indeed, punitive enforcement would conflict with the First Amendment right to freedom of speech. Passage of the proposed Flag Desecration Amendment would overrule legal precedent that has been established.
When the flag is affixed to the right side of a vehicle of any kind (e.g.: cars, boats, planes, any physical object that moves), it should be oriented so that the canton is towards the front of the vehicle, as if the flag were streaming backwards from its hoist as the vehicle moves forward. Therefore, U.S. flag decals on the right sides of vehicles may appear to be reversed, with the union to the observer 's right instead of left as more commonly seen.
The flag has been displayed on every U.S. spacecraft designed for manned flight, including Mercury, Gemini, Apollo Command / Service Module, Apollo Lunar Module, and the Space Shuttle. The flag also appeared on the S - IC first stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle used for Apollo. But since Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo were launched and landed vertically and were not capable of horizontal atmospheric flight as the Space Shuttle did on its landing approach, the "streaming '' convention was not followed and these flags were oriented with the stripes running horizontally, perpendicular to the direction of flight.
On some U.S. military uniforms, flag patches are worn on the right shoulder, following the vehicle convention with the union toward the front. This rule dates back to the Army 's early history, when both mounted cavalry and infantry units would designate a standard bearer, who carried the Colors into battle. As he charged, his forward motion caused the flag to stream back. Since the Stars and Stripes are mounted with the canton closest to the pole, that section stayed to the right, while the stripes flew to the left. Several US military uniforms, such as flight suits worn by members of the United States Air Force and Navy, have the flag patch on the left shoulder.
Other organizations that wear flag patches on their uniforms can have the flag facing in either direction. The congressional charter of the Boy Scouts of America stipulates that Boy Scout uniforms should not imitate U.S. military uniforms; consequently, the flags are displayed on the right shoulder with the stripes facing front, the reverse of the military style. Law enforcement officers often wear a small flag patch, either on a shoulder, or above a shirt pocket.
Every U.S. astronaut since the crew of Gemini 4 has worn the flag on the left shoulder of his or her space suit, with the exception of the crew of Apollo 1, whose flags were worn on the right shoulder. In this case, the canton was on the left.
The flag did not appear on U.S. postal stamp issues until the Battle of White Plains Issue was released in 1926, depicting the flag with a circle of 13 stars. The 48 - star flag first appeared on the General Casimir Pulaski issue of 1931, though in a small monochrome depiction. The first U.S. postage stamp to feature the flag as the sole subject was issued July 4, 1957, Scott catalog number 1094. Since that time the flag has frequently appeared on U.S. stamps.
In 1907 Eben Appleton, New York stockbroker and grandson of Lieutenant Colonel George Armistead (the commander of Fort McHenry during the 1814 bombardment) loaned the Star Spangled Banner Flag to the Smithsonian Institution, and in 1912 he converted the loan to a gift. Appleton donated the flag with the wish that it would always be on view to the public. In 1994, the National Museum of American History determined that the Star Spangled Banner Flag required further conservation treatment to remain on public display. In 1998 teams of museum conservators, curators, and other specialists helped move the flag from its home in the Museum 's Flag Hall into a new conservation laboratory. Following the reopening of the National Museum of American History on November 21, 2008, the flag is now on display in a special exhibition, "The Star - Spangled Banner: The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem, '' where it rests at a 10 degree angle in dim light for conservation purposes.
By presidential proclamation, acts of Congress, and custom, U.S. flags are displayed continuously at certain locations.
The flag should especially be displayed at full staff on the following days:
The flag is displayed at half - staff (half - mast in naval usage) as a sign of respect or mourning. Nationwide, this action is proclaimed by the president; statewide or territory - wide, the proclamation is made by the governor. In addition, there is no prohibition against municipal governments, private businesses or citizens flying the flag at half - staff as a local sign of respect and mourning. However, many flag enthusiasts feel this type of practice has somewhat diminished the meaning of the original intent of lowering the flag to honor those who held high positions in federal or state offices. President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued the first proclamation on March 1, 1954, standardizing the dates and time periods for flying the flag at half - staff from all federal buildings, grounds, and naval vessels; other congressional resolutions and presidential proclamations ensued. However, they are only guidelines to all other entities: typically followed at state and local government facilities, and encouraged of private businesses and citizens.
To properly fly the flag at half - staff, one should first briefly hoist it top of the staff, then lower it to the half - staff position, halfway between the top and bottom of the staff. Similarly, when the flag is to be lowered from half - staff, it should be first briefly hoisted to the top of the staff.
Federal statutes provide that the flag should be flown at half - staff on the following dates:
National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day, on July 27, was formerly a day of half - staff observance until the law expired in 2003. In 2009, it became a day of full - staff observance.
Though not part of the official Flag Code, according to military custom, flags should be folded into a triangular shape when not in use. To properly fold the flag:
There is also no specific meaning for each fold of the flag. However, there are scripts read by non-government organizations and also by the Air Force that are used during the flag folding ceremony. These scripts range from historical timelines of the flag to religious themes.
Traditionally, the flag of the United States plays a role in military funerals, and occasionally in funerals of other civil servants (such as law enforcement officers, fire fighters, and U.S. presidents). A burial flag is draped over the deceased 's casket as a pall during services. Just prior to the casket being lowered into the ground, the flag is ceremonially folded and presented to the deceased 's next of kin as a token of respect.
Flag of Bikini Atoll
Flag of Liberia
Flag of Malaysia
Flag of El Salvador 1875 -- 1912
Flag of Brittany
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where and when did the colonists meet to write the constitution | History of the United states Constitution - wikipedia
The United States Constitution was written in 1787 during the Philadelphia Convention. The old Congress set the rules the new government followed in terms of writing and ratifying the new constitution. After ratification in eleven states, in 1789 its elected officers of government assembled in New York City, replacing the Articles of Confederation government. The original Constitution has been amended twenty - seven times. The meaning of the Constitution is interpreted and extended by judicial review in the federal courts. The original parchment copies are on display at the National Archives Building.
Two alternative plans were developed in Convention. The nationalist majority, soon to be called "Federalists, '' put forth the Virginia Plan, a consolidated government based on proportional representation among the states by population. The "old patriots, '' later called "Anti-Federalists, '' advocated the New Jersey Plan, a purely federal proposal, based on providing each state with equal representation. The Connecticut Compromise allowed for both plans to work together. Other controversies developed regarding slavery and a Bill of Rights in the original document.
The drafted Constitution was submitted to the Confederation Congress. It in turn forwarded the Constitution as drafted to the states for ratification by the Constitutional method proposed. The Federalist Papers provided background and justification for the Constitution. Some states agreed to ratify the Constitution only if the amendments that were to become the Bill of Rights would be taken up immediately by the new government, and they were duly proposed in the first session of the First Congress.
Once the Confederation Congress certified that eleven states had ratified the Constitution, elections were held, the new government began on March 4, 1789, and the Articles Congress dissolved itself. Later Amendments address individual liberties and freedoms, federal relationships, election procedures, terms of office, expanding the electorate, ending slavery, financing government, consumption of alcohol and Congressional pay. Criticism over the life of the Constitution has centered on expanding democracy and states rights.
On June 4, 1776, a resolution was introduced in the Second Continental Congress declaring the union with Great Britain to be dissolved, proposing the formation of foreign alliances, and suggesting the drafting of a plan of confederation to be submitted to the respective states. Independence was declared on July 4, 1776; the preparation of a plan of confederation was postponed. Although the Declaration was a statement of principles, it did not create a government or even a framework for how politics would be carried out. It was the Articles of Confederation that provided the necessary structure to the new nation during and after the American Revolution. The Declaration, however, did set forth the ideas of natural rights and the social contract that would help form the foundation of constitutional government.
The era of the Declaration of Independence is sometimes called the "Continental Congress '' period. John Adams famously estimated as many as one - third of those resident in the original thirteen colonies were patriots. Scholars such as Gordon Wood describe how Americans were caught up in the Revolutionary fervor and excitement of creating governments, societies, a new nation on the face of the earth by rational choice as Thomas Paine declared in Common Sense.
Republican government and personal liberty for "the people '' were to overspread the New World continents and to last forever, a gift to posterity. These goals were influenced by Enlightenment philosophy. The adherents to this cause seized on English Whig political philosophy as described by historian Forrest McDonald as justification for most of their changes to received colonial charters and traditions. It was rooted in opposition to monarchy they saw as venal and corrupting to the "permanent interests of the people. ''
To these partisans, voting was the only permanent defense of the people. Elected terms for legislature were cut to one year, for Virginia 's Governor, one year without re-election. Property requirements for suffrage for men were reduced to taxes on their tools in some states. Free blacks in New York could vote if they owned enough property. New Hampshire was thinking of abolishing all voting requirements for men but residency and religion. New Jersey let women vote. In some states, senators were now elected by the same voters as the larger electorate for the House, and even judges were elected to one - year terms.
These "radical Whigs '' were called the people "out - of - doors. '' They distrusted not only royal authority, but any small, secretive group as being unrepublican. Crowds of men and women massed at the steps of rural Court Houses during market - militia - court days. Shays Rebellion is a famous example. Urban riots began by the out - of - doors rallies on the steps of an oppressive government official with speakers such as members of the Sons of Liberty holding forth in the "people 's "committees '' until some action was decided upon, including hanging his effigy outside a bedroom window, or looting and burning down the offending tyrant 's home.
The government of the First and Second Continental Congress, the period from September 1774 to March 1, 1781 is referred to as the Revolutionary Congress. Beginning in 1777, the substantial powers assumed by Congress "made the league of states as cohesive and strong as any similar sort of republican confederation in history ''. The process created the United States "by the people in collectivity, rather than by the individual states '', because only four had state constitutions at the time of the Declaration of Independence founding the nation, and three of those were provisional. Prior to the Articles of Confederation, and the Articles Congress, the Supreme Court in Ware v. Hylton and again in Penhallow v. Doane 's Administrators, perceived Congress as exercising powers derived from the people, expressly conferred through the medium of state conventions or legislatures, and, once exercised, "impliedly ratified by the acquiescence and obedience of the people ''.
The Articles of Confederation was unanimously adopted in 1781 once Maryland agreed. Over the previous four years, it had been used by Congress as a "working document '' to administer the early United States government, win the Revolutionary War and secure the Treaty of Paris (1783) with Great Britain. Lasting successes during its life prior to the Constitutional Convention included the Land Ordinance of 1785 whereby Congress promised settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains full citizenship and eventual statehood. Some historians characterize this period from 1781 to 1789 as weakness, dissension, and turmoil. Other scholars view the evidence as reflecting an underlying stability and prosperity. But signs of returning prosperity in some areas did not slow growing domestic and foreign problems. Nationalists saw that the confederation 's central government was not strong enough to establish a sound financial system, regulate trade, enforce treaties, or go to war when needed.
The Congress was the sole organ of the national government, without a national court to interpret law nor an executive branch to enforce them, in the states or on individuals. Governmental functions, including declarations of war and calls for an army, were supported in some degree for some time, by each state voluntarily, or not. These newly independent states separated from Britain no longer received favored treatment at British ports. The British refused to negotiate a commercial treaty in 1785 because the individual American states would not be bound by it. Congress could not act directly upon the States nor upon individuals. It had no authority to regulate foreign or interstate commerce. Every act of government was left to the individual States. Each state levied taxes and tariffs on other states at will, which invited retaliation. Congress could vote itself mediator and judge in state disputes, but states did not have to accept its decisions.
The weak central government could not back its policies with military strength, embarrassing it in foreign affairs. The British refused to withdraw their troops from the forts and trading posts in the new nation 's Northwest Territory, as they had agreed to do in the Treaty of Paris of 1783. British officers on the northern boundaries and Spanish officers to the south supplied arms to Native American tribes, allowing them to attack American settlers. The Spanish refused to allow western American farmers to use their port of New Orleans to ship produce.
Revenues were requisitioned by Congressional petition to each state. None paid what they were asked; sometimes some paid nothing. Congress appealed to the thirteen states for an amendment to the Articles to tax enough to pay the public debt as principal came due. Twelve states agreed, Rhode Island did not, so it failed. The Articles required super majorities. Amendment proposals to states required ratification by all thirteen states, all important legislation needed 70 % approval, at least nine states. Repeatedly, one or two states defeated legislative proposals of major importance.
Without taxes the government could not pay its debt. Seven of the thirteen states printed large quantities of its own paper money, backed by gold, land, or nothing, so there was no fair exchange rate among them. State courts required state creditors to accept payments at face value with a fraction of real purchase power. The same legislation that these states used to wipe out the Revolutionary debt to patriots was used to pay off promised veteran pensions. The measures were popular because they helped both small farmers and plantation owners pay off their debts.
The Massachusetts legislature was one of the five against paper money. It imposed a tightly limited currency and high taxes. Without paper money veterans without cash lost their farms for back taxes. This triggered Shays Rebellion to stop tax collectors and close the courts. Troops quickly suppressed the rebellion, but nationalists like George Washington warned, "There are combustibles in every state which a spark might set fire to. ''
An important milestone in interstate cooperation outside the framework of the Articles of Confederation occurred in March 1785, when delegates representing Maryland and Virginia met in Virginia, to address navigational rights in the states 's common waterways. On March 28, 1785, the group drew up a thirteen - point proposal to govern the two states ' rights on the Potomac River, Pocomoke River, and Chesapeake Bay. Known as the Mount Vernon Compact (formally titled the "Compact of 1785 ''), this agreement not only covered tidewater navigation but also extended to issues such as toll duties, commerce regulations, fishing rights, and debt collection. Ratified by the legislatures of both states, the compact, which is still in force, helped set a precedent for later meetings between states for discussions into areas of mutual concern.
The conference 's success encouraged James Madison to introduce a proposal in the Virginia General Assembly for further debate of interstate issues. With Maryland 's agreement, on January 21, 1786, Virginia invited all the states to attend another interstate meeting later that year in Annapolis, Maryland, to discuss the trade barriers between the various states.
The Articles Congress received a report on August 7, 1786 from a twelve - member "Grand Committee '', appointed to develop and present "such amendments to the Confederation, and such resolutions as it may be necessary to recommend to the several states, for the purpose of obtaining from them such powers as will render the federal government adequate to '' its declared purposes. Seven amendments to the Articles of Confederation were proposed. Under these reforms, Congress would gain "sole and exclusive '' power to regulate trade. States could not favor foreigners over citizens. Tax bills would require 70 % vote, public debt 85 %, not 100 %. Congress could charge states a late payment penalty fee. A state withholding troops would be charged for them, plus a penalty. If a state did not pay, Congress could collect directly from its cities and counties. A state payment on another 's requisition would earn annual 6 %. There would have been a national court of seven. No - shows at Congress would have been banned from any U.S. or state office. These proposals were, however, sent back to committee without a vote and were not taken up again.
The Annapolis Convention, formally titled "A Meeting of Commissioners to Remedy Defects of the Federal Government '', convened at George Mann 's Tavern on September 11, 1786. Delegates from five states gathered to discuss ways to facilitate commerce between the states and establish standard rules and regulations. At the time, each state was largely independent from the others and the national government had no authority in these matters.
Appointed delegates from four states either arrived too late to participate or otherwise decided not attend. Because so few states were present, delegates did not deem "it advisable to proceed on the business of their mission. '' However, they did adopt a report calling for another convention of the states to discuss possible improvements to the Articles of Confederation. They desired that Constitutional Convention take place in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787.
Legislatures of seven states -- Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, New Hampshire, Delaware, and Georgia -- immediately approved and appointed their delegations. New York and others hesitated thinking that only the Continental Congress could propose amendments to the Articles. George Washington was unwilling to attend an irregular convention like failed Annapolis Convention. Congress then called the convention at Philadelphia. The "Federal Constitution '' was to be changed to meet the requirements of good government and "the preservation of the Union ''. Congress would then approve what measures it allowed, then the state legislatures would unanimously confirm whatever changes of those were to take effect.
Twelve state legislatures, Rhode Island being the only exception, sent delegates to convene at Philadelphia in May 1787. While the resolution calling the Convention specified that its purpose was to propose amendments to the Articles, through discussion and debate it became clear by mid-June that the Convention would propose a Constitution with a fundamentally new design.
The Congress of the Confederation endorsed a plan to revise the Articles of Confederation on February 21, 1787. It called on each state legislature to send delegates to a convention "' for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation ' in ways that, when approved by Congress and the states, would ' render the federal constitution adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union. ' ''
To amend the Articles into a workable government, 74 delegates from the twelve states were named by their state legislatures; 55 showed up, and 39 eventually signed. On May 3, eleven days early, James Madison arrived to Philadelphia and met with James Wilson of the Pennsylvania delegation to plan strategy. Madison outlined his plan in letters that (1) State legislatures each send delegates, not the Articles Congress. (2) Convention reaches agreement with signatures from every state. (3) The Articles Congress approves forwarding it to the state legislatures. (4) The state legislatures independently call one - time conventions to ratify, selecting delegates by each state 's various rules of suffrage. The Convention was to be "merely advisory '' to the people voting in each state.
George Washington arrived on time, Sunday, the day before the scheduled opening. For the entire duration of the Convention, Washington was a guest at the home of Robert Morris, Congress ' financier for the American Revolution and a Pennsylvania delegate. Morris entertained the delegates lavishly. William Jackson, in two years to be the president of the Society of the Cincinnati, had been Morris ' agent in England for a time; and he won election as a non-delegate to be the convention secretary.
The convention was scheduled to open May 14, but only Pennsylvania and Virginia delegations were present. The Convention was postponed until a quorum of seven states gathered on Friday the 25th. George Washington was elected the Convention president, and Chancellor (judge) George Wythe (Va) was chosen Chair of the Rules Committee. The rules of the Convention were published the following Monday.
Nathaniel Gorham (Ma) was elected Chair of the "Committee of the Whole ''. These were the same delegates in the same room, but they could use informal rules for the interconnected provisions in the draft articles to be made, remade and reconnected as the order of business proceeded. The Convention officials and adopted procedures were in place before the arrival of nationalist opponents such as John Lansing (NY) and Luther Martin (MD). By the end of May, the stage was set.
The Constitutional Convention voted to keep the debates secret so that the delegates could speak freely, negotiate, bargain, compromise and change. Yet the proposed Constitution as reported from the Convention was an "innovation '', the most dismissive epithet a politician could use to condemn any new proposal. It promised a fundamental change from the old confederation into a new, consolidated yet federal government. The accepted secrecy of usual affairs conducted in regular order did not apply. It became a major issue in the very public debates leading up to the crowd - filled ratification conventions.
Despite the public outcry against secrecy among its critics, the delegates continued in positions of public trust. State legislatures chose ten Convention delegates of their 33 total for the Articles Congress that September.
Every few days, new delegates arrived, happily noted in Madison 's Journal. But as the Convention went on, individual delegate coming and going meant that a state 's vote could change with the change of delegation composition. The volatility added to the inherent difficulties, making for an "ever - present danger that the Convention might dissolve and the entire project be abandoned. ''
Although twelve states sent delegations, there were never more than eleven represented in the floor debates, often fewer. State delegations absented themselves at votes different times of day. There was no minimum for a state delegation; one would do. Daily sessions would have thirty members present. Members came and went on public and personal business. The Articles Congress was meeting at the same time, so members would absent themselves to New York City on Congressional business for days and weeks at a time.
But the work before them was continuous, even if attendance was not. The Convention resolved itself into a "Committee of the Whole '', and could remain so for days. It was informal, votes could be taken and retaken easily, positions could change without prejudice, and importantly, no formal quorum call was required. The nationalists were resolute. As Madison put it, the situation was too serious for despair. They used the same State House, later named Independence Hall, as the Declaration signers. The building setback from the street was still dignified, but the "shaky '' steeple was gone. When they adjourned each day, they lived in nearby lodgings, as guests, roomers or renters. They ate supper with one another in town and taverns, "often enough in preparation for tomorrow 's meeting. ''
Delegates reporting to the Convention presented their credentials to the Secretary, Major William Jackson of South Carolina. The state legislatures of the day used these occasions to say why they were sending representatives abroad. New York thus publicly enjoined its members to pursue all possible "alterations and provisions '' for good government and "preservation of the Union ''. New Hampshire called for "timely measures to enlarge the powers of Congress ''. Virginia stressed the "necessity of extending the revision of the federal system to all its defects ''.
On the other hand, Delaware categorically forbade any alteration of the Articles one - state, equal vote, one - vote - only provision in the Articles Congress. The Convention would have a great deal of work to do to reconcile the many expectations in the chamber. At the same time, delegates wanted to finish their work by fall harvest and its commerce.
May 29, Edmund Randolph (VA) proposed the Virginia Plan that would serve as the unofficial agenda for the Convention. It was weighted toward the interests of the larger, more populous states. The intent was to meet the purposes set out in the Articles of Confederation, "common defense, security of liberty and general welfare ''. The Virginia Plan was national, authority flowed from the people. If the people will ratify them, changes for better republican government and national union should be proposed.
Much of the Virginia Plan was adopted. All the powers in the Articles transfer to the new government. Congress has two houses, the ' house ' apportioned by population. It can enact laws affecting more than one state and Congress can override a veto. The President can enforce the law. The Supreme Court and inferior courts rule on international, U.S. and state law. The Constitution is the supreme law and all state officers swear to uphold the Constitution. Every state is a republic, and new states can be admitted. The Articles Congress continued until the new system started. Amendments are possible without Congress. The Convention recommendations went to Congress, from them to the states. State legislatures set the election rules for ratification conventions, and the people "expressly '' chose representatives to consider and decide about the Constitution.
June 15, William Patterson (NJ) proposed the Convention minority 's New Jersey Plan. It was weighted toward the interests of the smaller, less populous states. The intent was to preserve the states from a plan to "destroy or annihilate '' them. The New Jersey Plan was purely federal, authority flowed from the states. Gradual change should come from the states. If the Articles could not be amended, then advocates argued that should be the report from the Convention to the states.
Although the New Jersey Plan only survived three days as an alternate proposal, substantial elements of it were adopted. The articles were "revised, corrected and enlarged '' for good government and preservation of the Union. The Senate is elected by the states, at first by the state legislatures. Congress passes acts for revenue collected directly in the states, and the rulings of state courts are reviewed by the Supreme Court. State apportionment for taxes failed, but the ' house ' is apportioned by the population count of free inhabitants and three - fifths of others originally. States can be added to the Union. Presidents appoint federal judges. Treaties entered into by Congress are the supreme law of the land. All state judiciaries are bound to enforce treaties, state laws notwithstanding. The President can raise an army to enforce treaties in any state. States treat a violation of law in another state as though it happened there.
Current knowledge of drafting the Constitution comes primarily from the Journal left by James Madison, found chronologically incorporated in Max Farrand 's "The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 '', which included the Convention Journal and sources from other Federalists and Anti-Federalists.
Scholars observe that it is unusual in world history for the minority in a revolution to have the influence that the "old patriot '' Anti-Federalists had over the "nationalist '' Federalists who had the support of the revolutionary army in the Society of the Cincinnati. Both factions were intent on forging a nation in which both could be full participants in the changes which were sure to come, since that was most likely to allow for their national union, guarantee liberty for their posterity, and promote their mutual long - term material prosperity.
The contentious issue of slavery was too controversial to be resolved during the Convention. But it was at center stage in the Convention three times, June 7 regarding who would vote for Congress, June 11 in debate over how to proportion relative seating in the ' house ', and August 22 relating to commerce and the future wealth of the nation.
Once the Convention looked at how to proportion the House representation, tempers among several delegates exploded over slavery. When the Convention progressed beyond the personal attacks, it adopted the existing "federal ratio '' for taxing states by three - fifths of slaves held.
On August 6, the Committee of Detail reported its proposed revisions to the Randolph Plan. Again the question of slavery came up, and again the question was met with attacks of outrage. Over the next two weeks, delegates wove a web of mutual compromises relating to commerce and trade, east and west, slave - holding and free. The transfer of power to regulate slave trade from states to central government could happen in 20 years, but only then. Later generations could try out their own answers. The delegates were trying to make a government that might last that long.
Migration of the free or "importation '' of indentures and slaves could continue by states, defining slaves as persons, not property. Long - term power would change by population as counted every ten years. Apportionment in the House would not be by wealth, it would be by people, the free citizens and three - fifths the number of other persons meaning propertyless slaves and taxed Indian farming families.
In 1806, President Thomas Jefferson sent a message to the 9th Congress on their constitutional opportunity to remove U.S. citizens from the transatlantic slave trade "(violating) human rights ''. The 1807 "Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves '' took effect the first instant the Constitution allowed, January 1, 1808. The United States joined the British Parliament that year in the first "international humanitarian campaign ''.
In the 1840 - 1860 era abolitionists denounced the Fugitive Slave Clause and other protections of slavery. William Lloyd Garrison famously declared the Constitution "a covenant with death and an agreement with Hell. ''
In ratification conventions, the anti-slavery delegates sometimes began as anti-ratification votes. Still, the Constitution "as written '' was an improvement over the Articles from an abolitionist point of view. The Constitution provided for abolition of the slave trade but the Articles did not. The outcome could be determined gradually over time. Sometimes contradictions among opponents were used to try to gain abolitionist converts. In Virginia, Federalist George Nicholas dismissed fears on both sides. Objections to the Constitution were inconsistent, "At the same moment it is opposed for being promotive and destructive of slavery! '' But the contradiction was never resolved peaceably, and the failure to do so contributed to the Civil War.
Roger Sherman (CT), although something of a political broker in Connecticut, was an unlikely leader in the august company of the Convention. But on June 11, he proposed the first version of the Convention 's "Great Compromise ''. It was like the proposal he made in the 1776 Continental Congress. Representation in Congress should be both by states and by population. There, he was voted down by the small states in favor of all states equal, one vote only. Now in 1787 Convention, he wanted to balance all the big - state victories for population apportionment. He proposed that in the second ' senate ' branch of the legislature, each state should be equal, one vote and no more. The motion for equal state representation in a ' senate ' failed: 6 against, 5 for.
After these defeats, the delegates who called themselves the "old patriots '' of 1776 and the "men of original principles '' organized a caucus in the Convention. William Paterson (NJ) spoke for them introducing his "New Jersey Plan ''. Roger Sherman (CT), a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was with them. Supporters explained that it "sustained the sovereignty of the states '', while the Edmund Randolph (VA) "Virginia Plan '' erased it. The Convention had no authority to propose anything not sent up from state legislatures, and the states were not likely to adopt anything new. The "nationalists '' answered, The Convention could not conclude anything, but it could recommend anything.
"Patriots '' said if their legislature knew anything about proposals for consolidated government, it would not have sent anyone. "Nationalists '' countered, that it would be treason to withhold any proposal for good government when the salvation of the American republic was at stake. Three sessions after its introduction, the New Jersey Plan failed: 7 against, 3 for, 1 divided. For nearly a month there was no progress; small states were seriously thinking of walking out of the Convention.
Then June 25, the "original principles '' men finally won a vote. The ' senate ' would be chosen by the state legislatures, not the people, passed: 9 for, 2 against. The basis of representation for both the ' house ' and the ' senate ' re-surfaced. Sherman tried a second time to get his idea for a ' house ' on the basis of population and a ' senate ' on an equal states basis. The "big states '' got their population ' house ' win, then his equal state ' senate ' motion was dropped without a vote. The majority adjourned "before a determination was taken in the House. '' Luther Martin (MD) insisted that he would rather divide the Union into regional governments than submit to a consolidated government under the Randolph Plan.
Sherman 's proposal came up again for the third time from Oliver Ellsworth (CT). In the "senate '', the states should have equal representation. Advocates said that it could not be agreed to, the union would fall apart somehow. Big states would not be trusted, the small states could confederate with a foreign power showing "more good faith ''. If delegates could not unite behind this here, one day the states could be united by "some foreign sword ''. On the question of equal state representation, the Convention adjourned in the same way again, "before a determination was taken in the House. ''.
On July 2, the Convention for the fourth time considered a "senate '' with equal state votes. This time a vote was taken, but it stalled again, tied at 5 yes, 5 no, 1 divided. The Convention elected one delegate out of the delegation of each state onto a Committee to make a proposal; it reported July 5. Nothing changed over five days. July 10, Lansing and Yates (NY) quit the Convention in protest over the big state majorities repeatedly overrunning the small state delegations in vote after vote. No direct vote on the basis of ' senate ' representation was pushed on the floor for another week.
But the Convention floor leaders kept moving forward where they could. First the new ' house ' seat apportionment was agreed, balancing big and small, north and south. The big states got a decennial census for ' house ' apportionment to reflect their future growth. Northerners had insisted on counting only free citizens for the ' house '; southern delegations wanted to add property. Benjamin Franklin 's compromise was that there would be no "property '' provision to add representatives, but states with large slave populations would get a bonus added to their free persons by counting three - fifths other persons.
On July 16, Sherman 's "Great Compromise '' prevailed on its fifth try. Every state was to have equal numbers in the United States Senate. Washington ruled it passed on the vote 5 yes, 4 no, 1 divided. It was not that five was a majority of twelve, but to keep the business moving forward, he used precedent established in the Convention earlier. Now some of the big - state delegates talked of walking out, but none did. Debate over the next ten days developed an agreed general outline for the Constitution. Small states readily yielded on many questions. Most remaining delegates, big - state and small, now felt safe enough to chance a new plan.
The Constitution innovated two branches of government that were not a part of the U.S. government during the Articles of Confederation. Previously, a thirteen - member committee had been left behind in Philadelphia when Congress adjourned to carry out the "executive '' functions. Suits between states were referred to the Articles Congress, and treated as a private bill to be determined by majority vote of members attending that day.
On June 7, the "national executive '' was taken up in Convention. The "chief magistrate '', or ' presidency ' was of serious concern for a formerly colonial people fearful of concentrated power in one person. But to secure a "vigorous executive '', nationalist delegates such as James Wilson (PA), Charles Pinckney (SC), and John Dickenson (DE) favored a single officer. They had someone in mind whom everyone could trust to start off the new system, George Washington.
After introducing the item for discussion, there was a prolonged silence. Benjamin Franklin (Pa) and John Rutledge (SC) had urged everyone to speak their minds freely. When addressing the issue with George Washington in the room, delegates were careful to phrase their objections to potential offenses by officers chosen in the future who would be ' president ' "subsequent '' to the start - up. Roger Sherman (CT), Edmund Randolph (VA) and Pierce Butler (SC) all objected, preferring two or three persons in the executive, as had the ancient Roman Republic.
Nathaniel Gorham was Chair of the Committee of the Whole, so Washington sat in the Virginia delegation where everyone could see how he voted. The vote for a one - man ' presidency ' carried 7 - for, 3 - against, New York, Delaware and Maryland in the negative. Virginia, along with George Washington, had voted yes. As of that vote for a single ' presidency ', George Mason (VA) gravely announced to the floor, that as of that moment, the Confederation 's federal government was "in some measure dissolved by the meeting of this Convention. ''
The Convention was following the Randolph Plan for an agenda, taking each resolve in turn to move proceedings forward. They returned to items when overnight coalitions required adjustment to previous votes to secure a majority on the next item of business. June 19, and it was Randolph 's Ninth Resolve next, about the national court system. On the table was the nationalist proposal for the inferior (lower) courts in the national judiciary.
Pure 1776 republicanism had not given much credit to judges, who would set themselves up apart from and sometimes contradicting the state legislature, the voice of the sovereign people. Under the precedent of English Common Law according to William Blackstone, the legislature, following proper procedure, was for all constitutional purposes, "the people. '' This dismissal of unelected officers sometimes took an unintended turn among the people. One of John Adams clients believed the First Continental Congress in 1775 had assumed the sovereignty of Parliament, and so abolished all previously established courts in Massachusetts.
In the Convention, looking at a national system, Judge Wilson (PA) sought appointments by a single person to avoid legislative payoffs. Judge Rutledge (SC) was against anything but one national court, a Supreme Court to receive appeals from the highest state courts, like the South Carolina court he presided over as Chancellor. Rufus King (MA) thought national district courts in each state would cost less than appeals that otherwise would go to the ' supreme court ' in the national capital. National inferior courts passed but making appointments by ' congress ' was crossed out and left blank so the delegates could take it up later after "maturer reflection. ''
The Constitutional Convention created a new, unprecedented form of government by reallocating powers of government. Every previous national authority had been either a centralized government, or a "confederation of sovereign constituent states. '' The American power - sharing was unique at the time. The sources and changes of power were up to the states. The foundations of government and extent of power came from both national and state sources. But the new government would have a national operation. To meet their goals of cementing the Union and securing citizen rights, Framers allocated power among executive, senate, house and judiciary of the central government. But each state government in their variety continued exercising powers in their own sphere.
The Convention did not start with national powers from scratch, it began with the powers already vested in the Articles Congress with control of the military, international relations and commerce. The Constitution added ten more. Five were minor relative to power sharing, including business and manufacturing protections. One important new power authorized Congress to protect states from the "domestic violence '' of riot and civil disorder, but it was conditioned by a state request.
The Constitution increased Congressional power to organize, arm and discipline the state militias, to use them to enforce the laws of Congress, suppress rebellions within the states and repel invasions. But the Second Amendment would ensure that Congressional power could not be used to disarm state militias.
Taxation substantially increased the power of Congress relative to the states. It was limited by restrictions, forbidding taxes on exports, per capita taxes, requiring import duties to be uniform and that taxes be applied to paying U.S. debt. But the states were stripped of their ability to levy taxes on imports, which was at the time, "by far the most bountiful source of tax revenues ''.
Congress had no further restrictions relating to political economy. It could institute protective tariffs, for instance. Congress overshadowed state power regulating interstate commerce; the United States would be the "largest area of free trade in the world. '' The most undefined grant of power was the power to "make laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution '' the Constitution 's enumerated powers.
As of ratification, sovereignty was no longer to be theoretically indivisible. With a wide variety of specific powers among different branches of national governments and thirteen republican state governments, now "each of the portions of powers delegated to the one or to the other... is... sovereign with regard to its proper objects ''. There were some powers that remained beyond the reach of both national powers and state powers, so the logical seat of American "sovereignty '' belonged directly with the people - voters of each state.
Besides expanding Congressional power, the Constitution limited states and central government. Six limits on the national government addressed property rights such as slavery and taxes. Six protected liberty such as prohibiting ex post facto laws and no religious tests for national offices in any state, even if they had them for state offices. Five were principles of a republic, as in legislative appropriation. These restrictions lacked systematic organization, but all constitutional prohibitions were practices that the British Parliament had "legitimately taken in the absence of a specific denial of the authority. ''
The regulation of state power presented a "qualitatively different '' undertaking. In the state constitutions, the people did not enumerate powers. They gave their representatives every right and authority not explicitly reserved to themselves. The Constitution extended the limits that the states had previously imposed upon themselves under the Articles of Confederation, forbidding taxes on imports and disallowing treaties among themselves, for example.
In light of the repeated abuses by ex post facto laws passed by the state legislatures, 1783 -- 1787, the Constitution prohibited ex post facto laws and bills of attainder to protect United States citizen property rights and right to a fair trial. Congressional power of the purse was protected by forbidding taxes or restraint on interstate commerce and foreign trade. States could make no law "impairing the obligation of contracts. '' To check future state abuses the framers searched for a way to review and veto state laws harming the national welfare or citizen rights. They rejected proposals for Congressional veto of state laws and gave the Supreme Court appellate case jurisdiction over state law because the Constitution is the supreme law of the land. The United States had such a geographical extent that it could only be safely governed using a combination of republics. Federal judicial districts would follow those state lines.
The British had relied upon a concept of "virtual representation '' to give legitimacy to their House of Commons. It was not necessary to elect anyone from a large port city, or the American colonies, because the representatives of "rotten boroughs '', the mostly abandoned medieval fair towns with twenty voters, "virtually represented '' them. Philadelphia in the colonies was second in population only to London.
They were all Englishmen, supposed to be a single people, with one definable interest. Legitimacy came from membership in Parliament of the sovereign realm, not elections from people. As Blackstone explained, the Member is "not bound... to consult with, or take the advice, of his constituents. '' As Constitutional historian Gordon Wood elaborated, "The Commons of England contained all of the people 's power and were considered to be the very persons of the people they represented. ''
While the English "virtual representation '' was hardening into a theory of Parliamentary sovereignty, the American theory of representation was moving towards a theory of sovereignty of the people. In their new constitutions written since 1776, Americans required community residency of voters and representatives, expanded suffrage, and equalized populations in voting districts. There was a sense that representation "had to be proportioned to the population. '' The Convention would apply the new principle of "sovereignty of the people '' both to the House of Representatives, and to the United States Senate.
Once the Great Compromise was reached, delegates in Convention then agreed to a decennial census to count the population. The Americans themselves did not allow for universal suffrage for all adults. Their sort of "virtual representation '' said that those voting in a community could understand and themselves represent non-voters when they had like interests that were unlike other political communities. There were enough differences among people in different American communities for those differences to have a meaningful social and economic reality. Thus New England colonial legislatures would not tax communities which had not yet elected representatives. When the royal governor of Georgia refused to allow representation to be seated from four new counties, the legislature refused to tax them.
The 1776 Americans had begun to demand expansion of the franchise, and in each step, they found themselves pressing towards a philosophical "actuality of consent. '' The Convention determined that the power of the people, should be felt in the House of Representatives. For the U.S. Congress, persons alone were counted. Property was not counted.
The Convention found it more difficult to give expression to the will of the people in new states. What state might be "lawfully arising '' outside the boundaries of the existing thirteen states? The new government was like the old, to be made up of pre-existing states. Now there was to be admission of new states. Regular order would provide new states by state legislatures for Kentucky, Tennessee and Maine. But the Articles Congress had by its Northwest Ordnance presented the Convention with a new issue. Settlers in the Northwest Territory might one day constitute themselves into "no more than five '' states. More difficult still, most delegates anticipated adding alien peoples of Canada, Louisiana and Florida to United States territory. Generally in American history, European citizens of empire were given U.S. citizenship on territorial acquisition. Should they become states?
Some delegates were reluctant to expand into any so "remote wilderness ''. It would retard the commercial development of the east. They would be easily influenced, "foreign gold '' would corrupt them. Western peoples were the least desirable Americans, only good for perpetual provinces. There were so many foreigners moving out west, there was no telling how things would turn out. These were poor people, they could not pay their fair share of taxes. It would be "suicide '' for the original states. New states could become a majority in the Senate, they would abuse their power, "enslaving '' the original thirteen. If they also loved liberty, and could not tolerate eastern state dominance, they would be justified in civil war. Western trade interests could drag the country into an inevitable war with Spain for the Mississippi River. As time wore on, any war for the Mississippi River was obviated by the 1803 Louisiana Purchase and the 1812 American victory at New Orleans.
Even if there were to be western states, a House representation of 40,000 might be too small, too easy for the westerners. "States '' had been declared out west already. They called themselves republics, and set up their own courts directly from the people without colonial charters. In Transylvania, Westsylvania, Franklin, and Vandalia, "legislatures '' met with emissaries from British and Spanish Empires in violation of the Articles of Confederation, just as the sovereign states had done. In the Constitution as written, no majorities in Congress could break up the larger states without their consent.
"New state '' advocates had no fear of western states achieving a majority one day. For example, the British sought to curb American growth. That brought hate, then separation. Follow the same rule, get the same results. Congress has never been able to discover a better rule than majority rule. If they grow, let them rule. As they grow, they must get all their supplies from eastern businesses. Character is not determined by points of a compass. States admitted are equals, they will be made up of our brethren. Commit to right principles, even if the right way, one day, benefits other states. They will be free like ourselves, their pride will not allow anything but equality.
It was at this time in the Convention that Reverend Manasseh Cutler arrived to lobby for western land sales. He brought acres of land grants to parcel out. Their sales would fund most of the U.S. government expenditures for its first few decades. There were allocations for the Ohio Company stockholders at the Convention, and for others delegates too. Good to his word, in December 1787, Cutler led a small band of pioneers into the Ohio Valley.
The provision for admitting new states became relevant at the purchase of Louisiana. It was constitutionally justifiable under the "treaty making '' power of the federal government. The agrarian advocates sought to make the purchase of land that had never been administered, conquered, or formally ceded to any of the original thirteen states. Jefferson 's Democratic - Republicans would divide the Louisiana Purchase into states, speeding land sales to finance the federal government with no new taxes. The new populations of new states would swamp the commercial states in the Senate. They would populate the House with egalitarian Democrat - Republicans to overthrow the Federalists. Jefferson dropped the proposal of Constitutional amendment to permit the purchase, and with it, his notion of a confederation of sovereign states.
After nearly four months of debate, on September 8, 1787, the final text of the Constitution was set down and revised. Then, an official copy of the document was engrossed by Jacob Shallus. The effort consisted of copying the text (prelude, articles and endorsement) on four sheets of vellum parchment, made from treated animal skin and measuring approximately 28 inches (71 cm) by 23 inches (58 cm), probably with a goose quill. Shallus engrossed the entire document except for the list of states at the end of the document, which are in Alexander Hamilton 's handwriting. On September 17, 1787, following a speech given by Benjamin Franklin, 39 delegates endorsed and submitted the Constitution to the Congress of the Confederation.
Massachusetts ' Rufus King assessed the Convention as a creature of the states, independent of the Articles Congress, submitting its proposal to Congress only to satisfy forms. Though amendments were debated, they were all defeated. On September 28, 1787, the Articles Congress resolved "unanimously '' to transmit the Constitution to state legislatures for submitting to a ratification convention according to the Constitutional procedure. Several states enlarged the numbers qualified just for electing ratification delegates. In doing so, they went beyond the Constitution 's provision for the most voters for the state legislature.
Delaware, on December 7, 1787, became the first State to ratify the new Constitution, with its vote being unanimous. Pennsylvania ratified on December 12, 1787, by a vote of 46 to 23 (66.67 %). New Jersey ratified on December 19, 1787, and Georgia on January 2, 1788, both with unanimous votes. The requirement of ratification by nine states, set by Article Seven of the Constitution, was met when New Hampshire voted to ratify, on June 21, 1788.
In New York, fully two thirds of the convention delegates were at first opposed to the Constitution. Hamilton led the Federalist campaign, which included the fast - paced appearance of The Federalist Papers in New York newspapers. An attempt to attach conditions to ratification almost succeeded, but on July 26, 1788, New York ratified, with a recommendation that a bill of rights be appended. The vote was close -- yeas 30 (52.6 %), nays 27 -- due largely to Hamilton 's forensic abilities and his reaching a few key compromises with moderate anti-Federalists led by Melancton Smith.
Following Massachusetts 's lead, the Federalist minorities in both Virginia and New York were able to obtain ratification in convention by linking ratification to recommended amendments. A minority of the Constitution 's critics continued to oppose the Constitution. Maryland 's Luther Martin argued that the federal convention had exceeded its authority; he still called for amending the Articles. Article 13 of the Articles of Confederation stated that the union created under the Articles was "perpetual '' and that any alteration must be "agreed to in a Congress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State ''.
However, the unanimity required under the Articles made all attempts at reform impossible. Martin 's allies such as New York 's John Lansing, Jr., dropped moves to obstruct the Convention 's process. They began to take exception to the Constitution "as it was '', seeking amendments. Several conventions saw supporters for "amendments before '' shift to a position of "amendments after '' for the sake of staying in the Union. New York Anti 's "circular letter '' was sent to each state legislature proposing a second constitutional convention for "amendments before ''. It failed in the state legislatures. Ultimately only North Carolina and Rhode Island would wait for amendments from Congress before ratifying.
Article VII of the proposed constitution stipulated that only nine of the thirteen states would have to ratify for the new government to go into effect for the participating states. By the end of July 1788, eleven states had ratified the Constitution, and soon thereafter, the process of organizing the new government began. On September 13, 1788, the Articles Congress certified that the new Constitution had been ratified by more than enough states for it to go into effect. Congress fixed the city of New York as the temporary seat of the new government and set the dates for the election of representatives and presidential electors. It also set the date for operations to begin under the new government. This occurred on March 4, 1789, when the First Congress convened.
The membership of the new Congress was decidedly federalist. In the eleven - state (minus North Carolina and Rhode Island) Senate 20 were Federalist and two Anti-federalist (both from Virginia). The House included 48 Federalists and 11 Anti-federalists (from four states: Massachusetts, New York, South Carolina, and Virginia). On April 6 the House and Senate held a joint meeting to count the electoral vote. George Washington was unanimously elected the first president, even receiving the electoral vote of ardent anti-federalist Patrick Henry. John Adams of Massachusetts was elected vice president. Both were sworn into office on April 30, 1789. The business of setting up the new government was completed.
Anti-Federalists ' fears of personal oppression by Congress were allayed by amendments passed under the floor leadership of James Madison during the first session of Congress. These first ten Amendments became known as the Bill of Rights. Objections to a potentially remote federal judiciary were reconciled with 13 federal courts (11 states, plus Maine and Kentucky), and three federal riding circuits out of the Supreme Court: Eastern, Middle and South. Suspicion of a powerful federal executive was answered by Washington 's cabinet appointments of once - Anti-Federalists Edmund Jennings Randolph as Attorney General and Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State. What Constitutional historian Pauline Maier termed a national "dialogue between power and liberty '' had begun anew.
Since the beginning of federal operations under the Constitution in 1789 through the beginning of 2013, approximately 11,539 proposals to amend the Constitution have been introduced in the United States Congress. Of these, thirty - three have been approved by Congress and sent to the states for ratification. Twenty - seven of these amendments have been ratified and are now part of the Constitution. The first ten amendments were adopted and ratified simultaneously and are known collectively as the Bill of Rights. Prior to the Twenty - seventh Amendment, which languished for 202 years, 7 months, 12 days before being ratified (submitted for ratification in 1789 as part of the Bill of Rights, but not ratified until 1992), the Twenty - second Amendment held the record for longest time taken to successfully complete the ratification process -- 3 years, 11 months, 6 days. The Twenty - sixth Amendment holds the record for shortest time taken -- 3 months, 8 days. Six amendments adopted by Congress and sent to the states have not been ratified by the required number of states and are not part of the Constitution. Four of these are still technically open and pending, one is closed and has failed by its own terms, and one is closed and has failed by the terms of the resolution proposing it.
Much of opposition to the proposed Constitution within several states arose, not because the machinery of the new frame of government was considered unworkable or because strengthening the union between the 13 states viewed as undesirable. The debates in the state ratifying conventions centered around the absence of anything equivalent to the bill of rights found in several state constitutions. George Mason, a delegate to the 1787 Constitutional Convention, and the author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights, refused to sign the document because he felt it did not specifically spell out or protect individual rights sufficiently. He also opposed the constitution when it was brought before the state for ratification. He acquiesced and the convention voted narrowly to give its assent only after it was decided that a list of twenty proposed amendments be sent along with the state 's resolution of ratification. Delegates to Massachusetts ' convention had many of the same concerns, and along with its notification of approval made a request for nine alterations, the first among them being "that it be explicitly declared that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved to the states to be exercised by them. '' New York, not to be outdone, appended a list of thirty - two requested amendments plus a lengthy statement of impressions and explanations about the new Constitution to their affirmative vote.
The sharp Anti-Federalist critique of the Constitution did not abate after it became operational, and by the time the First Congress convened in March 1789, there existed widespread sentiment in both the House and Senate in favor of making alterations. That September, Congress adopted twelve amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of these were ratified by the required number of states in December 1791 and became part of the Constitution. These amendments enumerate freedoms not explicitly indicated in the main body of the Constitution, such as freedom of religion, freedom of speech, a free press, and free assembly; the right to keep and bear arms; freedom from unreasonable search and seizure, security in personal effects, and freedom from warrants issued without probable cause; indictment by a grand jury for a capital or "infamous crime ''; guarantee of a speedy, public trial with an impartial jury; and prohibition of double jeopardy. In addition, the Bill of Rights reserves for the people any rights not specifically mentioned in the Constitution and reserves all powers not specifically granted to the federal government to the people or the States.
Amendments to the Constitution subsequent to the Bill of Rights cover a wide range of subjects. Several have added significant content to the original document. One of the most far - reaching is the Fourteenth, ratified in 1868, which establishes a clear and simple definition of citizenship and guarantees equal treatment under the law. Also significant are the Fifteenth, Nineteenth, Twenty - fourth, and Twenty - sixth, which were enacted to extend the right to vote to persons previously considered ineligible and also to protect their exercise of that right. One Amendment, the Eighteenth, which criminalized the production, transport and sale of alcohol nationwide, was later repealed by another, the Twenty - first. Nine ratified amendments (11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 20, 22, and 25) have explicitly superseded or modified the text of the original Constitution.
In the early twentieth century Lochner era, the Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional various state laws that limited labor contracts. The Constitution was criticized as putting the government at the beck and call of big business.
More recent criticism has often been academic and limited to particular features. University of Texas law professor Sanford Levinson wonders whether it makes sense for the Connecticut Compromise to give "Wyoming the same number of votes as California, which has roughly seventy times the population ''. Levinson thinks this imbalance causes a "steady redistribution of resources from large states to small states. '' Levinson is critical of the Electoral College as it allows the possibility of electing presidents who do not win the majority, or even plurality, of votes. Five times in American history, presidents have been elected despite failing to win a plurality of the popular vote: 1824 (John Quincy Adams), 1876 (Rutherford B. Hayes), 1888 (Benjamin Harrison), 2000 (George W. Bush) and 2016 (Donald Trump). The current impeachment powers do not give the people a quick way to remove incompetent or ill presidents, in his view. Others have criticized gerrymandering.
Yale professor Robert A. Dahl sees a problem with an American tendency towards worship of the Constitution itself. (See American civil religion) He sees aspects of American governance which are "unusual and potentially undemocratic: the federal system, the bicameral legislature, judicial review, presidentialism, and the electoral college system. '' Levinson and Labunski and others have called for a Second Constitutional Convention, although professors like Dahl believe there is no real hope this would ever happen. French journalist Jean - Philippe Immarigeon wrote in Harper 's that the "nearly 230 - year - old constitution stretched past the limits of its usefulness '', and suggested key problem points were the inability to call an election when government became gridlocked, a several month period between inauguration of a president and when he or she takes office, and inability of the lower house of Congress to influence serious foreign policy decisions such as ending a war when faced with a veto.
University of Virginia professor Larry Sabato advocates an amendment to organize presidential primaries. Sabato details more objections in his book A More Perfect Constitution. He opposes life tenure for Federal Court judges, including Supreme Court justices. He also writes that "If the 26 least populated states voted as a bloc, they would control the U.S. Senate with a total of just under 17 % of the country 's population. '' Sabato further contends that the Constitution is in need of an overhaul, and argues that only a national constitutional convention can bring the document up to date and settle many of the issues that have arisen over the past two centuries.
In United States history, four periods of widespread Constitutional criticism have been characterized by the idea that specific political powers belong to state governments and not to the federal government -- a doctrine commonly known as states rights. At each stage, states ' rights advocates failed to develop a preponderance in public opinion or to sustain the democratic political will required to alter the generally held constitutional understanding and political practice in the United States. At its adoption among the people in the state ratification conventions, the "men of original principles '' opposed the new national government as violating the Whig philosophy generally accepted among the original thirteen colonies in 1776. According to this view, Congress as a legislature should be only equal to any state legislature, and only the people in each state might be sovereign. They are now referred to as the Anti-Federalists in American historiography. The proponents of "state sovereignty '' and "states rights '' were outvoted in eleven of thirteen state ratification conventions, then thirteen of thirteen, to "ordain and establish '' the Constitution.
During Andrew Jackson 's administration, South Carolina objected to U.S. government 's "tariff of abominations '' collected as federal duties in Charleston Harbor. The Nullification Crisis ensued. Justification for the nullifiers was found in the U.S. Senate speeches and writings of John C. Calhoun. He defended slavery against the Constitutional provisions allowing its statutory regulation or its eventual abolition by Constitutional amendment, most notably in his Disquisition on Government. The crisis was averted when once General Jackson declared he would march a U.S. army into South Carolina and hang the first nullifier he saw from the first tree, and a new negotiated tariff, the Compromise Tariff of 1833, satisfactory to South Carolina was enacted. Despite this, a states - rights - based defense of slavery persisted amongst Southerners until the American Civil War; conversely, Northerners explored nullification of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Abraham Lincoln kept a portrait of Andrew Jackson above his desk at the War Department during efforts to defend the Constitution as understood by a national majority of people and states at that time.
In the mid-19th Century during the administrations of Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson and Ulysses S. Grant, the United States suffered a tragic passage through the Civil War and Reconstruction. An important survey of the philosophical and legal underpinnings of "States Rights '' as held by secessionists and Lost Cause advocates afterwards is found in the speeches of Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government. Davis defended secession by appealing to the "original principles '' of the Founders ' 1776 Revolutionary generation, and by expanding on William Blackstone 's doctrine of legislative supremacy. By the elections of 1872, all states which had been admitted to the United States in accordance with the Constitution were fully represented in the U.S. Congress.
Following the Supreme Court 1954 holding in Brown v. Board of Education, President Dwight D. Eisenhower used National Guard and U.S. paratroopers to enforce the rulings of the Federal Courts as they pertained to the Constitution. The "States Rights '' doctrine was again appealed to during the mid-20th Century resistance to racial integration in the schools, notably in Arkansas ' Little Rock Nine, Alabama 's Stand in the Schoolhouse Door, and Virginia 's Massive Resistance. Public schools in every state are now racially integrated by law under the authority of the U.S. Constitution.
The tradition is seen in many shorter episodes of limited minority protest against the United States. During the War of 1812, Federalists conducted a Hartford Convention proposing New England secession during wartime to reopen trade with the declared enemy of the United States. It led to accusations of treason and the demise of the Federalist Party as a force in American politics. In 1921, the Maryland Attorney General sued to block woman suffrage. He argued in Leser v. Garnett that state legislatures were Constitutionally the sole determiners of who should vote in what federal or state elections, and that the 19th Amendment was improper. The Supreme Court 's judicial review of the state court findings held that the 19th Amendment was Constitutional, and that it applied to the women 's right to vote in every state. Women now vote in every state under the authority of the U.S. Constitution.
One exceptional example of "states rights '' persuading overwhelming majorities in a democratic and sustained way, and so transforming the nation came in the John Adams administration. Fear had spread that radical democratic sentiment might turn subversive as it had in the French Reign of Terror. But the Federalist - sponsored Alien and Sedition Acts meant to preempt the danger led to suppression of opposition press. The political reaction in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions sparked public opposition against the Federalist policy and led to twenty - four years of Constitutionally elected Democratic - Republican Party rule through six administrations of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and James Monroe.
In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, opponents of federal laws prohibiting the sale and possession of marijuana have based their objections partially on states ' rights grounds, as have opponents of federal laws and regulations pertaining to firearms. States ' rights under the constitution has also been recently raised as an issue on a number of other occasions, most notably regarding Common Core, the Affordable Care Act, and same - sex marriage.
At first, little interest was shown in the parchment object itself. Madison had custody of it as Secretary of State (1801 -- 1809) but having left Washington, he had lost track of it in the years leading to his death. A publisher had access to it in 1846 for a book on the Constitution. In 1883 historian J. Franklin Jameson found the parchment folded in a small tin box on the floor of a closet at the State, War and Navy Building. In 1894 the State Department sealed the Declaration and Constitution between two glass plates and kept them in a safe.
The two parchment documents were turned over to the Library of Congress by executive order, and in 1924 President Coolidge dedicated the bronze - and - marble shrine for public display of the Constitution in the main building. The parchments were laid over moisture absorbing cellulose paper, vacuum - sealed between double panes of insulated plate glass, and protected from light by a gelatin film. Although building construction of the Archives Building was completed in 1935, in December 1941 they were moved from the Library of Congress until September 1944, and stored at the U.S. Bullion Depository, Fort Knox, Kentucky, along with the Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address. In 1951 following a study by the National Bureau of Standards to protect from atmosphere, insects, mold and light, the parchments were re-encased with special light filters, inert helium gas and proper humidity. They were transferred to the National Archives in 1952.
Since 1952, the "Charters of Freedom '' have been displayed in the Rotunda of the National Archives Building. Visual inspections have been enhanced by electronic imaging. Changes in the cases led to removal from their cases July 2001, preservation treatment by conservators, and installment in new encasements for public display in September 2003.
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who was the first woman foreign minister of india | Minister of External Affairs (India) - wikipedia
The Minister of External Affairs (or simply Foreign Minister) is the head of the Ministry of External Affairs of the Government of India. One of the senior-most offices in the Union Cabinet, the chief responsibility of the Foreign Minister is to represent India and its government in the international community. The Foreign Minister also plays an important role in determining Indian foreign policy. Occasionally, the Foreign Minister is assisted by a Minister of State for External Affairs or the lower - ranked Deputy Minister of External Affairs.
India 's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, also held the Foreign Minister post throughout his 17 - year premiership of the country; he remains the country 's longest - serving Foreign Minister. Several other Prime Ministers have since held the additional charge of foreign minister, but never has any other cabinet minister held additional charge of the office. There have been a number of Foreign Ministers who went on to become the Prime Minister like Atal Bihari Vajpayee, P.V. Narasimha Rao and I.K. Gujral.
The current Minister of External Affairs is Sushma Swaraj of the Bharatiya Janata Party, who took over from Salman Khurshid of the Indian National Congress on 26 May 2014
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when are new episodes of riverdale coming out | Riverdale (2017 TV series) - Wikipedia
Riverdale is an American teen drama television series based on the characters by Archie Comics. The series premiered on January 26, 2017, on The CW. It was adapted for television by Archie Comics ' chief creative officer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa and executive produced by Greg Berlanti. On March 7, 2017, The CW renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on October 11, 2017. In September 2017, a spin - off series, titled The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina, was revealed to be in development.
The show features an ensemble cast based on the characters of Archie Comics, with KJ Apa in the role of Archie Andrews; Lili Reinhart as Betty Cooper, his next door neighbor who has a crush on him; Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge, his new love interest; and Cole Sprouse as Jughead Jones, his ex-best friend and the narrator of the show. The show also features Ashleigh Murray as Josie McCoy, the lead singer of the Pussycats, and Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom, the twin sister of Jason Blossom, who is at the center of the series ' mystery. Other characters in the show include Fred Andrews, Alice Cooper, FP Jones, and Hermione Lodge, the parents of Archie, Betty, Jughead, and Veronica respectively.
The series follows Archie Andrews ' life in the small town of Riverdale and explores the darkness hidden behind its seemingly perfect image.
Warner Bros. began development on an Archie feature film in 2013, after a pitch from writer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa and director Jason Moore that would place Archie 's gang into a teen comedy feature film in the John Hughes tradition. Dan Lin and Roy Lee became producers on the project, which eventually stalled as priorities shifted at Warner Bros. towards larger tentpole films and was reimagined as a television series. Riverdale was originally in development at Fox, with the network landing the project in 2014 with a script deal plus penalty. However, Fox did not go forward with the project. In 2015, the show 's development was moved to The CW, which officially ordered a pilot on January 29, 2016. On March 7, 2017, The CW announced that the series had been renewed for a second season.
Casting Archie was a difficult process, with Aguirre - Sacasa stating "I think we literally saw every redheaded young guy in L.A. It certainly felt that way. '' The production team found KJ Apa just three days before they had to present screen tests to the network, which created tension in the last few days leading up to the studio presentation.
In April 2017, it was announced Mark Consuelos had signed on for the second season to play Veronica Lodge 's father, Hiram Lodge. The role was in second position to his existing role on Pitch but the cancellation of that series was announced on May 1, 2017. The next month, it was announced Charles Melton was cast to take over the role of Reggie from Ross Butler in season 2 due to his status as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why. It was also announced that Casey Cott was promoted to a series regular. In July 2017, it was announced that True Blood star Brit Morgan had been cast in the recurring role of Penny Peabody, an attorney the Southside Serpents call in case of any run - ins with the law. In August 2017, it was announced Graham Phillips had been cast to play Nick St. Clair, Veronica 's ex-boyfriend from New York.
Filming of the pilot began on March 14 and ended on April 1, in Vancouver, British Columbia. Production on the remaining 12 episodes of season one began on September 7 in Vancouver. Sets include Pop Tate 's Chock'lit Shoppe, a copy of the functioning diner used in the pilot that is so realistic a truck driver parked his 18 - wheeler there, believing that it was open. Production of season two will return to Vancouver and the Fraser Valley. Principal photography began on June 22, 2017.
Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to Riverdale, making the series available as an original series to its platform less than a day after its original U.S. broadcast.
In July 2016, members of the cast and the executive producers attended San Diego Comic - Con to promote the upcoming series, where they premiered the first episode "Chapter One: The River 's Edge ''. The first trailer for the series was released in early December 2016, while additional teasers followed later that month and into 2017. The CW also sponsored multiple Tastemade videos, where they cooked several foods that are popular in the Archie universe.
Along with heavily promoting the TV series in their regular comics since January 2017, Archie Comics are planning to release a comic book adaptation of Riverdale, featuring auxiliary story arcs set within the television series ' own continuity. The comic book adaptation is being headed by Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa himself, along with various other writers from the show. Alongside a one - shot pilot issue, illustrated by Alitha Martinez, released in March 2017, the first issue of the on - going Riverdale the comic book series was set to release starting April 2017.
In addition to the adaptation, Archie Comics are releasing a series of compilation graphic novels branded under the title Road to Riverdale. This series features early issues from the New Riverdale reboot line, introducing the audience of the TV series to the regular on - going comic series that inspired it. Archie Comics plans to re-print the volumes of Road to Riverdale in subsequent months as digest magazines. The first volume was released in March 2017.
The first season of Riverdale has received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a fresh rating of 87 % based on 53 reviews, with a weighted average of 7.27 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, "Riverdale offers an amusingly self - aware reimagining of its classic source material that proves eerie, odd, daring, and above all addictive. '' On Metacritic, the season has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 35 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews ''. Dave Nemetz of TVLine gave the series a "B + '' saying that it turned, "out to be an artfully crafted, instantly engaging teen soap with loads of potential. ''
Some writers have criticized the series for its handling of minority characters. While reviewing the first season, Kadeen Griffiths of Bustle declared "the show marginalizes and ignores the (people of color) in the cast to the point where they may as well not be there. '' In an article for Vulture, Angelica Jade Bastien discussed the show 's treatment of Josie and the Pussycats (who are each played by African Americans), noting, "They 're not characters so much as they are a vehicle for a Message. Josie and her fellow pussycats are positioned to communicate the message that Riverdale is more modern and inclusive than teen dramas of the past, even though it has yet to prove it beyond its casting. '' Monique Jones of Ebony noted, "Despite the show 's multi-racial casting choices, it seems like Riverdale is still a mostly white town. '' She also expressed fondness for the relationship between Archie Andrews and Valerie Brown, but declared "Archie should n't be what makes Valerie interesting to us ''.
In September 2017, it was reported that a live - action television series, The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina, was being developed for The CW by Warner Bros. Television and Berlanti Productions, with a planned release in the 2018 -- 2019 television season. Based on the comic series of the same name, featuring the Archie Comics character Sabrina the Teenage Witch, the series would be a companion series to Riverdale. Lee Toland Krieger will direct the pilot, which will be written by Aguirre - Sacasa. Both are executive producers along with Berlanti, Schechter, and Goldwater.
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when was the last time the cardinals were in the world series | St. Louis Cardinals - wikipedia
The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis, Missouri. The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) Central division. Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006. With origins as one of the early professional baseball clubs in St. Louis, entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased a barnstorming club in 1881, then known as the Brown Stockings, and established them as charter members of the American Association (AA) the following season. Upon the discontinuation of the AA, St. Louis joined the NL in 1892; at that time, they were called the Browns and the Perfectos before they were officially renamed as the Cardinals in 1900.
One of the most successful franchises in baseball history, the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships, the second-most in Major League Baseball and most in the National League. Their 19 National League pennants rank third in NL history. In addition, St. Louis has won 13 division titles in the East and Central divisions. While still in the AA, St. Louis won four league championships, qualifying them to play in a forerunner of the World Series. They tied in 1885 and won outright in 1886, both times against Chicago, in the first meetings of the Cardinals -- Cubs rivalry that continues to this day.
Cardinals achievements that have impacted MLB and sports in general include Branch Rickey 's pioneering of the farm system, Rogers Hornsby 's two batting Triple Crowns, Dizzy Dean 's 30 - win season in 1934, Stan Musial 's 17 MLB and 29 NL records, Bob Gibson 's 1.12 earned run average (ERA) in 1968, Whitey Herzog 's Whiteyball, Mark McGwire breaking the single - season home run record in 1998, and the 2011 championship team 's unprecedented comebacks. The Cardinals have won 105 or more games in four different seasons and won 100 or more a total of nine times. Cardinals players have won 20 league MVPs, four batting Triple Crowns, and three Cy Young Awards. Baseball Hall of Fame inductees include Lou Brock, Dizzy Dean, Bob Gibson, Whitey Herzog, Rogers Hornsby, Joe Medwick, Stan Musial, Branch Rickey, Red Schoendienst, Ozzie Smith, and Bruce Sutter.
In 2017, Forbes valued the Cardinals at $1.8 billion, making them the 7th-most valuable franchise in MLB; their revenue the previous year was $310 million and Operating income of $40.5 million. Since their purchase in 1995, owner William DeWitt, Jr. 's investment group has seen enormous growth from the $147 million purchase price. John Mozeliak is the President of Baseball Operations, Mike Girsch is the general manager and Mike Matheny is the manager. The Cardinals are renowned for their strong fan support: despite being in one of the sport 's mid-level markets, they routinely see attendances among the league 's highest, and are consistently among the Top 3 in MLB in local television ratings.
Professional baseball began in St. Louis with the inception of the Brown Stockings in the National Association (NA) in 1875. The NA folded following that season, and the next season, St. Louis joined the National League as a charter member, finishing in third place at 45 - 19. George Bradley hurled the first no - hitter in Major League history. The NL expelled St. Louis from the league after 1877 due to a game - fixing scandal and the team went bankrupt. Without a league, they continued play as a semi-professional barnstorming team through 1881.
The magnitudes of the reorganizations following the 1877 and 1881 seasons are such that the 1875 -- 1877 and 1878 -- 1881 Brown Stockings teams are not generally considered to share continuity as a franchise with the current St. Louis Cardinals.
For the 1882 season, Chris von der Ahe purchased the team, reorganized it, and made it a founding member of the American Association (AA), a league to rival the NL. 1882 is generally considered to be the first year existence of the St. Louis Cardinals.
The next season, St. Louis shortened their name to the Browns. Soon thereafter they became the dominant team in the AA, as manager Charlie Comiskey guided St. Louis to four pennants in a row from 1885 to 1888. Pitcher and outfielder Bob Caruthers led the league in ERA (2.07) and wins (40) in 1885 and finished in the top six in both in each of the following two seasons. He also led the AA in OBP (. 448) and OPS (. 974) in 1886 and finished fourth in batting average in 1886 (. 334) and fifth in 1887 (. 357). Outfielder Tip O'Neill won the first batting triple crown in franchise history in 1887 and the only one in AA history. By winning the pennant, the Browns played the NL pennant winner in a predecessor of the World Series. The Browns twice met the Chicago White Stockings -- the Chicago Cubs prototype -- tying one in a heated dispute and winning the other, thus spurring the vigorous St. Louis - Chicago rivalry that ensues to this day. During the franchise 's ten seasons in the AA, they compiled an all - time league - high of 780 wins and. 639 winning percentage. They lost just 432 contests while tying 21 others.
The AA went bankrupt after the 1891 season and the Browns transferred to the National League. This time, the club entered an era of stark futility. Between 1892 and 1919, St. Louis managed just five winning seasons, finished in last or next - to - last place sixteen times, and ended four seasons with 100 losses or more. The nadir was the 1897 season: a 29 -- 102 record for a franchise - worst. 221 winning percentage. St. Louis ' 84 - 67 finish as the Perfectos would be the team 's best finish between the AA era and Sam Breadon 's purchase of the team. As the "Perfectos '', the team wore their jersey with a cardinal red trim and sock striping. Later that season, St. Louis Republic sportswriter Willie McHale included an account in a column of a female fan he heard remarking about the uniforms, "What a lovely shade of cardinal. '' Fans liked the moniker "Cardinals '' and, the next year, popularity for the nickname induced an official change to Cardinals.
In 1902, an American League team moved from Milwaukee into St. Louis, renamed themselves the St. Louis Browns and built a new park on the site of the Cardinals ' old stadium, striking a rivalry that lasted five decades. Breadon bought a minority interest in the Cardinals in 1917 and in 1919 Browns manager Branch Rickey joined the Cardinals. The Cardinals ' first twenty - eight seasons in the NL were a complete reversal of their stay in the AA -- with a. 406 winning percentage, they compiled 1,632 wins, 2,425 losses and 74 ties.
St. Louis baseball commenced a renaissance: since 1926 the Cardinals have won eleven World Series and nineteen NL pennants. Breadon spurred this revival when bought out the majority stake in 1920 and appointed Rickey as business manager, who expanded scouting, player development, and pioneered the minor league farm system, filling the role of today 's general manager. With Rogers Hornsby at second base, he claimed Triple Crowns in 1922 and 1925, and the Cardinals won the 1926 World Series, their first. St. Louis then won the league in 1928, 1930, and 1931 and the 1931 World Series.
The Gashouse Gang edition claimed the 1934 World Series and the Cardinals amassed new thresholds of popularity far outside St. Louis via radio. Dizzy Dean led the Gang, winning the 1934 MVP, and leading the NL multiple times in wins, strikeouts, innings, complete games and shutouts. Johnny Mize and Joe Medwick emerged as two power threats, with Medwick claiming the last Triple Crown for a Cardinal in 1937.
In the 1940s, a golden era emerged as Rickey 's farm system became laden with such talent as Marty Marion, Enos Slaughter, Mort Cooper, Walker Cooper, Stan Musial, Max Lanier, Whitey Kurowski, Red Schoendienst and Johnny Beazley. It was one of the most successful decades in franchise history with 960 wins 580 losses for a winning percentage higher than any other Major League team at. 623. With Billy Southworth managing, they won the World Series in 1942 and 1944 (in the only all - St. Louis series against the Browns), and won 105 or more games each in 1942, 1943, and 1944. Southworth 's managerial winning percentage (. 642) is St. Louis ' highest since the franchise joined the National League. Musial was considered the most consistent hitter of his era and most accomplished in team history, winning three MVPs and seven batting titles. St. Louis then won the 1946 World Series on Slaughter 's Mad Dash in Game 7. Breadon was forced to sell the team in 1947 but won six World Series and nine NL pennants as Cardinals owner. They remained competitive, finishing. 500 or better in thirteen of the next seventeen seasons, but fell short of winning the league or World Series until 1964.
In 1953 the Anheuser - Busch brewery bought the Cardinals and August "Gussie '' Busch became team president, spurring the Browns ' departure in 1953 to Baltimore to become the Orioles, and making the Cardinals the only major league club in town. More success followed in the 1960s, starting with what is considered one of the most lopsided trades in Major League history, as St. Louis received outfielder Lou Brock from the Cubs for pitcher Ernie Broglio. MVP third baseman Ken Boyer and pitcher Bob Gibson led the club to a World Series win the same year and Curt Flood, Bill White, Curt Simmons, and Steve Carlton also made key contributions in this decade. In 1967, new arrival Orlando Cepeda won the MVP, helping to propel St. Louis to the World Series. The Cardinals won the league the following year behind their Major League - leading 2.49 staff ERA in what was an all - round record - breaking season of pitching dominance. Posting a modern - day record low ERA of 1.12 and striking out a one - game World Series - record of 17, Gibson won both the MVP and Cy Young awards that year. However, the Cardinals failed to repeat as World Series champions, blowing a 3 - 1 lead to the underdog Detroit Tigers.
In the 1970s, catcher / third baseman Joe Torre and first baseman Keith Hernández each won MVPs, but the team 's best finishes were second place and 90 wins. The team found their way back to the World Series the next decade, starting with manager Whitey Herzog and his Whiteyball style of play and another trade that altered course of the franchise: in 1982, shortstop Garry Templeton was shipped to the Padres for fellow shortstop Ozzie Smith. Widely regarded as one of the best defensive players in history, Smith ranks first all - time among shortstops in Gold Glove Awards (13), All - Star games (15), assists (8,375), and double plays (1,590). St. Louis won the 1982 World Series from the Milwaukee Brewers that fall. The Cardinals again won the league in 1985 and 1987. In the 1985 Series, they faced - off with cross-state rivals Kansas City Royals for the first time in a non-exhibition game, and lost the World Series.
After Gussie Busch died in 1989, the brewery took control and hired Joe Torre to manage late in 1990, then sold the team to an investment group led by William DeWitt, Jr. in 1996. Tony La Russa replaced Torre in the spring of 1996. In 1998, Mark McGwire competed with the Cubs ' Sammy Sosa for a barrage of home runs in their pursuit of the single - season home run record. From 2000 to 2013, the Cardinals reestablished their way to the top with ten playoff appearances, four NL pennants, two World Series titles and 1,274 regular season wins against 993 losses for a. 560 winning percentage, leading the National League and second in MLB only to the New York Yankees. With the addition of Jim Edmonds, Albert Pujols, and Scott Rolen, the Cardinals featured three prominent sluggers and defenders nicknamed "MV3; '' Pujols won three MVPs and hit. 328 with 445 home runs in his Cardinals career. In 2004, playoff stalwart Chris Carpenter 's 3.09 ERA and 15 wins helped power the team to a major - league best 105 wins and take the NL pennant. In 2006, beset with injuries and inconsistency, they won the World Series, beating Detroit in five games to set an all - time record - low of 83 wins for a World Series winner.
In 2009, the Cardinals reached 10,000 wins, dating to when they first played in the American Association (AA). St. Louis returned to the playoffs in 2011, first surmounting the largest games - won deficit after 130 games (at 10.5) to upstage the Atlanta Braves on the final day for the wild card playoff berth. In Game 3 of the World Series, Pujols became just the third player to hit three home runs in a World Series game. In Game 6, third baseman David Freese and outfielder Lance Berkman each tied the score on the Cardinals ' final strike -- the first such occurrence in any game in MLB history -- and St. Louis defeated the Texas Rangers later that game with a walk - off home run from Freese. After winning that Series, La Russa retired and became the only manager to do so after winning a title. He also finished with the most wins for managers in franchise history with 1,408.
La Russa 's successor, Mike Matheny, helped extend St. Louis ' playoff run as he became the first manager in the division play era to guide the Cardinals to the NLCS and playoffs in his first two seasons. In 2014, the Cardinals extended their NLCS streak to 4, with their 3 - 1 series victory over the Dodgers, in the NLDS. Ten days after being eliminated from the postseason by the San Francisco Giants, rookie outfielder Oscar Taveras was killed in a car accident while traveling to his hometown Puerto Plata in the Dominican Republic. On November 17, they acquired Atlanta Braves right - fielder Jason Heyward (who had just come off a Gold Glove - winning season) to replace Taveras. On June 16, 2015, the FBI and the Justice Department started an investigation on the Cardinals for possibly hacking the Houston Astros. The hacking incident was perpetrated by Scouting Director Chris Correa. For the first time since the 2007 - 2008 seasons, the Cardinals missed the playoffs in consecutive years, 2016 - 2017.
The Cardinals play their home games at Busch Stadium (also referred to as New Busch Stadium or Busch III) in downtown St. Louis, straddling 7th and Clark near the intersection of I nterstates 64 and 70. The stadium opened for the 2006 season at a cost of $411 million and holds a normal capacity of 46,861. The Cardinals finished their inaugural season in the new Busch Stadium by winning the 2006 World Series, the first team since the 1923 New York Yankees to do so. This open - air stadium emulates the HOK Sport - designed "retro - style '' baseball - only parks built since the 1990s. The open panoramic perspective over the outfield wall offers a remarkable view of St. Louis ' downtown skyline featuring the distinctive Gateway Arch. A replica of Eads Bridge spans the entrance to the park on the third base side, while the statue of Stan Musial arises in front of that entrance. Other statues at the corner of 8th and Clark include Hall of Famers Rogers Hornsby, Ozzie Smith, George Sisler, Cool Papa Bell, Bob Gibson, Jack Buck and others.
Due to increased demand, Game 7 of the 2011 World Series accommodated a baseball record of 47,399 by increasing the number of standing room only tickets. The attendance record for any sporting event is 48,263, in a 2013 Association Football (soccer) friendly match between Chelsea F.C. and Manchester City F.C., made possible by on field seating. The largest attendance (53,000) of any event at Busch belongs to U2 during a concert from their 360 ° Tour in 2011.
Ballpark Village, a mixed - use development located across Clark Street from Busch Stadium, is targeted to enhance the ballpark goers ' experience. Phase 1 of the development, completed for the start of the 2014 season, includes entertainment venues, restaurants, and retail. Anchored by Cardinals Nation (which includes the Cardinals Hall of Fame, a two - story Cardinals - themed restaurant and all - inclusive rooftop seating for 300 + fans featuring spectacular views of the field across the street), a 20,000 sq ft Budweiser Brew House, FOX Sports Midwest Live! and PBR, the $100 million phase 1 development of Ballpark Village promises to be a vibrant gathering space throughout the year, not just during the baseball season.
Busch Stadium is the Cardinals ' fourth home ballpark and the third of that name. The Cardinals ' original home ballpark was Sportsman 's Park from 1882 -- 1892 when they played in the American Association and were known as the Browns. In 1893, the Browns moved to a new ballpark five blocks northwest of Sportsman 's Park which would serve as their home from 1893 -- 1920. The new park was originally called New Sportsman 's Park but became more commonly referred to as Robison Field. Midway through the 1920 season the Cardinals abandoned Robison Field and returned to the original Sportsman 's Park and became tenants of their American League rivals, the St. Louis Browns. In 1953, the Anheuser - Busch Brewery purchased the Cardinals and the new owner subsequently also purchased Sportsman 's Park from the Browns and renamed it Busch Stadium, later becoming Busch I. The Browns then left St. Louis for Baltimore after the season. The Cardinals built Busch Memorial Stadium, or Busch II, in downtown St. Louis, opened it during the 1966 season and played there until 2005. It was built as the multi-purpose stadium home of both the baseball Cardinals and the football Cardinals, now the Arizona Cardinals. The current Busch Stadium was constructed adjacent to, and partly atop, the site of Busch Memorial Stadium.
The Cardinals home field in spring training is Roger Dean Stadium in Jupiter, Florida. They share the complex, which opened in 1998, with the Miami Marlins. Before moving to Jupiter, the Cardinals hosted spring training at Al Lang Field in St. Petersburg, Florida from 1937 -- 1997.
The Cardinals have exceeded the attendance total of 3 million every season since 2004.
The Cardinals have had few logos throughout their history, although those logos have evolved over time. The first logo associated with the Cardinals was an interlocking "SL '' that appeared on the team 's caps and or sleeves as early as 1900. Those early uniforms usually featured the name "St. Louis '' on white home and gray road uniforms which both had cardinal red accents. In 1920, the "SL '' largely disappeared from the team 's uniforms, and for the next 20 years the team wore caps that were white with red striping and a red bill.
In 1922, the Cardinals wore uniforms for the first time that featured the two familiar cardinal birds perched on a baseball bat over the name "Cardinals '' with the letter "C '' of the word hooked over the bat. The concept of the birds originated after general manager Branch Rickey noticed a colorful cardboard arrangement featuring cardinal birds on a table in a Presbyterian church in Ferguson, Missouri, at which he was speaking. The arrangement 's production was by a woman named Allie May Schmidt. Schmidt 's father, a graphic designer, helped Ricky make the logo a familiar staple on Cardinals uniforms. Colloquially referred to as the "birds on the bat '', it initially appeared with the birds perched on a black bat and "Cardinals '' in printed letters. An alternate version of this logo with "St. Louis '' replacing "Cardinals '' appeared in 1930 and was the primary logo in 1931 and 1932 before "Cardinals '' returned. In 1940, the now - familiar "StL '' logo was introduced on the team 's caps. The interlocking "StL '' has undergone several slight modifications over the years but has appeared on the team 's caps every year since. The first appearance of the "STL '' in 1940 coincided with the introduction of navy blue as a uniform color. From 1940 until 1955, the team wore navy blue caps with red bills and a red interlocking "StL '' while the jerseys featured both cardinal red and navy blue accents. In 1951, the "birds on the bat '' logo was changed to feature a yellow baseball bat.
In 1956, the Cardinals changed their caps to solid blue with a red "StL '', removing the red bill. Also, for that season only, the Cardinals wore a script "Cardinals '' wordmark on their uniforms excluding the "birds on the bat. '' An updated version of the "birds on the bat '' logo returned in 1957 with the word "Cardinals '' written in cursive beneath the bat. In 1962, the Cardinals became the first National League team to display players ' names on the back of their jerseys. In 1964, while retaining their blue caps for road games, the Cardinals changed their home caps to all red with a white interlocking "StL ''. The next year, they changed their road caps to red as well. In 1967, the birds on the bat emblem on the jersey was again tweaked, making the birds more realistic and changing the position of their tails relative to the bat and this version remained on all Cardinals game jerseys through 1997.
In 1971, following the trend in baseball at the time, the Cardinals replaced the traditional flannel front - button shirts and pants with belts with new pullover knit jerseys and elastic waist pants. Another trend in baseball led the Cardinals to change their road uniforms from gray to light blue from 1976 -- 1984. In 1992, the Cardinals returned to wearing traditional button - down shirts and pants with belts. That same year they also began wearing an all - navy cap with a red "StL '' on the road only while wearing the same red and white cap at home games. In 1998, the "birds on the bat '' was updated for the first time in 30 years with more detailed birds and bolder letters. That year, St. Louis introduced a cap featuring a single cardinal bird perched on a bat worn only on Sunday home games. The new birds on the bat design was modified again the next year, with yellow beaks and white eyes replacing the red beaks and yellow eyes of the 1998 version. Uniform numbers also returned to the front of the jerseys in 1999 after a two - year absence.
On November 16, 2012, the Cardinals unveiled a new alternate uniform to be worn at home games on Saturdays beginning with the 2013 season. The modified jersey, cream - colored with red trim on the sleeves and down the front, was the first since 1932 in which "St. Louis '' will be used instead of "Cardinals '' and retained the "birds on the bat. '' 2013 also saw the team adopt their red caps as their main uniform for both home and away games; the navy cap was retained as an alternate, used mainly against other red - capped teams. Over the years, the Cardinals have released various marketing logos depicting anthropomorphized cardinals in a pitching stance, swinging a baseball bat, or wearing a baseball cap that never became part of the game uniform.
The team mascot is an anthropomorphic cardinal wearing the team 's uniform named Fredbird. He is assisted by Team Fredbird, a group of eleven women who entertain fans from the field and on top of the dugouts.
While unofficial, the Rally Squirrel became an unexpected phenomenon during the 2011 postseason. Making its "debut '' in Game 3 of the NLDS on Oct 4, a squirrel ran across home plate in the middle of a pitch from Roy Oswalt of the Phillies to the Cardinals ' Skip Schumaker. The Cardinals would win Game 4 and subsequently Game 5 (Oct. 7) in Philadelphia to advance to the NLCS, symbolizing the squirrel 's "role '' in the victory. The squirrel was popularized as "Buschie the Rally Squirrel '' As a tribute to the popularity of the squirrel, a small depiction of the Rally Squirrel is also included on the official World Series rings the team received. It shows up under the "STL '' logo on the side of the ring.
Fredbird sparked controversy in May 2015, when he was asked by a fan for a photograph and handed him a sign that said "Police Lives Matter ''. The team later claimed that Fredbird should not be involved in any political activity or social commentary.
The Cardinals -- Cubs rivalry refers to games between the Cardinals and the Chicago Cubs. The rivalry is also known as the Downstate Illinois rivalry or the I - 55 Series (in earlier years as the Route 66 Series) as both cities are located along Interstate 55 (which itself succeeded the famous U.S. Route 66). The Cubs lead the series 1,134 -- 1,103 through June 22, 2016, while the Cardinals lead in National League pennants with 19 against the Cubs ' 17. The Cubs have won 11 of those pennants in Major League Baseball 's Modern Era (1901 -- present), while all 19 of the Cardinals ' pennants have been won since 1926. The Cardinals also have an edge when it comes to World Series successes, having won 11 championships to the Cubs ' 3. Games featuring the Cardinals and Cubs see numerous visiting fans in either Busch Stadium in St. Louis or Wrigley Field in Chicago. When the National League split into two and then three divisions, the Cardinals and Cubs remained together. This has added excitement to several pennant races over the years. The Cardinals and Cubs have played each other once in the postseason, when the Cubs beat the Cardinals 3 games to 1 in the 2015 National League Division Series.
Although both teams play in the state of Missouri, they did not play each other for the first time until the 1985 World Series, which the Royals won in seven games, but which is perhaps best remembered for a controversial call from umpire Don Denkinger in Game 6. Due to their geographical proximity, the teams have faced each other every regular season in interleague play since it started in 1997. This is also referred to as the "Show Me Series '' or the "I - 70 Series '', as both cities are located in Missouri and are connected by Interstate 70. The two teams celebrated the 30th anniversary of their rivalry in 2015. St. Louis leads the series 55 games to 39 as of the end of the 2017 season.
An investment group led by William DeWitt, Jr. owns the St. Louis Cardinals, having bought the team from Anheuser - Busch (AB) in 1996. As with other periods of the Cardinals ' transaction history, doubt loomed as to whether the purchaser would keep the team in St. Louis, due to the city 's status as a "small market '', which appear to handicap a club 's competitiveness. Such was the case when Sam Breadon put the Cardinals up for sale in 1947: then - NL President Ford Frick proposed moving the Cardinals to Chicago. When AB placed the Cardinals for sale in 1995, they publicly expressed intention to find a buyer who would keep the club in St. Louis. In March 1996, AB sold the team for $147 million to a partnership headed by Southwest Bank 's Drew Baur, Hanser and DeWitt, Jr. Civic Center Redevelopment, a subsidiary of AB, held the parking garages and adjacent property and also transferred them to the Baur ownership group. Baur 's group then sold the garages to another investment group, lowering the net franchise purchase price to about $100 million, about $10 million less than Financial World 's value of the team at the time $110 million.
Current Cincinnati Reds owners Bob Castellini and brothers Thomas Williams and W. Joseph Williams Jr. each once owned a stake in the Cardinals dating back to the Baur - DeWitt group 's purchase of the team. To allow their purchase of the Reds in 2005, the rest of the group bought out Castellini 's and the Williams brothers ' shares, totaling an estimated thirteen percent. At that time, the Forbes valued the Cardinals at about $370 million. However, after reabsorbing that stake into the remainder of the group, they decided to make it available to new investors in 2010. Amid later allegations that the Cardinals owed the city profit shares, DeWitt revealed that their profitability had not reached the threshold to trigger that obligation.
As of 2017, Forbes valued the Cardinals seventh among 30 MLB franchises. Their estimated value of $1.80 billion was an increase of $200 million from the season before, when they ranked seventh. St. Louis ' revenue in 2016 was $310 million, up $10 million. Their Operating income was $40.5 million. The Cardinals ' deal with Fox Sports Midwest, signed in 2015, begins in 2018, and is worth $1 billion through 2032. In 2014, Forbes valued the Cardinals at $820 million and opined previously that they play "in the best single - team baseball market in the country and are among the league 's leaders in television ratings and attendance every season. '' Concurrent with the growth of Major League Baseball, the Cardinals value has increased significantly since the Baur - DeWitt purchase. In 2000, the franchise was valued at $219 million, a growth rate of 374 % through 2014. The franchise 's value grew 12.7 % from 2013 to 2014.
All valuations per Forbes. Based on current stadium deal (unless new stadium is pending) without deduction for debt, other than stadium debt. (2017: market $666 mil., stadium $411 mil., sport $488 mil., brand management $235 mil.) (2016: market $613 mil., stadium $378 mil., sport $406 mil., brand management $219 mil.) (2015: market $548 mil., stadium $338 mil., sport $331 mil., brand management $197 mil.) (2014: market $339 mil., stadium $211 mil., sport $156 mil., brand management $124 mil.) (2013: market $291 mil., stadium $182 mil., sport $151 mil., brand management $91 mil.) (2012: market $240 mil., stadium $157 mil., sport $119 mil., brand management $78 mil.) (2011: market $206 mil., stadium $136 mil., sport $111 mil., brand management $65 mil.)
Net of stadium revenues used for debt payments. Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization. Includes benefits and bonuses. Compares the number of wins per player payroll relative to the rest of MLB. Playoff wins count twice as much as regular season wins. A score of 120 means that the team achieved 20 % more victories per dollar of payroll compared with the league average in 2010.
Besides Ballpark Village, which has now finished its first phase, opening on March 27, and considered a smashing success with the first phase of the project totaling 120,000 square feet (11,000 m). The Cardinals own three of their Minor League Baseball affililiates:
Field managers with two or more years managing, and the current manager are included here.
Pitchers
Catchers
Infielders
Outfielders
Manager
Coaches
60 - day disabled list
7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated October 6, 2017 Transactions Depth chart
Charles Comiskey *
Roger Connor *
Pud Galvin *
George Sisler * †
Grover Cleveland Alexander * Walter Alston Jake Beckley * Jim Bottomley * Roger Bresnahan * Lou Brock Mordecai Brown * Jesse Burkett * * Steve Carlton
Orlando Cepeda Dizzy Dean Leo Durocher Dennis Eckersley Frankie Frisch * Bob Gibson Burleigh Grimes Chick Hafey *
Jesse Haines * Whitey Herzog Rogers Hornsby * Miller Huggins Tony La Russa Rabbit Maranville Bill McKechnie John McGraw Joe Medwick *
Johnny Mize * Stan Musial Kid Nichols * Branch Rickey Wilbert Robinson * Red Schoendienst Enos Slaughter Ozzie Smith John Smoltz
Billy Southworth Bruce Sutter § Joe Torre Dazzy Vance Bobby Wallace * * Hoyt Wilhelm Vic Willis * * Cy Young
In 2014, the Cardinals announced the reopening of the franchise Hall of Fame after a 6 - year hiatus. A formal selection process recognizes former players as Cardinals Hall of Famers each year. To be eligible for election, a player must have been a member of the Cardinals for at least three seasons. The team initially released the names of 22 former players and personnel included in the inaugural class of 2014. There are now 37 members of the Cardinals Hall of Fame.
The Cardinals have retired 12 total jersey numbers -- -- second in MLB only to the New York Yankees ' 20 -- -- in honoring 14 total former players and club personnel on the left field wall at Busch Stadium. A 15th, Jackie Robinson, is honored by all MLB teams. It should be noted that, during the time Rogers Hornsby had played, the Cardinals did not have any numbers on their uniforms. This practice had begun with the Cleveland Indians in 1920. Thus, Hornsby had no number to retire.
Notes:
Capable of reaching 21 million listeners in nine states including Missouri, Illinois, Arkansas, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Tennessee, the Cardinals radio network is the second - largest in MLB with 117 affiliate stations. In St. Louis, CBS - owned KMOX (1120 AM) airs Cardinals games over radio and feeds the rest of the Cardinals network. Mike Shannon and John Rooney alternate as play - by - play announcers, with Chris Hrabe serving as pre-game and post-game host. KMOX 's 50,000 - watt clear - channel signal covers much of the continental United States at night. At one time, owing to the Cardinals ' status as a "regional '' franchise, the Cardinals radio network reached almost half of the country.
The 2011 season marked the Cardinals ' return to KMOX following five seasons on KTRS (550 AM), a station which is 50 percent owned by the Cardinals. With a partnership spanning seven decades, and continuously since 1954, its conclusion realized after the 2005 season when CBS Radio and the Cardinals failed to reach terms on a new rights agreement. However, frustrated by the underpowered coverage of 5,000 - watt KTRS, the Cardinals reached a new deal with KMOX in 2011.
Mike Shannon will announce 30 fewer games in 2013, compared to the 15 he took off in 2012, and in previous seasons. Most of the games will be road games and three - city trips. He has been announcing Cardinals ' games starting in 1972, making 2013 his 41st year announcing. He turns 74 in July. He has announced Cardinals ' games for more years than anyone except Jack Buck (1954 -- 58, 1961 -- 2001) who announced for 46 years.
Since 2000, Cardinals telecasts have generated the top three in ratings in MLB every season. Fox Sports Midwest airs all games in high - definition and is the team 's exclusive television broadcaster, with the exception of selected Saturday afternoon games on Fox (via its St. Louis affiliate, KTVI) or Sunday Night Baseball on ESPN. Fox Sports Indiana, Fox Sports South, Fox Sports Tennessee, Fox Sports Oklahoma, Fox Sports Southwest, and SportSouth air Cardinals games for fans living within the Cardinals broadcast territory who do not receive the Fox Sports Midwest channel. During the 2016 season, the Cardenals averaged a 8.54 rating and 104,000 viewers on primetime TV broadcasts in St Louis.
The television commentators lineup includes Dan McLaughlin, Rick Horton, and Al Hrabosky. Jimmy "The Cat '' Hayes serves as dugout reporter during the game as well as on Cardinals Live, a pre - and post-game show. Cardinals Live is hosted in - studio by Pat Parris along with game analysts and former Cardinals players Jim Edmonds, Gary Bennett and Chris Duncan.
Cardinals Kids, a program aimed at the team 's younger fans, airs weekly in - season on Fox Sports Midwest. It 's hosted by former Cardinals pitcher Andy Benes, team mascot Fredbird, and Busch Stadium Public Address announcer John "The U-Man '' Ulett. The 30 - minute show began airing in 2003 and presents team news, player profiles, and Cardinals team history in a kid - friendly manner along with games and trivia.
A weekly magazine program, This Week in Cardinal Nation, airs on St. Louis ' NBC affiliate KSDK. Cardinals games had been seen on KSDK (and its predecessor, KSD - TV) from 1947 through 1958, 1963 through 1987, and 2007 until 2010. KPLR - TV was the Cardinals ' other over-the - air broadcaster, carrying games from 1959 through 1962 and from 1988 until 2006.
Former Cardinals broadcasters include Jack Buck, Harry Caray, Dizzy Dean, Joe Garagiola, Sr., and Jay Randolph. Joe Buck, the son of Jack Buck, was an official member of the Cardinals ' broadcast team from 1991 until 2007. The younger Buck is currently the lead play - by - play caller for Fox Sports ' national Major League Baseball and National Football League broadcasts.
Opening Day payrolls for 25 - man roster (since 2000):
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dil hai ki manta nahi hindi film movie | Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin - Wikipedia
Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin (English: The Heart Is Such, It Does n't Agree) is a 1991 Indian Hindi - language romantic comedy film. It was produced by Gulshan Kumar, directed by Mahesh Bhatt, and starred his daughter Pooja Bhatt in her first major lead female role, while the lead male role was played by Aamir Khan. Supporting roles were played by Anupam Kher, Sameer Chitre, and Tiku Talsania, while Deepak Tijori made a special appearance.
The movie was a box office success and boosted the career of newcomer Pooja Bhatt while cementing Aamir Khan 's status as a leading movie star. The movie revolves around a spoilt heiress who runs away from home to marry a gold - digging film star. En route, she is helped by a smart - alecky journalist only to end up falling for him.
It is an unofficial remake of the 1956 Bollywood film Chori Chori, which in turn was adapted from the 1934 Hollywood film It Happened One Night. In turn, Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin was remade in Tamil as Kadhal Rojavae (2000) and inspired the Kannada movie Hudugaata (2007).
Pooja Dharamchand (Pooja Bhatt) is the daughter of a rich Bombay shipping tycoon, Seth Dharamchand (Anupam Kher). She is head - over-heels in love with movie star Deepak Kumar (Sameer Chitre), but her father strongly disapproves of their courtship. One night, Pooja escapes from her father 's yacht and hops onto a bus to Bangalore to be with Deepak, who is shooting for a film there. Meanwhile, Seth Dharamchand, realizing his daughter has run away, dispatches private detectives to locate her.
Aboard the bus, Pooja meets Raghu Jetley (Aamir Khan), a loud - mouth journalist who has just lost his job. He offers to help her in exchange for an exclusive story on her, which would revive his flagging career. Pooja is forced to agree to his demands, as he threatens to let her father know of her whereabouts should she not comply. After both of them happen to miss the bus, Raghu and Pooja go through various adventures together and find themselves falling in love with one another.
Raghu desires to marry Pooja, but knows that financially he is in no shape to do so. He simply wanted a story on her life and never wanted to win her heart. Pooja also falls for Raghu and she decides to go with him, but a misunderstanding leads her to believe that Raghu was just looking for a story and not her love.
She calls it quits, returns home and agrees to marry Deepak. However, her father learns about Raghu when he comes to him to take back his money, spent by Raghu on Pooja on his way to Bangalore. He realises how Raghu has taken care of Pooja during the trip. Pooja misunderstands him and believes that he might have come for the reward announced by her rich father. At last her father tells Pooja that Raghu is the right man for her and that he has not come for the reward. On the wedding day she realises that Raghu really loves her and then runs away from the marriage mandap (hall) to Raghu with her father 's support.
The soundtrack of the movie is composed by the legendary music director duo Nadeem - Shravan. The song lyrics were written by Sameer and Faaiz Anwar. All the songs are sung by Anuradha Paudwal, along with co-singers Kumar Sanu, Abhijeet, Babla Mehta and Debashish Dasgupta. The Songs "Dil Tujhpe Aa Gaya '' and "Galyat Sankali Sonyachi '' were originally voiced by Kumar Sanu, but later was released with voiceover by Abhijeet and Babla Mehta respectively.
Anuradha Paudwal won Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song Dil hai ke manta nahin in 1992.
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who is the creator of bob's burgers | Bob 's Burgers - wikipedia
Bob 's Burgers is an American animated sitcom created by Loren Bouchard that premiered on Fox on January 9, 2011. The series centers on the Belcher family -- parents Bob and Linda and their children Tina, Gene and Louise -- who run a hamburger restaurant. The show was conceived by Bouchard after he developed Home Movies. It is produced and distributed in association with 20th Century Fox Television.
While reviews for the first season were mixed, feedback for subsequent seasons has been much more positive. The series premiere, "Human Flesh '', drew in 9.39 million viewers, making it the highest - rated series premiere of the season and finishing ninth in the ratings for the week it aired. Reruns began airing on Cartoon Network 's late night programming block Adult Swim on June 23, 2013 and began airing in syndication on local stations in September 2015.
A comic book series based on the show, published by Dynamite Entertainment, began in September 2014 and a soundtrack album was released on May 12, 2017.
In 2013, TV Guide ranked Bob 's Burgers as one of the top 60 Greatest TV Cartoons of All Time. The series has been nominated for several awards, including the Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program seven consecutive times, winning in 2014 and 2017.
On October 7, 2015, Fox renewed the series for the seventh and eighth production cycles. The eighth season premiered on October 1, 2017. On March 27, 2018, Fox renewed the series for a ninth season, which will premiere on September 30, 2018. A film adaptation based on the animated television series is in the works and is scheduled for a July 17, 2020 release.
The show centers on the Belcher family -- Bob, Linda, and their children Tina, Gene, and Louise; who run a burger restaurant on Ocean Avenue in an unnamed seaside community (informally known as "Seymour 's Bay '' among the show 's writing staff). While series creator Loren Bouchard has said that the show 's location was an indeterminate Northeastern United States shore town (calling the setting a "semi-Springfield) '', some critics, particularly after the episode "It Snakes a Village '', have deduced that the unidentified setting appears to actually be southern New Jersey. A bus driver in the episode "Eat, Spray, Linda '' references a stop at Wildwood Wharf, which may refer to Wildwood, New Jersey, a city on the southeastern coast of the state.
Bob 's Burgers is located in a green two - story building which features an apartment on the second floor where the Belcher family lives. The restaurant is sandwiched between two other commercial buildings, one of which houses "It 's Your Funeral Home and Crematorium '', whose owner Mort is a regular at the restaurant. One of the show 's running gags involves the other building, which is generally vacant during episodes but has been home to such businesses as "Uncle Marty 's Breast Pumps '', "Extra Moist Yoga '', "That 's A-Door - A-Bell Doorbells '', and "Tire - Rhea ''.
Success is not easy, as Bob must compete with several other eateries for business. His biggest rival is Jimmy Pesto, who owns an Italian restaurant called "Jimmy Pesto 's Pizzeria '', which is located directly across the street. It attracts many more customers than Bob 's Burgers, creating tension between the two owners. Jimmy particularly enjoys humiliating Bob, an example being in the episode "Burgerboss '', when he got a higher score on an arcade machine than Bob, who had rented the game, and taunted him by putting "BOB SUX '' as his initials. The hatred between Bob and Jimmy is full of humor. Although they dislike each other, Bob 's daughter, Tina, shows obsessive interest toward Pesto 's eldest son, Jimmy Junior. However, it is often unclear how Jimmy Jr. feels toward Tina, although he always tries to get her back when she expresses interest in other boys. He approves of her erotic friend fiction, starring himself, in "Bad Tina '', but tends to forget they are dating because he is always occupied with activities, such as spending time with best friend and wrestling buddy, Zeke, and dancing by himself.
Bob 's restaurant also has seen its fair share of bad luck. For example, in the show 's opening, the property falls victim to a fire, an infestation of vermin, and a broken front window caused by a car knocking down a utility pole. In spite of all this, Bob does have a small but loyal group of regular customers, including the aforementioned Mort, and Teddy, a local handyman.
The Belcher family runs a hamburger restaurant. Bob (H. Jon Benjamin) is the restaurant 's owner and husband to the fun - loving and happy - go - lucky Linda (John Roberts). Their three children are Tina (Dan Mintz), the oldest, Gene (Eugene Mirman), the only boy, and Louise (Kristen Schaal), the youngest. All three children help at the restaurant to some extent. Louise is somewhat of a precocious menace and an instigator of many of the debacles that face the Belcher family. Tina is awkward, but full of heart, and muddles her way through her pubescent experiences, such as leg waxing and strong fixations on neighborhood boys. Gene is the more cheery and carefree type and aspires to be a great musician.
There are various recurring characters in the series including Jimmy Pesto, Sr. (Jay Johnston), Bob 's primary business rival who owns an Italian - themed restaurant across the street, and his sons Jimmy Jr. (Benjamin), Tina 's love interest, and hyperactive and childish twins Andy (Laura Silverman) and Ollie (Sarah Silverman), who are friends of Louise. They get along well, despite the enmity between their fathers. Other friends, and frenemies, of the Belcher kids include Zeke (Bobby Tisdale), Tammy (Jenny Slate), Jocelyn (John Roberts), and Regular - Sized Rudy (Brian Huskey). Mr. Frond (David Herman) is the guidance counselor at their school.
Other recurring characters include customers Teddy (Larry Murphy) and Mort (Andy Kindler), as well as Linda 's eccentric sister Gayle (Megan Mullally), and the Belchers ' sometimes - meddling landlord, Calvin Fischoeder (Kevin Kline) and his brother Felix (Zach Galifianakis). Bob is frequently antagonized by health inspector Hugo (Sam Seder), Linda 's ex-fiancé who holds a grudge against Bob and constantly schemes to get the restaurant shut down, though his plans are often revealed to the Belchers by his easy - going assistant, Ron (Ron Lynch).
Creator Loren Bouchard said Bob 's Burgers came about because Fox 's animation brand centers mostly on family, but he also wanted to dabble in workplace comedy. The show has generally been viewed as a spiritual successor to King of the Hill, which carried less emphasis on shock comedy and focused more on character - driven humor; Bob 's Burgers executive producer Jim Dauterive worked on King of the Hill for nearly its entire run.
Before the show was aired, the team created a proof of concept so Fox Broadcasting Company knew what to expect if they bought the show. Jay Howell had his art featured in a test animation based on Bob forgetting about his and Linda 's wedding anniversary. This proof of concept eventually turned into the pilot episode. It had the same synopsis as the official pilot (aired in 2011) but had both cosmetic and substantial differences. These included:
The original pilot can be seen on the DVD release of the first season, released on April 17, 2012.
Bob 's Burgers first appeared on the development slate at Fox on August 6, 2009. On December 1, 2009, Fox ordered 13 episodes for the first season. On May 17, 2010, Fox placed the series on the primetime slate for the 2010 -- 11 television season. A special preview aired on Thanksgiving on November 25, 2010.
Creator Loren Bouchard serves as the executive producer, alongside developer Jim Dauterive. They have served as executive producers since the first season. Dan Fybel and Rich Rinaldi were promoted to executive producers during season 6.
The team of writers includes Loren Bouchard, Jim Dauterive, Scott Jacobson, Lizzie Molyneux, Wendy Molyneux, Holly Schlesinger, Nora Smith, Steven Davis, Kelvin Yu, Dan Fybel, Rich Rinaldi, Jon Schroeder, and Greg Thompson. Past writers on the show include Kit Boss, Aron Abrams, and Mike Benner. H. Jon Benjamin, Rachel Hastings, Justin Hook, Dan Mintz, and Mike Olsen have also written or co-written episodes. After the writing has been completed, the voice actors read the script as written, but later are allowed to improvise lines. The editors and writer decide what improvised lines make the final cut.
Bob 's Burgers has five main cast members: H. Jon Benjamin as Bob Belcher, John Roberts as Linda Belcher, Dan Mintz as Tina Belcher, Eugene Mirman as Gene Belcher, and Kristen Schaal as Louise Belcher.
The components of a hamburger fall into place on a white screen, and Bob 's hands appear underneath to hold it. The other family members appear around him one at a time, beginning with Linda and ending with Louise. Linda puts her arm around Bob, Tina stands there expressionless, Gene plays a sound effect on his keyboard, and Louise poses for the camera. The restaurant then materializes behind them and the neighboring businesses slide into place, with a funeral parlor at screen left, and the street slides into view in front. A "Grand Opening '' banner is placed over the door, followed by a series of mishaps. First, the restaurant catches on fire. Then, vermin come running toward the restaurant as an exterminator pulls up in a van. Lastly, a car crashes into the utility pole next to the funeral home, which causes the pole to fall through the front window of the restaurant. A new banner is hung up after each event: "Grand Re-Opening, '' "Grand Re-Re - Opening, '' and finally "Grand Re-Re - Re-Opening. '' The camera then zooms in on the cheese on the burger Bob is holding, and the view fades in to the start of the episode.
As with other Fox animated series such as Futurama, The Simpsons, and American Dad!, the show employs the "changing element '' running gag in its opening credits. The gag present on Bob 's Burgers involves the store located to the right of the restaurant, which has a new, humorously named client in every episode (such as "Betty 's Machetes '' in "Purple Rain - Union ''). Additionally, beginning with Season 2, the pest control van in the sequence has the name of a different company on each episode; the van read "Rat 's all Folks! Exterminators '' on all episodes of Season 1. On certain episodes, an element is changed for a special night (a flash frame saying "HAPPY HALLOWEEN '' was shown during the title sequence of "Fort Night '').
In an article written by the writers of the show ranking the best 10 musical numbers of the first three seasons, it is explained by show creator and theme composer Loren Bouchard that the ukulele track heard in the theme is an edited version of the first recording he did as well as the first take in 2008. Bouchard explains that if the EQ is taken off the original track, there is noise audible from the nightclub below the apartment he was living in when he recorded the theme.
The credits sequence of Bob 's Burgers often features the Belcher family at work. The scene is the kitchen of Bob 's Burgers drawn with a black outline over a white background and the characters in full color, with the credits off to the right hand side. The sequence consists of Bob cooking a burger and Louise and Tina doing prep. Bob places the burger on the plate for Louise to give to Linda, who takes it from the window, and a few seconds later Gene walks through the kitchen wearing his burger costume.
Although the kitchen scene is still the main closing sequence the show uses, beginning in season two the producers began to use different elements from the show in the credits. Some examples:
Other times, the scene will play out as usual, but with something from the episode going on in the background, etc. For instance:
Every episode features one or more "Today 's Special '' burgers on a chalk board on the wall behind the counter. The name of the special is usually a play on words that indicates what comes on the burger (ex.: "It 's Fun to Eat at the rYe MCA Burger '': Comes with Rye, Mustard, Cheese, and Avocado). Other "Special '' burgers are also mentioned by the family without being written on their chalkboard. The joke is often that the play on words is overly complex or obscure.
The first season through the current season of the show are available on the iTunes Store for download & Hulu. The first 8 seasons are available from Amazon Video. The first 7 seasons are available from Netflix Canada.
Bob 's Burgers initially received mixed reviews for season 1, with a Metacritic score of 54 out of 100. However, by season 2, the ratings had reached a score of 78 out of 100, proving a rise in popularity with praises about its "daffy comedic momentum '' and how it is "new and fresh. '' Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season a 63 % score based on 27 reviews with an average rating of 6.33 / 10. The site critical consensus states "A modestly immature workplace cartoon, not without potential, that needs to work on finding its rhythm ''. The Washington Post described the show as "pointlessly vulgar and derivatively dull '', while Reuters stated that "It 's unwise -- and unnecessary -- to launch an animated sitcom on Fox that appears intent to ape the vulgarity quotient of Family Guy. '' USA Today stated that "Bob 's Burgers is n't very tasty '' describing the comedy as just "lop (ing) along, stumbling from one tasteless moment to the next '' The New York Times described the show as having "a lackadaisical vibe; its humor, no matter how anarchic, slides by in a deadpan monotone. ''
However, as the first season progressed and concluded and the second began, critics began giving the series praise. Rowan Kaiser of The A.V. Club has recalled, "... the show was amusing, yes, and there was certainly potential, but it took half a dozen episodes before it really began to meet that potential. '' Season 2 has a Metacritic score of 78 out 100. The first season is considered by many fans as very rough in comparison to the quality in later seasons.
Entertainment Weekly gave the show an A - grade in its review, remarking that "a comedy this well done is very rare indeed ''. Ai n't It Cool News called Bob 's Burgers "perhaps the funniest half - hour currently airing on broadcast TV. '' In its review, CNN called the show "wickedly funny '' and said there are "too many highlights to list here ''. Speaking about the show during its second season, The A.V. Club reviewer Rowan Kaiser said: "After an uneven start, Bob 's Burgers is becoming one of television 's best comedies! '' Since the debut of season two of the series, the show 's positive reception has increased.
The A.V. Club voted Bob 's Burgers as the 10th best TV show of 2012, the 3rd best show of 2013, the 20th best show of 2014, and the 35th best show of 2015.
After airing, the show became the highest - rated series premiere of the season and also finished 9th in the ratings for the week it aired. Despite this, the ratings went on a slide with ratings expert Bill Gorman of TV by the Numbers calling it a "toss up '' for renewal before the series was renewed for a second season which premiered on March 11, 2012.
Adult Swim acquired the rights to air Bob 's Burgers in 2013. Episodes air six nights a week, with a 1: 30 am airing on Sunday and 8: 30 pm airings Monday through Friday. An additional episode airs every Monday through Thursday at 9: 00 pm. Adult Swim currently has rights to all five seasons of Bob 's Burgers and recently began airing the season five episodes on Mondays.
20th Television began distributing Bob 's Burgers to local stations in 2015. The syndication package began airing on its affiliates on the weekend of September 19 -- 20, 2015, and two episodes air each weekend.
The series also premiered on September 26, 2016 on TBS and airs Mondays afternoons (along with Family Guy, American Dad!, and The Cleveland Show) and on Friday nights.
On January 6, 2011, some Fatburger locations were re-branded as Bob 's Burgers for the day as a promotion. It also offered limited - time offers, such as a free burger giveaway, and a special, "The Thanks a Brunch Burger '', on the menu until February 2011. There were also "Bob 's Burgers '' coupons offered for a free medium Fatburger special. Across the US, four locations were re-branded as Bob 's Burgers: in California, New Jersey, Nevada, and Illinois. At least one restaurant location in California continues to use the Bob 's Burgers appellation into 2016.
In the Family Guy episode "Space Cadet '', the principal shows Peter and Lois a picture of Bob Belcher as a sign that Chris is doing poorly in his Advanced Art class. Peter mutters "I 'm very embarrassed '', and the principal replies "Yeah, well, someone should be. '' In "Boopa - dee Bappa - dee '', Louise is one of many characters Stewie is turned into by Peter using a remote control. Bob 's Burgers is also mentioned on "He 's Bla - ack! '', as one of the reasons why The Cleveland Show did not succeed.
The season 4 premiere episode of Archer features a crossover where the Belcher family is shown, but Bob is revealed to be Sterling Archer (also voiced by H. Jon Benjamin) in a fugue state. Archer has taken the place of Bob Belcher, with Bob inexplicably missing. The menu board touts the "Thomas Elphinstone Hambledurger, with Manning Coleslaw '', a play on amnesiac secret agent Tommy Hambledon, a character in a series of novels by Manning Coles.
"Homerland '', the season 25 premiere episode of The Simpsons, features a couch gag in which the Belcher family (skinned yellow according to the standard character coloring of the series) attend a 25th anniversary party in the Simpson family living room with the main characters of their fellow Animation Domination series. Bob made another cameo in the episode "The Girl Code '', where a picture of him is shown, and explaining that the restaurant was boycotted by short people due to an offensive Burger of the Day.
Bob makes a cameo appearance in the hour - long The Simpsons - Family Guy crossover "The Simpsons Guy ''. He appears on the same airplane as Homer and Peter in a cutaway about them being a greater team than the Air Force. Peter remarks to Homer that they have to carry Bob, and then Peter points to Cleveland 's plane and says "We let that other guy try and look what happened. '' Cleveland, repeatedly saying "no '', crashes in flames. This is a reference to the poor ratings of Bob 's Burgers and the cancellation of The Cleveland Show.
In Aqua Teen Hunger Force, a character previously known as Dr. Eugene Mirman (obviously played by himself) was renamed "Dr. Gene Belcher '' in the episode "Hospice ''. The character 's name was revealed on Aqua Teen Hunger Force 's creator Dave Willis ' Twitter account two hours before the episode. The character had been introduced in 2006, which was five years before Bob 's Burgers aired.
Seattle rock band Sleater - Kinney collaborated with Bob 's Burgers and its crew for their 2015 single "A New Wave '', from the album No Cities to Love. The resultant music video featured the band, animated in the cartoon 's style, performing for the Belcher children in Tina 's bedroom.
In 2016, The Bob 's Burgers Burger Book, edited by series creator Bouchard, was released. There are 75 burger recipes pulled from the fan - based blog "The Bob 's Burger Experiment '' based on the Specials of the Day that appear on the chalkboard menu in the show.
On October 4, 2017, Fox announced that a Bob 's Burgers movie was in the works to be released on July 17, 2020. Creator Bouchard has said the movie will "scratch every itch the fans of the show have ever had, '' while being appealing to new audiences.
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fall in love with a star chinese movie | Fall in love Like a Star - wikipedia
Fall in Love Like a Star (Chinese: 怦 然 星 动) is a 2015 Chinese romantic drama film directed by Tony Chan, starring Yang Mi and Li Yifeng. It was released on December 3, 2015.
Su Xingyu, an instrument tuner for a rock band, meets and falls in love with the band 's assistant Tian Xin. The two daydream about becoming a famous singer - songwriter and artist manager, respectively. After Xingyu goes overseas to further his studies, Tian Xin decides to break up with him so that he could concentrate on his career.
Five years has passed and Su Xingyu is a popular music artist. He gets into an argument with his manager, Mei, and ends up selecting Tian Xin as his new manager. When asked why he chose her, he simply responds by saying that he wants to torture her.
One night, Tian Xin is out with friends to celebrate one of her friend 's birthday. There, she gets drunk and texts Su Xingyu that she still loves him. The next day, Xingyu demands that she explains herself to him. During a shoot gone wrong, Xingyu and Tian get stuck in a hot air balloon. When they land, Tian explains to him why she dumped him. She said that all his money was spent on long distance phone calls and that she did n't want him to suffer anymore. Xingyu suggest that they rekindle their relationship. Although Tian is hesitant, she reluctantly agrees. There, they stargaze and compare themselves to stars.
Some time later, Xingyu and Tian are thriving as manager and artist. Xingyu and Tian decide to have sex and a paparazzi catches them on camera through an open window. When the paparazzi gives the picture to Mei, she goes to Tian and angrily berates her. Tian, thinking that she is n't good enough for Xingyu, leaves him. Xingyu searches for her, only to find an old bracelet of Tian, that he had gifted to her years ago, and a painting of the both of them stargazing.
After the release of Xingyu 's album, "Missing You '', he is nominated for an award. Tian attends the award and watches from afar as he wins. Xingyu gives his speech and talks about Tian. He says that he does n't know where she is or why she left him again, but he hopes that she will return. At the end of his speech, he gives her a place to meet up with him, saying that he 'll be waiting for her. After that, he and Tian run off to the place and happily kiss each other.
Right before the credits open, Tian and Xingyu are bickering behind a closed door. They both have decided to go to a party and show up in their outfits from Swords of Legends as Baili Tusu and Feng Qingxue, thinking that the party was a costume one.
A hard working agent who was in a previous relationship with Su Xingyu. She ends up breaking up with him due to the fact that he was spending all his money on overseas phone calls. She still has feelings for him.
A successful musician who harbors hatred and love towards Tian Xin. He is hooked on making her suffer, even though he still has feelings for her.
Gao Mang is a upcoming musician who is rivalling Su Xingyu in fame.
A celebrity who is in love with Xingyu. She ends up eventually dating Gao Mang.
An agent who manages Xingyu and eventually Gao Mang. Although she does n't hate Tian Xin, she believes that Tian Xin is a bad influence on Xingyu.
A chef who is in love with Tian Xin.
Maggie Lee of Variety called the plot a "mediocre pic '' that was reduced to a unrealistic romantic dross.
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all the states and capitals of the united states | List of capitals in the United States - wikipedia
Washington, D.C. is the current federal capital city of the United States, as it has been since 1800. Each U.S. state has its own capital city, as do many of its insular areas. Historically, most states have not changed their capital city since becoming a state, but the capital cities of their respective preceding colonies, territories, kingdoms, and republics typically changed multiple times. There have also been other governments within the current borders of the United States with their own capitals, such as the Republic of Texas, Native American nations, and other unrecognized governments.
The dates listed in the following table indicate the year in which the city started to continuously serve as the state 's sole capital. Most states have changed their capital city at least once. In the case of the thirteen original states, "statehood '' in the table refers to date of ratification of the United States Constitution.
An insular area is a United States territory that is neither a part of one of the fifty states nor a part of the District of Columbia, the nation 's federal district. Those insular areas with territorial capitals are listed below.
From 1774 to 1800, Congress met in numerous locations; therefore, the following cities can be said to have once been the United States capital:
Prior to becoming a territory of the United States in 1898, Hawaii was an independent country. Five sites served as its capital:
Before joining the United States under the Texas Annexation in 1845, Texas was an independent nation known as the Republic of Texas. Seven cities served as its capital:
Some Native American tribes, in particular the Five Civilized Tribes, organized their states with constitutions and capitals in Western style. Others, like the Iroquois, had long - standing, pre-Columbian traditions of a ' capitol ' longhouse where wampum and council fires were maintained with special status. Since they did business with the U.S. Federal Government, these capitals can be seen as officially recognized in some sense.
New Echota, now near Calhoun, Georgia was founded in 1825, realizing the dream and plans of Cherokee Chief Major Ridge. Major Ridge chose the site because of its centrality in the historic Cherokee Nation which spanned parts of Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Alabama, and because it was near the confluence of the Conasauga and Coosawattee rivers. The town 's layout was partly inspired by Ridge 's many visits to Washington D.C. and to Baltimore, but also invoked traditional themes of the Southeastern ceremonial complex. Complete with the Council House, Supreme Court, Cherokee syllabary printing press, and the houses of several of the Nation 's constitutional officers, New Echota served as the capital until 1832 when the state of Georgia outlawed Native American assembly in an attempt to undermine the Nation. Thousands of Cherokee would gather in New Echota for the annual National Councils, camping along the nearby rivers and holding long stomp dances in the park - like woods that were typical of many Southeastern Native American settlements.
The Cherokee National council grounds were moved to Red Clay, Tennessee on the Georgia state line in order to evade the Georgia state militia. The log cabins, limestone springs and park - like woods of Red Clay served as the capital until the Cherokee Nation was removed to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) on the Trail of Tears.
Tahlequah, in present - day Oklahoma, served as the capital of the original Cherokee Nation after Removal. After the Civil War, a turbulent period for the Nation which was involved in its own civil war resulting from pervasive anger and disagreements over removal from Georgia, the Cherokee Nation built a new National Capitol in Tahlequah out of brick. The building served as the capitol until 1907, when the Dawes Act finally dissolved the Cherokee Nation and Tahlequah became the county seat of Cherokee County, Oklahoma. The Cherokee National government was re-established in 1938 and Tahlequah remains the capital of the modern Cherokee Nation; it is also the capital of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians.
Approximately four to eight hundred Cherokees escaped removal because they lived on a separated tract, purchased later with the help of Confederate Colonel William Holland Thomas, along the Oconaluftee river deep in the Smoky Mountains of North Carolina. Some Cherokees fleeing the Federal Army sent for the "round up, '' fled to the remote settlements separated from the rest of the Cherokee Territory in Georgia and North Carolina in order to remain in their homeland. In the 20th century, their descendants organized as the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians; its capital is at Cherokee, North Carolina, in the tribally - controlled Qualla Boundary.
After Removal from their Alabama - Georgia homeland, the Creek national government met near Hot Springs which was then part of their new territory as prescribed in the Treaty of Cusseta. However, the Union forced the Creeks to cede over three million acres (half of their land) of what is now Arkansas, after some Creeks fought with the Confederacy in the American Civil War.
Served as the National capital after the American Civil War. It was probably named after Ocmulgee, on the Ocmulgee river in Macon, a principle Coosa and later Creek town built with mounds and functioning as part of the Southeastern ceremonial complex. However, there were other traditional Creek "mother - towns '' before removal. The Ocmulgee mounds were ceded illegally in 1821 with the Treaty of Indian Springs.
The Iroquois Confederacy or Haudenosaunee, which means "People of the Longhouse, '' was an alliance between the Five and later Six - Nations of Iroquoian language and culture of upstate New York. These include the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and, after 1722, the Tuscarora Nations. Since the Confederacy 's formation around 1450, the Onondaga Nation has held privilege of hosting the Iroquois Grand Council and the status of Keepers of the Fire and the Wampum -- which they still do at the official Longhouse on the Onondaga Reservation. Now spread over reservations in New York and Ontario, the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee preserve this arrangement to this day in what they claim to be the "world 's oldest representative democracy. ''
The Seneca Nation republic was founded in 1848 and has two capitals that rotate responsibilities every two years. Jimerson Town was founded in the 1960s following the formation of the Allegheny Reservoir. The Senecas also have an administrative longhouse in Steamburg but do not consider that location to be a capital.
Window Rock (Navajo: Tségháhoodzání), Arizona, is a small city that serves as the seat of government and capital of the Navajo Nation (1936 -- present), the largest territory of a sovereign Native American nation in North America. It lies within the boundaries of the St. Michaels Chapter, adjacent to the Arizona and New Mexico state line. Window Rock hosts the Navajo Nation governmental campus which contains the Navajo Nation Council, Navajo Nation Supreme Court, the offices of the Navajo Nation President and Vice President, and many Navajo government buildings.
There have been a handful of nations within the current borders of the United States which were never officially recognized as legally independent sovereign entities; however, these nations did have de facto control over their respective regions during their existence.
Before joining the United States as the fourteenth state, Vermont was an independent republic known as the Vermont Republic. Two cities served as the capital of the Republic:
The current capital of the State of Vermont is Montpelier.
The State of Franklin was an autonomous, secessionist United States territory created, not long after the end of the American Revolution, from territory that later was ceded by North Carolina to the federal government. Franklin 's territory later became part of the state of Tennessee. Franklin was never officially admitted into the Union of the United States and existed for only four years.
The State of Muskogee was a short - lived Native American state in Florida. It consisted of several tribes of Creeks and Seminoles. It existed from 1799 to 1803. It had one capital:
The Republic of West Florida was a short - lived republic involving the area known today as Louisiana 's Florida Parishes -- at the time the westernmost portion of Spanish West Florida. The area was soon seized by the United States under President James Madison and incorporated into the Territory of Orleans.
The Republic of Indian Stream was an unrecognized independent nation within the present state of New Hampshire.
Before being annexed by the United States in 1848 (following the Mexican -- American War), a small portion of north - central California declared itself the California Republic, in an act of independence from Mexico, in 1846 (see Bear Flag Revolt). The republic only existed a month before it disbanded itself, to join the advancing American army and therefore became part of the United States.
The very short - lived California Republic was never recognized by the United States, Mexico or any other nation. There was one de facto capital of the California Republic:
The Confederate States of America (C.S.A.) had two capitals during its existence. The first capital was established February 4, 1861, in Montgomery, Alabama, and remained there until it was moved to Richmond, Virginia, on May 29, 1861.
The individual state capitals remained the same in the Confederacy as they had been in the Union (U.S.A.), although as the advancing Union Army used those cities for military districts, some of the Confederate governments were relocated or moved out of state, traveling along with secessionist armies.
Most of the original Thirteen Colonies had their capitals occupied or attacked by the British during the American Revolutionary War. State governments operated where and as they could. The City of New York was occupied by British troops from 1776 to 1783. A similar situation occurred during the War of 1812, during the American Civil War in many Confederate states, and during the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 -- 1692 in New Mexico.
Twenty - two state capitals have been a capital longer than their state has been a state, since they served as the capital of a predecessor territory, colony, or republic. Boston, Massachusetts, has been a capital city since 1630; it is the oldest continuously - running capital in the United States. Santa Fe, New Mexico, is the oldest capital city, having become capital in 1610 and interrupted only by the aforementioned Pueblo Revolt. An even older Spanish city, St. Augustine, Florida, served as a colonial capital from 1565 until about 1820, more than 250 years.
The table below includes the following information:
^ (a) Even though the urbanized area of Carson City is about 15 miles (24 km) from the California border, the larger Consolidated Municipality of Carson City does form part of the Nevada state border. Similarly, the City and Borough of Juneau extends eastward to British Columbia, although the urbanized area of Juneau is about 35 miles (56 km) from the Canada -- US border. ^ (b) Congress was forced to move from Philadelphia due to a riot of angry soldiers. See: Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 ^ (c) President James Madison fled to the home of Caleb Bentley in Brookeville, Maryland following the burning of Washington on August 24 -- 25, 1814. As such, the town claims to have been the "U.S. Capital for a Day '' despite the fact that Congress never met there. See: "A Brief History ''. Town of Brookeville, Maryland. 2006. Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 07. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 07. ^ (d) Due to flooding in Sacramento, San Francisco served as a temporary capital from January 24, 1862 to May 15, 1862. See "California 's State Capitols 1850 -- present '' (PDF)... ^ (e) The District of Columbia was formed February 27, 1801, with the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801. The city of Washington was founded in 1791 and construction of the new capital began while it was still part of Maryland. President John Adams moved to the White House on November 1, 1800 and the 6th United States Congress held its first session in Washington on November 17, 1800.
Whereas, confusion of practice has arisen in the pronunciation of the name of our state and it is deemed important that the true pronunciation should be determined for use in oral official proceedings.
And, whereas, the matter has been thoroughly investigated by the State Historical Society and the Eclectic Society of Little Rock, which have agreed upon the correct pronunciation as derived from history, and the early usage of the American immigrants.
Be it therefore resolved by both houses of the General Assembly, that the only true pronunciation of the name of the state, in the opinion of this body, is that received by the French from the Native Americans and committed to writing in the French word representing the sound. It should be pronounced in three (3) syllables, with the final "s '' silent, the "a '' in each syllable with the Italian sound, and the accent on the first and last syllables. The pronunciation with the accent on the second syllable with the sound of "a '' in "man '' and the sounding of the terminal "s '' is an innovation to be discouraged.
Citizens of the State of Kansas often pronounce the Arkansas River / ɑːr ˈkænzəs / in a manner similar to the common pronunciation of the name of their state.
Nation:
States:
Territories:
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what is benjamin's purpose in animal farm | Benjamin (animal Farm) - wikipedia
Benjamin is a donkey in George Orwell 's novel Animal Farm. He is also the oldest of all the animals (he is alive in the last scene of the novel). He is less straightforward than most characters in the novel, and a number of interpretations have been put forward to which social class he represents as regards to the Russian Revolution and the Soviet Union. (Animal Farm is an allegory for the evolution of Communism in Russia, with each animal representing a different social class, e.g. Boxer represents the working class.)
Some interpret Benjamin as representing the aged population of Russia, because he is old and cynical. Others feel that he represents the Menshevik intelligentsia as he is just as intelligent, if not more so, than the novel 's pigs, yet he is marginalized. He is very cynical about the Revolution and life in general. It has also been argued that he represents the skeptical people who believed that Communism would not help the people of Russia, but who did not criticize it fervently enough to lose their lives. His Biblical name could also imply that he represents the Jewish populace of Russia whose lives were not remotely improved under Joseph Stalin 's leadership.
He is one of the wisest animals on the farm and is able to "read as well as any pig ''. However, he rarely uses his ability, because he feels there is nothing worth reading. He does not use his ability for the benefit of others until the end of the book, when Boxer is sent off to the slaughterhouse, and when Clover asks him to read the public display of the Seven Commandments, as they, for the last time in the book, changed; Benjamin reveals that the Commandments now consist entirely of the message "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others ''. Despite his age, he is never given the option of retirement (none of the animals are). Only the pigs ' betrayal of his best friend, Boxer, spurs him into (failed) action, after which Benjamin becomes more cynical than ever.
He is also quite significant in that he is not quite a horse (the working class) and yet definitely not a leader like the pigs, although his intellect is at least equal to theirs, this implies that Benjamin is a symbol of the intelligentsia who during the revolution and its aftermath are very much aware of what is going on, but do nothing about it. Although he is aware of their mistreatment (especially that of Boxer) and can see how the basic rules of their society are changing, he is unwilling to act on it in any way that would threaten his security.
Benjamin 's famous remark; "Donkeys live a long time. None of you has ever seen a dead donkey '' seems out of place as an opinion (quote 2, 5) but simply tells us that major events, even revolutions, have little effect in the long run. In a macro sense, whether Man or Pig is in charge, capitalism or communism in effect, things will neither improve nor get worse; "Windmill or no windmill, he said, life would go on as it had always gone on -- that is, badly. ''
In the 1954 film, Benjamin is voiced by Maurice Denham. In the film, it is Benjamin who leads the other animals in a counter-revolution against Napoleon when his abuses finally go too far. In the 1999 film, he is voiced by Pete Postlethwaite. In the film, Benjamin simply flees Napoleon 's unendurable regime with some of the other animals. (Neither event occurs in the book.)
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what is gate compensation in olympic ski jumping | Ski jumping - wikipedia
Ski jumping is a winter sport in which competitors aim to achieve the longest jump after descending from a specially designed ramp on their skis. Along with jump length, competitor 's style and other factors affect the final score. Ski jumping was first contested in Norway in the late 19th century, and later spread through Europe and North America in the early 20th century. Along with cross-country skiing, it constitutes the traditional group of Nordic skiing disciplines.
The ski jumping venue, commonly referred to as a hill, consists of the jumping ramp (in - run), take - off table, and a landing hill. Each jump is evaluated according to the distance traveled and the style performed. The distance score is related to the construction point (also known as the K - point), which is a line drawn in the landing area and serves as a "target '' for the competitors to reach. The score of each judge evaluating the style can reach a maximum of 20 points. The jumping technique has evolved over the years, from jumps with the parallel skis with both arms pointing forwards, to the "V - style '', which is widely used today.
Ski jumping has been included at the Winter Olympics since 1924 and at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships since 1925. Women 's participation in the sport began in the 1990s, while the first women 's event at the Olympics has been held in 2014. All major ski jumping competitions are organised by the International Ski Federation. Stefan Kraft holds the official record for the world 's longest ski jump with 253.5 metres (832 ft), set on the ski flying hill in Vikersund in 2017. Ski jumping can also be performed in the summer on an in - run where the tracks are made from porcelain and the grass on the slope is covered with water - soaked plastic. The highest level summer competition is the FIS Ski Jumping Grand Prix, contested since 1994.
Like most of the Nordic skiing disciplines, the first ski jumping competitions were held in Norway in the 19th century, although there is evidence of ski jumping in the late 18th century. The recorded origins of the first ski jump trace back to 1808, when Olaf Rye reached 9.5 m (31 ft). Sondre Norheim, who is regarded as the "father '' of the modern ski jumping, won the first - ever ski jumping competition with prizes, which was held in Høydalsmo in 1866.
The first larger ski jumping competition was held on Husebyrennet hill in Oslo, Norway, in 1875. The event was moved to Holmenkollen in 1892 due to the poor infrastructure and the weather conditions, and is today still one of the main ski jumping events in the season.
In the late 19th century, Sondre Norheim and Nordic skier Karl Hovelsen immigrated to the United States and started developing the sport in that country. In 1924, ski jumping was featured at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France. The sport has been featured at the every Olympics since.
Ski jumping was brought to Canada by Norwegian immigrant Nels Nelsen. Starting with his example in 1915 until the late 1960s, annual ski jumping competitions were held on Mount Revelstoke -- the ski hill Nelsen designed -- the longest period of any Canadian ski jumping venue. Revelstoke 's was the biggest natural ski jump hill in Canada and internationally recognized as one of the best in North America. The length and natural grade of its 600 m (2,000 ft) hill made possible jumps of over 60 m (200 ft) -- the longest in Canada. It was also the only hill in Canada where world ski jumping records were set, in 1916, 1921, 1925, 1932, and 1933
In 1935, the origins of the ski flying began in Planica, Slovenia, where Josef Bradl became the first competitor in history to jump over 100 m (330 ft). At the same venue, the first official jump over 200 m (660 ft) was achieved in 1994, when Toni Nieminen landed at 203 metres.
In 1964 in Zakopane, Poland, the large hill event was introduced at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships. In the same year, the normal hill event was included on the Olympic programme at the 1964 Winter Olympics. The team event was added later, at the 1988 Winter Olympics.
In 1990, qualifiers for the main event were introduced to limit the number of competitors.
A ski jumping hill is located on a steep slope, and it consists of the jumping ramp (in - run), take - off table, and a landing hill. Competitors glide down from a common point at the top of the in'run, achieving considerable speeds at the take - off table, where they take off with help of speed and their own leap. While airborne, they maintain an aerodynamic position with their bodies and skis, that would allow them to maximize the length of the jump. The landing slope is constructed so that the jumper 's trajectory is near - parallel with it, and the athlete 's relative height to the ground is gradually lost, allowing for a gentle and safe landing. The landing space is followed by an out - run, a substantial flat or counter-inclined area that permits the skier to safely slow down. The out - run area is fenced and surrounded by a public auditorium.
The slopes are classified according to the distance that the competitors travel in the air, between the end of the table and the landing. Each hill has a construction point (K - point), which serves as a "target '' that the competitors should reach. The classification of the hills are as follows:
Competitors are ranked according to a numerical score obtained by adding up components based on distance, style, inrun length (gate factor) and wind conditions. In the individual event, the scores from each skier 's two competition jumps are combined to determine the winner.
Distance score depends on the hill 's K - point. For K - 90 and K - 120 competitions, the K - point is set at 90 metres and 120 metres, respectively. Competitors are awarded 60 points (normal and large hills) and 120 points (flying hills) if they land on the K - point. For every metre beyond the K - point, the competitor is awarded extra points; the typical value is 2 points per metre in small hills, 1.8 points in large hills and 1.2 points in ski flying hills. A competitor 's distance is measured between the takeoff and the point where the feet came in full contact with the landing slope (for abnormal landings, touchpoint of one foot, or another body part is considered). Jumps are measured with accuracy of 0.5 metres for all competitions.
During the competition, five judges are based in a tower to the side of the expected landing point. They can award up to 20 points each for jumping style, based on keeping the skis steady during flight, balance, optimal body position, and landing. The highest and lowest style scores are disregarded, with the remaining three scores added to the distance score.
Gate and wind factors were introduced by the 2009 rules, to allow fairer comparison of results for a scoring compensation for variable outdoor conditions. Aerodynamics and take - off speed are important variables that determine the value of a jump, and if weather conditions change during a competition, the conditions will not be the same for all competitors. Gate factor competitor can receive or lose points if the inrun (or start gate) length is adjusted to provide optimal take - off speed. Points are added when the starting gate is moved up, and subtracted when the gate is lowered. An advanced calculation also determines compensation points for the actual unequal wind conditions at the time of the jump. These points are added or withdrawn from the original scores of the individual jump according to the wind conditions; when there is back wind, the points are added, and when there is front wind, the points are subtracted. Wind speed and direction are measured at five different points based on average value, which is determined before every competition.
If two or more competitors finish the competition with the same number of points, they are given the same placing and receive same prizes. Ski jumpers below the minimum safe body mass index are penalized with a shorter maximum ski length, reducing the aerodynamic lift they can achieve. These rules have been credited with stopping the most severe cases of underweight athletes, but some competitors still lose weight to maximize the distance they can achieve. In order to prevent an unfair advantage due to a "sailing '' effect of the ski jumping suit, material, thickness and relative size of the suit are regulated.
Each jump is divided into four parts: in - run, take - off (jump), flight, and landing.
By using the V - style, firstly pioneered by Swedish ski jumper Jan Boklöv in the mid-1980s, skiers are able to exceed the distance of the take - off hill by about 10 % compared to the previous technique with parallel skis. Previous techniques included the Kongsberger technique, the Däescher technique and the Windisch technique. Until the mid-1960s, the ski jumper came down the in - run of the hill with both arms pointing forwards. This changed when the Däscher technique was pioneered by Andreas Däscher in the 1950s, as a modification of the Kongsberger and Windisch techniques. A lesser - used technique as of 2017 is the H - style which is essentially a combination of the parallel and V - styles, in which the skis are spread very wide apart and held parallel in an "H '' shape. It is prominently used by Domen Prevc.
The landing requires the skiers to touch the ground in the Telemark landing style (Norwegian: telemarksnedslag), named after the Norwegian county of Telemark. This involves the jumper landing with one foot in front of the other, mimicking the style of Telemark skiing. Failure to comply with this regulation leads to the deduction of style points, issued by the judges.
All major ski jumping competitions are organized by the International Ski Federation.
The large hill ski jumping event was included at the Winter Olympic Games for the first time in 1924, and has been contested at every Winter Olympics since then. The normal hill event was added in 1964. Since 1992, the normal hill event is contested at the K - 90 size hill; previously, it was contested at the K - 60 hill. Women 's debuted at the Winter Olympics in 2014.
The ski jumping at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was firstly contested in 1925. The team event was introduced in 1982, while the women 's event was firstly held in 2009.
The FIS Ski Flying World Championships was firstly contested in 1972 in Planica.
The FIS Ski Jumping World Cup is contested since the 1979 -- 80 season.
The Four Hills Tournament is contested since the 1952 -- 53 season.
Other competitions, organised by the International Ski Federation, include the FIS Ski Jumping Grand Prix, Continental Cup, FIS Cup, FIS Race, and Alpen Cup.
In January 1863 in Trysil, Norway, at that time 16 years old Norwegian Ingrid Olsdatter Vestby, became the first - ever known female ski jumper, who participated in the competition. Her distance is not recorded.
Women began competing at the high level since the 2004 -- 05 Continental Cup season. International Ski Federation organized three women 's team events in this competition and so far the only team events in history of women 's ski jumping.
Women 's made a premiere FIS Nordic World Ski Championships performance in 2009 in Liberec. The first world champion became American ski jumper Lindsey Van.
In the 2011 -- 12 season, women competed for the first time in the World Cup. The first event was held on 3 December 2011 at Lysgårdsbakken at normal hill in Lillehammer, Norway. The first - ever female World Cup winner was Sarah Hendrickson, who also became the inaugural women 's World Cup overall champion. Previously, women had only competed in Continental Cup seasons.
In 2006, the International Ski Federation proposed that women could compete at the 2010 Winter Olympics, but the proposal was rejected by the IOC because of the low number of athletes and participating countries at the time.
A group of fifteen competitive female ski jumpers later filed a suit against the Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games on the grounds that it violated the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms since men were competing. The suit failed, with the judge ruling that the situation was not governed by the charter.
A further milestone was reached when women 's ski jumping was included as part of the 2014 Winter Olympics at normal hill event. The first Olympic champion was Carina Vogt.
Note: Only official results are listed, invalid jumps are not included.
Those who have managed to show a perfect jump, which means that all five judges attributed the maximum style score of 20 points for their jumps. Kazuyoshi Funaki, Sven Hannawald and Wolfgang Loitzl were attributed 4x20 (plus another 19.5) style score points for their second jump, thus receiving nine times the maximum score of 20 points within one competition. Kazuyoshi Funaki is the only one in history who achieved this more than once. So far only seven jumpers are recorded to have achieved this score in total of ten times:
To be included in the list, the male athlete needs to either win at least 20 individual World Cup events, have at least 400 individual starts in the World Cup, or win three or more medals at the Winter Olympics. The female athlete needs to either win at least 10 individual World Cup events or win a medal at the Winter Olympics.
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friday the 13th a new beginning jason death | Friday the 13th: a New Beginning - wikipedia
Friday the 13th: A New Beginning (also known as Friday the 13th Part V: A New Beginning) is a 1985 American slasher film directed by Danny Steinmann and the fifth installment in the Friday the 13th film series. The film stars John Shepherd as Tommy Jarvis, the boy who killed Jason Voorhees in the previous installment, Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter (1984). Shepherd replaces Corey Feldman, who played Tommy in The Final Chapter, although Feldman makes a cameo appearance in the film 's prologue.
A New Beginning departs from the Camp Crystal Lake setting and Voorhees - themed mystery of the previous four installments and instead acts as a psychological horror film set at a fictional halfway house, where Tommy begins to fear again as a new series of brutal murders have been occurring by a new hockey - masked assailant. The film was initially going to set up a new trilogy of films with a different villain for the series. However, after A New Beginning 's disappointing reception from fans and steep decline in box - office receipts from The Final Chapter, Jason Voorhees was brought back for Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives and has been the main antagonist in every entry in the series since.
The frequency of graphic violence and gore is expedited in A New Beginning, with a then - series high body count. Aside from its gore, the film has also become known for its explicit nudity and sex scenes, as well as frequent drug use. Peter Bracke 's book Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History of Friday the 13th details that behind the scenes, the production was plagued with hardcore drug use. Produced on a budget of $2.2 million, A New Beginning grossed $21.9 million at the box office in the United States, making it the second poorest performing film in the Friday the 13th series at the time with a steep decline from the previous two entries, both of which had made well over $34 million in the US. In addition to weak box office returns, most critics gave the film negative reviews. In later years, much like the series in general, the film has obtained a cult following.
Several years after the demise of mass murderer Jason Voorhees, the youngest survivor Tommy Jarvis awakens from a nightmare of him witnessing two grave robbers digging up Jason Voorhees 's body. Jason rises from the grave and murders the grave robbers before advancing towards Tommy. Upon arriving at Pinehurst Halfway House, a secluded residential treatment facility, Tommy is introduced to director Pam Roberts and Dr. Matt Letter. In his assigned room, Tommy also meets Reggie, a boy whose grandfather George works as the kitchen cook. Other teens introduced are redhead Robin, Goth Violet, shy Jake, short - tempered Vic, and compulsive eater Joey. The sheriff brings in two more residents, Eddie and Tina, after catching them having sex on neighbor Ethel Hubbard 's lawn. Ethel Hubbard and her son Junior show up and threaten to have the house closed down if the teens do not stop sneaking onto their property.
Later that day, Vic kills Joey with an axe and is subsequently arrested. Attending ambulance drivers Duke and Roy Burns discover the body. Roy is saddened by the death, but Duke believes that the murder was a harmless prank. That night, two punks Vinnie and Pete are murdered by an unseen assailant after their car breaks down. The following night, Billy and his friend Lana are killed with an axe. Panic begins to ensue, but the mayor refuses to believe the sheriff 's claim that somehow Jason Voorhees has returned.
The next day, Tina and Eddie sneak off into the woods to have sex. Ethel 's farmhand Raymond is killed while spying on the two. While Eddie leaves to go wash off in the creek, Tina is murdered. Eddie returns to find her dead and is also killed. Meanwhile, Tommy and Pam accompany Reggie to visit Reggie 's brother Demon and his girlfriend, Anita. While there, Junior has a fight with Tommy. After Reggie and Pam leave, Demon and Anita are murdered. At the Hubbard farm, Ethel and Junior are both killed as well.
Pam leaves Reggie at the halfway house to look for Tommy. After Reggie falls asleep, the killer enters and murders Jake, Robin, and Violet. Reggie awakens just as Pam returns before they discover the dead bodies in Tommy 's room. The killer, revealed to be wearing Jason 's hockey mask, bursts into the house and chases them out into the rain after discovering the bodies of Duke, Matt, and George. Pam rushes toward the barn, chased by Jason, but he is struck by a tractor driven by Reggie. They run into the barn and hide as Jason comes to find them. Tommy comes shortly after and believes Jason to be a hallucination until he is attacked. Together, they get Jason to fall out of the loft window, and he is killed upon landing on a harrow below. The killer is revealed to have not been Jason but was Roy Burns all along.
At the hospital, the sheriff tells Pam that Joey was Roy 's son, and after seeing him slaughtered, he lost his sanity and adopted Jason 's identity to kill everyone at the house, apparently blaming them all for the death. Tommy, after waking up from a nightmare where he kills Pam in his room, awakens a hallucination of Jason, but he faces his fears which makes Jason 's hallucination disappear. He hears Pam approaching and throws his bed through the window to appear that he has escaped. When she rushes in, he appears from behind the door, wearing Roy 's hockey mask and wielding a kitchen knife.
According to the Friday the 13th: Return to Crystal Lake DVD Box set, Feldman was only able to make a cameo in this film as a result of his filming The Goonies. Feldman filmed his Friday the 13th Part V cameo on a Sunday, as that was his off day of shooting his other film.
Friday the 13th: A New Beginning opened on March 22, 1985, on 1,759 screens. The film debuted at number 1 on its opening weekend with a gross of $8,032,883, beating the teen sex comedy sequel Porky 's Revenge, the biopic Mask, Berry Gordy 's martial - arts action musical The Last Dragon and the Disney dinosaur fantasy Baby: Secret of the Lost Legend. By the end of its run, the film would earn $21,930,418 at the domestic box office, placing it at number 41 on the list of 1985 's top box office earners. The film squared off against strong genre competition throughout the first half of the year from such high - profile horror releases as Cat 's Eye and Lifeforce.
Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 16 % of 19 surveyed critics, both contemporaneous and modern, gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 3.2 / 10. Variety wrote, "The fifth Friday the 13th film reiterates a chronicle of butcherings with even less variation than its predecessors. '' Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote, "It 's worth recognizing only as an artifact of our culture. ''
On January 13, 2012, La - La Land Records released a limited edition 6 - CD boxset containing Harry Manfredini 's scores from the first six Friday the 13th films. It sold out in less than 24 hours.
All tracks written by Harry Manfredini, except where noted.
Jon Lajoie 's 2016 song "A New Beginning '' describes his loss of innocence after watching Friday the 13th: A New Beginning at a friend 's house.
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which nfl player won the 2012 rushing tiltle with over 2000 yards | Y.A. Tittle - wikipedia
Yelberton Abraham Tittle Jr. (born October 24, 1926), better known as Y.A. Tittle, is a former professional American football quarterback. He played in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers, New York Giants, and Baltimore Colts, after spending two seasons with the Colts in the All - America Football Conference (AAFC). Known for his competitiveness, leadership, and striking profile, Tittle was the centerpiece of several prolific offenses throughout his seventeen - year professional career from 1948 to 1964.
Tittle played college football for Louisiana State University, where he was a two - time All - Southeastern Conference (SEC) quarterback for the LSU Tigers football team. As a junior, he was named the most valuable player (MVP) of the infamous 1947 Cotton Bowl Classic -- also known as the "Ice Bowl '' -- a scoreless tie between the Tigers and Arkansas Razorbacks in a snowstorm. After college, he was drafted in the 1947 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions, but he instead chose to play in the AAFC for the Colts.
With the Colts, Tittle was named the AAFC Rookie of the Year in 1948 after leading the team to the AAFC playoffs. After back - to - back one - win seasons, the Colts franchise folded, which allowed Tittle to be drafted in the 1951 NFL Draft by the 49ers. Through ten seasons in San Francisco, he was invited to four Pro Bowls, led the league in touchdown passes in 1955, and was named the NFL Player of the Year by the United Press in 1957. A groundbreaker, Tittle was part of the 49ers ' famed "Million Dollar Backfield '', was the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated, and is credited with coining "alley - oop '' as a sports term.
Considered washed - up, the 34 - year - old Tittle was traded to the Giants following the 1960 season. Over the next four seasons, he won multiple NFL MVP awards, twice set the league single - season record for touchdown passes, and led the Giants to three straight NFL championship games. Although he was never able to deliver a championship to the team, Tittle 's time in New York is regarded among the glory years of the franchise. In his final season, Tittle was photographed bloodied and kneeling down in the end zone after a tackle by a defender left him helmetless. The photograph is considered one of the most iconic images in North American sports history. He retired as the NFL 's all - time leader in passing yards, passing touchdowns, attempts, completions, and games played. Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971, and his jersey number 14 is retired by the Giants.
Born and raised in Marshall, Texas, to Alma and Abraham Tittle Sr., Yelberton Abraham Tittle aspired to be a quarterback from a young age. He spent hours in his backyard throwing a football through a tire swing, emulating his neighbor and boyhood idol, Sammy Baugh. Tittle played high school football at Marshall High School. In his senior year the team posted an undefeated record and reached the state finals.
After a recruiting battle between Louisiana State University and the University of Texas, Tittle chose to attend LSU in Baton Rouge, Louisiana and play for the LSU Tigers. He was part of a successful 1944 recruiting class under head coach Bernie Moore that included halfbacks Jim Cason, Dan Sandifer, and Ray Coates. Freshmen were eligible to play on the varsity during World War II, so Tittle saw playing time immediately. He later said the finest moment of his four years at LSU was beating Tulane as a freshman, a game in which he set a school record with 238 passing yards. It was one of two games the Tigers won that season.
Moore started Tittle at tailback in the single - wing formation his first year, but moved him to quarterback in the T formation during his sophomore season. As a junior in 1946, Tittle 's three touchdown passes in a 41 -- 27 rout of rival Tulane helped ensure LSU a spot in the Cotton Bowl Classic. Known notoriously as the "Ice Bowl '', the 1947 Cotton Bowl pitted LSU against the Arkansas Razorbacks in sub-freezing temperatures on an ice - covered field in Dallas, Texas. LSU moved the ball much better than the Razorbacks, but neither team was able to score, and the game ended in a 0 -- 0 tie. Tittle and Arkansas end Alton Baldwin shared the game 's MVP award. Following the season, United Press International (UPI) placed Tittle on its All - Southeastern Conference (SEC) first - team.
UPI again named Tittle its first - team All - SEC quarterback in 1947. In Tittle 's day of iron man football, he played on both offense and defense. While on defense during a 20 -- 18 loss to SEC champion Ole Miss in his senior season, Tittle 's belt buckle was torn off as he intercepted a pass from Charlie Conerly and broke a tackle. He ran down the sideline with one arm cradling the ball and the other holding up his pants. At the Ole Miss 20 - yard line, as he attempted to stiff - arm a defender, Tittle 's pants fell and he tripped and fell onto his face. The fall kept him from scoring the game - winning touchdown.
In total, during his college career Tittle set school passing records with 162 completions out of 330 attempts for 2,525 yards and 23 touchdowns. He scored seven touchdowns himself as a runner. His passing totals remained unbroken until Bert Jones surpassed them in the 1970s.
Tittle was the sixth overall selection of the 1948 NFL Draft, taken by the Detroit Lions. However, Tittle instead began his professional career with the Baltimore Colts of the All - America Football Conference in 1948. That season, already being described as a "passing ace '', he was unanimously recognized as the AAFC Rookie of the Year by UPI after passing for 2,739 yards and leading the Colts to the brink of an Eastern Division championship. After a 1 -- 11 win -- loss record in 1949, the Colts joined the National Football League in 1950. The team again posted a single win against eleven losses, and the franchise folded after the season due to financial difficulties. Players on the roster at the time of the fold were eligible to be drafted in the next NFL draft.
Tittle was then drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the 1951 NFL Draft after the Colts folded. While many players at the time were unable to play immediately due to military duties, Tittle had received a class IV - F exemption due to physical ailments, so he was able to join the 49ers roster that season. In 1951 and 1952, he shared time at quarterback with Frankie Albert. In 1953, his first full season as the 49ers ' starter, he passed for 2,121 yards and twenty touchdowns and was invited to his first Pro Bowl. San Francisco finished with a 9 -- 3 regular season record, which was good enough for second in the Western Conference, and led the league in points scored.
In 1954, the 49ers compiled their Million Dollar Backfield, which was composed of four future Hall of Famers: Tittle; fullbacks John Henry Johnson and Joe Perry; and halfback Hugh McElhenny. "It made quarterbacking so easy because I just get in the huddle and call anything and you have three Hall of Fame running backs ready to carry the ball, '' Tittle reminisced in 2006. The team had aspirations for a championship run, but injuries, including McElhenny 's separated shoulder in the sixth game of the season, ended those hopes and the 49ers finished third in the Western Division. Tittle starred in his second straight Pro Bowl appearance as he threw two touchdown passes, including one to 49ers teammate Billy Wilson, who was named the game 's MVP.
Tittle became the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated when he appeared on its fifteenth issue dated November 22, 1954, donning his 49ers uniform and helmet featuring an acrylic face mask distinct to the time period. The cover photo also shows a metal bracket on the side of Tittle 's helmet which served to protect his face by preventing the helmet from caving in. The 1954 cover was the first of four Sports Illustrated covers he graced during his career.
Tittle led the NFL in touchdown passes for the first time in 1955, with 17, while also leading the league with 28 interceptions thrown. When the 49ers hired Frankie Albert as head coach in 1956, Tittle was pleased with the choice at first, figuring Albert would be a good mentor. However, the team lost four of its first five games, and Albert replaced Tittle with rookie Earl Morrall. After a loss to the Los Angeles Rams brought San Francisco 's record to 1 -- 6, Tittle regained the starting role and the team finished undefeated with one tie through the season 's final five games.
In 1957, Tittle and receiver R.C. Owens devised a pass play in which Tittle tossed the ball high into the air and the 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) Owens leapt to retrieve it, typically resulting in a long gain or a touchdown. Tittle dubbed the play the "alley - oop '' -- the first usage of the term in sports -- and it was highly successful when utilized. The 49ers finished the regular season with an 8 -- 4 record and hosted the Detroit Lions in the Western Conference playoff. Against the Lions Tittle passed for 248 yards and tossed three touchdown passes -- one each to Owens, McElhenny, and Wilson -- but Detroit overcame a twenty - point third quarter deficit to win 31 -- 27. For the season, Tittle had a league - leading 63.1 completion percentage, threw for 2,157 yards and thirteen touchdowns, and rushed for six more scores. He was deemed "pro player of the year '' by a United Press poll of members of the National Football Writers Association. Additionally, he was named to his first All - Pro team and invited to his third Pro Bowl.
After a poor 1958 preseason by Tittle, Albert started John Brodie at quarterback for the 1958 season, a decision that proved unpopular with the fan base. Tittle came in to relieve Brodie in a week six game against the Lions, with ten minutes left in the game and the 49ers down 21 -- 17. His appearance "drew a roar of approval from the crowd of 59,213, '' after which he drove the team downfield and threw a 32 - yard touchdown pass to McElhenny for the winning score. A right knee ligament injury against the Colts in week nine ended Tittle 's season, and San Francisco finished with a 7 -- 5 record, followed by Albert 's resignation as coach. Tittle and Brodie continued to share time at quarterback over the next two seasons. In his fourth and final Pro Bowl game with the 49ers in 1959, Tittle completed 13 of 17 passes for 178 yards and a touchdown.
Under new head coach Red Hickey in 1960, the 49ers adopted the shotgun formation. The first implementation of the shotgun was in week nine against the Colts, with Brodie at quarterback while Tittle nursed a groin injury. The 49ers scored a season - high thirty points, and with Brodie in the shotgun won three of their last four games to salvage a winning season at 7 -- 5. Though conflicted, Tittle decided to get into shape and prepare for the next season. He stated in his 2009 autobiography that at times he thought, "The hell with it. Quit this damned game. You have been at it too long anyway. '' But then another voice within him would say, "Come back for another year and show them you 're still a good QB. Do n't let them shotgun you out of football! '' However, after the first preseason game of 1961, Hickey informed Tittle he had been traded to the New York Giants.
In mid-August 1961, the 49ers traded the 34 - year - old Tittle to the New York Giants for second - year guard Lou Cordileone. Cordileone, the 12th overall pick in the 1960 NFL Draft, was quoted as reacting "Me, even up for Y.A. Tittle? You 're kidding, '' and later remarked that the Giants traded him for "a 42 - year - old quarterback. '' Tittle 's view of Cordileone was much the same, stating his dismay that the 49ers did not get a "name ballplayer '' in return. He was also displeased with being traded to the East Coast, and said he would rather have been traded to the Los Angeles Rams.
Already considered washed up, the Giants intended to have Tittle share quarterback duties with 40 - year - old Charlie Conerly, who had been with the team since 1948. The players at first remained loyal to Conerly, and treated Tittle with the cold shoulder. Tittle missed the season opener due to a back injury sustained before the season. His first game with New York came in week two, against the Steelers, in which he and Conerly each threw a touchdown pass in the Giants ' 17 -- 14 win. He became the team 's primary starter for the remainder of the season and led the revitalized Giants to first place in the Eastern Conference. The Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) awarded Tittle its Jim Thorpe Trophy as the NFL 's players ' choice of MVP. In the 1961 NFL Championship Game, the Giants were soundly defeated by Vince Lombardi 's Green Bay Packers, as they were shut - out 0 -- 37. Tittle completed six of twenty passes in the game and threw four interceptions.
In January 1962, Tittle stated his intention to retire following the 1962 season. After an off - season quarterback competition with Ralph Guglielmi, Tittle played and started in a career - high 14 games. He tied an NFL record by throwing seven touchdown passes in a game on October 28, 1962, in a 49 -- 34 win over the Washington Redskins. Against the Dallas Cowboys in the regular season finale, Tittle threw six touchdown passes to set the single - season record with 33, which had been set the previous year by Sonny Jurgensen 's 32. He earned player of the year honors from the Washington D.C. Touchdown Club, UPI, and The Sporting News, and finished just behind Green Bay 's Jim Taylor in voting for the AP NFL Most Valuable Player Award. The Giants again finished first in the Eastern Conference and faced the Packers in the 1962 NFL Championship Game. In frigid, windy conditions at Yankee Stadium and facing a constant pass rush from the Packers ' front seven, Tittle completed only 18 of his 41 attempts in the game. The Packers won, 16 -- 7, with New York 's lone score coming on a blocked punt recovered in the end zone by Jim Collier.
Tittle returned to the Giants in 1963 and, at age 37, supplanted his single - season passing touchdowns record by throwing 36. He broke the record in the final game with three touchdowns against the Steelers, three days after being named NFL MVP by the AP. The Giants led the league in scoring by a wide margin, and for the third time in as many years clinched the Eastern Conference title. The Western champions were George Halas ' Chicago Bears. The teams met in the 1963 NFL Championship Game at Wrigley Field. In the second quarter, Tittle injured his knee on a tackle by Larry Morris, and required a novocaine shot at halftime to continue playing. After holding a 10 -- 7 halftime lead, The Giants were shutout in the second half, during which Tittle threw four interceptions. Playing through the knee injury, he completed 11 of 29 passes in the game for 147 yards, a touchdown, and five interceptions as the Bears won 14 -- 10.
The following year in 1964, Tittle 's final season, the Giants went 2 -- 10 -- 2 (. 214), the worst record in the 14 - team league. In the second game of the year, against Pittsburgh, he was blindsided by defensive end John Baker. The tackle left Tittle with crushed cartilage in his ribs, a cracked sternum, and a concussion. However, he played in every game the rest of the season, but was relegated to a backup role later in the year. After throwing only ten touchdowns with 22 interceptions, he retired after the season at age 39, saying rookie quarterback Gary Wood not only "took my job away, but started to ask permission to date my daughter. '' Over seventeen seasons as a professional, Tittle completed 2,427 out of 4,395 passes for 33,070 yards and 242 touchdowns, with 248 interceptions. He also scrambled for 39 touchdowns.
Tittle threw the ball from a sidearm, almost underhand position, something novel at those times, though it was common practice in earlier decades. It was this seemingly underhand style that drew the curiosity and admiration of many fans. In tandem with his baldness -- for which he was frequently referred to as the "Bald Eagle '' -- he made for a very striking personality. Despite his throwing motion, he had a very strong and accurate arm with a quick release. It was because of his quick release and ability to read defenses that he became one of the best screen passers in the NFL. He was a perfectionist and highly competitive, and he expected the same of his teammates. He possessed rare leadership and game - planning skills, and played with great enthusiasm even in his later years. "Tittle has the attitude of a high school kid, with the brain of a computer, '' said Giants teammate Frank Gifford. Baltimore Colts halfback Lenny Moore, when asked in 1963 to compare Tittle and Colts quarterback Johnny Unitas, said:
I played with Tittle in the Pro Bowl two years ago, and I discovered he 's quite a guy... He and John, however, are entirely different types... Tittle is a sort of ' con man ' with his players... he comes into a huddle and ' suggests ' that maybe this or that will work on account of something he saw happen on a previous play... The way he puts it, you 're convinced it 's a good idea and maybe it will work. John, now, he 's a take - charge guy... He tells you what the other guy 's going to do, what he 's going to do, and what he wants you to do.
Tittle 's most productive years came when he was well beyond his athletic prime. On his ability to improve with age, he credited a feel for the game that came from his years of experience in the league. "If you could learn it by studying movies, a good smart college quarterback could learn all you 've got to learn in three weeks and then come in and be as good as the old heads, '' he told Sports Illustrated in 1963. "But they ca n't. ''
At the time of his retirement, Tittle held the following NFL records:
Tittle was the fourth player to throw seven touchdown passes in a game, when he did so in 1962 against the Redskins. He followed Sid Luckman (1943), Adrian Burk (1954), and George Blanda (1961). The feat has since been equaled by four more players: Joe Kapp (1969), Peyton Manning (2013), Nick Foles (2013), and Drew Brees (2015). Tittle, Manning and Foles did it without an interception. His 36 touchdown passes in 1963 set a record which stood for over two decades until it was surpassed by Dan Marino in 1984; as of 2016 it remains a Giants franchise record.
Despite record statistics and three straight championship game appearances, Tittle was never able to deliver a title to his team. His record as a starter in postseason games was 0 -- 4. He threw four touchdown passes against 14 interceptions and had a passer rating of 33.8 in his postseason career, far below his regular season passer rating of 74.3. Seth Wickersham, writing for ESPN The Magazine in 2014, noted the dichotomy in the 1960s between two of New York 's major sports franchises: "... Gifford, Huff and Tittle, a team of Hall of Famers known for losing championships as their peers on the Yankees -- with whom they shared a stadium, a city, and many rounds of drinks -- became renowned for winning them. '' The Giants struggled after Tittle 's retirement, posting only two winning seasons from 1964 to 1980.
He made seven Pro Bowls, four first - team All - Pro teams, and four times was named the NFL 's Most Valuable Player or Player of the Year: in 1957 and 1962 by the UPI; in 1961 by the NEA; and in 1963 by the AP and NEA. In a sports column in 1963, George Strickler for the Chicago Tribune remarked Tittle had "broken records that at one time appeared unassailable and he has been the hero of more second half rallies than Napoleon and the Harlem Globetrotters. '' He was featured on four Sports Illustrated covers: three during his playing career and one shortly after retirement. His first was with the 49ers in 1954. With the Giants, he graced covers in November 1961, and he was on the season preview issue for 1964; a two - page fold - out photo from the 1963 title game. Tittle was on a fourth cover in August 1965.
The trade of Tittle for Cordileone is seen as one of the worst trades in 49ers history; it is considered one of the best trades in Giants franchise history. Cordileone played just one season in San Francisco.
A photo of a dazed Tittle in the end zone taken by Morris Berman of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette on September 20, 1964, is regarded among the most iconic images in the history of American sports and journalism. Tittle, in his 17th and final season, was photographed helmet-less, bloodied and kneeling immediately after having been knocked to the ground by John Baker of the Pittsburgh Steelers and throwing an interception that was returned for a touchdown at the old Pitt Stadium. He suffered a concussion and cracked sternum on the play, but went on to play the rest of the season.
Post-Gazette editors declined to publish the photo, looking for "action shots '' instead, but Berman entered the image into contests where it took on a life of its own, winning a National Headliner Award. The photo was published in the October 2, 1964, issue of Life magazine. It is regarded as having changed the way that photographers look at sports, having shown the power of capturing a moment of reaction. It became one of three photos to hang in the lobby of the National Press Photographers Association headquarters, alongside Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima and the Hindenburg disaster. A copy now hangs in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
After at first having failed to see the appeal of the image, Tittle eventually grew to embrace it, putting it on the back cover of his 2009 autobiography. "That was the end of the road, '' he told the Los Angeles Times in 2008. "It was the end of my dream. It was over. '' Pittsburgh player John Baker, who hit Tittle right before the picture was taken, ran for sheriff in his native Wake County, North Carolina in 1978, and used the photo as a campaign tool. He was elected and went on to serve for 24 years. Tittle also held a fundraiser to assist Baker in his bid for a fourth term in 1989.
In recognition of his high school and college careers, respectively, Tittle was inducted to the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1987 and the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 1972.
Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame with its 1971 class, which included contemporaries Jim Brown, Norm Van Brocklin, the late Vince Lombardi, and former Giants teammate Andy Robustelli. By virtue of his membership in the pro hall of fame, he was automatically inducted as a charter member of the San Francisco 49ers Hall of Fame in 2009.
The Giants had originally retired the number 14 jersey in honor of Ward Cuff, but Tittle requested and was granted the jersey number by Giants owner Wellington Mara when he joined the team. It was retired again immediately following his retirement, and is now retired in honor of both players. In 2010, Tittle became a charter member of the New York Giants Ring of Honor.
After his retirement, he rejoined the 49ers staff and served as an assistant coach before being hired by the Giants in 1970 as a quarterback mentor. During his NFL career, Tittle worked as an insurance salesman in the off - season. After retiring, he founded his own company, Y.A. Tittle Insurance & Financial Services.
As of 2014, Tittle resides in Atherton, California. His wife Minnette died in 2012. Their daughter, Dianne de Laet, is a harpist and poet, and in 1995 she published a biography of her father titled Giants & heroes: a daughter 's memories of Y.A. Tittle. Tittle currently suffers from severe dementia, which adversely impacts his memories and limits his conversation to a handful of topics.
Names in bold are still active
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what is the men's pole vault world record | Men 's pole vault world record progression - wikipedia
The first world record in the men 's pole vault was recognised by the International Association of Athletics Federations in 1912.
As of June 21, 2009, 71 world records have been ratified by the IAAF in the event. The introduction in the early 1950s of flexible vaulting poles made from composites such as fiberglass or carbon fiber allowed vaulters to achieve greater height.
A = mark set at altitude i = indoor mark
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when did grey's anatomy season 14 episode 9 air | Grey 's Anatomy (season 9) - wikipedia
The ninth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy began airing in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) on September 27, 2012, with the season premiere Going, Going, Gone and consists of 24 episodes with the finale Perfect Storm airing on May 16, 2013. The season was produced by ABC Studios, in association with ShondaLand Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes. The season was officially released on DVD as a six - disc boxset under the title of Grey 's Anatomy: The Complete Ninth Season - Everything Changes on August 27, 2013 by Buena Vista Home Entertainment.
The season follows the characters dealing with the aftermath of the season eight plane crash that claimed the life of Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) and upon rescue Mark Sloan (Eric Dane), who dies after sustaining injuries from the crash. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) finds his surgical career in doubt after badly damaging his hand but Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) ultimately manages to save his hand. The show 's protagonist Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) deals with the loss of her half - sister Lexie and later discovers that she is pregnant. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) who is severely traumatized upon rescue and later decides to take up her fellowship in Minnesota. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) another survivor of the plane crash upon return realizes that her leg has to be amputated to save her life, reacts badly to this, becoming bitter and blaming her wife Callie and her former friend Alex Karev (Justin Chambers). To prevent the doctors ' court case from being thrown out, Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) decides to divorce Yang, but the two agree to start again. The hospital itself becomes liable for the crash, putting its future in extreme doubt prompting the four crash survivors and Torres to purchase the hospital. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) marries her partner Ben Warren (Jason George), April Kepner (Sarah Drew) returns home to Ohio, but is brought back by Hunt to rejoin the hospital and she restarts her relationship with Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams).
The season ended with an average of 12.51 million viewers and ranked no. 26 which was higher than the previous two seasons and in the 18 - 49 key demographic ranked at no. 10. Ellen Pompeo won the Favorite TV Drama Actress at the 39th People 's Choice Awards and the show itself won the Favorite Network TV Drama. It was announced by ABC on May 10, 2013 that the tenth season of Grey 's Anatomy would begin in the fall of 2013.
The season follows the story of surgical interns, residents and their competent mentors, as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen. It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Seattle Grace - Mercy West Hospital, located in Seattle, Washington. A major theme of the season is the characters adapting to change, as all of the fifth - year surgical residents have turned into surgical attendings, and are now teaching interns, and operating on their own surgeries. The early episodes of the season depict the characters dealing with the aftermath of the season eight plane crash that claimed the life of Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) and upon rescue Mark Sloan (Eric Dane), who dies in the first episode.
Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) finds his surgical career in doubt after badly damaging his hand but ultimately his sister Liz (Neve Campbell) donates a nerve from her leg and Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) is able to save his hand. Later, Shepherd receives more good news when his wife Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) discovers that she is pregnant, despite her previously being told that it was unlikely that she could conceive. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) is severely traumatized upon rescue and suffers from brief reactive psychosis and eventually decides to take up her fellowship in Minnesota, though soon grows unhappy in her new surroundings and returns to Seattle after the death of her friend and mentor, Doctor Thomas. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) survives the plane crash in spite of her leg injury, but upon return her wound becomes infected and her leg has to be amputated to save her life. Robbins reacts badly to this, becoming bitter and blaming her wife Callie and her former friend Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) and refuses to leave her bed or return to work.
Derek discovers that prior to the plane crash, the hospital had recently changed airlines to one with a poorer safety record for budgetary reasons, resulting in the four crash survivors (Grey, Shepherd, Robbins and Yang) deciding to pursue a lawsuit, and it soon becomes apparent that chief of surgery Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) had given the go - ahead to the change. To prevent the doctors ' court case from being thrown out, Hunt decides to divorce Yang, but the two secretly resume their relationship and agree to start again. Despite contemplating a settlement, the doctors decide to continue with the lawsuit and eventually are awarded fifteen million dollars each, but the insurance company discovers an unexpected loophole and refuse to pay, resulting in the hospital itself becoming liable, putting its future in extreme doubt. Dr. Alana Cahill (Constance Zimmer) is appointed to cut costs at the hospital and she eventually decides the best course of action would be to seek out a new buyer and attracts the interest of a company named Pegasus. Later however, Torres and Richard Webber (James Pickens Jr.) discover the unpleasant consequences that would fall upon the hospital should they be taken over by Pegasus prompting the four crash survivors (and Torres on the behalf of Sloan) to pool their money together in a bid to purchase the hospital themselves and quit their jobs, resulting in Pegasus pulling out. The doctors run into trouble when they fail to secure an extra benefactor, but at the last minute Catherine Avery (Debbie Allen) reveals that the Harper Avery Foundation is willing to provide a majority share in the company, on the condition that they have at least one member on the board of directors. The doctors agree and their purchase is complete, only for Catherine to appoint her son Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams) to part of the board, effectively putting him in charge of the entire hospital.
In other storylines, Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) marries her partner Ben Warren (Jason George), despite suffering from last - minute nerves and missing the original wedding ceremony due to Adele Webber (Loretta Devine) being admitted to the hospital. Adele later dies after her surgery, leaving her husband Richard wracked with guilt due to his relationship with Catherine Avery. A new group of interns arrives at Seattle Grace and soon Karev strikes up a close friendship with Jo Wilson (Camilla Luddington) but the pair fall short of developing a romance, despite other characters commenting on their chemistry. After failing her board exams in season eight, April Kepner (Sarah Drew) returns home to Ohio, but is later brought back by Hunt and resumes her job at the hospital. Upon her return, Kepner restarts her sexual relationship with Jackson, despite being filled with conflict due to her religious beliefs. The pair eventually split up when Kepner refuses to make a commitment, and Avery starts dating intern Stephanie Edwards (Jerrika Hinton), while Kepner starts dating a paramedic named Matthew (Justin Bruening).
In May 2012, it was announced that six original cast mates, Ellen Pompeo, Patrick Dempsey, Sandra Oh, Chandra Wilson, Justin Chambers, and James Pickens, Jr. had renewed their contracts for another two seasons, as Meredith Grey, Derek Shepherd, Cristina Yang, Miranda Bailey, Alex Karev, and Richard Webber respectively. In July 2012, it was announced that cast member Eric Dane would not be returning to Grey 's Anatomy as a series regular, and would leave after two episodes to give his character a proper ending. In addition, Chyler Leigh requested to be released from her contract to spend more time with her family and her character was killed off in the season eight finale, while Kim Raver also departed from the show following the events of the season eight finale, having declined the offer of a contract extension. Other series regulars, Sara Ramirez, Kevin McKidd, Jessica Capshaw, Sarah Drew, and Jesse Williams all returned to the series as regulars, though Capshaw would not have a major role in the first few episodes because of her maternity leave.
In August 2012, it was announced that Camilla Luddington, Gaius Charles, and Tina Majorino had been cast as Jo Wilson, Shane Ross, and Heather Brooks, respectively; these characters would be the new interns of Seattle Grace - Mercy West. TVGuide later reported that even with all of the recurring cast being added to Grey 's Anatomy for the new season that True Blood star Camilla Luddington is the only actress with an option to become a series regular. In September 2012, it was announced that Jerrika Hinton and Tessa Ferrer had been cast as new interns Stephanie Edwards and Leah Murphy, respectively. In August 2012, it was announced that Debbie Allen would reprise her role as Catherine Avery at sometime in series, and she is set to direct the third episode. In September 2012, it was announced that Steven Culp would be cast as a new doctor at a new hospital, and would be known as Dr. Parker.
In September 2012, it was announced that William Daniels, former Boy Meets World star, and Jason George would reprise their roles as Dr. Craig Thomas, and Ben Warren respectively. In September 2012, TVLine reported that Bones 's Andrew Leeds had been cast in a potentially recurring role for the ninth season. In December 2012, Wetpaint reported that Constance Zimmer had been cast in a recurring role as Dr. Cahill and would appear in at least four episodes. In November 2012 it was announced that Neve Campbell, known for her role in Scream, would be cast as one of Derek 's sisters. It was not until late November that her role was revealed as Liz Shepherd, a therapist. In November 2012, it was announced that in 2013, someone would die on Grey 's Anatomy. TVGuide then reported that Loretta Devine, who is known as Adele Webber, would be reprising her role for two episodes, and that she would be the one to die. In November 2012, TVLine reported that Nip / Tuck alum Roma Maffia was cast in a recurring role as a member of the hospital board. In December 2012, TVLine and Wetpaint reported that Ringer and Switched at Birth star, Justin Bruening, was cast as a paramedic known as Matt.
In January 2013, it was announced that Gaius Charles, Tina Majorino, Jerrika Hinton and Tessa Ferrer were all given the option to become series regulars if Grey 's Anatomy were to be renewed. Sarah Chalke is set to guest star in an episode in the spring, as TVLine reported in January 2013. It was announced by E! Online on March 29, One Tree Hill alumni Hilarie Burton will be cast in a recurring role as a specialist in an investigation going on in the hospital. Her character is to arrive on the 22nd episode of the season. However, this later turned out to be untrue as Hilarie Burton ended up portraying a specialist doctor named Lauren Boswell.
Grey 's Anatomy was renewed by ABC on May 10, 2012. In June 2012, ABC set the premiere date of Grey 's Anatomy to September 27, 2012, and it would remain in the Thursday at 9: 00pm timeslot that it has had since the third season. In October 2012 it was reported that this season would have the same episode count as season eight, meaning it would have a total of 24 episodes. Shonda Rhimes revealed that the season nine finale would not revolve around a ' disaster ' episode.
Grey 's Anatomy 's ninth season opened up to 11.73 million viewers with a 4.4 / 12 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic. The viewership for the episode was an 11 percent increase from the previous season premiere, which was viewed by a total of 10.38 million people. The rating was a 7 percent increase from the previous season premiere, which received a 4.1 / 10 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic. The Nielsen score additionally registered the show as the week 's highest - rated drama in the 18 -- 49 demographic. As of December 2012 "Going, Going, Gone '' has served as the season 's most viewed episode. "Run, Baby, Run '' is the season 's least viewed episode, with 8.17 million viewers and a 2.9 / 8 Neilsen rating / share in the 18 - 49 demographic. At the time, the season finale was the series lowest watched season finale with 8.99 million viewers and 3.1 in the 18 - 49 rating demo.
The season received mostly positive reviews with critics praising numerous aspects of the long running medical drama including the bonds of the characters with each other and it 's connection with the audience. Robert Bianco of USA Today noted that after 9 seasons, "There 's still life left in Grey 's. '' What Culture gave a positive review for the season, "Grey 's Anatomy has developed into a fine example of how a TV show can mature beyond its initial purpose. '' Toronto Star called it "a solid return to form ''. TV Fanatic gave a largely positive review to the season, "Grey 's Anatomy always knows how to bring the drama and they did not fail in the Season 9. ''
Melissa Maerz of Entertainment Weekly also gave a generally positive response stating, "There 's still one good reason to keep watching: Where else can you find such deep friendships between female co-workers? Margaret Lyons of New York Magazine wrote that the first part of the season "has been mostly a downer, thanks in part to a whole bunch of people dying at the beginning of the season and also the shocking lack of interesting romances. ''
Examiner.com reviewing the season finale wrote, "(Greys) delivered yet another epic and emotional season finale that pushes our characters in challenging new directions ''. The site added, "Perfect Storm gets 5 out of 5 stars. This storm brought on all kinds of emotional strife and death that truly tests the seasoned doctors and pushes them to their element. They bond together, guiding each other through the dark and as the dust settles from this mayhem, there are casualties of all kinds. The tragedy that leaves us hanging until next fall is one hell of a thrill ride full to the brim with shocks. ''
The number in the "No. in series '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series, whereas the number in the "No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season. "U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live.
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treaty on a nuclear-weapon-free zone in central asia citation | Central Asian nuclear Weapon Free Zone - wikipedia
The Central Asian Nuclear - Weapon - Free Zone (CANWFZ) treaty is a legally binding commitment by Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan not to manufacture, acquire, test, or possess nuclear weapons. The treaty was signed on 8 September 2006 at Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan, and is also known as Treaty of Semipalatinsk, Treaty of Semei, or Treaty of Semey.
The treaty was ratified by Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan Tajikistan and Kazakhstan, and entered into force 2009 - 03 - 21.
Steps towards the establishment of such a zone began with the Almaty Declaration (1) in 1992. A resolution calling for the establishment of such a zone was adopted by consensus by the United Nations General Assembly in 1997 and reaffirmed in 2000.
Mindful of the lack of support by the nuclear powers for a similar Southeast Asian Nuclear - Weapon - Free Zone Treaty, the five permanent members of the Security Council were involved in the negotiations.
While Russia and China approved of the treaty, United States, France and United Kingdom objected to a clause which stated that the Treaty would not affect the rights and obligations of the signatories under previous international agreements because of the already existent Tashkent Treaty which involved Russia.
The United States also objected on principle to establishment of any zone disturbing "existing security arrangements to the detriment of regional and international security or otherwise abridg (ing) the inherent right of individual or collective self - defense guaranteed in the UN charter ''.
The United States also objected to possibility that Iran could apply to join the Treaty, so this provision was removed.
The United States, United Kingdom, and France were finally concerned about the possibility that the Treaty could forbid the transit of nuclear weapons through the territory.
In spite of attempts by United States, United Kingdom, and France to block the Treaty, it was finally signed in September 2006, although they voted against the General Assembly Resolution which welcomed the signing of the treaty in December 2006.
All five Permanent Members of the Security Council (also the five NPT nuclear weapons states) signed the Protocol to the treaty on May 6, 2014, which provides legally binding assurances not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against CANWFZ Treaty parties.
As of May 2016 all Permanent Members of the Security Council except the United States have ratified the protocols.
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who won medals in winter olympics for gb | Great Britain at the Olympics - wikipedia
Great Britain or Team GB is the team that sends athletes from the United Kingdom (UK), all but three of its overseas territories, and the three Crown dependencies, to the Olympic Games. It has sent athletes to every Summer and Winter Games, along with France and Switzerland, since the start of the Olympics ' modern era in 1896, including the 1980 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics, which were boycotted by a number of other nations on each occasion. From 1896 to 2016 inclusive, Great Britain has won 847 medals at the Summer Olympic Games, and another 31 at the Winter Olympic Games. It is the only national team to have won at least one Gold Medal at every Summer Games, and lies third globally in the winning of both Gold Medals and total medals, surpassed only by the United States and the former Soviet Union.
It is organised by the British Olympic Association (BOA) as the National Olympic Committee for the UK. While the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and BOA both refer to the team as ' Great Britain ' and the team uses the brand name Team GB, the BOA explains that it is a contraction of the full title, the Great Britain and Northern Ireland Olympic Team. Great Britain was one of 14 teams to compete in the first Games, the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, and is one of only three nations (France and Switzerland being the others) to have competed at every Summer and Winter Olympic Games.
The most successful British Olympians by gold medals won are Sir Chris Hoy and Jason Kenny, who have won six gold (and one silver) medals each in track cycling; two British Olympians come next with five gold medals -- fellow cyclist Sir Bradley Wiggins, and Sir Steve Redgrave, who won five gold medals in five consecutive Games in rowing, a record for an endurance event. Sailor Sir Ben Ainslie jointly holds the Great Britain record for most individual Olympic gold medals with Chris Hoy and Sir Mo Farah with four, and the most gold medals in a single event with three gold medals (in the Men 's Finn class sailing event 2004 -- 2012) - again shared with Jason Kenny (men 's team sprint 2008 -- 2016) and Steve Redgrave (men 's coxless pair 1988 -- 1996). Sir Chris Hoy holds the record for gold medals in different events, having reached the top step in four different disciplines -- men 's kilo, men 's team sprint, men 's match sprint and men 's kierin.
Cyclist Sir Bradley Wiggins has the most overall medals by a British Olympian (and thus often referred to in the media as the "most decorated British Olympian '') with eight. Sir Steve Redgrave is the only British Olympian to win a gold medal in five consecutive Olympic Games, winning his first in 1984 Los Angeles and last in 2000 Sydney. With five golds and a bronze, Redgrave is the most successful Olympic male rower of all time.
The most successful female Olympian for GB is cyclist Laura Trott, who has four gold medals, while the most decorated female Olympians are Katherine Grainger and Kathleen McKane Godfree, with five medals each - one gold and four silver for Grainger, a gold, two silver and two bronze for McKane Godfree. Alongside five time gold medalist Redgrave, Grainger, Ainslie, Wiggins and Jack Beresford are the only British Olympians to win medals of any colour in five successive Games. In 1908, the country finished in the Olympic table in first place for the first and only time in its history; its most successful performance both post-War and away from a home Games was in 2016, finishing second.
Chris Hoy and Jason Kenny are jointly the most successful cyclists in Olympic history and Ben Ainslie, with four golds at consecutive Games and a silver medal, is the most successful sailor in Olympic history.
Great Britain has hosted the Summer Games on three occasions -- 1908, 1948 and 2012, all in London -- second only to the United States. At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio, Great Britain became the first country to win more medals at a Summer Olympics immediately after hosting a Summer Olympics; they won 67 medals overall, coming in second place in the medal table ahead of China, two more than in London in 2012. This success came 20 years after finishing 36th in the medal table, after winning just one gold and fourteen other medals at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, which led to significant changes into the management and funding of British sports and facilities.
At the Winter Olympics as a non-alpine nation Great Britain has historically been unable to replicate the amount of success they have achieved in the Summer Olympics although in recent years with the expansion of the Winter Olympics to include sports such as Curling, Snowboarding, Skeleton and Freestyle skiing has brought some increased success. Currently Great Britain is the most successful nation in women 's skeleton, having won a medal six times, at least one for each time the event has been held, including a gold medal for Amy Williams in 2010, and the same for Lizzy Yarnold in 2014 and 2018. Great Britain enjoyed a period of significant success between 1976 and 1984 in figure skating, winning golds in three successive games on the rink. Prior to the 2014 Games all Britain 's Winter Olympic medals had been won in sports performed on ice. Snowboarder Jenny Jones became the first British athlete to win a medal on snow in the 90 years of the winter games when she won a bronze medal in the women 's slopestyle event. At the 2018 Games, Izzy Atkin won Britain 's first skiing medal, winning a bronze in the women 's ski slopestyle.
The most successful Winter Olympian from Great Britain is Lizzy Yarnold, with two gold medals in the women 's skeleton.
As the National Olympic Committee (NOC) for the United Kingdom, the British Olympic Association (BOA) membership encompasses the four Home Nations of the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales), plus the three Crown dependencies (Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey), and all but three of the British overseas territories (Cayman Islands, British Virgin Islands and Bermuda having their own NOCs).
Representatives of the devolved Northern Ireland government from a unionist background, however, have objected to the name "Team GB '', and have called for it to be renamed as Team UK to make it clearer that Northern Ireland is included on the team.
Under the IOC charter, the Olympic Council of Ireland is responsible for the entire island of Ireland. However, athletes from Northern Ireland can elect to represent either the UK or Ireland at the Olympics, as people from Northern Ireland. A number of Northern Ireland born athletes, particularly in boxing, have won medals for Ireland at the Games. Athletes from Ireland represented Great Britain up until the 1920 Olympics while the entire island was part of the United Kingdom.
London is the only city in the UK that has hosted the games, and the only city in the world to have hosted them three times. London also won the right to host the 1944 Summer Olympics. However, the 1944 games were cancelled due to WW2.
Host country
This table excludes seven medals -- one gold, two silver, and four bronze -- awarded in the 1908 and 1920 figure skating events.
This table includes seven medals -- one gold, two silver, and four bronze -- awarded in the 1908 and 1920 figure skating events.
According to official data of the International Olympic Committee. This is a list of people who have won three or more Olympic gold medals for Great Britain. Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included. It includes top - three placings in 1896 and 1900, before medals were awarded for top - three placings.
In addition to the above, the female British Olympian with the most medals (five) is rower Katherine Grainger who, from 2000 - 2016 won one gold and four silver medals. Kathleen McKane Godfree also won five medals, but were one gold, two silvers, and two bronzes. Lizzy Yarnold is the most successful British athlete at the Winter Olympics, with two gold medals.
Chris Hoy, Jason Kenny (both cycling), Ben Ainslie (sailing) Alistair Brownlee (Triathlon) and Lizzy Yarnold (skeleton) are the most successful Olympic competitors in their sports, as of 2018.
Steve Redgrave and Reginald Doherty are the most successful male athletes in their respective sports, rowing and tennis. In addition, Shirley Robertson, Sarah Ayton and Sarah Webb with two gold medals in sailing, Nicola Adams in boxing and Stephanie Cook in modern pentathlon) share the position as most successful woman in their respective sports.
Great Britain has competed in all Badminton events held at the Summer Olympics since badminton made its full debut as an Olympic sport in 1992.
The figures from 1972 do not count towards the total as badminton was a demonstration sport.
Great Britain made its Olympic boxing debut in 1908.
Great Britain and France were the only two nations to compete in the only Olympic cricket match, in 1900. The British team won, making them the only nation to win an Olympic cricket contest and the only Olympic gold medalists in cricket.
Great Britain made its Olympic diving debut in 1908.
Great Britain first competed in the 1912 competition having not competed in the first event held in 1900.
Great Britain won its first fencing medal, a silver, in 1908 at the London Games.
Great Britain hosted the first Olympic figure skating contests in 1908.
Great Britain and Ireland -- now represented separately by Team Ireland and Team Great Britain -- was one of three nations to play in the inaugural football tournament, winning their only match to take the first Olympic gold medal in football. They competed in the nine Olympics in the table below.
In 1974, the FA abolished the distinction between "amateur '' and "professional '' footballers in England. This ended the practice of "shamateurism '', where players claimed to be amateur but still got irregular payments from their clubs. Also, Great Britain is not a member of FIFA and its athletes participate in international football competitions as members of the national teams of the home nations (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland), none of which have National Olympic Committees. As a result, Great Britain usually does not participate in Olympic qualifying tournaments.
Great Britain was one of four nations to play golf at the first Olympic golf events in 1900. They did not compete in the Olympic golf competition held in 1904. When the sport returned in the 2016 Rio Olympics, after a 112 - year absence, Justin Rose won gold.
Great Britain 's first gymnastics medal came in 1908 with a silver in the men 's individual all - around. Until 2008, Great Britain 's last medal for gymnastics was a Bronze in the Women 's all - round team event in 1928. At the 2012 Summer Games in London, Great Britain equaled its tally for all previous games combined, winning 4 medals to bring their all - time total to eight.
Great Britain 's men 's and women 's handball teams were allowed to take up host places at the 2012 Olympics. This is the only time that Great Britain has competed in handball at the Olympics.
Great Britain hosted the first Olympic field hockey tournament in 1908.
Great Britain hosted the only Olympic jeu de paume tournament in 1908.
Great Britain has competed in all judo events held at the Summer Olympics since judo made its full debut as an Olympic sport in 1964. Although Great Britain has won 18 judo medals, none have been gold.
Great Britain 's Olympic lacrosse debut was in 1908.
Great Britain 's Olympic modern pentathlon debut was in 1912 when the it was first included in the Olympics. Since the women 's event was added in 2000, Great Britain has medalled in that event at every Games. The most successful Games was in 2000, when Great Britain won the gold and bronze medals.
Great Britain was one of four nations to compete in the debut of Olympic polo. Three of the five teams had British players, and those three teams took both the top two places and split the third place with the Mexican team.
Great Britain hosted the only Olympic rackets tournament, in 1908.
Britain took a bronze medal in the first Olympic rowing competition, in 1900.
Britain took a silver medal in the first Olympic rugby competition, in 1900.
Britain took four gold medals in the first Olympic sailing events in 1900. In addition, British sailors were part of two mixed teams that won gold.
Great Britain 's first shooting medals came when the nation hosted the 1908 Games, at which the British shooters dominated the competitions. There were 215 shooters from 14 nations in the shooting events, including 67 from Great Britain.
Great Britain was the third most successful nation in swimming in 2008, with 2 golds, 2 silvers and 2 bronzes, with Rebecca Adlington winning two of these, making her the most successful female British swimmer in 100 years.
Great Britain appeared in the first synchronized swimming competition in 1984.
Great Britain have competed in all four taekwondo competitions that have taken place since 2000. Their best result is a gold, silver and bronze in 2016.
John Pius Boland dominated the 1896 tennis tournaments. Tennis in 1896 was a sport that allowed mixed teams, and both Boland and George S. Robertson joined partners from other nations to win their medals. Britain again dominated in 1900, taking all four gold medals and adding seven others (three as part of mixed teams).
Great Britain have competed in all five triathlon competitions that have taken place since 2000. Their best finish is a 1st and 2nd place in the men 's triathlon, and 3rd - place finish in the women 's triathlon, in 2016.
Great Britain 's Olympic tug of war debut came when the nation hosted the Games in 1908. Great Britain was then one of only two teams to compete in 1912 and also won the last Tug of War competition held in the Olympics in 1920.
Prior to participating, as host nation, in the 2012 volleyball tournaments, Great Britain had never competed in Olympic volleyball with the exception of the women 's team participating in the inaugural Beach volleyball tournament in 1996.
Great Britain hosted the only Olympic water motorsports contests, in 1908.
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who said the pen is mightier than sword | The pen is mightier than the sword - wikipedia
"The pen is mightier than the sword '' is a metonymic adage, coined by English author Edward Bulwer - Lytton in 1839, indicating that communication (particularly written language), or in some interpretations, administrative power or advocacy of an independent press, is a more effective tool than direct violence.
The sentence (if not the idea, which had been expressed in various earlier forms) was coined by English author Edward Bulwer - Lytton in 1839 for his play Richelieu; Or the Conspiracy. The play was about Cardinal Richelieu, though in the author 's words "license with dates and details... has been, though not unsparingly, indulged ''. The Cardinal 's line in Act II, scene II, was more fully:
True, This! -- Beneath the rule of men entirely great The pen is mightier than the sword. Behold The arch - enchanters wand! -- itself is nothing! -- But taking sorcery from the master - hand To paralyse the Cæsars, and to strike The loud earth breathless! -- Take away the sword -- States can be saved without it!
The play opened at London 's Covent Garden Theatre on 7 March 1839 with William Charles Macready in the lead role. Macready believed its opening night success was "unequivocal ''; Queen Victoria attended a performance on 14 March.
In 1870, literary critic Edward Sherman Gould wrote that Bulwer "had the good fortune to do, what few men can hope to do: he wrote a line that is likely to live for ages ''. By 1888 another author, Charles Sharp, feared that repeating the phrase "might sound trite and commonplace ''. The Thomas Jefferson Building of the Library of Congress, which opened in 1897, has the adage decorating an interior wall. Though Bulwer 's phrasing was novel, the idea of communication surpassing violence in efficacy had numerous predecessors.
Assyrian sage Ahiqar, who reputedly lived during the early 7th century BC, coined the first known version of this phrase. One copy of the Teachings of Ahiqar, dating to about 500 BC, states, "The word is mightier than the sword. ''
According to the website Trivia-Library.com, the book The People 's Almanac by Irving Wallace and David Wallechinsky lists several supposed predecessors to Bulwer 's phrasing.
Their first example comes from the Greek playwright Euripides, who died c. 406 BC. He is supposed to have written: "The tongue is mightier than the blade. '' If the People 's Almanac is correct, it should be possible to source this to an extant work by Euripides; however, the quote does appear in the 1935 fictional work Claudius the God and his Wife Messalina by Robert Graves, and is thus possibly an anachronism.
Several possible precursors do appear in the Old and New Testaments, for example, in the Epistle to the Hebrews, whose authorship is uncertain, verse 4: 12 has been translated as: "Indeed, the word of God is living and effective, sharper than any two - edged sword, penetrating even between soul and spirit, joints and marrow, and able to discern reflections and thoughts of the heart. ''
An incident in the Babylonian Talmud refers to the Roman troops entering the synagogue classrooms. "And when the enemy entered there, these schoolchildren stabbed them with their pens (behotreihen - a type of sharp stick used with waxed tablets). And when the enemy prevailed and caught them, they wrapped the children in their scrolls and lit them on fire.
The Islamic prophet Muhammad is quoted as saying "The ink of the scholar is holier than the blood of the martyr ''.
In 1529, Antonio de Guevara, in Reloj de príncipes, compared a pen to a lance, books to arms, and a life of studying to a life of war. Thomas North, in 1557, translated Reloj de príncipes into English as Diall of Princes. The analogy would appear in again in 1582, in George Whetstone 's An Heptameron of Civil Discourses: "The dashe of a Pen, is more greeuous than the counterbuse of a Launce. ''
Abu'l - Fazl ibn Mubarak, who died in 1602 and was personal scribe and vizier to Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar (Akbar the Great), wrote of a gentleman put in charge of a fiefdom having "been promoted from the pen to the sword and taken his place among those who join the sword to the pen, and are masters both of peace and war. '' Syad Muhammad Latif, in his 1896 history of Agra, quoted King Abdullah of Bokhara (Abdullah - Khan II), who died in 1598, as saying that "He was more afraid of Abu'l - Fazl 's pen than of Akbar 's sword. ''
William Shakespeare in 1600, in his play Hamlet Act 2, scene II, wrote: "... many wearing rapiers are afraid of goosequills. ''
Robert Burton, in 1621, in The Anatomy of Melancholy, stated: "It is an old saying, A blow with a word strikes deeper than a blow with a sword: and many men are as much galled with a calumny, a scurrilous and bitter jest, a libel, a pasquil, satire, apologue, epigram, stage - play or the like, as with any misfortune whatsoever. '' After listing several historical examples he concludes: "Hinc quam sit calamus saevior ense patet '', which translates as "From this it is clear how much more cruel the pen may be than the sword. ''
Thomas Jefferson, on June 19, 1792, ended a letter to Thomas Paine with: "Go on then in doing with your pen what in other times was done with the sword: shew that reformation is more practicable by operating on the mind than on the body of man, and be assured that it has not a more sincere votary nor you a more ardent well - wisher than Y (ou) rs. &c. Thomas Jefferson ''
The French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte (1769 -- 1821), known to history for his military conquests, also left this oft - quoted remark: "Four hostile newspapers are more to be feared than a thousand bayonets. '' He also said: "There are only two powers in the world, saber and mind; at the end, saber is always defeated by mind '' ("Il n'y a que deux puissances au monde, le sabre et l'esprit: à la longue, le sabre est toujours vaincu par l'esprit. '')
Published in 1830, by Joseph Smith, an account in the Book of Mormon related, "the word had a greater tendency to lead the people to do that which was just; yea, it had more powerful effect upon the minds of the people than the sword ''.
Netizens have suggested that a 1571 edition of Erasmus ' Institution of a Christian Prince contains the words "There is no sworde to bee feared more than the Learned pen '' but this is not evident from modern translations and this could be merely a spurious quotation.
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at what point on or inside the earth are longitude and latitude angles measured | Spherical coordinate system - wikipedia
In mathematics, a spherical coordinate system is a coordinate system for three - dimensional space where the position of a point is specified by three numbers: the radial distance of that point from a fixed origin, its polar angle measured from a fixed zenith direction, and the azimuth angle of its orthogonal projection on a reference plane that passes through the origin and is orthogonal to the zenith, measured from a fixed reference direction on that plane. It can be seen as the three - dimensional version of the polar coordinate system.
The radial distance is also called the radius or radial coordinate. The polar angle may be called colatitude, zenith angle, normal angle, or inclination angle.
The use of symbols and the order of the coordinates differs between sources. In one system frequently encountered in physics (r, θ, φ) gives the radial distance, polar angle, and azimuthal angle, whereas in another system used in many mathematics books (r, θ, φ) gives the radial distance, azimuthal angle, and polar angle. In both systems ρ is often used instead of r. Other conventions are also used, so great care needs to be taken to check which one is being used.
A number of different spherical coordinate systems following other conventions are used outside mathematics. In a geographical coordinate system positions are measured in latitude, longitude and height or altitude. There are a number of different celestial coordinate systems based on different fundamental planes and with different terms for the various coordinates. The spherical coordinate systems used in mathematics normally use radians rather than degrees and measure the azimuthal angle counterclockwise from the x-axis to the y - axis rather than clockwise from north (0 °) to east (+ 90 °) like the horizontal coordinate system. The polar angle is often replaced by the elevation angle measured from the reference plane. Elevation angle of zero is at the horizon.
The spherical coordinate system generalises the two - dimensional polar coordinate system. It can also be extended to higher - dimensional spaces and is then referred to as a hyperspherical coordinate system.
To define a spherical coordinate system, one must choose two orthogonal directions, the zenith and the azimuth reference, and an origin point in space. These choices determine a reference plane that contains the origin and is perpendicular to the zenith. The spherical coordinates of a point P are then defined as follows:
The sign of the azimuth is determined by choosing what is a positive sense of turning about the zenith. This choice is arbitrary, and is part of the coordinate system 's definition.
The elevation angle is 90 degrees (π / 2 radians) minus the inclination angle.
If the inclination is zero or 180 degrees (π radians), the azimuth is arbitrary. If the radius is zero, both azimuth and inclination are arbitrary.
In linear algebra, the vector from the origin O to the point P is often called the position vector of P.
Several different conventions exist for representing the three coordinates, and for the order in which they should be written. The use of (r, θ, φ) to denote radial distance, inclination (or elevation), and azimuth, respectively, is common practice in physics, and is specified by ISO standard 80000 - 2: 2009, and earlier in ISO 31 - 11 (1992).
However, some authors (including mathematicians) use φ for inclination (or elevation) and θ for azimuth, which "provides a logical extension of the usual polar coordinates notation ''. Some authors may also list the azimuth before the inclination (or elevation), and / or use ρ (rho) instead of r for radial distance. Some combinations of these choices result in a left - handed coordinate system. The standard convention (r, θ, φ) conflicts with the usual notation for the two - dimensional polar coordinates, where θ is often used for the azimuth. It may also conflict with the notation used for three - dimensional cylindrical coordinates.
The angles are typically measured in degrees (°) or radians (rad), where 360 ° = 2π rad. Degrees are most common in geography, astronomy, and engineering, whereas radians are commonly used in mathematics and theoretical physics. The unit for radial distance is usually determined by the context.
When the system is used for physical three - space, it is customary to use positive sign for azimuth angles that are measured in the counter-clockwise sense from the reference direction on the reference plane, as seen from the zenith side of the plane. This convention is used, in particular, for geographical coordinates, where the "zenith '' direction is north and positive azimuth (longitude) angles are measured eastwards from some prime meridian.
Any spherical coordinate triplet (r, θ, φ) specifies a single point of three - dimensional space. On the other hand, every point has infinitely many equivalent spherical coordinates. One can add or subtract any number of full turns to either angular measure without changing the angles themselves, and therefore without changing the point. It is also convenient, in many contexts, to allow negative radial distances, with the convention that (− r, θ, φ) is equivalent to (r, θ + 180 °, φ) for any r, θ, and φ. Moreover, (r, − θ, φ) is equivalent to (r, θ, φ + 180 °).
If it is necessary to define a unique set of spherical coordinates for each point, one must restrict their ranges. A common choice is:
However, the azimuth φ is often restricted to the interval (− 180 °, + 180 °), or (− π, + π) in radians, instead of (0, 360 °). This is the standard convention for geographic longitude.
The range (0 °, 180 °) for inclination is equivalent to (− 90 °, + 90 °) for elevation (latitude).
Even with these restrictions, if θ is 0 ° or 180 ° (elevation is 90 ° or − 90 °) then the azimuth angle is arbitrary; and if r is zero, both azimuth and inclination / elevation are arbitrary. To make the coordinates unique, one can use the convention that in these cases the arbitrary coordinates are zero.
To plot a dot from its spherical coordinates (r, θ, φ), where θ is inclination, move r units from the origin in the zenith direction, rotate by θ about the origin towards the azimuth reference direction, and rotate by φ about the zenith in the proper direction.
The geographic coordinate system uses the azimuth and elevation of the spherical coordinate system to express locations on Earth, calling them respectively longitude and latitude. Just as the two - dimensional Cartesian coordinate system is useful on the plane, a two - dimensional spherical coordinate system is useful on the surface of a sphere. In this system, the sphere is taken as a unit sphere, so the radius is unity and can generally be ignored. This simplification can also be very useful when dealing with objects such as rotational matrices.
Spherical coordinates are useful in analyzing systems that have some degree of symmetry about a point, such as volume integrals inside a sphere, the potential energy field surrounding a concentrated mass or charge, or global weather simulation in a planet 's atmosphere. A sphere that has the Cartesian equation x + y + z = c has the simple equation r = c in spherical coordinates.
Two important partial differential equations that arise in many physical problems, Laplace 's equation and the Helmholtz equation, allow a separation of variables in spherical coordinates. The angular portions of the solutions to such equations take the form of spherical harmonics.
Another application is ergonomic design, where r is the arm length of a stationary person and the angles describe the direction of the arm as it reaches out.
Three dimensional modeling of loudspeaker output patterns can be used to predict their performance. A number of polar plots are required, taken at a wide selection of frequencies, as the pattern changes greatly with frequency. Polar plots help to show that many loudspeakers tend toward omnidirectionality at lower frequencies.
The spherical coordinate system is also commonly used in 3D game development to rotate the camera around the player 's position.
To a first approximation, the geographic coordinate system uses elevation angle (latitude) in degrees north of the equator plane, in the range − 90 ° ≤ φ ≤ 90 °, instead of inclination. Latitude is either geocentric latitude, measured at the Earth 's center and designated variously by ψ, q, φ ′, φ, φ or geodetic latitude, measured by the observer 's local vertical, and commonly designated φ. The azimuth angle (longitude), commonly denoted by λ, is measured in degrees east or west from some conventional reference meridian (most commonly the IERS Reference Meridian), so its domain is − 180 ° ≤ λ ≤ 180 °. For positions on the Earth or other solid celestial body, the reference plane is usually taken to be the plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
The polar angle, which is 90 ° minus the latitude and ranges from 0 to 180 °, is called colatitude in geography.
Instead of the radial distance, geographers commonly use altitude above or below some reference surface, which may be the sea level or "mean '' surface level for planets without liquid oceans. The radial distance r can be computed from the altitude by adding the mean radius of the planet 's reference surface, which is approximately 6,360 ± 11 km (3,952 ± 7 miles) for Earth.
However, modern geographical coordinate systems are quite complex, and the positions implied by these simple formulae may be wrong by several kilometers. The precise standard meanings of latitude, longitude and altitude are currently defined by the World Geodetic System (WGS), and take into account the flattening of the Earth at the poles (about 21 km or 13 miles) and many other details.
In astronomy there are a series of spherical coordinate systems that measure the elevation angle from different fundamental planes. These reference planes are the observer 's horizon, the celestial equator (defined by Earth 's rotation), the plane of the ecliptic (defined by Earth 's orbit around the Sun), the plane of the earth terminator (normal to the instantaneous direction to the Sun), and the galactic equator (defined by the rotation of the Milky Way).
As the spherical coordinate system is only one of many three - dimensional coordinate systems, there exist equations for converting coordinates between the spherical coordinate system and others.
The spherical coordinates of a point in the ISO convention (i.e. for physics: radius r, inclination θ, azimuth φ) can be obtained from its Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) by the formulae
The inverse tangent denoted in φ = arctan y / x must be suitably defined, taking into account the correct quadrant of (x, y). See the article on atan2.
Alternatively, the conversion can be considered as two sequential rectangular to polar conversions: the first in the Cartesian xy - plane from (x, y) to (R, φ), where R is the projection of r onto the xy - plane, and the second in the Cartesian zR - plane from (z, R) to (r, θ). The correct quadrants for φ and θ are implied by the correctness of the planar rectangular to polar conversions.
These formulae assume that the two systems have the same origin, that the spherical reference plane is the Cartesian xy - plane, that θ is inclination from the z direction, and that the azimuth angles are measured from the Cartesian x-axis (so that the y - axis has φ = + 90 °). If θ measures elevation from the reference plane instead of inclination from the zenith the arccos above becomes an arcsin, and the cos θ and sin θ below become switched.
Conversely, the Cartesian coordinates may be retrieved from the spherical coordinates (radius r, inclination θ, azimuth φ), where r ∈ (0, ∞), θ ∈ (0, π), φ ∈ (0, 2π), by:
Cylindrical coordinates (radius ρ, azimuth φ, elevation z) may be converted into spherical coordinates (radius r, inclination θ, azimuth φ), by the formulas
Conversely, the spherical coordinates may be converted into cylindrical coordinates by the formulae
These formulae assume that the two systems have the same origin and same reference plane, measure the azimuth angle φ in the same sense from the same axis, and that the spherical angle θ is inclination from the cylindrical z - axis.
The following equations assume that θ is inclination from the z (polar) axis (ambiguous since x, y, and z are mutually normal):
The line element for an infinitesimal displacement from (r, θ, φ) to (r + dr, θ + dθ, φ + dφ) is
where
are the local orthogonal unit vectors in the directions of increasing r, θ, and φ, respectively, and x̂, ŷ, and ẑ are the unit vectors in Cartesian coordinates.
The surface element spanning from θ to θ + dθ and φ to φ + dφ on a spherical surface at (constant) radius r is
Thus the differential solid angle is
The surface element in a surface of polar angle θ constant (a cone with vertex the origin) is
The surface element in a surface of azimuth φ constant (a vertical half - plane) is
The volume element spanning from r to r + dr, θ to θ + dθ, and φ to φ + dφ is
Thus, for example, a function f (r, θ, φ) can be integrated over every point in R by the triple integral
The del operator in this system leads to the following expressions for gradient, divergence, curl and Laplacian:
In spherical coordinates the position of a point is written
Its velocity is then
and its acceleration is
In the case of a constant φ or θ = π / 2, this reduces to vector calculus in polar coordinates.
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what are the phases of an aerosol spray | Aerosol - wikipedia
An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets, in air or another gas. Aerosols can be natural or anthropogenic. Examples of natural aerosols are fog, dust, forest exudates and geyser steam. Examples of anthropogenic aerosols are haze, particulate air pollutants and smoke. The liquid or solid particles have diameter mostly smaller than 1 μm or so; larger particles with a significant settling speed make the mixture a suspension, but the distinction is not clear - cut. In general conversation, aerosol usually refers to an aerosol spray that delivers a consumer product from a can or similar container. Other technological applications of aerosols include dispersal of pesticides, medical treatment of respiratory illnesses, and convincing technology. Diseases can also spread by means of small droplets in the breath, also called aerosols (or sometimes bioaerosols).
Aerosol science covers generation and removal of aerosols, technological application of aerosols, effects of aerosols on the environment and people, and a wide variety of other topics.
An aerosol is defined as a suspension system of solid or liquid particles in a gas. An aerosol includes both the particles and the suspending gas, which is usually air. Frederick G. Donnan presumably first used the term aerosol during World War I to describe an aero - solution, clouds of microscopic particles in air. This term developed analogously to the term hydrosol, a colloid system with water as the dispersed medium. Primary aerosols contain particles introduced directly into the gas; secondary aerosols form through gas - to - particle conversion.
Various types of aerosol, classified according to physical form and how they were generated, include dust, fume, mist, smoke and fog.
There are several measures of aerosol concentration. Environmental science and health often uses the mass concentration (M), defined as the mass of particulate matter per unit volume with units such as μg / m. Also commonly used is the number concentration (N), the number of particles per unit volume with units such as number / m or number / cm.
The size of particles has a major influence on their properties, and the aerosol particle radius or diameter (d) is a key property used to characterise aerosols.
Aerosols vary in their dispersity. A monodisperse aerosol, producible in the laboratory, contains particles of uniform size. Most aerosols, however, as polydisperse colloidal systems, exhibit a range of particle sizes. Liquid droplets are almost always nearly spherical, but scientists use an equivalent diameter to characterize the properities of various shapes of solid particles, some very irregular. The equivalent diameter is the diameter of a spherical particle with the same value of some physical property as the irregular particle. The equivalent volume diameter (d) is defined as the diameter of a sphere of the same volume as that of the irregular particle. Also commonly used is the aerodynamic diameter.
For a monodisperse aerosol, a single number -- the particle diameter -- suffices to describe the size of the particles. However, more complicated particle - size distribution s describe the sizes of the particles in a polydisperse aerosol. This distribution defines the relative amounts of particles, sorted according to size. One approach to defining the particle size distribution uses a list of the sizes of every particle in a sample. However, this approach proves tedious to ascertain in aerosols with millions of particles and awkward to use. Another approach splits the complete size range into intervals and finds the number (or proportion) of particles in each interval. One then can visualize these data in a histogram with the area of each bar representing the proportion of particles in that size bin, usually normalised by dividing the number of particles in a bin by the width of the interval so that the area of each bar is proportionate to the number of particles in the size range that it represents. If the width of the bins tends to zero, one gets the frequency function:
where
Therefore, the area under the frequency curve between two sizes a and b represents the total fraction of the particles in that size range:
It can also be formulated in terms of the total number density N:
Assuming spherical aerosol particles, the aerosol surface area per unit volume (S) is given by the second moment:
And the third moment gives the total volume concentration (V) of the particles:
One also usefully can approximate the particle size distribution using a mathematical function. The normal distribution usually does not suitably describe particle size distributions in aerosols because of the skewness associated a long tail of larger particles. Also for a quantity that varies over a large range, as many aerosol sizes do, the width of the distribution implies negative particles sizes, clearly not physically realistic. However, the normal distribution can be suitable for some aerosols, such as test aerosols, certain pollen grains and spores.
A more widely chosen log - normal distribution gives the number frequency as:
where:
The log - normal distribution has no negative values, can cover a wide range of values, and fits many observed size distributions reasonably well.
Other distributions sometimes used to characterise particle size include: the Rosin - Rammler distribution, applied to coarsely dispersed dusts and sprays; the Nukiyama - Tanasawa distribution, for sprays of extremely broad size ranges; the power function distribution, occasionally applied to atmospheric aerosols; the exponential distribution, applied to powdered materials; and for cloud droplets, the Khrgian - Mazin distribution.
For low values of the Reynolds number (< 1), true for most aerosol motion, Stokes ' law describes the force of resistance on a solid spherical particle in a fluid. However, Stokes ' law is only valid when the velocity of the gas at the surface of the particle is zero. For small particles (< 1 μm) that characterize aerosols, however, this assumption fails. To account for this failure, one can introduce the Cunningham correction factor, always greater than 1. Including this factor, one finds the relation between the resisting force on a particle and its velocity:
where
This allows us to calculate the terminal velocity of a particle undergoing gravitational settling in still air. Neglecting buoyancy effects, we find:
where
The terminal velocity can also be derived for other kinds of forces. If Stokes ' law holds, then the resistance to motion is directly proportional to speed. The constant of proportionality is the mechanical mobility (B) of a particle:
B = V F D = C c 3 π η d (\ displaystyle B = (\ frac (V) (F_ (D))) = (\ frac (C_ (c)) (3 \ pi \ eta d)))
A particle traveling at any reasonable initial velocity approaches its terminal velocity exponentially with an e-folding time equal to the relaxation time:
V (t) = V f − (V f − V 0) e − t τ (\ displaystyle V (t) = V_ (f) - (V_ (f) - V_ (0)) e ^ (- (\ frac (t) (\ tau))))
where:
To account for the effect of the shape of non-spherical particles, a correction factor known as the dynamic shape factor is applied to Stokes ' law. It is defined as the ratio of the resistive force of the irregular particle to that of a spherical particle with the same volume and velocity:
χ = F D 3 π η V d e (\ displaystyle \ chi = (\ frac (F_ (D)) (3 \ pi \ eta Vd_ (e))))
where:
The aerodynamic diameter of an irregular particle is defined as the diameter of the spherical particle with a density of 1000 kg / m and the same settling velocity as the irregular particle.
Neglecting the slip correction, the particle settles at the terminal velocity proportional to the square of the aerodynamic diameter, d:
where
This equation gives the aerodynamic diameter:
One can apply the aerodynamic diameter to particulate pollutants or to inhaled drugs to predict where in the respiratory tract such particles deposit. Pharmaceutical companies typically use aerodynamic diameter, not geometric diameter, to characterize particles in inhalable drugs.
The previous discussion focussed on single aerosol particles. In contrast, aerosol dynamics explains the evolution of complete aerosol populations. The concentrations of particles will change over time as a result of many processes. External processes that move particles outside a volume of gas under study include diffusion, gravitational settling, and electric charges and other external forces that cause particle migration. A second set of processes internal to a given volume of gas include particle formation (nucleation), evaporation, chemical reaction, and coagulation.
A differential equation called the Aerosol General Dynamic Equation (GDE) characterizes the evolution of the number density of particles in an aerosol due to these processes.
∂ n i ∂ t = − ∇ ⋅ n i q + ∇ ⋅ D p ∇ i + (∂ n i ∂ t) g r o w t h + (∂ n i ∂ t) c o a g − ∇ ⋅ q F n i (\ displaystyle (\ frac (\ partial (n_ (i))) (\ partial (t))) = - \ nabla \ cdot n_ (i) \ mathbf (q) + \ nabla \ cdot D_ (p) \ nabla _ (i) + \ left ((\ frac (\ partial (n_ (i))) (\ partial (t))) \ right) _ (growth) + \ left ((\ frac (\ partial (n_ (i))) (\ partial (t))) \ right) _ (coag) - \ nabla \ cdot \ mathbf (q) _ (F) n_ (i))
Change in time = Convective transport + brownian diffusion + gas - particle interactions + coagulation + migration by external forces
Where:
As particles and droplets in an aerosol collide with one another, they may undergo coalescence or aggregation. This process leads to a change in the aerosol particle - size distribution, with the mode increasing in diameter as total number of particles decreases. On occasion, particles may shatter apart into numerous smaller particles; however, this process usually occurs primarily in particles too large for consideration as aerosols.
The Knudsen number of the particle define three different dynamical regimes that govern the behaviour of an aerosol:
where λ (\ displaystyle \ lambda) is the mean free path of the suspending gas and d (\ displaystyle d) is the diameter of the particle. For particles in the free molecular regime, K > > 1; particles small compared to the mean free path of the suspending gas. In this regime, particles interact with the suspending gas through a series of "ballistic '' collisions with gas molecules. As such, they behave similarly to gas molecules, tending to follow streamlines and diffusing rapidly through Brownian motion. The mass flux equation in the free molecular regime is:
where a is the particle radius, P and P are the pressures far from the droplet and at the surface of the droplet respectively, k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature, C is mean thermal velocity and α is mass accommodation coefficient. The derivation of this equation assumes constant pressure and constant diffusion coefficient.
Particles are in the continuum regime when K < < 1. In this regime, the particles are big compared to the mean free path of the suspending gas, meaning that the suspending gas acts as a continuous fluid flowing round the particle. The molecular flux in this regime is:
where a is the radius of the particle A, M is the molecular mass of the particle A, D is the diffusion coefficient between particles A and B, R is the ideal gas constant, T is the temperature (in absolute units like kelvin), and P and P are the pressures at infinite and at the surface respectively.
The transition regime contains all the particles in between the free molecular and continuum regimes or K ≈ 1. The forces experienced by a particle are a complex combination of interactions with individual gas molecules and macroscopic interactions. The semi-empirical equation describing mass flux is:
where I is the mass flux in the continuum regime. This formula is called the Fuchs - Sutugin interpolation formula. These equations do not take into account the heat release effect.
Aerosol partitioning theory governs condensation on and evaporation from an aerosol surface, respectively. Condensation of mass causes the mode of the particle - size distributions of the aerosol to increase; conversely, evaporation causes the mode to decrease. Nucleation is the process of forming aerosol mass from the condensation of a gaseous precursor, specifically a vapour. Net condensation of the vapour requires supersaturation, a partial pressure greater than its vapour pressure. This can happen for three reasons:
There are two types of nucleation processes. Gases preferentially condense onto surfaces of pre-existing aerosol particles, known as heterogeneous nucleation. This process causes the diameter at the mode of particle - size distribution to increase with constant number concentration. With sufficiently high supersaturation and no suitable surfaces, particles may condense in the absence of a pre-existing surface, known as homogeneous nucleation. This results in the addition of very small, rapidly growing particles to the particle - size distribution.
Water coats particles in an aerosols, making them activated, usually in the context of forming a cloud droplet. Following the Kelvin equation (based on the curvature of liquid droplets), smaller particles need a higher ambient relative humidity to maintain equilibrium than larger particles do. The following formula gives relative humidity at equilibrium:
where p s (\ displaystyle p_ (s)) is the saturation vapor pressure above a particle at equilibrium (around a curved liquid droplet), p is the saturation vapor pressure (flat surface of the same liquid) and S is the saturation ratio.
Kelvin equation for saturation vapor pressure above a curved surface is:
where r droplet radius, σ surface tension of droplet, ρ density of liquid, M molar mass, T temperature, and R molar gas constant.
There are no general solutions to the general dynamic equation (GDE); common methods used to solve the general dynamic equation include:
People generate aerosols for various purposes, including:
Some devices for generating aerosols are:
Stability of nanoparticle agglomerates is critical for estimating size distribution of aerosolized particles from nano - powders or other sources. At nanotechnology workplaces, workers can be exposed via inhalation to potentially toxic substances during handling and processing of nanomaterials. Nanoparticles in the air often form agglomerates due to attractive inter-particle forces, such as van der Waals force or electrostatic force if the particles are charged. As a result, aerosol particles are usually observed as agglomerates rather than individual particles. For exposure and risk assessments of airborne nanoparticles, it is important to know about the size distribution of aerosols. When inhaled by humans, particles with different diameters are deposited in varied locations of the central and periphery respiratory system. Particles in nanoscale have been shown to penetrate the air - blood barrier in lungs and be translocated into secondary organs in the human body, such as the brain, heart and liver. Therefore, the knowledge on stability of nanoparticle agglomerates is important for predicting the size of aerosol particles, which helps assess the potential risk of them to human bodies.
Different experimental systems have been established to test the stability of airborne particles and their potentials to deagglomerate under various conditions. A comprehensive system recently reported by Ding & Riediker (2015) is able to maintain robust aerosolization process and generate aerosols with stable number concentration and mean size from nano - powders. The deagglomeration potential of various airborne nanomaterials can be also studied using critical orifices. This process was also investigated by Stahlmecke et al. (2009). In addition, an impact fragmentation device was developed to investigate bonding energies between particles.
A standard deagglomeration testing procedure could be foreseen with the developments of the different types of existing systems. The likeliness of deagglomeration of aerosol particles in occupational settings can be possibly ranked for different nanomaterials if a reference method is available. For this purpose, inter-laboratory comparison of testing results from different setups could be launched in order to explore the influences of system characteristics on properties of generated nanomaterials aerosols.
Aerosol can either be measured in - situ or with remote sensing techniques.
Some available in situ measurement techniques include:
Remote sensing approaches include:
Particles can deposit in the nose, mouth, pharynx and larynx (the head airways region), deeper within the respiratory tract (from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles), or in the alveolar region. The location of deposition of aerosol particles within the respiratory system strongly determines the health effects of exposure to such aerosols. This phenomenon led people to invent aerosol samplers that select a subset of the aerosol particles that reach certain parts of the respiratory system. Examples of these subsets of the particle - size distribution of an aerosol, important in occupational health, include the inhalable, thoracic, and respirable fractions. The fraction that can enter each part of the respiratory system depends on the deposition of particles in the upper parts of the airway. The inhalable fraction of particles, defined as the proportion of particles originally in the air that can enter the nose or mouth, depends on external wind speed and direction and on the particle - size distribution by aerodynamic diameter. The thoracic fraction is the proportion of the particles in ambient aerosol that can reach the thorax or chest region. The respirable fraction is the proportion of particles in the air that can reach the alveolar region. To measure the respirable fraction of particles in air, a pre-collector is used with a sampling filter. The pre-collector excludes particles as the airways remove particles from inhaled air. The sampling filter collects the particles for measurement. It is common to use cyclonic separation for the pre-collector, but other techniques include impactors, horizontal elutriators, and large pore membrane filters.
Two alternative size - selective criteria, often used in atmospheric monitoring, are PM and PM. PM is defined by ISO as particles which pass through a size - selective inlet with a 50 % efficiency cut - off at 10 μm aerodynamic diameter and PM as particles which pass through a size - selective inlet with a 50 % efficiency cut - off at 2.5 μm aerodynamic diameter. PM corresponds to the "thoracic convention '' as defined in ISO 7708: 1995, Clause 6; PM corresponds to the "high - risk respirable convention '' as defined in ISO 7708: 1995, 7.1. The United States Environmental Protection Agency replaced the older standards for particulate matter based on Total Suspended Particulate with another standard based on PM in 1987 and then introduced standards for PM (also known as fine particulate matter) in 1997.
Several types of atmospheric aerosol have a significant effect on Earth 's climate: volcanic, desert dust, sea - salt, that originating from biogenic sources and human - made. Volcanic aerosol forms in the stratosphere after an eruption as droplets of sulfuric acid that can prevail for up to two years, and reflect sunlight, lowering temperature. Desert dust, mineral particles blown to high altitudes, absorb heat and may be responsible for inhibiting storm cloud formation. Human - made sulfate aerosols, primarily from burning oil and coal, affect the behavior of clouds.
Although all hydrometeors, solid and liquid, can be described as aerosols, a distinction is commonly made between such dispersions (i.e. clouds) containing activated drops and crystals, and aerosol particles. The atmosphere of Earth contains aerosols of various types and concentrations, including quantities of:
Aerosols can be found in urban ecosystems in various forms, for example:
The presence of aerosols in the earth 's atmosphere can influence its climate, as well as human health.
International Aerosol Research Assembly
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who was involved in the bataan death march | Bataan Death March - wikipedia
The Bataan Death March (Filipino: Martsa ng Kamatayan sa Bataan; Japanese: バターン 死 の 行進, Hepburn: Batān Shi no Kōshin) was the forcible transfer by the Imperial Japanese Army of 60,000 -- 80,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war from Saysain Point, Bagac, Bataan and Mariveles to Camp O'Donnell, Capas, Tarlac, via San Fernando, Pampanga, where the prisoners were loaded onto trains. The transfer began on April 9, 1942, after the three - month Battle of Bataan in the Philippines during World War II. The total distance marched from Mariveles to San Fernando and from the Capas Train Station to Camp O'Donnell is variously reported by differing sources as between 60 and 69.6 miles (96.6 and 112.0 km). Differing sources also report widely differing prisoner of war casualties prior to reaching Camp O'Donnell: from 5,000 to 18,000 Filipino deaths and 500 to 650 American deaths during the march. The march was characterized by severe physical abuse and wanton killings, and was later judged by an Allied military commission to be a Japanese war crime.
When General MacArthur returned to active duty, the latest revision of plans for the defense of the Philippine Islands -- called WPO - 3 -- was politically unrealistic, assuming a conflict only involving the United States and Japan, not the combined Axis powers. However, the plan was tactically sound, and its provisions for defense were applicable under any local situation.
Under WPO - 3, the mission of the Philippine garrison was to hold the entrance to Manila Bay and deny its use to Japanese naval forces. If the enemy prevailed, the Americans were to make every attempt to hold back the Japanese advance while withdrawing to the Bataan Peninsula, which was recognized as the key to the control of Manila Bay. It was to be defended to the "last extremity. '' General MacArthur assumed command of the Allied army in July 1941 and rejected WPO - 3 as defeatist, preferring a more aggressive course of action. He recommended -- among other things -- a coastal defense strategy that would include the entire archipelago. His recommendations were followed in the plan that was eventually approved.
The main force of General Masaharu Homma 's 14th Army came ashore at Lingayen Gulf on the morning of 22 December. The defenders failed to hold the beaches. By the end of the day, the Japanese had secured most of their objectives and were in position to emerge onto the central plain. Late on the afternoon of the 23rd Wainwright telephoned General MacArthur 's headquarters in Manila and informed him that any further defense of the Lingayen beaches was "impracticable. '' He requested and was given permission to withdraw behind the Agno River. MacArthur decided to abandon his own plan for defense and revert to WPO - 3, evacuating President Manuel L. Quezon, High Commissioner Francis B. Sayre, their families, and his own headquarters to Corregidor on the 24th. A rear echelon, headed by the deputy chief of staff, Brig. Gen. Richard J. Marshall, remained behind in Manila to close out the headquarters and to supervise the shipment of supplies and the evacuation of the remaining troops.
On December 26 Manila was officially declared an open city and MacArthur 's proclamation was published in the newspapers and broadcast over the radio.
The Battle of Bataan began January 7, 1942, and continued until April 9, when the USAFFE commander, Maj. Gen. Edward King, Jr., surrendered to Col. Mootoo Nakayama of the 14th Japanese Army.
Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma and his staff encountered almost twice as many captives as his reports had estimated, creating an enormous logistical challenge: the transport and movement of over sixty - thousand starved, sick, and debilitated prisoners and over thirty eight thousand equally weakened civilian noncombatants that had been caught up in the battle. The prisoners and refugees had to be moved north to get them out of the way of Homma 's final assault on Corregidor, but there was simply not enough mechanized transport to move the masses of wounded, sick, and weakened remainder of troops.
Following the surrender of Bataan on April 9, 1942, to the Imperial Japanese Army, prisoners were massed in Mariveles and Bagac town.
As the defeated defenders were massed in preparation for the march, they were ordered to turn over their possessions. American Lieutenant Kermit Lay recounted how this was done:
They pulled us off into a rice paddy and began shaking us down. There (were) about a hundred of us so it took time to get to all of us. Everyone had pulled their pockets wrong side out and laid all their things out in front. They were taking jewelry and doing a lot of slapping. I laid out my New Testament.... After the shakedown, the Japs took an officer and two enlisted men behind a rice shack and shot them. The men who had been next to them said they had Japanese souvenirs and money.
Word quickly spread among the prisoners to conceal or destroy any Japanese money or mementos, as the captors assumed it had been stolen from dead Japanese soldiers.
Prisoners started out from Mariveles on April 10, and Bagac on April 11, converging in Pilar, Bataan, and heading north to the San Fernando railhead. At the beginning of capture there were rare instances of kindness by Japanese officers and those Japanese soldiers who spoke English, such as sharing of food and cigarettes and permitting personal possessions to be kept. This was fast followed by unrelenting brutality, theft, and even knocking men 's teeth out for gold fillings, as the common Japanese soldier had also suffered in the Battle for Bataan and had nothing but disgust and hatred for his "captives '' (Japan did not recognize these people as POWs). The first atrocity -- attributed to Colonel Masanobu Tsuji -- occurred when approximately 350 to 400 Filipino officers and NCOs under his supervision were summarily executed in the Pantingan River massacre after they had surrendered. Tsuji -- acting against General Homma 's wishes that the prisoners be transferred peacefully -- had issued clandestine orders to Japanese officers to summarily execute all American "captives. '' Though some Japanese officers ignored the orders, others were receptive to the idea of murdering POWs.
During the march, prisoners received little food or water, and many died. Prisoners were subjected to severe physical abuse, including being beaten and tortured. On the march, the "sun treatment '' was a common form of torture. Prisoners were forced to sit in sweltering direct sunlight, without helmets or other head covering. Anyone who asked for water was shot dead. Some men were told to strip naked or sit within sight of fresh, cool water. Trucks drove over some of those who fell or succumbed to fatigue, and "cleanup crews '' put to death those too weak to continue, though some trucks picked up some of those too fatigued to continue. Some marchers were randomly stabbed by bayonets or beaten. The Death March was later judged by an Allied military commission to be a Japanese war crime.
Once the surviving prisoners arrived in Balanga, the overcrowded conditions and poor hygiene caused dysentery and other diseases to spread rapidly. The Japanese did not provide the prisoners with medical care, so U.S. medical personnel tended to the sick and wounded with few or no supplies. Upon arrival at the San Fernando railhead, prisoners were stuffed into sweltering, brutally hot metal box cars for the one - hour trip to Capas, in 43 ° C (110 ° F) heat. At least 100 prisoners were pushed into each of the trains ' unventilated boxcars. The trains had no sanitation facilities, and disease continued to take a heavy toll on the prisoners. According to Staff Sergeant Alf Larson:
The train consisted of six or seven World War I - era boxcars.... They packed us in the cars like sardines, so tight you could n't sit down. Then they shut the door. If you passed out, you could n't fall down. If someone had to go to the toilet, you went right there where you were. It was close to summer and the weather was hot and humid, hotter than Billy Blazes! We were on the train from early morning to late afternoon without getting out. People died in the railroad cars.
Upon arrival at the Capas train station, they were forced to walk the final 14 km (9 mi) to Camp O'Donnell. Even after arriving at Camp O'Donnell, the survivors of the march continued to die at rates of up to several hundred per day, which amounted to a death toll of as many as 20,000 Filipino and American deaths. Most of the dead were buried in mass graves that the Japanese had dug behind the barbed wire surrounding the compound. Of the estimated 80,000 POWs at the march, only 54,000 made it to Camp O'Donnell.
The total distance of the march from Mariveles to San Fernando and from Capas to Camp O'Donnell (which ultimately became the U.S. Naval Radio Transmitter Facility in Capas, Tarlac; 1962 - 1989) is variously reported by differing sources as between 96.6 and 112.0 km (60 and 69.6 mi).
Credible sources report widely differing prisoner of war casualties prior to reaching their destination: from 5,000 to 18,000 Filipino deaths and 500 to 650 American deaths during the march.
It was not until January 27, 1944, that the U.S. government informed the American public about the march, when it released sworn statements of military officers who had escaped. Shortly thereafter the stories of these officers were featured in a LIFE magazine article. The Bataan Death March and other Japanese actions were used to arouse fury in the United States.
General George Marshall made the following statement:
These brutal reprisals upon helpless victims evidence the shallow advance from savagery which the Japanese people have made. (...) We serve notice upon the Japanese military and political leaders as well as the Japanese people that the future of the Japanese race itself, depends entirely and irrevocably upon their capacity to progress beyond their aboriginal barbaric instincts.
In an attempt to counter the American propaganda value of the march, the Japanese had The Manila Times report that the prisoners were treated humanely and their death rate had to be attributed to the intransigence of the American commanders who did not surrender until the men were on the verge of death.
In September 1945, General Masaharu Homma was arrested by Allied troops and indicted for war crimes. Homma was charged with 43 different counts of crimes against humanity. Homma was found guilty of permitting members of his command to commit "brutal atrocities and other high crimes ''. The general, who had been absorbed in his efforts to capture Corregidor after the fall of Bataan, claimed in his defense that he remained ignorant of the high death toll of the death march until two months after the event. Homma 's verdict was predicated on respondeat superior but with the added liability standard, since the latter could not be rebutted. On February 26, 1946, he was sentenced to death by firing squad, and was executed on April 3, 1946, outside Manila.
Masanobu Tsuji, who directly ordered the killing of POWs, fled to China from Thailand when the war ended to escape the British authorities.
Also in Japan, Generals Hideki Tōjō (later Prime Minister), Kenji Doihara, Seishirō Itagaki, Heitarō Kimura, Iwane Matsui, and Akira Mutō, along with Baron Kōki Hirota, were found guilty and responsible for the maltreatment of American and Filipino POWs. They were executed by hanging at Sugamo Prison in Ikebukuro on December 23, 1948. Several others were sentenced to imprisonment between 7 and 22 years.
In 2012, film producer Jan Thompson created a film documentary about the Death March, POW camps, and Japanese hell ships titled Never the Same: The Prisoner - of - War Experience. The film reproduced scenes of the camps and ships showed drawings and writings of the prisoners, and featured Loretta Swit as the narrator.
On September 13, 2010, Japanese Foreign Minister Katsuya Okada apologized to a group of six former American soldiers who, during World War II were held as prisoners of war by the Japanese, including 90 - year - old Lester Tenney and Robert Rosendahl, both survivors of the Bataan Death March. The six, their families, and the families of two deceased soldiers were invited to visit Japan at the expense of the Japanese government.
Dozens of memorials (including monuments, plaques, and schools) dedicated to the prisoners who died during the Bataan Death March exist across the United States and in the Philippines. A wide variety of commemorative events are held to honor the victims, including holidays, athletic events such as ultramarathons, and memorial ceremonies held at military cemeteries.
On April 3, 2002, the memorial "Heroes of Bataan '' was dedicated at Veteran 's Park, Las Cruces, New Mexico. It depicts three soldiers assisting each other during the Bataan Death March. Two of the soldiers are modeled after the uncles of Las Cruces resident J. Joe Martinez, with the Filipino soldier modeled after a NCO stationed at WSMR (White Sands Missile Range) whose grandfather was killed during the March. Leading up to the statue is an area where footprints of survivors were cast in concrete.
The Bataan Death March had a large impact on the U.S. state of New Mexico, given that many of the U.S. soldiers in Bataan were from New Mexico, specifically from the 200th / 515th Coast Artillery of the National Guard. The New Mexico National Guard Bataan Memorial Museum is located in the Armory where the soldiers of the 200th and 515th were processed before their deployment to the Philippines in 1941. Every year, in early spring, the Bataan Memorial Death March, a 42.2 km (26.2 mi) march / run is conducted at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. On March 19th 2017, over 6,300 participants queued up at the starting line for the 28th annual event, breaking not only all previous records of attendance but also the amount of non-perishable food collected for local food pantries and overall charitable goods donated. Out of all the veterans from New Mexico that survived the Bataan Death March, only four are still alive today.
As of 2012, there were fewer than 1,000 survivors of the March still living. The old state capitol building of New Mexico was renamed the Bataan Memorial Building and now houses several state government agency offices.
Notes
By the grace of God... Author = Erwin Johnson. Survivor of the death martch
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who initiated the construction of the grand canal | Grand Canal (China) - Wikipedia
The Grand Canal, known to the Chinese as the Beijing -- Hangzhou Grand Canal (Jīng - Háng Dà Yùnhé), a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the longest as well as the oldest canal or artificial river in the world and a famous tourist destination. Starting at Beijing, it passes through Tianjin and the provinces of Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang to the city of Hangzhou, linking the Yellow River and Yangtze River. The oldest parts of the canal date back to the 5th century BC, but the various sections were first connected during the Sui dynasty (581 -- 618 AD). Dynasties in 1271 - 1633 significantly rebuilt the canal and altered its route to supply their capital Beijing.
The total length of the Grand Canal is 1,776 km (1,104 mi). Its greatest height is reached in the mountains of Shandong, at a summit of 42 m (138 ft). Ships in Chinese canals did not have trouble reaching higher elevations after the pound lock was invented in the 10th century, during the Song dynasty (960 -- 1279), by the government official and engineer Qiao Weiyue. The canal has been admired by many throughout history including Japanese monk Ennin (794 -- 864), Persian historian Rashid al - Din (1247 -- 1318), Korean official Choe Bu (1454 -- 1504), and Italian missionary Matteo Ricci (1552 -- 1610).
Historically, periodic flooding of the Yellow River threatened the safety and functioning of the canal. During wartime the high dikes of the Yellow River were sometimes deliberately broken in order to flood advancing enemy troops. This caused disaster and prolonged economic hardships. Despite temporary periods of desolation and disuse, the Grand Canal furthered an indigenous and growing economic market in China 's urban centers since the Sui period. It has allowed faster trading and has improved China 's economy. The southern portion remains in heavy use to the present day.
In the late Spring and Autumn period (770 -- 476 BC), Fuchai, King of the State of Wu (whose capital was in present - day Suzhou), ventured north to attack the State of Qi. He ordered a canal be constructed for trading purposes, as well as a means to ship ample supplies north in case his forces should engage the northern states of Song and Lu. This canal became known as the Han Gou (邗 沟, "Han Conduit ''). Work began in 486 BC, from south of Yangzhou to north of Huai'an in Jiangsu, and within three years the Han Gou had connected the Yangtze with the Huai River by means of existing waterways, lakes, and marshes.
The Han Gou is known as the second oldest section of the later Grand Canal since the Hong Gou (t 鴻溝, s 鸿沟, Hónggōu, "Canal of the Wild Geese '' or "Far - Flung Canal '') most likely preceded it. It linked the Yellow River near Kaifeng to the Si and Bian rivers and became the model for the shape of the Grand Canal in the north. The exact date of the Hong Gou 's construction is uncertain; it is first mentioned by the diplomat Su Qin in 330 BC when discussing state boundaries. The historian Sima Qian (145 -- 90 BC) knew of no historical date for it, placing his discussion of it just after the legendary works of Yu the Great; modern scholars now consider it to belong to the 6th century BC. During the course of the 1990s, people saw the black waters which stank, till a $250 million renovation; which started in 2001, brought back some quality.
The sections of the Grand Canal today in Zhejiang and southern Jiangsu provinces were in large part a creation of the Sui dynasty (581 - 618), a result of the migration of China 's core economic and agricultural region away from the Yellow River valley in the north and toward the southern provinces. Its main role throughout its history was the transport of grain to the capital. The institution of the Grand Canal by the Qin dynasty and the Sui dynasty, mostly the Sui, also obviated the need for the army to become self - sufficient farmers while posted at the northern frontier, as food supplies could now easily be shipped from south to north over the pass.
By the year 600, there were major build ups of silt on the bottom of the Hong Gou canal, obstructing river barges whose drafts were too deep for its waters. The chief engineer of the Sui dynasty, Yuwen Kai, advised the dredging of a new canal that would run parallel to the existing canal, diverging from it at Chenliu (Yanzhou). The new canal was to pass not Xuzhou but Suzhou, to avoid connecting with the Si River, and instead make a direct connection with the Huai River just west of Lake Hongze. With the recorded labor of five million men and women under the supervision of Ma Shumou, the first major section of the Grand Canal was completed in the year 605 -- called the Bian Qu. The Grand Canal was fully completed under the second Sui emperor, from the years 604 to 609, first by linking Luoyang to the Yangzhou (and the Yangzi valley), then expanding it to Hangzhou (south), and to Beijing (north). This allowed the southern area to provide grain to the northern province, particularly to troops stationed there. Running alongside and parallel to the canal was an imperial roadway and post offices supporting a courier system. The government also planted an enormous line of trees. The history of the canal 's construction is handed down in the book Kaiheji (' Record of the Opening of the Canal ').
The earlier dyke - building project in 587 along the Yellow River -- overseen by engineer Liang Rui -- established canal lock gates to regulate water levels for the canal. Double slipways were installed to haul boats over when the difference in water levels were too great for the flash lock to operate.
Between 604 and 609, Emperor Yang Guang (or Sui Yangdi) of the Sui dynasty ordered a number of canals be dug in a ' Y ' shape, from Hangzhou in the south to termini in (modern) Beijing and in the capital region along the Yellow River valley. When the canal was completed it linked the systems of the Qiantang River, the Yangtze River, the Huai River, the Yellow River, the Wei River and the Hai River. Its southern section, running between Hangzhou and the Yangtze, was named the Jiangnan River (the river ' South of the Yangtze '). The canal 's central portions stretched from Yangzhou to Luoyang; the section between the Yangtze and the Huai continued to the Shanyang River; and the next section connected the Huai to the Yellow River and was called the Tongji Channel. The northernmost portion, linking Beijing and Luoyang, was named the Yongji Channel. This portion of the canal was used to transport troops to what is now the North Korean border region during the Goguryeo - Sui Wars (598 -- 614). After the canal 's completion in 609, Emperor Yang led a recorded 105 km (65 mi) long naval flotilla of boats from the north down to his southern capital at Yangzhou.
The Grand Canal at this time was not a continuous, man - made canal but a collection of often non-contiguous artificial cuts and canalised or natural rivers.
Although the Tang dynasty (618 -- 907) capital at Chang'an was the most thriving metropolis of China in its day, it was the city of Yangzhou -- in proximity to the Grand Canal -- that was the economic hub of the Tang era. Besides being the headquarters for the government salt monopoly and the largest pre-modern industrial production center of the empire, Yangzhou was also the geographical midpoint along the north - south trade axis, and so became the major center for southern goods shipped north. One of the greatest benefits of the canal system in the Tang dynasty -- and subsequent dynasties -- was that it reduced the cost of shipping grain that had been collected in taxes from the Yangtze River Delta to northern China. Minor additions to the canal were made after the Sui period to cut down on travel time, but overall no fundamental differences existed between the Sui Grand Canal and the Tang Grand Canal.
By the year 735, it was recorded that about 149,685,400 kilograms (165,000 short tons) of grain were shipped annually along the canal. The Tang government oversaw canal lock efficiency and built granaries along the route in case a flood or other disaster impeded the path of shipment. To ensure smooth travel of grain shipments, Transport Commissioner Liu Yan (in office from 763 to 779) had special river barge ships designed and constructed to fit the depths of each section of the entire canal.
After the An Shi Rebellion (755 -- 763), the economy of northern China was greatly damaged and never recovered due to wars and to constant flooding of the Yellow River. Such a case occurred in the year 858 when an enormous flood along the Grand Canal inundated thousands of acres of farmland and killed tens of thousands of people in the North China Plain. Such an unfortunate event could reduce the legitimacy of a ruling dynasty by causing others to perceive it as having lost the Mandate of Heaven; this was a good reason for dynastic authorities to maintain a smooth and efficient canal system.
The city of Kaifeng grew to be a major hub, later becoming the capital of the Song dynasty (960 -- 1279). Although the Tang and Song dynasty international seaports -- the greatest being Guangzhou and Quanzhou, respectively -- and maritime foreign trade brought merchants great fortune, it was the Grand Canal within China that spurred the greatest amount of economic activity and commercial profit. During the Song and earlier periods, barge ships occasionally crashed and wrecked along the Shanyang Yundao section of the Grand Canal while passing the double slipways, and more often than not those were then robbed of the tax grain by local bandits. This prompted Qiao Weiyue, an Assistant Commissioner of Transport for Huainan, to invent a double-gate system known as the pound lock in the year 984. This allowed ships to wait within a gated space while the water could be drained to appropriate levels; the Chinese also built roofed hangars over the space to add further protection for the ships.
Much of the Grand Canal south of the Yellow River was ruined for several years after 1128, when Du Chong decided to break the dykes and dams holding back the waters of the Yellow River in order to decimate the oncoming Jurchen invaders during the Jin -- Song wars. The Jurchen Jin dynasty continually battled with the Song in the region between the Huai River and the Yellow River; this warfare led to the dilapidation of the canal until the Mongols invaded in the 13th century AD and began necessary repairs.
During the Mongol Yuan dynasty (1271 -- 1368) the capital of China was moved to Beijing, eliminating the need for the canal arm flowing west to Kaifeng or Luoyang. A summit section was dug across the foothills of the Shandong massif during the 1280s, shortening the overall length by as much as 700 km (430 mi) (making the total length about 1,800 km (1,100 mi)) and linking Hangzhou and Beijing with a direct north - south waterway for the first time. As in the Song and Jin era, the canal fell into disuse and dilapidation during the Yuan dynasty 's decline.
The Grand Canal was renovated almost in its entirety between 1411 and 1415 during the Ming dynasty (1368 -- 1644). A magistrate of Jining, Shandong sent a memorandum to the throne of the Yongle Emperor protesting the current inefficient means of transporting 4,000,000 dan (428,000,000 liters) of grain a year by means of transferring it along several different rivers and canals in barge types that went from deep to shallow after the Huai River, and then transferred back onto deep barges once the shipment of grain reached the Yellow River. Chinese engineers built a dam to divert the Wen River to the southwest in order to feed 60 % of its water north into the Grand Canal, with the remainder going south. They dug four large reservoirs in Shandong to regulate water levels, which allowed them to avoid pumping water from local sources and water tables. Between 1411 and 1415 a total of 165,000 laborers dredged the canal bed in Shandong and built new channels, embankments, and canal locks.
The Yongle Emperor moved the Ming capital from Nanjing to Beijing in 1403. This move deprived Nanjing of its status as chief political center of China. The reopening of the Grand Canal also benefited Suzhou over Nanjing since the former was in a better position on the main artery of the Grand Canal, and so it became Ming China 's greatest economic center. The only other viable contender with Suzhou in the Jiangnan region was Hangzhou, but it was located 200 km (120 mi) further down the Grand Canal and away from the main delta. Even the shipwrecked Korean Choe Bu (1454 -- 1504) -- while traveling for five months throughout China in 1488 -- acknowledged that Hangzhou served not as a competitor but as an economic feeder into the greater Suzhou market. Therefore, the Grand Canal served to make or break the economic fortunes of certain cities along its route, and served as the economic lifeline of indigenous trade within China.
The scholar Gu Yanwu of the early Qing dynasty (1644 -- 1912) estimated that the previous Ming dynasty had to employ 47,004 full - time laborers recruited by the lijia corvée system in order to maintain the entire canal system. It is known that 121,500 soldiers and officers were needed simply to operate the 11,775 government grain barges in the mid-15th century.
Besides its function as a grain shipment route and major vein of river borne indigenous trade in China, the Grand Canal had long been a government - operated courier route as well. In the Ming dynasty, official courier stations were placed at intervals of 35 to 45 km (22 to 28 mi). Each courier station was assigned a different name, all of which were popularized in travel songs of the period.
The Manchus invaded China in the mid-17th century, allowed through the northern passes by the Chinese general Wu Sangui once the Ming capital at Beijing had fallen into the hands of a rebel army. The Manchus established the Qing dynasty (1644 -- 1912), and under their leadership the Grand Canal was overseen and maintained just as in earlier times.
In 1855, the Yellow River flooded and changed its course, severing the course of the canal in Shandong. This was foreseen by a Chinese official in 1447, who remarked that the flood - prone Yellow River made the Grand Canal like a throat that could be easily strangled (leading some officials to request restarting the grain shipments through the East China Sea). Because of various factors -- the difficulty of crossing the Yellow River, the increased development of an alternative sea route for grain - ships, and the opening of the Tianjin - Pukou Railway and the Beijing - Hankou Railway -- the canal languished and for decades the northern and southern parts remained separate. Many of the canal sections fell into disrepair, and some parts were returned to flat fields. Even today, the Grand Canal has not fully recovered from this disaster. After the founding of the People 's Republic of China in 1949, the need for economic development led the authorities to order heavy reconstruction work.
The economic importance of the canal likely will continue. The governments of the Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces planned dredging meant to increase shipping capacity by 40 percent by 2012.
On June 22, 2014, The Grand Canal was listed as a World Heritage Site, at the 2014 Conference on World Heritage.
As well as its present - day course, fourteen centuries of canal - building have left the Grand Canal with a number of historical sections. Some of these have disappeared, others are still partially extant, and others form the basis for the modern canal. The following are the most important, but do not form an exhaustive list.
In 12 BC, to solve the problem of the Grand Canal having to use 160 kilometres (100 mi) of the perilous course of the Yellow River in Northern Jiangsu, a man named Li Hualong opened the Jia Canal. Named after the Jia River whose course it followed, it ran 140 kilometres (87 mi) from Xiazhen (modern Weishan) on the shore of Shandong 's Weishan Lake to Suqian in Jiangsu. The construction of the Jia Canal left only 100 kilometres (62 mi) of Yellow River navigation on the Grand Canal, from Suqian to Huai'an, which by 1688 had been removed by the construction of the Middle Canal by Jin Fu.
In 1566, to escape the problems caused by flooding of the Yellow River around Yutai (now on the western shore of Weishan Lake), the Nanyang New Canal was opened. It ran for 75 kilometres (47 mi) from Nanyang (now Nanyang Town in the centre of Weishan Lake) to the small settlement of Liucheng (in the vicinity of modern Gaolou Village, Weishan County, Shandong) north of Xuzhou City. This change in effect moved the Grand Canal from the low - lying and flood - prone land west of Weishan Lake onto the marginally higher land to its east. It was fed by rivers flowing east - west from the borders of the Shandong massif.
North of the Jizhou Canal summit section, the Huitong Canal ran downhill, fed principally by the River Wen, to join the Wei River at the city of Linqing. In 1289, a geological survey preceded its one - year construction. The Huitong Canal, built by an engineer called Ma Zhizhen, ran across sharply sloping ground and the high concentration of locks gave it the nicknames chahe or zhahe, i.e. ' the river of locks '. Its great number of feeder springs (between two and four hundred, depending on the counting method and season of the year) also led to it being called the quanhe or ' river of springs '.
This, the Grand Canal 's first true summit section, was engineered by the Mongol Oqruqči in 1238 to connect Jining to the southern end of the Huitong Canal. It rose to a height of 42 metres (138 ft) above the Yangtze, but environmental and technical factors left it with chronic water shortages until it was re-engineered in 1411 by Song Li of the Ming. Song Li 's improvements, recommended by a local man named Bai Ying, included damming the rivers Wen and Guang and drawing lateral canals from them to feed reservoir lakes at the very summit, at a small town called Nanwang.
In 369 AD, General Huan Wen of the Eastern Jin dynasty connected the shallow river valleys of the Huai and the Yellow. He achieved this by joining two of these rivers ' tributaries, the Si and the Ji respectively, at their closest point, across a low watershed of the Shandong massif. Huan Wen 's primitive summit canal became a model for the engineers of the Jizhou Canal.
The Shanyang Canal originally opened onto the Yangtze a short distance south of Yangzhou. As the north shore of the Yangtze gradually silted up to create the sandbank island of Guazhou, it became necessary for boats crossing to and from the Jiangnan Canal to sail the long way around the eastern edge of that island. After a particularly rough crossing of the Yangtze from Zhenjiang, the local prefect realised that a canal dug directly across Guazhou would slash the journey time and so make the crossing safer. The Yilou Canal was opened in 738 AD and still exists, though not as part of the modern Grand Canal route.
The Grand Canal nominally runs between Beijing and Hangzhou over a total length of 1,794 km (1,115 mi), however, only the section from Hangzhou to Jining is currently navigable. Its course is today divided into seven sections. From south to north these are the Jiangnan Canal, the Li Canal, the Zhong Canal, the Lu Canal, the South Canal, the North Canal, and the Tonghui River.
This southernmost section of the canal runs from Hangzhou in Zhejiang, where the canal connects with the Qiantang River, to Zhenjiang in Jiangsu, where it meets the Yangtze. After leaving Hangzhou the canal passes around the eastern border of Lake Tai, through the major cities of Jiaxing, Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou before reaching Zhenjiang. The Jiangnan (or ' South of the Yangtze ') Canal is very heavily used by barge traffic bringing coal and construction materials to the booming delta. It is generally a minimum of 100 metres wide in the congested city centres, and often two or three times this width in the countryside beyond. In recent years, broad bypass canals have been dug around the major cities to reduce ' traffic jams '.
This ' Inner Canal ' runs between the Yangtze and Huai'an in Jiangsu, skirting the Shaobo, Gaoyou and Hongze lakes of central Jiangsu. Here the land lying to the west of the canal is higher than its bed while the land to the east is lower. Traditionally the Shanghe region west of the canal has been prone to frequent flooding, while the Xiahe region to its east has been hit by less frequent but immensely damaging inundations caused by failure of the Grand Canal levees. Recent works have allowed floodwaters from Shanghe to be diverted safely out to sea.
This ' Middle Canal ' section runs from Huai'an to Weishan Lake, passing through Luoma Lake and following more than one course, the result of the impact of centuries of Yellow River flooding. After Pizhou, a northerly course passes through Tai'erzhuang to enter Weishan Lake at Hanzhuang bound for Nanyang and Jining (this course is the remnant of the New Nanyang Canal of 1566 -- see below). A southerly course passes close by Xuzhou and enters Weishan Lake near Peixian. This latter course is less used today.
At Weishan Lake, both courses enter Shandong province. From here to Linqing, the canal is called the Lu or ' Shandong ' Canal. It crosses a series of lakes -- Zhaoyang, Dushan and Nanyang -- which nominally form a continuous body of water. At present, diversions of water mean that the lakes are often largely dry land. North of the northernmost Nanyang Lake is the city of Jining. Further on, about 30 km (19 mi) north of Jining, the highest elevation of the canal (38.5 m or 126 ft above sea level) is reached at the town of Nanwang. In the 1950s a new canal was dug to the south of the old summit section. The old summit section is now dry, while the new canal holds too little water to be navigable. About 50 km (31 mi) further north, passing close by Dongping Lake, the canal reaches the Yellow River. By this point waterless, it no longer communicates with the river. It reappears again in Liaocheng City on the north bank where, intermittently flowing through a renovated stone channel, it reaches the city of Linqing on the Shandong -- Hebei border.
The fifth section of the canal extends for a distance of 524 kilometres (326 miles) from Linqing to Tianjin along the course of the canalised Wei River. Though one of the northernmost sections, its name derives from its position relative to Tianjin. The Wei River at this point is heavily polluted while drought and industrial water extraction have left it too low to be navigable. The canal, now in Hebei province, passes through the cities of Dezhou and Cangzhou. Although to spectators the canal appears to be a deep waterway in these city centres, its depth is maintained by weirs and the canal is all but dry where it passes through the surrounding countryside. At its end the canal joins the Hai River in the centre of Tianjin City before turning north - west.
In Tianjin the canal heads northwest, for a short time following the course of the Yongding, a tributary of the Hai River, before branching off toward Tongzhou on the edge of the municipality of Beijing. It is here that the modern canal stops and that a Grand Canal Cultural Park has been built. During the Yuan dynasty, a further canal on the Tonghui River connected Tongzhou with a wharf called the Houhai or "rear sea '' in central Beijing. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, however, the water level in the Tonghui River dropped and it was impossible for ships to travel from Tongzhou to Beijing. Tongzhou then became the northern shipping terminus of the canal. Cargo was unloaded at Tongzhou and transported to Beijing by land. The Tonghui river still exists as a wide, concrete lined storm - channel and drain for the suburbs of Beijing.
The Eastern Zhejiang Canal (simplified Chinese: 浙 东 运河;; traditional Chinese: 浙 東 運河;; pinyin: zhèdōng yùnhé), also known as the Hangzhou -- Ningbo Canal (杭 甬 运河) is located in Zhejiang. Its west end is in Xixing Street, Binjiang District, Hangzhou City, crossing Cao'e River and Shaoxing City to its east end, the Yong River estuary in Ningbo City. The canal is 239 kilometres (149 mi) long. Early canal construction took place in the Shanyin old canal in Shaoxing City, in the Spring and Autumn period (approximately 771 to 476 BC). (1) In the third century AD, an official named He Xun supervised the construction of Xixing Canal, establishing the complete Eastern Zhejiang Canal.
In the Southern Song dynasty (1127 - 1279), the capital was established at Linan, which meant that the Eastern Zhejiang Canal became an important shipping channel. From the Yuan Dynasty (1271 - 1368) to the Qing Dynasty (1644 -- 1912), the Eastern Zhejiang Canal lost its privilege but still remained navigable. In recent years, because of newer modes of transportation, the canal has been gradually replaced. The reconstruction of the canal began in 2002, by 2007 it was partially navigable, and the renovation project finished in 2009, though the Ningbo section was not navigable until the end of 2013.
In May 2013, the Eastern Zhejiang Canal was listed in the seventh group of Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level, and was included in the Grand Canal. In November 2008, as an extension of Beijing - Hangzhou Grand Canal and the passage between the Grand Canal and the Maritime Silk Road, the Eastern Zhejiang Canal was placed into the nomination file in the UNESCO World Heritage programme. In 2014, with Beijing - Hangzhou Grand Canal and Sui & Tang Grand Canal, the Eastern Zhejiang Canal became one World Heritage site.
Though the canal nominally crosses the watersheds of five river systems, in reality the variation between these is so low that it has only a single summit section. The elevation of the canal bed varies from 1 m below sea level at Hangzhou to 38.5 m above at its summit. At Beijing it reaches 27 m, fed by streams flowing downhill from the mountains to the west. The water flows from Beijing toward Tianjin, from Nanwang north toward Tianjin, and from Nanwang south toward Yangzhou. The water level in the Jiangnan Canal remains scarcely above sea level (the Zhenjiang ridge is 12 meters higher than the Yangzi River).
From the Tang to Qing dynasties, the Grand Canal served as the main artery between northern and southern China and was essential for the transport of grain to Beijing. Although it was mainly used for shipping grain, it also transported other commodities and the corridor along the canal developed into an important economic belt. Records show that, at its height, every year more than 8,000 boats transported four to six million dan (240,000 -- 360,000 metric tons) of grain. The convenience of transport also enabled rulers to lead inspection tours to southern China. In the Qing dynasty, the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors made twelve trips to the south, on all occasions but one reaching Hangzhou.
The Grand Canal also enabled cultural exchange and political integration to mature between the north and south of China. The canal even made a distinct impression on some of China 's early European visitors. Marco Polo recounted the Grand Canal 's arched bridges as well as the warehouses and prosperous trade of its cities in the 13th century. The famous Roman Catholic missionary Matteo Ricci travelled from Nanjing to Beijing on the canal at the end of the 16th century.
Since the founding of the People 's Republic of China in 1949, the canal has been used primarily to transport vast amounts of bulk goods such as bricks, gravel, sand, diesel and coal. The Jianbi shiplocks on the Yangtze are currently handling some 75,000,000 tons each year, and the Li Canal is forecast to reach 100,000,000 tons in the next few years.
The Grand Canal is currently being upgraded to serve as the Eastern Route of the South - North Water Transfer Project. Additional amounts of water from the Yangtze will be drawn into the canal in Jiangdu City, where a giant 400 m / s (14,000 cu ft / s) pumping station was already built in the 1980s, and is then fed uphill by pumping stations along the route and through a tunnel under the Yellow River, from where it can flow downhill to reservoirs near Tianjin. Construction on the Eastern Route officially began on December 27, 2002, and water was supposed to reach Tianjin by 2012. However, water pollution has affected the viability of this project.
In 1169, with China divided between the Jurchen - led Jin dynasty in the north and the Southern Song dynasty in the south, the Southern Song Emperor Xiaozong sent a delegation to the Jurchen to wish their ruler well for the New Year. A scholar - official named Lou Yue, secretary to the delegation, recorded the journey, much of which was made upon the Grand Canal, and submitted his Diary of a Journey to the North to the emperor on his return.
In 1170 the poet, politician and historian Lu You travelled upon the Grand Canal from Shaoxing to the river Yangtze, recording his progress in a diary.
In 1345 Arab traveler Ibn Battuta traveled China and journeyed through the Abe Hayat river (Grand Canal) up to the capital Khanbalik (Beijing).
In 1488, the shipwrecked Korean scholar Choe Bu travelled the length of the Grand Canal on his way from Zhejiang to Beijing (and on to Korea), and left a detailed account of his trip.
In 1600, Matteo Ricci traveled to Beijing from Nanjing via the Grand Canal waterway to gain the support of the Wanli Emperor of the Ming dynasty with the help of Wang Zhongde, the Director of the Board of Rites in the central government of China at the time.
In 1793, after a largely fruitless diplomatic mission to Jehol, a large part of Lord Macartney 's embassy returned south to the Yangtze delta on the Grand Canal.
Coordinates: 30 ° 15 ′ 41 '' N 120 ° 13 ′ 26 '' E / 30.26139 ° N 120.22389 ° E / 30.26139; 120.22389
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what do you mean by accounting what are its main objectives | Management accounting - wikipedia
In management accounting or managerial accounting, managers use the provisions of accounting information in order to better inform themselves before they decide matters within their organizations, which aids their management and performance of control functions.
One simple definition of management accounting is the provision of financial and non-financial decision - making information to managers.
According to the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA): "Management accounting is a profession that involves partnering in management decision making, devising planning and performance management systems, and providing expertise in financial reporting and control to assist management in the formulation and implementation of an organization 's strategy ''.
Management accountants (also called managerial accountants) look at the events that happen in and around a business while considering the needs of the business. From this, data and estimates emerge. Cost accounting is the process of translating these estimates and data into knowledge that will ultimately be used to guide decision - making.
The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) states that management accounting as practice extends to the following three areas:
The Institute of Certified Management Accountants (CMA) states, "A management accountant applies his or her professional knowledge and skill in the preparation and presentation of financial and other decision oriented information in such a way as to assist management in the formulation of policies and in the planning and control of the operation of the undertaking ''.
Management accountants are seen as the "value - creators '' amongst the accountants. They are more concerned with forward looking and taking decisions that will affect the future of the organization, than in the historical recording and compliance (score keeping) aspects of the profession. Management accounting knowledge and experience can be obtained from varied fields and functions within an organization, such as information management, treasury, efficiency auditing, marketing, valuation, pricing and logistics. In 2014 CIMA created the Global Management Accounting Principles (GMAPs). The result of research from across 20 countries in five continents, the principles aim to guide best practice in the discipline.
Management accounting information differs from financial accountancy information in several ways:
Focus:
The distinction between traditional and innovative accounting practices is perhaps best illustrated with the visual timeline (see sidebar) of managerial costing approaches presented at the Institute of Management Accountants 2011 Annual Conference.
Traditional standard costing (TSC), used in cost accounting, dates back to the 1920s and is a central method in management accounting practiced today because it is used for financial statement reporting for the valuation of income statement and balance sheet line items such as cost of goods sold (COGS) and inventory valuation. Traditional standard costing must comply with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP US) and actually aligns itself more with answering financial accounting requirements rather than providing solutions for management accountants. Traditional approaches limit themselves by defining cost behavior only in terms of production or sales volume.
In the late 1980s, accounting practitioners and educators were heavily criticized on the grounds that management accounting practices (and, even more so, the curriculum taught to accounting students) had changed little over the preceding 60 years, despite radical changes in the business environment. In 1993, the Accounting Education Change Commission Statement Number 4 calls for faculty members to expand their knowledge about the actual practice of accounting in the workplace. Professional accounting institutes, perhaps fearing that management accountants would increasingly be seen as superfluous in business organizations, subsequently devoted considerable resources to the development of a more innovative skills set for management accountants.
Variance analysis is a systematic approach to the comparison of the actual and budgeted costs of the raw materials and labour used during a production period. While some form of variance analysis is still used by most manufacturing firms, it nowadays tends to be used in conjunction with innovative techniques such as life cycle cost analysis and activity - based costing, which are designed with specific aspects of the modern business environment in mind. Life - cycle costing recognizes that managers ' ability to influence the cost of manufacturing a product is at its greatest when the product is still at the design stage of its product life - cycle (i.e., before the design has been finalized and production commenced), since small changes to the product design may lead to significant savings in the cost of manufacturing the products.
Activity - based costing (ABC) recognizes that, in modern factories, most manufacturing costs are determined by the amount of ' activities ' (e.g., the number of production runs per month, and the amount of production equipment idle time) and that the key to effective cost control is therefore optimizing the efficiency of these activities. Both lifecycle costing and activity - based costing recognize that, in the typical modern factory, the avoidance of disruptive events (such as machine breakdowns and quality control failures) is of far greater importance than (for example) reducing the costs of raw materials. Activity - based costing also de-emphasizes direct labor as a cost driver and concentrates instead on activities that drive costs, as the provision of a service or the production of a product component.
Other approach that can be viewed as innovative to the U.S. is the German approach, Grenzplankostenrechnung (GPK). Although it has been in practiced in Europe for more than 50 years, neither GPK nor the proper treatment of ' unused capacity ' is widely practiced in the U.S. GPK and the concept of unused capacity is slowly becoming more recognized in America, and "could easily be considered ' advanced ' by U.S. standards ''.
One of the more innovative accounting practices available today is resource consumption accounting (RCA). RCA has been recognized by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) as a "sophisticated approach at the upper levels of the continuum of costing techniques '' because it provides the ability to derive costs directly from operational resource data or to isolate and measure unused capacity costs. RCA was derived by taking the best costing characteristics of the German management accounting approach Grenzplankostenrechnung (GPK), and combining the use of activity - based drivers when needed, such as those used in activity - based costing. With the RCA approach, resources and their costs are considered as "foundational to robust cost modeling and managerial decision support, because an organization 's costs and revenues are all a function of the resources and the individual capacities that produce them ''.
A modern approach to close accounting is continuous accounting, which focuses on achieving a point - in - time close, where accounting processes typically performed at period - end are distributed evenly throughout the period.
Consistent with other roles in modern corporations, management accountants have a dual reporting relationship. As a strategic partner and provider of decision based financial and operational information, management accountants are responsible for managing the business team and at the same time having to report relationships and responsibilities to the corporation 's finance organization and finance of an organization.
The activities management accountants provide inclusive of forecasting and planning, performing variance analysis, reviewing and monitoring costs inherent in the business are ones that have dual accountability to both finance and the business team. Examples of tasks where accountability may be more meaningful to the business management team vs. the corporate finance department are the development of new product costing, operations research, business driver metrics, sales management scorecarding, and client profitability analysis. (See financial modeling.) Conversely, the preparation of certain financial reports, reconciliations of the financial data to source systems, risk and regulatory reporting will be more useful to the corporate finance team as they are charged with aggregating certain financial information from all segments of the corporation.
In corporations that derive much of their profits from the information economy, such as banks, publishing houses, telecommunications companies and defence contractors, IT costs are a significant source of uncontrollable spending, which in size is often the greatest corporate cost after total compensation costs and property related costs. A function of management accounting in such organizations is to work closely with the IT department to provide IT cost transparency.
Given the above, one view of the progression of the accounting and finance career path is that financial accounting is a stepping stone to management accounting. Consistent with the notion of value creation, management accountants help drive the success of the business while strict financial accounting is more of a compliance and historical endeavor.
Activity - based costing was first clearly defined in 1987 by Robert S. Kaplan and W. Bruns as a chapter in their book Accounting and Management: A Field Study Perspective. They initially focused on the manufacturing industry, where increasing technology and productivity improvements have reduced the relative proportion of the direct costs of labor and materials, but have increased relative proportion of indirect costs. For example, increased automation has reduced labor, which is a direct cost, but has increased depreciation, which is an indirect cost.
Grenzplankostenrechnung is a German costing methodology, developed in the late 1940s and 1960s, designed to provide a consistent and accurate application of how managerial costs are calculated and assigned to a product or service. The term Grenzplankostenrechnung, often referred to as GPK, has best been translated as either marginal planned cost accounting or flexible analytic cost planning and accounting.
The origins of GPK are credited to Hans Georg Plaut, an automotive engineer, and Wolfgang Kilger, an academic, working towards the mutual goal of identifying and delivering a sustained methodology designed to correct and enhance cost accounting information. GPK is published in cost accounting textbooks, notably Flexible Plankostenrechnung und Deckungsbeitragsrechnung and taught at German - speaking universities.
In the mid - to late - 1990s several books were written about accounting in the lean enterprise (companies implementing elements of the Toyota Production System). The term lean accounting was coined during that period. These books contest that traditional accounting methods are better suited for mass production and do not support or measure good business practices in just - in - time manufacturing and services. The movement reached a tipping point during the 2005 Lean Accounting Summit in Dearborn, Michigan, United States. 320 individuals attended and discussed the advantages of a new approach to accounting in the lean enterprise. 520 individuals attended the 2nd annual conference in 2006 and it has varied between 250 and 600 attendees since that time.
Resource consumption accounting (RCA) is formally defined as a dynamic, fully integrated, principle - based, and comprehensive management accounting approach that provides managers with decision support information for enterprise optimization. RCA emerged as a management accounting approach around 2000 and was subsequently developed at CAM - I, the Consortium for Advanced Manufacturing -- International, in a Cost Management Section RCA interest group in December 2001.
The most significant recent direction in managerial accounting is throughput accounting; which recognizes the interdependencies of modern production processes. For any given product, customer or supplier, it is a tool to measure the contribution per unit of constrained resource.
Management accounting is an applied discipline used in various industries. The specific functions and principles followed can vary based on the industry. Management accounting principles in banking are specialized but do have some common fundamental concepts used whether the industry is manufacturing - based or service - oriented. For example, transfer pricing is a concept used in manufacturing but is also applied in banking. It is a fundamental principle used in assigning value and revenue attribution to the various business units. Essentially, transfer pricing in banking is the method of assigning the interest rate risk of the bank to the various funding sources and uses of the enterprise. Thus, the bank 's corporate treasury department will assign funding charges to the business units for their use of the bank 's resources when they make loans to clients. The treasury department will also assign funding credit to business units who bring in deposits (resources) to the bank. Although the funds transfer pricing process is primarily applicable to the loans and deposits of the various banking units, this proactive is applied to all assets and liabilities of the business segment. Once transfer pricing is applied and any other management accounting entries or adjustments are posted to the ledger (which are usually memo accounts and are not included in the legal entity results), the business units are able to produce segment financial results which are used by both internal and external users to evaluate performance.
There are a variety of ways to keep current and continue to build one 's knowledge base in the field of management accounting. Certified Management Accountants (CMAs) are required to achieve continuing education hours every year, similar to a Certified Public Accountant. A company may also have research and training materials available for use in a corporate owned library. This is more common in Fortune 500 companies who have the resources to fund this type of training medium.
There are also journals, online articles and blogs available. The journal Cost Management (ISSN 1092 - 8057) and the Institute of Management Accounting (IMA) site are sources which include Management Accounting Quarterly and Strategic Finance publications.
Listed below are the primary tasks / services performed by management accountants. The degree of complexity relative to these activities are dependent on the experience level and abilities of any one individual.
There are several related professional qualifications and certifications in the field of accountancy including:
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what is the modern day name for the city of constantinople | Constantinople - wikipedia
Κωνσταντινούπολις (in Greek)
6 km (2.3 sq mi) enclosed within Constantinian Walls
Capital of the Byzantine Empire 330 - 1204 AD; 1261 - 1453 AD
Constantinople (Greek: Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis; Latin: Constantinopolis) was the capital city of the Roman / Byzantine (330 -- 1204 and 1261 -- 1453), and also of the brief Latin (1204 -- 1261), and the later Ottoman (1453 -- 1923) empires. It was reinaugurated in 324 AD from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, and dedicated on 11 May 330 AD.
From the mid-5th century to the early 13th century, Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe and it was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times as the home of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and as the guardian of Christendom 's holiest relics such as the Crown of Thorns and the True Cross. After the final loss of its provinces in the early 15th century, the Byzantine Empire was reduced to just Constantinople and its environs, along with Morea in Greece, and the city eventually fell to the Ottomans after a 53 - day siege on 29 May 1453.
Constantinople was famed for its massive and complex defences. Although besieged on numerous occasions by various peoples, the defences of Constantinople proved invulnerable for nearly nine hundred years before the city was taken in 1204 by the Crusader armies of the Fourth Crusade, and after it was liberated in 1261 by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, a second and final time in 1453 when it was conquered by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II. The first wall of the city was erected by Constantine I, and surrounded the city on both land and sea fronts. Later, in the 5th century, the Praetorian Prefect Anthemius under the child emperor Theodosius II undertook the construction of the Theodosian Walls, which consisted of a double wall lying about 2 km (1.2 miles) to the west of the first wall and a moat with palisades in front. This formidable complex of defences was one of the most sophisticated of Antiquity. The city was built intentionally to rival Rome, and it was claimed that several elevations within its walls matched the ' seven hills ' of Rome. Because it was located between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara the land area that needed defensive walls was reduced, and this helped it to present an impregnable fortress enclosing magnificent palaces, domes, and towers, the result of the prosperity it was engendered from being the gateway between two continents (Europe and Asia) and two seas (the Mediterranean and the Black Sea).
The city was also famed for its architectural masterpieces, such as the Greek Orthodox cathedral of Hagia Sophia, which served as the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the sacred Imperial Palace where the Emperors lived, the Galata Tower, the Hippodrome, the Golden Gate of the Land Walls, and the opulent aristocratic palaces lining the arcaded avenues and squares. The University of Constantinople was founded in the fifth century and contained numerous artistic and literary treasures before it was sacked in 1204 and 1453, including its vast Imperial Library which contained the remnants of the Library of Alexandria and had over 100,000 volumes of ancient texts.
Constantinople never truly recovered from the devastation of the Fourth Crusade and the decades of misrule by the Latins. Although the city partially recovered in the early years after the restoration under the Palaiologos dynasty, the advent of the Ottomans and the subsequent loss of the Imperial territories until it became an enclave inside the fledgling Ottoman Empire rendered the city severely depopulated when it fell to the Ottoman Turks, whereafter it replaced Edirne (Adrianople) as the new capital of the Ottoman Empire.
According to Pliny the Elder in his Natural History, the first known name of a settlement on the site of Constantinople was Lygos, a settlement of likely Thracian origin founded between the 13th and 11th century BC. The site, according to the founding myth of the city, was abandoned by the time Greek settlers from the city - state of Megara founded Byzantium (Greek: Βυζάντιον, Byzántion) in around 657 BC, across from the town of Chalcedon on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus.
The origins of the name of Byzantion, more commonly known by the later Latin Byzantium, are not entirely clear, though some suggest it is of Thraco - Illyrian origin. The founding myth of the city has it told that the settlement was named after the leader of the Megarian colonists, Byzas. The later Byzantines of Constantinople themselves would maintain that the city was named in honour of two men, Byzas and Antes, though this was more likely just a play on the word Byzantion.
The city was briefly renamed Augusta Antonina in the early 3rd century by the Emperor Septimius Severus (193 -- 211), having razed the city to the ground in 196 AD for supporting a rival contender in the civil war and rebuilt, in honour of his son Antoninus, the later Emperor Caracalla. The name appears to have been quickly forgotten and abandoned, and the city reverted to Byzantium / Byzantion after either the assassination of Caracalla in 217 or, at the latest, the fall of the Severan dynasty in 235.
Byzantium took on the name of Konstantinoupolis ("city of Constantine '', Constantinople) after its re-foundation under Roman emperor Constantine I, who transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Byzantium in 330 AD and designated his new capital officially as Nova Roma (Νέα Ῥώμη) ' New Rome '. During this time, the city was also called ' Second Rome ', ' Eastern Rome ', and Roma Constantinopolitana. As the city became the sole remaining capital of the Roman Empire after the fall of the West, and its wealth, population, and influence grew, the city also came to have a multitude of nicknames.
As the largest and wealthiest city in Europe during the 4th -- 13th centuries and a centre of culture and education of the Mediterranean basin, Constantinople came to be known by prestigious titles such as Basileuousa (Queen of Cities) and Megalopolis (the Great City) and was, in colloquial speech, commonly referred to as just Polis (η πόλη) ' the City ' by Constantinopolitans and provincial Byzantines alike.
In the language of other peoples, Constantinople was referred to just as reverently. The medieval Vikings, who had contacts with the empire through their expansion in eastern Europe (Varangians) used the Old Norse name Miklagarðr (from mikill ' big ' and garðr ' city '), and later Miklagard and Miklagarth. In Arabic, the city was sometimes called Rūmiyyat al - kubra (Great City of the Romans) and in Persian as Takht - e Rum (Throne of the Romans).
In East and South Slavic languages, including in medieval Russia, Constantinople was referred to as Tsargrad (Царьград) or Carigrad, ' City of the Caesar (Emperor) ', from the Slavonic words tsar (' Caesar ' or ' King ') and grad (' city '). This was presumably a calque on a Greek phrase such as Βασιλέως Πόλις (Vasileos Polis), ' the city of the emperor (king) '.
The modern Turkish name for the city, İstanbul, derives from the Greek phrase eis tin polin (εἰς τὴν πόλιν), meaning "into the city '' or "to the city ''. This name was used in Turkish alongside Kostantiniyye, the more formal adaptation of the original Constantinople, during the period of Ottoman rule, while western languages mostly continued to refer to the city as Constantinople until the early 20th century. In 1928, the Turkish alphabet was changed from Arabic script to Latin script. After that, as part of the 1920s Turkification movement, Turkey started to urge other countries to use Turkish names for Turkish cities, instead of other transliterations to Latin script that had been used in the Ottoman times. In time the city came to be known as Istanbul and its variations in most world languages.
The name "Constantinople '' is still used by members of the Eastern Orthodox Church in the title of one of their most important leaders, the Orthodox patriarch based in the city, referred to as "His Most Divine All - Holiness the Archbishop of Constantinople New Rome and Ecumenical Patriarch. '' In Greece today, the city is still called Konstantinoúpolis / Konstantinoúpoli (Κωνσταντινούπολις / Κωνσταντινούπολη) or simply just "the City '' (Η Πόλη / Η Πόλις).
Constantinople was founded by the Roman Emperor Constantine I (272 -- 337 AD) in 324 on the site of an already - existing city, Byzantium, which was settled in the early days of Greek colonial expansion, in around 657 BC, by colonists of the city - state of Megara. This is the first major settlement that would develop on the site of later Constantinople, but the first known settlements was that of Lygos, referred to in Pliny 's Natural Histories, Apart from this, little is known about this initial settlement. The site, according to the founding myth of the city, was abandoned by the time Greek settlers from the city - state of Megara founded Byzantium (Greek: Βυζάντιον, Byzántion) in around 657 BC, (14) across from the town of Chalcedon on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus.
The city maintained independence as a city - state until it was annexed by Darius I in 512 BC into the Persian Empire, who saw the site as the optimal location to construct a pontoon bridge crossing into Europe as Byzantium was situated at the narrowest point in the Bosphorus strait. Persian rule lasted until 478 BC when as part of the Greek counterattack to the Second Persian Invasion of Greece, a Greek army led by the Spartan general Pausanias captured the city which remained an independent, yet subordinate, city under the Athenians, and later to the Spartans after 411 BC. A farsighted treaty with the emergent power of Rome in c. 150 BC which stipulated tribute in exchange for independent status allowed it to enter Roman rule unscathed. This treaty would pay dividends retrospectively as Byzantium would maintain this independent status, and prosper under peace and stability in the Pax Romana, for nearly three centuries until the late 2nd century AD.
Byzantium was never a major influential city - state like that of Athens, Corinth, and Sparta, but the city enjoyed relative peace and steady growth as a prosperous trading city lent by its remarkable position. The site lay astride the land route from Europe to Asia and the seaway from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, and had in the Golden Horn an excellent and spacious harbour. Already then, in Greek and early Roman times, Byzantium was famous for its strategic geographic position that made it difficult to besiege and capture, and its position at the crossroads of the Asiatic - European trade route over land and as the gateway between the Mediterranean and Black Seas made it too valuable a settlement to abandon, as Emperor Septimius Severus later realized when he razed the city to the ground for supporting Pescennius Niger 's claimancy. It was a move greatly criticized by the contemporary consul and historian Cassius Dio who said that Severus had destroyed "a strong Roman outpost and a base of operations against the barbarians from Pontus and Asia ''. He would later rebuild Byzantium towards the end of his reign, in which it would be briefly renamed Augusta Antonina, fortifying it with a new city wall in his name, the Severan Wall.
Constantine had altogether more colourful plans. Having restored the unity of the Empire, and, being in the course of major governmental reforms as well as of sponsoring the consolidation of the Christian church, he was well aware that Rome was an unsatisfactory capital. Rome was too far from the frontiers, and hence from the armies and the imperial courts, and it offered an undesirable playground for disaffected politicians. Yet it had been the capital of the state for over a thousand years, and it might have seemed unthinkable to suggest that the capital be moved to a different location. Nevertheless, Constantine identified the site of Byzantium as the right place: a place where an emperor could sit, readily defended, with easy access to the Danube or the Euphrates frontiers, his court supplied from the rich gardens and sophisticated workshops of Roman Asia, his treasuries filled by the wealthiest provinces of the Empire.
Constantinople was built over 6 years, and consecrated on 11 May 330. Constantine divided the expanded city, like Rome, into 14 regions, and ornamented it with public works worthy of an imperial metropolis. Yet, at first, Constantine 's new Rome did not have all the dignities of old Rome. It possessed a proconsul, rather than an urban prefect. It had no praetors, tribunes, or quaestors. Although it did have senators, they held the title clarus, not clarissimus, like those of Rome. It also lacked the panoply of other administrative offices regulating the food supply, police, statues, temples, sewers, aqueducts, or other public works. The new programme of building was carried out in great haste: columns, marbles, doors, and tiles were taken wholesale from the temples of the empire and moved to the new city. In similar fashion, many of the greatest works of Greek and Roman art were soon to be seen in its squares and streets. The emperor stimulated private building by promising householders gifts of land from the imperial estates in Asiana and Pontica and on 18 May 332 he announced that, as in Rome, free distributions of food would be made to the citizens. At the time, the amount is said to have been 80,000 rations a day, doled out from 117 distribution points around the city.
Constantine laid out a new square at the centre of old Byzantium, naming it the Augustaeum. The new senate - house (or Curia) was housed in a basilica on the east side. On the south side of the great square was erected the Great Palace of the Emperor with its imposing entrance, the Chalke, and its ceremonial suite known as the Palace of Daphne. Nearby was the vast Hippodrome for chariot - races, seating over 80,000 spectators, and the famed Baths of Zeuxippus. At the western entrance to the Augustaeum was the Milion, a vaulted monument from which distances were measured across the Eastern Roman Empire.
From the Augustaeum led a great street, the Mese (Greek: Μέση (Οδός) lit. "Middle (Street) ''), lined with colonnades. As it descended the First Hill of the city and climbed the Second Hill, it passed on the left the Praetorium or law - court. Then it passed through the oval Forum of Constantine where there was a second Senate - house and a high column with a statue of Constantine himself in the guise of Helios, crowned with a halo of seven rays and looking toward the rising sun. From there, the Mese passed on and through the Forum Tauri and then the Forum Bovis, and finally up the Seventh Hill (or Xerolophus) and through to the Golden Gate in the Constantinian Wall. After the construction of the Theodosian Walls in the early 5th century, it was extended to the new Golden Gate, reaching a total length of seven Roman miles.
The importance of Constantinople increased, but it was gradual. From the death of Constantine in 337 to the accession of Theodosius I, emperors had been resident only in the years 337 - 8, 347 -- 51, 358 -- 61, 368 -- 69. Its status as a capital was recognized by the appointment of the first known Urban Prefect of the City Honoratus, who held office from 11 December 359 until 361. The urban prefects had concurrent jurisdiction over three provinces each in the adjacent dioceses of Thrace (in which the city was located), Pontus and Asia comparable to the 100 - mile extraordinary jurisdiction of the prefect of Rome. The emperor Valens, who hated the city and spent only one year there, nevertheless built the Palace of Hebdomon on the shore of the Propontis near the Golden Gate, probably for use when reviewing troops. All the emperors up to Zeno and Basiliscus were crowned and acclaimed at the Hebdomon. Theodosius I founded the Church of John the Baptist to house the skull of the saint (today preserved at the Topkapı Palace), put up a memorial pillar to himself in the Forum of Taurus, and turned the ruined temple of Aphrodite into a coach house for the Praetorian Prefect; Arcadius built a new forum named after himself on the Mese, near the walls of Constantine.
After the shock of the Battle of Adrianople in 378, in which the emperor Valens with the flower of the Roman armies was destroyed by the Visigoths within a few days ' march, the city looked to its defences, and in 413 -- 414 Theodosius II built the 18 - metre (60 - foot) - tall triple - wall fortifications, which were not to be breached until the coming of gunpowder. Theodosius also founded a University near the Forum of Taurus, on 27 February 425.
Uldin, a prince of the Huns, appeared on the Danube about this time and advanced into Thrace, but he was deserted by many of his followers, who joined with the Romans in driving their king back north of the river. Subsequent to this, new walls were built to defend the city and the fleet on the Danube improved.
After the barbarians overran the Western Roman Empire, Constantinople became the indisputable capital city of the Roman Empire. Emperors were no longer peripatetic between various court capitals and palaces. They remained in their palace in the Great City and sent generals to command their armies. The wealth of the eastern Mediterranean and western Asia flowed into Constantinople.
The emperor Justinian I (527 -- 565) was known for his successes in war, for his legal reforms and for his public works. It was from Constantinople that his expedition for the reconquest of the former Diocese of Africa set sail on or about 21 June 533. Before their departure, the ship of the commander Belisarius was anchored in front of the Imperial palace, and the Patriarch offered prayers for the success of the enterprise. After the victory, in 534, the Temple treasure of Jerusalem, looted by the Romans in 70 AD and taken to Carthage by the Vandals after their sack of Rome in 455, was brought to Constantinople and deposited for a time, perhaps in the Church of St. Polyeuctus, before being returned to Jerusalem in either the Church of the Resurrection or the New Church.
Chariot - racing had been important in Rome for centuries. In Constantinople, the hippodrome became over time increasingly a place of political significance. It was where (as a shadow of the popular elections of old Rome) the people by acclamation showed their approval of a new emperor, and also where they openly criticized the government, or clamoured for the removal of unpopular ministers. In the time of Justinian, public order in Constantinople became a critical political issue.
Throughout the late Roman and early Byzantine periods, Christianity was resolving fundamental questions of identity, and the dispute between the orthodox and the monophysites became the cause of serious disorder, expressed through allegiance to the horse - racing parties of the Blues and the Greens. The partisans of the Blues and the Greens were said to affect untrimmed facial hair, head hair shaved at the front and grown long at the back, and wide - sleeved tunics tight at the wrist; and to form gangs to engage in night - time muggings and street violence. At last these disorders took the form of a major rebellion of 532, known as the "Nika '' riots (from the battle - cry of "Victory! '' of those involved).
Fires started by the Nika rioters consumed Constantine 's basilica of Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom), the city 's principal church, which lay to the north of the Augustaeum. Justinian commissioned Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus to replace it with a new and incomparable Hagia Sophia. This was the great cathedral of the Orthodox Church, whose dome was said to be held aloft by God alone, and which was directly connected to the palace so that the imperial family could attend services without passing through the streets. The dedication took place on 26 December 537 in the presence of the emperor, who exclaimed, "O Solomon, I have outdone thee! '' Hagia Sophia was served by 600 people including 80 priests, and cost 20,000 pounds of gold to build.
Justinian also had Anthemius and Isidore demolish and replace the original Church of the Holy Apostles built by Constantine with a new church under the same dedication. This was designed in the form of an equal - armed cross with five domes, and ornamented with beautiful mosaics. This church was to remain the burial place of the Emperors from Constantine himself until the 11th century. When the city fell to the Turks in 1453, the church was demolished to make room for the tomb of Mehmet II the Conqueror. Justinian was also concerned with other aspects of the city 's built environment, legislating against the abuse of laws prohibiting building within 100 feet (30 m) of the sea front, in order to protect the view.
During Justinian I 's reign, the city 's population reached about 500,000 people. However, the social fabric of Constantinople was also damaged by the onset of the Plague of Justinian between 541 -- 542 AD. It killed perhaps 40 % of the city 's inhabitants.
In the early 7th century, the Avars and later the Bulgars overwhelmed much of the Balkans, threatening Constantinople with attack from the west. Simultaneously, the Persian Sassanids overwhelmed the Prefecture of the East and penetrated deep into Anatolia. Heraclius, son of the exarch of Africa, set sail for the city and assumed the purple. He found the military situation so dire that he is said to have contemplated withdrawing the imperial capital to Carthage, but relented after the people of Constantinople begged him to stay. The citizens lost their right to free grain in 618 when Heraclius realised that the city could no longer be supplied from Egypt as a result of the Persian wars: the population fell substantially as a result.
While the city withstood a siege by the Sassanids and Avars in 626, Heraclius campaigned deep into Persian territory and briefly restored the status quo in 628, when the Persians surrendered all their conquests. However, further sieges followed the Arab conquests, first from 674 to 678 and then in 717 to 718. The Theodosian Walls kept the city impregnable from the land, while a newly discovered incendiary substance known as Greek Fire allowed the Byzantine navy to destroy the Arab fleets and keep the city supplied. In the second siege, the second ruler of Bulgaria, Khan Tervel, rendered decisive help. He was called Saviour of Europe.
In the 730s Leo III carried out extensive repairs of the Theodosian walls, which had been damaged by frequent and violent attacks; this work was financed by a special tax on all the subjects of the Empire.
Theodora, widow of the Emperor Theophilus (died 842), acted as regent during the minority of her son Michael III, who was said to have been introduced to dissolute habits by her brother Bardas. When Michael assumed power in 856, he became known for excessive drunkenness, appeared in the hippodrome as a charioteer and burlesqued the religious processions of the clergy. He removed Theodora from the Great Palace to the Carian Palace and later to the monastery of Gastria, but, after the death of Bardas, she was released to live in the palace of St Mamas; she also had a rural residence at the Anthemian Palace, where Michael was assassinated in 867.
In 860, an attack was made on the city by a new principality set up a few years earlier at Kiev by Askold and Dir, two Varangian chiefs: Two hundred small vessels passed through the Bosporus and plundered the monasteries and other properties on the suburban Prince 's Islands. Oryphas, the admiral of the Byzantine fleet, alerted the emperor Michael, who promptly put the invaders to flight; but the suddenness and savagery of the onslaught made a deep impression on the citizens.
In 980, the emperor Basil II received an unusual gift from Prince Vladimir of Kiev: 6,000 Varangian warriors, which Basil formed into a new bodyguard known as the Varangian Guard. They were known for their ferocity, honour, and loyalty. It is said that, in 1038, they were dispersed in winter quarters in the Thracesian theme when one of their number attempted to violate a countrywoman, but in the struggle she seized his sword and killed him; instead of taking revenge, however, his comrades applauded her conduct, compensated her with all his possessions, and exposed his body without burial as if he had committed suicide. However, following the death of an Emperor, they became known also for plunder in the Imperial palaces. Later in the 11th Century the Varangian Guard became dominated by Anglo - Saxons who preferred this way of life to subjugation by the new Norman kings of England.
The Book of the Eparch, which dates to the 10th century, gives a detailed picture of the city 's commercial life and its organization at that time. The corporations in which the tradesmen of Constantinople were organised were supervised by the Eparch, who regulated such matters as production, prices, import, and export. Each guild had its own monopoly, and tradesmen might not belong to more than one. It is an impressive testament to the strength of tradition how little these arrangements had changed since the office, then known by the Latin version of its title, had been set up in 330 to mirror the urban prefecture of Rome.
In the 9th and 10th centuries, Constantinople had a population of between 500,000 and 800,000.
In the 8th and 9th centuries, the iconoclast movement caused serious political unrest throughout the Empire. The emperor Leo III issued a decree in 726 against images, and ordered the destruction of a statue of Christ over one of the doors of the Chalke, an act that was fiercely resisted by the citizens. Constantine V convoked a church council in 754, which condemned the worship of images, after which many treasures were broken, burned, or painted over with depictions of trees, birds or animals: One source refers to the church of the Holy Virgin at Blachernae as having been transformed into a "fruit store and aviary ''. Following the death of her son Leo IV in 780, the empress Irene restored the veneration of images through the agency of the Second Council of Nicaea in 787.
The iconoclast controversy returned in the early 9th century, only to be resolved once more in 843 during the regency of Empress Theodora, who restored the icons. These controversies contributed to the deterioration of relations between the Western and the Eastern Churches.
In the late 11th century catastrophe struck with the unexpected and calamitous defeat of the imperial armies at the Battle of Manzikert in Armenia in 1071. The Emperor Romanus Diogenes was captured. The peace terms demanded by Alp Arslan, sultan of the Seljuk Turks, were not excessive, and Romanus accepted them. On his release, however, Romanus found that enemies had placed their own candidate on the throne in his absence; he surrendered to them and suffered death by torture, and the new ruler, Michael VII Ducas, refused to honour the treaty. In response, the Turks began to move into Anatolia in 1073. The collapse of the old defensive system meant that they met no opposition, and the empire 's resources were distracted and squandered in a series of civil wars. Thousands of Turkoman tribesmen crossed the unguarded frontier and moved into Anatolia. By 1080, a huge area had been lost to the Empire, and the Turks were within striking distance of Constantinople.
Under the Comnenian dynasty (1081 -- 1185), Byzantium staged a remarkable recovery. In 1090 -- 91, the nomadic Pechenegs reached the walls of Constantinople, where Emperor Alexius I with the aid of the Kipchaks annihilated their army. In response to a call for aid from Alexius, the First Crusade assembled at Constantinople in 1096, but declining to put itself under Byzantine command set out for Jerusalem on its own account. John II built the monastery of the Pantocrator (Almighty) with a hospital for the poor of 50 beds.
With the restoration of firm central government, the empire became fabulously wealthy. The population was rising (estimates for Constantinople in the 12th century vary from some 100,000 to 500,000), and towns and cities across the realm flourished. Meanwhile, the volume of money in circulation dramatically increased. This was reflected in Constantinople by the construction of the Blachernae palace, the creation of brilliant new works of art, and general prosperity at this time: an increase in trade, made possible by the growth of the Italian city - states, may have helped the growth of the economy. It is certain that the Venetians and others were active traders in Constantinople, making a living out of shipping goods between the Crusader Kingdoms of Outremer and the West, while also trading extensively with Byzantium and Egypt. The Venetians had factories on the north side of the Golden Horn, and large numbers of westerners were present in the city throughout the 12th century. Toward the end of Manuel I Komnenos 's reign, the number of foreigners in the city reached about 60,000 -- 80,000 people out of a total population of about 400,000 people. In 1171, Constantinople also contained a small community of 2,500 Jews. In 1182, all Latin (Western European) inhabitants of Constantinople were massacred.
In artistic terms, the 12th century was a very productive period. There was a revival in the mosaic art, for example: Mosaics became more realistic and vivid, with an increased emphasis on depicting three - dimensional forms. There was an increased demand for art, with more people having access to the necessary wealth to commission and pay for such work. According to N.H. Baynes (Byzantium, An Introduction to East Roman Civilization):
On 25 July 1197, Constantinople was struck by a severe fire which burned the Latin Quarter and the area around the Gate of the Droungarios (Turkish: Odun Kapısı) on the Golden Horn. Nevertheless, the destruction wrought by the 1197 fire paled in comparison with that brought by the Crusaders. In the course of a plot between Philip of Swabia, Boniface of Montferrat and the Doge of Venice, the Fourth Crusade was, despite papal excommunication, diverted in 1203 against Constantinople, ostensibly promoting the claims of Alexius, son of the deposed emperor Isaac. The reigning emperor Alexius III had made no preparation. The Crusaders occupied Galata, broke the defensive chain protecting the Golden Horn, and entered the harbour, where on 27 July they breached the sea walls: Alexius III fled. But the new Alexius IV found the Treasury inadequate, and was unable to make good the rewards he had promised to his western allies. Tension between the citizens and the Latin soldiers increased. In January 1204, the protovestiarius Alexius Murzuphlus provoked a riot, it is presumed, to intimidate Alexius IV, but whose only result was the destruction of the great statue of Athena, the work of Phidias, which stood in the principal forum facing west.
In February 1198, the people rose again: Alexius IV was imprisoned and executed, and Murzuphlus took the purple as Alexius V. He made some attempt to repair the walls and organise the citizenry, but there had been no opportunity to bring in troops from the provinces and the guards were demoralised by the revolution. An attack by the Crusaders on 6 April failed, but a second from the Golden Horn on 12 April succeeded, and the invaders poured in. Alexius V fled. The Senate met in Hagia Sophia and offered the crown to Theodore Lascaris, who had married into the Angelid family, but it was too late. He came out with the Patriarch to the Golden Milestone before the Great Palace and addressed the Varangian Guard. Then the two of them slipped away with many of the nobility and embarked for Asia. By the next day the Doge and the leading Franks were installed in the Great Palace, and the city was given over to pillage for three days.
Sir Steven Runciman, historian of the Crusades, wrote that the sack of Constantinople is "unparalleled in history ''.
"For nine centuries, '' he goes on, "the great city had been the capital of Christian civilisation. It was filled with works of art that had survived from ancient Greece and with the masterpieces of its own exquisite craftsmen. The Venetians... seized treasures and carried them off to adorn... their town. But the Frenchmen and Flemings were filled with a lust for destruction. They rushed in a howling mob down the streets and through the houses, snatching up everything that glittered and destroying whatever they could not carry, pausing only to murder or to rape, or to break open the wine - cellars... Neither monasteries nor churches nor libraries were spared. In Hagia Sophia itself, drunken soldiers could be seen tearing down the silken hangings and pulling the great silver iconostasis to pieces, while sacred books and icons were trampled under foot. While they drank merrily from the altar - vessels a prostitute set herself on the Patriarch 's throne and began to sing a ribald French song. Nuns were ravished in their convents. Palaces and hovels alike were entered and wrecked. Wounded women and children lay dying in the streets. For three days the ghastly scenes... continued, till the huge and beautiful city was a shambles... When... order was restored,... citizens were tortured to make them reveal the goods that they had contrived to hide.
For the next half - century, Constantinople was the seat of the Latin Empire. Under the rulers of the Latin Empire, the city declined, both in population and the condition of its buildings. Alice - Mary Talbot cites an estimated population for Constantinople of 400,000 inhabitants; after the destruction wrought by the Crusaders on the city, about one third were homeless, and numerous courtiers, nobility, and higher clergy, followed various leading personages into exile. "As a result Constantinople became seriously depopulated, '' Talbot concludes.
The Latins took over at least 20 churches and 13 monasteries, most prominently the Hagia Sophia, which became the cathedral of the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople. It is to these that E.H. Swift attributed the construction of a series of flying buttresses to shore up the walls of the church, which had been weakened over the centuries by earthquake tremors. However, this act of maintenance is an exception: for the most part, the Latin occupiers were too few to maintain all of the buildings, either secular and sacred, and many became targets for vandalism or dismantling. Bronze and lead were removed from the roofs of abandoned buildings and melted down and sold to provide money to the chronically under - funded Empire for defense and to support the court; Deno John Geanokoplos writes that "it may well be that a division is suggested here: Latin laymen stripped secular buildings, ecclesiastics, the churches. '' Buildings were not the only targets of officials looking to raise funds for the impoverished Latin Empire: the monumental sculptures which adorned the Hippodrome and fora of the city were pulled down and melted for coinage. "Among the masterpieces destroyed, writes Talbot, "were a Herakles attributed to the fourth - century B.C. sculptor Lysippos, and monumental figures of Hera, Paris, and Helen. ''
The Nicaean emperor John III Vatatzes reportedly saved several churches from being dismantled for their valuable building materials; by sending money to the Latins "to buy them off '' (exonesamenos), he prevented the destruction of several churches. According to Talbot, these included the churches of Blachernae, Rouphinianai, and St. Michael at Anaplous. He also granted funds for the restoration of the Church of the Holy Apostles, which had been seriously damaged in an earthquake.
The Byzantine nobility scattered, many going to Nicaea, where Theodore Lascaris set up an imperial court, or to Epirus, where Theodore Angelus did the same; others fled to Trebizond, where one of the Comneni had already with Georgian support established an independent seat of empire. Nicaea and Epirus both vied for the imperial title, and tried to recover Constantinople. In 1261, Constantinople was captured from its last Latin ruler, Baldwin II, by the forces of the Nicaean emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos.
Although Constantinople was retaken by Michael VIII Palaiologos, the Empire had lost many of its key economic resources, and struggled to survive. The palace of Blachernae in the north - west of the city became the main Imperial residence, with the old Great Palace on the shores of the Bosporus going into decline. When Michael VIII captured the city, its population was 35,000 people, but, by the end of his reign, he had succeeded in increasing the population to about 70,000 people. The Emperor achieved this by summoning former residents who had fled the city when the crusaders captured it, and by relocating Greeks from the recently reconquered Peloponnese to the capital. In 1347, the Black Death spread to Constantinople. In 1453, when the Ottoman Turks captured the city, it contained approximately 50,000 people.
Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453, due to the use of cannon. The Ottomans were commanded by 22 - year - old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II. The conquest of Constantinople followed a seven - week siege which had begun on 6 April 1453.
The Christian Orthodox city of Constantinople was now under Ottoman control. When Mehmed II finally entered Constantinople through what is now known as the Topkapi Gate, he immediately rode his horse to the Hagia Sophia, where he ordered his soldiers to stop hacking at the marbles and ' be satisfied with the booty and captives; as for all the buildings, they belonged to him '. He ordered that an imam meet him there in order to chant the adhan thus transforming the Orthodox cathedral into a Muslim mosque, solidifying Islamic rule in Constantinople.
Mehmed 's main concern with Constantinople had to do with rebuilding the city 's defenses and population. Building projects were commenced immediately after the conquest, which included the repair of the walls, construction of the citadel, and building a new palace. Mehmed issued orders across his empire that Muslims, Christians, and Jews should resettle the city; he demanded that five thousand households needed to be transferred to Constantinople by September. From all over the Islamic empire, prisoners of war and deported people were sent to the city: these people were called "Sürgün '' in Turkish (Greek: σουργούνιδες). Two centuries later, Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi gave a list of groups introduced into the city with their respective origins. Even today, many quarters of Istanbul, such as Aksaray, Çarşamba, bear the names of the places of origin of their inhabitants. However, many people escaped again from the city, and there were several outbreaks of plague, so that in 1459 Mehmet allowed the deported Greeks to come back to the city.
Constantinople was the largest and richest urban center in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea during the late Eastern Roman Empire, mostly as a result of its strategic position commanding the trade routes between the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea. It would remain the capital of the eastern, Greek - speaking empire for over a thousand years. At its peak, roughly corresponding to the Middle Ages, it was the richest and largest European city, exerting a powerful cultural pull and dominating economic life in the Mediterranean. Visitors and merchants were especially struck by the beautiful monasteries and churches of the city, in particular, Hagia Sophia, or the Church of Holy Wisdom. According to Russian 14th - century traveler Stephen of Novgorod: "As for Hagia Sophia, the human mind can neither tell it nor make description of it. ''
It was especially important for preserving in its libraries manuscripts of Greek and Latin authors throughout a period when instability and disorder caused their mass - destruction in western Europe and north Africa: On the city 's fall, thousands of these were brought by refugees to Italy, and played a key part in stimulating the Renaissance, and the transition to the modern world. The cumulative influence of the city on the west, over the many centuries of its existence, is incalculable. In terms of technology, art and culture, as well as sheer size, Constantinople was without parallel anywhere in Europe for a thousand years.
Armenians, Syrians, Slavs, and Georgians were part of the Byzantine social hierarchy.
The city provided a defence for the eastern provinces of the old Roman Empire against the barbarian invasions of the 5th century. The 18 - meter - tall walls built by Theodosius II were, in essence, impregnable to the barbarians coming from south of the Danube river, who found easier targets to the west rather than the richer provinces to the east in Asia. From the 5th century, the city was also protected by the Anastasian Wall, a 60 - kilometer chain of walls across the Thracian peninsula. Many scholars argue that these sophisticated fortifications allowed the east to develop relatively unmolested while Ancient Rome and the west collapsed.
Constantinople 's fame was such that it was described even in contemporary Chinese histories, the Old and New Book of Tang, which mentioned its massive walls and gates as well as a purported clepsydra mounted with a golden statue of a man. The Chinese histories even related how the city had been besieged in the 7th century by Muawiyah I and how he exacted tribute in a peace settlement.
The Byzantine Empire used Roman and Greek architectural models and styles to create its own unique type of architecture. The influence of Byzantine architecture and art can be seen in the copies taken from it throughout Europe. Particular examples include St Mark 's Basilica in Venice, the basilicas of Ravenna, and many churches throughout the Slavic East. Also, alone in Europe until the 13th - century Italian florin, the Empire continued to produce sound gold coinage, the solidus of Diocletian becoming the bezant prized throughout the Middle Ages. Its city walls were much imitated (for example, see Caernarfon Castle) and its urban infrastructure was moreover a marvel throughout the Middle Ages, keeping alive the art, skill and technical expertise of the Roman Empire. In the Ottoman period Islamic architecture and symbolism were used.
Constantine 's foundation gave prestige to the Bishop of Constantinople, who eventually came to be known as the Ecumenical Patriarch, and made it a prime center of Christianity alongside Rome. This contributed to cultural and theological differences between Eastern and Western Christianity eventually leading to the Great Schism that divided Western Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy from 1054 onwards. Constantinople is also of great religious importance to Islam, as the conquest of Constantinople is one of the signs of the End time in Islam.
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who sang the theme songs for the james bond movies | James Bond music - wikipedia
The James Bond film series from Eon Productions has had numerous signature tracks over the years, many of which are now considered classic pieces of film music. The best known of these pieces of music is the ubiquitous "James Bond Theme. '' Other instrumental pieces, such as the "007 Theme '' or "On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '', and various songs, such as Shirley Bassey 's "Goldfinger '', Paul McCartney 's "Live and Let Die '' or Carly Simon 's "Nobody Does It Better '', Sheena Easton 's "For Your Eyes Only '' and Duran Duran 's "A View to a Kill '' have also become identified with the series. "Skyfall '' from Skyfall and "Writing 's on the Wall '' from Spectre each won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, the only two Bond songs to do so.
The briefest of "James Bond themes '', this composition started off the "Opening Titles '' music of From Russia with Love. It was heard in the On Her Majesty 's Secret Service film trailer. WLS (AM) used the theme in the mid-1960s for their secret agent radio serial "The Wild Adventures of Peter Fugitive '' that appeared on "The Art Roberts Show ''.
"007 Theme '', not to be confused with the "James Bond Theme '', is an adventure theme composed by John Barry in 1963 for the Bond film, From Russia with Love. "The John Barry Seven '' had pop chart hit with a cover version of Elmer Bernstein 's theme to The Magnificent Seven that featured seven beats repeated throughout the theme. Barry used seven beats throughout the "007 Theme ''.
It became a secondary theme for the Bond films, being used throughout the series, primarily during action scenes. Here are its most notable appearances:
The theme has not been featured in its entirety in a Bond film since its use in Moonraker.
This piece of music was also used by Al Primo, the news director at KYW - TV in Philadelphia for its long - time theme to Eyewitness News, and was adopted by other Group W stations in Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Boston and San Francisco as well as other non-Group W stations, including WLS - TV in Chicago. The theme was also sampled by Big Audio Dynamite for the 1986 song "Sightsee M.C! ''
Like John Barry, David Arnold has left his own mark in the music of James Bond. In this case, he has established what can be called the "suspense motif '', which is a descending, repetitive four - note motif that can be heard in most of the Bond films he has scored, starting with Tomorrow Never Dies. It is usually an underlying motif playing under the main melody, and is usually orchestrated with piano trills, high strings, horns, blaring trumpets, and an underlying snare drum. This motif can be heard in:
The largest contributions to the Bond films, save for the "James Bond Theme '', are works from John Barry. In addition to his uncredited contribution to Dr. No, Barry composed eleven Bond soundtracks and is credited with the creation of "007 '' (dominated by brass and percussion) and the popular orchestral theme from On Her Majesty 's Secret Service.
Next to Barry, David Arnold is the series ' most regular composer. He composed the scores for five Bond films: Tomorrow Never Dies through Quantum of Solace. His Barry-esque orchestrations combined with electronic rhythm elements gave the Pierce Brosnan era its musical identity. Arnold was essentially Barry 's anointed successor, Barry having recommended Arnold to Barbara Broccoli when she took over the Bond films from her father Albert R. Broccoli.
Other major composers and record - producers include George Martin, Bill Conti, Michael Kamen, Marvin Hamlisch, Éric Serra and Thomas Newman. Each of these composed for only one Bond film, with the exception of Newman. The departures from John Barry had various causes. Sometimes Barry declined in order to avoid paying double income tax -- US and UK. Sometimes the director had worked with the composer of his choice on other films -- the latter happened to David Arnold with Skyfall and Spectre.
The "James Bond Theme '' is the main theme for Dr. No, and has featured in all the Eon Productions Bond films in different versions. The theme has also featured on the gun barrel sequences at the beginning of the films. The original theme was written by Monty Norman, and was performed by John Barry and his orchestra in 1962. In the opening credits of Dr. No, two other pieces were played: an untitled bongo interlude and a Calypso - flavored rendition of "Three Blind Mice '', titled "Kingston Calypso ''. Due to this, Dr. No is the only film to have more than one opening theme. The "James Bond Theme '' reached No. 13 in the UK Singles Chart, and remained in the charts for 13 weeks.
The opening credits of From Russia with Love were accompanied by an instrumental version of the main theme, arranged by John Barry and written by Lionel Bart. A single by The John Barry Orchestra reached No. 39 in the U.K. At the film 's end, a vocal version by English singer Matt Monro is heard. This song spent 13 weeks in the U.K. charts, peaking at No. 20.
Goldfinger was the third soundtrack composed by John Barry, and this time the theme song had lyrics written by Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse. The soundtrack reached No. 1 on the Billboard 200 and spent 70 weeks on the charts. It also peaked at No. 14 on the UK Albums Chart, and received the Bond series first Grammy Award nomination, Best Original Score from a Motion Picture or Television Show.
Welsh singer Shirley Bassey has performed the most Bond themes -- she recorded the themes to Goldfinger, Diamonds Are Forever, and Moonraker. Bassey also recorded her own versions of "Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang '' for Thunderball and it was rumoured that "No Good About Goodbye '' was intened for Quantum of Solace, however according to MI6-hq.com, David Arnold said ' No Good About Goodbye ' was never intended as a Bond song. link to MI6 article The song appeares on Dame Bassey 's album ' The Performance ' from 2009.
Paul McCartney 's performance of "Live and Let Die '' was the first Bond theme song to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song; it reached No. 2 as a U.S. single, and No. 9 on the U.K. charts. George Martin 's work in the song won the Grammy for Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalists. Marvin Hamlisch 's (music) and Carole Bayer Sager 's (lyrics) "Nobody Does It Better '' (performed by Carly Simon) received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Song, as did Bill Conti 's "For Your Eyes Only '', which was performed by Sheena Easton. It was not until the 2013 Oscars that a Bond theme song finally won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, the theme song from Skyfall by Adele. Thomas Newman 's score also got the first nomination for Academy Award for Best Original Score in the series since Hamlisch 's own for The Spy Who Loved Me, while winning the Grammy for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media. Adele 's song also won the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media. Sam Smith 's "Writing 's on the Wall '' from Spectre would also win the Oscar for Best Original Song.
Duran Duran and John Barry 's "A View To A Kill '' topped the singles charts in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, the only Bond theme to hit No. 1 in the United States. No James Bond theme had topped the charts in the UK until Sam Smith 's "Writing 's on the Wall '' entered the charts at number one on 2 October 2015.
Several of the later films have alternative theme songs, often during the closing credits. The Living Daylights featured The Pretenders performing "If There Was a Man, '' composed by John Barry with Chrissie Hynde. Licence to Kill has "If You Asked Me To '' sung by Patti Labelle. GoldenEye featured Éric Serra 's "The Experience of Love ''. Tomorrow Never Dies included k.d. lang 's "Surrender '' during the closing credits, a song which was originally proposed by composer David Arnold to be the title sequence theme instead of the Sheryl Crow title song. The "Surrender '' theme is heard throughout the score while the melody of Sheryl Crow 's song is not used again during the film. This hearkens back to the Thunderball soundtrack, where Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang was originally proposed as the opening credits music, only to be replaced by the eponymous title track as sung by Tom Jones.
On Her Majesty 's Secret Service featured an instrumental theme tune, something which remains unique amongst the post-From Russia with Love films, and included a vocal theme in the form of Louis Armstrong 's performance of "We Have All the Time in the World '', written by John Barry and Hal David.
A number of Bond films include one (or more) additional songs in the soundtrack. Some of these pieces of music, such as "We Have All the Time in the World '' by Louis Armstrong, have gone on to become as well known as the main themes, while other songs remain exclusively linked to the film in which they appear.
"Searching for the Golden Eye '' "James Bond Theme '' (GoldenEye trailer version)
Some songs have been dubbed for the foreign versions of the films.
Alexander Borodin Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
"Dream on James, You 're Winning ''
Mike Redway
There are a number of songs which were originally written as potential Bond themes, but not used, which have then been released or otherwise made available elsewhere. These include:
Bond music has inspired a number of cover albums in a variety of genres, including the 2007 album Mister Bond -- A Jazzy Cocktail of Ice Cold Themes (lounge), Shaken and Stirred: The David Arnold James Bond Project featuring David Arnold collaborating with several contemporary artists. The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra recorded several albums with Bond music and performs in premieres and special events of Bond films. Britain 's Royal Philharmonic Orchestra released an album of several Bond songs performances called Best Of James Bond, some of which were used on the "Ultimate Edition '' DVD releases menus. Billy Strange released "Secret Agent File '' in 1965. Death metal cover band Ten Masked Men has included at least one Bond theme on each of their albums. In 2004, The Cavaliers play a show titled "007 '' using Bond music, such as "GoldenEye '', "For Your Eyes Only '', "Live and Let Die '', "Hovercraft Chase '', "Welcome to Cuba '' and "Paris and Bond ''. Some of them are Italo disco - like rhythms and soundtrack albums promote hits that matches the film 's theme. In 2000 ' An Electronika Tribute to James Bond ' album was released adding yet another genre to the Bond fandom.
With the increase in audio quality for video game consoles and personal computers, in addition to the continued popularity of computer and video games, publisher Electronic Arts as well as Activision (since 2008) has included opening themes and film - style credit sequences to some of its more recent Bond video game spin offs.
The 2008 continuation novel Devil May Care by Sebastian Faulks was the first James Bond novel to receive its own theme song. Also called "Devil May Care '', the song was written and recorded by Cardiff band SAL and was available on the UK audiobook release of the novel.
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when did iphone 7 come out in nz | IPhone 4 - wikipedia
The iPhone 4 is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. Following a number of notable leaks, the iPhone 4 was first unveiled on June 7, 2010, at Apple 's Worldwide Developers Conference in San Francisco, and was released on June 24, 2010, in the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany and Japan. It is the 4th generation of iPhone, succeeding the 3GS and preceding the 4S.
The iPhone 4 introduced a new hardware design to the iPhone family, which Apple 's CEO Steve Jobs touted as the thinnest smartphone in the world at the time; it consisted of a stainless steel frame which doubles as an antenna, with internal components situated between aluminosilicate glass. The iPhone 4 also introduced Apple 's new high - resolution "Retina Display '' with a pixel density of 326 pixels per inch while maintaining the same physical size and aspect ratio as its precursors. The iPhone 4 also introduced Apple 's A4 system - on - chip, along with iOS 4 -- which notably introduced multitasking functionality and Apple 's new FaceTime video chat service. The iPhone 4 was also the first iPhone to include a front - facing camera, and the first to be released in a version for CDMA networks, ending AT&T 's period as the exclusive carrier of iPhone products in the United States.
The iPhone 4 received generally positive reception, with critics praising its revamped design and more powerful hardware in comparison to previous models. While it was a market success, with over 600,000 pre-orders within 24 hours, the release of the iPhone 4 was plagued by highly publicized reports that abnormalities in its new antenna design caused the device to lose its cellular signal if held in a certain way. Most human contact with the phone 's outer edge would cause a significant decrease in signal strength.
The iPhone 4 spent the longest time as Apple 's flagship iPhone model at fifteen months, and had the longest lifespan of any iPhone ever produced, spanning close to four years and available in some developing countries until early 2015. Although the succeeding 4S was announced in September 2011, the 4 continued to be sold as a midrange model until September 2012, and thereafter as the entry - level offering in Apple 's lineup until September 2013 with the announcement of the iPhone 5S / iPhone 5C.
Before the official unveiling of the iPhone 4 on June 7, 2010, two prototypes were brought to the attention of the media, breaching Apple 's normally secretive development process. Many of the speculations regarding technical specifications proved accurate.
On January 27, 2010, gadget website Engadget received leaked images of the unreleased iPad. Unbeknownst to the editors and readers these images contained two of the unreleased iPhone 4 's. It was n't until the subsequent Gizmodo release were they aware of the complete contents of the images.
On April 19, 2010, gadget website Gizmodo reported that they had purchased an iPhone prototype for $5000, and furthermore, had conducted a product teardown of the device. The prototype is reported to have been lost by an Apple employee, Gray Powell, in Redwood City, California. Shortly after Gizmodo published detailed information about the prototype, Apple 's legal associates formally requested for the phone to be returned to Apple, and Gizmodo responded with the intent to cooperate.
On April 23, officers from the Rapid Enforcement Allied Computer Team (REACT) task force of the California HTTAP Program raided the home of Jason Chen, the Gizmodo editor responsible for reviewing the prototype, seizing all of his computers and hard drives. The Electronic Frontier Foundation criticized the raid as violating journalist source protection laws that forbid the seizure of journalist computers as well as the suspicion that Apple had used its influence as a member of the steering committee which is charged with direction and oversight of the California REACT task force to push police into action in a way that would not normally be conducted for this type of incident. Apple had already received the iPhone prototype before the raid when it was returned by Gizmodo. The District Attorney has stated that the investigation has been suspended, and discontinued searching through the Gizmodo editor 's belongings as they determine whether the shield laws are applicable, and cautioned that no charges have been issued at this point.
Pictures and video of a second prototype were published on a Vietnamese website, Taoviet, on May 12, 2010. It was almost identical to the first, and used an A4 chip manufactured by Apple. The website purchased the prototype for $4,000. DigiTimes reported that the screen resolution of the new phone was 960 - by - 640, which was confirmed by Apple at the iPhone 4 's official announcement.
The iPhone 4 was available for pre-order on June 15, 2010. Customers attempting to pre-order the iPhone 4 reported problems with the pre-order process on the US and UK online Apple Stores which crashed due to the surge in traffic. The same issue was reported with AT&T and SoftBank, Apple 's exclusive partners in the United States and Japan respectively, who suspended advance sales of the iPhone 4 as demand threatened to exceed supply. Retail stores were also unable to complete pre-order transactions due to the servers crashing.
Apple and its partner carriers received 600,000 pre-orders for the iPhone 4 in the first 24 hours, the largest number of pre-orders Apple had received in a single day for any device up to that point. Engadget reported that at 20: 30 UTC, all iPhone 4 pre-order suppliers had sold out. 1.7 million iPhone 4s were sold in its first three days of availability.
The iPhone 4 has also been released through Orange in Tunisia and was available in eight cities at the launch. On July 30, 2010, iPhone 4 was made available for sale in Australia, New Zealand and 15 other countries with free bumper cases. In South Korea, it was released by KT on September 10. In Israel, it was released, too, on September 24, through Cellcom, Pelephone and Orange. It was launched in Thailand on September 23 by AIS, DTAC and True Move, and in Malaysia on September 26 in Kuala Lumpur, and nationwide on September 27 according to the website of Maxis.
The iPhone 4 was released in South Africa on September 22 on the Vodacom and MTN networks, in very limited quantities. The iPhone 4 was launched in Vietnam on September 30 on VinaPhone and Viettel, at first in 3 major cities: Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh city and Da Nang, and then all over the country by the end of October.
The iPhone 4 was launched in India on May 27, 2011 by Aircel and Airtel.
On January 11, 2011, Verizon Wireless announced during a media event that it had reached an agreement with Apple and would begin selling a CDMA iPhone 4 in the United States, ending Apple 's exclusivity agreement with AT&T. The Verizon iPhone went on sale on February 10 and pre orders began on February 3. The Verizon iPhone includes the ' Personal Hotspot '' feature which allows a user to use the iPhone as a wireless hotspot, with up to five devices connecting at one time. The February 3, 2011, presale of the iPhone 4 broke Verizon 's first day sales records for a single device.
On June 24, 2010, Apple issued a statement that the white iPhone 4 models were proving more "challenging to manufacture '' than expected, and initially pushed the release date back to the second half of July. There was a lot of speculation surrounding the delay of the white iPhone 4. Among the most popular rumors are those concerning the phone 's internal camera being adversely affected by light leaking in due to the semi-translucent glass and the white paint. Other sources report that the problem relates to Apple 's inability to match the white color of the front face plate with that of the home button. On April 27, 2011, Apple announced that it would be releasing the white iPhone 4 model on April 28, 2011, for both GSM and CDMA. The release of the white iPhone 4 was carried out on April 28.
During Apple 's official unveiling of the iPhone 4S on October 4, 2011, it was announced that Sprint would begin carrying the reconfigured CDMA iPhone 4 and the iPhone 4S in the US on October 14.
In September 2013, after the release of the iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C, Apple stopped selling the iPhone 4 in most of their stores as well as on their website. It was replaced by the 8 GB iPhone 4S.
The display of the iPhone 4 is manufactured by LG under an exclusive contract with Apple. It features an LED backlit TFT LCD capacitive touchscreen with a pixel density of 326 pixels per inch (ppi) on a 3.5 in (8.9 cm) (diagonally measured), 960 × 640 display. Each pixel is 78 micrometers in width. The display has a contrast ratio of 800: 1. The screen is marketed by Apple as the "Retina display '', based on the assertion that a display of approximately 300 ppi at a distance of 305 millimetres (12 in) from one 's eye, or 57 arcseconds per pixel is the maximum amount of detail that the human retina can perceive. With the iPhone expected to be used at a distance of about 12 inches from the eyes, a higher resolution would allegedly have no effect on the image 's apparent quality as the maximum potential of the human eye has already been met.
This claim has been disputed. Raymond Soneira, president of DisplayMate Technologies, said in an interview with Wired magazine, that the claims by Jobs are something of an exaggeration: "It is reasonably close to being a perfect display, but Steve pushed it a little too far ''. Soneira stated that the resolution of the human retina is higher than claimed by Apple, working out to 477 ppi at 12 inches (305 mm) from the eyes, or 36 arcseconds per pixel.
However, Phil Plait, author of Bad Astronomy, whose career includes a collaboration with NASA regarding the camera on the Hubble Space Telescope, responded to the criticism by stating that "if you have (better than 20 / 20) eyesight, then at one foot away the iPhone 4 's pixels are resolved. The picture will look pixellated. If you have average eyesight, the picture will look just fine ''.
The iPhone 4 features an additional front - facing VGA camera, and a backside - illuminated 5 megapixel rear - facing camera with a 3.85 mm f / 2.8 lens (1) and an LED flash. The rear - facing camera is capable of recording HD video in 720p at 30 frames per second. Both cameras make use of the tap to focus feature, part of iOS 4, for photo and video recording. The rear - facing camera has a 5 × digital zoom. In 2012 Will.i.am obtained a licence from Apple to market his i. am+ camera for the iPhone 4. He said, "This thing turns the eight - megapixel iPhone camera into a 14 - megapixel camera. We have our own sensor and a better flash. You dock your phone into our device and it turns your smartphone into a genius - phone. We take over the camera. ''
In contrast to Steve Jobs ' announcement at WWDC 2010, recent Federal Communications Commission documentation has shown that the iPhone 4 contains a penta - band 3G UMTS antenna, not a quad - band 3G UMTS radio, as advertised by Apple. According to the FCC documentation filed by Apple, the radio inside the iPhone 4 supports 800, 850, 900, 1,900, and 2,100 MHz. The 800 MHz frequency, which is most commonly used in Japanese mobile phones, is not advertised as being supported by Apple. However, the 800 MHz band is a subset of the 850 MHz band, which probably explains why the device is advertised as quad - band. The chip - sets were manufactured by Skyworks Solutions and Infineon for GSM version.
As with most of Apple 's mobile products at the time, the iPhone 4 also used the 30 pin dock connector as its only external data port.
The iPhone 4 is the first generation of iPhone to have a second microphone used for noise cancellation. It is located on the top of the unit near the headphone jack; the main microphone is on the bottom left.
The iPhone 4 introduces a gyroscopic sensor that detects 3 - axis angular acceleration around the X, Y and Z axes, enabling precise calculation of yaw, pitch, and roll. The gyroscope complements the accelerometer, a sensor that has been present since the original iPhone, which detects the device 's acceleration, shake, vibration shock, or fall by detecting linear acceleration along one of three axes (X, Y and Z). The combined data from the accelerometer and the gyroscope provides detailed and precise information about the device 's 6 - axis movement in space. The 3 axes of the gyroscope combined with the 3 axes of the accelerometer enable the device to recognize approximately how far, fast, and in which direction it has moved in space.
The iPhone 4 is powered by the Apple A4 chip, which was designed by Intrinsity and, like all prior iPhone models, manufactured by Samsung. This system - on - a-chip is composed of an ARM Cortex - A8 CPU integrated with a PowerVR SGX535 GPU. The Apple A4 is also used in the iPad where it is clocked at its rated speed of 1 GHz. The clock speed in the iPhone 4 has not been disclosed. All prior models of the iPhone have underclocked the CPU, which typically extends battery life and lowers heat dissipation.
The iPhone 4 has 512 MB of DRAM. The additional DRAM supports increased performance and multi-tasking.
The iPhone 4 uses a micro-SIM card on iPhone 4 devices running on a GSM network, which is positioned in an ejectable tray, located on the right side of the device. On a CDMA network, however, the phone connects to the network using an ESN. All prior models have used regular mini-SIM cards. Depending on the operator, micro-SIM cards may not be available for all networks globally. As a technical workaround it is possible to trim a mini-SIM card with a knife or scissors so that it fits into the micro-SIM tray.
As on prior models, all data is stored in flash memory, 8, 16 or 32 GB, and not on the SIM. Unlike prior generations, the storage capacity is not printed on the back of the unit.
The iPhone 4 features a redesigned structure, designed by Jonathan Ive, a design that would later be reused and adapted for the iPhone 4S, 5, 5S and SE. Most notably, the bulges of the back panel as well as the band between the front and back are gone and have been replaced with flattened surfaces. The redesign reflects the utilitarianism and uniformity of existing Apple products, such as the iPad and the iMac. The overall dimensions of the iPhone 4 have been reduced from its predecessor.
It is 115 millimetres (4.5 in) high, 58.6 millimetres (2.31 in) wide, and 9.4 millimetres (0.37 in) deep, compared to the iPhone 3GS, which is 116 millimetres (4.6 in) high, 62 millimetres (2.4 in) wide, and 12 millimetres (0.47 in) deep; making the iPhone 4 24 % thinner than its predecessor, the iPhone 3GS. Steve Jobs claimed it to be "the thinnest smartphone on the planet. '' The reduced size of the device is primarily due to the externally placed antenna.
The iPhone 4 is structured around a stainless steel frame that wraps around the edge of the phone, acting both as the primary structure for the device and as the iPhone 4 's antennas. This metal band features two slits on the GSM version of the phone, one at the lower left, and one at the top (and a fake slit along the lower right, to cosmetically mirror the one at the lower left) that divide the band into two antenna sections: the left section of the band serves as the Bluetooth, Wi - Fi, and GPS antenna, and the right and lower sections of the band act as the antenna for GSM and UMTS connectivity.
On the CDMA version of the phone there are four slits in the metal band. Two at the top (on the left and right) and two at the bottom. This divides the metal band into four different segments, which like the GSM version of the phone, serves as different antennas for connectivity. The top portion of the band (divided by the top left and right slits) is for connecting to the CDMA network. The left portion of the metal band is for Bluetooth, Wi - Fi, and GPS just like the GSM version. The right side is not an antenna, but serves to cosmetically mirror the left side and also to create a similar look to the GSM version of the phone.
The internal components are situated between two panels of aluminosilicate glass, described by Apple as being "chemically strengthened to be 20 times stiffer and 30 times harder than plastic, '' theoretically allowing it to be more scratch resistant and durable than the prior models.
In fall 2010, pentalobe screws started to replace the Philips screws used in post-repair units in the US and in production units in Japan.
The iPhone 4 shipped with iOS 4, which was the newest version of Apple 's iOS mobile operating system at the time. iOS 4 introduced a multitasking system, allowing apps to remain "suspended '' in memory, perform certain operations in the background, and allowing users to switch between apps using an on - screen menu. It also introduced FaceTime, which allows users to perform video calls between other iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, and OS X users.
The iPhone 4 supports up to iOS 7, released in September 2013. Due to the relatively aged hardware of the iPhone 4, certain features available on newer iPhone models are not available on the device; as of iOS 7, they include Siri, 3D maps and turn - by - turn navigation, AirDrop, AirPlay mirroring, live camera filters, panorama mode and certain visual effects introduced by iOS 7, such as the blurring of translucent interface elements, the parallax effect on the home screen, and live wallpapers. While still subject to the same limitations, iOS 7.1 did bring some slight performance improvements to the operating system on the iPhone 4. iOS 7, specifically iOS 7.1. 2, is the last version of iOS to support the iPhone 4. Unlike the iPhone 4s, the iPhone 4 did not receive the iOS 8 update.
An iPhone 4 Bumper is a ring of rubber and plastic that surrounds the edge of the iPhone 4, with the purpose of protecting the phone. The inner part is rubber with the external band made of plastic. The Bumper wraps around the edges of the device protecting the edges, and to a lesser extent, the screen. The Bumper does not cover the front or rear of the phone, though it does slightly raise the iPhone off whatever surface it is sitting on.
Additionally, the plastic band houses metallic buttons for the volume controls and sleep / wake button. The six holes in the Bumper enable access to the mute switch, dock connector, headphone jack, speaker, and microphones.
Apple updated the bumper with a wider volume switch hole with the release of iPhone 4 for CDMA network. The updated bumper is also compatible with iPhone 4S, the next generation iPhone that has the identical exterior design and measurements as iPhone 4 CDMA.
Pre-release reception was generally positive. The announcement included information that had not been covered by Gizmodo. Fox News commented that "seeing it in action is far more informative than staring at Gizmodo 's photos of a busted test unit ''. Rhodri Marsden of The Independent said that "aside from the introduction of face - to - face video calling, it 's not a staggering feature set, '' instead focusing on how the device is "more powerful than its predecessor, speedier, easier to use and will make previously laborious tasks seem like a cinch ''.
CNET reacted to the announcement by explaining how it believes that iMovie for iOS was the "most exciting part of this year 's WWDC Keynote ''. The article noted how the iPhone 4, unlike current cameras, can record HD content and then edit it from the same device, labeling it a "true mobile editing suite ''.
Reviews of the iPhone 4 have been generally favorable. Walt Mossberg of The Wall Street Journal called the device "the best device in its class ''. Engadget named it the "best smartphone on the market '' in June 2010. CNET gave the iPhone 4 a rating of 8.6 out of 10, one of the highest ratings it has given any smartphone. TechRadar gave the device 4.5 / 5 stars. Consumer Reports said the signal problem was the reason they did not rate it a "recommended '' model, although the other tests ranked it highest among smart phones.
Joshua Topolsky of Engadget described the device 's industrial design as being "more detailed and sophisticated '' than its predecessor.
Some users reported a yellow discoloration of the screen that disappeared after several days, which was attributed to the glass lamination glue that was used. It did not have time to dry fully before the unit reached consumers due to the speed of manufacturing. Another issue reported by some users within days of the iPhone 4 release was that during calls the proximity sensor can be insensitive, so that facial contact with the touchscreen can end calls, mute calls, and dial other numbers. Some users reported that, particularly in low - light conditions, photos taken on the iPhone 4 sometimes contained blue or green "splotches. '' Issues with white balance were also discovered, particularly when using the flash.
Shortly after the iPhone 4 was launched, some consumers reported that signal strength of the phone was reduced when touching the lower left edge of the phone, bridging one of the two locations which separates the two antennas, resulting in dropped calls in some areas with lower signal reception. In response, Apple issued a statement advising that customers should "avoid gripping (the phone) in the lower left corner '' when making or receiving a call.
As a consequence of this problem, it was reported on July 2, 2010 that several iPhone 4 users were planning on suing Apple and AT&T for fraud by concealment, negligence, intentional misrepresentation and defective design. The legal challenge was started by a law firm, who set up a website to recruit disenchanted iPhone 4 buyers for a lawsuit against Apple. Later that day, Apple issued another statement stating that it had discovered the cause of the "dramatic drop in bars ''.
Apple explained how the formula it used to calculate the number of bars to display was "wrong ''. Apple promised to correct the issue and release a software update within a few weeks that would address the "mistake '', which had been present since the original iPhone. The New York Times commented that "the failure to detect this longstanding problem earlier is astonishing. ''
Consumer Reports initially stated that the iPhone 4 's signal issues are not "unique, and may not be serious '' and it continued to mention that signal loss is a problem that is faced by the entire smartphone industry. It has been such a problem that Apple made a formal apology. The next day, the magazine altered their stance after encountering instances of dropped calls. The magazine rejected Apple 's explanation after conducting tests in a controlled environment, and comparing the results against prior generations of iPhone. It sarcastically pointed out that using a piece of tape to cover the lower left antenna gap was one way to fix the problem, but recommended that consumers who "want an iPhone that works well without a masking - tape fix '' purchase the iPhone 3GS instead. The magazine also tested the iPhone 4 while it was wearing a Bumper, a frame - like cover sold by Apple that prevents direct contact with the antenna, reporting that it did resolve the problem. CNN repeated Consumer Reports ' statement that a small amount of duct tape had proven an effective fix to the iPhone 4 's dropped call issue.
On July 16, 2010, at a press conference, Steve Jobs announced that Apple would provide all iPhone 4 owners with a free case to help solve the antenna issue and a refund to those users who had already purchased a Bumper. The free case offer would be valid until September 30, 2010, when Apple would re-evaluate the situation. To get a free case, owners were able to apply via an app installed on the phone found in the App Store from July 22, 2010 to September 30, 2010. Jobs also announced that Apple could not produce enough Bumpers for all owners of the phone, but would source a supply and offer a range of cases. Additionally, Jobs cited figures from AppleCare which showed that only 0.55 percent of all iPhone 4 users have complained to the company about the issue, while the number of phones returned to Apple was 1.7 percent -- 4.3 percentage points less than the number of iPhone 3GS models that were returned in the first month of the phone 's launch.
Consumer Reports noted that the solution was not permanent, though a good first step. However, because Jobs did not specify a time line for fixing the problem, and the offering for a free bumper only being a temporary solution, PC World decided to remove the iPhone 4 from its "Top 10 Cell Phones '' chart and reassign it to a pending rating.
AnandTech researched iPhone 4 antenna and identified that its outer construction provides 5 -- 9 dB (6.9 -- 9 times) better sensitivity comparing to common internal antenna design of iPhone 3GS (the phone keeps working connection with signal as low as − 120 / 121 dB comparing to usual − 113 / 115 dB).
Despite the negative media attention regarding the antenna issues, 72 % of iPhone 4 users say that they are "very satisfied '' with their iPhone 4 according to an August 2010 survey by ChangeWave Research. The iPhone 4 model continued to be sold unchanged up until September 2013.
In 2011, two iPhone 4 units equipped with a special application were taken to the International Space Station aboard the Space Shuttle on the STS - 135 mission. The devices were used in various experiments, utilizing sensors and a special app.
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who said love means never having to say you're sorry lyrics | Love means never having to say you 're sorry - wikipedia
"Love means never having to say you 're sorry '' is a catchphrase based on a line from the Erich Segal novel Love Story and was popularized by its 1970 film adaptation starring Ali MacGraw and Ryan O'Neal. The line is spoken twice in the film: once in the middle of the film, by Jennifer Cavalleri (MacGraw 's character), when Oliver Barrett (O'Neal) apologizes to her for his anger; and as the last line of the film, by Oliver, when his father says "I 'm sorry '' after learning of Jennifer 's death. In the script the line is phrased slightly differently: "Love means not ever having to say you 're sorry. ''
The line proved memorable, and has been repeated in various contexts since. In 2005 it was voted # 13 in the American Film Institute 's list AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes. The band Sounds of Sunshine had a Top 40 hit in the United States with a song titled "Love Means You Never Have to Say You 're Sorry '' in 1971. "Love means never having to say you 're... '' is the opening sentence in the popular song "Ca n't Help but Love You '' by The Whispers, from their album named after the movie, issued in 1972.
The line has also been criticized or mocked, for suggesting that apologies are unnecessary in a loving relationship. Another character played by O'Neal disparages it in the 1972 screwball comedy What 's Up, Doc?: Barbra Streisand 's character says "Love means never having to say you 're sorry. '' while batting her eyelashes, and O'Neal's character responds in a deadpan voice, "That 's the dumbest thing I ever heard. ''
In the 34th episode of the second season of Small Wonder, entitled "You Gotta Have Heart, '' little robot girl Vicki 's parents explain love to her as "love means never having to say you 're sorry. ''
In a 2004 episode of The Simpsons ("Catch ' Em If You Can ''), the Simpson family watches the film, and Lisa retorts, "No it does n't! '' The line has also been parodied countless times, usually substituting another word or phrase for "love '' and / or "you 're sorry, '' especially the latter. The quote is also shown in TV series Love Rain.
On iZombie Season 2, Episode 19, titled "Salivation Army '', Liv says, "A massive zombie outbreak means never having to say you 're sorry. ''
On Weeds, Nancy Botwin, after the death of her drug dealer mentor, U-Turn, explains to the tattoo artist her reason for getting a U-Turn traffic sign tattoo is that "It just reminds me that Thug means never having to say you 're sorry. '' When asked by the tattoo artist if she does n't mean "love '', Nancy replies, "Absolutely not. Love means you 're constantly apologizing. ''
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when does snow white first meet the prince in disney’s film | Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film) - wikipedia
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is a 1937 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and originally released by RKO Radio Pictures. Based on the German fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm, it is the first full - length cel animated feature film and the earliest Disney animated feature film. The story was adapted by storyboard artists Dorothy Ann Blank, Richard Creedon, Merrill De Maris, Otto Englander, Earl Hurd, Dick Rickard, Ted Sears and Webb Smith. David Hand was the supervising director, while William Cottrell, Wilfred Jackson, Larry Morey, Perce Pearce, and Ben Sharpsteen directed the film 's individual sequences.
Snow White premiered at the Carthay Circle Theatre on December 21, 1937, followed by a nationwide release on February 4, 1938. It was a critical and commercial success, and with international earnings of $8 million during its initial release briefly assumed the record of highest - grossing sound film at the time. The popularity of the film has led to it being re-released theatrically many times, until its home video release in the 1990s. Adjusted for inflation, it is one of the top ten performers at the North American box office.
At the 11th Academy Awards, Walt Disney was awarded an honorary Oscar, and the film was nominated for Best Musical Score the year before. In 1989, the United States Library of Congress deemed the film "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant '' and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry. The American Film Institute ranked it among among the 100 greatest American films, and also named the film as the greatest American animated film of all time in 2008. Disney 's take on the fairy tale has had a significant cultural impact, resulting in popular theme park attractions, a video game, and a Broadway musical.
Snow White is a lonely princess living with her stepmother, a vain Queen. The Queen worries that Snow White will look better than her, so she forces Snow White to work as a scullery maid and asks her Magic Mirror daily "who is the fairest one of all ''. For years the mirror always answers that the Queen is, pleasing her.
One day, the Magic Mirror informs the Queen that Snow White is now "the fairest '' in the land. The jealous Queen orders her Huntsman to take Snow White into the forest and kill her. She further demands that the huntsman return with Snow White 's heart in a jeweled box as proof of the deed. However, the Huntsman can not bring himself to kill Snow White. He tearfully begs for her forgiveness, revealing the Queen wants her dead and urges her to flee into the woods and never look back. Lost and frightened, the princess is befriended by woodland creatures who lead her to a cottage deep in the woods. Finding seven small chairs in the cottage 's dining room, Snow White assumes the cottage is the untidy home of seven orphaned children.
In reality, the cottage belongs to seven adult dwarfs -- named Doc, Grumpy, Happy, Sleepy, Bashful, Sneezy, and Dopey -- who work in a nearby mine. Returning home, they are alarmed to find their cottage clean and suspect that an intruder has invaded their home. The dwarfs find Snow White upstairs, asleep across three of their beds. Snow White awakes to find the dwarfs at her bedside and introduces herself, and all of the dwarfs eventually welcome her into their home after she offers to clean and cook for them. Snow White keeps house for the dwarfs while they mine for jewels during the day, and at night they all sing, play music and dance.
Meanwhile, the Queen discovers that Snow White is still alive when the mirror again answers that Snow White is the fairest in the land and reveals that the heart in the jeweled box is actually that of a pig. Using a potion to disguise herself as an old hag, the Queen creates a poisoned apple that will put whoever eats it into the "Sleeping Death '', a curse she learns can only be broken by "love 's first kiss '', but is certain Snow White will be buried alive. While the Queen goes to the cottage while the dwarfs are away, the animals are wary of her and rush off to find the dwarfs. Faking a potential heart attack, the Queen tricks Snow White into bringing her into the cottage to rest. The Queen fools Snow White into biting into the poisoned apple under the pretense that it is a magic apple that grants wishes. As Snow White falls asleep, the Queen proclaims that she is now the fairest of the land. The dwarfs return with the animals as the Queen leaves the cottage and give chase, trapping her on a cliff. She tries to roll a boulder over them, but before she can do so, lightning strikes the cliff, causing her to fall to her death.
The dwarfs return to their cottage and find Snow White seemingly dead, being kept in a deathlike slumber by the poison. Unwilling to bury her out of sight in the ground, they instead place her in a glass coffin trimmed with gold in a clearing in the forest. Together with the woodland creatures, they keep watch over her. A year later, a prince who had previously met and fallen in love with Snow White learns of her eternal sleep and visits her coffin. Saddened by her apparent death, he kisses her, which breaks the spell and awakens her. The dwarfs and animals all rejoice as the Prince takes Snow White to his castle.
Development on Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs began in early 1934, and in June 1934, Walt Disney announced the production of his first feature, to be released under Walt Disney Productions, to The New York Times. One evening that same year, Disney acted out the entire story of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to his staff, announcing that the film would be produced as a feature - length film.
Before Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the Disney studio had been primarily involved in the production of animated short subjects in the Mickey Mouse and Silly Symphonies series. Disney hoped to expand his studio 's prestige and revenues by moving into features, and estimated that Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs could be produced for a budget of US $250,000; this was ten times the budget of an average Silly Symphony.
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was to be the first full - length cel animated feature in motion picture history, and as such Walt Disney had to fight to get the film produced. Both his brother and business partner Roy Disney and his wife Lillian attempted to talk him out of it, and the Hollywood movie industry referred to the film derisively as "Disney 's Folly '' while it was in production. He had to mortgage his house to help finance the film 's production, which eventually ran up a total cost of $1,488,422.74, a massive sum for a feature film in 1937.
On August 9, 1934, twenty - one pages of notes -- entitled "Snowwhite suggestions '' -- were compiled by staff writer Richard Creedon, suggesting the principal characters, as well as situations and ' gags ' for the story. As Disney had stated at the very beginning of the project, the main attraction of the story for him was the Seven Dwarfs, and their possibilities for "screwiness '' and "gags ''; the three story meetings held in October and attended by Disney, Creedon, Larry Morey, Albert Hurter, Ted Sears and Pinto Colvig were dominated by such subjects. At this point, Disney felt that the story should begin with Snow White 's discovery of the Cottage of the Seven Dwarfs. Walt Disney had suggested from the beginning that each of the dwarfs, whose names and personalities are not stated in the original fairy tale, could have individual personalities. The dwarfs names were chosen from a pool of about fifty potentials, including Jumpy, Deafy, Dizzey, Hickey, Wheezy, Baldy, Gabby, Nifty, Sniffy, Swift, Lazy, Puffy, Stuffy, Tubby, Shorty, and Burpy. The seven finalists were chosen through a process of elimination. The leader of the dwarfs, required to be pompous, self - important and bumbling, was named Doc; others were named for their distinguishing character traits. At the end of the October story meetings, however, only Doc, Grumpy, Bashful, Sleepy and Happy of the final seven were named; at this point, Sneezy and Dopey were replaced by ' Jumpy ' and an unnamed seventh dwarf.
Along with a focus on the characterizations and comedic possibilities of the dwarfs, Creedon 's eighteen - page outline of the story written from the October meetings, featured a continuous flow of gags as well as the Queen 's attempt to kill Snow White with a poisoned comb, an element taken from the Grimms ' original story. After persuading Snow White to use the comb, the disguised Queen would have escaped alive, but the dwarfs would have arrived in time to remove it. After the failure of the comb, the Queen was to have the Prince captured and taken to her dungeon, where she would have come to him (story sketches show this event both with the Queen and the Witch) and used magic to bring the dungeon 's skeletons to life, making them dance for him and identifying one skeleton as "Prince Oswald '', an example of the more humorous atmosphere of this original story treatment. It is written in story notes that the Queen has such magical power only in her own domain, the castle. With the Prince refusing to marry her, the Queen leaves him to his death (one sketch shows the Prince trapped in a subterranean chamber filling with water) as she makes her way to the dwarfs ' cottage with the poisoned apple. The forest animals were to help the Prince escape the Queen 's minions and find his horse. The Prince was to ride to the cottage to save Snow White but took the wrong road (despite warnings from the forest animals and his horse, whom he, unlike Snow White, could not understand). He, therefore, would not have arrived in time to save her from the Queen but would have been able to save her with love 's first kiss. This plot was not used in the final film, though many sketches of the scene in the dungeon were made by Ferdinand Hovarth.
Other examples of the more comical nature of the story at this point include suggestions for a "fat, batty, cartoon type, self - satisfied '' Queen. The Prince was also more of a clown, and was to serenade Snow White in a more comical fashion. Walt Disney encouraged all staff at the studio to contribute to the story, offering five dollars for every ' gag '; such gags included the dwarfs ' noses popping over the foot of the bed when they first meet Snow White.
Disney became concerned that such a comical approach would lessen the plausibility of the characters and, sensing that more time was needed for the development of the Queen, advised in an outline circulated on November 6 that attention be paid exclusively to "scenes in which only Snow White, the Dwarfs, and their bird and animal friends appear ''. The names and personalities of the dwarfs, however, were still "open to change ''. A meeting of November 16 resulted in another outline entitled ' Dwarfs Discover Snowwhite ', which introduced the character of Dopey, who would ultimately prove to be the most successful and popular of the dwarf characterisations. For the rest of 1934 Disney further developed the story by himself, finding a dilemma in the characterization of the Queen, who he felt could no longer be "fat '' and "batty '', but a "stately beautiful type '', a possibility already brought up in previous story meetings. Disney did not focus on the project again until the autumn of 1935. It is thought that he may have doubted his, and his studio 's ability, and that his trip to Europe that summer restored his confidence. At this point, Disney and his writers focused on the scenes in which Snow White and the dwarfs are introduced to the audience and each other. He laid out the likely assignments for everyone working on the film in a memorandum of November 25, 1935, and had decided on the personalities of the individual dwarfs.
It had first been thought that the dwarfs would be the main focus of the story, and many sequences were written for the seven characters. However, at a certain point, it was decided that the main thrust of the story was provided by the relationship between the Queen and Snow White. For this reason, several sequences featuring the dwarfs were cut from the film. The first, which was animated in its entirety before being cut, showed Doc and Grumpy arguing about whether Snow White should stay with them. Another, also completely animated, would have shown the dwarfs eating soup noisily and messily; Snow White unsuccessfully attempts to teach them how to eat ' like gentlemen '. A partially animated sequence involved the dwarfs holding a "lodge meeting '' in which they try to think of a gift for Snow White; this was to be followed by the elaborate ' bed building sequence ', in which the dwarfs and the forest animals construct and carve a bed for the princess. This also was cut, as it was thought to slow down the movement of the story. The soup - eating and bed - building sequences were animated by Ward Kimball, who was sufficiently discouraged by their removal to consider leaving the studio, however Disney persuaded him to stay by promoting him to supervising animator of Jiminy Cricket in his next feature Pinocchio (1940).
The primary authority on the design of the film was concept artist Albert Hurter. All designs used in the film, from characters ' appearances to the look of the rocks in the background, had to meet Hurter 's approval before being finalized. Two other concept artists -- Ferdinand Hovarth and Gustaf Tenggren -- also contributed to the visual style of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Hovarth developed a number of dark concepts for the film, although many other designs he developed were ultimately rejected by the Disney team as less easily translated into animation than Hurter 's. Tenggren was used as a color stylist and to determine the staging and atmosphere of many of the scenes in the film, as his style borrowed from the likes of Arthur Rackham and John Bauer and thus possessed the European illustration quality that Walt Disney sought. He also designed the posters for the film and illustrated the press book. However, Hovarth did n't receive a credit for the film. Other artists to work on the film included Joe Grant, whose most significant contribution was the design for the Queen 's Witch form.
Art Babbitt
Art Babbit, an animator who joined the Disney studio in 1932, invited seven of his colleagues (who worked in the same room as him) to come with him to an art class that he himself had set up at his home in the Hollywood Hills. Though there was no teacher, Babbit had recruited a model to pose for him and his fellow animators as they drew. These "classes '' were held weekly; each week, more animators would come. After three weeks, Walt Disney called Babbit to his office and offered to provide the supplies, working space and models required if the sessions were moved to the studio. Babbit ran the sessions for a month until animator Hardie Gramatky suggested that they recruit Don Graham; the art teacher from the Chouinard Institute taught his first class at the studio on November 15, 1932, and was joined by Phil Dike a few weeks later. These classes were principally concerned with human anatomy and movement, though instruction later included action analysis, animal anatomy and acting.
Walt Disney in 1935
Though the classes were originally described as a "brutal battle '', with neither instructor nor students well - versed in the other 's craft, the enthusiasm and energy of both parties made the classes stimulating and beneficial for all involved. Graham often screened Disney shorts and, along with the animators, provided critique featuring both strengths and weaknesses. For example, Graham criticised Babbit 's animation of Abner the mouse in The Country Cousin as "taking a few of the obvious actions of a drunk without coordinating the rest of the body '', while praising it for maintaining its humour without getting "dirty or mean or vulgar. The country mouse is always having a good time ''.
Very few of the animators at the Disney studio had had artistic training (most had been newspaper cartoonists); among these few was Grim Natwick, who had trained in Europe. The animator 's success in designing and animating Betty Boop for Fleischer Studios showed an understanding of human female anatomy, and when Walt Disney hired Natwick he was given female characters to animate almost exclusively. Attempts to animate Persephone, the female lead of The Goddess of Spring, had proved largely unsuccessful; Natwick 's animation of the heroine in Cookie Carnival showed greater promise, and the animator was eventually given the task of animating Snow White herself. Though live action footage of Snow White, the Prince and the Queen was shot as reference for the animators, the artists ' animators disapproved of rotoscoping, considering it to hinder the production of effective caricature. None of Babbit 's animation of the Queen was rotoscoped; despite Graham and Natwick 's objections, however, some scenes of Snow White and the Prince were directly traced from the live - action footage.
The studio 's new multiplane camera gave a three - dimensional feeling in many sequences and was also used to give a rotating effect in the scene where the Queen transforms into a witch.
The songs in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs were composed by Frank Churchill and Larry Morey. Paul J. Smith and Leigh Harline composed the incidental music score. Well - known songs from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs include "Heigh - Ho '', "Some Day My Prince Will Come '', and "Whistle While You Work ''. Since Disney did not have its own music publishing company at the time, the publishing rights for the music and songs were administered through Bourne Co. Music Publishers, which continues to hold these rights. In later years, the studio was able to acquire back the rights to the music from many of the other films, but not Snow White. Snow White became the first American film to have a soundtrack album, released in conjunction with the feature film. Before Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, a film soundtrack recording was unheard of and of little value to a movie studio.
At this time, Disney also encouraged his staff to see a variety of films. These ranged from the mainstream, such as MGM 's Romeo and Juliet (1936) -- to which Disney made direct reference in a story meeting pertaining to the scene in which Snow White lies in her glass coffin -- to the more obscure, including European silent cinema. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, as well as the two Disney films to follow it, were also influenced by such German expressionist films as Nosferatu (1922) and The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919), both of which were recommended by Disney to his staff. This influence is particularly evident in the scenes of Snow White fleeing through the forest and the Queen 's transformation into the Witch. The latter scene was also inspired by Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931), to which Disney made specific reference in story meetings.
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs premiered at the Carthay Circle Theatre on December 21, 1937, to a wildly receptive audience, many of whom were the same naysayers who dubbed the film "Disney 's Folly ''. The film received a standing ovation at its completion from an audience that included Judy Garland and Marlene Dietrich. Six days later, Walt Disney and the seven dwarfs appeared on the cover of Time magazine. The New York Times said: "Thank you very much, Mr. Disney ''. Variety suggested that "(so) perfect is the illusion, so tender the romance and fantasy, so emotional are certain portions when the acting of the characters strikes a depth comparable to the sincerity of human players, that the film approaches real greatness. ''
Following successful exclusive runs at Radio City Music Hall in New York City and a theater in Miami in January 1938, RKO Radio Pictures put the film into general release on February 4. It became a major box - office success, making four times more money than any other motion picture released in 1938. In its original release, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs grossed $3.5 million in the United States and Canada, and by May 1939 its total international gross of $6.5 million made it the most successful sound film of all time, displacing Al Jolson 's The Singing Fool (1928) (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was soon displaced from this position by Gone with the Wind in 1940). By the end of its original run, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs had earned $7,846,000 in international box office receipts. This earned RKO a profit of $380,000.
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was first re-released in 1944, to raise revenue for the Disney studio during the World War II period. This re-release set a tradition of re-releasing Disney animated features every seven to ten years, and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was re-released to theaters in 1952, 1958, 1967, 1975, 1983, 1987 and 1993. Coinciding with the fiftieth - anniversary release in 1987, Disney released an authorized novelization of the story, written by children 's author Suzanne Weyn.
In 1993, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs became the first film to be entirely scanned to digital files, manipulated, and recorded back to film. The restoration project was carried out entirely at 4K resolution and 10 - bit color depth using the Cineon system to digitally remove dirt and scratches and restore faded colors.
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs has had a lifetime gross of $418 million across its original release and several reissues. Adjusted for inflation, and incorporating subsequent releases, the film still registers one of the top ten American film moneymakers of all time.
The film was a tremendous critical success, with many reviewers hailing it as a genuine work of art, recommended for both children and adults. Although film histories often state that the animation of the human characters was criticized, more recent scholarship finds that most reviewers praised the realistic style of the human animation, with several stating that audiences will forget that they are watching animated humans rather than real ones. At the 11th Academy Awards, the film won an Academy Honorary Award for Walt Disney "as a significant screen innovation which has charmed millions and pioneered a great new entertainment field ''. Disney received a full - size Oscar statuette and seven miniature ones, presented to him by 10 - year - old child actress Shirley Temple. The film was also nominated for Best Musical Score. "Some Day My Prince Will Come '' has become a jazz standard that has been performed by numerous artists, including Buddy Rich, Lee Wiley, Oscar Peterson, Frank Churchill, and Oliver Jones. Albums by Miles Davis, by Wynton Kelly, and Alexis Cole.
Noted filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein and Charlie Chaplin praised Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs as a notable achievement in cinema; Eisenstein went so far as to call it the greatest film ever made. The film inspired Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer to produce its own fantasy film, The Wizard of Oz, in 1939. Another animation pioneer, Max Fleischer, decided to produce his animated feature film Gulliver 's Travels in order to compete with Snow White. The 1943 Merrie Melodies short Coal Black and de Sebben Dwarfs, directed by Bob Clampett, parodies Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs by presenting the story with an all - black cast singing a jazz score.
Snow White 's success led to Disney moving ahead with more feature - film productions. Walt Disney used much of the profits from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to finance a new $4.5 million studio in Burbank -- the location on which The Walt Disney Studios is located to this day. Within two years, the studio completed Pinocchio and Fantasia and had begun production on features such as Dumbo, Bambi, Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan.
The American Film Institute (AFI), an independent non-profit organization created in the United States by the National Endowment for the Arts, releases a variety of annual awards and film lists recognizing excellence in filmmaking. The AFI 100 Years... series, which ran from 1998 to 2008, created categorized lists of America 's best movies as selected by juries composed from among over 1,500 artists, scholars, critics, and historians. A film 's inclusion in one of these lists was based on the film 's popularity over time, historical significance and cultural impact. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was selected by juries for inclusion on many AFI lists, including the following:
On October 28, 1994, the film was released for the first time on home video on VHS and LaserDisc as the first release in the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection.
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released on DVD on October 9, 2001, the first in Disney 's Platinum Editions, and featured, across two discs, the digitally restored film, a making - of documentary narrated by Angela Lansbury, an audio commentary by John Canemaker and, via archived audio clips, Walt Disney.. A VHS release followed on November 27, 2001. Both versions were returned to the Disney Vault on January 31, 2002.
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released on Blu - ray Disc on October 6, 2009, the first of Disney 's Diamond Editions, and a new DVD edition was released on November 24, 2009. The Blu - ray includes a high - definition version of the movie sourced from a new restoration by Lowry Digital, a DVD copy of the film, and several bonus features not included on the 2001 DVD. This set returned to the Disney Vault on April 30, 2011.
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment re-released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs on Blu - ray and DVD on February 2, 2016, as the first of the Walt Disney Signature Collection Line. It was released on Digital HD on January 19, 2016, with bonus material.
Snow White 's Scary Adventures is a popular theme park ride at Disneyland (an opening day attraction dating from 1955), Tokyo Disneyland, and Disneyland Paris. Fantasyland at Walt Disney World 's Magic Kingdom underwent an expansion from 2012 to 2014. The Snow White 's Scary Adventures ride was replaced with Princess Fairytale Hall, where Snow White and other princesses are located for a meet and greet. Included in the 2013 expansion of Fantasyland is the Seven Dwarfs Mine Train roller coaster. Snow White, her Prince, the Queen, and the Seven Dwarfs are also featured in parades and character appearances throughout the parks. Disneyland 's Fantasyland Theater hosted Snow White: An Enchanting Musical from 2004 to 2006.
Unknown Mary Jo Salerno played Snow White in the Disney - produced Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (also known as Snow White Live!) at the Radio City Music Hall. Music and lyrics for four new songs were created by Jay Blackton and Joe Cook, respectively; titles included "Welcome to the Kingdom of Once Upon a Time '' and "Will I Ever See Her Again? ''. It ran from October 18 to November 18, 1979, and January 11 to March 9, 1980, a total of 106 performances.
In the 2000s, DisneyToon Studios began development on a computer - animated prequel to Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, titled The Seven Dwarfs. Director Mike Disa and screenwriter Evan Spiliotopoulos pitched a story explaining how the Dwarfs met, and how the Evil Queen killed Snow White 's father and took the throne. According to Disa, DisneyToon management changed the prequel to center around how Dopey lost his voice upon witnessing the death of his mother. After Disney purchased Pixar in 2006, John Lasseter, DisneyToons ' new Chief Creative Officer, canceled Dwarfs.
In March 2016, the studio announced a new film in development titled Rose Red, a live - action spin - off film which will be told from the perspective of Snow White 's sister, Red Rose. In late October that year, a live - action feature - length Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was announced, with Erin Cressida Wilson in negotiations to write the script and Pasek and Paul writing new songs for the film.
The Seven Dwarfs made rare appearances in shorts, despite their popularity; they simply were too numerous to animate efficiently. Commissioned shorts The Standard Parade (1939), The Seven Wise Dwarfs (1941, using mostly recycled footage), All Together (1942) and The Winged Scourge (1943) all include appearances.
The animated television series House of Mouse, which included many Disney character animated cameos, included the characters in the special Mickey 's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse. The Evil Queen appeared in a starring role in the film Once Upon a Halloween as well. In the arena of live action, the fantasy television series Once Upon a Time (produced by Disney - owned ABC Studios) regularly includes live - action interpretations of these characters including Snow White, the Prince, the Evil Queen and Grumpy.
An animated television series featuring the seven dwarfs titled The 7D premiered on Disney XD on July 7, 2014, and ended its run on November 5, 2016. The show takes place 30 years before the events of the original film.
A 1937 -- 1938 newspaper comic strip adaptation was republished repeatedly as a comic book, most recently in 1995.
The 80 's cult classic, Gremlins, used the cartoon in the theater scenes for the movie.
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who wrote the book of maccabees in the bible | 1 Maccabees - wikipedia
1 Maccabees is a book of the Bible written in Hebrew by a Jewish author after the restoration of an independent Jewish kingdom by the Hasmonean dynasty, about the latter part of the 2nd century BC. The original Hebrew is lost and the most important surviving version is the Greek translation contained in the Septuagint. The book is held as canonical scripture by the Catholic, Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox churches (except for the Orthodox Tewahedo), but not by Anglican and Protestant denominations. Such Protestants consider it to be an apocryphal book (see also Deuterocanon). In modern - day Judaism, the book is often of great historical interest, but has no official religious status.
The setting of the book is about a century and a half after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, after Alexander 's empire has been divided so that Judea was part of the Greek Seleucid Empire. It tells how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress the practice of basic Jewish law, resulting in the Maccabean Revolt (a Jewish revolt against Seleucid rule). The book covers the whole of the revolt, from 175 to 134 BC, highlighting how the salvation of the Jewish people in this crisis came through Mattathias ' family, particularly his sons, Judas Maccabeus, Jonathan Apphus, and Simon Thassi, and Simon 's son, John Hyrcanus. The doctrine expressed in the book reflects traditional Jewish teaching, without later doctrines found, for example, in 2 Maccabees. The First Book of Maccabees also gives a list of Jewish colonies scattered elsewhere through the Mediterranean at the time.
In the first chapter, Alexander the Great conquers the territory of Judea, only to be eventually succeeded by the Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes. After successfully invading the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, Antiochus IV captures Jerusalem and removes the sacred objects from the Temple in Jerusalem, slaughtering many Jews. He then imposes a tax and establishes a fortress in Jerusalem.
Antiochus then tries to suppress public observance of Jewish laws, in an attempt to secure control over the Jews. In 168 BC, he desecrates the Temple by setting up an "abomination of desolation '' (that is, establishing rites of pagan observance in the Temple, or sacrificing an unclean animal on the altar in the Holy of Holies). Antiochus forbids both circumcision and possession of Jewish scriptures on pain of death. He forbids observance of the sabbath and the offering of sacrifices at the Temple. He also requires Jewish leaders to sacrifice to idols. While enforcement may be targeting only Jewish leaders, ordinary Jews were also killed as a warning to others.
Hellenization included the construction of gymnasiums in Jerusalem. Among other effects, this discouraged the Jewish rite of circumcision even further, which had already been officially forbidden; a man 's state could not be concealed in the gymnasium, where men trained and socialized in the nude. But 1 Maccabees also insists that there were many Jews who sought out or welcomed the introduction of Greek culture. According to the text, some Jewish men even engaged in foreskin restoration in order to pass as fully Greek.
Mattathias calls upon people loyal to the traditions of Israel to oppose the invaders and the Jewish Hellenizers, and his three sons begin a military campaign against them (the Maccabean Revolt). There is one complete loss of a thousand Jews (men, women and children) to Antiochus when the Jewish defenders refuse to fight on the Sabbath. The other Jews then reason that, when attacked, they must fight even on the holy day. In 165 BC the Temple is freed and reconsecrated, so that ritual sacrifices may begin again. The festival of Hanukkah is instituted by Judas Maccabeus and his brothers to celebrate this event (1 Macc. 4: 59). Judas seeks an alliance with the Roman Republic to remove the Greeks. He is succeeded by his brother Jonathan, who becomes high priest and also seeks alliance with Rome and confirms alliance with Areus of Sparta (1 Macc. 12: 1 -- 23). Simon follows them, receiving the double office of high priest and prince of Israel. (Simon and his successors form the Hasmonean dynasty, which is not always considered a valid kingship by the Jews, since they were not of the lineage of David.) Simon leads the people in peace and prosperity, until he is murdered by agents of Ptolemy, son of Abubus, who had been named governor of the region by the Macedonian Greeks. He is succeeded by his son, John Hyrcanus.
The name Maccabee in Hebrew, means "hammer ''. This is properly applied to the first leader of the revolt, Judas, third son of Mattathias, whose attacks were "hammer - like ''. The name came to be used for his brothers as well, which accounts for the title of the book. The Name "Maccabee '' can also be derived from the first letters of each word מי כמוכה באלים י'ה "Who is like You from amongst the mighty, the LORD? '' (Mem, Kaf, Bet, Yud). This Hebrew verse is taken from Exodus 15: 11.
The narrative is primarily prose text, but is interrupted by seven poetic sections, which imitate classical Hebrew poetry. These include four laments and three hymns of praise.
Pope Damasus I 's Council of Rome in 382, if the Decretum Gelasianum is correctly associated with it, issued a biblical canon identical with the list given at Trent including the two books of Maccabees, Origen of Alexandria (A.D. 253), Augustine of Hippo (c. A.D. 397), Pope Innocent I (A.D. 405), Synod of Hippo (A.D. 393), the Council of Carthage (A.D. 397), the Council of Carthage (A.D. 419), the Apostolic Canons, the Council of Florence (A.D. 1442) and the Council of Trent (A.D. 1546) listed the first two books of Maccabees as canonical.
The text comes to us in three codices of the Septuagint: the Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Venetus, as well as some cursives.
Though the original book was written in Hebrew, as can be deduced by a number of Hebrew idioms in the text, the original has been lost and the version which comes down to us is the Septuagint. Some authors date the original Hebrew text even closer to the events covered, while a few suggest a later date. Because of the accuracy of the historical account, if the later date is taken, the author would have to have had access to first - hand reports of the events or other primary sources.
Origen of Alexandria gives testimony to the existence of an original Hebrew text. Jerome likewise claims "the first book of Maccabees I have found to be Hebrew, the second is Greek, as can be proved from the very style '' (per Prologus Galeatus). Many scholars suggest that they may have actually had access to a Biblical Aramaic paraphrase of the work -- but one should be aware of a "creeping Aramaicism '', finding evidence for a vaguely Aramaic text when there is nothing definite to point to. Only the Greek text has survived, and this only through its inclusion in the Christian canon. Origen claims that the title of the original was Sarbēth Sarbanael (variants include Σαρβηθ Σα (ρ) βαναι ελ "Sarbēth Sa (r) banai El '' and Σαρβηθ Σα (ρ) βανέελ Sarbēth Sa (r) baneel), an enigmatic Greek transliteration from a putative Hebrew original. Various reconstructions have been proposed:
Gustaf Dalman, meanwhile, suggests that the title is a corruption of the Aramaic "The Book of the House of the Hasmoneans ''.
The book 's author is unknown, but some suggest that it may have been a devout Jew from the Holy Land who may have taken part in the events described in the book. He shows intimate and detailed geographical knowledge of the Holy Land, but is inaccurate in his information about foreign countries. The author interprets the events not as a miraculous intervention by God, but rather God 's using the instrument of the military genius of the Maccabees to achieve his ends.
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last dance with mary jane video tom petty | Mary Jane 's Last Dance - wikipedia
"Mary Jane 's Last Dance '' is a song written by Tom Petty and recorded by American rock band Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers. It was recorded on July 22, 1993, while Petty was recording his Wildflowers album, and was produced by Rick Rubin, guitarist Mike Campbell, and Tom Petty. The sessions would prove to be the last to include drummer Stan Lynch before his eventual departure in 1994. This song was first released as part of the Greatest Hits album in 1993. It rose to No. 14 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming his first Billboard Top 20 hit of the 1990s, and also topped the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart for two weeks.
Asked if the song was about drugs, Heartbreaker guitarist Mike Campbell said, "In the verse there is still the thing about an Indiana girl on an Indiana night, just when it gets to the chorus he had the presence of mind to give it a deeper meaning. My take on it is it can be whatever you want it to be. A lot of people think it 's a drug reference, and if that 's what you want to think, it very well could be, but it could also just be a goodbye love song. '' In the rest of the interview, Campbell said that the song was originally titled "Indiana Girl '' and the first chorus "Hey, Indiana Girl, go out and find the world. '' He added that Petty ' just could n't get behind singing about "hey, Indiana Girl, '' ' so he changed the chorus a week later.
The music video, which won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Male Video in 1994, features Petty as a morgue assistant who takes home a beautiful dead woman (played by Kim Basinger). He then tries to bring her back to life by acting as if she were alive, putting her in front of a television set and then dressing her as a bride, sitting her at the dinner table and dancing with her with no effect. A scene in the video featuring the dead woman wearing a wedding dress in a room full of wax candles is loosely based on a passage from the Charles Dickens novel Great Expectations. The plot also has similarities with the French movie Cold Moon, itself inspired by a Charles Bukowski short story ("The Copulating Mermaid of Venice ''). Later, Petty is shown carrying her to a rocky shore and gently releasing her into the sea. At the end of the video, Basinger, who is seen floating in the water, opens her eyes.
During the final scenes of the video, Petty is seen carrying Basinger through a cave before placing her in the water. The cave is located at Leo Carrillo State Park, California, where many movies and television shows were filmed.
I said, "She 's got to look really good, or why would he keep her around after she 's dead? '' I thought, Kim Basinger would be good. I 'd probably keep her for a day or two, let 's go see if she would do it. '' You can make a joke about it, but you have to act a bit to be dead. It 's not easy.
Now that was one of the coolest things I 've ever done in my life. It was classic, was n't it? He was a doll, and he was so sweet and asked me to do it, and both of us are extremely shy so we just said three words to each other the whole time. I 'll never forget how heavy that dress was! And I had to be dead the whole time. You know, it 's really one of the hardest things I 've ever done in my life, because I had to be completely weightless to be in his arms the way I was. It won all those awards, and the kids love it -- even today!
I did the "Mary Jane 's Last Dance '' video (in 1993) for one reason: Tom Petty. I did n't even care what it was about -- I was just blown away when he called. Then I heard the music, and I was so in love with the song. The director (Keir McFarlane) was a gruff guy; it was kind of like, his way or the highway. And I always found Tom to be incredibly sensitive and sort of a backseat guy. He was just very humble, beautifully shy. I 'm not the most outgoing human being in the world, and I thought, "I 'm shy; he 's shy. '' But as the story really unfolded and this director kept saying, "Look, you have got to really play dead -- all your weight, '' we laughed so hard. I just honestly could n't keep it together sometimes! Tom had a great sense of humor. I remember getting out of the pool that day and just being so glad it was over, but so proud that I had worked with him.
Besides Cold Moon and Great Expectations, the plot of the video also bears some semblance to the final segment of the 1987 Belgian film Crazy Love (which in itself, is like Cold Moon, also inspired by the writings of Charles Bukowski, in particular "The Copulating Mermaid of Venice, California ''). However, only in the video for "Mary Jane 's Last Dance '' was any sexual contact between Tom Petty and Kim Basinger ("the corpse '') not shown despite being implied. Also unlike in the later music video, there was no "gotcha ending '' in Crazy Love.
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lover lover you don't treat me no good no more original artist | You Do n't Treat Me No Good - wikipedia
"You Do n't Treat Me No Good '' is a song recorded by the American soul group Sonia Dada. Released in 1992, the song was a number - one hit in Australia, spending four weeks at the top of the ARIA Charts. Eighteen years later, country music singer Jerrod Niemann released a cover version under the title "Lover, Lover '', and his version reached number one on the U.S. Hot Country Songs chart.
Glenn A. Baker of Billboard magazine described the song 's chart success as "the most unexpected (...) breakout in the Australian market for many years. '' He also cited the song as an example of the label 's success with breaking new acts outside their home markets. SAFM in Adelaide was among the first stations to play the song.
Joe Rassenfoss of the Rocky Mountain News, in his review of the album, called the song a "catchy vocal entreaty. ''
"You Do n't Treat Me No Good '' debuted at number 38 on the Australian ARIA Charts on November 29, 1992. After spending six weeks at the number - two position behind Whitney Houston 's version of "I Will Always Love You, '' the song reached its peak of number one on February 28, 1993. It held that position for four weeks, then fell to number four on March 28. It was also ranked number three on the ARIA year - end chart. In neighboring New Zealand, the song debuted at number 47 on November 29, 1992, then reached its peak of number two on January 17, unable to dethrone "I Will Always Love You '' from the top spot for five weeks. It remained in the top 40 for 11 more weeks and ended the year as New Zealand 's 27th best - selling single. Although the song did not chart in the United States, the self - titled album from which it was taken sold more than 100,000 copies in the United States after its release in 1992.
sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone
On March 1, 2010, American country music artist Jerrod Niemann released a cover version of this song under the title "Lover, Lover ''. It was Niemann 's first release on the Sea Gayle label, a sister label of Arista Nashville, as well as his fourth single release overall. It is included on his album Judge Jerrod & the Hung Jury, which was released in July 2010, as well as the thirty - fifth edition of Now That 's What I Call Music!
Niemann 's recording of the song features nine vocal tracks, all of which he recorded himself and then overdubbed. He recorded eight of the vocal tracks in one day and recorded the bass backing vocals the next day. Niemann once explained that his voice was hoarse from recording the eight vocal parts and was unable to record the bass vocal. He and a friend then visited the Nashville tavern Tin Roof, which is near the studio where the song was recorded, after Niemann recalled upon several occasions where the Tin Roof bartender would serve Niemann excessive doses of whiskey resulting in Niemann awakening in the morning after with an extremely low voice. With this in mind, Niemann "medicated '' his vocal cords by having the Tin Roof bartender serve him Jack Daniels whiskey nonstop for approximately six hours that night and then returned to the studio the next morning to record the bass vocal.
The song is in the key of G Major, at a moderate tempo, based around a two - measure riff played on acoustic guitar. No full chords are played in the song, although the second measure of the riff includes an open fifth consisting of C and G.
Writing for the CMT blog, Whitney Self said that Niemann "gives the tune a new feel with his contagious beats and acoustic guitar. '' Bobby Peacock of Roughstock called it "soulful, catchy and distinctive, '' giving it a four - star rating out of five.
Potsy Ponciroli directed the music video, which features Niemann playing guitar while singing the song on a porch. It was filmed in Nashville, Tennessee. Jamey Johnson and Randy Houser make cameos at the end.
"Lover, Lover '' debuted at number 52 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts dated for the week ending March 6, 2010. On the week of August 14, 2010, it became his first number one on the Hot Country Songs charts. It finished at number 100 on the Billboard Hot 100 year - end chart and 22 on the Hot Country Songs year - end chart.
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bruce springsteen born in the usa song list | Born in the U.S.A. - Wikipedia
Born in the U.S.A. is the seventh studio album by American rock singer - songwriter Bruce Springsteen. It was released on June 4, 1984, by Columbia Records. The album 's music was written by Springsteen and recorded with his E Street Band and producers Chuck Plotkin and Jon Landau at The Power Station and The Hit Factory in New York City.
When Born in the U.S.A. was first released, it was met with positive reviews and massive commercial success. It produced seven top - 10 hit singles and was promoted with a worldwide concert tour by Springsteen. Born in the U.S.A. became his most commercially successful album and one of the highest - selling records ever, having sold 30 million copies by 2012. It has also been cited by critics as one of the greatest albums of all time. The album received a nomination for Album of the Year at the 1985 Grammy Awards.
Born in the U.S.A. showed Springsteen embracing a livelier mainstream sound than on his previous records but continued to express progressive themes and values in his lyrics. According to Roger Scott, it was a "defiantly rock ' n ' roll '' album, while Rolling Stone 's Debby Bull said Springsteen incorporated "electronic textures '' with music he "kept as its heart all of the American rock & roll from the early Sixties ''. Although Springsteen 's previous record Nebraska had darker songs, he said Born in the U.S.A. was not entirely different: "If you look at the material, particularly on the first side, it 's actually written very much like Nebraska -- the characters and the stories, the style of writing -- except it 's just in the rock - band setting. '' Springsteen considered leaving "No Surrender '' off the album, explaining that "you do n't hold out and triumph all the time in life... You compromise, you suffer defeat; you slip into life 's gray areas. '' E Street Band guitarist Steven Van Zandt convinced Springsteen otherwise: "He argued that the portrait of friendship and the song 's expression of the inspirational power of rock music was an important part of the picture. ''
The title track of the album inspired the Annie Leibovitz photo of Springsteen 's backside against the backdrop of an American flag, which was used as the album cover. Springsteen commented on the origin of the concept: "We had the flag on the cover because the first song was called "Born in the U.S.A. '', and the theme of the record kind of follows from the themes I 've been writing about for at least the last six or seven years. But the flag is a powerful image, and when you set that stuff loose, you do n't know what 's gon na be done with it. '' Some people thought that the cover depicted Springsteen urinating on the flag. He denied it: "That was unintentional. We took a lot of different types of pictures, and in the end, the picture of my ass looked better than the picture of my face, that 's what went on the cover. I did n't have any secret message. I do n't do that very much. '' According to political writer Peter Dreier, the music 's "pop - oriented '' sound and the marketing of Springsteen as "a heavily muscled rocker with an album cover featuring a giant US flag, may have overshadowed the album 's radical politics. ''
Born in the U.S.A. became the first compact disc manufactured in the United States for commercial release when CBS and Sony opened its CD manufacturing plant in Terre Haute, Indiana in September 1984. Columbia Records ' CDs previously had been imported from Japan. Although Springsteen had been a well - known star for almost 10 years before the album was released, Larry Rodgers from the Arizona Republic wrote "it was not until he hit the gym to get buffed up and showed off his rear end in Annie Leibovitz 's famous cover photo for Born in the U.S.A. that he became an American pop icon ''. touching off a wave of "Bossmania '', as author Chris Smith called it. According to Bryan K. Garman, in his book A Race of Singers -- Whitman 's Working - Class Hero From Guthrie to Springsteen, this new image helped Springsteen popularize his persona on a new scale, but also brought him a decisive attachment to political and sociocultural issues, in the times when Ronald Reagan was reviving a patriotic pride by reaffirming the values of prosperity, expansion, and world domination of the United States "within a decidedly masculine framework. ''
Born in the U.S.A. was the best - selling album of 1984 and proved to be the best - selling record of Springsteen 's career. It was promoted with a worldwide concert tour and seven singles that became top - 10 hits: "Dancing in the Dark '', "Cover Me '', "Born in the U.S.A. '', I 'm on Fire ", "Glory Days '', "I 'm Goin ' Down '', and "My Hometown ''. The album debuted at number nine on the Billboard 200 during the week of June 23, 1984, and after two weeks, it reached the top of the chart on July 7, staying at number one for seven weeks; it remained on the chart for one hundred forty three weeks. It was also a commercial success in Europe and Oceania; in the United Kingdom the album entered at number two on June 16, and after thirty four weeks, on February 16, 1985, it reached number one and topped the chart for five non consecutive weeks; it was present on the chart for one hundred thirty five weeks. It also topped the album charts in Australia, Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland.
Born in the U.S.A proved to be one of the best - selling albums of all time. It was certified three times platinum by the BPI on July 25, 1985, denoting shipments of 900,000 units in the UK. After the advent of the North American Nielsen SoundScan tracking system in 1991, the album sold an additional 1,463,000 copies, and on April 19, 1995, it was certified fifteen times platinum by the RIAA for shipments of 15,000,000 copies in the US. By 2012, it had sold 30 million copies worldwide.
As Born in the U.S.A. became a massive commercial success, Springsteen expressed his thoughts on his growing fame in a 1984 interview: "Yeah, there 's a change (in me). (Being a rich man) does n't make living easier, but it does make certain aspects of your life easier. You do n't have to worry about rent, you can buy things for your folks and help out your friends, and you can have a good time, you know? There were moments where it was very confusing. (...) I do n't really think (money) does change you. It 's an inanimate thing, a tool, a convenience. If you 've got to have a problem, it 's a good problem to have. (...) Money was kind of part of the dream when I started. I do n't think... I never felt like I ever played a note for the money. I think if I did, people would know, and they 'd throw you out of the joint. And you 'd deserve to go. But at the same time, it was a part of the dream. ''
Born in the U.S.A. received positive reviews from critics. In a contemporary review for Rolling Stone, Dave Marsh called it Springsteen 's most accessible listen since Born to Run (1975) and said that he knew how to incorporate "technopop elements without succumbing to the genre 's banalities ''. The magazine 's Debby Miller wrote that Springsteen has set songs that were as well thought - out as Nebraska to more sophisticated production and spirited music, and that the four story - driven songs that end each side of the album give it an "extraordinary depth '' because of his world - beating lyrics. Robert Hilburn from the Los Angeles Times felt that, with the album 's "richer '' musical settings, Springsteen had succeeded in articulating his message to a wider audience. John Swenson of Saturday Review credited him for showing a more disciplined writing style than on his previous albums and for "championing traditional rock values at a time when few newer bands show interest in such a direction ''. Writing in The Village Voice, Robert Christgau said Springsteen improved upon his previous work by eschewing dejected themes of nostalgia and losers in favor of tougher lyrics, a sense of humor, and an upbeat worldview more honest than the one - dimensional politics of Nebraska. He added that the record 's vibrant music "reminds me like nothing in years that what teenagers loved about rock and roll was n't that it was catchy or even rhythmic but that it just plain sounded good ''. Born in the U.S.A. was voted the best album of the year in The Village Voice 's annual Pazz & Jop critics poll for 1984. Christgau, the poll 's creator, also ranked it number one on his list, in 1990 he named it the ninth - best album of the 1980s.
In a retrospective review, Christgau wrote that, although Born in the U.S.A. may have seemed more conservative than Springsteen 's previous work, it showed him evolving on what was his "most rhythmically propulsive, vocally incisive, lyrically balanced, and commercially undeniable album ''. Greg Kot, writing in the Chicago Tribune, later called it "an 11 - million - selling record with a conscience ''. AllMusic 's William Ruhlmann interpreted the album as an apotheosis for Springsteen 's reoccurring characters from his past albums and said that Born in the U.S.A. "marked the first time that Springsteen 's characters really seemed to relish the fight and to have something to fight for ''. Richard Williams was more critical in a retrospective review for Q magazine, writing that Springsteen had exaggerated his usual characters and themes in a deliberate attempt at commercial success. Williams added: "The decision by someone who grew up in the ' 60s to exploit the American flag on the cover and to bury the anti-war message of Born In The USA beneath an impenetrable layer of clenched - fist bombast... was, in the era of Reagan and welfare cuts, downright irresponsible. ''
In 1987, Born in the U.S.A. was voted the fifth greatest album rock album of all time in Paul Gambaccini 's poll of 81 critics, writers, and radio broadcasters. In 2003, Rolling Stone ranked Born in the U.S.A. number 85 on their list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, and in 2013, it was named the 428th greatest album in a similar list published by NME. The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.
With Born in the U.S.A., Springsteen helped popularize American heartland rock in the mainstream, which allowed for greater success for recording artists such as John Mellencamp, Tom Petty, and Bob Seger. After Mellencamp released his 1985 album Scarecrow, critics mentioned him alongside Springsteen and also referred to his music as heartland rock.
Springsteen has expressed some mixed feelings about the album, believing that Nebraska contains some of his strongest writing, while Born in the U.S.A. did not necessarily follow suit. The title track "more or less stood by itself '', he declared. "The rest of the album contains a group of songs about which I 've always had some ambivalence. '' Even so, and despite expressing the "grab - bag nature '' of the album, he acknowledged its powerful effect on his career, claiming: "Born in the U.S.A. changed my life and gave me my largest audience. It forced me to question the way I presented my music and made me think harder about what I was doing. ''
Springsteen 's manager, Jon Landau, said that there were no plans for the band to celebrate the album 's anniversary with a deluxe reissue box set in the manner of previous Springsteen albums. "At least not yet, '' he added. A full album live performance DVD titled Born in the U.S.A. Live: London 2013 was released exclusively through Amazon.com on January 14, 2014 along with a purchase of Springsteen 's album, High Hopes.
All tracks written by Bruce Springsteen.
The E Street Band
Additional musicians
Technical
sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone
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oo ee ah ah ah ting tang walla walla bing bang lyrics | Witch Doctor (song) - wikipedia
"Witch Doctor '' is a song performed by Ross Bagdasarian Sr., and released in 1958 by Liberty Records under the stage name David Seville.
The song tells the story of a man in love with a woman who initially does not return his affections. Longing for her companionship, the man goes to see a witch doctor for advice. The wise witch doctor replies, "Oo ee oo aa aa ting tang walla walla bing bang '' (a phrase which is repeated three times as the chorus of the song, alternating "bing bang '' with "bang bang ''). At the middle of the song, the man tells the woman he loves about his asking the witch doctor for advice.
The voice of the "witch doctor '' was in fact Bagdasarian 's own voice sped up to double speed, a technique later exploited by Bagdasarian to create Alvin and the Chipmunks (and which he had also used on at least one other pre-Chipmunk song, "The Bird on My Head ''). Because of this, it is often referred to (even in later compilations) as the first song by the Chipmunks; this is not precisely true. For one, only one sped - up "chipmunk - style '' voice is featured rather than three such voices singing in harmony. Furthermore, Bagdasarian (as Seville) insisted that it was not technically a Chipmunks song in a second version from the 1960 Chipmunks album Sing Again with the Chipmunks (which was later re-released in a musical segment of an episode of The Alvin Show) when he says to the Chipmunks (when they request to sing the song) "I do n't know, fellas, I made that record once! '', to which Alvin responds "Yeah, but not with us! Come on! '' The first true song by the "group '' was "The Chipmunk Song (Christmas Do n't Be Late). ''
The song peaked at number one on the Billboard Top 100, the predecessor to the Billboard Hot 100. The single was considered a major surprise hit on the chart, where it became Seville 's first number - one single and stayed at number one for three weeks. The single peaked at number one on the Billboard R&B chart and on the Cash Box chart as well. The single sold over one million copies in the United States. Billboard ranked it as the No. 4 song for 1958.
The song has gained further popularity due to multiple covers performed by Alvin and the Chipmunks. The first was for their 1960 album Sing Again with The Chipmunks, which would later be adapted into a musical segment on The Alvin Show. In 1983, they would perform this song on the Alvin and the Chipmunks episode "The Chipmunk Story '' and the soundtrack Songs From Our TV Shows. The song was used for the opening of the 1990 TV special Rockin ' Through the Decades in the style of various artists. In 1996, a dance mix cover was recorded for the album Club Chipmunk: The Dance Mixes. In 2007, a DeeTown cover (featuring Chris Classic) was recorded for the live - action / CGI Alvin and the Chipmunks movie. In 2012, they released a duet cover with The Chipettes entitled "Witch Doctor 2.0 '' available for digital download on the iTunes Store (although iTunes only credits The Chipmunks).
The first cover version was recorded in 1958 by the British musician Don Lang and made the UK Top 10.
In 1958 it was covered by the Italian musician Fred Buscaglione.
In 1958 it was partially covered by The Big Bopper in a song referencing Sheb Wooley 's hit The Purple People Eater called "The Purple People Eater Meets the Witch Doctor '' as a 7 '' vinyl single in Australia.
The song has been covered by Sha Na Na and in Spanish by Manuel "El Loco '' Valdés.
A French - language version, "Docteur Miracle '', was recorded by Danyel Gérard, by Annie Cordy, and also by Claude Piron.
At the end of the song "We Go Together '' in the 1978 film Grease, the "oo ee oo aa aa ting tang walla walla bang bang '' verse of "Witch Doctor '' by The Chipmunks can be heard.
A modified version was used in a commercial for Tab soda, with "ting tang '' being replaced by "Tab taste ''.
Mickey Katz recorded a parody called "K'nish Doctor '' in which the doctor uses quasi-Yiddish utterances. This track is included on The Rhino Brothers Present the World 's Worst Records.
A modified version of the song was used in the North American commercial for the 1990 Nintendo game Dr. Mario and it was sung by a man with a shrunken head
In the episode "The Bend in the River '' of The A-Team, Murdock wears a mask, singing the song to himself and B.A. Baracus.
In the 1993 movie Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey, the family sings it while driving to the pound to find their lost pets.
A modified version was used as the second season intro of the Peruvian sitcom Pataclaun.
In the episode "Make Room for Lisa '' of The Simpsons, Homer Simpson sings the song to himself while he and Lisa are in separate water - filled sensory deprivation tanks, with slightly different lyrics.
In Episode 304 of The Muppet Show, guest - starring Gilda Radner, Marvin Suggs plays the song on the Muppaphones, singing the verses himself and having each Muppaphone say one line of the magic word with every hit they get. The song is interrupted by an actual witch doctor who punishes him for telling someone else the word (the audience) by turning his head into a Muppaphone, much to the amusement of his Muppaphones.
In the episode "You May Now Kiss the... Uh... Guy Who Receives '' of Family Guy, Quagmire sings the chorus after refusing to sign Brian 's petition. In the DVD commentary, Seth MacFarlane referred to this moment as "the $10,000 joke '' due to the money he had to pay to get permission to use the song.
While not covering the song per se, American rock band Clutch references it on the song "Texan Book of the Dead '' from their 1995 eponymous album by using the chorus of the song as a form of incantation, preserving the original intent.
In the TV series "Jonathan Creek '', Jonathan and Maddie grimly recite the lyrics as they remember them and then have an argument about who sang it, what it was about and how the chorus went.
Devo recorded a version for the 1998 film, The Rugrats Movie, with new lyrics. This version, however, talks about fun - loving monkeys and their carefree lifestyle which ties into a part of the film 's plot where the Rugrats encounter a troop of escaped circus monkeys who sing this song to them.
The Danish glam pop band Cartoons recorded a Eurodance version in 1998.
In Storybook Weaver and Storybook Weaver Deluxe, Horton sings the song in slow version with the Wickersharm Guards and the witch doctor.
A sequel of sorts, "Witch Doctor Bump '', by funk band the Chubukos, including Chipmunk - style novelty voices, appeared in the Record World charts in late 1973, rising as high as # 117 in a 10 - week chart stay.
Joanie Bartels covered the song on her 1980 album, Sillytime Magic.
In 2012, KIDZ BOP put the song in their Halloween album and the song was 10 seconds longer.
The single Skateboard UH - AH - AH by the German singer Benny Schnier uses a chorus that is very close to this song.
Another version of the song was by the Danish band Cartoons, on their 1998 debut album Toonage. Their version charted well in Europe, reaching the top forty in many countries, as well as peaking at # 2 on the UK Singles Chart. A Spanish version appears on the album Toontastic, while an Italian version also appears on the album More Toonage.
The Cartoons ' cover was also featured in the Dancemania compilation series and Dance Dance Revolution game series, starting with DDRMAX Dance Dance Revolution 6thMix A loosely based song interpreted by Banya was also featured in the Pump It Up dancing game.
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which of the following is true of health care in the united states of america | Health care in the United States - Wikipedia
Health care in the United States is provided by many distinct organizations. Health care facilities are largely owned and operated by private sector businesses. 58 % of US community hospitals are non-profit, 21 % are government owned, and 21 % are for - profit. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the United States spent more on health care per capita ($9,403), and more on health care as percentage of its GDP (17.1 %), than any other nation in 2014.
64 % of health spending was paid for by the government in 2013, funded via programs such as Medicare, Medicaid, the Children 's Health Insurance Program, and the Veterans Health Administration. People aged under 67 acquire insurance via their or a family member 's employer, by purchasing health insurance on their own, or are uninsured. Health insurance for public sector employees is primarily provided by the government in its role as employer.
The United States life expectancy of 79.8 years at birth, up from 75.2 years in 1990, but only ranks 42nd among 224 nations, and 22nd out of the 35 industrialized OECD countries, down from 20th in 1990. Of 17 high - income countries studied by the National Institutes of Health in 2013, the United States had the highest or near - highest prevalence of obesity, car accidents, infant mortality, heart and lung disease, sexually transmitted infections, adolescent pregnancies, injuries, and homicides. On average, a U.S. male can be expected to live almost four fewer years than those in the top - ranked country, though notably Americans aged 75 live longer than those who reach that age in other developed nations. A 2014 survey of the healthcare systems of 11 developed countries found the US healthcare system to be the most expensive and worst - performing in terms of health access, efficiency, and equity.
Americans undergo cancer screenings at significantly higher rates than people in other developed countries, and access MRI and CT scans at the highest rate of any OECD nation.
Gallup recorded that the uninsured rate among U.S. adults was 11.9 % for the first quarter of 2015, continuing the decline of the uninsured rate outset by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). Despite being among the top world economic powers, the US remains the sole industrialized nation in the world without universal health care coverage.
Prohibitively high cost is the primary reason Americans give for problems accessing health care. At over 27 million, higher than the entire population of Australia, the number of people without health insurance coverage in the United States is one of the primary concerns raised by advocates of health care reform. Lack of health insurance is associated with increased mortality, about sixty thousand preventable deaths per year, depending on the study.
A 2012 study for the years 2002 -- 2008 found that about 25 % of all senior citizens declared bankruptcy due to medical expenses, and 43 % were forced to mortgage or sell their primary residence.
In 2010 the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) became law, providing for major changes in health insurance. Under the act, hospitals and primary physicians would change their practices financially, technologically, and clinically to drive better health outcomes, lower costs, and improve their methods of distribution and accessibility. The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of most of the law in June 2012 and affirmed insurance exchange subsidies in all states in June 2015.
A study by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) found that there were 38.6 million hospital stays in the U.S. in 2011, up from 11 % in 1997. Since the population was also growing, the hospitalization rate remained stable at approximately 1,200 stays per 10,000 population during this period. Information from 2012 indicates that there was a slight decrease in hospital stays compared to 2011, 36.5 million. Hospital stays in 2011 averaged 4.5 days and cost an average of $10,400 per stay.
A study by the National Institutes of Health reported that the lifetime per capita expenditure at birth, using year 2000 dollars, showed a large difference between health care costs of females ($361,192) and males ($268,679). A large portion of this cost difference is in the shorter lifespan of men, but even after adjustment for age (assume men live as long as women), there still is a 20 % difference in lifetime health care expenditures.
The U.S. Census Bureau reported that 49.9 million residents, 16.3 % of the population, were uninsured in 2010 (up from 49.0 million residents, 16.1 % of the population, in 2009). A 2009 study in five states found that medical debt contributed to 46.2 % of all personal bankruptcies and in 2007, 62.1 % of filers for bankruptcies claimed high medical expenses. Since then, health costs and the numbers of uninsured and underinsured have increased. A 2013 study found that about 25 % of all senior citizens declare bankruptcy due to medical expenses.
The World Health Organization (WHO), in 2000, ranked the U.S. health care system as the highest in cost, first in responsiveness, 37th in overall performance, and 72nd by overall level of health (among 191 member nations included in the study). In 2008 the Commonwealth Fund, an advocacy group seeking greater government involvement in US healthcare, then led by former Carter administration official Karen Davis, ranked the United States last in the quality of health care among similar countries, and noted U.S. care costs the most.
According to the WHO, the United States spent more on health care per capita ($7,146), and more on health care as percentage of its GDP (15.2 %), than any other nation in 2008. In 2013 the U.S. spent 17.1 % of its total GDP on healthcare, 50 % more than the second highest spending country, France (11.6 %). In 2014, the U.S. spent $2.6 trillion (a 5.0 % increase from 2013) on personal health care expenditures. Per capita spending was $8,054 in 2014 -- up from $7,727 in 2013. In 2011, the U.S. paid nearly twice as much as Canada yet lagged behind other wealthy nations in such measures as infant mortality and life expectancy. As of 2009, the U.S. had a higher infant mortality rate than most of the world 's industrialized nations.
Active debate about health care reform in the United States concerns questions of a right to health care, access, fairness, efficiency, cost, choice, value, and quality. Some have argued that the system does not deliver equivalent value for the money spent. According to a 2004 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report: "The United States is among the few industrialized nations in the world that does not guarantee access to health care for its population. '' A 2004 OECD report said: "With the exception of Mexico, Turkey, and the United States, all OECD countries had achieved universal or near - universal (at least 98.4 % insured) coverage of their populations by 1990. '' The 2004 IOM report observed that "lack of health insurance causes roughly 18,000 unnecessary deaths every year in the United States '', while a 2009 Harvard study conducted by co-founders of Physicians for a National Health Program, a pro-single payer advocacy group, estimated that 44,800 excess deaths occurred annually due to lack of health insurance. The group 's methodology has been criticized by economist John C. Goodman for not looking at cause of death or tracking insurance status changes over time, including the time of death. Further, a 2009 study by former Clinton policy adviser Richard Kronick found no increased mortality from being uninsured after certain risk factors were controlled for, and specifically criticized the methodology used by IOM.
Between 2004 and 2013 a trend of high rates of un - and underinsurance and wage stagnation contributed to a health - care consumption decline for low - income Americans. This trend was reversed after the implementation of the major provisions of the Affordable Health Care Act (ACA) in 2014. Lack of insurance or higher cost sharing (user fees for the patient with insurance) create barriers to accessing health care: use of care declines with increasing patient cost - sharing obligation. Before the ACA passed in 2014, 39 % of below - average income Americans reported forgoing seeing a doctor for a medical issue (whereas 7 % of low - income Canadians and 1 % of low - income UK citizens reported the same). Forgone medical care due to extensive cost sharing may ultimately increase costs due to downstream medical issues; this dynamic may play a part in U.S. 's international ranking as having the highest health - care expenditures despite significant patient cost - sharing.
As of 2017, the possibility that the ACA may be repealed or replaced has intensified interest in the question of whether -- and how -- health insurance coverage affects health and mortality. Several studies have indicated that there was an association with expansion of the ACA and factors associated with better health outcomes such as having a regular source of care and the ability to afford care. Additionally, an analysis of changes in mortality post Medicaid expansion suggests that Medicaid saves lives at a relatively more cost effective rate of a societal cost of $327,000 - 867,000 per life saved compared to other public policies which cost an average of $7.6 million per life.
The United States is within the Region of the Americas or AMRO (a World Health Organization classification). Within AMRO, the U.S. had the third lowest under - five child mortality rate (U5MR) in 2015. In 2015, the under - five child mortality rate was 6.5 deaths per 1000 live births, less than half the regional average of 14.7. The U.S. had the second lowest maternal mortality in AMRO, 14 per 100,000 live births, well below the regional average of 52. Life expectancy at birth for a child born in the U.S. in 2015 is 81.6 (females) or 76.9 (males) years, compared to 79.9 (females) or 74 (males) years (AMRO regional estimates). Globally, average life expectancy is 73.8 for females and 69.1 for males born in 2015.
(deaths per 1000 live births)
(deaths per 100,000 live births)
76.9 (males)
74 (males)
69.1 (males)
73.2 (males)
79.4 (males)
75.0 (males)
The 2015 global average for under - five child mortality was 42.5 per 1000 live births. The U.S. 's under - five child mortality of 6.5 is more than 6 times less. The 2015 global average for maternal mortality was 216, the United State 's average of 14 maternal deaths 100,000 live births is more than 15 times less, however Canada had half as many (7) and Finland, Greece, Iceland and Poland each only had 3. While not as high in 2015 (14) as in 2013 (18.5), maternal deaths related to childbirth have shown recent increases; in 1987, the mortality ratio was 7.2 per 100,000. As of 2015, the American rate is double the maternal mortality rate in Belgium or Canada, and more than triple the rate in the Finland as well as several other Western European countries.
According to the World Health Organization, life expectancy in the U.S. is 31st in the world (out of 183 countries) as of 2015. The U.S. 's average life expectancy (both sexes is just over 79). Japan ranks first with an average life expectancy of nearly 84 years. Sierra Leone ranks last with a life expectancy of just over 50 years. However, the U.S. ranks lower (36th) when considering health - adjusted life expectancy (HALE) at just over 69 years. Another source, the Central Intelligence Agency, indicates life expectancy at birth in the U.S. is 79.8, ranking the U.S. 42nd in the world. Monaco is first on this list of 224, with an average life expectancy of 89.5. Chad is last with 50.2.
Aa 2013 National Research Council study stated that, when considered as one of 17 high - income countries, the United States was at or near the top in infant mortality, heart and lung disease, sexually transmitted infections, adolescent pregnancies, injuries, homicides, and rates of disability. Together, such issues place the U.S. at the bottom of the list for life expectancy in high - income countries. As of 2007, U.S. males could be expected to live almost four fewer years than those in Switzerland, and U.S. females could be expected to live over 5 years less than women in Japan. Females born in the U.S. in 2015 have a life expectancy of 81.6 years, and males 76.9 years; more than 3 years less and as much as over 5 years less than people born in Switzerland (85.3 F, 81.3 M) or Japan (86.8 F, 80.5 M) in 2015.
The top three causes of death among both sexes and all ages in the U.S. have consistently remained cardiovascular diseases (ranked 1st), neoplasms (2nd) and neurological disorders (3rd), since the 1990s. In 2015, 267.18 per 100,000 deaths were caused by cardiovascular diseases, 204.63 by neoplasms and 100.66 by neurological disorders. Diarrhea, lower respiratory and other common infections were ranked 6th overall, but had the highest rate of infectious disease mortality in the U.S. at 31.65 deaths per 100,000. There is evidence, however, that a large proportion of health outcomes and early mortality can be attributed to factors other than communicable or non-communicable disease. As a 2013 National Research Council study concluded, more than half the men who die before 50 die due to murder (19 %), traffic accidents (18 %), and other accidents (16 %). For women, the percentages are different. 53 % of women who die before 50 die due to disease, whereas 38 % die due to accidents, homicide, and suicide.
Health care providers in the U.S. encompass individual health care personnel, health care facilities and medical products.
In the U.S., ownership of the health care system is mainly in private hands, though federal, state, county, and city governments also own certain facilities.
The non-profit hospitals share of total hospital capacity has remained relatively stable (about 70 %) for decades. There are also privately owned for - profit hospitals as well as government hospitals in some locations, mainly owned by county and city governments. The Hill - Burton Act was passed in 1946, which provided federal funding for hospitals in exchange for treating poor patients.
There is no nationwide system of government - owned medical facilities open to the general public but there are local government - owned medical facilities open to the general public. The U.S. Department of Defense operates field hospitals as well as permanent hospitals via the Military Health System to provide military - funded care to active military personnel.
The federal Veterans Health Administration operates VA hospitals open only to veterans, though veterans who seek medical care for conditions they did not receive while serving in the military are charged for services. The Indian Health Service (IHS) operates facilities open only to Native Americans from recognized tribes. These facilities, plus tribal facilities and privately contracted services funded by IHS to increase system capacity and capabilities, provide medical care to tribespeople beyond what can be paid for by any private insurance or other government programs.
Hospitals provide some outpatient care in their emergency rooms and specialty clinics, but primarily exist to provide inpatient care. Hospital emergency departments and urgent care centers are sources of sporadic problem - focused care. Surgicenters are examples of specialty clinics. Hospice services for the terminally ill who are expected to live six months or less are most commonly subsidized by charities and government. Prenatal, family planning, and dysplasia clinics are government - funded obstetric and gynecologic specialty clinics respectively, and are usually staffed by nurse practitioners. Services, particularly urgent - care services, may also be delivered remotely via telemedicine by providers such as Teladoc.
Physicians in the U.S. include those trained by the U.S. medical education system, and those that are international medical graduates who have progressed through the necessary steps to acquire a medical license to practice in a state.
The American College of Physicians, uses the term physician to describe all medical practitioners holding a professional medical degree. In the U.S., however, most physicians have either a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.), Doctor of Nursing Practice (D.N.P.), or a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) degree.
As in most other countries, the manufacture and production of pharmaceuticals and medical devices is carried out by private companies. The research and development of medical devices and pharmaceuticals is supported by both public and private sources of funding. In 2003, research and development expenditures were approximately $95 billion with $40 billion coming from public sources and $55 billion coming from private sources. These investments into medical research have made the United States the leader in medical innovation, measured either in terms of revenue or the number of new drugs and devices introduced. In 2006, the United States accounted for three quarters of the world 's biotechnology revenues and 82 % of world R&D spending in biotechnology. According to multiple international pharmaceutical trade groups, the high cost of patented drugs in the U.S. has encouraged substantial reinvestment in such research and development. Though PPACA, also known as Obamacare or ACA, will force industry to sell medicine at a cheaper price. Due to this, it is possible budget cuts will be made on research and development of human health and medicine in America.
A large demographic shift in the United States is putting pressure on the medical system, and the industries that support it. Roughly 10,000 baby boomers retire every day in the United States which removes many talented and experienced workers from the medical field each year. The demographic shift to an older population is projected to increase medical spending in North America by at least 5 %, creating a funding crunch that the government (through medicare and other social services), insurance companies, and individual savings accounts are straining to absorb. Finally, the older population is rapidly increasing demand for healthcare services despite the tight budgets and reduced workforce. All of these factors put pressure on wages and working conditions, with the majority of healthcare jobs seeing salary reductions between 2009 and 2011.
The challenging demographic pressures on the United States ' medical system means that more reductions (and imbalances) in wages are coming. Employment opportunities are increasing but job security and employee confidence have both fallen for medical professionals. Highly trained doctors, surgeons, and support staff such as anesthesiologists are insulated from falling wages thanks to high barriers of entry. For staff with less training, formerly well paying jobs are being outsourced or cut to make up budget shortfalls. Additionally, some of the fastest growing health sectors (such as seniors home care) are also some of the lowest paid which could cause supply shortages in the near future.
Aggregate U.S. hospital costs were $387.3 billion in 2011 -- a 63 % increase since 1997 (inflation adjusted). Costs per stay increased 47 % since 1997, averaging $10,000 in 2011.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), total health care spending in the U.S. was 18 % of its GDP in 2011, the highest in the world. The Health and Human Services Department expects that the health share of GDP will continue its historical upward trend, reaching 19 % of GDP by 2017. Of each dollar spent on health care in the United States, 31 % goes to hospital care, 21 % goes to physician / clinical services, 10 % to pharmaceuticals, 4 % to dental, 6 % to nursing homes and 3 % to home health care, 3 % for other retail products, 3 % for government public health activities, 7 % to administrative costs, 7 % to investment, and 6 % to other professional services (physical therapists, optometrists, etc.).
As of 2007, around 85 % of Americans had some form of health insurance; either through their employer or the employer of their spouse or parent (59 %), purchased individually (9 %), or provided by government programs (28 %; there is some overlap in these figures).
Among those whose employer pays for health insurance, the employee may be required to contribute part of the cost of this insurance, while the employer usually chooses the insurance company and, for large groups, negotiates with the insurance company. Government programs directly cover 28 % of the population (83 million), including the elderly, disabled, children, veterans, and some of the poor, and federal law mandates public access to emergency services regardless of ability to pay. Public spending accounts for between 45 % and 56 % of U.S. health care spending.
Administration of health care constitutes 30 percent of U.S. health - care costs.
Healthcare is subject to extensive regulation at both the federal and the state level, much of which "arose haphazardly ''. Under this system, the federal government cedes primary responsibility to the states under the McCarran - Ferguson Act. Essential regulation includes the licensure of health care providers at the state level and the testing and approval of pharmaceuticals and medical devices by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and laboratory testing. These regulations are designed to protect consumers from ineffective or fraudulent healthcare. Additionally, states regulate the health insurance market and they often have laws which require that health insurance companies cover certain procedures, although state mandates generally do not apply to the self - funded health care plans offered by large employers, which exempt from state laws under preemption clause of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act.
In 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) was signed by President Barack Obama and includes various new regulations, with one of the most notable being a health insurance mandate which requires all citizens to purchase health insurance. While not regulation per se, the federal government also has a major influence on the healthcare market through its payments to providers under Medicare and Medicaid, which in some cases are used as a reference point in the negotiations between medical providers and insurance companies.
At the federal level, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services oversees the various federal agencies involved in health care. The health agencies are a part of the U.S. Public Health Service, and include the Food and Drug Administration, which certifies the safety of food, effectiveness of drugs and medical products, the Centers for Disease Prevention, which prevents disease, premature death, and disability, the Agency of Health Care Research and Quality, the Agency Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, which regulates hazardous spills of toxic substances, and the National Institutes of Health, which conducts medical research.
State governments maintain state health departments, and local governments (counties and municipalities) often have their own health departments, usually branches of the state health department. Regulations of a state board may have executive and police strength to enforce state health laws. In some states, all members of state boards must be health care professionals. Members of state boards may be assigned by the governor or elected by the state committee. Members of local boards may be elected by the mayor council. The McCarran -- Ferguson Act, which cedes regulation to the states, does not itself regulate insurance, nor does it mandate that states regulate insurance. "Acts of Congress '' that do not expressly purport to regulate the "business of insurance '' will not preempt state laws or regulations that regulate the "business of insurance. '' The Act also provides that federal anti-trust laws will not apply to the "business of insurance '' as long as the state regulates in that area, but federal anti-trust laws will apply in cases of boycott, coercion, and intimidation. By contrast, most other federal laws will not apply to insurance whether the states regulate in that area or not.
Self - policing of providers by providers is a major part of oversight. Many health care organizations also voluntarily submit to inspection and certification by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospital Organizations, JCAHO. Providers also undergo testing to obtain board certification attesting to their skills. A report issued by Public Citizen in April 2008 found that, for the third year in a row, the number of serious disciplinary actions against physicians by state medical boards declined from 2006 to 2007, and called for more oversight of the boards.
The federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) publishes an on - line searchable database of performance data on nursing homes.
In 2004, libertarian think tank Cato Institute published a study which concluded that regulation provides benefits in the amount of $170 billion but costs the public up to $340 billion. The study concluded that the majority of the cost differential arises from medical malpractice, FDA regulations, and facilities regulations.
In 1978, the federal government required that all states implement Certificate of Need (CON) programs for cardiac care, meaning that hospitals had to apply and receive certificates prior to implementing the program; the intent was to reduce cost by reducing duplicate investments in facilities. It has been observed that these certificates could be used to increase costs through weakened competition. Many states removed the CON programs after the federal requirement expired in 1986, but some states still have these programs. Empirical research looking at the costs in areas where these programs have been discontinued have not found a clear effect on costs, and the CON programs could decrease costs because of reduced facility construction or increase costs due to reduced competition.
The American Medical Association (AMA) has lobbied the government to highly limit physician education since 1910, currently at 100,000 doctors per year, which has led to a shortage of doctors and physicians ' wages in the U.S. are double those in the Europe, which is a major reason for the more expensive health care.
An even bigger problem may be that the doctors are paid for procedures instead of results.
The AMA has also aggressively lobbied for many restrictions that require doctors to carry out operations that might be carried out by cheaper workforce. For example, in 1995, 36 states banned or restricted midwifery even though it delivers equally safe care to that by doctors.. The regulation lobbied by the AMA has decreased the amount and quality of health care, according to the consensus of economist: the restrictions do not add to quality, they decrease the supply of care. Moreover, psychologists, nurses and pharmacists are not allowed to prescribe medicines. Previously nurses were not even allowed to vaccinate the patients without direct supervision by doctors.
36 states require that health care workers undergo criminal background checks.
EMTALA, enacted by the federal government in 1986, requires that hospital emergency departments treat emergency conditions of all patients regardless of their ability to pay and is considered a critical element in the "safety net '' for the uninsured, but established no direct payment mechanism for such care. Indirect payments and reimbursements through federal and state government programs have never fully compensated public and private hospitals for the full cost of care mandated by EMTALA. More than half of all emergency care in the U.S. now goes uncompensated. According to some analyses, EMTALA is an unfunded mandate that has contributed to financial pressures on hospitals in the last 20 years, causing them to consolidate and close facilities, and contributing to emergency room overcrowding. According to the Institute of Medicine, between 1993 and 2003, emergency room visits in the U.S. grew by 26 %, while in the same period, the number of emergency departments declined by 425.
Mentally ill patients present a unique challenge for emergency departments and hospitals. In accordance with EMTALA, mentally ill patients who enter emergency rooms are evaluated for emergency medical conditions. Once mentally ill patients are medically stable, regional mental health agencies are contacted to evaluate them. Patients are evaluated as to whether they are a danger to themselves or others. Those meeting this criterion are admitted to a mental health facility to be further evaluated by a psychiatrist. Typically, mentally ill patients can be held for up to 72 hours, after which a court order is required.
Health care quality assurance consists of the "activities and programs intended to assure or improve the quality of care in either a defined medical setting or a program. The concept includes the assessment or evaluation of the quality of care; identification of problems or shortcomings in the delivery of care; designing activities to overcome these deficiencies; and follow - up monitoring to ensure effectiveness of corrective steps. '' Private companies such as Grand Rounds also release quality information and offer services to employers and plans to map quality within their networks.
One innovation in encouraging quality of health care is the public reporting of the performance of hospitals, health professionals or providers, and healthcare organizations. However, there is "no consistent evidence that the public release of performance data changes consumer behaviour or improves care. ''
The US health care delivery system unevenly provides medical care of varying quality to its population. In a highly effective health care system, individuals would receive reliable care that meets their needs and is based on the best scientific knowledge available. In order to monitor and evaluate system effectiveness, researchers and policy makers track system measures and trends over time. The US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) populates a publicly available dashboard called, the Health System Measurement Project (healthmeasures.aspe.hhs.gov), to ensure a robust monitoring system. The dashboard captures the access, quality and cost of care; overall population health; and health system dynamics (e.g., workforce, innovation, health information technology). Included measures align with other system performance measuring activities including the HHS Strategic Plan, the Government Performance and Results Act, Healthy People 2020, and the National Strategies for Quality and Prevention.
The US health system does not provide health care to the country 's entire population. Individuals acquire health insurance to offset health care spending. However, lack of adequate health insurance persists and is a known barrier to accessing the healthcare system and receiving appropriate and timely care. Measures of accessibility and affordability tracked by national health surveys include: having a usual source of medical care, visiting the dentist yearly, rates of preventable hospitalizations, reported difficulty seeing a specialist, delaying care due to cost, and rates of health insurance coverage.
The health of the population is also viewed as a measure of the overall effectiveness of the healthcare system. The extent to which the population lives longer healthier lives signals an effective system.
Finally, the United States tracks investment in the healthcare system in terms of a skilled healthcare workforce, meaningful use of healthcare IT, and R&D output. This aspect of the healthcare system performance dashboard is important to consider when evaluating cost of care in America. That is because in much of the policy debate around the high cost of US healthcare, proponents of highly specialized and cutting edge technologies point to innovation as a marker of an effective health care system.
A 2014 study by the private American foundation The Commonwealth Fund found that although the U.S. health care system is the most expensive in the world, it ranks last on most dimensions of performance when compared with Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The study found that the United States failed to achieve better outcomes than other countries, and is last or near last in terms of access, efficiency and equity. Study date came from international surveys of patients and primary care physicians, as well as information on health care outcomes from The Commonwealth Fund, the World Health Organization, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
The U.S. stands 50th in the world with a life expectancy of 78.49. The CIA World Factbook ranked the United States 174th worst (out of 222) -- meaning 48th best -- in the world for infant mortality rate (5.98 / 1,000 live births).
A study found that between 1997 and 2003, preventable deaths declined more slowly in the United States than in 18 other industrialized nations. A 2008 study found that 101,000 people a year die in the U.S. that would not if the health care system were as effective as that of France, Japan, or Australia.
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) found that the U.S. ranked poorly in terms of years of potential life lost (YPLL), a statistical measure of years of life lost under the age of 70 that were amenable to being saved by health care. Among OECD nations for which data are available, the United States ranked third last for the health care of women (after Mexico and Hungary) and fifth last for men (Slovakia and Poland also ranked worse).
Recent studies find growing gaps in life expectancy based on income and geography. In 2008, a government - sponsored study found that life expectancy declined from 1983 to 1999 for women in 180 counties, and for men in 11 counties, with most of the life expectancy declines occurring in the Deep South, Appalachia, along the Mississippi River, in the Southern Plains and in Texas. The difference is as high as three years for men, six years for women. The gap is growing between rich and poor and by educational level, but narrowing between men and women and by race. Another study found that the mortality gap between the well - educated and the poorly educated widened significantly between 1993 and 2001 for adults ages 25 through 64; the authors speculated that risk factors such as smoking, obesity and high blood pressure may lie behind these disparities. In 2011 the U.S. National Research Council forecasted that deaths attributed to smoking, on the decline in the US, will drop dramatically, improving life expectancy; it also suggested that one - fifth to one - third of the life expectancy difference can be attributed to obesity which is the worst in the world and has been increasing. In an analysis of breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and prostate cancer diagnosed during 1990 -- 1994 in 31 countries, the U.S. had the highest five - year relative survival rate for breast cancer and prostate cancer, although survival was systematically and substantially lower in black U.S. men and women.
The debate about U.S. health care concerns questions of access, efficiency, and quality purchased by the high sums spent. The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2000 ranked the U.S. health care system first in responsiveness, but 37th in overall performance and 72nd by overall level of health (among 191 member nations included in the study). The WHO study has been criticized by the free market advocate David Gratzer because "fairness in financial contribution '' was used as an assessment factor, marking down countries with high per - capita private or fee - paying health treatment. The WHO study has been criticized, in an article published in Health Affairs, for its failure to include the satisfaction ratings of the general public. The study found that there was little correlation between the WHO rankings for health systems and the stated satisfaction of citizens using those systems. Countries such as Italy and Spain, which were given the highest ratings by WHO were ranked poorly by their citizens while other countries, such as Denmark and Finland, were given low scores by WHO but had the highest percentages of citizens reporting satisfaction with their health care systems. WHO staff, however, say that the WHO analysis does reflect system "responsiveness '' and argue that this is a superior measure to consumer satisfaction, which is influenced by expectations. Furthermore, the relationship between patient satisfaction and health care utilization, expenditures, and outcomes is complex and not well defined.
A report released in April 2008 by the Foundation for Child Development, which studied the period from 1994 through 2006, found mixed results for the health of children in the U.S. Mortality rates for children ages 1 through 4 dropped by a third, and the percentage of children with elevated blood lead levels dropped by 84 %. The percentage of mothers who smoked during pregnancy also declined. On the other hand, both obesity and the percentage of low - birth weight babies increased. The authors note that the increase in babies born with low birth weights can be attributed to women delaying childbearing and the increased use of fertility drugs.
In a sample of 13 developed countries the US was third in its population weighted usage of medication in 14 classes in both 2009 and 2013. The drugs studied were selected on the basis that the conditions treated had high incidence, prevalence and / or mortality, caused significant long - term morbidity and incurred high levels of expenditure and significant developments in prevention or treatment had been made in the last 10 years. The study noted considerable difficulties in cross border comparison of medication use.
Variations in the efficiency of health care delivery can cause variations in outcomes. The Dartmouth Atlas Project, for instance, reported that, for over 20 years, marked variations in how medical resources are distributed and used in the United States were accompanied by marked variations in outcomes. The willingness of physicians to work in an area varies with the income of the area and the amenities it offers, a situation aggravated by a general shortage of doctors in the United States, particularly those who offer primary care. The Affordable Care Act, if implemented, will produce an additional demand for services which the existing stable of primary care doctors will be unable to fill, particularly in economically depressed areas. Training additional physicians would require some years.
Lean manufacturing techniques such as value stream mapping can help identify and subsequently mitigate waste associated with costs of healthcare. Other product engineering tools such as FMEA and Fish Bone Diagrams have been used to improve efficiencies in healthcare delivery.
In 2010, coronary artery disease, lung cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and traffic accidents caused the most years of life lost in the US. Low back pain, depression, musculoskeletal disorders, neck pain, and anxiety caused the most years lost to disability. The most deleterious risk factors were poor diet, tobacco smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, physical inactivity, and alcohol use. Alzheimer 's disease, drug abuse, kidney disease and cancer, and falls caused the most additional years of life lost over their age - adjusted 1990 per - capita rates.
Between 1990 and 2010, among the 34 countries in the OECD, the US dropped from 18th to 27th in age - standardized death rate. The US dropped from 23rd to 28th for age - standardized years of life lost. It dropped from 20th to 27th in life expectancy at birth. It dropped from 14th to 26th for healthy life expectancy.
According to a 2009 study conducted at Harvard Medical School by co-founders of Physicians for a National Health Program, a pro-single payer lobbying group, and published by the American Journal of Public Health, lack of health coverage is associated with nearly 45,000 excess preventable deaths annually. Since then, as the number of uninsured has risen from about 46 million in 2009 to 49 million in 2012, the number of preventable deaths due to lack of insurance has grown to about 48,000 per year. The group 's methodology has been criticized by economist John C. Goodman for not looking at cause of death or tracking insurance status changes over time, including the time of death.
A 2009 study by former Clinton policy adviser Richard Kronick published in the journal Health Services Research found no increased mortality from being uninsured after certain risk factors were controlled for.
A study of international health care spending levels published in the health policy journal Health Affairs in the year 2000 found that the United States spends substantially more on health care than any other country in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and that the use of health care services in the U.S. is below the OECD median by most measures. The authors of the study conclude that the prices paid for health care services are much higher in the U.S. than elsewhere. While the 19 next most wealthy countries by GDP all pay less than half what the U.S. does for health care, they have all gained about six years of life expectancy more than the U.S. since 1970.
Uninsured Americans are less likely to have regular health care and use preventive services. They are more likely to delay seeking care, resulting in more medical crises, which are more expensive than ongoing treatment for such conditions as diabetes and high blood pressure. A 2007 study published in JAMA concluded that uninsured people were less likely than the insured to receive any medical care after an accidental injury or the onset of a new chronic condition. The uninsured with an injury were also twice as likely as those with insurance to have received none of the recommended follow - up care, and a similar pattern held for those with a new chronic condition. Uninsured patients are twice as likely to visit hospital emergency rooms as those with insurance; burdening a system meant for true emergencies with less - urgent care needs.
In 2008 researchers with the American Cancer Society found that individuals who lacked private insurance (including those covered by Medicaid) were more likely to be diagnosed with late - stage cancer than those who had such insurance.
The costs of treating the uninsured must often be absorbed by providers as charity care, passed on to the insured via cost shifting and higher health insurance premiums, or paid by taxpayers through higher taxes. However, hospitals and other providers are reimbursed for the cost of providing uncompensated care via a federal matching fund program. Each state enacts legislation governing the reimbursement of funds to providers. In Missouri, for example, providers assessments totaling $800 million are matched -- $2 for each assessed $1 -- to create a pool of approximately $2 billion. By federal law these funds are transferred to the Missouri Hospital Association for disbursement to hospitals for the costs incurred providing uncompensated care including Disproportionate Share Payments (to hospitals with high quantities of uninsured patients), Medicaid shortfalls, Medicaid managed care payments to insurance companies and other costs incurred by hospitals. In New Hampshire, by statute, reimbursable uncompensated care costs shall include: charity care costs, any portion of Medicaid patient care costs that are unreimbursed by Medicaid payments, and any portion of bad debt costs that the commissioner determines would meet the criteria under 42 U.S.C. section 1396r - 4 (g) governing hospital - specific limits on disproportionate share hospital payments under Title XIX of the Social Security Act.
A report published by the Kaiser Family Foundation in April 2008 found that economic downturns place a significant strain on state Medicaid and SCHIP programs. The authors estimated that a 1 % increase in the unemployment rate would increase Medicaid and SCHIP enrollment by 1 million, and increase the number uninsured by 1.1 million. State spending on Medicaid and SCHIP would increase by $1.4 billion (total spending on these programs would increase by $3.4 billion). This increased spending would occur at the same time state government revenues were declining. During the last downturn, the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 (JGTRRA) included federal assistance to states, which helped states avoid tightening their Medicaid and SCHIP eligibility rules. The authors conclude that Congress should consider similar relief for the current economic downturn.
The treatment given to a patient can vary significantly depending on which health care providers they use. Research suggests that some cost - effective treatments are not used as often as they should be, while overutilization occurs with other health care services. Unnecessary treatments increase costs and can cause patients unnecessary anxiety. The use of prescription drugs varies significantly by geographic region. The overuse of medical benefits is known as moral hazard -- individuals who are insured are then more inclined to consume health care. The way the Health care system tries to eliminate this problem is through cost sharing tactics like co-pays and deductibles. If patients face more of the economic burden they will then only consume health care when they perceive it to be necessary. According to the RAND health insurance experiment, individuals with higher Coinsurance rates consumed less health care than those with lower rates. The experiment concluded that with less consumption of care there was generally no loss in societal welfare but, for the poorer and sicker groups of people there were definitely negative effects. These patients were forced to forgo necessary preventative care measures in order to save money leading to late diagnosis of easily treated diseases and more expensive procedures later. With less preventative care, the patient is hurt financially with an increase in expensive visits to the ER. The Health Care costs in the U.S will also rise with these procedures as well. More expensive procedures lead to greater costs.
One study has found significant geographic variations in Medicare spending for patients in the last two years of life. These spending levels are associated with the amount of hospital capacity available in each area. Higher spending did not result in patients living longer.
Primary care doctors are often the point of entry for most patients needing care, but in the fragmented health care system of the U.S., many patients and their providers experience problems with care coordination. For example, a Harris Interactive survey of California physicians found that:
According to an article in The New York Times, the relationship between doctors and patients is deteriorating. A study from Johns Hopkins University found that roughly one in four patients believe their doctors have exposed them to unnecessary risks, and anecdotal evidence such as self - help books and web postings suggest increasing patient frustration. Possible factors behind the deteriorating doctor / patient relationship include the current system for training physicians and differences in how doctors and patients view the practice of medicine. Doctors may focus on diagnosis and treatment, while patients may be more interested in wellness and being listened to by their doctors.
Many primary care physicians no longer see their patients while they are in the hospital; instead, hospitalists are used. The use of hospitalists is sometimes mandated by health insurance companies as a cost - saving measure which is resented by some primary care physicians.
The health care system in the U.S. has a vast number of players. There are hundreds, if not thousands, of insurance companies in the U.S. This system has considerable administrative overhead, far greater than in nationalized, single - payer systems, such as Canada 's. An oft - cited study by Harvard Medical School and the Canadian Institute for Health Information determined that some 31 % of U.S. health care dollars, or more than $1,000 per person per year, went to health care administrative costs, nearly double the administrative overhead in Canada, on a percentage basis.
According to the insurance industry group America 's Health Insurance Plans, administrative costs for private health insurance plans have averaged approximately 12 % of premiums over the last 40 years. There has been a shift in the type and distribution of administrative expenses over that period. The cost of adjudicating claims has fallen, while insurers are spending more on other administrative activities, such as medical management, nurse help lines, and negotiating discounted fees with health care providers.
A 2003 study published by the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association (BCBSA) also found that health insurer administrative costs were approximately 11 % to 12 % of premiums, with Blue Cross and Blue Shield plans reporting slightly lower administrative costs, on average, than commercial insurers. For the period 1998 through 2003, average insurer administrative costs declined from 13 % to 12 % of premiums. The largest increases in administrative costs were in customer service and information technology, and the largest decreases were in provider services and contracting and in general administration. The McKinsey Global Institute estimated that excess spending on "health administration and insurance '' accounted for as much as 21 % of the estimated total excess spending ($477 billion in 2003).
According to a report published by the CBO in 2008, administrative costs for private insurance represent approximately 12 % of premiums. Variations in administrative costs between private plans are largely attributable to economies of scale. Coverage for large employers has the lowest administrative costs. The percentage of premium attributable to administration increases for smaller firms, and is highest for individually purchased coverage. A 2009 study published by BCBSA found that the average administrative expense cost for all commercial health insurance products was represented 9.2 % of premiums in 2008. Administrative costs were 11.1 % of premiums for small group products and 16.4 % in the individual market.
One study of the billing and insurance - related (BIR) costs borne not only by insurers but also by physicians and hospitals found that BIR among insurers, physicians, and hospitals in California represented 20 -- 22 % of privately insured spending in California acute care settings.
Most Americans pay for medical services largely through insurance, and this can distort the incentives of consumers since the consumer pays only a portion of the ultimate cost directly. The lack of price information on medical services can also distort incentives. The insurance which pays on behalf of insureds negotiate with medical providers, sometimes using government - established prices such as Medicaid billing rates as a reference point. This reasoning has led for calls to reform the insurance system to create a consumer - driven health care system whereby consumers pay more out - of - pocket. In 2003, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act was passed, which encourages consumers to have a high - deductible health plan and a health savings account.
The U.S. spends more as a percentage of GDP than similar countries, and this can be explained either through higher prices for services themselves, higher costs to administer the system, or more utilization of these services, or to a combination of these elements.
Free - market advocates claim that the health care system is "dysfunctional '' because the system of third - party payments from insurers removes the patient as a major participant in the financial and medical choices that affect costs. The Cato Institute claims that because government intervention has expanded insurance availability through programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, this has exacerbated the problem. According to a study paid for by America 's Health Insurance Plans (a Washington lobbyist for the health insurance industry) and carried out by PriceWaterhouseCoopers, increased utilization is the primary driver of rising health care costs in the U.S. The study cites numerous causes of increased utilization, including rising consumer demand, new treatments, more intensive diagnostic testing, lifestyle factors, the movement to broader - access plans, and higher - priced technologies. The study also mentions cost - shifting from government programs to private payers. Low reimbursement rates for Medicare and Medicaid have increased cost - shifting pressures on hospitals and doctors, who charge higher rates for the same services to private payers, which eventually affects health insurance rates.
Health care costs rising far faster than inflation have been a major driver for health care reform in the United States. Surgical, injury, and maternal and neonatal health hospital visit costs increased by more than 2 % each year from 2003 -- 2011. Further, while average hospital discharges remained stable, hospital costs rose from $9,100 in 2003 to $10,600 in 2011, and were projected to be $11,000 by 2013.
In March 2010, Massachusetts released a report on the cost drivers which it called "unique in the nation ''. The report noted that providers and insurers negotiate privately, and therefore the prices can vary between providers and insurers for the same services, and it found that the variation in prices did not vary based on quality of care but rather on market leverage; the report also found that price increases rather than increased utilization explained the spending increases in the past several years.
Enrollment rules in private and governmental programs result in millions of Americans going without health care coverage, including children. The U.S. Census Bureau estimated that 45.7 million Americans (15.3 % of the total population) had no health insurance coverage in 2007. However, statistics regarding the insured population are difficult to pinpoint for a number of factors, with the Census Bureau writing that "health insurance coverage is likely to be underreported ''. Further, such statistics do not provide insight into the reason a given person might be uninsured. Studies have shown that approximately one third of this 45.7 million person population of uninsured persons is actually eligible for government insurance programmes such as Medicaid / Medicare, but has elected not to enroll. The largest proportion of the population of uninsured Americans is persons earning in excess of $50,000 per annum, with those earning over $75,000 p.a. comprising the fastest - growing segment of the uninsured population. U.S. Citizens who earn too much money to qualify for government assistance with insurance programs but who do not earn enough to purchase a private health insurance plan make up approximately 2.7 % percent of the total US population (8.2 million of approximately 300 million total population, by 2003 figures).
States like California offer insurance coverage for children of low income families, but not for adults; other states do not offer such coverage at all: both parent and child are caught in the notorious coverage "gap. '' Although EMTALA certainly keeps alive many working - class people who are badly injured, the 1986 law neither requires the provision of preventive or rehabilitative care, nor subsidizes such care, and it does nothing about the difficulties in the American mental health system.
Coverage gaps also occur among the insured population. Johns Hopkins University professor Vicente Navarro stated in 2003, "the problem does not end here, with the uninsured. An even larger problem is the underinsured '' and "The most credible estimate of the number of people in the United States who have died because of lack of medical care was provided by a study carried out by Harvard Medical School Professors Himmelstein and Woolhandler. They concluded that almost 100,000 people died in the U.S. yearly because of lack of needed care. '' Another study by the Commonwealth Fund published in Health Affairs estimated that 16 million U.S. adults were underinsured in 2003. The study defined underinsurance as characterized by at least one of the following conditions: annual out - of - pocket medical expenses totaling 10 % or more of income, or 5 % or more among adults with incomes below 200 % of the federal poverty level; or health plan deductibles equaling or exceeding 5 % of income. The underinsured were significantly more likely than those with adequate insurance to forgo health care, report financial stress because of medical bills, and experience coverage gaps for such items as prescription drugs. The study found that underinsurance disproportionately affects those with lower incomes -- 73 % of the underinsured in the study population had annual incomes below 200 % of the federal poverty level. Another study focusing on the effect of being uninsured found that individuals with private insurance were less likely to be diagnosed with late - stage cancer than either the uninsured or Medicaid beneficiaries. A study examining the effects of health insurance cost - sharing more generally found that chronically ill patients with higher co-payments sought less care for both minor and serious symptoms while no effect on self - reported health status was observed. The authors concluded that the effect of cost sharing should be carefully monitored.
Coverage gaps and affordability also surfaced in a 2007 international comparison by the Commonwealth Fund. Among adults surveyed in the U.S., 37 % reported that they had foregone needed medical care in the previous year because of cost; either skipping medications, avoiding seeing a doctor when sick, or avoiding other recommended care. The rate was higher -- 42 % --, among those with chronic conditions. The study reported that these rates were well above those found in the other six countries surveyed: Australia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and the UK. The study also found that 19 % of U.S. adults surveyed reported serious problems paying medical bills, more than double the rate in the next highest country.
A lack of mental health coverage for Americans bears significant ramifications to the U.S. economy and social system. A report by the U.S. Surgeon General found that mental illnesses are the second leading cause of disability in the nation and affect 20 % of all Americans. It is estimated that less than half of all people with mental illnesses receive treatment (or specifically, an ongoing, much needed, and managed care; where medication alone, can not easily remove mental conditions) due to factors such as stigma and lack of access to care.
The Paul Wellstone Mental Health and Addiction Equity Act of 2008 mandates that group health plans provide mental health and substance - related disorder benefits that are at least equivalent to benefits offered for medical and surgical procedures. The legislation renews and expands provisions of the Mental Health Parity Act of 1996. The law requires financial equity for annual and lifetime mental health benefits, and compels parity in treatment limits and expands all equity provisions to addiction services. Insurance companies and third - party disability administrators (most notably, Sedgwick CMS) used loopholes and, though providing financial equity, they often worked around the law by applying unequal co-payments or setting limits on the number of days spent in inpatient or outpatient treatment facilities.
In most states in the U.S., people seeking to purchase health insurance directly must undergo medical underwriting. Insurance companies seeking to mitigate the problem of adverse selection and manage their risk pools screen applicants for pre-existing conditions. Insurers reject many applicants or quote increased rates for those with pre-existing conditions. Diseases that can make an individual uninsurable include serious conditions, such as arthritis, cancer, and heart disease, but also such common ailments as acne, being 20 pounds over or under weight, and old sports injuries. An estimated 5 million of those without health insurance are considered "uninsurable '' because of pre-existing conditions.
Proponents of medical underwriting argue that it ensures that individual health insurance premiums are kept as low as possible. Critics of medical underwriting believe that it unfairly prevents people with relatively minor and treatable pre-existing conditions from obtaining health insurance.
One large industry survey found that 13 % of applicants for individual health insurance who went through medical underwriting were denied coverage in 2004. Declination rates increased significantly with age, rising from 5 % for those under 18 to just under one - third for those aged 60 to 64. Among those who were offered coverage, the study found that 76 % received offers at standard premium rates, and 22 % were offered higher rates. The frequency of increased premiums also increased with age, so for applicants over 40, roughly half were affected by medical underwriting, either in the form of denial or increased premiums. In contrast, almost 90 % of applicants in their 20s were offered coverage, and three - quarters of those were offered standard rates. Seventy percent of applicants age 60 -- 64 were offered coverage, but almost half the time (40 %) it was at an increased premium. The study did not address how many applicants who were offered coverage at increased rates chose to decline the policy. A study conducted by the Commonwealth Fund in 2001 found that, among those aged 19 to 64 who sought individual health insurance during the previous three years, the majority found it unaffordable, and less than a third ended up purchasing insurance. This study did not distinguish between consumers who were quoted increased rates due to medical underwriting and those who qualified for standard or preferred premiums. Some states have outlawed medical underwriting as a prerequisite for individually purchased health coverage. These states tend to have the highest premiums for individual health insurance.
Medical underwriting in the United States is now heavily regulated by the federal government, with numerous constraints set up by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
Health disparities are well documented in the U.S. in ethnic minorities such as African Americans, Native Americans, and Hispanics. When compared to whites, these minority groups have higher incidence of chronic diseases, higher mortality, and poorer health outcomes. Among the disease - specific examples of racial and ethnic disparities in the United States is the cancer incidence rate among African Americans, which is 25 % higher than among whites. In addition, adult African Americans and Hispanics have approximately twice the risk as whites of developing diabetes and have higher overall obesity rates. Minorities also have higher rates of cardiovascular disease and HIV / AIDS than whites. Caucasian Americans have much lower life expectancy than Asian Americans. A 2001 study found large racial differences exist in healthy life expectancy at lower levels of education.
Public spending is highly correlated with age; average per capita public spending for seniors was more than five times that for children ($6,921 versus $1,225). Average public spending for non-Hispanic blacks ($2,973) was slightly higher than that for whites ($2,675), while spending for Hispanics ($1,967) was significantly lower than the population average ($2,612). Total public spending is also strongly correlated with self - reported health status ($13,770 for those reporting "poor '' health versus $1,279 for those reporting "excellent '' health). Seniors comprise 13 % of the population but take 1 / 3 of all prescription drugs. The average senior fills 38 prescriptions annually. A new study has also found that older men and women in the South are more often prescribed antibiotics than older Americans elsewhere, even though there is no evidence that the South has higher rates of diseases requiring antibiotics.
There is considerable research into inequalities in health care. In some cases these inequalities are caused by income disparities that result in lack of health insurance and other barriers to receiving services. According to the 2009 National Healthcare Disparities Report, uninsured Americans are less likely to receive preventive services in health care. For example, minorities are not regularly screened for colon cancer and the death rate for colon cancer has increased among African Americans and Hispanic people. In other cases, inequalities in health care reflect a systemic bias in the way medical procedures and treatments are prescribed for different ethnic groups. Raj Bhopal writes that the history of racism in science and medicine shows that people and institutions behave according to the ethos of their times. Nancy Krieger wrote that racism underlies unexplained inequities in health care, including treatment for heart disease, renal failure, bladder cancer, and pneumonia. Raj Bhopal writes that these inequalities have been documented in numerous studies. The consistent and repeated findings were that black Americans received less health care than white Americans -- particularly when the care involved expensive new technology. One recent study has found that when minority and white patients use the same hospital, they are given the same standard of care.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the primary institution tasked with the safety and effectiveness of human and veterinary drugs. It also is responsible for making sure drug information is accurately and informatively presented to the public. The FDA reviews and approves products and establishes drug labeling, drug standards, and medical device manufacturing standards. It sets performance standards for radiation and ultrasonic equipment.
One of the more contentious issues related to drug safety is immunity from prosecution. In 2004, the FDA reversed a federal policy, arguing that FDA premarket approval overrides most claims for damages under state law for medical devices. In 2008 this was confirmed by the Supreme Court in Riegel v. Medtronic.
On June 30, 2006, an FDA ruling went into effect extending protection from lawsuits to pharmaceutical manufacturers, even if it was found that they submitted fraudulent clinical trial data to the FDA in their quest for approval. This left consumers who experience serious health consequences from drug use with little recourse. In 2007, the House of Representatives expressed opposition to the FDA ruling, but the Senate took no action. On March 4, 2009, an important U.S. Supreme Court decision was handed down. In Wyeth v. Levine, the court asserted that state - level rights of action could not be pre-empted by federal immunity and could provide "appropriate relief for injured consumers. '' In June 2009, under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act, Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius signed an order extending protection to vaccine makers and federal officials from prosecution during a declared health emergency related to the administration of the swine flu vaccine.
During the 1990s, the price of prescription drugs became a major issue in American politics as the prices of many new drugs increased exponentially, and many citizens discovered that neither the government nor their insurer would cover the cost of such drugs. Per capita, the U.S. spends more on pharmaceuticals than any other country, although expenditures on pharmaceuticals accounts for a smaller share (13 %) of total health care costs compared to an OECD average of 18 % (2003 figures). Some 25 % of out - of - pocket spending by individuals is for prescription drugs.
The U.S. government has taken the position (through the Office of the United States Trade Representative) that U.S. drug prices are rising because U.S. consumers are effectively subsidizing costs which drug companies can not recover from consumers in other countries (because many other countries use their bulk - purchasing power to aggressively negotiate drug prices). The U.S. position (consistent with the primary lobbying position of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America) is that the governments of such countries are free riding on the backs of U.S. consumers. Such governments should either deregulate their markets, or raise their domestic taxes in order to fairly compensate U.S. consumers by directly remitting the difference (between what the companies would earn in an open market versus what they are earning now) to drug companies or to the U.S. government. In turn, pharmaceutical companies would be able to continue to produce innovative pharmaceuticals while lowering prices for U.S. consumers. Currently, the U.S., as a purchaser of pharmaceuticals, negotiates some drug prices but is forbidden by law from negotiating drug prices for the Medicare program due to the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act passed in 2003. Democrats have charged that the purpose of this provision is merely to allow the pharmaceutical industry to profiteer off of the Medicare program.
The U.S. is one of two countries in the world that allows direct - to - consumer advertising of prescription drugs. Critics note that drug advertisements cost money which they believe have raised the overall price of drugs.
When health care legislation was being written in 2009, the drug companies were asked to support the legislation in return for not allowing importation of drugs from foreign countries.
A poll released in March 2008 by the Harvard School of Public Health and Harris Interactive found that Americans are divided in their views of the U.S. health system, and that there are significant differences by political affiliation. When asked whether the U.S. has the best health care system or if other countries have better systems, 45 % said that the U.S. system was best and 39 % said that other countries ' systems are better. Belief that the U.S. system is best was highest among Republicans (68 %), lower among independents (40 %), and lowest among Democrats (32 %). Over half of Democrats (56 %) said they would be more likely to support a presidential candidate who advocates making the U.S. system more like those of other countries; 37 % of independents and 19 % of Republicans said they would be more likely to support such a candidate. 45 % of Republicans said that they would be less likely to support such a candidate, compared to 17 % of independents and 7 % of Democrats.
A 2004 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report said, "the United States is among the few industrialized nations in the world that does not guarantee access to health care for its population. '' There is currently an ongoing political debate centering on questions of access, efficiency, quality, and sustainability. Whether a government - mandated system of universal health care should be implemented in the U.S. remains a hotly debated political topic, with Americans divided along party lines in their views of the U.S. health system and what should be done to improve it. Those in favor of universal health care argue that the large number of uninsured Americans creates direct and hidden costs shared by all, and that extending coverage to all would lower costs and improve quality. Cato Institute Senior Fellow Alan Reynolds argues that people should be free to opt out of health insurance, citing a study by economists Craig Perry and Harvey Rosen that found "the lack of health insurance among the self - employed does not affect their health. For virtually every subjective and objective measure of their health status, the self - employed and wage - earners are statistically indistinguishable for each other. '' Both sides of the political spectrum have also looked to more philosophical arguments, debating whether people have a fundamental right to have health care provided to them by their government.
Lobbying by insurance company and health care industry representatives has played an important role in health care reform efforts. Key politicians such as Senator Max Baucus have taken the option of single payer health care off the table entirely. In a June 2009 NBC News / Wall Street Journal survey, 76 % said it was either "extremely '' or "quite '' important to "give people a choice of both a public plan administered by the federal government and a private plan for their health insurance. ''
Advocates for single - payer health care often point to other countries, where national government - funded systems produce better health outcomes at lower cost. Opponents deride this type of system as "socialized medicine '', and it has not been one of the favored reform options by Congress or the President in both the Clinton and Obama reform efforts. It has been pointed out that socialized medicine is a system in which the government owns the means of providing medicine. England is an example of socialized system, as, in America, is the Veterans Health Administration. Medicare is an example of a mostly single - payer system, as is France. Both of these systems have private insurers to choose from, but the government is the dominant purchaser.
As an example of how government intervention has had unintended consequences, in 1973, the federal government passed the Health Maintenance Organization Act, which heavily subsidized the HMO business model -- a model that was in decline prior to such legislative intervention. The law was intended to create market incentives that would lower health care costs, but HMOs have never achieved their cost - reduction potential.
Piecemeal market - based reform efforts are complex. One study evaluating current popular market - based reform policy packages concluded that if market - oriented reforms are not implemented on a systematic basis with appropriate safeguards, they have the potential to cause more problems than they solve.
According to economist and former U.S. Secretary of Labor, Robert Reich, only a "big, national, public option '' can force insurance companies to cooperate, share information, and reduce costs. Scattered, localized, "insurance cooperatives '' are too small to do that and are "designed to fail '' by the moneyed forces opposing Democratic health care reform. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, signed into law in March 2010, did not include such an option.
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Public Law 111 - 148) is a health care reform bill that was signed into law in the United States by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010. The law includes a large number of health - related provisions, most of which took effect in 2014, including expanding Medicaid eligibility for people making up to 133 % of FPL, subsidizing insurance premiums for individuals and families making up to 400 % of FPL and capping expenses from 2 % to 9.8 % of annual income. For the first time, all health policies sold in the United States must cap an individual 's (or family 's) medical expenses out of pocket annually. Other provisions include providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing health insurance exchanges, prohibiting insurers from establishing annual spending caps and support for medical research. The costs of these provisions are offset by a variety of taxes, fees, and cost - saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for high - income brackets, taxes on indoor tanning, cuts to the Medicare Advantage program in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies; there is also a tax penalty for citizens who do not obtain health insurance (unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons). The Congressional Budget Office estimates that the net effect (including the reconciliation act) will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143 billion over the first decade.
In May 2011, the state of Vermont became the first state to pass legislation establishing a single - payer health care system. The legislation, known as Act 48, establishes health care in the state as a "human right '' and lays the responsibility on the state to provide a health care system which best meets the needs of the citizens of Vermont. After reviewing the costs and procedures for implementing such a program, the state decided against such a measure in late 2014.
Of the 26.2 million foreign immigrants living in the US in 1998, 62.9 % were non-U.S. citizens. In 1997, 34.3 % of non-U.S. citizens living in America did not have health insurance coverage opposed to the 14.2 % of native - born Americans who do not have health insurance coverage. Among those immigrants who became citizens, 18.5 % were uninsured, as opposed to noncitizens, who are 43.6 % uninsured. In each age and income group, immigrants are less likely to have health insurance. With the recent healthcare changes, many legal immigrants with various immigration statuses now are able qualify for affordable health insurance.
Undocumented immigrants within the United States do not have access to government funded health insurance. Although The Affordable Care Act allows immigrants to receive insurance at a discounted rate, the same does not go for those without US citizenship. Undocumented immigrants in the US can seek medical help from community centers, or what is termed Safety Net Providers, and participate in fee for service medical assistance, but can only buy health insurance from privatized health insurers.
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who played two bit mathews in the outsiders | The Outsiders (film) - wikipedia
The Outsiders is a 1983 American coming - of - age drama film directed by Francis Ford Coppola, an adaptation of the novel of the same name by S.E. Hinton. The film was released on March 25, 1983. Jo Ellen Misakian, a librarian at Lone Star Elementary School in Fresno, California, and her students were responsible for inspiring Coppola to make the film.
The film is noted for its cast of up - and - coming stars, including C. Thomas Howell (who garnered a Young Artist Award), Rob Lowe, Emilio Estevez, Matt Dillon, Tom Cruise, Patrick Swayze, Ralph Macchio, and Diane Lane. The film helped spark the Brat Pack genre of the 1980s. Both Lane and Dillon went on to appear in Coppola 's related film Rumble Fish. Emilio Estevez went on to be in That Was Then... This Is Now, the only S.E. Hinton film adaptation not to star Matt Dillon.
The movie received mostly positive reviews from critics, and performed well at the box office, grossing $33 million on a $10 million budget.
In Tulsa, Oklahoma, greasers are a gang of tough, low - income working - class teens. They include Ponyboy Curtis and his two older brothers, Sodapop and Darrel, as well as Johnny Cade, Dallas Winston, Two - Bit Matthews, and Steve Randle. Their rivalry is with the Socs, a gang of wealthier kids from the other side of town. Two Socs, Bob Sheldon and Randy Anderson, confront Johnny, Ponyboy, and Two - Bit, who are talking to the Socs ' girlfriends, Cherry and Marcia, at a drive - in theater. The girls defuse the situation by going home with the Socs. Later that night, Ponyboy and Johnny are attacked in a park by Bob, Randy, and three other Socs. They begin dunking Ponyboy in a fountain attempting to drown him, but Johnny pulls out his switchblade and stabs Bob to death.
On the advice of Dallas, and the fact that murderers in Oklahoma will be executed in the electric chair, Ponyboy and Johnny flee on a cargo train, and hide out in an abandoned church in Windrixville. Both boys cut their hair and Ponyboy bleaches his with peroxide in order to mask their descriptions. To pass time, the boys play poker and Ponyboy reads Gone with the Wind and quotes the Robert Frost poem "Nothing Gold Can Stay ''. After a few days, Dallas arrives with news that Cherry has offered to support the boys in court, that he told the police that Johnny and Pony were in Texas, and gives Pony a note from Sodapop. They go out to get something to eat, then return to find the church on fire with children trapped inside. The Greasers turn into heroes as they rescue the kids from the burning church. It does n't take long for Ponyboy and Dally to heal up. Johnny, on the other hand, ends up with a broken back and severe burns. The boys are praised for their heroism, but Johnny is charged with manslaughter for killing Bob, while Ponyboy may be sent to a boys ' home.
Bob 's death has sparked calls from the Socs for "a rumble, '' which the Greasers win. Dallas drives Ponyboy to the hospital to visit Johnny. Johnny is unimpressed by the victory, and dies after telling Ponyboy to "stay gold, '' referring to the Frost poem. Unable to bear Johnny 's death, Dallas wanders through the hospital, pretending to shoot a doctor with his unloaded gun, which clicks harmlessly. He then robs a grocery store with the same gun, but he is shot and wounded by the owner as he flees. Pursued by the police, Dallas is surrounded in a park and the police kill him after he repeatedly refuses to drop his unloaded gun. Ponyboy is eventually cleared of wrongdoing in Bob 's death and allowed to stay with his brothers. Turning the pages of Johnny 's copy of Gone with the Wind, Ponyboy finds a letter from Johnny saying that saving the children was worth sacrificing his own life. The story ends with Ponyboy writing a school report about his experiences.
The book 's author, S.E. Hinton, appears briefly as a nurse in Dally 's (Dillon 's) hospital room.
Francis Ford Coppola had not intended to make a film about teen angst until Jo Ellen Misakian, a school librarian from Lone Star Elementary School in Fresno, California, wrote to him on behalf of her seventh and eighth grade students about adapting The Outsiders. When Coppola read the book, he was moved not only to adapt and direct it, but to follow it the next year by adapting Hinton 's novel Rumble Fish. The latter film 's cast also included Matt Dillon, Diane Lane, and Glenn Withrow.
The film was shot on location in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Coppola filmed The Outsiders and Rumble Fish back - to - back in 1982 -- a newspaper, used to show a story about the three greasers saving the kids in The Outsiders, includes a real story from 1982 regarding the death of a man hit by a train in Boston. He wrote the screenplay for the latter while on days off from shooting the former. Many of the same locations were used in both films, as were many of the same cast and crew members. The credits are shown at the beginning of the film in the style normally found in a published play.
Coppola 's craving for realism almost led to disaster during the church - burning scene. He pressed for "more fire '', and the small, controlled blaze accidentally triggered a much larger, uncontrolled fire, which a downpour fortunately doused.
The film was met with mostly positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives The Outsiders a 65 % "Fresh '' rating on its site. Roger Ebert awarded the film two - and - a-half out of four stars, citing problems with Coppola 's vision, "the characters wind up like pictures, framed and hanging on the screen. ''
Authors Janet Hirshenson and Jane Jenkins, in a 2007 book, wrote that the film 's realistic portrayal of poor teenagers "created a new kind of filmmaking, especially about teenagers -- a more naturalistic look at how young people talk, act, and experience the world. This movie was one of the few Hollywood offerings to deal realistically with kids from the wrong side of the tracks, and to portray honestly children whose parents had abused, neglected, or otherwise failed them. ''
The Outsiders was nominated for four Young Artist Awards, given annually since 1978 by the Young Artist Foundation. C. Thomas Howell won for "Best Young Motion Picture Actor in a Feature Film ''. Diane Lane was nominated for "Best Young Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture ''. The film was nominated for "Best Family Feature Motion Picture ''. Francis Ford Coppola was nominated for the Golden Prize at the 13th Moscow International Film Festival.
In September 2005, Coppola re-released the film on DVD, including 22 minutes of additional footage and new music, as The Outsiders: The Complete Novel. Coppola re-inserted some deleted scenes to make the film more faithful to the book. At the beginning of the film, he added scenes where Ponyboy gets stalked and jumped, the gang talks about going to the movies, Sodapop and Ponyboy talking in their room and Dally, Pony and Johnny bum around before going to the movies. In the end, Coppola added the scenes taking place in court, Mr. Syme talking to Ponyboy, and Sodapop, Ponyboy and Darry in the park. Also, much of the original score was replaced with music popular in the 1960s as well as new music composed by Michael Seifert and Dave Padrutt. The film was re-rated by the MPAA as PG - 13 for "violence, teen drinking and smoking, and some sexual references ''.
The director also removed several scenes in order to improve pacing, but they could be found on the second disc as additional scenes. In addition, Swayze, Macchio, Lane, and Howell gathered at Coppola 's estate to watch the re-release, and their commentary is included on the DVD. Dillon and Lowe provided separate commentary.
A Blu - ray edition of The Outsiders: The Complete Novel was released in Region 1 on June 3, 2014.
The original film score was composed by the director 's father, Carmine Coppola; the main theme, "Stay Gold '', was sung by Stevie Wonder. The original soundtrack included one rock song, Them 's "Gloria ''.
A television series based on the characters of the novel and film aired in 1990. It consists of a different cast playing the same characters. It picks up right after the events of the film 's ending but lasted only one season.
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what part of new york is gossip girl set | Gossip Girl - wikipedia
Gossip Girl is an American teen drama television series based on the book series of the same name written by Cecily von Ziegesar. The series, created by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage, originally ran on The CW for six seasons from September 19, 2007, to December 17, 2012. Narrated by the omniscient blogger "Gossip Girl '', voiced by Kristen Bell, the series revolves around the fictional lives of upper - class adolescents living in Manhattan 's Upper East Side.
The series begins with the return of Upper East Side teenage "it '' girl Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively) from a "mysterious absence ''. Gossip Girl reveals that Serena has been away at boarding school in Cornwall, Connecticut, but not everyone welcomes Serena back to Manhattan with open arms. Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester), whom creators describe as being "the queen at the center of their chess game, '' is the queen bee of Constance Saint Jude prep school 's social scene. She also happens to be the childhood "best friend '' and occasional rival of Serena van der Woodsen. The story also follows scholarship student and aspiring writer Dan Humphrey (Penn Badgley), who lives in Brooklyn and is a self - described "outsider '', Nate Archibald (Chace Crawford), the so - called "golden boy '', who was Blair 's childhood sweetheart and first love, and Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick), the womanizing, "bad boy '' heir who is part of "Manhattan 's elite '' and "the king of their chess game. '' Other characters of the turbulent Manhattan scene include Dan 's childhood best friend Vanessa Abrams (Jessica Szohr); Jenny Humphrey (Taylor Momsen), Dan 's rebellious adolescent sister who the ' Queen B ' dubs as ' Little J '; Lily van der Woodsen (Kelly Rutherford), Serena 's mother and heiress, and Rufus Humphrey (Matthew Settle), former 90 's band ' Lincoln Hawk ' frontman and Lily 's former lover. Rufus is Dan and Jenny 's father and primary guardian.
The success of Gossip Girl led to adaptations outside the United States. The show has received numerous award nominations, winning 18 Teen Choice Awards. The CW officially renewed Gossip Girl for a sixth and final season on May 11, 2012. The final season, consisting of 10 episodes, premiered on October 8, 2012, and ended on December 17, 2012.
The Gossip Girl book series was originally supposed to be adapted into a film starring Lindsay Lohan with head Gilmore Girls creator Amy Sherman - Palladino. When the film project did not get off the ground, Stephanie Savage and Josh Schwartz took over the project to create a television series. As of October 2006, Schwartz was working on the pilot. He said: "I was very skeptical. I do n't want to do The O.C. NYC. But I thought the books were smart. The characters are worldly in a way that Orange County kids are n't. '' The characteristics for each character in the pilot were based on the first Gossip Girl book. In January 2007, the show was given the green light by The CW.
The O.C. creator Josh Schwartz and fellow writer Stephanie Savage have served as the show 's executive producers throughout the series ' run, followed by Bob Levy and Leslie Morgenstein of Alloy Entertainment, who were assigned in aiding the adaptation of the novels into the series. Following the success of Gossip Girl, Gilmore Girls co-producer, John Stephens was approached by Schwartz and Savage, having previously worked with him on The O.C., and hired him as an executive producer. Joshua Safran, who started as a writer / consulting producer before becoming co-executive producer, was later added as an executive producer. On April 24, 2012, it was announced that he would leave the show at the end of the fifth season to be the new showrunner of NBC 's now - cancelled musical series Smash. To fill in Safran 's void, co-executive producer Sara Goodman was promoted to executive producer for the sixth season. Alexandra Patsavas who worked with Schwartz on The O.C. was in charge of the music. Eric Daman was at the head of the costume department; he previously had assisted Patricia Field on Sex and the City.
Featuring nine regular speaking roles, the majority of the ensemble cast was assembled from February to April 2007. Leighton Meester and Blake Lively -- who started auditioning in December 2006 -- were the first two actresses to be chosen in February for the lead roles of Blair Waldorf and Serena van der Woodsen, respectively. Penn Badgley, who had previously worked with Stephanie Savage on The Mountain, Taylor Momsen, Chace Crawford, Kelly Rutherford, and Connor Paolo also auditioned successfully and landed roles in the series in March, as did Florencia Lozano who appeared only in the pilot, and was replaced by Margaret Colin. Badgley at first turned down the part of Dan, as did Lively -- who planned to attend college -- for the role of Serena. Actors for the roles of Chuck Bass and Rufus Humphrey were found in April when English actor Ed Westwick, and Matthew Settle were cast. Westwick first read for the role of Nate but was then asked to try Chuck. As rumors swirled about the impending cancellation of Veronica Mars, it was revealed at The CW 's 2007 Upfronts on May 17, 2007, that Kristen Bell had narrated the pilot, thus making her the title character of another show on the network. Jessica Szohr was signed on to portray the recurring role of Vanessa Abrams and received regular status during the fourteenth episode of the first season. Kaylee DeFer joined the series in the eighteenth episode of the fourth season and was promoted to series regular for the show 's fifth season.
At the conclusion of the fourth season, Momsen, who went on an indefinite hiatus during the season while retaining regular billing, and Jessica Szohr both left the show. Throughout the series ' run, Connor Paolo consistently declined to elevate his recurring role of Eric van der Woodsen to regular status, citing personal reasons for his decision. After becoming a regular on the ABC series Revenge, Paolo confirmed his departure from Gossip Girl in August 2011.
As the show progressed, numerous recurring guest stars appeared in the show. Michelle Trachtenberg signed on to portray Georgina Sparks. The role had previously been offered to Mischa Barton who declined the role. Francie Swift and Sam Robards took the parental roles of Anne and Howard Archibald, respectively. Caroline Lagerfelt portrayed Celia "CeCe '' Rhodes, Serena and Eric 's grandmother and Lily 's mother. Sebastian Stan made several appearances as Carter Baizen throughout the show 's first three seasons.
Primarily filming in New York, Gossip Girl has been declared by New York Magazine as the "Most Restauranty Show Since Sex and the City '', citing the pilot episode filming locales such as the Japanese restaurant, Geisha, the Campbell Apartment where Nate and Serena were filmed having sex and the New York Palace Hotel bar Gilt. Other New York City landmarks and well - known establishments were filmed throughout the first season. Victor / Victrola filmed the fictional infamous Chuck Bass burlesque club, Victrola, at The Box Manhattan, a sister club to The Box Soho in London. The fictional Constance Billard - St. Judes School, based on novel writer Cecil Von Ziegesar 's alma mater, Nightingale - Bamford used external shots of the Museum of the City of New York.
The second season premiered at the Hamptons and began filming in mid-June. The season premiere opening montage showed a scene at Cooper 's Beach that was instead filmed in Rockaway Beach followed by an elaborate white party. For the sixth episode of the season, Columbia University was used to film the Yale campus, an episode that followed disappointment from Yale fans due to its erroneous portrayal of the admissions process and reliance on Ivy League university stereotypes. During the season 's seventh episode, the Brooklyn Inn is integrated into the show. Remaining true to its New York locations, the show filmed at the Russian Tea Room.
The fourth season premiered on September 13, 2010, with the first two episodes filmed in Paris. New York Magazine revealed several locations shot at the French University, La Sorbonne in the Latin District (or Quartier Latin) of Paris on July 5. Other locations include the Musée d'Orsay, the Eiffel Tower, the Gare du Nord, Avenue Montaigne. and Saint - Germain - des - Prés. Columbia University became the primary filming location for the first few episodes of the season following the Paris story arc.
The fifth season premiered on September 26, 2011, with the first two episodes filmed in Los Angeles, California.
Because of its location in New York, executive producer Stephanie Savage said "We were quickly told it would be too expensive, too complicated '' at the beginning of the series. She told it had been proposed to shoot in a Los Angeles studio that would recreate Central Park but they eventually filmed the series in New York. Savage explained their choice to film there: "There 's no New York City on TV, or there was n't when we started making the pilot, except what you could see in the background behind the dead bodies on cop shows. We 've never seen the city from the point of view of teenagers. It felt like a world with high stakes for young people. '' Schwartz added: "What 's funny about these teenagers is they grew up watching Sex and the City, even though it was n't about them. And I think they 've probably incorporated that into how they mythologize New York. I fought really hard to shoot the show in New York because we want New York to be a character in the show. '' Many scenes were filmed in the Empire Hotel on the Upper West Side.
Each episode begins with the home page of the Gossip Girl website with Serena 's picture from the pilot episode. Afterward, a recap of events relevant to the upcoming narrative is shown, which ends again with the home page of the website, only this time with a picture from other character (s) with a text about a recent event connected with the picture.
The narrator is Gossip Girl, voiced by Kristen Bell. She begins the recap with the sentence, "Gossip Girl here, your one and only source into the scandalous lives of Manhattan 's elite, '' and ends the recap with whispered voices saying "Where has she been? '' "Serena '' then the voice of Gossip Girl says: "And who am I? That 's one secret I 'll never tell! You know you love me... XO XO, Gossip Girl. ''
During each episode, there is always a social event taking place, whether small or large. Joshua Safran explained, "we structure it (the show) so that every week, the episode leads to an event. I feel like it is much like a procedural. ''
All of the episodes ' titles are based on the name of a film or a novel. For example, episode "The Wild Brunch '' evokes western film The Wild Bunch and "Seventeen Candles '' Sixteen Candles. Episode "All About My Brother '' refers to Pedro Almodóvar 's All About My Mother while "Pret - a-Poor - J '' came from Prêt - à - Porter. "There Might Be Blood '' took its title from 2007 film There Will Be Blood. "The Serena Also Rises '' was titled after novel The Sun Also Rises. The fifth - season episode "The Big Sleep No More '' was named for the film The Big Sleep and the New York - based production Sleep No More. Episode "Easy J '' was titled after Emma Stone 's hit movie Easy A. Episode "The Age of Dissonance '', which was titled after Edith Wharton 's novel The Age of Innocence, saw a high school production of the novel taking place, and "The Blair Bitch Project '' was named after The Blair Witch Project. "Victor, Victrola '' is named after the British - American musical comedy Victor / Victoria. "Bad News Blair '' was named after the 1976 movie The Bad News Bears.
Joshua Safran said, "we draw from classic works like Les Liaisons Dangereuses and The Great Gatsby as much as we do from pop culture. ''
Gossip Girl is known for its product placement. The show had a contract with Verizon Wireless for its first five seasons; all the characters were seen with phones chosen by the brand until the deal ended by the sixth season. During their contract, Verizon Wireless offered exclusive Gossip Girl content and created a website where ringtones of the songs featured on the show could be downloaded. In the summer of 2008, executives of VitaminWater approached The CW for a placement deal. During the second season, the drinks were mentioned several times in dialogues. The partnership helped pay the costs of shooting on location in the Hamptons. An HP TouchPad was prominently displayed in an episode of the sixth season. According to OneNewsNow.com, other sponsors have included Procter & Gamble, L'Oreal, Target and Johnson & Johnson, which allowed the series to earn $28.2 million in ad dollars in 2007.
The first episodes of the first season included the original concept from the books, mainly following the lives of the five wealthy and privileged teenage characters in their high school years. Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively) is often described as the ' it girl '. It is revealed that she has had a scandalous past that continues to haunt her throughout the show and she is notorious for her many on - again, off - again relationships with countless male characters as well as for her rebellious drive - outs. Dan Humphrey (Penn Badgley) is an outsider who becomes a part of the turbulent Manhattan scene, an aspiring writer and fairly straight - arrow guy with a good heart and morals. Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester) is the beautiful Queen Bee of Constance Billard School 's social scene, as well as Serena 's best friend and fierce rival (at points, threatening their relationship). Nate Archibald (Chace Crawford) is the perfect "Golden Boy '' of the Upper East Side, always being fought over by the prominent female characters, and deals with a lot of issues that compromise his "perfect '' life. Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick) serves as the show 's antihero, being a womanizer and party lover with a troubled life and past that provide a hidden vulnerable side.
Besides the five regulars cast members mentioned above, three more characters appeared in the pilot episode. Jenny Humphrey (Taylor Momsen) is Dan 's younger sister, who desperately tries to become the next queen bee, a goal that eventually makes her realize the true values of life; Lily van der Woodsen (Kelly Rutherford) Serena 's mother; and Dan and Jenny 's father Rufus Humphrey (Matthew Settle). They share a romantic past that follows them throughout the show and eventually leads to their marriage. The Humphrey family is centered upon as they explore life on the ' Upper East side ', Dan trying to look after his little sister as she discovers the party scene.
Vanessa Abrams (Jessica Szohr), enters the show in its first season as Dan 's past love, but still close friend, and becomes a series regular after the 14th episode. Other characters include Eric van der Woodsen (Connor Paolo), Serena 's kind and compassionate brother, who comes out late in the first season and becomes very close with Jenny. Georgina Sparks (Michelle Trachtenberg) is an occasional antagonist in the show, with a recurring role. Carter Baizen (Sebastian Stan) appears as Chuck 's enemy with a romantic interest in Serena.
Kaylee DeFer plays Ivy Dickens, an actress from Miami who is hired by Lily 's sister, Carol Rhodes (Sheila Kelly), to portray her daughter, Charlie Rhodes, to access her trust fund. Ella Rae Peck plays the real Charlie Rhodes, who goes by the name of Lola.
Many characters appear as guest stars as parents and other relatives of the main cast. Eleanor Waldorf - Rose (Margaret Colin) and Harold Waldorf (John Shea) appeared as Blair 's divorced parents, with Cyrus Rose (Wallace Shawn) as Eleanor 's husband and Blair 's stepfather. Dorota Kishlovsky (Zuzanna Szadkowski) is Blair 's loyal maid. Anne Archibald (Francie Swift) and Howard "The Captain '' Archibald (Sam Robards) are Nate 's estranged parents, while William van der Bilt I (James Naughton) and William "Tripp '' van der Bilt III (Aaron Tveit) are Nate 's manipulative grandfather and cousin, respectively. Bartholomew "Bart '' Bass (Robert John Burke) is Lily 's late husband and Chuck 's demanding father, and Jack Bass (Desmond Harrington) is Bart 's brother and Chuck 's manipulative uncle. Celia "CeCe '' Rhodes (Caroline Lagerfelt) is Serena 's grandmother and Lily 's mother. Gabriela Abrams (Gina Torres) is Vanessa 's mother. Introduced in Season 4 is Blair 's new boyfriend / fiancé, Prince Louis of Monaco (Hugo Becker).
The first season 's main focus is Serena van der Woodsen 's sudden return to the Upper East Side following her mysterious disappearance. Everyone is extremely shocked at her sudden return after first sightings of her spread across the web, when she is spotted at Grand Central station including her best friend, Blair Waldorf. It turns out Serena returns from Boarding School to see her suicidal brother, Eric. Blair soon finds out that Serena had slept with her boyfriend, Nate Archibald, the night of her disappearance. Meanwhile, Brooklyn boy Dan Humphrey and Serena begin dating while Nate struggles with his feelings for Blair. The two try to salvage what 's left of their relationship, only leaving Blair to lose her virginity to Nate 's best friend, Chuck Bass, instead. Jenny Humphrey constantly tries to make it in this upscale world by following around Blair and her friends. Rufus Humphrey, her father, worries that Jenny may be losing herself as she strives for popularity. Vanessa Abrams, Dan 's best friend, returns. We find out that Dan had confessed his love for Vanessa in the past, but the two move beyond this as friends, considering Dan is now with Serena. It is discovered that Lilly van der Woodsen and Rufus Humphrey have a romantic past, yet both struggle with other relationships. The two decide to see other people in light of their children 's romance. Blair and Nate eventually break up, after finally having sex, despite her affair with Chuck. Nate finds out about the affair and he and Chuck stop associating with one another. Throughout the season, Chuck tries to seduce Blair and the two somewhat come to terms with their feelings for each other. Georgina Sparks, past friend of Serena, comes back and causes havoc, including outing Eric van der Woodsen. Georgina 's return reminds Serena of the real reason she left the Upper East Side. Problems erupt between Dan and Serena, since Serena tries to hide her secret from him and Georgina (pretending to be Sarah) manipulates Dan. It is revealed that the true reason Serena left the Upper East Side was because she was involved in a drug - related death and felt responsible for the situation. However, the incident is finally resolved and Georgina leaves. However, Dan and Serena 's relationship is in ruins and the two decide to break it off. Meanwhile, Lilly accepts her proposal from Bart Bass, despite her ever - present feelings for Rufus, and the season ends with a Bass wedding and Blair waiting for Chuck at the airport.
The second season mainly explores the senior year of the characters with the premiere at the Hamptons and primarily focused on the relationship between Blair and Chuck, who were labeled "the heart of GG '' by People magazine. At first, both characters negate their feelings for one another, and go through random schemes and manipulations.
The first half of the season deals with Serena 's growing prominence as a socialite which draws the attention of Blair as their friendship is tested when the character of Poppy Lifton (Tamara Feldman) arrives, a socialite who inadvertently drives a wedge between Serena and Blair after inspiring Serena to take her place in the spotlight during the early episodes of the season. Serena and Dan get back together for a brief period of time and eventually break up due to complications. Nate faces the aftermath of his father 's criminal past and pursues a relationship with Vanessa, who becomes entangled in the world of the Upper East Side. Jenny reignites her rebellious nature by pursuing a career as a fashion designer, thereby challenging Rufus ' skills as a parent while Dan 's friendship with Nate and relationship with Serena slowly transforms him from a social outcast to an insider. The show finished its first half during the first week of December, with the shocking death of Bart Bass.
The second half of the season reveals the impact of Bart 's death, causing a significant change of character direction for Chuck that subsequently leads to the growth of Rufus and Lily 's relationship, the revelation of the two having a son together, and contributing to the decline of Dan and Serena 's relationship. John Shea reprised his role as Harold Waldorf during a Thanksgiving episode and becomes entangled in Blair 's striving ambition of attending Yale. Desmond Harrington entered the series as Chuck 's manipulative uncle, Jack Bass. Feldman returned to the season with Armie Hammer as Serena 's new love interest, Gabriel Edwards. Michelle Trachtenberg returned to the role of Georgina Sparks and filmed her scenes during February, also adjoining her character 's return to the second season mystery.
A backdoor pilot for a spin - off premiered in May, but was not picked up by The CW to the limited number of spots available on their fall line - up.
As the storylines progressed, the role of "Gossip Girl '' is slightly decreased. She continues to run her blog, but she keeps the ultimate information for herself, sending it in the final episode as the last blast, where Serena decides to find out who "Gossip Girl '' really is, but ultimately fails. The season finale ended with a well - received kiss between Blair and Chuck.
The third season focuses on Blair, Dan and Vanessa getting into New York University along with movie star Olivia Burke (Hilary Duff), whom Dan starts dating; Nate getting into Columbia University; Serena taking a year off from school; Jenny becoming Queen Bee at Constance; and Chuck running Bass Industries, along with now adoptive mother Lily van der Woodsen. The first couple of episodes feature part of the summer vacation, respectively the week before the start of University classes and school. The role of "Gossip Girl '' is slightly decreased throughout the season.
Many guest stars were cast throughout the season including Joanna García as Bree Buckley, a love interest for Nate; America 's Next Top Model creator Tyra Banks as Ursula Nyquist, a larger than life actress whom Serena served as a publicist for a short time; William Baldwin as William van der Woodsen, Serena and Eric 's father, Lily 's ex-husband and Rufus ' long - time rival; and cameos by Lady Gaga, Tory Burch, Jimmy Fallon, Plastiscines, Georgina Chapman and Sonic Youth.
The ninth episode of the season caused a significant amount of controversy. Parent groups urged The CW not to air the episode as it contained a threesome. The preview for the episode revolved around an "OM3 '' theme. CW ignored these requests and announced that it was going to air the episode as planned.
Robert John Burke, who played Chuck 's father, Bart Bass, returned for A Christmas Carol themed episode in December, while Desmond Harrington returned as Chuck 's uncle Jack with a major storyline affecting Chuck and Blair 's relationship again and involving Chuck 's estranged mother Evelyn Bass Fisher (Laura Harring).
The season focused hugely on Jenny Humphrey 's development and downward spiral. She spends a good part of the season alienating herself from Eric, her former best friend, and chasing after Nate, who has his heart set on Serena. At the end of the season, due to her one night stand with Chuck Bass, and new drug dealing habit, Jenny 's father and Lily send her to Hudson, New York, to live with her mother. Other story lines include: Blair and Chuck 's attempt and ultimate failure at having a successful relationship; Dan and Vanessa moving from friends to something more; and Serena 's attempts to find herself through a new job and brief love affairs with Carter, Nate 's married cousin Tripp, and eventually Nate himself. The season ends dramatically with Chuck getting robbed and shot.
Season four 's main mystery revolves around Juliet Sharp (Katie Cassidy), a secretive girl with an agenda against Serena involving her past. The second half of the season builds on the complications of Serena 's new found relationship with her former teacher Colin, Chuck trying to regain control of Bass Industries from Russell Thorpe (Michael Boatman), and Dan and Blair 's growing friendship. The season also focuses on Lily 's past betrayals coming back to haunt her; Chuck and Blair 's tumultuous relationship after their break up; Dan and Vanessa 's deteriorating friendship; and the arrival of Serena 's cousin Charlie Rhodes (Kaylee Defer) to the Upper East Side. By the end of the season, Blair has ignored Chuck, Dan has told Vanessa they are no longer friends, and Serena is on that single grind.
The first two episodes of the season took place with Serena, Blair, and Chuck in Paris. While in Paris, Blair meets Prince Louis Grimaldi, to whom she later becomes engaged at the end of the season.
Taylor Momsen, who plays Jenny Humphrey, was absent for the majority of the season but made appearances in "Easy J '', "Juliet Does n't Live Here Anymore '', "The Witches of Bushwick '', and "Gaslit ''.
The series was renewed by The CW for a fifth season on April 26, 2011.
On May 9, 2011, it was announced that Taylor Momsen and Jessica Szohr would not be back as series regulars, although both have been invited back as guest stars. Kaylee DeFer, who portrays Ivy Dickens, was promoted to series regular status for season 5.
The season began in Los Angeles when a re-energized Chuck and Nate decided to pay Serena a visit. Chuck has a newfound philosophy and says "yes '' to everything, even death defying stunts. Serena continues to work on the movie set, and is offered a full - time job at the end of the episode. Nate begins an affair with an older woman, Diana Payne, who may have an ulterior motive for being with Nate. Back in New York, Dan learns that Vanessa has published one chapter of his novel, and Blair continues to plan her wedding to Louis, and she also learns she is pregnant. After realizing she still had feelings for Chuck, Blair and Chuck decide to go away together, but their car crashes. As a result of the crash Blair loses her baby, Chuck nearly dies, and Blair eventually marries Louis. The season also focuses on Nate running an online gossip site NYSpectator, Blair and Dan 's friendship turning into a relationship, Chuck 's quest to find his real parents which leads him to discover that his father, Bart, is still alive, and the effects of CeCe 's death on Lily and her marriage to Rufus. At the end of the season, Blair makes a choice between Dan and Chuck, and Lily makes a choice between Rufus and Bart. Serena is seen leaving town while Dan decides to write a new book about the Upper East Side, with the help of Georgina.
On May 11, 2012, it was announced Gossip Girl would return for a shortened sixth and final season, which premiered on October 8, 2012. During the CW upfronts, network president Mark Pedowitz said the number of episodes had not yet been decided and could consist of 10, 11, or 13 episodes with a retrospective, meaning it would end before Christmas.
The season premiered with 0.78 million viewers tuning in, marking a series low for the show. The following week, there was a further drop in viewership, with only 0.76 million viewers, once again breaking the record for series - low ratings.
On October 29, 2012, the episode "Portrait of a Lady Alexander '' was postponed due to the impact of Hurricane Sandy on the Eastern Seaboard. Widespread power outages led to the decision of pushing the new episode back a week and re-airing the previous episode, "Dirty Rotten Scandal ''.
On December 17, 2012, the series broadcast its finale on U.S. television on the CW network. Actress Kristen Bell, the narrator of the series during all seasons makes a cameo as herself (but is not revealed as Gossip Girl). Several former Gossip Girl cast members appear in the finale, including Jessica Szohr, who played Vanessa Abrams, and Katie Cassidy, who played Juliet Sharp. Former series regulars Connor Paolo (Eric van der Woodsen) and Taylor Momsen (Jenny Humphrey), each appear also with one line a piece.
Season 6 begins with Chuck and Blair who part ways after making a pact that they will unite once they both achieve their individual goals. Chuck goes on his way to try to regain Bass Industries from his father who stole it from him while Blair tries to find herself and her individuality by taking over her mother 's company at her mother 's request. Serena pursues a relationship with someone older and who happens to have a 17 - year - old daughter, Sage who will do anything to try to split them up. Nate focuses on trying to get the Spectator to become successful and dates Sage. Meanwhile, Dan focuses on completing his second book with Georgina 's help. In the end after a surprising turn of events Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester) and Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick) get married. In the final moments the series speeds forward five years later where Chuck and Blair are revealed to have had a child and Nate Archibald appears successful and is rumored to be running for Mayor of New York. The show ends with the wedding of Serena van der Woodsen and Dan Humphrey. It 's a small ceremony, in what looks like Blair and Chuck 's home together, where Lily is with Serena and Eric 's father, William, and Rufus seems to be happy with another woman (musician Lisa Loeb, who guest - starred in the first season) along with Dorota, Nate, Jack Bass and Georgina (who are now together), Jenny and Eric. A brief shot of The Spectator reveals that Lola Rhodes and Olivia Burke are now starring in a film about Ivy Dickens, based on her best - selling autobiography.
Gossip Girl initially received positive reviews. Due to the show 's pedigree as an adaptation of The New York Times bestselling novel series, the show was considered to be one of the more anticipated new shows of the 2007 -- 2008 television season. An August 2007 survey by OTX, a global media research and consulting firm, placed the show on the list of top ten new shows that viewers were aware of. Though the pilot was the recipient of many positive reviews from publications such as Variety, The Washington Post, San Francisco Chronicle and the Boston Globe, other reviewers described it as a guilty pleasure rather than an hour 's worth of must - watch television. Metacritic gave it a score of 54, based on the reviews of 26 different publications.
Toward the conclusion of the first season, Janet Malcolm of The New Yorker criticized the show for its deviations from the novels. She has stated that the series was "related to the original only in the names and outlines of the characters ''. She further asserted that, "Without von Ziegesar 's fast, mocking commentary to propel them, the TV episodes are sluggish and crass -- a move from Barneys to Kmart. '' However, author Cecily von Ziegesar has expressed support for the show, noting that all of her major plot points were present in the pilot.
As the show continued its first season, the response became considerably more positive, and by the second season critical response was favorable. Metacritic gave the new season an improved score of 71. "Summer 's been good to this girl, '' claimed Entertainment Weekly, who awarded the series its highest grade of "A ''. The New York Daily News claimed the show had found its footing by stating "It knows exactly what it wants and needs its new hybrid product to be. The hockey fights video of teen romance drama. '' Gossip Girl was designated the "Greatest Teen Drama of All Time '' by New York magazine. The magazine wrote, "the show has resurrected the potential for scripted dramas to be effective social satire -- to present a world more accurately than a "reality '' program can. Gossip Girl presents a wealth - eye view of the city, but because it is a cartoon we can laugh along with the conspicuousness of the consumption. ''
The Parents Television Council has shown particular criticism of the series, especially with its "OMFG '' ad campaign from April 2008. It also named the episode "Victor / Victrola '' the worst television program of the week in which the episode originally was broadcast. Quotes from the Parents Television Council review, as well as negative quotes from the San Diego Union - Tribune, New York Post and the Boston Herald, were used on various advertisements for the second season. The Hartford Courant chronicled a variety of negative responses to the ads. The ads included quotes like "Every Parent 's Nightmare '', "Mind - Blowingly Inappropriate '' and "A Nasty Piece of Work '' in what appears to be an effort to continue the ' rebellious teen ' style of the show.
With the approach of the fifth season, New York Magazine reviewed the life expectancy of the show, noting its waning cultural relevancy despite the growing prominence of its actors, and the loss of its status as The CW 's No. 1 show, having been beaten out in terms of ratings by other shows of the network like Supernatural and 90210. "The series itself has n't quite kept up, even if its plotting is as juicy and lunatic as ever. '' and that "The cast would all rather be making movies, while the showrunners are focusing on launching new projects via their nascent Fake Empire production company (including CW newcomer Hart of Dixie). Barring an unexpected brand reboot or another stab at a spinoff, we 're afraid the end is near. XOXO. '' AOL TV ranked Gossip Girl the 20th Best School Show of All Time and the 4th TV 's Biggest Guilty Pleasure. The show was declared the tenth highest rated show for the first ten years of IMDb.com Pro (2002 - 2012).
There was much controversy to Dan being revealed as Gossip Girl in the season finale. Dan had always struggled to be an insider among the Upper East Side and had supposedly created Gossip Girl to gain more power and had been the one "pulling the strings the whole time '' as mentioned by Serena in the finale. However, there was much speculation and controversy regarding this decision. Penn Badgley who played Dan, stated in an interview that he himself found it funny that they had decided to make him be Gossip Girl as there were too many loopholes in the show for this to make sense. There were times during the show where he would be alone and read a Gossip Girl post and be completely blown away by it. In the interview he stated, "All those times that he was alone, that was him acting. So that means he was completely schizophrenic and transgender. ''
CW executive Dawn Ostroff later compared Gossip Girl 's role as the show that defined its network to House of Cards for Netflix. Its television audience was never very large, but the show was influential on culture; Savage recalled that the crew likened working on it to working for a lifestyle magazine. A hairstylist for the show compared media interest in Lively 's hair to that for Jennifer Aniston 's "The Rachel ''. In 2008, The New York Times reported the show has had a profound impact on retail, saying Gossip Girl is probably "the first (show) to have been conceived, in part, as a fashion marketing vehicle ''. While it has had middling success in terms of ratings, it "may well be the biggest influence in the youth culture market '', said a trendspotter. According to Zoe Fox of Mashable, the show popularized social media networks and mobile communication, becoming "a pioneer in its use of mobile ''. In 2008, New York Magazine named the series as "Best Show Ever ''. In 2009, Rolling Stone named the series as "TV 's Hottest Show ''.
On January 26, 2012, in honor of the series ' 100th episode, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg visited the set and proclaimed the date Gossip Girl Day, citing the show 's cultural influence and impact on the economy of the city. "Gossip Girl has made New York a central character. While Gossip Girl is drawing fans in with its plot twists, the show also attracts many of them to visit New York, contributing to our incredible 50.5 million visitors last year. In fact, the economic impact of Gossip Girl and other television shows and films that are made in New York really can be felt directly in all five boroughs. The 100th episode of Gossip Girl is a real landmark, and I want to congratulate the show 's cast and crew, '' he stated.
The popularity of the series was also indirectly responsible for the creation of the reality series NYC Prep, which ran for one season on Bravo. The series has been referenced in films such as Fired Up!, Get Him To The Greek, Vampires Suck, Easy A, Just Go With It and Horrible Bosses, and TV series such as Royal Pains, Entourage, Parks and Recreation, 30 Rock, and Skins, among others.
Popular among teenagers and young adults, Gossip Girl cast has posed on the cover of numerous mainstream magazines, including Rolling Stone, People, Nylon, New York Magazine, TV Guide, New York Post, Vogue, Out Magazine, Details (magazine) and, Entertainment Weekly.
For episode "Woman on the Verge ''
The series premiere was watched by 3.50 million viewers and achieved a 1.6 Adults 18 -- 49, coming in last place in its 9: 00 pm timeslot on Wednesday nights. However, the show was noted to have held the best audience retention of America 's Next Top Model. Benefiting from the network rerunning the show during the 2008 WGA strike, the season ended with 3.00 million viewers. The second season premiered with 3.43 million viewers. The second season ended with 2.23 million viewers. The third season premiered with 2.55 million viewers. The third season ended with 1.96 million viewers. The fourth season premiered to 1.83 million viewers and a 1.0 for adults 18 -- 49. Episode 4.04 hit season highs in all categories with a 2.8 rating in The CW 's target of Women 18 -- 34, a 1.7 in Adults 18 -- 34 and 1.1 in Adults 18 -- 49. The fourth season ended with 1.36 million viewers. The fifth season premiered with 1.37 million viewers. The fifth season ended with 1.44 million viewers.
Despite this, throughout season five, Gossip Girl continued to see a decrease in viewers. Season six premiered to 0.78 million viewers, making it not only the least viewed season premiere for the series, but also the least viewed episode in show 's six - year run. The following episode saw a decrease to 0.76 million viewers, which once again marked a new series low in terms of viewers. The series finale was watched by 1.55 million viewers, the highest viewed episode since season four.
The series was the 5th most - binged TV series on Subscription Video - on - Demand (SVOD) Services; derived from NPD 's VideoWatch Digital, consumer tracker based on data from 313,866 SVOD TV transactions across 26,176 SVOD subscribers that were completed between January 2012 and January 2013. (5)
Gossip Girl aired on The CW on Mondays. In addition to the television broadcast of the show, episodes of Gossip Girl have also been released on the Internet. In October 2011, The CW signed a deal allowing all Gossip Girl episodes to be streamed on Netflix. The same month, the network signed a deal with Hulu. Both CWTV.com and Hulu streamed episodes for free, but only the five most recent installments were available for viewing. All seasons of Gossip Girl are also available through the iTunes Store and Amazon Video where each episode can be purchased separately or in complete season sets.
As of 2012, the series was broadcast in 197 countries.
On July 25, 2012, Style Network announced that it had acquired the off - network rights to Gossip Girl and started airing repeats of the show on August 15, 2012.
The DVD sets of each season were released in various regions after their television broadcast.
Notes:
The first soundtrack of the TV series, OMFGG -- Original Music Featured On Gossip Girl, No. 1 was released digitally on September 2, 2008, and in stores on October 28, 2008.
Merchants, designers and trend consultants say that "Gossip Girl ''... is one of the biggest influences on how young women spend. Fans stride into boutiques bearing magazine tear sheets that feature members of the cast and ask for their exact outfits. Or they order scoop - neck tops and hobo bags by following e-commerce links from the show 's Web site.
Gossip Girl was very influential on fashion for teenage and young adult women. The show was intended in part as a way for fashion companies to market their products. Some brands paid a fee, and the show 's Web site provided referral links so viewers could purchase items they saw on television. In 2009, Anna Sui created a line inspired by Gossip Girl. Daman, who based his costumes on what Manhattan private - school students wore,, said that by the sixth season the show was "getting one - of - a-kind couture from Paris '', because "they wanted their wares on Blake Lively ''.
On September 16, 2011, it was announced that Warner Bros. and label Romeo & Juliet Couture had partnered to create Gossip Girl 's official clothing line inspired by lead characters Serena van der Woodsen and Blair Waldorf. The launch of the fashion line took place on September 26, 2011, the same day as the premiere of the fifth season.
Cosmetics online retailer Birchbox and Gossip Girl have teamed up to create a special Birchbox edition filled with beauty products inspired by the show. The products were chosen by Gossip Girl 's makeup department head, Amy Tagliamonti, and hair department head, Jennifer Johnson.
Gossip Girl spawned several adaptations in other countries. The Turkish version is known as Küçük Sırlar (Little Secrets). On March 5, 2012, it was reported that Warner Bros. International Television and Metan Development Group would produce a Chinese teen drama series called China Girl inspired by Gossip Girl. Production was set to start in June 2012 with the show airing in November. The show will follow the lives of students at a university instead of a high school. No news of the actual broadcast followed.
A Mexican version of the series was produced by Mexican producer Pedro Torres as Gossip Girl: Acapulco. The show stars Sofía Sisniega, Oka Giner, Jon Ecker, Vadhir Derbez, Diego Amozurrutia, and Macarena Achaga. Filming of the Mexican adaptation began in January 2013 and the series aired in July 5, 2013, on Televisa. The show also aired in the United States on Univision in 2014. It was not renewed for a second season.
Another version of Gossip Girl aired in Thailand on Channel 3 beginning July 16, 2015, dubbed as Gossip Girl: Thailand.
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who plays claire's mother on modern family | The Incident (Modern Family) - wikipedia
"The Incident '' is the fourth episode of the American family sitcom Modern Family. It premiered on American Broadcasting Company in the United States on October 14, 2009. The episode was written by co-creator and executive producer of Modern Family, Steven Levitan and directed by series main director, Jason Winer.
In the episode, Mitchell and Claire 's mother visit the family months after she embarrassed Jay in front of his family on his wedding day. Phil and Claire try to judge whether Haley 's boyfriend is acceptable to take her to a concert or not. Mitchell goes to his father 's house to tell him that they are inviting his ex-wife to a party, but he does not tell Gloria. At the reunion, Gloria and Jay 's ex-wife begin to fight, but Haley 's boyfriend stops them.
"The Incident '' received positive reviews from the television critics and received a 3.6 / 10 in the 18 - 49 demographic according to Nielsen Media Research.
DeDe (Shelley Long), Claire (Julie Bowen) and Mitchell 's (Jesse Tyler Ferguson) mother, stops in for a surprise visit and wants to try to make up with everyone that she offended during "the incident '' that she caused at Jay (Ed O'Neill) and Gloria 's (Sofía Vergara) wedding. DeDe had become progressively drunk during the event, eventually having to be carried out, making a scene. In the meantime, Haley (Sarah Hyland) wants to attend a concert with her boyfriend, Dylan (Reid Ewing), but Claire and Phil (Ty Burrell) refuse to let her go.
Later, everything comes into play when the whole family meets at Claire 's house for dinner. Dylan sings a song to prove that he is good enough to take Haley to the concert. While the song still sounds appropriate Phil and Claire are considering to let her go with him at the concert. When though Dylan starts singing the words "I just wan na do you, do you. Do you wan na do me, do me '' and the parents see that Haley is smiling, they change their minds. The next morning everyone sings Dylan 's song to themselves.
The episode "The Incident '' was written by Steven Levitan and directed by Jason Winer. The episode is Steven Levitan 's third writing credit after the "Pilot '' and "The Bicycle Thief ''. The episode is also Jason Winer 's fourth directors credit after "Pilot '', "The Bicycle Thief '' and "Come Fly with Me. It is also Shelley Long 's first guest appearance on the show as Jay 's Ex-wife and Mitchell & Claire 's mother.
In its original American broadcast, "The Incident '' was viewed by an estimated 9.353 million households and a 5.8 rating / 9 % share Nielsen rating receiving a 3.6 rating / 10 % share in the 18 - 49 demographic coming second in its timeslot after Criminal Minds.
"The Incident '' was widely acclaimed by television critics. BuddyTV named this episode the 33rd best episode of 2009 saying "The matriarch of the family returned to cause trouble, but what sealed the deal on this episode 's greatness was Dylan 's performance of his catchy but wildly inappropriate song "In the Moonlight '' Robert Canning of IGN gave the episode a 9.0 / 10 saying it was "Outstanding '' and "'' The Incident '' was a great episode with a far more personal storyline than generically learning responsibility with a new bike. '' referring to "The Bicycle Thief, '' the second episode of the first season ''
Jason Hughes of TV Squad gave the episode a positive review and praised the casting of Shelley Long saying "She has n't lost even a bit of her comic chops, either. I 'm hoping she agreed to come back and play this role over and over again. ''
Donna Bowman of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A saying "Last week I wrote that Modern Family 's sense of sky 's - the - limit potential arises "not because it 's starting from somewhere and going somewhere else -- but because it 's got so much territory to explore right where it 's plopped itself down. '' And this week it 's like they 've set out to prove me right. ''
Michael Slezak of Entertainment Weekly remarked that "Just when you think Modern Family ca n't get any funnier, it does. And I say that both about the series generally and last night 's episode specifically. ''
James Poniewozik of Time stated "With the arrival of Mom (Shelley Long) providing the excuse (of Claire and Mitchell acting as brother and sister), this episode added some layers to their family dynamic (though we had already heard that Claire had been a rebellious daughter). ''
Many critics have praised the casting of Shelley Long as DeDe. Michael Slezak said "The casting of Shelley Long as Jay 's passive - aggressive (except when violently aggressive) yet sexually reactivated ex-wife was a stroke of genius. '' Robert Canning said "Long was a great choice for this sweet but aggravating character that could be as free - spirited as she was mean. ''.
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the focal length of a convex lens for various colours of light is | Lens (Optics) - wikipedia
A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction. A simple lens consists of a single piece of transparent material, while a compound lens consists of several simple lenses (elements), usually arranged along a common axis. Lenses are made from materials such as glass or plastic, and are ground and polished or molded to a desired shape. A lens can focus light to form an image, unlike a prism, which refracts light without focusing. Devices that similarly focus or disperse waves and radiation other than visible light are also called lenses, such as microwave lenses, electron lenses, acoustic lenses, or explosive lenses.
The word lens comes from lēns, the Latin name of the lentil, because a double - convex lens is lentil - shaped. The lentil plant also gives its name to a geometric figure.
Some scholars argue that the archeological evidence indicates that there was widespread use of lenses in antiquity, spanning several millennia. The so - called Nimrud lens is a rock crystal artifact dated to the 7th century BC which may or may not have been used as a magnifying glass, or a burning glass. Others have suggested that certain Egyptian hieroglyphs depict "simple glass meniscal lenses ''.
The oldest certain reference to the use of lenses is from Aristophanes ' play The Clouds (424 BC) mentioning a burning - glass. Pliny the Elder (1st century) confirms that burning - glasses were known in the Roman period. Pliny also has the earliest known reference to the use of a corrective lens when he mentions that Nero was said to watch the gladiatorial games using an emerald (presumably concave to correct for nearsightedness, though the reference is vague). Both Pliny and Seneca the Younger (3 BC -- 65 AD) described the magnifying effect of a glass globe filled with water.
Ptolemy (2nd century) wrote a book on Optics, which however survives only in the Latin translation of an incomplete and very poor Arabic translation. The book was, however, received, by medieval scholars in the Islamic world, and commented upon by Ibn Sahl (10th century), who was in turn improved upon by Alhazen (Book of Optics, 11th century). The Arabic word for "lens '', عدسة ʿadasa ("lentil '') is a direct loan translation of Latin lens, lenticula. The Arabic translation of Ptolemy 's Optics became available in Latin translation in the 12th century (Eugenius of Palermo 1154). Between the 11th and 13th century "reading stones '' were invented. These were primitive plano - convex lenses initially made by cutting a glass sphere in half. The medieval (11th or 12th century) rock cystal Visby lenses may or may not have been intended for use as burning glasses.
Spectacles were invented as an improvement of the "reading stones '' of the high medieval period in Northern Italy in the second half of the 13th century. This was the start of the optical industry of grinding and polishing lenses for spectacles, first in Venice and Florence in the late 13th century, and later in the spectacle - making centres in both the Netherlands and Germany. Spectacle makers created improved types of lenses for the correction of vision based more on empirical knowledge gained from observing the effects of the lenses (probably without the knowledge of the rudimentary optical theory of the day). The practical development and experimentation with lenses led to the invention of the compound optical microscope around 1595, and the refracting telescope in 1608, both of which appeared in the spectacle - making centres in the Netherlands.
With the invention of the telescope and microscope there was a great deal of experimentation with lens shapes in the 17th and early 18th centuries trying to correct chromatic errors seen in lenses. Opticians tried to construct lenses of varying forms of curvature, wrongly assuming errors arose from defects in the spherical figure of their surfaces. Optical theory on refraction and experimentation was showing no single - element lens could bring all colours to a focus. This led to the invention of the compound achromatic lens by Chester Moore Hall in England in 1733, an invention also claimed by fellow Englishman John Dollond in a 1758 patent.
Most lenses are spherical lenses: their two surfaces are parts of the surfaces of spheres. Each surface can be convex (bulging outwards from the lens), concave (depressed into the lens), or planar (flat). The line joining the centres of the spheres making up the lens surfaces is called the axis of the lens. Typically the lens axis passes through the physical centre of the lens, because of the way they are manufactured. Lenses may be cut or ground after manufacturing to give them a different shape or size. The lens axis may then not pass through the physical centre of the lens.
Toric or sphero - cylindrical lenses have surfaces with two different radii of curvature in two orthogonal planes. They have a different focal power in different meridians. This forms an astigmatic lens. An example is eyeglass lenses that are used to correct astigmatism in someone 's eye.
More complex are aspheric lenses. These are lenses where one or both surfaces have a shape that is neither spherical nor cylindrical. The more complicated shapes allow such lenses to form images with less aberration than standard simple lenses, but they are more difficult and expensive to produce.
Lenses are classified by the curvature of the two optical surfaces. A lens is biconvex (or double convex, or just convex) if both surfaces are convex. If both surfaces have the same radius of curvature, the lens is equiconvex. A lens with two concave surfaces is biconcave (or just concave). If one of the surfaces is flat, the lens is plano - convex or plano - concave depending on the curvature of the other surface. A lens with one convex and one concave side is convex - concave or meniscus. It is this type of lens that is most commonly used in corrective lenses.
If the lens is biconvex or plano - convex, a collimated beam of light passing through the lens converges to a spot (a focus) behind the lens. In this case, the lens is called a positive or converging lens. The distance from the lens to the spot is the focal length of the lens, which is commonly abbreviated f in diagrams and equations. An extended hemispherical lens is a special type of plano - convex lens, in which the lens 's curved surface is a full hemisphere and the lens is much thicker than the radius of curvature.
If the lens is biconcave or plano - concave, a collimated beam of light passing through the lens is diverged (spread); the lens is thus called a negative or diverging lens. The beam, after passing through the lens, appears to emanate from a particular point on the axis in front of the lens. The distance from this point to the lens is also known as the focal length, though it is negative with respect to the focal length of a converging lens.
Convex - concave (meniscus) lenses can be either positive or negative, depending on the relative curvatures of the two surfaces. A negative meniscus lens has a steeper concave surface and is thinner at the centre than at the periphery. Conversely, a positive meniscus lens has a steeper convex surface and is thicker at the centre than at the periphery. An ideal thin lens with two surfaces of equal curvature would have zero optical power, meaning that it would neither converge nor diverge light. All real lenses have nonzero thickness, however, which makes a real lens with identical curved surfaces slightly positive. To obtain exactly zero optical power, a meniscus lens must have slightly unequal curvatures to account for the effect of the lens ' thickness.
The focal length of a lens in air can be calculated from the lensmaker 's equation:
where
The focal length f is positive for converging lenses, and negative for diverging lenses. The reciprocal of the focal length, 1 / f, is the optical power of the lens. If the focal length is in metres, this gives the optical power in dioptres (inverse metres).
Lenses have the same focal length when light travels from the back to the front as when light goes from the front to the back. Other properties of the lens, such as the aberrations are not the same in both directions.
The signs of the lens ' radii of curvature indicate whether the corresponding surfaces are convex or concave. The sign convention used to represent this varies, but in this article a positive R indicates a surface 's center of curvature is further along in the direction of the ray travel (right, in the accompanying diagrams), while negative R means that rays reaching the surface have already passed the center of curvature. Consequently, for external lens surfaces as diagrammed above, R > 0 and R < 0 indicate convex surfaces (used to converge light in a positive lens), while R < 0 and R > 0 indicate concave surfaces. The reciprocal of the radius of curvature is called the curvature. A flat surface has zero curvature, and its radius of curvature is infinity.
If d is small compared to R and R, then the thin lens approximation can be made. For a lens in air, f is then given by
As mentioned above, a positive or converging lens in air focuses a collimated beam travelling along the lens axis to a spot (known as the focal point) at a distance f from the lens. Conversely, a point source of light placed at the focal point is converted into a collimated beam by the lens. These two cases are examples of image formation in lenses. In the former case, an object at an infinite distance (as represented by a collimated beam of waves) is focused to an image at the focal point of the lens. In the latter, an object at the focal length distance from the lens is imaged at infinity. The plane perpendicular to the lens axis situated at a distance f from the lens is called the focal plane.
If the distances from the object to the lens and from the lens to the image are S and S respectively, for a lens of negligible thickness, in air, the distances are related by the thin lens formula:
This can also be put into the "Newtonian '' form:
where x 1 = S 1 − f (\ displaystyle x_ (1) = S_ (1) - f) and x 2 = S 2 − f (\ displaystyle x_ (2) = S_ (2) - f).
Therefore, if an object is placed at a distance S > f from a positive lens of focal length f, we will find an image distance S according to this formula. If a screen is placed at a distance S on the opposite side of the lens, an image is formed on it. This sort of image, which can be projected onto a screen or image sensor, is known as a real image.
This is the principle of the camera, and of the human eye. The focusing adjustment of a camera adjusts S, as using an image distance different from that required by this formula produces a defocused (fuzzy) image for an object at a distance of S from the camera. Put another way, modifying S causes objects at a different S to come into perfect focus.
In some cases S is negative, indicating that the image is formed on the opposite side of the lens from where those rays are being considered. Since the diverging light rays emanating from the lens never come into focus, and those rays are not physically present at the point where they appear to form an image, this is called a virtual image. Unlike real images, a virtual image can not be projected on a screen, but appears to an observer looking through the lens as if it were a real object at the location of that virtual image. Likewise, it appears to a subsequent lens as if it were an object at that location, so that second lens could again focus that light into a real image, S then being measured from the virtual image location behind the first lens to the second lens. This is exactly what the eye does when looking through a magnifying glass. The magnifying glass creates a (magnified) virtual image behind the magnifying glass, but those rays are then re-imaged by the lens of the eye to create a real image on the retina.
Using a positive lens of focal length f, a virtual image results when S < f, the lens thus being used as a magnifying glass (rather than if S > > f as for a camera). Using a negative lens (f < 0) with a real object (S > 0) can only produce a virtual image (S < 0), according to the above formula. It is also possible for the object distance S to be negative, in which case the lens sees a so - called virtual object. This happens when the lens is inserted into a converging beam (being focused by a previous lens) before the location of its real image. In that case even a negative lens can project a real image, as is done by a Barlow lens.
For a thin lens, the distances S and S are measured from the object and image to the position of the lens, as described above. When the thickness of the lens is not much smaller than S and S or there are multiple lens elements (a compound lens), one must instead measure from the object and image to the principal planes of the lens. If distances S or S pass through a medium other than air or vacuum a more complicated analysis is required.
The linear magnification of an imaging system using a single lens is given by
where M is the magnification factor defined as the ratio of the size of an image compared to the size of the object. The sign convention here dictates that if M is negative, as it is for real images, the image is upside - down with respect to the object. For virtual images M is positive, so the image is upright.
Linear magnification M is not always the most useful measure of magnifying power. For instance, when characterizing a visual telescope or binoculars that produce only a virtual image, one would be more concerned with the angular magnification -- which expresses how much larger a distant object appears through the telescope compared to the naked eye. In the case of a camera one would quote the plate scale, which compares the apparent (angular) size of a distant object to the size of the real image produced at the focus. The plate scale is the reciprocal of the focal length of the camera lens; lenses are categorized as long - focus lenses or wide - angle lenses according to their focal lengths.
Using an inappropriate measurement of magnification can be formally correct but yield a meaningless number. For instance, using a magnifying glass of 5 cm focal length, held 20 cm from the eye and 5 cm from the object, produces a virtual image at infinity of infinite linear size: M = ∞. But the angular magnification is 5, meaning that the object appears 5 times larger to the eye than without the lens. When taking a picture of the moon using a camera with a 50 mm lens, one is not concerned with the linear magnification M ≈ 3001500000000000000 ♠ − 50 mm / 7008380000000000000 ♠ 380 000 km = 3009870000000000000 ♠ − 1.3 × 10. Rather, the plate scale of the camera is about 1 ° / mm, from which one can conclude that the 0.5 mm image on the film corresponds to an angular size of the moon seen from earth of about 0.5 °.
In the extreme case where an object is an infinite distance away, S = ∞, S = f and M = − f / ∞ = 0, indicating that the object would be imaged to a single point in the focal plane. In fact, the diameter of the projected spot is not actually zero, since diffraction places a lower limit on the size of the point spread function. This is called the diffraction limit.
Tilt Spherical aberration Astigmatism Coma Distortion Petzval field curvature Chromatic aberration
Lenses do not form perfect images, and a lens always introduces some degree of distortion or aberration that makes the image an imperfect replica of the object. Careful design of the lens system for a particular application minimizes the aberration. Several types of aberration affect image quality, including spherical aberration, coma, and chromatic aberration.
Spherical aberration occurs because spherical surfaces are not the ideal shape for a lens, but are by far the simplest shape to which glass can be ground and polished, and so are often used. Spherical aberration causes beams parallel to, but distant from, the lens axis to be focused in a slightly different place than beams close to the axis. This manifests itself as a blurring of the image. Lenses in which closer - to - ideal, non-spherical surfaces are used are called aspheric lenses. These were formerly complex to make and often extremely expensive, but advances in technology have greatly reduced the manufacturing cost for such lenses. Spherical aberration can be minimised by carefully choosing the surface curvatures for a particular application. For instance, a plano - convex lens, which is used to focus a collimated beam, produces a sharper focal spot when used with the convex side towards the beam source.
Coma, or comatic aberration, derives its name from the comet - like appearance of the aberrated image. Coma occurs when an object off the optical axis of the lens is imaged, where rays pass through the lens at an angle to the axis θ. Rays that pass through the centre of a lens of focal length f are focused at a point with distance f tan θ from the axis. Rays passing through the outer margins of the lens are focused at different points, either further from the axis (positive coma) or closer to the axis (negative coma). In general, a bundle of parallel rays passing through the lens at a fixed distance from the centre of the lens are focused to a ring - shaped image in the focal plane, known as a comatic circle. The sum of all these circles results in a V - shaped or comet - like flare. As with spherical aberration, coma can be minimised (and in some cases eliminated) by choosing the curvature of the two lens surfaces to match the application. Lenses in which both spherical aberration and coma are minimised are called bestform lenses.
Chromatic aberration is caused by the dispersion of the lens material -- the variation of its refractive index, n, with the wavelength of light. Since, from the formulae above, f is dependent upon n, it follows that light of different wavelengths is focused to different positions. Chromatic aberration of a lens is seen as fringes of colour around the image. It can be minimised by using an achromatic doublet (or achromat) in which two materials with differing dispersion are bonded together to form a single lens. This reduces the amount of chromatic aberration over a certain range of wavelengths, though it does not produce perfect correction. The use of achromats was an important step in the development of the optical microscope. An apochromat is a lens or lens system with even better chromatic aberration correction, combined with improved spherical aberration correction. Apochromats are much more expensive than achromats.
Different lens materials may also be used to minimise chromatic aberration, such as specialised coatings or lenses made from the crystal fluorite. This naturally occurring substance has the highest known Abbe number, indicating that the material has low dispersion.
Other kinds of aberration include field curvature, barrel and pincushion distortion, and astigmatism.
Even if a lens is designed to minimize or eliminate the aberrations described above, the image quality is still limited by the diffraction of light passing through the lens ' finite aperture. A diffraction - limited lens is one in which aberrations have been reduced to the point where the image quality is primarily limited by diffraction under the design conditions.
Simple lenses are subject to the optical aberrations discussed above. In many cases these aberrations can be compensated for to a great extent by using a combination of simple lenses with complementary aberrations. A compound lens is a collection of simple lenses of different shapes and made of materials of different refractive indices, arranged one after the other with a common axis.
The simplest case is where lenses are placed in contact: if the lenses of focal lengths f and f are "thin '', the combined focal length f of the lenses is given by
Since 1 / f is the power of a lens, it can be seen that the powers of thin lenses in contact are additive.
If two thin lenses are separated in air by some distance d, the focal length for the combined system is given by
The distance from the front focal point of the combined lenses to the first lens is called the front focal length (FFL):
Similarly, the distance from the second lens to the rear focal point of the combined system is the back focal length (BFL):
As d tends to zero, the focal lengths tend to the value of f given for thin lenses in contact.
If the separation distance is equal to the sum of the focal lengths (d = f + f), the FFL and BFL are infinite. This corresponds to a pair of lenses that transform a parallel (collimated) beam into another collimated beam. This type of system is called an afocal system, since it produces no net convergence or divergence of the beam. Two lenses at this separation form the simplest type of optical telescope. Although the system does not alter the divergence of a collimated beam, it does alter the width of the beam. The magnification of such a telescope is given by
which is the ratio of the output beam width to the input beam width. Note the sign convention: a telescope with two convex lenses (f > 0, f > 0) produces a negative magnification, indicating an inverted image. A convex plus a concave lens (f > 0 > f) produces a positive magnification and the image is upright. For further information on simple optical telescopes, see Refracting telescope § Refracting telescope designs.
Cylindrical lenses have curvature in only one direction. They are used to focus light into a line, or to convert the elliptical light from a laser diode into a round beam. They are also used in motion picture anamorphic lenses.
A Fresnel lens has its optical surface broken up into narrow rings, allowing the lens to be much thinner and lighter than conventional lenses. Durable Fresnel lenses can be molded from plastic and are inexpensive.
Lenticular lenses are arrays of microlenses that are used in lenticular printing to make images that have an illusion of depth or that change when viewed from different angles.
A gradient index lens has flat optical surfaces, but has a radial or axial variation in index of refraction that causes light passing through the lens to be focused.
An axicon has a conical optical surface. It images a point source into a line along the optic axis, or transforms a laser beam into a ring.
Diffractive optical elements can function as lenses.
Superlenses are made from negative index metamaterials and claim to produce images at spatial resolutions exceeding the diffraction limit. The first superlenses were made in 2004 using such a metamaterial for microwaves. Improved versions have been made by other researchers. As of 2014 the superlens has not yet been demonstrated at visible or near - infrared wavelengths.
A prototype flat ultrathin lens, with no curvature has been developed.
A single convex lens mounted in a frame with a handle or stand is a magnifying glass.
Lenses are used as prosthetics for the correction of visual impairments such as myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia, and astigmatism. (See corrective lens, contact lens, eyeglasses.) Most lenses used for other purposes have strict axial symmetry; eyeglass lenses are only approximately symmetric. They are usually shaped to fit in a roughly oval, not circular, frame; the optical centres are placed over the eyeballs; their curvature may not be axially symmetric to correct for astigmatism. Sunglasses ' lenses are designed to attenuate light; sunglass lenses that also correct visual impairments can be custom made.
Other uses are in imaging systems such as monoculars, binoculars, telescopes, microscopes, cameras and projectors. Some of these instruments produce a virtual image when applied to the human eye; others produce a real image that can be captured on photographic film or an optical sensor, or can be viewed on a screen. In these devices lenses are sometimes paired up with curved mirrors to make a catadioptric system where the lens 's spherical aberration corrects the opposite aberration in the mirror (such as Schmidt and meniscus correctors).
Convex lenses produce an image of an object at infinity at their focus; if the sun is imaged, much of the visible and infrared light incident on the lens is concentrated into the small image. A large lens creates enough intensity to burn a flammable object at the focal point. Since ignition can be achieved even with a poorly made lens, lenses have been used as burning - glasses for at least 2400 years. A modern application is the use of relatively large lenses to concentrate solar energy on relatively small photovoltaic cells, harvesting more energy without the need to use larger and more expensive cells.
Radio astronomy and radar systems often use dielectric lenses, commonly called a lens antenna to refract electromagnetic radiation into a collector antenna.
Lenses can become scratched and abraded. Abrasion - resistant coatings are available to help control this.
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case – center for advanced studies in engineering | Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering - wikipedia
The Center for Advanced Studies In Engineering (CASE), is a private research institute located in the suburb of Islamabad, Pakistan. CASE is affiliated with the University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila. It offers post-graduate and doctorate programs in Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Telecommunication Engineering, Software Engineering and Engineering Management. The B.Sc program in Electrical Engineering is accredited by the Pakistan Engineering Council and has two variants: Telecommunication Engineering and Computer Engineering. CASE also offers a BBA program and PDP programs under advance Engineering Management Department.
In May 2001, a group of engineers returned after completing Ph. D degrees in the United States of America. They set up EET (Engineering education trust) as a not - for - profit public charitable organization for education purposes. Their aim was to provide substantial contributions to the research and publications areas in Pakistan, through the introduction of graduate degree programs.
CASE was started on September 12, 2001 at the Software Technology Park, Islamabad, in affiliation with the University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila. The affiliation permitted it to start M.Sc and Ph. D degree programs in computer engineering. CASE was inaugurated by the Minister of Science and Technology professor Dr. Atta - ur - Rahman. Dr. Kamal Athar was the director from 2001 until 2003. CASE started with a faculty of nine Ph. Ds and three Masters of Science. Many of them are still working as permanent faculty members.
CASE started a B.Sc program in 2003 in its school SS - CARE initially in collaboration with Sir Syed Memorial Society. The classes started at Sir Syed Esquire situated at 19th Atatürk Avenue, Islamabad. Later on, undergraduate classes commenced under the name of CASE. This program is accredited by the Pakistan Engineering Council and Higher Education Commission of Pakistan.
Undergraduate programs
Graduate and postgraduate programs
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how many seat to win majority in gujarat | Gujarat Legislative Assembly election, 2017 - wikipedia
Vijay Rupani BJP
Vijay Rupani BJP
The 14th Gujarat Legislative Assembly election, 2017 was held on 9 December 2017 and 14 December 2017. The counting of votes took place on 18 December. All 182 members of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly were elected with the leader of the largest party or coalition expected to become the next Chief Minister. The election was won by the incumbent Bharatiya Janata Party with a reduced majority, following losses to the opposition Indian National Congress.
Gujarat, as a state of India follows Parliamentary system of government similar to other states. The Government is responsible to the Legislative Assembly and stays in power only if it has the support of majority members. Elections take place on a first past the post basis, the candidate with the most number of votes wins the seat regardless of absolute majority. Every citizen of the state, who is 18 and above is eligible to vote. The Governors of States of India then invites the leader of the largest party or coalition to form the government. The Constitution of India states that the term of Legislative Assemblies is five years. As is common in most other first past the post electoral systems, the state 's politics are dominated by two parties -- the Indian National Congress (INC) and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).
The term of current Gujarat Legislative Assembly ends on 22 January 2018. The previous assembly election, held in 2012 resulted in BJP gaining a majority of seats and Narendra Modi becoming the Chief Minister. After the 2014 General Elections, Modi became the Prime Minister of the country and Anandiben Patel was appointed the Chief Minister of Gujarat. After the agitations of Patidars, Dalit protests and claims of poor governance, she was replaced by Vijay Rupani as the Chief Minister by the party.
VVPAT - fitted EVMs were used in entire Gujarat state at 50,128 polling stations in the 2017 elections, which was the first time that the entire state saw the implementation of VVPAT. VVPAT slips were counted in a polling station each of Gujarat 's 182 constituencies. There were 43.3 million registered voters in Gujarat as on September 25, 2017.
Other Backward Castes, excluding Muslim OBCs, comprised 40 % of the total population of Gujarat. 147 communities were considered to be OBCs at the time of the election. Scheduled tribes (primarily Adivasis) comprised 15.5 % of the population, while scheduled castes (Dalits) totalled 7 %. Muslims of various castes constituted 9.7 % of the population. Forward castes and others made up the remainder.
The votes were counted on 18 December 2017. Over 1.9 % of all voters in the election specified the None of the Above (NOTA) option, which amounted to more than 500,000 votes.
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where is bile produced and where is it stored | Bile - wikipedia
Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine. In humans, bile is produced continuously by the liver (liver bile), and stored and concentrated in the gallbladder (gallbladder bile). After eating, this stored bile is discharged into the duodenum. The composition of gallbladder bile is 97 % water, 0.7 % bile salts, 0.2 % bilirubin, 0.51 % fats (cholesterol, fatty acids and lecithin), and 200 meq / l inorganic salts.
Bile was the yellow bile in the four humor system of medicine, the standard of medical practice in Europe from 500 B.C. to the early nineteenth century. About 400 to 800 ml of bile is produced per day in adult humans.
Bile acts to some extent as a surfactant, helping to emulsify the lipids in food. Bile salt anions are hydrophilic on one side and hydrophobic on the other side; consequently, they tend to aggregate around droplets of lipids (triglycerides and phospholipids) to form micelles, with the hydrophobic sides towards the fat and hydrophilic sides facing outwards. The hydrophilic sides are negatively charged, and this charge prevents fat droplets coated with bile from re-aggregating into larger fat particles. Ordinarily, the micelles in the duodenum have a diameter around 14 -- 33 μm.
The dispersion of food fat into micelles provides a greatly increased surface area for the action of the enzyme pancreatic lipase, which actually digests the triglycerides, and is able to reach the fatty core through gaps between the bile salts. A triglyceride is broken down into three fatty acids and a monoglyceride, which are absorbed by the villi on the intestine walls. After being transferred across the intestinal membrane, the fatty acids reform into triglycerides (re-esterified), before being absorbed into the lymphatic system through lacteals. Without bile salts, most of the lipids in food would be excreted in faeces, undigested.
Since bile increases the absorption of fats, it is an important part of the absorption of the fat - soluble substances, such as the vitamins A, D, E, and K.
Besides its digestive function, bile serves also as the route of excretion for bilirubin, a byproduct of red blood cells recycled by the liver. Bilirubin derives from hemoglobin by glucuronidation.
Bile tends to be alkali on average. The pH of common duct bile (7.50 to 8.05) is higher than that of the corresponding gallbladder bile (6.80 to 7.65). Bile in the gallbladder becomes more acidic the longer a person goes without eating, though resting slows this fall in pH. As an alkali, it also has the function of neutralizing excess stomach acid before it enters the duodenum, the first section of the small intestine. Bile salts also act as bactericides, destroying many of the microbes that may be present in the food.
In the absence of bile, fats become indigestible and are instead excreted in feces, a condition called steatorrhea. Feces lack their characteristic brown color and instead are white or gray, and greasy. Steatorrhea can lead to deficiencies in essential fatty acids and fat - soluble vitamins. In addition, past the small intestine (which is normally responsible for absorbing fat from food) the gastrointestinal tract and gut flora are not adapted to processing fats, leading to problems in the large intestine.
The cholesterol contained in bile will occasionally accrete into lumps in the gallbladder, forming gallstones. Cholesterol gallstones are generally treated through surgical removal of the gallbladder. However, they can sometimes be dissolved by increasing the concentration of certain naturally occurring bile acids, such as chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid.
On an empty stomach -- after repeated vomiting, for example -- a person 's vomit may be green or dark yellow, and very bitter. The bitter and greenish component may be bile or normal digestive juices originating in the stomach. The color of bile is often likened to "fresh - cut grass '', unlike components in the stomach that look greenish yellow or dark yellow. Bile may be forced into the stomach secondary to a weakened valve (pylorus), the presence of certain drugs including alcohol, or powerful muscular contractions and duodenal spasms.
Biliary obstruction can be caused by a variety of dietary factors. Most biliary obstructions are caused by the high consumption of sugar, fat and processed foods. These foods can cause gallstones. Primarily, biliary obstruction is caused by blockage in the bile ducts. Bile ducts carry bile from the liver and gallbladder through the pancreas. A huge amount of the bile is then released into the small intestine duodenum. The remaining bile is stored in the gallbladder. After food consumption the bile in the gallbladder is released to help with digestion and fat absorption.
In medical theories prevalent in the West from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, the body 's health depended on the equilibrium of four "humors '', or vital fluids, two of which related to bile: blood, phlegm, "yellow bile '' (choler), and "black bile ''. These "humors '' are believed to have its roots in the appearance of a blood sedimentation test made in open air, which exhibits a dark clot at the bottom ("black bile ''), a layer of unclotted erythrocytes ("blood ''), a layer of white blood cells ("phlegm '') and a layer of clear yellow serum ("yellow bile '').
Excesses of black bile and yellow bile were thought to produce depression and aggression, respectively, and the Greek names for them gave rise to the English words cholera (from Greek kholé) and melancholia. Those same theories explain the derivation of the English word bilious from bile, the meaning of gall in English as "exasperation '' or "impudence '', and the Latin word cholera, derived from the Greek kholé, which was passed upon several Romance languages in words meaning "anger '' such as colère (French) and cólera (Spanish).
Bile from dead mammals can be mixed with soap. This mixture, called bile soap, can be applied to textiles a few hours before washing and is a traditional and rather effective method for removing various kinds of tough stains.
"Pinapaitan '' is a dish in Philippine cuisine that uses bile as flavoring.
In regions like Asia where bile products are a popular ingredient in traditional medicine, there are several cases of abuse of bears from which bile is farmed.
Cholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic acid
Glycocholic acid
Taurocholic acid
Deoxycholic acid
Lithocholic acid
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in the game undertale who was mettaton's creator | Undertale - Wikipedia
Undertale is a role - playing video game created by American indie developer Toby Fox. Players control a child who has fallen into the Underground, a large, secluded region under the surface of the Earth, separated by a magic barrier. The player meets various monsters during a quest to return to the surface, mainly through the combat system; the player navigates through mini-bullet hell attacks by the opponent, and can opt to pacify or subdue monsters in order to spare them instead of murdering them. These choices affect the game, with the dialogue, characters, and story changing based on outcomes.
Fox developed the entirety of the game independently, including writing and composing the score, with only additional art created by other artists. The game was inspired by the Mother and Mario & Luigi role - playing series, the bullet hell shooter series Touhou Project, and the British comedy show Mr. Bean. Undertale was initially meant to be two hours in length and was set to be released in mid-2014, but development was delayed over the course of the next three years.
The game was released for Microsoft Windows and OS X in September 2015, and later for Linux in July 2016, and PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita in August 2017. A port for the Nintendo Switch was released in September 2018. The game was acclaimed for its writing, thematic material, intuitive combat system, musical score, and originality, with praise directed towards its story, dialogue, and characters. The game sold over a million copies, and was nominated for multiple accolades and awards, including Game of the Year from several gaming publications and conventions.
Undertale is a role - playing game that uses a top - down perspective. In the game, players control a child and complete objectives in order to progress through the story. Players explore an underground world filled with towns and caves, and are required to solve numerous puzzles on their journey. The underground world is the home of monsters, many of whom challenge the player in combat; players decide whether to kill, flee, or befriend them.
When players encounter enemies in either scripted events or random encounters, they enter a battle mode. During battles, players control a small heart which represents their soul, and must avoid attacks unleashed by the opposing monster in a similar fashion to a bullet hell shooter. As the game progresses, new elements are introduced, such as colored obstacles, and boss battles which change the way players control the heart. Players may choose to attack the enemy, which involves timed button presses. Killing enemies will cause the player to earn EXP (in turn increasing their LOVE) and gold. They can use the ACT option to perform various actions, which vary depending on the enemy. If the player uses the right actions to respond to the enemy, or attacks them until they have low HP (but still alive) they can choose to spare them and end the fight without killing them. In order for some boss encounters to be completed peacefully, the player is required to survive until the character they are facing has finished their dialogue. The game features multiple story branches and endings depending on whether players choose to kill or spare their enemies; and as such, it is possible to clear the game without killing a single enemy.
Monsters will talk to the player during the battle, and the game will tell the players what the monster 's feelings and actions are. Enemy attacks change based on how players interact with them: should players choose non-violent options, enemy attacks are easy, whereas they become difficult if players choose violent options. The game relies on a number of metafictional elements in both its gameplay and story. When players participate in a boss battle on a second playthrough, the dialogue will be altered depending on actions in previous playthroughs.
Undertale takes place in the Underground, a massive subterranean cave to where monsters, who once lived harmoniously with humans on the surface, have been banished after losing a war with humanity. The Underground is sealed from the surface world by an uneven magic barrier created by humanity 's most powerful wizards, the only point of entry being at Mount Ebott. A human child falls into the Underground and encounters Flowey, a sapient flower who teaches them the game 's mechanics and encourages them to raise their "LV '', or "LOVE '', by gaining "EXP '' through killing monsters. When Flowey attempts to murder the human to take their soul for himself, the human is rescued by Toriel, a motherly goat - like monster, who teaches the human to solve puzzles and survive conflict in the Underground without killing. She intends to adopt the human, wanting to protect them from Asgore Dreemurr, the king of the Underground.
The human eventually leaves Toriel to search for Asgore 's castle, which contains the path (blocked by the barrier) leading to the surface world. Along the way, the human encounters several monsters, including: the skeletons Sans and Papyrus, two brothers who act as sentries for the Underground; Undyne, the head of the royal guard; Alphys, the kingdom 's royal scientist; and Mettaton, a robotic television host Alphys built. Some of them are fought, with the human having to choose whether to kill them or to show mercy; should the human spare them, they become friends. During their travels, the human learns the details and the cause of the war between humans and monsters, as well as the backstory of Asriel, the son of Asgore and Toriel. Asriel had befriended a human child named Chara who fell into the Underground and was adopted by Asgore and Toriel. One day, Chara fatally poisoned themself by drinking a tisane made from poisonous buttercup flowers, in a bid to have themself absorbed by Asriel in order to fulfill their plan of freeing the monsters by collecting six additional souls from the surface, which would then be used with Chara 's soul to break the barrier. Asriel absorbed Chara 's soul, and crossed the barrier, but from there refused to carry out the plan any further, instead deciding to attempt to return Chara 's body to their home village. He was killed by humans who thought he killed Chara, as he refused to defend himself out of his pacifistic ideology. With both of his children dead, Asgore declared another war on humanity, and continued Chara 's plan, seeking to break the barrier by killing any human who falls into the Underground to collect seven human souls, of which he currently has six.
There are three major divergent paths in the game 's ending, depending on how the player resolves encounters with monsters: the Neutral run, the Pacifist run, and the Genocide run. The default Neutral run occurs if the player has killed some but not all of the monsters, or has not killed any monsters. The Neutral run has over twelve variations depending on which monsters were killed. In general, in the Neutral run ending, the human arrives at Asgore 's castle and learns that they also need a monster 's soul to cross the barrier, forcing them to fight Asgore. Sans stops the human before their confrontation, revealing that the human 's "LOVE '' is an acronym for "Level Of ViolencE '' and "EXP '' for "EXecution Points. '' Sans judges the human based on the combined resolution of the encounters. The human fights and defeats Asgore. However, Flowey sneaks in, kills Asgore, steals the human souls, and becomes a monstrous abomination called Photoshop Flowey. By calling out to the six souls for help, the human defeats Flowey, falls unconscious, and awakens on the human side of the barrier; they receive a phone call from Sans, explaining the state of the Underground after the human 's departure. If the player does another Neutral run after completing it once, Flowey will not absorb the human souls, knowing that they would revolt again, and the player can skip his fight.
The Pacifist run can only be performed after the player has completed one Neutral run through the game, and its ending only obtained by not killing any of the monsters during the run while befriending Papyrus and Undyne, and Alphys. After befriending Alphys, the player discovers her true laboratory. It is revealed that Asriel was reincarnated as Flowey, created by Alphys as a vessel of determination (the power that allows the human and Flowey to save game files in order to resurrect) as well as an intended surprise for Asgore. The player then returns to fight Asgore, but Toriel intervenes and is joined by the other monsters the human has befriended. Flowey ambushes the group, using the souls of all the monsters to take an older Asriel 's form to fight the human and initiate an Apocalypse. The human connects with their new friends during the fight, eventually triumphing. Asriel reverts to his child form and realizes to his dismay that the human is not Chara. The human tells him their real name, Frisk. Asriel expresses his remorse for all he has done, and uses the six human souls and all the monster souls to destroy the barrier. Asriel then says he will inevitably turn back into Flowey, and tells Frisk to leave him behind. Frisk falls unconscious, and awakens surrounded by their friends. The monsters reintegrate with the humans on the surface, while Frisk has the option of accepting Toriel as their adoptive mother or striking out on their own. Based on this choice, the Pacifist ending will differ: if the player chooses to stay with Toriel, a cutscene will play placing a slice of pie next to the bed of the sleeping human, and if the human chooses to leave, a sepia photograph is shown of the player and their friends.
The Genocide run requires the player to kill all monsters and maximize their LOVE, intentionally triggering random encounters until they no longer occur. As Frisk reaches Asgore 's castle, Sans attempts to stop them, but Frisk kills him along with Asgore and Flowey. Chara materializes before the player after Flowey is killed and explains that they were resurrected by the player 's LOVE. The player is then asked to join them in the destruction of the universe, which occurs regardless of the player 's choice. Afterwards, the game will no longer be playable, but Chara will eventually offer to restore the universe in exchange for the player 's soul after ten minutes. If the player accepts this deal, the game will be playable again; however, every subsequent Pacifist playthrough will end with Chara taking over Frisk 's body.
Undertale was developed by Toby Fox across 2.7 years. Development was financed through a crowdfunding campaign on the website Kickstarter. The campaign was launched on June 25, 2013 with a goal of US $5,000; it ended on July 25, 2013, with US $51,124 raised by 2,398 people (1022.48 % of the original goal). Undertale 's creation ensued after Fox created a battle system using the game creation system GameMaker: Studio. He wanted to develop a role - playing game that was different from the traditional design, which he often found "boring to play ''. He set out to develop a game with "interesting characters '', and that "utilizes the medium as a storytelling device... instead of having the story and gameplay abstractions be completely separate ''.
Fox worked on the entire game independently, besides some of the art; he decided to work independently to avoid relying on others. Fox had little experience with game development; he and his three brothers often used RPG Maker 2000 to make role - playing games, though few were ever completed. Fox also worked on a number of EarthBound ROM hacks while in high school. Temmie Chang worked as the main artistic assistant for the game, providing most of the sprites and concept art. Fox has said that the game 's art style would likely remain the same if he had access to a larger team of artists. He found that "there 's a psychological thread that says audiences become more attached to characters drawn simply rather than in detail '', particularly benefiting from the use of visual gags within the art.
The defensive segment within the battle system was inspired by the Mario & Luigi series, as well as bullet hell shooters such as the Touhou Project series. When working on the battle system, Fox set out to create a mechanic that he would personally enjoy. He wanted Undertale to have a battle system as equally engaging as Super Mario RPG (1996) and Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga (2003). Fox did not want grinding to be necessary at any point in the game, instead leaving it optional to players. He also did not wish to introduce fetch quests, as they involve backtracking, which he dislikes. In terms of the game 's difficulty, Fox ensured that it was easy and enjoyable. He asked some friends who are inexperienced with bullet hell shooters to test the game, and found that they were able to complete it. He felt that the game 's difficulty is optimal, particularly considering the complications involved in adding another difficulty setting.
The game 's dialogue system was inspired by Shin Megami Tensei (1992), particularly the gameplay mechanic whereby players can talk to monsters to avoid conflict. Fox intended to expand upon this mechanic, as failing to negotiate resulted in a requirement to fight. "I want to create a system that satisfied my urge for talking to monsters, '' he said. When he began developing this mechanic, the concept of completing the game without killing any enemies "just evolved naturally ''. However, he never considered removing the option to fight throughout development. When questioned on the difficulty of playing the game without killing, Fox responded that it is "the crux of one of the major themes of this game '', asking players to think about it themselves.
For the game 's writing, Fox was partly influenced by the silliness of internet culture, as well as comedy shows like Mr. Bean (1990 -- 1995). He was also inspired by the unsettling atmosphere of EarthBound (1994). Fox 's desire to "subvert concepts that go unquestioned in many games '' further influenced Undertale 's development. Fox found that the writing became easier after establishing a character 's voice and mood. He also felt that creating the world was a natural process, as it expressed the stories of those within it. Fox felt the importance to make the game 's monsters "feel like an individual ''. He cited the Final Fantasy series (1987 -- present) as the opposite; "all monsters in RPGs like Final Fantasy are the same... there 's no meaning to that ''.
The character of Toriel, who is one of the first to appear in the game, was created as a parody of tutorial characters. Fox strongly disliked the use of the companion character Fi in The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword (2011), in which the answers to puzzles were often revealed early. Fox also felt that role - playing video games generally lack mother characters; in the Pokémon series (1996 -- present), as well as Mother (1989) and EarthBound, Fox felt that the mothers are used as "symbols rather than characters ''. In response, Fox intended for Toriel 's character to be "a mom that hopefully acts like a mom '', and "genuinely cares '' about players ' actions.
The game 's soundtrack was entirely composed by Fox. A self - taught musician, he composed most of the tracks with little iteration; the game 's main theme, "Undertale '', was the only song to undergo multiple iterations in development. The soundtrack was inspired by music from Super NES role - playing games, such as EarthBound, as well as the webcomic Homestuck, for which Fox provided some of the music. Fox also stated that he tries to be inspired by all music he listens to, particularly those in video games. According to Fox, over 90 % of the songs were composed specifically for the game. "Megalovania '', the song used during the boss battle with Sans, had previously been used within Homestuck and in one of Fox 's EarthBound ROM hacks. For each section of the game, Fox composed the music prior to programming, as it helped "decide how the scene should go ''. He initially tried using a music tracker to compose the soundtrack, but found it difficult to use. He ultimately decided to play segments of the music separately, and connect them on a track. To celebrate the one year anniversary of the game, Fox released five unused musical works on his blog in 2016. Four of the game 's songs were released as official DLC for the Steam version of Taito 's Groove Coaster.
Undertale 's soundtrack has been well received by critics as part of the success of the game, in particular for its use of various leitmotifs for the various characters used throughout various tracks. In particular, "Hopes and Dreams '', the boss theme when fighting Asriel in the run - through where the player avoids killing any monster, brings back most of the main character themes, and is "a perfect way to cap off your journey '', according to USgamer 's Nadia Oxford. Oxford notes this track in particular demonstrates Fox 's ability to "turning old songs into completely new experiences '', used throughout the game 's soundtrack. Tyler Hicks of GameSpot compared the music to "bit - based melodies ''.
The game was released on September 15, 2015 for Microsoft Windows and OS X, and on July 17, 2016 for Linux. Fox expressed interest in releasing Undertale on other platforms, but was initially unable to port it to Nintendo platforms without reprogramming the game due to the engine 's lack of support for these platforms. A patch was released in January 2016, fixing bugs and altering the appearance of blue attacks to help colorblind players see them better. Sony Interactive Entertainment announced during E3 2017 that Undertale would get a release for the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita, a Japanese localization, and a retail version published by Fangamer. These versions were released on August 15, 2017. A Nintendo Switch version was revealed during a March 2018 Nintendo Direct, though no release date was given at the time; Undertale 's release on Switch highlighted a deal made between Nintendo and YoYo Games to allow users of GameMaker Studio 2 to directly export their games to the Switch. The port was released on September 15, 2018 in Japan, and on September 18, 2018 worldwide. All console ports are published courtesy of Japanese localizer 8 - 4 in all regions.
Other Undertale media and merchandise have been released, including toy figurines and plush toys based on characters from the game. The game 's official soundtrack was released in 2015 simultaneously with the game 's release. Additionally, two official Undertale cover albums have been released: the 2015 metal album Determination by RichaadEB and Ace Waters, and the 2016 jazz album Live at Grillby 's by Carlos Eiene, better known as insaneintherainmusic. Another album of jazz duets based on Undertale 's songs, Prescription for Sleep, was performed and released in 2016 by saxophonist Norihiko Hibino and pianist Ayaki Sato. A 2x LP vinyl edition of the Undertale soundtrack, produced by iam8bit, was also released in the same year.
Undertale received critical acclaim, and was quickly considered a cult video game by numerous publications. Review aggregator Metacritic calculated an average score of 92 out of 100, based on 43 reviews. Metacritic ranks the game the third - highest rated Windows game released in 2015, and among the top 50 of all time. Praise was particularly directed at the game 's writing, unique characters, and combat system. GameSpot 's Tyler Hicks declared it "one of the most progressive and innovative RPGs to come in a long time '', and IGN 's Kallie Plagge called it "a masterfully crafted experience ''. By the end of 2015, in a preliminary report by Steam Spy, Undertale was one of the best - selling games on Steam, with 530,343 copies sold. By early February 2016, the game surpassed one million sales, and by July 2018, the game had an estimated total of three and a half million players on Steam. Japanese digital PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita sales surpassed 100,000 copies sold by February 2018.
Daniel Tack of Game Informer called the game 's combat system "incredibly nuanced '', commenting on the uniqueness of each enemy encounter. Giant Bomb 's Austin Walker praised the complexity of the combat, commenting that it is "unconventional, clever, and occasionally really difficult ''. Ben "Yahtzee '' Croshaw of The Escapist commended the game 's ability to blend "turn - based and live combat elements in a way that actually fucking works ''. IGN 's Plagge praised the ability to avoid combat, opting for friendly conversations instead. Jesse Singal of The Boston Globe found the game 's ability to make the player empathize with the monsters during combat if they opted for non-violent actions was "indicative of the broader, fundamental sweetness at the core '' of Undertale.
Reviewers praised the game 's writing and narrative, with IGN 's Plagge calling it "excellent ''. The Escapist 's Croshaw considered Undertale the best - written game of 2015, writing that is "on the one hand hilarious... and is also, by the end, rather heartfelt ''. Destructoid 's Ben Davis praised the game 's characters and use of comedy, and compared its tone, characters and storytelling to Cave Story (2004). PC Gamer 's Richard Cobbett provided similar comments, writing that "even its weaker moments... just about work ''.
The game 's visuals received mixed reactions. Giant Bomb 's Walker called it "simple, but communicative ''. IGN 's Plagge wrote that the game "is n't always pretty '' and "often ugly '', but felt that the music and animations compensate. The Escapist 's Croshaw remarked that "it wobbles between basic and functional to just plain bad ''. Other reviewers liked the graphics: Daniel Tack of Game Informer felt that the visuals appropriately match the characters and settings, while Richard Cobbett of PC Gamer commended the ability of the visuals to convey emotion.
About a year after release, Fox commented that he was surprised by how popular the game had become and though appreciative of the attention, he became stressed out over it. Fox said: "It would n't surprise me if I never made a game as successful again. That 's fine with me though. ''
Undertale has received multiple awards and nominations from several gaming publications. It won Game of the Year from The Jimquisition and Zero Punctuation, as well as Game of the Month from Rock, Paper, Shotgun. The game won the Best Game Ever poll from GameFAQs, and was awarded Best PC Game from Destructoid and IGN. At the Independent Games Festival Awards, it won the Audience Award, while the SXSW Gaming Awards named it the Most Fulfilling Crowdfunded Game, and awarded it the Matthew Crump Cultural Innovation Award.
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where does the minus b formula come from | Quadratic formula - wikipedia
In elementary algebra, the quadratic formula is the solution of the quadratic equation. There are other ways to solve the quadratic equation instead of using the quadratic formula, such as factoring, completing the square, or graphing. Using the quadratic formula is often the most convenient way.
The general quadratic equation is
Here x represents an unknown, while a, b, and c are constants with a not equal to 0. One can verify that the quadratic formula satisfies the quadratic equation by inserting the former into the latter. With the above parameterization, the quadratic formula is:
Each of the solutions given by the quadratic formula is called a root of the quadratic equation. Geometrically, these roots represent the x values at which any parabola, explicitly given as y = ax + bx + c, crosses the x-axis. As well as being a formula that will yield the zeros of any parabola, the quadratic formula will give the axis of symmetry of the parabola, and it can be used to immediately determine how many real zeros the quadratic equation has.
The quadratic formula can be derived with a simple application of technique of completing the square. For this reason, the derivation is sometimes left as an exercise for students, who can thus experience rediscovery of this important formula. The explicit derivation is as follows.
Divide the quadratic equation by a, which is allowed because a is non-zero:
Subtract c / a from both sides of the equation, yielding:
The quadratic equation is now in a form to which the method of completing the square can be applied. Thus, add a constant to both sides of the equation such that the left hand side becomes a complete square.
which produces:
Accordingly, after rearranging the terms on the right hand side to have a common denominator, we obtain:
The square has thus been completed. Taking the square root of both sides yields the following equation:
Isolating x gives the quadratic formula:
The plus - minus symbol "± '' indicates that both
are solutions of the quadratic equation. There are many alternatives of this derivation with minor differences, mostly concerning the manipulation of a.
Some sources, particularly older ones, use alternative parameterizations of the quadratic equation such as ax − 2bx + c = 0 or ax + 2bx + c = 0, where b has a magnitude one half of the more common one. These result in slightly different forms for the solution, but are otherwise equivalent.
A lesser known quadratic formula, as used in Muller 's method, and which can be found from Vieta 's formulas, provides the same roots via the equation:
In terms of coordinate geometry, a parabola is a curve whose (x, y) - coordinates are described by a second - degree polynomial, i.e. any equation of the form:
where p represents the polynomial of degree 2 and a, a, and a ≠ 0 are constant coefficients whose subscripts correspond to their respective term 's degree. The geometrical interpretation of the quadratic formula is that it defines the points on the x-axis where the parabola will cross the axis. Additionally, if the quadratic formula was looked at as two terms,
the axis of symmetry appears as the line x = − b / 2a. The other term, √ b − 4ac / 2a, gives the distance the zeros are away from the axis of symmetry, where the plus sign represents the distance to the right, and the minus sign represents the distance to the left.
If this distance term were to decrease to zero, the value of the axis of symmetry would be the x value of the only zero, that is, there is only one possible solution to the quadratic equation. Algebraically, this means that √ b − 4ac = 0, or simply b − 4ac = 0 (where the left - hand side is referred to as the discriminant). This is one of three cases, where the discriminant indicates how many zeros the parabola will have. If the discriminant is positive, the distance would be non-zero, and there will be two solutions. However, there is also the case where the discriminant is less than zero, and this indicates the distance will be imaginary -- or some multiple of the complex unit i, where i = √ − 1 -- and the parabola 's zeros will be complex numbers. The complex roots will be complex conjugates, where the real part of the complex roots will be the value of the axis of symmetry. There will be no real values of x where the parabola crosses the x-axis.
The earliest methods for solving quadratic equations were geometric. Babylonian cuneiform tablets contain problems reducible to solving quadratic equations. The Egyptian Berlin Papyrus, dating back to the Middle Kingdom (2050 BC to 1650 BC), contains the solution to a two - term quadratic equation.
The Greek mathematician Euclid (circa 300 BC) used geometric methods to solve quadratic equations in Book 2 of his Elements, an influential mathematical treatise. Rules for quadratic equations appear in the Chinese The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art circa 200 BC. In his work Arithmetica, the Greek mathematician Diophantus (circa 250 BC) solved quadratic equations with a method more recognizably algebraic than the geometric algebra of Euclid. His solution gives only one root, even when both roots are positive.
The Indian mathematician Brahmagupta (597 -- 668 AD) explicitly described the quadratic formula in his treatise Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta published in 628 AD, but written in words instead of symbols. His solution of the quadratic equation ax + bx = c was as follows: "To the absolute number multiplied by four times the (coefficient of the) square, add the square of the (coefficient of the) middle term; the square root of the same, less the (coefficient of the) middle term, being divided by twice the (coefficient of the) square is the value. '' This is equivalent to:
The 9th - century Persian mathematician al - Khwārizmī, influenced by earlier Greek and Indian mathematicians, solved quadratic equations algebraically. The quadratic formula covering all cases was first obtained by Simon Stevin in 1594. In 1637 René Descartes published La Géométrie containing special cases of the quadratic formula in the form we know today. The first appearance of the general solution in the modern mathematical literature appeared in an 1896 paper by Henry Heaton.
Many alternative derivations of the quadratic formula are in the literature. These derivations may be simpler than the standard completing the square method, may represent interesting applications of other algebraic techniques, or may offer insight into other areas of mathematics.
The majority of algebra texts published over the last several decades teach completing the square using the sequence presented earlier: (1) divide each side by a to make the equation monic, (2) rearrange, (3) then add (b / 2a) to both sides to complete the square.
As pointed out by Larry Hoehn in 1975, completing the square can be accomplished by a different sequence that leads to a simpler sequence of intermediate terms: (1) multiply each side by 4a, (2) rearrange, (3) then add b.
In other words, the quadratic formula can be derived as follows:
This actually represents an ancient derivation of the quadratic formula and was known to the Hindus at least as far back as 1025. Compared with the derivation in standard usage, this alternate derivation is shorter, involves fewer computations with literal coefficients, avoids fractions until the last step, has simpler expressions, and uses simpler mathematics. As Hoehn states, "it is easier ' to add the square of b ' than it is ' to add the square of half the coefficient of the x term ' ''.
Another technique is solution by substitution. In this technique, we substitute x = y + m into the quadratic to get:
Expanding the result and then collecting the powers of y produces:
We have not yet imposed a second condition on y and m, so we now choose m so that the middle term vanishes. That is, 2am + b = 0 or m = − b / 2a. Subtracting the constant term from both sides of the equation (to move it to the right hand side) and then dividing by a gives:
Substituting for m gives:
Therefore,
substituting x = y + m = y − b / 2a provides the quadratic formula.
The following method was used by many historical mathematicians:
Let the roots of the standard quadratic equation be r and r. The derivation starts by recalling the identity:
Taking the square root on both sides, we get:
Since the coefficient a ≠ 0, we can divide the standard equation by a to obtain a quadratic polynomial having the same roots. Namely,
From this we can see that the sum of the roots of the standard quadratic equation is given by − b / a, and the product of those roots is given by c / a. Hence the identity can be rewritten as:
Now,
Since r = − r − b / a, if we take
then we obtain
and if we instead take
then we calculate that
Combining these results by using the standard shorthand ±, we have that the solutions of the quadratic equation are given by:
An alternative way of deriving the quadratic formula is via the method of Lagrange resolvents, which is an early part of Galois theory. This method can be generalized to give the roots of cubic polynomials and quartic polynomials, and leads to Galois theory, which allows one to understand the solution of algebraic equations of any degree in terms of the symmetry group of their roots, the Galois group.
This approach focuses on the roots more than on rearranging the original equation. Given a monic quadratic polynomial
assume that it factors as
Expanding yields
where p = − (α + β) and q = αβ.
Since the order of multiplication does not matter, one can switch α and β and the values of p and q will not change: one can say that p and q are symmetric polynomials in α and β. In fact, they are the elementary symmetric polynomials -- any symmetric polynomial in α and β can be expressed in terms of α + β and αβ The Galois theory approach to analyzing and solving polynomials is: given the coefficients of a polynomial, which are symmetric functions in the roots, can one "break the symmetry '' and recover the roots? Thus solving a polynomial of degree n is related to the ways of rearranging ("permuting '') n terms, which is called the symmetric group on n letters, and denoted S. For the quadratic polynomial, the only way to rearrange two terms is to swap them ("transpose '' them), and thus solving a quadratic polynomial is simple.
To find the roots α and β, consider their sum and difference:
These are called the Lagrange resolvents of the polynomial; notice that one of these depends on the order of the roots, which is the key point. One can recover the roots from the resolvents by inverting the above equations:
Thus, solving for the resolvents gives the original roots.
Now r = α + β is a symmetric function in α and β, so it can be expressed in terms of p and q, and in fact r = − p as noted above. But r = α − β is not symmetric, since switching α and β yields − r = β − α (formally, this is termed a group action of the symmetric group of the roots). Since r is not symmetric, it can not be expressed in terms of the coefficients p and q, as these are symmetric in the roots and thus so is any polynomial expression involving them. Changing the order of the roots only changes r by a factor of − 1, and thus the square r = (α − β) is symmetric in the roots, and thus expressible in terms of p and q. Using the equation
yields
and thus
If one takes the positive root, breaking symmetry, one obtains:
and thus
Thus the roots are
which is the quadratic formula. Substituting p = b / a, q = c / a yields the usual form for when a quadratic is not monic. The resolvents can be recognized as r / 2 = − p / 2 = − b / 2a being the vertex, and r = p − 4q is the discriminant (of a monic polynomial).
A similar but more complicated method works for cubic equations, where one has three resolvents and a quadratic equation (the "resolving polynomial '') relating r and r, which one can solve by the quadratic equation, and similarly for a quartic equation (degree 4), whose resolving polynomial is a cubic, which can in turn be solved. The same method for a quintic equation yields a polynomial of degree 24, which does not simplify the problem, and in fact solutions to quintic equations in general can not be expressed using only roots.
Knowing the value of x in the functional extreme point makes it possible to solve only for the increase (or decrease) needed in x to solve the quadratic equation. This method first uses differentiation to find the x value at the extremum, called x. We then solve for the value, q, that ensures that f (x + q) = 0. While this may not be the most intuitive method, it ensures that the mathematics is straightforward.
Setting the above differential to zero will give us the extrema of the quadratic function
We define q as follows:
Here x is the value of x that solves the quadratic equation. The sum of x and the variable of interest, q, is plugged into the quadratic equation
The value of x in the extreme point is then added to both sides of the equation
This gives the quadratic formula. This way one avoids the technique of completing the square and much more complicated math is not needed. Note this solution is very similar to solving deriving the formula by substitution.
Consider the equation
where z = x + i y (\ displaystyle z = x + iy) is a complex number and where a, b, and c are real numbers. Then
This splits into two equations, the real part:
and the imaginary part:
Assuming that y ≠ 0 (\ displaystyle y \ neq 0) then divide the second equation by y:
and solve for x:
Substitute this value for x into the first equation and solve for y:
Since z = x + i y (\ displaystyle z = x + iy), then
Even though y was assumed to be non-zero, this last formula works for any roots of the original equation, whereas assuming that y = 0 (\ displaystyle y = 0) turns out to be of not much help (trivial and circular).
If the constants a, b, and / or c are not unitless, then the units of x must be equal to the units of b / a, due to the requirement that ax and bx agree on their units. Furthermore, by the same logic, the units of c must be equal to the units of b / a, which can be verified without solving for x. This can be a powerful tool for verifying that a quadratic expression of physical quantities has been set up correctly, prior to solving it.
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when did nc state college become nc state university | History of North Carolina State University - wikipedia
North Carolina State University was founded by the North Carolina General Assembly in 1887 as a land - grant college under the name North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. As a land - grant college, NC State would provide a "liberal and practical education '' while focusing on military tactics, agriculture and the mechanical arts without excluding classical studies. Since its founding, the university has maintained these objectives while building on them.
After opening its doors in 1889, NC State saw its enrollment fluctuate and its mandate expand. Due to the Great Depression, the North Carolina government administratively combined the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the Woman 's College at Greensboro, and NC State. This conglomeration later became the University of North Carolina system in 1971. After World War II, the university has constantly grown and changed.
Although established in 1887, the North Carolina State University story begins in 1862 when President Abraham Lincoln signed the federal Morrill Land - Grant Act. This act created endowments that were to be used in the establishment of colleges that would provide a "liberal and practical education '' while focusing on military tactics, agriculture and the mechanical arts without excluding classical studies.
During Reconstruction, North Carolina allocated its endowment to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. For two decades, that university received $7,500 annually from the endowment. In the mid-1880s, both state farmers and business leaders claimed that Chapel Hill 's "elitist '' education did not meet the mandate set forth by the Morrill Land - Grant Act. On March 7, 1887 the North Carolina General Assembly authorized the establishment of the North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. The state also budgeted money for the new college and transferred North Carolina 's land - grant endowment to it as well. R. Stanhope Pullen gave land towards the establishment of the new college in Raleigh. Construction began on the main building (now called Holladay Hall) in 1888 and the college formally opened on October 3, 1889.
71 students enrolled the first year.
Between 1889 and the end of World War I, the college experienced growth and expansion of purpose. Along with United States Department of Agriculture, State College created the Boys ' and Girls ' Clubs in 1909 (which later became 4 - H in 1926). In 1914 the federal Smith - Lever Act enabled the university to establish state, county, and local extension programs. These two new programs allowed the university 's knowledge resources to directly benefit the people of North Carolina, not just those students who walked its halls. By 1918 the college had an enrollment over 700 students and it had a new name -- North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering.
By the end of World War I, State College experienced many institutional changes and fluctuating enrollment. In the 1920s, many of the college 's educational units were organized into schools (e.g. School of Agriculture, Textile School...). In 1920 enrollment reached 1,000 and by 1929 enrollment doubled to 2,000. In 1927, the first women graduated from the college.
The Great Depression brought many challenges to State College when economic hardships caused enrollment to suffer. To address issues institutional inefficiencies, the State of North Carolina established the Consolidated University of North Carolina in 1931. This administratively combined the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the Woman 's College in Greensboro, and State College. This move also brought another name -- North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering of the University of North Carolina. The Consolidated University of North Carolina lasted until 1972 when it was remade into the University of North Carolina system. By 1937 enrollment rebounded to over 2,000, but World War II caused enrollment to drop below 1,000.
After the end of World War II, State College experienced rapid growth due to the G.I. Bill. By 1947 enrollment was over 5,000 and the college expanded to accommodate the new students. The 1950s saw many building projects and national recognition of its academic programs. The period also saw the first admission of African - Americans.
In 1962, administrators tried to elevate State College to university status as to North Carolina State University, but Governor Terry Sanford and other UNC system officials proposed the University of North Carolina at Raleigh for consistency. Faculty, students and alumni immediately launched a bitter opposition campaign, arguing that the name would cause the university to lose its identity and to appear to be a branch of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The name was never adopted. Instead the General Assembly changed the name to North Carolina State of the University of North Carolina at Raleigh in 1963. Not satisfied, protest and letter writing campaigns continued until 1965 when the university received the present name North Carolina State University at Raleigh. Convention ignores the "at Raleigh '' part of the name; indeed, it is omitted even on official documents such as diplomas. However, it is still in the official name.
In 1966 single year enrollment reached 10,000. The 1970s saw enrollment surpass 19,000 and the addition of the School of Humanities and Social Sciences. NC State celebrated its centennial in 1987 and reorganized its internal structure renaming all its schools to colleges (e.g. School of Engineering to the College of Engineering). Also in this year, it gained 700 acres (2.8 km) of land that would later become the Centennial Campus. Over the next decade and a half, NC State has focused on developing its new Centennial Campus. Over $620 million has been invested in facilities and infrastructure at the new campus with 2,700,000 square feet (250,000 m) of space being constructed. There are 61 private and government agency partners located here as well.
Currently, NC State has over 8,000 employees, over 34,000 students, and a $1.2 billion annual budget. It is also widely recognized as one of the three anchors of North Carolina 's Research Triangle, together with Duke University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
In 2009, NC State University spent $10,000 on the "Rally for Talley '' advertising campaign. The goal of the campaign was to persuade students to approve an increase in student fees that would pay for the renovation of the Talley Student Center and the Atrium Food Court. A record turnout of 19 % of the student body voted 61 % against the fee increase, but the student senate and university administration overruled the students ' decision and enacted the fee anyway. The renovation project was complete in 2016.
NCSU Libraries Special Collections Research Center maintains a website devoted to NC State history entitled Historical State.
Yearly counts were made until 1920, when yearly enrollment counts were replaced with seasonal (spring, summer, fall, winter) counts; separate summer session counts were introduced from the summer of 1951. All numbers from 1920 are for the fall semester.
Current enrollment (2015 - 2016): 34,015 students
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baaghi 2000 full hindi movie sanjay dutt manisha koirala | Baaghi (2000 film) - Wikipedia
Baaghi (English: Rebel) is a Bollywood film starring Sanjay Dutt and Manisha Koirala in the lead roles and Aditya Pancholi in a negative role. The film is directed by Rajesh Kumaar Singh and was released on 7 April 2000.
Raja (Sanjay Dutt) is in love with a night club dancer, Rani (Manisha Koirala). Rani gets Raja a job as a security guard in a Hotel run by Vikram (Aditya Pancholi). Raja 's life turns haywire when Manubhai (Gulshan Grover) falls for Rani and tries to get her at any cost. Rani instead of falling prey to his lusty charms prefers to kill herself. Raja then turns into a professional killer in Vikram 's gang. Raja comes across Soorya (master Rohan) who idolizes him as his hero and even adopts his lifestyle. Soorya (Inder Kumar) grows up and falls in love with Vikram 's sister Kiran (Tina Sen). Initially Raja encourages Soorya, but when he comes to know that the girl is Kiran, he advises Soorya to relent, but in vain. Raja also tries to pacify Vikram, but in vain. Raja becomes a rebel with a cause, mainly to protect love. (Written by Sahibzada Imaduddin)
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which composer’s masterpiece is the four seasons | Antonio Vivaldi - wikipedia
Antonio Lucio Vivaldi (Italian: (anˈtɔːnjo ˈluːtʃo viˈvaldi); 4 March 1678 -- 28 July 1741) was an Italian Baroque musical composer, virtuoso violinist, teacher, and cleric. Born in Venice, he is recognized as one of the greatest Baroque composers, and his influence during his lifetime was widespread across Europe. He composed many instrumental concertos, for the violin and a variety of other instruments, as well as sacred choral works and more than forty operas. His best - known work is a series of violin concertos known as the Four Seasons.
Many of his compositions were written for the all - female music ensemble of the Ospedale della Pietà, a home for abandoned children where Vivaldi (who had been ordained as a Catholic priest) was employed from 1703 to 1715 and from 1723 to 1740. Vivaldi also had some success with expensive stagings of his operas in Venice, Mantua and Vienna. After meeting the Emperor Charles VI, Vivaldi moved to Vienna, hoping for preferment. However, the Emperor died soon after Vivaldi 's arrival, and Vivaldi himself died, in poverty, less than a year later.
Antonio Lucio Vivaldi was born on 4 March 1678 in Venice, then the capital of the Republic of Venice. He was baptized immediately after his birth at his home by the midwife, which led to a belief that his life was somehow in danger. Though the reasons for the child 's immediate baptism are not known for certain, it was done most likely due either to his poor health or to an earthquake that shook the city that day. In the trauma of the earthquake, Vivaldi 's mother may have dedicated him to the priesthood. Vivaldi 's official church baptism took place two months later.
Vivaldi 's parents were Giovanni Battista Vivaldi and Camilla Calicchio, as recorded in the register of San Giovanni in Bragora. Vivaldi had eight siblings: Iseppo Santo Vivaldi, Iseppo Gaetano Vivaldi, Bonaventura Tomaso Vivaldi, Margarita Gabriela Vivaldi, Cecilia Maria Vivaldi, Gerolama Michela Vivaldi, Francesco Gaetano Vivaldi, and Zanetta Anna Vivaldi. Giovanni Battista, who was a barber before becoming a professional violinist, taught Antonio to play the violin and then toured Venice playing the violin with his young son. Antonio was probably taught at an early age, judging by the extensive musical knowledge he had acquired by the age of 24, when he started working at the Ospedale della Pietà. Giovanni Battista was one of the founders of the Sovvegno dei musicisti di Santa Cecilia, an association of musicians.
The president of the Sovvegno was Giovanni Legrenzi, an early Baroque composer and the maestro di cappella at St Mark 's Basilica. It is possible that Legrenzi gave the young Antonio his first lessons in composition. The Luxembourg scholar Walter Kolneder has discerned the influence of Legrenzi 's style in Vivaldi 's early liturgical work Laetatus sum (RV Anh 31), written in 1691 at the age of thirteen. Vivaldi 's father may have been a composer himself: in 1689, an opera titled La Fedeltà sfortunata was composed by a Giovanni Battista Rossi -- the name under which Vivaldi 's father had joined the Sovvegno di Santa Cecilia.
Vivaldi 's health was problematic. One of his symptoms, strettezza di petto ("tightness of the chest ''), has been interpreted as a form of asthma. This did not prevent him from learning to play the violin, composing, or taking part in musical activities, although it did stop him from playing wind instruments. In 1693, at the age of fifteen, he began studying to become a priest. He was ordained in 1703, aged 25, and was soon nicknamed il Prete Rosso, "The Red Priest ''. (Rosso is Italian for "red '', and would have referred to the color of his hair, a family trait.)
Not long after his ordination, in 1704, he was given a dispensation from celebrating Mass because of his ill health. Vivaldi said Mass as a priest only a few times, and appeared to have withdrawn from liturgical duties, though he formally remained a member of the priesthood.
In September 1703, Vivaldi became maestro di violino (master of violin) at an orphanage called the Pio Ospedale della Pietà (Devout Hospital of Mercy) in Venice. While Vivaldi is most famous as a composer, he was regarded as an exceptional technical violinist as well. The German architect Johann Friedrich Armand von Uffenbach referred to Vivaldi as "the famous composer and violinist '' and said that "Vivaldi played a solo accompaniment excellently, and at the conclusion he added a free fantasy (an improvised cadenza) which absolutely astounded me, for it is hardly possible that anyone has ever played, or ever will play, in such a fashion. ''
Vivaldi was only 25 when he started working at the orphanage. Over the next thirty years he composed most of his major works while working there. There were four similar institutions in Venice; their purpose was to give shelter and education to children who were abandoned or orphaned, or whose families could not support them. They were financed by funds provided by the Republic. The boys learned a trade and had to leave when they reached the age of fifteen. The girls received a musical education, and the most talented among them stayed and became members of the Ospedale 's renowned orchestra and choir.
Shortly after Vivaldi 's appointment, the orphans began to gain appreciation and esteem abroad, too. Vivaldi wrote concertos, cantatas and sacred vocal music for them. These sacred works, which number over 60, are varied: they included solo motets and large - scale choral works for soloists, double chorus, and orchestra. In 1704, the position of teacher of viola all'inglese was added to his duties as violin instructor. The position of maestro di coro, which was at one time filled by Vivaldi, required a lot of time and work. He had to compose an oratorio or concerto at every feast and teach the orphans both music theory and how to play certain instruments.
His relationship with the board of directors of the Ospedale was often strained. The board had to take a vote every year on whether to keep a teacher. The vote on Vivaldi was seldom unanimous, and went 7 to 6 against him in 1709. After a year as a freelance musician, he was recalled by the Ospedale with a unanimous vote in 1711; clearly during his year 's absence the board had realized the importance of his role. He became responsible for all of the musical activity of the institution when he was promoted to maestro de ' concerti (music director) in 1716.
In 1705, the first collection (Connor Cassara) of his works was published by Giuseppe Sala: his Opus 1 is a collection of 12 sonatas for two violins and basso continuo, in a conventional style. In 1709, a second collection of 12 sonatas for violin and basso continuo appeared -- Opus 2. A real breakthrough as a composer came with his first collection of 12 concerti for one, two, and four violins with strings, L'estro armonico (Opus 3), which was published in Amsterdam in 1711 by Estienne Roger, dedicated to Grand Prince Ferdinand of Tuscany. The prince sponsored many musicians including Alessandro Scarlatti and George Frideric Handel. He was a musician himself, and Vivaldi probably met him in Venice. L'estro armonico was a resounding success all over Europe. It was followed in 1714 by La stravaganza (Opus 4), a collection of concerti for solo violin and strings, dedicated to an old violin student of Vivaldi 's, the Venetian noble Vettor Dolfin.
In February 1711, Vivaldi and his father traveled to Brescia, where his setting of the Stabat Mater (RV 621) was played as part of a religious festival. The work seems to have been written in haste: the string parts are simple, the music of the first three movements is repeated in the next three, and not all the text is set. Nevertheless, perhaps in part because of the forced essentiality of the music, the work is considered to be one of his early masterpieces.
Despite his frequent travels from 1718, the Ospedale paid him 2 sequins to write two concerti a month for the orchestra and to rehearse with them at least five times when in Venice. The orphanage 's records show that he was paid for 140 concerti between 1723 and 1733.
In early 18th - century Venice, opera was the most popular musical entertainment. It proved most profitable for Vivaldi. There were several theaters competing for the public 's attention. Vivaldi started his career as an opera composer as a sideline: his first opera, Ottone in villa (RV 729) was performed not in Venice, but at the Garzerie Theater in Vicenza in 1713. The following year, Vivaldi became the impresario of the Teatro San Angelo in Venice, where his opera Orlando finto pazzo (RV 727) was performed. The work was not to the public 's taste, and it closed after a couple of weeks, being replaced with a repeat of a different work already given the previous year.
In 1715, he presented Nerone fatto Cesare (RV 724, now lost), with music by seven different composers, of which he was the leader. The opera contained eleven arias, and was a success. In the late season, Vivaldi planned to put on an opera entirely of his own creation, Arsilda, regina di Ponto (RV 700), but the state censor blocked the performance. The main character, Arsilda, falls in love with another woman, Lisea, who is pretending to be a man. Vivaldi got the censor to accept the opera the following year, and it was a resounding success.
During this period, the Pietà commissioned several liturgical works. The most important were two oratorios. Moyses Deus Pharaonis, (RV 643) is now lost. The second, Juditha triumphans (RV 644), celebrates the victory of the Republic of Venice against the Turks and the recapture of the island of Corfu. Composed in 1716, it is one of his sacred masterpieces. All eleven singing parts were performed by girls of the orphanage, both the female and male roles. Many of the arias include parts for solo instruments -- recorders, oboes, violas d'amore, and mandolins -- that showcased the range of talents of the girls.
Also in 1716, Vivaldi wrote and produced two more operas, L'incoronazione di Dario (RV 719) and La costanza trionfante degli amori e degli odi (RV 706). The latter was so popular that it performed two years later, re-edited and retitled Artabano re dei Parti (RV 701, now lost). It was also performed in Prague in 1732. In the years that followed, Vivaldi wrote several operas that were performed all over Italy.
His progressive operatic style caused him some trouble with more conservative musicians such as Benedetto Marcello, a magistrate and amateur musician who wrote a pamphlet denouncing Vivaldi and his operas. The pamphlet, Il teatro alla moda, attacks the composer even as it does not mention him directly. The cover drawing shows a boat (the Sant'Angelo), on the left end of which stands a little angel wearing a priest 's hat and playing the violin. The Marcello family claimed ownership of the Teatro Sant'Angelo, and a long legal battle had been fought with the management for its restitution, without success. The obscure text under the engraving mentions non-existent places and names: for example, ALDIVIVA is an anagram of "A. Vivaldi ''.
In a letter written by Vivaldi to his patron Marchese Bentivoglio in 1737, he makes reference to his "94 operas ''. Only around 50 operas by Vivaldi have been discovered, and no other documentation of the remaining operas exists. Although Vivaldi may have been exaggerating, it is plausible that, in his dual role of composer and impresario, he may have either written or been responsible for the production of as many as 94 operas -- given that his career had by then spanned almost 25 years. While Vivaldi certainly composed many operas in his time, he never attained the prominence of other great composers such as Alessandro Scarlatti, Johann Adolph Hasse, Leonardo Leo, and Baldassare Galuppi, as evidenced by his inability to keep a production running for an extended period of time in any major opera house.
In 1717 or 1718, Vivaldi was offered a prestigious new position as Maestro di Cappella of the court of prince Philip of Hesse - Darmstadt, governor of Mantua, in the northwest of Italy. He moved there for three years and produced several operas, among them Tito Manlio (RV 738). In 1721, he was in Milan, where he presented the pastoral drama La Silvia (RV 734); nine arias from it survive. He visited Milan again the following year with the oratorio L'adorazione delli tre re magi al bambino Gesù (RV 645, now lost). In 1722 he moved to Rome, where he introduced his operas ' new style. The new pope Benedict XIII invited Vivaldi to play for him. In 1725, Vivaldi returned to Venice, where he produced four operas in the same year.
During this period Vivaldi wrote the Four Seasons, four violin concertos that give musical expression to the seasons of the year. Though three of the concerti are wholly original, the first, "Spring '', borrows motifs from a Sinfonia in the first act of Vivaldi 's contemporaneous opera Il Giustino. The inspiration for the concertos was probably the countryside around Mantua. They were a revolution in musical conception: in them Vivaldi represented flowing creeks, singing birds (of different species, each specifically characterized), barking dogs, buzzing mosquitoes, crying shepherds, storms, drunken dancers, silent nights, hunting parties from both the hunters ' and the prey 's point of view, frozen landscapes, ice - skating children, and warming winter fires. Each concerto is associated with a sonnet, possibly by Vivaldi, describing the scenes depicted in the music. They were published as the first four concertos in a collection of twelve, Il cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione, Opus 8, published in Amsterdam by Michel - Charles Le Cène in 1725.
During his time in Mantua, Vivaldi became acquainted with an aspiring young singer Anna Tessieri Girò, who would become his student, protégée, and favorite prima donna. Anna, along with her older half - sister Paolina, became part of Vivaldi 's entourage and regularly accompanied him on his many travels. There was speculation as to the nature of Vivaldi 's and Girò 's relationship, but no evidence exists to indicate anything beyond friendship and professional collaboration. Vivaldi, in fact, adamantly denied any romantic relationship with Girò in a letter to his patron Bentivoglio dated 16 November 1737.
At the height of his career, Vivaldi received commissions from European nobility and royalty. The serenata (cantata) Gloria e Imeneo (RV 687) was commissioned in 1725 by the French ambassador to Venice in celebration of the marriage of Louis XV. The following year, another serenata, La Sena festeggiante (RV 694), was written for and premiered at the French embassy as well, celebrating the birth of the French royal princesses, Henriette and Louise Élisabeth. Vivaldi 's Opus 9, La cetra, was dedicated to Emperor Charles VI. In 1728, Vivaldi met the emperor while the emperor was visiting Trieste to oversee the construction of a new port. Charles admired the music of the Red Priest so much that he is said to have spoken more with the composer during their one meeting than he spoke to his ministers in over two years. He gave Vivaldi the title of knight, a gold medal and an invitation to Vienna. Vivaldi gave Charles a manuscript copy of La cetra, a set of concerti almost completely different from the set of the same title published as Opus 9. The printing was probably delayed, forcing Vivaldi to gather an improvised collection for the emperor.
Accompanied by his father, Vivaldi traveled to Vienna and Prague in 1730, where his opera Farnace (RV 711) was presented; it garnered six revivals. Some of his later operas were created in collaboration with two of Italy 's major writers of the time. L'Olimpiade and Catone in Utica were written by Pietro Metastasio, the major representative of the Arcadian movement and court poet in Vienna. La Griselda was rewritten by the young Carlo Goldoni from an earlier libretto by Apostolo Zeno.
Like many composers of the time, Vivaldi faced financial difficulties in his later years. His compositions were no longer held in such high esteem as they once had been in Venice; changing musical tastes quickly made them outmoded. In response, Vivaldi chose to sell off sizeable numbers of his manuscripts at paltry prices to finance his migration to Vienna. The reasons for Vivaldi 's departure from Venice are unclear, but it seems likely that, after the success of his meeting with Emperor Charles VI, he wished to take up the position of a composer in the imperial court. On his way to Vienna, Vivaldi may have stopped in Graz to see Anna Girò.
It is also likely that Vivaldi went to Vienna to stage operas, especially as he took up residence near the Kärntnertortheater. Shortly after his arrival in Vienna, Charles VI died, which left the composer without any royal protection or a steady source of income. Soon afterwards, Vivaldi became impoverished and died during the night of 27 / 28 July 1741, aged 63, of "internal infection '', in a house owned by the widow of a Viennese saddlemaker. On 28 July, Vivaldi was buried in a simple grave in a burial ground that was owned by the public hospital fund. His funeral took place at St. Stephen 's Cathedral. Contrary to popular legend, the young Joseph Haydn had nothing to do with his burial, since no music was performed on that occasion. The cost of his funeral with a ' Kleingeläut ' was 19 Gulden 45 Kreuzer which was rather expensive for the lowest class of peal of bells.
Vivaldi was buried next to Karlskirche, a baroque church in an area which is now part of the site of the Technical Institute. The house where he lived in Vienna has since been destroyed; the Hotel Sacher is built on part of the site. Memorial plaques have been placed at both locations, as well as a Vivaldi "star '' in the Viennese Musikmeile and a monument at the Rooseveltplatz.
Only two, possibly three original portraits of Vivaldi are known to survive: an engraving, an ink sketch and an oil painting. The engraving, which was the basis of several copies produced later by other artists, was made in 1725 by François Morellon La Cave for the first edition of Il cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione, and shows Vivaldi holding a sheet of music. The ink sketch, a caricature, was done by Ghezzi in 1723 and shows Vivaldi 's head and shoulders in profile. It exists in two versions: a first jotting kept at the Vatican Library, and a much lesser - known, slightly more detailed copy recently discovered in Moscow. The oil painting, which can be seen in the International Museum and Library of Music of Bologna, is anonymous and is thought to depict Vivaldi due to its strong resemblance to the La Cave engraving.
Vivaldi 's music was innovative. He brightened the formal and rhythmic structure of the concerto, in which he looked for harmonic contrasts and innovative melodies and themes. Many of his compositions are flamboyantly, almost playfully, exuberant.
Johann Sebastian Bach was deeply influenced by Vivaldi 's concertos and arias (recalled in his St John Passion, St Matthew Passion, and cantatas). Bach transcribed six of Vivaldi 's concerti for solo keyboard: three for organ, and one for four harpsichords, strings, and basso continuo (BWV 1065) based upon the concerto for four violins, two violas, cello, and basso continuo (RV 580).
During his lifetime, Vivaldi was popular in many countries throughout Europe, including France, but after his death his popularity dwindled. After the end of Baroque period, Vivaldi 's published concerti became relatively unknown, and were largely ignored. Even his most famous work, the Four Seasons, was unknown in its original edition during the Classical and Romantic periods.
In the early 20th century, Fritz Kreisler 's Concerto in C, in the Style of Vivaldi (which he passed off as an original Vivaldi work) helped revive Vivaldi 's reputation. This spurred the French scholar Marc Pincherle to begin an academic study of Vivaldi 's oeuvre. Many Vivaldi manuscripts were rediscovered, which were acquired by the Turin National University Library as a result of the generous sponsorship of Turinese businessmen Roberto Foa and Filippo Giordano, in memory of their sons. This led to a renewed interest in Vivaldi by, among others, Mario Rinaldi, Alfredo Casella, Ezra Pound, Olga Rudge, Desmond Chute, Arturo Toscanini, Arnold Schering and Louis Kaufman, all of whom were instrumental in the revival of Vivaldi throughout the 20th century.
In 1926, in a monastery in Piedmont, researchers discovered fourteen folios of Vivaldi 's work that were previously thought to have been lost during the Napoleonic Wars. Some missing volumes in the numbered set were discovered in the collections of the descendants of the Grand Duke Durazzo, who had acquired the monastery complex in the 18th century. The volumes contained 300 concertos, 19 operas and over 100 vocal - instrumental works.
The resurrection of Vivaldi 's unpublished works in the 20th century is mostly due to the efforts of Alfredo Casella, who in 1939 organized the historic Vivaldi Week, in which the rediscovered Gloria (RV 589) and l'Olimpiade were revived. Since World War II, Vivaldi 's compositions have enjoyed wide success. Historically informed performances, often on "original instruments '', have increased Vivaldi 's fame still further.
Recent rediscoveries of works by Vivaldi include two psalm settings of Nisi Dominus (RV 803, in eight movements) and Dixit Dominus (RV 807, in eleven movements). These were identified in 2003 and 2005 respectively, by the Australian scholar Janice Stockigt. The Vivaldi scholar Michael Talbot described RV 807 as "arguably the best nonoperatic work from Vivaldi 's pen to come to light since (...) the 1920s ''. Vivaldi 's 1730 opera Argippo (RV 697), which had been considered lost, was rediscovered in 2006 by the harpsichordist and conductor Ondřej Macek, whose Hofmusici orchestra performed the work at Prague Castle on 3 May 2008 -- its first performance since 1730.
A composition by Vivaldi is identified by RV number, which refers to its place in the "Ryom - Verzeichnis '' or "Répertoire des oeuvres d'Antonio Vivaldi '', a catalog created in the 20th century by the musicologist Peter Ryom.
Le quattro stagioni (The Four Seasons) of 1723 is his most famous work. Part of Il cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione ("The Contest between Harmony and Invention ''), it depicts moods and scenes from each of the four seasons. This work has been described as an outstanding instance of pre-19th century program music.
Vivaldi wrote more than 500 other concertos. About 350 of these are for solo instrument and strings, of which 230 are for violin, the others being for bassoon, cello, oboe, flute, viola d'amore, recorder, lute, or mandolin. About forty concertos are for two instruments and strings, and about thirty are for three or more instruments and strings.
As well as about 46 operas, Vivaldi composed a large body of sacred choral music. Other works include sinfonias, about 90 sonatas and chamber music.
Some sonatas for flute, published as Il Pastor Fido, have been erroneously attributed to Vivaldi, but were composed by Nicolas Chédeville.
Vivaldi 's works attracted cataloging efforts befitting a major composer. Scholarly work intended to increase the accuracy and variety of Vivaldi performances also supported new discoveries which made old catalogs incomplete. Works still in circulation today may be numbered under several different systems (some earlier catalogs are mentioned here).
Because the simply consecutive Complete Edition (CE) numbers did not reflect the individual works (Opus numbers) into which compositions were grouped, Fanna numbers were often used in conjunction with CE numbers. Combined Complete Edition (CE) / Fanna numbering was especially common in the work of Italian groups driving the mid-20th century revival of Vivaldi, such as Gli Accademici di Milano under Piero Santi. For example, the Bassoon Concerto in B ♭ major, "La Notte '' RV 501, became CE 12, F. VIII, 1
Despite the awkwardness of having to overlay Fanna numbers onto the Complete Edition number for meaningful grouping of Vivaldi 's oeuvre, these numbers displaced the older Pincherle numbers as the (re -) discovery of more manuscripts had rendered older catalogs obsolete.
This cataloging work was led by the Istituto Italiano Antonio Vivaldi, where Gian Francesco Malipiero was both the director and the editor of the published scores (Edizioni G. Ricordi). His work built on that of Antonio Fanna, a Venetian businessman and the Institute 's founder, and thus formed a bridge to the scholarly catalog dominant today.
Compositions by Vivaldi are identified today by RV number, the number assigned by Danish musicologist Peter Ryom in works published mostly in the 1970s, such as the "Ryom - Verzeichnis '' or "Répertoire des oeuvres d'Antonio Vivaldi ''. Like the Complete Edition before it, the RV does not typically assign its single, consecutive numbers to "adjacent '' works that occupy one of the composer 's single opus numbers. Its goal as a modern catalog is to index the manuscripts and sources that establish the existence and nature of all known works.
The movie Vivaldi, a Prince in Venice (fr) was completed in 2005 as an Italian - French co-production under the direction of Jean - Louis Guillermou. In 2005, ABC Radio National commissioned a radio play about Vivaldi, which was written by Sean Riley. Entitled The Angel and the Red Priest, the play was later adapted for the stage and was performed at the Adelaide Festival of the Arts.
Janice Jordan Shefelman wrote a children 's book detailing the life of Vivaldi entitled I, Vivaldi.
Classical Kids Music Education produces live theatre productions, and has issued a CD entitled Vivaldi 's Ring of Mystery. It is an original story about an orphan girl in the early 1700s who goes in search of her roots. A central clue to the mystery is a missing Stradivarius violin that the Duke of Cremona has brought to Vivaldi 's school of the Pietà in the hopes of finding his long - lost grandchild. Vivaldi 's music is featured throughout the story.
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can a bishop take a king in chess | Bishop (chess) - wikipedia
A bishop (♗, ♝) is a piece in the board game of chess. Each player begins the game with two bishops. One starts between the king 's knight and the king, the other between the queen 's knight and the queen. The starting squares are c1 and f1 for White 's bishops, and c8 and f8 for Black 's bishops.
The bishop has no restrictions in distance for each move, but is limited to diagonal movement. Bishops, like all other pieces except the knight, can not jump over other pieces. A bishop captures by occupying the square on which an enemy piece sits.
The bishops may be differentiated according to which wing they begin on, i.e. the king 's bishop and queen 's bishop. As a consequence of its diagonal movement, each bishop always remains on either the white or black squares, and so it is also common to refer to them as light - squared or dark - squared bishops.
The bishop 's predecessor in medieval chess, shatranj (originally chaturanga), was the alfil, meaning "elephant '', which could leap two squares along any diagonal, and could jump over an intervening piece. As a consequence, each fil was restricted to eight squares, and no fil could attack another. The modern bishop first appeared shortly after 1200 in Courier chess. A piece with this move, called a cocatriz or crocodile, is part of the Grande Acedrex in the game book compiled in 1283 for King Alfonso X of Castile. The game is attributed to "India '', then a very vague term. About half a century later Muḥammad ibn Maḥmud al - Āmulī, in his Treasury of the Sciences, describes an expanded form of chess with two pieces moving "like the rook but obliquely ''. The bishop was also independently invented in Japan at about the same time (the 13th century), where it formed part of sho shogi and dai shogi; it remains present in modern shogi as the direct descendant of sho shogi.
Derivatives of alfil survive in the languages of the two countries where chess was first introduced within Western Europe -- Italian (alfiere) and Spanish (alfil). It was known as the aufin in French, or the aufin, alphin, or archer in early English.
The term "bishop '' first entered the English language in the 16th century, with the first known written example dating back to 1560s. In all other Germanic languages, except for Icelandic, it is called various names, all of which directly translate to English as "runner '' or "messenger '' (e.g. in Norwegian "Løper '', in Danish "Løber '', in Swedish "Löpare '', in German "Läufer '' and in Dutch "loper ''; in Finnish, the word is "lähetti '', and in Polish, "goniec '', both with the same meaning). In Romanian, it is known as "nebun '' which refers to a crazy person (similarly to the French name "Fou '' (fool) which is most likely derived from "Fou du roi '', a jester). In Icelandic, however, it is called "biskup '', with the same meaning as in English. Interestingly, the use of the term in Icelandic predates that of the English language, as the first mentioning of "biskup '' in Icelandic texts dates back to the early part of the 14th century, while the 12th - century Lewis Chessmen portray the bishop as an unambiguously ecclesiastical figure. In The Saga of Earl Mágus, which was written in Iceland somewhere between 1300 -- 1325, it is described how an emperor was checkmated by a bishop. This has led to some speculations as to the origin of the English use of the term "bishop ''.
The canonical chessmen date back to the Staunton chess set of 1849. The piece 's deep groove symbolizes a bishop 's (or abbot 's) mitre. Some have written that the groove originated from the original form of the piece, an elephant with the groove representing the elephant 's tusks (see photo in the history section). The British chose to call the piece a bishop because the projections at the top resembled a mitre. This groove was interpreted differently in different countries as the game moved to Europe; in France, for example, the groove was taken to be a jester 's cap, hence in France the bishop is called "fou '' (the "jester ''; the word can also mean madman or gannet) and in Romania the nebun (madman).
In some Slavic languages (e.g. Czech / Slovak) the bishop is called střelec / strelec, which directly translates to English as a "shooter '' meaning an archer, while in others it is still known as "elephant '' (e.g. Russian slon). In South Slavic languages it is usually known as lovac, meaning "hunter '', or laufer, taken from the German name for the same piece (laufer is also alternative Polish name). An alternative name for bishop in Russian is officer (Russian: офицер); it is also called αξιωματικός (axiomatikos) in Greek, афіцэр (afitser) in Belarusian and oficeri in Albanian.
In Mongolian and several Indian languages it is called the camel.
In Lithuanian it is the rikis, a kind of military commander in medieval Lithuania.
A rook is generally worth about two pawns more than a bishop (see Chess piece relative value and the exchange). The bishop has access to only half of the squares on the board, whereas all squares of the board are accessible to the rook. On an empty board, a rook always attacks fourteen squares, whereas a bishop attacks no more than thirteen and sometimes as few as seven, depending on how near it is to the center. Also, a king and rook can force checkmate against a lone king, while a king and bishop can not.
In general bishops are approximately equal in strength to knights, but depending on the game situation either may have a distinct advantage.
Less experienced players tend to underrate the bishop compared to the knight because the knight can reach all squares and is more adept at forking. More experienced players understand the power of the bishop (Mednis 1990: 2).
Bishops usually gain in relative strength towards the endgame as more pieces are captured and more open lines become available on which they can operate. A bishop can easily influence both wings simultaneously, whereas a knight is less capable of doing so. In an open endgame, a pair of bishops is decidedly superior to either a bishop and a knight, or two knights. A player possessing a pair of bishops has a strategic weapon in the form of a long - term threat to trade down to an advantageous endgame.
Two bishops vs. king can force checkmate, whereas two knights can not. A bishop and knight can force mate, but with far greater difficulty than two bishops.
In certain positions a bishop can by itself lose a move (see triangulation and tempo), while a knight can never do so. The bishop is capable of skewering or pinning a piece, while the knight can do neither. A bishop can in some situations hinder a knight from moving. In these situations, the bishop is said to be "dominating '' the knight.
On the other hand, in the opening and middlegame a bishop may be hemmed in by pawns of both players, and thus be inferior to a knight which can jump over them. A knight check can not be blocked but a bishop check can. Furthermore, on a crowded board a knight has many tactical opportunities to fork two enemy pieces. A bishop can fork, but opportunities are more rare. One such example occurs in the position illustrated, which arises from the Ruy Lopez: 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5.0 - 0 b5 6. Bb3 Be7?! 7. d4 d6 8. c3 Bg4 9. h3!? Bxf3 10. Qxf3 exd4 11. Qg3 g6 12. Bh6!
In the middlegame, a player with only one bishop should generally place friendly pawns on squares of the color that the bishop can not move to. This allows the player to control squares of both colors, allows the bishop to move freely among the pawns, and helps fix enemy pawns on squares on which they can be attacked by the bishop. Such a bishop is often referred to as a "good '' bishop.
Conversely, a bishop which is impeded by friendly pawns is often referred to as a "bad bishop '' (or sometimes, disparagingly, a "tall pawn ''). The black light - squared bishop in the French Defense is a notorious example of this concept. However, a "bad '' bishop need not always be a weakness, especially if it is outside its own pawn chains. In addition, having a "bad '' bishop may be advantageous in an opposite - colored bishops endgame. Even if the bad bishop is passively placed, it may serve a useful defensive function; a well - known quip from GM Mihai Suba is that "Bad bishops protect good pawns. ''
In the position from the game Krasenkow versus Zvjaginsev, a thicket of black pawns hems in Black 's bishop on c8, so Black is effectively playing with one piece fewer than White. Although the black pawns also obstruct the white bishop on e2, it has many more attacking possibilities, and thus is a good bishop vis - à - vis Black 's bad bishop. Black resigned after another ten moves.
A bishop may be fianchettoed, for example after moving the g2 pawn to g3 and the bishop on f1 to g2. This can form a strong defense for the castled king on g1 and the bishop can often exert strong pressure on the long diagonal (here h1 -- a8). A fianchettoed bishop should generally not be given up lightly, since the resulting holes in the pawn formation may prove to be serious weaknesses, particularly if the king has castled on that side of the board.
There are nonetheless some modern opening lines where a fianchettoed bishop is given up for a knight in order to double the opponent 's pawns, for example 1. d4 g6 2. c4 Bg7 3. Nc3 c5 4. d5 Bxc3+!? 5. bxc3 f5, a sharp line originated by Roman Dzindzichashvili. Giving up a fianchettoed queen bishop for a knight is usually less problematic. For example, in Karpov -- Browne, San Antonio 1972, after 1. c4 c5 2. b3 Nf6 3. Bb2 g6?!, Karpov gave up his fianchettoed bishop with 4. Bxf6! exf6 5. Nc3, doubling Black 's pawns and giving him a hole on d5.
An endgame in which each player has only one bishop, one controlling the dark squares and the other the light, will often result in a draw even if one player has a pawn or sometimes two more than the other. The players tend to gain control of squares of opposite colors, and a deadlock results. In endgames with same - colored bishops, however, even a positional advantage may be enough to win (Mednis 1990: 133 -- 34).
Endgames in which each player has only one bishop (and no other pieces besides the king) and the bishops are on opposite colors are often drawn, even when one side has an extra pawn or two. Many of these positions would be a win if the bishops were on the same color.
The position from Wolf versus Leonhardt (see diagram), shows an important defensive setup. Black can make no progress, since the white bishop ties the black king to defending the pawn on g4 and it also prevents the advance... f3+ because it would simply capture the pawn -- then either the other pawn is exchanged for the bishop (an immediate draw) or the pawn advances (an easily drawn position). Otherwise the bishop alternates between the squares d1 and e2 (Müller & Lamprecht 2001: 118).
If two pawns are connected, they normally win if they reach their sixth rank, otherwise the game may be a draw (as above). If two pawns are separated by one file they usually draw, but win if they are farther apart (Fine & Benko 2003: 184 -- 204).
In some cases with more pawns on the board, it is actually advantageous to have the bishops on opposite colors if one side has weak pawns. In the 1925 game of Efim Bogoljubov versus Max Blümich, (see diagram) White wins because of the bishops being on opposite colors making Black weak on the black squares, the weakness of Black 's isolated pawns on the queenside, and the weak doubled pawns on the kingside (Reinfeld 1947: 80 -- 81). The game continued:
In an endgame with a bishop, in some cases the bishop is the "wrong bishop '', meaning that it is on the wrong color of square for some purpose (usually promoting a pawn). For example, with just a bishop and a rook pawn, if the bishop can not control the promotion square of the pawn, it is said to be the "wrong bishop '' or the pawn is said to be the wrong rook pawn. This results in some positions being drawn (by setting up a fortress) which otherwise would be won.
Unicode defines two codepoints for bishop:
♗ U + 2657 White Chess Bishop (HTML & # 9815;)
♝ U + 265D Black Chess Bishop (HTML & # 9821;)
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who sang under the boardwalk down by the sea | Under the Boardwalk - wikipedia
"Under the Boardwalk '' is a hit pop song written by Kenny Young and Arthur Resnick and recorded by The Drifters in 1964. It charted at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 charts on August 22, 1964. The song has since been covered by many other artists, with versions by Bette Midler, the Tom Tom Club, The Rolling Stones, Billy Joe Royal, Bruce Willis, and Lynn Anderson all charting in the United States or overseas. The song ranked # 489 on Rolling Stone 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.
The lyric describes a tryst between a man and his beloved in a seaside town, who plan to privately meet "out of the sun '' and out of sight from everyone else under a boardwalk. The instrumentation includes güiro, triangle and violins. The song 's chorus is unusual in that it switches from a major to minor key. The opening line of the song references the Drifters ' prior hit "Up on the Roof '', showing the occasional thermal weakness of the rooftop getaway and setting the stage for an alternate meeting location, under the boardwalk.
The song was set to be recorded on May 21, 1964, but the band 's lead singer, Rudy Lewis, died of a suspected heroin overdose the night before. Lewis had sung lead on most of their hits since the 1960 departure of Ben E. King, including "Up on the Roof ''. Rather than reschedule the studio session to find a new frontman, former Drifters lead vocalist Johnny Moore was brought back to perform lead vocals for the recording. The personnel on that recording included Ernie Hayes on piano, Everett Barksdale, Bill Suyker and Bob Bushnell on guitar, Milt Hinton on bass, Gary Chester on drums and George Devens on percussion. The last - minute move was a success, as the single, released on Atlantic Records, went to number four on the Billboard Hot 100 charts and number one for three non consecutive weeks on Cashbox Magazine 's R&B chart.
There are two versions of the song. The mono 45 USA released version contains the line "We 'll be falling in love ''. However, on the stereo album version, the line "We 'll be making love '' is sung. These are two entirely different recordings, not edits of one another, as the line "on a blanket with my baby is where I 'll be '' is sung differently in each version. The version appearing on the Drifters ' Golden Hits compilation is a composite of the two, using "making love '' in the first two choruses and "falling in love '' in the third. Because of the line "making love '' several radio stations banned the song, or altered it with the line "we 'll be falling in love '' instead.
"Under the Boardwalk '' has since been covered by many artists, including Bette Midler, and the Tom Tom Club (whose version reached # 22 in the UK Top 40 in 1982, becoming the first version of the song to chart in Britain). Versions by Billy Joe Royal, Bruce Willis (a # 2 success in the UK), and Lynn Anderson (# 24 on the Country singles) all reached the Billboard charts.
The song has been translated to Spanish and interpreted by the pioneer Argentine rock group Los Gatos Salvajes under the title of "Bajo la rambla '', on their 1965 debut LP Los Gatos Salvajes. It was also covered by the Argentine band Los Perros on their 1992 album Perfume y dolor. In Mexico it was also covered by Los Apson Boys in 1966, with the name of "Fue en un café ''. It was also covered by Ana Gabriel in 1996 with a Spanish version called "Fue en Un cafe '' using the music from Bette Midler 's version of the song. She also sang the song in its original English version. Both versions are on her 1996 album Vivencias.
A cover of this song by the Rolling Stones was released the same year as the original version. Their version was released as a single only in Australia, South Africa and Rhodesia, and peaked at no. 1 in the first two (the song was the band 's first no. 1 hit in Australia) and at no. 2 in Rhodesia. It appeared on their albums 12 X 5 and The Rolling Stones No. 2. In 2007, it was included on the album Rhythms del Mundo Classics.
John Mellencamp released the track as the B - side of his single "R.O.C.K. in the U.S.A. ''. In Australia, the single effectively became a double - A side when the B - side "Under the Boardwalk '' received significant airplay and both tracks were listed together on the singles chart, reaching # 18. The track also reached # 19 on the Billboard Top Rock Tracks chart.
The Beach Boys released a cover of the song (with slightly different lyrics) as an album cut on their 1992 release Summer in Paradise with lead vocals shared by Mike Love on the verses and Carl Wilson on the chorus.
A cajun - tinged swamp pop parody of the song, "(Holly Beach) Under the Boardwalk '' by Kenny Tibbs (Kenny Thibodeaux) and the Jokers was released in 1991 and was a perennial Louisiana jukebox favorite until Hurricane Rita virtually wiped out the small seaside resort of Holly Beach, Louisiana in 2005.
Another parody cover version came from Germany by Lothar & die Trabanten in 1991. The song "Unter dem Wartburg '' ("Under the Wartburg '') describes the technical problems a family father has with his Wartburg car, a car made in the German Democratic Republic, while travelling from Dresden to Rimini.
After Hurricane Sandy hit the Jersey Shore in New Jersey, causing widespread damage to the New York and New Jersey area, Jimmy Fallon, Billy Joel, Bruce Springsteen, and Steven Tyler performed the song during the November 2012 Hurricane Sandy: Coming Together telethon, referencing the many shoreline boardwalks that were damaged and destroyed in the storm.
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who played the indian in the magnificent seven | The Magnificent Seven (2016 film) - wikipedia
The Magnificent Seven is a 2016 American Western action film directed by Antoine Fuqua and written by Nic Pizzolatto and Richard Wenk. It is a remake of the 1960 western film of the same name, which in turn was a reimagination of Akira Kurosawa 's 1954 Japanese film Seven Samurai. The film stars Denzel Washington, Chris Pratt, Ethan Hawke, Vincent D'Onofrio, Lee Byung - hun, Manuel Garcia - Rulfo, Martin Sensmeier, Haley Bennett, and Peter Sarsgaard. It is the final film of composer James Horner, who died the previous year after composing a part of the score; his friend Simon Franglen completed the music.
Principal photography began on May 18, 2015, in the north of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The Magnificent Seven premiered on September 8, 2016, at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival, and was released in the United States on September 23, 2016, in conventional and IMAX theatres. The film received mixed reviews from critics, although the cast and action sequences was praised, and grossed $162 million worldwide.
In 1879, robber baron Bartholomew Bogue (Peter Sarsgaard) besieges the mining town of Rose Creek and slaughters a group of locals led by Matthew Cullen (Matt Bomer) when they attempt to stand up to him. Matthew 's wife, Emma Cullen (Haley Bennett), and her friend Teddy Q. (Luke Grimes) ride to the nearest town in search of someone who can help them and come upon warrant officer Sam Chisolm (Denzel Washington) of Wichita, Kansas, who initially declines their proposal until he learns of Bogue 's involvement.
Chisolm sets out to recruit a group of gunslingers who can help him, starting with gambler Joshua Faraday (Chris Pratt). They are later joined by sharpshooter Goodnight Robicheaux (Ethan Hawke), knife - wielding Billy Rocks (Lee Byung - hun), notorious Mexican outlaw Vasquez (Manuel Garcia - Rulfo), skilled tracker Jack Horne (Vincent D'Onofrio), and Comanche warrior Red Harvest (Martin Sensmeier).
Arriving in Rose Creek, the seven engage in a gunfight with Bogue 's enforcer McCann (Cam Gigandet) and his men, shoot dead 22 of them, and drive the corrupt sheriff away with a warning to leave Rose Creek alone. Surmising that Bogue and his forces will return in a week, the seven train the townspeople to defend their home and grow fond of them. Robicheaux, haunted by the horrors of the Civil War and afraid to kill again, abandons the group and is replaced by Cullen.
Bogue arrives with an army of mercenaries and attacks the city, which has been rigged with multiple bombs and traps. A massive shootout ensues, during which Robicheaux rejoins the group. McCann shoots and wounds Faraday but is killed by Vasquez. Bogue then unveils his secret weapon, a Gatling gun, with which he decimates the town and kills many of both sides. Realizing they are outgunned, the seven evacuate the townspeople and mount their last stand. Horne is killed by Bogue 's Comanche assassin Denali (Jonathan Joss), who is later killed by Red Harvest.
Robicheaux and Rocks are killed by a second round of gunfire as they cover the mortally wounded Faraday 's charge to the Gatling gun, which he destroys by detonating a stick of dynamite, killing himself and the rest of Bogue 's men. Bogue flees into town, where he is confronted by Chisolm, who disarms and wounds Bogue. As Chisolm is strangling Bogue, he reveals that Bogue and his men raped and murdered his mother and sisters during a raid several years earlier, in which he himself survived being hanged. Bogue tries to shoot Chisholm with a gun hidden in his boot, but Cullen guns him down just in time.
In the aftermath, Faraday, Robicheaux, Rocks and Horne are buried in town and honoured by the people of Rose Creek as heroes, while Chisolm, Vasquez, and Red Harvest ride off. The film ends with Cullen remarking that their heroism made them "magnificent '' legends.
Fuqua has loved Western films since he was a young boy, watching them at home with his family. He discovered the genre at the age of 12 and has said that his grandmother was a key influence and inspiration in the remake. The two of them had a penchant for Western films and would watch them together, including films such as Duel in the Sun (1946), Shane (1953) The Searchers (1956), The Magnificent Seven (1960), and The Wild Bunch (1969), and the movies of Steve McQueen, Yul Brynner, James Cagney, and Humphrey Bogart. Fuqua tried to stay true to the DNA of Seven Samurai in his remake. The film was reported to be in the planning stages in 2012, with Tom Cruise starring. It was reported that Kevin Costner, Morgan Freeman, and Matt Damon might join the film. In early 2014, MGM chairman Gary Barber and his cohorts approached Fuqua to read the script by Richard Wenk and Nic Pizzolatto, while Fuqua was making Southpaw. Fuqua said he wanted to remake the film because the subject of tyranny and terrorism still prevails as it did in Seven Samurai. He has said that there is therefore a strong need for people to come and serve, which is what samurai means -- "to serve. '' Fuqua never thought of getting a chance to direct a Western film, and when MGM called him to helm the picture, he hesitated at first, recalling how amazing he thought Seven Samurai and its director, Kurosawa, were. The decision was not easy for him, citing for example of how many people are unaware that Scarface was a remake from the film of the same name released in 1932.
Fuqua worked to create a diverse cast by incorporating actors of color such as African - American Denzel Washington, Korean Byung - hun Lee and Mexican Manuel Garcia - Rulfo, as well as a woman (Haley Bennett). It is a decision Fuqua says reflects historical reality more than it does any conscious attempt to update the story. "There were a lot of black cowboys, a lot of Native Americans; Asians working on the railroads. The truth of the West is more modern than the movies have been. '' When Fuqua met studio executives to see the possible actors for the film, he found out that they were all white. He found this to be problematic and wanted instead to make the cast diverse so that the audience could identify with more of the characters. The actors were cast between December 2014 and July 2015. At one point, Jason Momoa was in talks to join the project but had had to leave because he was already booked to play Aquaman. The cast were put through cowboy training before filming commenced. They were sent to boot camps in order to hone their skills. Fuqua further brought the remake up - to - date by changing the names and occupations of the seven, casting a diverse set of actors and making sure the lead female Emma Cullen, played by Haley Bennett, did not conform to stereotypes.
Denzel Washington plays Sam Chisolm ("the Bounty Hunter ''), a duly sworn warrant officer from Wichita, Kansas who goes after bad guys. Washington 's character was renamed from Chris Adams (played by Yul Brynner in the original film) to Sam Chisolm. It is Washington 's first Western film. Washington did not watch Western films growing up since it was the end of the Western era in the movies. Moreover, he and his siblings were barred from going to the cinema since his father was a minister in a church. They instead grew up watching biblical films like King of Kings and The Ten Commandments. However, he has admitted seeing portions of Rawhide and Bonanza shows. He did not watch the original film in preparation for this but has watched Seven Samurai. This was an arbitrary decision of his, since he figured that watching the original film would not help him much, "(Not seeing it) allowed me to do whatever I wanted to do. Instead of trying not to do what someone else did. '' As with his previous films, Washington would start off the day by kneeling down and praying, asking for forgiveness for all his wrong - doings, "For me, this is more than just making movies. It is a platform. '' Fuqua said that Washington, whom he has twice collaborated with, was his first choice to be cast irrespective of which role. The producers were skeptical whether he would take the job since it was a Western film. Fuqua then flew to New York City to negotiate with Washington, who accepted the offer.
Chris Pratt plays Josh Faraday ("the Gambler ''). According to Pratt, Faraday is "a bit of a fox, a trickster. He 's a gambler, a drinker. He loves the ladies. But he 's deadly in a fire fight. '' Like Washington, it is also Pratt 's first Western film and the first film in which the two have starred together. Pratt began watching Western films at the age of 31 while filming in London and would watch films like The Westerner (1940). He credits Gary Cooper for revitalizing his perspective towards Western films. Pratt 's character was the toughest to find. Fuqua was well aware of Pratt 's penchant towards Western films. He and his team then approached Pratt who called back in a few days singing "Oh Shenandoah, '' to which Fuqua replied, "He 's it. He 's Steve McQueen. ''
Ethan Hawke is Goodnight Robicheaux ("the Sharpshooter ''), a former Confederate soldier. Fuqua had one idea -- to keep picturing Goodnight as if Christopher Walken 's character Nikanor "Nick '' Chevotarevich in The Deer Hunter was a Civil War veteran; just a shattered person. Hawke was the first person to come on board after the project was finalized. Like Washington, The Magnificent Seven marks the third collaboration between Hawke and Fuqua after Training Day (2001) and Brooklyn 's Finest (2009). Hawke stumbled upon Fuqua and Washington during the New York premiere of The Equalizer in 2014 and, upon learning that a remake was in the works, he asked Fuqua to cast him in the film.
Manuel Garcia - Rulfo plays Vasquez ("the Outlaw ''), a bandit, robber, and criminal who has been on the run for several months. He does not have anything to lose because he has no family. He describes his character as someone who loves gunfighting.
Martin Sensmeier plays Red Harvest ("the Warrior ''), a native Comanche who joins the group. Sensmeier auditioned several times in order to get the role. He stayed off social media and studied intently in order to portray his part. Scotty Augere, who previously worked on Dances with Wolves, taught Sensmeier how to ride a horse bareback and would ride with him two hours a day.
Vincent d'Onofrio was cast as Jack Horn, ("the Mountain Man ''), on the urging of co-stars Chris Pratt and Ethan Hawke. For the role, d'Onofrio developed a raw, high - pitched voice to give the impression of a man who 'd lived in the wilderness for years without speaking to people, and, when he wanted to test the voice for Fuqua, the director refused to listen, instructing the actor to surprise him with it in his first scene, which resulted in a delighted Fuqua laughing so hard that he almost ruined the scene by interfering with the sound recording.
Byung - hun Lee plays Billy Rocks, ("the Assassin '') the knife wielding Asian member of the seven. Director Antoine Fuqua compared the way he handled his knives to a ballet dancer.
James Horner was tapped to write the film 's score, but he died in June 2015, before filming could commence. In July 2015, Fuqua learned that Horner had already begun working on the music before his passing, and had intended to present it as a surprise. Horner 's friend and score producer Simon Franglen co-composed the score afterward. It was released on September 16, 2016 by Sony Classical, and is the third Horner - score released posthumously.
Principal photography on the film lasted 64 days, from March 18 to August 18, 2015, in the north of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Other locations include St. Francisville; Zachary, Louisiana; Ridgway, Colorado; and New Mexico. Filming in St. Francisville was completed between May 18 and May 29, 2015.
The climactic battle between the Seven and a small army led by Bogue took three weeks to shoot; the weather was inclement. Sometimes the cast and crew would wait in the on - set saloon for storms to pass, and, at times when the storm would worsen, the trailer would rock and they would have to leave the set. Since his grandmother was the prime influence on the film, every day after filming, Fuqua would ask himself if she would have fun watching it.
The film had its world premiere at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2016, and served as the closing - night film at the Venice Film Festival on September 9, 2016. The film was originally set to be released on January 13, 2017; however in February 2016, Sony Pictures Entertainment moved the release date this time from January 13, 2017, and then to September 23, 2016.
Sony kicked off its campaign on April 20, 2016, by launching the first trailer, and the cast took to their social media platforms to reveal character - by - character. Television advertisement began during the summer when the trailers were paired with the NBA finals and BET Awards as well as the 2016 Summer Olympics. Sony rounded out the campaign with a presence in live sporting events such as National Football League, NCAA Football and local Major League Baseball as well as highly anticipated fall premieres and original programming, like Empire, The Voice, American Horror Story, Fear the Walking Dead and Designated Survivor.
The Magnificent Seven grossed $93.4 million in the United States Canada and $68.9 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $162.4 million, against a net production budget of $90 million. The film had a global 2D IMAX opening of $4.3 million from 606 theaters.
In the United States and Canada, The Magnificent Seven opened alongside Storks, and was projected to open to around $30 million, with some estimates going as high as $50 million, which would make it one of the biggest September debuts of all - time. The film opened in 3,674 theaters, including having the benefit of playing in all IMAX theaters for one week and a number of premium large formats and D - Box screens. It made $1.75 million from Thursday previews and $12.7 million on its first day. The film went on to gross $35.7 million in its opening weekend of which $2.9 million came from 372 IMAX theaters and managed to top the box office and scored the third biggest Western openers (not accounting for inflation), behind Rango ($38.1 million) and Cowboys & Aliens ($36.4 million). It is also director Fuqua 's second biggest opening and Washington 's third biggest.
According to The Los Angeles Times, the film was released in theaters at a time when the Western genre had been struggling to attract wide audiences and accrue lucrative revenues, as it has shown considerable downfall in interest among patrons since the 1970s. The genre has had several recent box office flops such as The Lone Ranger (2013) and Cowboys & Aliens (2011), but has also found success in films like Django Unchained (2012) and True Grit (2010). Its strong debut in North America was partly attributed to the presence of Denzel Washington, who industry analysts say is one of only a handful of movie stars today who consistently draws large audiences to theaters, and also to Fuqua 's direction. Deadline.com pointed out that the production budget of films also plays an important role in determining a film 's success. By comparison to other recent Western films, The Magnificent cost $90 million to make before promotion and marketing costs are included. The site pointed out that "the trick is keeping their budgets reasonable '', unlike The Lone Ranger which cost a hefty $215 million to make and Cowboys & Aliens cost $163 million. It became a financial recoverer for Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer after the studio lost a great deal of money with Ben - Hur the previous month and became the studio 's second hit of the year following the sleeper hit Me Before You released in June this year.
The film was projected to make around $100 million with foreign box office prognosticators expecting a similar $101.6 million total of The Hateful Eight. It was released in South Korea (the first market worldwide) on September 14, 2016 and delivered an opening of $5.1 million, finishing in third place at the box office behind local film The Age of Shadows and Hollywood tent pole Ben - Hur. Internationally, it next opened in the United Kingdom and Ireland, Germany, Spain, and Russia. The following weekend, the film expanded to 62 markets and grossed $19.2 million from 63 markets (including Korea). IMAX made up $1.4 million from 234 theaters.
It opened in first place in Russia ($1.8 million) Spain ($1.1 million) and Malaysia ($560,000) and second in the United Kingdom and Ireland ($2.6 million), Germany ($1.4 million) and Brazil ($1.1 million), and had similar openings in Australia ($2.8 million) and France ($1.9 million). China is not yet determined.
The Magnificent Seven received mixed reviews, with critics praising the cast but noting the film did not offer much that is original or innovative. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 63 %, based on 257 reviews, with an average rating of 6 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, "The Magnificent Seven never really lives up to the superlative in its title -- or the classics from which it draws inspiration -- but remains a moderately diverting action thriller on its own merits. '' On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a score of 54 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews ''. According to CinemaScore polls, audiences gave the film an average "A -- '' grade, on an A+ to F scale.
IGN critic Terri Schwartz gave the film a 6.7 / 10 and summarized her review with: "The Magnificent Seven ends up being a bit too predictable to reach its full potential, but the fun the cast clearly had making it allows the movie to be an enjoyable ride while it lasts. Fuqua does his best to update the Western for the modern audience, but does n't capture what made those films great in the process. The action is big and sleek, the characters are charismatic and the film looks beautiful, but this wo n't be a movie that stays with you long after you leave the theater.
Chicago Sun - Times ' Richard Roeper praised the film by giving a score of 3 stars out of 4, writing: "Over all (sic), this is a rousing, albeit sometimes cheesy, action - packed Western bolstered by Denzel Washington 's baddest - of - the - baddasses lead performance, mostly fine supporting work, and yep, some of the most impressively choreographed extended shootout sequences in recent memory. ''
James Berardinelli of Reelviews gave a score of 2 stars out of 4, writing: "The original The Magnificent Seven found a perfect balance between moments of grand triumph and the understated, solemn denouement. This The Magnificent Seven has the dour ending without the high points preceding it. With two better versions of this story readily available, why bother with this mediocre re-telling? ' Currently recognizable actors ' hardly seems like a good justification. ''
MTV 's Amy Nicholson decried the film, writing: "Fuqua 's made two clean piles separating good and evil, and in doing so, he 's thrown away the film 's point. Now we can trade our conscience for a bucket of popcorn. Today 's The Magnificent Seven is just another superhero flick that spends half its running time assembling a band of bulletproof daredevils. Which makes sense -- the original inspired The Avengers, which published its first comic three years after it was a hit. ''
Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three out of four stars, saying, "The new Seven is n't aiming for cinema immortality. It 's two hours of hardcore, shoot - em - up pow and it 's entertaining as hell. ''
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places where crude oil is found in nigeria | Niger Delta - wikipedia
The Niger Delta is the delta of the Niger River sitting directly on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean in Nigeria. It is typically considered to be located within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, which include: all six states from the South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone and two states (Abia and Imo) from South East geopolitical zone. Of all the states that the region covers, only Cross River is not an oil - producing state.
Niger Delta is a very densely populated region sometimes called the Oil Rivers because it was once a major producer of palm oil. The area was the British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, when it was expanded and became the Niger Coast Protectorate. The delta is a petroleum - rich region, and has been the centre of international controversy over pollution.
The Niger Delta, as now defined officially by the Nigerian government, extends over about 70,000 km (27,000 sq mi) and makes up 7.5 % of Nigeria 's land mass. Historically and cartographically, it consists of present - day Bayelsa, Delta, and Rivers States. In 2000, however, Obasanjo 's regime included Abia, Akwa - Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo and Ondo States in the region. Some 31 million people of more than 40 ethnic groups including the Bini, Efik, Esan, Ibibio, Igbo, Annang, Yoruba, Oron, Ijaw, Ikwerre, Abua / Odual, Itsekiri, Isoko, Urhobo, Ukwuani, Kalabari, Okrika and Ogoni, are among the inhabitants of the political Niger Delta, speaking about 250 different dialects.
The Niger Delta, and the South South geopolitical zone (which contains six of the states in Niger Delta) are two different entities. The Niger Delta separates the Bight of Benin from the Bight of Bonny within the larger Gulf of Guinea.
The area was the British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, when it was expanded and became the Niger Coast Protectorate. The core Niger Delta later became a part of the eastern region of Nigeria, which came into being in 1951 (one of the three regions, and later one of the four regions). The majority of the people were those from the colonial Calabar and Ogoja divisions, the present - day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, and Ijaw peoples. The National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) was the ruling political party of the region. The NCNC later became the National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decided to separate from Nigeria. The ruling party of eastern Nigeria did not seek to preclude the separation and even encouraged it. The then Eastern Region had the third, fourth and fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups in the country including Igbo, Efik - Ibibio and Ijaw.
In 1953, the old eastern region had a major crisis due to the expulsion of professor Eyo Ita from office by the majority Igbo tribe of the old eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, was one of the pioneer nationalists for Nigerian independence. The minorities in the region, the Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw and Ogoja, were situated along the southeastern coast and in the delta region and demanded a state of their own, the Calabar - Ogoja - Rivers (COR) state. The struggle for the creation of the COR state continued and was a major issue concerning the status of minorities in Nigeria during debates in Europe on Nigerian independence. As a result of this crisis, Professor Eyo Ita left the NCNC to form a new political party called the National Independence Party (NIP) which was one of the five Nigerian political parties represented at the conferences on Nigerian Constitution and Independence.
In 1961, another major crisis occurred when the then eastern region of Nigeria allowed present - day Southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from the region of what is now Akwa Ibom and Cross River states) through a plebiscite while the leadership of the then Northern Region took the necessary steps to keep Northwestern Cameroon in Nigeria, in present - day Adamawa and Taraba states. The aftermath of the 1961 plebiscite has led to a dispute between Cameroon and Nigeria over the small territory of Bakassi.
A new phase of the struggle saw the declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian president Ironsi 's administration, just before the Nigerian Civil War.
Also just before the Nigerian civil war, Southeastern State of Nigeria was created (also known as Southeastern Nigeria or Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), which had the colonial Calabar division, and colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State was also created. Southeastern state and River state became two states for the minorities of the old eastern region, and the majority Igbo of the old eastern region had a state called East Central state. Southeastern state was renamed Cross River state and was later split into Cross River state and Akwa Ibom state. Rivers state was later divided into Rivers state and Bayelsa state.
The people of the eastern region suffered heavily and sustained many deaths during the 1967 -- 1970 Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Biafran War, in which the eastern region declared an independent state named Biafra that was eventually defeated, thereby preserving the sovereignty and indivisibility of the Nigerian state, which led to the loss of many souls.
During the next phase of resistance in the Niger Delta, local communities demanded environmental and social justice from the federal government, with Ken Saro Wiwa as the lead figure for this phase of the struggle. Cohesive oil protests became most pronounced in 1990 with the publication of the Ogoni Bill of Rights. The indigents protested against the lack of economic development, e.g. schools and hospitals, in the region, despite all the oil wealth created. They also complained about environmental pollution and destruction of their land and rivers by foreign oil companies. Ken Saro Wiwa and other oil activists from Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP) were arrest and killed under Sani Abacha in 1995. Although protests have never been as strong as they were under Saro - Wiwa, there is still an oil reform movement based on peaceful protests today.
Unfortunately, the struggle got out of control, and the present phase has become militant. When long - held concerns about loss of control over resources to the oil companies were voiced by the Ijaw people in the Kaiama Declaration in 1998, the Nigerian government sent troops to occupy the Bayelsa and Delta states. Soldiers opened fire with rifles, machine guns, and tear gas, killing at least three protesters and arresting twenty - five more.
Since then, local indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries and pipelines in the region have increased in frequency and militancy. Recently foreign employees of Shell, the primary corporation operating in the region, were taken hostage by outraged local people. Such activities have also resulted in greater governmental intervention in the area, and the mobilisation of the Nigerian army and State Security Service into the region, resulting in violence and human rights abuses.
In April, 2006, a bomb exploded near an oil refinery in the Niger Delta region, a warning against Chinese expansion in the region. MEND stated: "We wish to warn the Chinese government and its oil companies to steer well clear of the Niger Delta. The Chinese government, by investing in stolen crude, places its citizens in our line of fire. ''
Government and private initiatives to develop the Niger Delta region have been introduced recently. These include the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC), a government initiative, and the Development Initiative (DEVIN), a community development non-governmental organization (NGO) based in Port Harcourt in the Niger Delta. Uz and Uz Transnational, a company with strong commitment to the Niger Delta, has introduced ways of developing the poor in the Niger Delta, especially in Rivers State.
In September 2008, MEND released a statement proclaiming that their militants had launched an "oil war '' throughout the Niger Delta against both, pipelines and oil - production facilities, and the Nigerian soldiers that protect them. Both MEND and the Nigerian Government claim to have inflicted heavy casualties on one another. In August 2009, the Nigerian government granted amnesty to the militants; many militants subsequently surrendered their weapons in exchange for a presidential pardon, rehabilitation programme, and education.
Western Niger Delta consists of the western section of the coastal South - South Nigeria which includes Delta, and the southernmost parts of Edo, and Ondo States. The western (or Northern) Niger Delta is an heterogeneous society with several ethnic groups including the Urhobo, Isoko, Itsekiri, Ijaw (or Izon) and Ukwuani groups in Delta State; the Bini, Esan, Auchi, Esako, oral, igara and Afenmai in Edo State; and the Yoruba (Ilaje) in Ondo State. Their livelihoods are primarily based on fishing and farming. History has it that the Western Niger was controlled by chiefs of the four primary ethnic groups the Itsekiri, Isoko, Ijaw and Urhobo with whom the British government had to sign separate "Treaties of Protection '' in their formation of "Protectorates '' that later became southern Nigeria.
Central Niger Delta consists of the central section of the coastal South - South Nigeria which includes Bayelsa and Rivers States. The Central Niger Delta region has the Ijaw (including the Nembe - Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari people, Ibani of Opobo & Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni and Andoni clans). The Ogoni and other groups which consist of Igbo, Etche, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye and Ndoki in Rivers State.
Eastern Niger Delta consists of Cross River State and Akwa Ibom State.
Nigeria has become West Africa 's biggest producer of petroleum. Some 2 million barrels (320,000 m) a day are extracted in the Niger Delta. It is estimated that 38 billion barrels of crude oil still reside under the delta as of early 2012. The first oil operations in the region began in the 1950s and were undertaken by multinational corporations, which provided Nigeria with necessary technological and financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, the region has accounted for more than 75 % of Nigeria 's export earnings. Together oil and natural gas extraction comprise "97 per cent of Nigeria 's foreign exchange revenues ''. Much of the natural gas extracted in oil wells in the Delta is immediately burned, or flared, into the air at a rate of approximately 70 million m3per day. This is equivalent to 41 % of African natural gas consumption, and forms the largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions on the planet. In 2003, about 99 % of excess gas was flared in the Niger Delta, although this value has fallen to 11 % in 2010. (See also gas flaring volumes). The biggest gas flaring company is the Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture that is majority owned by the Nigerian government. In Nigeria, "... despite regulations introduced 20 years ago to outlaw the practice, most associated gas is flared, causing local pollution and contributing to climate change. '' The environmental devastation associated with the industry and the lack of distribution of oil wealth have been the source and / or key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements and inter-ethnic conflicts in the region, including recent guerrilla activity by the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND).
In September 2012 Eland Oil & Gas purchased a 45 % interest in OML 40, with its partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from the Shell Group. They intend to recommission the existing infrastructure and restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 bopd with a target to grow gross production to 50,000 bopd within four years.
Oil revenue allocation has been the subject of much contention well before Nigeria gained its independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50 %, owing to the First Republic 's high degree of regional autonomy, and as low as 10 % during the military dictatorships. This is the table below.
* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation.
* * The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil - producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state. World Bank Report
The documentary film Sweet Crude, which premiered April 2009 at the Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, tells the story of Nigeria 's Niger Delta.
The effects of oil in the fragile Niger Delta communities and environment have been enormous. Local indigenous people have seen little if any improvement in their standard of living while suffering serious damage to their natural environment. According to Nigerian federal government figures, there were more than 7,000 oil spills between 1970 and 2000. It has been estimated that a clean - up of the region, including full restoration of swamps, creeks, fishing grounds and mangroves, could take 25 years.
Coordinates: 05 ° 19 ′ 34 '' N 06 ° 28 ′ 15 '' E / 5.32611 ° N 6.47083 ° E / 5.32611; 6.47083
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fear the walking dead season 4 epusode 7 | Fear the Walking Dead (season 4) - wikipedia
The fourth season of Fear the Walking Dead, an American horror - drama television series on AMC, premiered on April 15, 2018, and will comprise 16 episodes split into two eight - episode parts. The second half of the season will premiere on August 12, 2018. It is a companion series to The Walking Dead, and the season premiere contained the first crossover between the two series. The season features new showrunners Andrew Chambliss and Ian B. Goldberg, as well as several new cast members including The Walking Dead 's Lennie James, who portrays Morgan Jones. The series also moved to a new filming location, Austin, Texas.
On April 14, 2017, AMC renewed the series for a 16 - episode fourth season and announced that Andrew Chambliss and Ian Goldberg would replace the departing Dave Erickson as showrunners. Production began in November 2017 in Austin, Texas. Michael E. Satrazemis, a director of photography for The Walking Dead and director of 12 episodes, joined Fear the Walking Dead as a directing - producer.
In November 2017, it was reported that Lennie James who portrays Morgan Jones on The Walking Dead would crossover and join the main cast in the fourth season. The fourth season also sees the additions of several new series regulars, played by Garret Dillahunt, Jenna Elfman, and Maggie Grace.
On April 21, 2018, Colman Domingo revealed that he would be directing the twelfth episode of this season.
The fourth season features a redesigned title sequence with new theme music. Each episode of the season has a different title card, and tells a story which will become apparent once the season is completed. The Hollywood Reporter reflected on the new intro, calling the new season, "a Western with zombies, very much by design. ''
Goldberg spoke of the season 's narrative structure, which features multiple timelines:
"We 're playing with the structure, depending on which story we 're telling in the episode. What we find so exciting about telling stories across time is it allows for mystery and for finding characters in an emotional place and exploring how they came to be that way, and finding them in a very different emotional place in the flashback storyline -- not only from a plot perspective of piecing it together, but also showing how people became who they are by charting them in the present and comparing it to where they 've been in the past. ''
The new showrunners also were inspired by Westerns; Chambliss stated, "It all started with the themes we set out at the beginning: isolation and community. Those themes run through a lot of classic Western stories. '' Visually, the season is inspired by John Ford and Sergio Leone 's Westerns, using Once Upon a Time in the West as a template for directors. Chambliss said, "it 's all about having wide shots, not moving the characters, but moving the characters within the frame. When we get to the editing room, it 's really about slowing down the cutting pattern, and harkening back to that style of filmmaking. It does infuse the show with a different feel than what we 've seen before. It 's something that we 're very excited for people to see. ''
The third episode of the season features the death of Nick Clark, played by Frank Dillane. In an interview after the episode had aired, Dillane revealed he asked to leave the show prior to the fourth season. The actor explained:
"I had been doing it for three or four years, the show has undergone many changes in terms of different people in charge, all of this stuff, and I just felt like the beginning of this season kind of felt like the end of an era with this show. And television is hard work, and you have to shoot a lot. I also missed Europe very much. I 'm not American, so after a while I get quite homesick and all of those things. I also felt like we had achieved what needed to be achieved in the first few seasons, so I thought it was time to keep moving. ''
On March 15, 2018, it was announced that the season premiere and the season eight finale of The Walking Dead would be screened at AMC, Regal, and Cinemark theaters across the United States on April 15, the same day as the televised airing, for "Survival Sunday: The Walking Dead & Fear the Walking Dead ''. The episodes marked the first crossover between the two series. The cinema screening also included an extra half - hour of exclusive bonus content.
On Rotten Tomatoes, the fourth season has an approval rating of 86 % based on 73 reviews, with an average rating of 7.94 / 10. TVLine reevaluated the series for its fourth season, giving it a grade of a "B + ''. Reviewer Charlie Mason wrote, "it 's gone from being an adequate stopgap between seasons of The Walking Dead to a show that 's as good or arguably even better than the one from which it was spun off. '' He also praised the addition of Jenna Elfman and Garret Dillahunt and that season 4 has had several genuine surprises in its storytelling.
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who administers oath to the chief justice of india | Chief Justice of India - wikipedia
The Chief Justice of India (CJI) is the head of the judiciary of India and the Supreme Court of India. The CJI also heads their administrative functions.
As head of the supreme court, the chief justice is responsible for the allocation of cases and appointment of constitutional benches which deal with important matters of law. In accordance with Article 145 of the Constitution of India and the Supreme Court Rules of Procedure of 1966, the Chief Justice allocates all work to the other judges who are bound to refer the matter back to him or her (for re-allocation) in any case where they require it to be looked into by a larger bench of more judges.
On the administrative side, the Chief Justice carries out the following functions: maintenance of the roster; appointment of court officials and general and miscellaneous matters relating to the supervision and functioning of the Supreme Court.
It has been an unbroken convention for decades now, to appoint the senior-most judge of the supreme court as the CJI.
The present CJI is Justice Ranjan Gogoi, and is the 46th CJI since January 1950, the year the Constitution came into effect and the supreme court came into being. He succeeded Justice Dipak Misra on 2 October 2018, and will remain in office till 17 November 2019, the day he retires on turning 65 years in age.
Article 124 of the Constitution of India provides for the manner of appointing judges to the Supreme Court. Though no specific provision exists in the Constitution for appointing the Chief Justice, who, as a result, is appointed like the other judges conventionally, the outgoing CJI recommends the name of the senior-most judge (i.e. by date of appointment to the Supreme Court) for appointment by the President of India, as his successor.
Article 124 (4) of Constitution of India lays down the procedure for removal of a Judge of Supreme Court which is applicable to Chief Justice as well. Once appointed, the Chief Justice remains in the office until the age of 65 years. He can be removed only through a process of impeachment by Parliament as follows:
A Judge of the Supreme Court shall not be removed from his office except by an order of the President passed after an address by each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two - thirds of the members of that House present and voting has been presented to the President in the same session for such removal on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity.
The President (Discharge of Functions) Act, 1969 of India provides that the Chief Justice of India (CJI) shall act as the President of India in the event of the offices of both the President and the Vice President being vacant. When President Zakir Hussain died in office, the Vice President V.V. Giri, acted as the President. Later, Mr. Giri resigned as the Vice President. The CJI, Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah then became the acting President of India. The senior-most judge of the Supreme Court became the acting CJI. When the newly elected President took office a month later, Justice Hidayatullah reverted as the Chief Justice of India
The Constitution of India gives the power of deciding remuneration as well as other conditions of service of the Chief Justice to the Parliament of India. Accordingly, such provisions have been laid down in The Supreme Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act, 1958. This remuneration was revised in 2006 - 2008, after the sixth central pay commission 's recommendation.
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when does amy tell ricky she is pregnant | The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 1) - wikipedia
The first season of The Secret Life of the American Teenager, an American television series created by Brenda Hampton, debuted on the ABC Family television network on July 1, 2008. The first season comprises 23 episodes, the first eleven of which ended on September 9, 2008. Despite marketing issues, the remaining twelve ended up as part of the first season, which concluded its initial airing on March 23, 2009. Season one regular cast members include Shailene Woodley, Molly Ringwald, Daren Kagasoff, Kenny Baumann, Francia Raisa, Megan Park, India Eisley, Greg Finley II, Jorge Pallo, Mark Derwin, and Luke Zimmerman.
Kyle XY was ABC Family 's highest rated original series from June 2006 - July 2008, but lost its reign when the series premiere of The Secret Life of the American Teenager brought in 2.8 million viewers. The season finale brought in 4.50 million viewers, 2.4 million of whom were females. The show was the number one scripted telecast on March 23, 2009 in viewers 12 - 34 and the number one telecast that night in viewers.
The season focuses on the relationships between families and friends dealing with the unexpected teen pregnancy of character Amy Juergens, portrayed by Shailene Woodley. Probably the last girl anyone would expect to suffer such a scandalous event, Amy 's world begins to expand as she discovers that virtually every student at her high school deals with some secret or unexpected problems, from the religious good - girl Grace to the tough - kid Ricky and to clingy loving Ben.
The series received a mixed reception when it began broadcasting. Many mainstream critics praised the messages presented in the series, although it was also criticized for its direction and writing. New York Post praised the series for having a set of characters that are "... real and come from families of all stripes -- from intact to single - parent households to one boy in foster care... '' The pilot episode broke the record for highest rated debut for ABC Family, beating Kyle XY, with 2.82 million viewers. The season one finale brought in 4.50 million viewers, beating the night 's 90210 which had almost half its usual number of viewers.
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who are the actors in ant man and the wasp | Ant - Man and the Wasp - wikipedia
Ant - Man and the Wasp is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics characters Scott Lang / Ant - Man and Hope van Dyne / Wasp. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the sequel to 2015 's Ant - Man, and the twentieth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film is directed by Peyton Reed and written by the writing teams of Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers, and Paul Rudd, Andrew Barrer, and Gabriel Ferrari. It stars Rudd as Lang and Evangeline Lilly as Van Dyne, alongside Michael Peña, Walton Goggins, Bobby Cannavale, Judy Greer, Tip "T.I. '' Harris, David Dastmalchian, Hannah John - Kamen, Abby Ryder Fortson, Randall Park, Michelle Pfeiffer, Laurence Fishburne, and Michael Douglas. In Ant - Man and the Wasp, the titular pair work with Hank Pym to retrieve Janet van Dyne from the quantum realm.
Talks for a sequel to Ant - Man began shortly after that film was released. Ant - Man and the Wasp was officially announced in October 2015, with Rudd and Lilly returning to reprise their roles. A month later, Ant - Man director Reed was officially set to return; he was excited to develop the film from the beginning after joining the first film later in the process, and also to introduce Hope van Dyne as the Wasp in this film, insisting that she and Lang are equals. Filming took place from August to November 2017, at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County, Georgia, as well as Metro Atlanta, San Francisco, Savannah, Georgia, and Hawaii.
Ant - Man and the Wasp had its world premiere in Hollywood on June 25, 2018, and was released on July 6, 2018, in the United States in IMAX and 3D. It has grossed over $544 million worldwide, making it the eighth - highest - grossing film of 2018. The film received praise for its levity, humor, and performances, particularly those of Rudd and Lilly.
In 1987, Janet van Dyne / Wasp shrinks between the molecules of a Soviet nuclear missile, disabling it but becoming trapped in the sub-atomic quantum realm. Hank Pym / Ant - Man raises their daughter Hope believing that Janet is dead. Years later, former criminal Scott Lang takes up the mantle of Ant - Man and discovers a way to both enter and return from the quantum realm. Pym and Hope begin work on repeating this feat, believing they may find Janet alive. Lang and Hope also start a romantic relationship and begin training to fight together as Ant - Man and the Wasp, until Lang secretly helps Captain America during a skirmish between the Avengers in violation of the Sokovia Accords. Lang is placed under house arrest, while Pym and Hope go into hiding and cut ties with Lang.
Two years later, Pym and Hope briefly manage to open a tunnel to the quantum realm. Lang receives an apparent message from Janet with whom he is quantumly entangled. Despite having only days left of house arrest, Lang decides to call Pym. Hope kidnaps Lang, leaving a decoy so as not to arouse suspicion from FBI agent Jimmy Woo. Seeing the message as confirmation that Janet is alive, Pym and Hope work to create a stable tunnel so they can take a vehicle to the quantum realm and retrieve Janet. Hope arranges to buy a part needed for the tunnel from black market dealer Sonny Burch, but Burch has realized the potential profit that can be earned from Pym and Hope 's research and double - crosses them. Hope fights Burch and his men off, until she is attacked by a quantumly unstable masked woman. Lang tries to help fight off this "ghost '', but she escapes with Pym 's portable lab.
Pym reluctantly visits his estranged former partner Bill Foster who helps them locate the lab. The ghost restrains Lang, Hope, and Pym when they arrive, and reveals herself to be Ava Starr. Her father Elihas, another former partner of Pym 's, accidentally killed himself and his wife during a quantum experiment that caused Ava 's unstable state. Foster reveals that he has been helping Ava, who they plan to cure using Janet 's quantum energy. Believing that this will kill Janet, Pym refuses to help them and the trio manage to escape.
Opening a stable version of the tunnel this time, Pym and Hope are able to contact Janet, who gives them a precise location to find her, but warns that they only have two hours before the unstable nature of the realm separates them for a century. Burch learns their location from Lang 's business partners Luis, Dave, and Kurt, and informs a contact at the FBI. Luis warns Lang, who rushes home before Woo can see him breaking his house arrest. This leaves Pym and Hope to be arrested, and for their lab to be taken by Ava.
Lang is soon able to help Pym and Hope escape custody, and they find the lab. Lang and Hope distract Ava while Pym enters the quantum realm to retrieve Janet, but the pair end up fighting Burch and his men, which allows Ava to begin taking Janet 's energy. Luis, Dave, and Kurt help apprehend Burch, so Lang and Hope can stop Ava. Pym and Janet arrive safely from the quantum realm, and Janet voluntarily gifts some of her energy to Ava to temporarily stabilize her.
Lang returns home once again, in time for a now suspicious Woo to release him at the end of his house arrest. Ava and Foster go into hiding. In a mid-credits scene, Pym, Lang, Hope, and Janet plan to harvest quantum energy to continue helping Ava. While Lang is in the quantum realm doing this, Pym, Hope, and Janet disintegrate.
Additionally Stan Lee, co-creator of the titular heroes, has a cameo in the film as a man whose car gets shrunk by accident. Michael Cerveris appears as Ava 's father Elihas Starr while Riann Steele plays his wife Catherine. Tim Heidecker and Brian Huskey appear in cameos as a whale boat captain named Daniel Gooobler and a teacher at Cassie 's school, respectively. Sonny Burch 's team of men includes Divian Ladwa as Uzman, Goran Kostić as Anitolov, and Rob Archer as Knox, while Sean Kleier portrays Stoltz, Burch 's FBI inside man and Jimmy Woo 's subordinate. Tom Scharpling and Jon Wurster of The Best Show make brief appearances as Burch 's SUV drivers.
-- Director Peyton Reed on the Wasp 's inclusion in the film
In June 2015, Ant - Man director Peyton Reed expressed interest in returning for a sequel or prequel to that film, saying that he had "really fallen in love with these characters '' and felt "there 's a lot of story to tell with Hank Pym ''. A month later, Pym actor Michael Douglas said he was not signed for any additional films, but "would look forward to more if it comes my way '', and expressed the desire to have his wife Catherine Zeta - Jones cast as Janet van Dyne for a potential follow - up. Evangeline Lilly -- who played the daughter of Pym and Van Dyne, Hope van Dyne -- wanted to see Michelle Pfeiffer in the role. Producer Kevin Feige revealed that the studio had a "supercool idea '' for the next Ant - Man film, and "if audiences want it, we 'll find a place to do it. '' Reed also mentioned that there had been talks of making a standalone adventure with Hank Pym as Ant - Man, possibly including the original opening to Ant - Man featuring Jordi Mollà which was cut from the final film. Eric Eisenberg of Cinema Blend opined that a standalone adventure with Pym and the cut sequence would be a good candidate to revive the Marvel One - Shots short film series. By the end of July, David Dastmalchian expressed interest in returning for a sequel as Kurt.
In October 2015, Marvel Studios confirmed the sequel, titled Ant - Man and the Wasp, with a scheduled release date of July 6, 2018. Reed was in negotiations to direct the sequel by the end of the month, and announced his return in November, along with the confirmation of Paul Rudd and Lilly returning as Scott Lang / Ant - Man and Hope van Dyne / Wasp, respectively. One of the things that appealed to Reed about returning was being able to build the film "from the ground up '', as he joined the first film late in the process, after the original writer and director Edgar Wright had departed. He also wanted to explore elements that he had set up in the first film. Reed first began work on an outline for the sequel, which he thought could be "weird, unique and different '' now that the characters ' origins had been established. On including the Wasp in the film 's title (the first MCU film to have a female character in the title), Reed called it "organic '' for both characters, and noted the Wasp 's final line in Ant - Man -- ' It 's about damn time ' -- as "very much about her specific character and arc in that movie, but it is absolutely about a larger thing. It 's about damn time: We 're going to have a fully realized, very very complicated hero in the next movie who happens to be a woman. '' Reed would also push to ensure the Wasp received equal publicity and merchandise for the film, and even though Janet van Dyne had yet to be cast, he had a desire to explore her backstory in the film and "definite ideas '' of who should portray her. Reed also stated there was a brief consideration in calling the film Wasp and the Ant - Man "but because there 's a comics history of "Ant - Man and the Wasp '' and a familiarity with certain fans and the idea of that... we wanted to maintain a little fidelity with '' calling it Ant - Man and the Wasp. That month, Adam McKay, one of the writers of Ant - Man, expressed interest in returning to write the film, and Douglas confirmed that he was in talks to return as well.
Reed stated in early December that the film may "call back '' to the heist film genre and tone of Ant - Man, but that Ant - Man and the Wasp would "have an entirely different genre template ''. He hoped to incorporate additional flashback sequences in the film, as well as explore Pym 's various identities from the comics and his psychology. Reed also said he was "excited '' about exploring and discovering the film version of the Ant - Man and Wasp relationship that is "a romantic partnership and a heroic partnership '' in the comics, a "different dynamic than we 've seen in the rest of the (MCU), an actual partnership. '' Additionally, Reed mentioned that pre-production would "probably '' start in October 2016, with filming scheduled for early 2017. Production writers for the first film, Gabriel Ferrari and Andrew Barrer, signed on to write the script along with Rudd, with writing starting "in earnest '' in January 2016. The next month, McKay stated that he would be involved with the film in some capacity. By April, the four writers and Reed had been "holed up in a room... brainstorming the story '', with Reed promising that it would have "stuff in it that you 've never ever seen in a movie before ''. Feige added that they wanted to "stay true to what made (Ant - Man) so unique and different '', and teased the potential of seeing the Giant - Man version of Lang that had been introduced in Captain America: Civil War.
In June 2016, Reed said that for inspiration from the comics he had been looking at "early Avengers stuff and all the way up to the Nick Spencer stuff now '', and was focusing on iconic images that could be replicated in the film over story beats from the comics. He added that there was "definitely a chance '' for Michael Peña, Tip "T.I. '' Harris, and Dastmalchian to reprise their respective roles as Luis, Dave, and Kurt from the first film. At San Diego Comic - Con 2016, Feige stated that Reed and Rudd were still working on the script, and that filming was now expected to begin in June 2017. Rudd elaborated that they had "turned in a treatment, but it 's so preliminary. We 'll see. We have an idea of what it might look like, but it could change a lot from where we 're at now. '' The next month, Peña was confirmed to be returning as Luis, while filming was revealed to be taking place in Atlanta, Georgia. In early October, an initial script had been completed for the film that was awaiting approval from Marvel. Reed noted that early drafts of the script included a cameo appearance from Captain America, appearing during Luis ' flashback sequences as he was recapping Lang 's involvement in the airport battle in Captain America: Civil War. It was not included in the final script since the events of Civil War were already referenced frequently, and this instance "did n't feel organic to the story. ''
At the start of November 2016, Reed said that the film 's production would transition from "the writing phase '' to "official prep '' that month, beginning with visual development. Reed reiterated his excitement for introducing the Wasp and "really designing her look, the way she moves, the power set, and figuring out, sort of, who Hope van Dyne is as a hero ''. He also talked about sharing characters with other MCU films, stating his disappointment in the Giant - Man introduction happening in Civil War, rather than an Ant - Man film. Reed added that he spends "a lot of time '' talking with the other writers and directors of MCU films, and that he and the writers on this film wished to maintain "our little Ant - Man corner of the universe. Because it 's a whole different vibe tonally ''.
In February 2017, Douglas confirmed that he would reprise his role as Hank Pym in the film. During the Hollywood premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 in April, Dastmalchian confirmed his return as Kurt, and a month later, Harris confirmed his return as Dave as well. Through that May, Marvel was meeting with several actresses for a "key role '' in the sequel, with Hannah John - Kamen cast in the part at the beginning of June. The following month, Randall Park joined the cast as Jimmy Woo, and Walton Goggins was cast in an undisclosed role. At San Diego Comic - Con 2017, Park 's casting was confirmed; John - Kamen and Goggins ' roles were revealed to be Ghost and Sonny Burch, respectively; and the casting of Pfeiffer as Janet van Dyne and Laurence Fishburne as Bill Foster was announced. Judy Greer was confirmed to be reprising her role as Maggie from the previous film the following week.
Reed was inspired by the films After Hours, Midnight Run and What 's Up, Doc? for the look and feel of Ant - Man and the Wasp. While the first film was more of a heist film, Reed described this as part action film, part romantic comedy, and wanted this one "to be a little more of like an Elmore Leonard vibe where we have villains, but we also have antagonists, and we have these roadblocks to our heroes getting to where they need to be, and getting what they need for this mission. '' Regarding the opportunity for character development, Reed used the actions of Lang in Civil War to fuel potential tension between him, Pym, and Van Dyne since Pym is "very clear in the first movie about how he feels about Stark and how he feels about The Avengers and being very protective of this technology that he has. ''
The Russo brothers, directors of Avengers: Infinity War and its untitled sequel, which were filming while Ant - Man and the Wasp was preparing to film, were in constant discussion with Reed in order to ensure story elements would line up between the films. Joe Russo added that Ant - Man and the Wasp would have "some (plot) elements that stitch in '' closely with Avengers: Infinity War, more so than some of the other films leading up to the Avengers films. Reed knew Ant - Man and the Wasp would be "a fairly stand - alone movie but... could not ignore the events of Infinity War '', with the biggest connection occurring in the film 's mid-credit scene. Since the events of Ant - Man and the Wasp occur over 48 hours, the timeline in relation to Infinity War was "left purposefully ambiguous '' with Reed noting there had been discussions of placing "little Easter eggs along the way, to start to reveal to the audience where the movie takes place in the timeline, (but t) hat felt not very fun to us and kind of obvious. '' Reed also like the fact the film ends with closure and on a positive note "and then to BANG -- give the audience a gut punch right after the main credits '', with the sequence showing Hank Pym, Janet van Dyne, and Hope van Dyne fading away due to the events of Avengers: Infinity War. The film also has a post-credit scene that shows the ant who doubled for Lang while under house arrest performing a drum solo.
Principal photography began on August 1, 2017, at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County, Georgia, under the working title Cherry Blue; Dante Spinotti served as director of photography, shooting on Arri Alexa 65 cameras, with some sequences being shot with a Frazier lens. At the start of filming, Marvel revealed that Bobby Cannavale and Abby Ryder Fortson would also reprise their roles from the first film, respectively as Paxton and Cassie. They also announced that the writing team of Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers had contributed to the screenplay.
Filming also took place in Metro Atlanta, with filming locations including the Atlanta International School, the Midtown and Buckhead districts of Atlanta, and the Samuel M. Inman Middle School in the city 's Virginia - Highland neighborhood; as well as Emory University and the Atlanta Motor Speedway in Hampton, Georgia. Additional filming took place in San Francisco in September 2017, in Savannah, Georgia in late October, and in Hawaii. Production wrapped on November 19, 2017.
In late November, Lilly said that the characters would try to enter the Quantum Realm in the film, and their potential success would "open a whole entire new multi-verse to enter into and play around in '' for the MCU.
Visual effects for the film were created by DNEG, Scanline VFX, Method Studios, Luma Pictures, Lola VFX, Industrial Light & Magic, Cinesite, Rise FX, Rodeo FX, Crafty Apes, Perception NYC, Digital Domain, and The Third Floor.
DNEG worked on over 500 shots including the effects for Ghost, which were shared with the other vendors, the third act chase sequence, and the final Ghost fight as Hank and Janet are coming back from the Quantum Realm. While DNEG had worked on the "macro-photography '' sequences in Ant - Man, they did not take the same approach on this film for similar sequences. One issue DNEG faced was getting a camera to seem small enough to capture the small actions. Though some of the film was shot with a Frazier lens that provides extra depth of field, DNEG would still need to "re-project the road higher and "raise the floor level '' to simulate a tiny sized camera ". As the third act chase sequence was mainly shot in Atlanta, while being set in San Francisco, DNEG VFX Supervisor Alessandro Ongaro noted it required "extensive environment work '' with background elements in some of shots not being able to be salvaged at all. DNEG ultimately created 130 unique environments for the chase. Clear Angle aided DNEG with the Lidar surveying and photography of San Francisco, and were able to get their information for Lombard Street down to the millimeter resolution.
Lola once again worked on the de-aging sequences with Douglas, Pfeiffer, and Fishburne. The flashback sequences featuring a younger Hank Pym were set around the same time as the flashback sequences of Ant - Man, so Lola were able to use a similar process, referencing Douglas ' appearance in Wall Street (1987) and having the actor on set in a different wardrobe and wig. Lola VFX Supervisor Trent Claus felt Pfeiffer 's was less complicated, since "she has aged incredibly well '' and still has big hair and a big smile. Pfeiffer 's work from Ladyhawke (1985) and other films around that time was referenced. For Fishburne, his son served as his younger double, and helped inform Lola how the older Fishburne 's skin would have looked in certain lighting situations. The films Lola looked to for Fishburne 's younger self included Boyz n the Hood (1991) and Deep Cover (1992). Lola also made Fishburne thinner, and all actors had their posture adjusted.
Luma worked on the scenes where Ant - Man and the Wasp infiltrate Ghost 's hideout, where they had to recreate the entire environment with CGI. They also created the first quantum tunnel sequence where Ghost receives her powers, and the flashback missile launch, which had to be replicated exactly from how it appeared in Ant - Man so it would look and feel similar. The new version of the Quantum Realm, designed by Reed and production VFX supervisor Stephane Ceretti, was designed by Method. On their design, Method Studios VFX Supervisor Andrew Hellen, explained, "We did a lot of research into macro and cellular level photography, and played with different ways to visualize quantum mechanics. It has a very magical quality, with a scientific edge. We also used glitching effects and macro lensing to ground the footage, and keep it from feeling too terrestrial. '' Method also worked on the sequence when Lang is the size of a preschooler at the school, and created the digital doubles for Ant - Man and Wasp. For the digital doubles, Method generally kept the same level of detail on the suits, regardless of what scale they were.
In June 2017, Reed confirmed that Christophe Beck, who composed the score for Ant - Man, would return for Ant - Man and the Wasp. Hollywood Records and Marvel Music released the soundtrack album digitally on July 6, 2018.
Ant - Man and the Wasp had its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on June 25, 2018, and was released in the United States on July 6, 2018, where it opened in 4,206 theaters, of which 3,000 were in 3D, 403 were in IMAX, over 660 were in premium large format, and over 220 were in D - Box and 4D.
The film was scheduled to be released in the United Kingdom on June 29, 2018, but was rescheduled in November 2017 to August 3, 2018, in order to avoid competition with the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Charles Gant of The Guardian and Screen International noted, "The worry for film distributors is that audiences will be caught up in the tournament. So it 's easier to play safe and not date your film at this time, especially during the group stage, when all the qualifying nations are competing. '' Tom Butler of Yahoo! Movies UK added that, unlike the first film, which was one of the lowest - grossing MCU films in the UK, anticipation levels for the film "are at an all - time high following the events of Infinity War '' and "UK audiences will probably have found out what happens in the film well before it opens in UK cinemas, and this could have a negative impact on its box office potential. '' Butler and Huw Fullerton of Radio Times both opined the delay could also be in part because of Disney also delaying the United Kingdom release of Incredibles 2 to July 13, 2018 (a month after its United States release), and not wanting to compete with itself with the two films. This in turn led fans in the country to start a Change.org petition to have Disney move the release date up several weeks, similarly to how Avengers: Infinity War 's United States release was moved up a week the previous May.
Concept art and "pre-CGI video '' was shown at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con. In January 2018, Hyundai Motor America announced that the 2019 Hyundai Veloster would play a significant role in the film, with other Hyundai vehicles scheduled to make an appearance. The first trailer for the film was released on January 30, 2018 on Good Morning America, and used the guitar riff from Adam and the Ants ' "Ants Invasion ''. David Betancourt of The Washington Post called the release, the day after Black Panther 's premiere was widely praised on social media, a "smart move ''; with Black Panther and Avengers: Infinity War also releasing in 2018, "it can be easy (to) forget that hey, there is an Ant - Man sequel coming this year... So Marvel Studios giving us a quick reminder with this trailer release is logical ''. Tracy Brown, writing for the Los Angeles Times, praised how the trailer prominently featured Lilly 's Van Dyne "(showing) off how she was always meant to be a superhero ''. A second trailer was released on May 1, 2018. Graeme McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter felt the trailer made the film feel "very much like an intentional antidote for, or at least alternative to, the grimness of Infinity War 's downbeat ending '', calling it "a smart move '' since it could be considered "a palate cleanser and proof that Marvel has more to offer... before audiences dive back into the core narrative with next year 's Captain Marvel. '' In June 2018, Feige presented several scenes from the film at CineEurope. Promotional partners for the film included Dell, Synchrony Financial, and Sprint. In total, Disney spent about $154 million worldwide on promoting the film.
As of August 28, 2018, Ant - Man and the Wasp has grossed $211.9 million in the United States and Canada, and $333.1 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $544.9 million. Following its global debut of $161 million, Deadline Hollywood estimated the film would turn a net profit of around $100 million.
Ant - Man and the Wasp earned $33.8 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada (including $11.5 million from Thursday night previews), for an opening weekend total of $75.8 million; this was a 33 % improvement over the first film 's debut of $57.2 million. Its opening included $6 million from IMAX screens. In its second weekend, the film earned $28.8 million, coming in second behind Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation, and in its third weekend grossed $16.1 million, coming in fourth. The film placed sixth in its fourth weekend, seventh in its fifth weekend, and tenth in its sixth weekend. BoxOffice Magazine projected a final domestic gross of $225 million.
Outside the United States and Canada, the film earned $85 million from 41 markets, where it opened number one in all except New Zealand. Its South Korea opening was $20.9 million (which included previews). The $15.5 million opening from the market without previews was the second - best opening of 2018 behind Avengers: Infinity War. In its second weekend, playing in 44 markets, it remained number one in Australia, Hong Kong, South Korea, and Singapore. The film opened in France in its third weekend, earning $4.1 million, and opened in Germany in its fourth, where it was number one and earned $2.8 million, including previews. The next weekend saw Ant - Man and the Wasp open at number one (when including previews) in the United Kingdom, where it earned $6.5 million, and two weeks later, Italy opened number one with $2.7 million (including previews). In its eighth weekend, the film 's $68 million opening in China was the fourth - best MCU opening in China and the third - highest Hollywood film opening of 2018. $7.2 million was from IMAX, which was the best August IMAX opening in China. As of August 26, 2018, the film 's largest markets were China ($68 million), South Korea ($42.4 million), and the United Kingdom ($19.8 million).
The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 88 % based on 318 reviews, and an average rating of 6.9 / 10. The website 's critical consensus reads, "A lighter, brighter superhero movie powered by the effortless charisma of Paul Rudd and Evangeline Lilly, Ant - Man and The Wasp offers a much - needed MCU palate cleanser. '' Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a normalized score of 70 out of 100, based on 56 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews ''. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A -- '' on an A+ to F scale, down from the "A '' earned by the first film.
Peter Travers, writing for Rolling Stone, gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and praised Rudd and Lilly, saying, "The secret of Ant - Man and the Wasp is that it works best when it does n't try so hard, when it lets charm trump excess and proves that less can be more even in the Marvel universe. '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times praised the lightweight tone as a treat and a breath following the "dramatically heavy conclusion '' of Avengers: Infinity War. He also praised the cast, especially Rudd and Fortson, as well as the visual effects and inventive use of shrinking and growing in the action scenes. Manohla Dargis at The New York Times felt the film 's "fast, bright and breezy '' tone was a vast improvement over the first film, praising Reed 's direction. She also praised Rudd, felt Lilly found "her groove '' in the film, and wrote that the supporting cast all had "scene - steal (ing) '' sequences. Simon Abrams of RogerEbert.com said the film was "good enough '', a "messy, but satisfying '' sequel that he felt managed to juggle its many subplots while giving Rudd 's Lang some decent character development.
Variety 's Owen Gleiberman called the film "faster, funnier, and more cunningly confident than the original, '' and felt Reed was able to give the film enough personality to overcome its two - hour runtime and effects - heavy climax. He did caution that this was "not quite the same thing as humanity. But it 's enough to qualify as the miniature version. '' At The Washington Post, Ann Hornaday called the film "instantly forgettable '' and criticized its plot, which she felt included some "filler '' subplots, but found the film to be "no less enjoyable '' because of this. She particularly praised Rudd along with the action and effects. Writing for the Boston Globe, Ty Burr called the film the perfect "summer air - conditioning movie '', finding it fun, funny, superficial and an improvement over the first. He also wrote that the film had too many subplots and not enough of Pfeiffer, but was pleased with the lack of connection that the overall story had to the rest of the MCU, and with the focus on "pop trash '' comedy. Stephanie Zachareck, writing for Time, said it was "hard to actively dislike '' the film, which she thought had reasonably fun action and stand - out moments between Rudd and Fortson; but she was not as impressed with the larger, effects - heavy action sequences and felt the focus on Lilly as a better hero than Rudd was "just checking off boxes in the name of gender equality. ''
Ahead of the film 's release, Reed noted that he and Marvel were "hopeful '' about a third film, having discussed potential story points. Michael Douglas also expressed interest in playing a younger version of his character Hank Pym in a prequel, something which Reed already teased back in 2015.
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how many career points does pau gasol have | Pau Gasol - wikipedia
Pau Gasol Sáez (Catalan pronunciation: (ˈpaw ɣəˈzɔɫ), Spanish pronunciation: (ˈpau ɣaˈsol); born July 6, 1980) is a Spanish professional basketball player for the San Antonio Spurs of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is a six - time NBA All - Star, and a four - time All - NBA selection, twice on the second team and twice on the third team. He has won two NBA championships, both with the Los Angeles Lakers. He was the NBA Rookie of the Year in 2002 with the Memphis Grizzlies, one of only three non-American NBA players to win that award. He is the older brother of fellow NBA player Marc Gasol.
Gasol was selected by the Atlanta Hawks with the third overall pick in the first round of the 2001 NBA draft, but his rights were traded to Memphis. He currently holds the Grizzlies ' franchise record for free throws made and attempted. Alongside the seven seasons with the team, Gasol has played for the Los Angeles Lakers (from 2008), the Chicago Bulls (from 2014), and the San Antonio Spurs (from 2016). Internationally, Gasol has won two Olympic silver medals, an Olympic bronze medal, a FIBA World Cup title and three EuroBasket titles with the Spanish national basketball team.
Pau Gasol was born in Barcelona. He began playing basketball as a center with his school team, Llor, and he eventually signed with Cornellà. When he was sixteen, he began playing for Barcelona 's junior team. He also won both the 1998 Albert Schweitzer Tournament and the 1998 FIBA Europe Under - 18 Championship. After moving to the senior team of Barcelona, Gasol played just 25 total minutes in the Spanish ACB League 's 1998 -- 99 season, and averaged 13.7 minutes per game in the ACB the next year. However, in his final season in the ACB, Gasol averaged 12.4 points and 5.8 rebounds in 24.7 minutes per game. Barcelona was victorious in the Spanish National Cup finals championship game in 2001, and Gasol was named Most Valuable Player. After entering the NBA draft, Gasol was selected third overall in the first round in the 2001 NBA draft by the Atlanta Hawks, who traded his draft rights to the Memphis Grizzlies in exchange for Shareef Abdur - Rahim.
In his first season with the Grizzlies, Gasol became the first foreign player to win the NBA Rookie of the Year Award, and was named to the NBA All - Rookie First Team. He averaged 17.6 points and 8.9 rebounds per game, and was also the only team member to play in all 82 games that season. Gasol led the team in scoring (19.0 points per game) in his second year with the Grizzlies, and for the second year in a row, played in all 82 games. Gasol missed the first game of his career, during his third year, with a foot injury on April 5, 2004, which snapped his string of 240 consecutive games played. He grabbed the 1,500 th rebound of his career on November 12, 2003, against the Orlando Magic and scored his 3,000 th career point on October 31, 2003, against the Boston Celtics. Despite having 22 points in Game 4 against the San Antonio Spurs, the highest by a Memphis players in the playoffs, his team was eliminated in the first round, not winning a single game against San Antonio. This was both the Grizzlies and Gasol 's first trip to the NBA Playoffs. He scored 31 points and blocked four shots on January 11, 2005, against the Indiana Pacers to earn 5,000 points and 500 blocks in his career, becoming the 10th fastest player to reach 5,000 points / 500 blocks since 1973 -- 74. He also helped his team make it to the playoffs for the second time in his career, but they were eliminated in the first round and did not win a single game against the Phoenix Suns.
In his fifth year with the Grizzlies, he became the franchise 's all - time leading rebounder on March 24 against the New York Knicks when he grabbed his 3,072 nd rebound in a Grizzlies uniform. He made 29 consecutive free throw attempts from January 24 to 28, tying the second best mark in Grizzlies history, including two straight games going 12 -- 12 from the line, tying the best single - game mark in franchise history. Gasol and the Grizzlies returned to the playoffs for the third time in his and his team 's history. Once again, they were eliminated in the first round and did not win a single game against the Dallas Mavericks.
On February 9, 2006, making his first appearance, Gasol was selected to play in the 2006 NBA All - Star Game in Houston, Texas as a reserve center for the Western Conference. At the time, he was one of four players ranked among Western Conference forwards in the top ten in points, rebounds, assists and blocked shots. He was the first Spanish basketball player as well as the first Grizzlies player to ever make it to the All - Star Game.
Gasol missed the first 23 games of the 2006 -- 07 NBA season due to a broken foot suffered near the end of Spain 's semifinal win over Argentina in the 2006 FIBA World Championship. He would go on to be named Most Valuable Player of the tournament, which Spain won. He had a season - high 34 points (most by a Grizzly that season), and eight rebounds and tied a career - high and franchise record with eight blocks on January 29 against the Sacramento Kings, and surpassed Shareef Abdur - Rahim as the franchise 's all - time leader in free throw attempts on January 31 against the Dallas Mavericks. He became the all - time franchise leader in field goals made on February 6 against the Houston Rockets, and became the all - time franchise leader in minutes played on February 7 at Dallas. He surpassed Shareef Abdur - Rahim (7,801 points) as the Grizzlies ' all - time leading scorer on March 7, 2007, against the Toronto Raptors (7,809 points at the time). On January 24, 2007, Gasol recorded his second career triple - double against the hosting Utah Jazz, garnering 17 points, 13 rebounds, and 12 assists. He also registered 2 blocks and one steal.
On February 1, 2008, Gasol was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers along with a 2010 second round draft pick for Kwame Brown, Javaris Crittenton, Aaron McKie, the rights to Marc Gasol (Pau 's younger brother), and 2008 and 2010 first round draft picks. There has been some controversy surrounding the trade. Chris Wallace denied in an ESPN article that he had been ordered by owner Michael Heisley to make the Grizzlies more attractive to a potential buyer. Wallace said, "No one put pressure on me to do this, and Michael Heisley has actually been reluctant to move Pau. '' He also said that they had been "trolling '' the waters for a while and dealt with a number of teams. He selected the Lakers deal because "it did n't get any better than this. '' When Gasol departed the Grizzlies, he held twelve franchise records, including games played, minutes played, field goals made, free throws made and attempted, offensive, defensive, and total rebounds, blocked shots, turnovers, and points. Per game statistics, he leads Memphis in defensive and total rebounds along with blocked shots. On February 5, he made his first Lakers appearance in a game against the New Jersey Nets, during which he scored 24 points and had 12 rebounds in a 105 -- 90 win over the Nets. On March 14, Gasol sprained his ankle in a game against the New Orleans Hornets, stepping on the foot of teammate Vladimir Radmanović in the first quarter. Gasol was expected to miss the remaining three games of the Lakers ' road trip after x-rays came up negative. Gasol returned to the starting lineup on April 2 against the Portland Trail Blazers and played nearly thirty - two minutes, registering 10 points, six rebounds and seven assists. He admitted to feeling limited with the swelling in his ankle still present. Gasol helped the Lakers finish the regular season with the best record in the Western Conference (57 -- 25), with him in the starting lineup the Lakers went 22 -- 5. Kobe Bryant has also stated that playing with Gasol clicked from the start.
In the Lakers ' opening game of the playoffs, he contributed 36 points, 16 rebounds, 8 assists and 3 blocked shots. When the Lakers swept the Denver Nuggets in the first round, it was Gasol 's first trip to the second round in four tries. His previous team, the Grizzlies, failed to reach the playoffs for the second year in a row. He contributed 17 points and 13 rebounds in Game 6 against the Utah Jazz to help the Lakers advance to the conference finals. On May 31, he recorded a career high 19 rebounds in a series - clinching win against the San Antonio Spurs, and he became the first Spaniard to reach the NBA Finals. Gasol scored 14.7 points per game on. 532 shooting in the 2008 Finals against the Boston Celtics, which was below his scoring average of 18.9 during the regular season, However, he led the Lakers in rebounding with 10.2 per game throughout the championship series, up from his regular - season average of 8.4. Los Angeles lost in six games against Boston in the Finals, including a 131 -- 92 loss in Game 6. In the Playoffs, Gasol was the second leading Laker in points (16.9), rebounds (9.3) and assists per game (4.0). He was the leader in blocks per game (1.90) and was tied with Lamar Odom with the most postseason double - doubles (10).
On January 2, 2009, in a win against the Utah Jazz, Gasol scored his 10,000 th career point. Gasol earned his second All - Star appearance as a reserve for the Western Conference squad during the 2008 -- 09 NBA season, his first as a Laker. He was also named Western Conference Player of the Month after helping the Lakers to an 11 -- 2 record for the month of February that included road wins over Boston and Cleveland. He finished the regular season with averages of 18.9 points, 9.6 rebounds, 3.5 assists, and 1 block per game. Gasol then won his first NBA championship ring when the Lakers defeated the Orlando Magic in the 2009 Finals.
On December 24, 2009, Gasol signed a 3 - year extension with the Lakers worth $64.7 million. Gasol earned his third All - Star appearance as a reserve for the Western Conference and finished the regular season with averages of 18.3 points, 11.3 rebounds, 3.4 assists, and 1.7 blocks. In Game 6 of the first round, Gasol grabbed 18 rebounds and his last - second putback eliminated the Oklahoma City Thunder. In the conference semifinals against the Utah Jazz, he averaged 23.5 points and 14.5 rebounds, and finally in the conference finals against the Phoenix Suns, he averaged 19.7 points with 7.2 rebounds. In Game 7 of the NBA Finals against the Boston Celtics, Gasol scored 19 points, (6 -- 16 FGM - A, 7 -- 13 FTM - A) grabbed 18 rebounds and recorded two blocks as the Lakers repeated as champions. In 2010, he was chosen as the 15th - smartest athlete in sports by Sporting News.
Challenged by Lakers ' coach Phil Jackson to be more assertive while Bryant recovered from offseason knee surgery, Gasol started the season 's first week averaging 25.3 points on 52.5 percent shooting, 10.3 rebounds, and five assists per game as the Lakers started 3 -- 0. He was named Western Conference Player of the Week. He earned his third straight All - Star selection and his season averages of 19 points and 10 rebounds were nearly identical to what he had put up as a Laker the previous three seasons. Pau 's play also merited him All - NBA second team honors for the first time in his career. In the playoffs, Gasol only averaged 13 points on 42 % shooting over 10 games, and the Lakers were swept by the Dallas Mavericks in the second round. Gasol had the worst post season performance of his career. Lakers Hall of Famer and ESPN analyst Magic Johnson cited Gasol as a possible trade option for the Lakers to acquire Magic center Dwight Howard. Gasol ignored the false reports about his relationship status with his girlfriend as the cause of his poor performance and has accepted the criticism of his play as valid. During the 2011 -- 12 NBA season, Gasol and teammate Lamar Odom were subjected to trade rumors involving former New Orleans Hornets guard Chris Paul. After the trade fell through, Gasol vowed that it would not affect the way he played. Odom, on the other hand, was angry at the Laker organization and was traded to the 2010 -- 11 NBA champion Dallas Mavericks for a future first round pick. After Lakers co-captain Derek Fisher was traded in March 2012, Gasol joined Bryant as co-captains of the team. He won the 2011 -- 12 seasonlong NBA Community Assist Award.
After a 1 -- 4 start to the 2012 -- 13 season, the Lakers replaced head coach Mike Brown with Mike D'Antoni. Gasol was struggling after seven games under D'Antoni, averaging 10.1 points and 8.0 rebounds while shooting 38.8 percent, and he was benched in the fourth quarter in multiple games. The team had difficulties getting Gasol involved in D'Antoni's offense, which historically had not had post players playing forward. Gasol ranked only 27th in the league in post-up points with 2.7 per game, down from prior seasons when he was fifth in 2010 -- 11 and ninth in 2011 -- 12. On November 18, 2012, in a win against the Houston Rockets, Gasol scored his 15,000 th career point. Bothered by tendinitis in both knees since training camp, Gasol sat out eight games in December before returning to the starting lineup. Later, he was diagnosed with plantar fasciitis, but continued playing. General manager Mitch Kupchak told Lakers season - ticket holders the team needed Gasol to be more involved. On January 7, 2013, Gasol received a blow to the face from Denver 's JaVale McGee in the fourth quarter of a 112 -- 105 loss. He suffered a concussion, forcing him to miss the next five games. In his first game back, he came off the bench after having started his first 345 games with the Lakers. In the next game, he returned to the starting lineup and scored 25 points against Toronto, only his second 20 - point game of the season. However, in the next game on January 21, D'Antoni moved Gasol to a reserve role and started Earl Clark, a change the coach considered permanent. On February 5 against the Brooklyn Nets, Gasol tore the plantar fascia of his right foot. Gasol had tweaked the fascia in the first half, but played through the soreness until he felt it pop when he tried to block a shot by Brook Lopez towards the end of the game. He returned over six weeks later on March 22 after missing 20 games, with D'Antoni returning him to the starting lineup over Clark. After a two - game adjustment period, Gasol 's play was solid, and Bryant insisted that Gasol receive the ball in the post. D'Antoni stated that Gasol had played well since January, and attributed the forward 's earlier struggles to injuries and the team 's evolving offensive system. "I have a lot more confidence in him now, and he 's playing great '', D'Antoni said. He finished the season with career lows in points (13.7) and field - goal percentage (. 466), and his rebounds (8.6) were his lowest since his first season with Los Angeles. He was limited to career - low 49 games. However, he had three triple - doubles in his last seven games including the playoffs. Gasol was owed $19.3 million in 2013 -- 14 in the final year of his contract, which would cost the Lakers around $50 million including luxury taxes. He became a free agent after the season.
On July 18, 2014, Gasol signed with the Chicago Bulls. He said after he was introduced: "It was a gut feeling. I thought Chicago was going to be the best fit for me. It 's a great challenge, but I 'm driven by challenge. I look forward to it. ''
On January 1, 2015, Gasol recorded a career - high 9 blocks, along with 17 points and 9 rebounds, in the 106 - 101 win over the Denver Nuggets. Ten days later, he scored a career - high 46 points on 17 - of - 30 shooting in a 95 - 87 win over the Milwaukee Bucks. On April 9, 2015, he recorded a league - best 51st double - double of the season with 16 points and 15 rebounds in an 89 - 78 win over the Miami Heat. He recorded his 54th double - double of the season in the regular season finale on April 15 against the Atlanta Hawks to finish as the league - leader in double - doubles in 2014 -- 15.
On December 5, 2015, Gasol became the 116th player to reach 1,000 regular - season games. He had 13 points and 11 rebounds against the Charlotte Hornets for his ninth double - double of the season. On January 25, 2016, he recorded his first career first quarter double - double with 13 points and 10 rebounds. He finished the game with 19 points and 17 rebounds, as the Bulls were defeated by the Miami Heat 89 -- 84. On February 9, Gasol was named as Jimmy Butler 's replacement on the 2016 Eastern Conference All - Star squad. On February 27, he recorded his eighth career triple - double and first as a Bull with 22 points, 16 rebounds and a career - high 14 assists in a 103 -- 95 loss to the Portland Trail Blazers. At 35 years old, he became the oldest player to record a triple - double since Kobe Bryant did so at 36 years old in 2014. On March 7, he recorded his second triple - double of the season with 12 points, 17 rebounds and 13 assists in a 100 -- 90 win over the Milwaukee Bucks, becoming just the fourth player 35 years or older with multiple triple - doubles in a season, joining Jason Kidd, Kobe Bryant and Paul Pierce. On April 2, in a loss to the Detroit Pistons, he became the 38th NBA player to reach 10,000 career rebounds. He also became the 36th with 10,000 points and 10,000 rebounds.
On July 14, 2016, Gasol signed with the San Antonio Spurs. On November 11, 2016, he had season highs with 21 points and six assists in a 96 -- 86 win over the Detroit Pistons. On January 19, 2017, he was ruled out indefinitely after breaking his left ring finger during pregame warmups earlier that night. He underwent surgery the following day to repair a fracture of his left fourth metacarpal. On February 24, 2017, in a 105 -- 97 win over the Los Angeles Clippers, Gasol had 17 points and 11 rebounds off the bench in his return from a 15 - game absence because of the finger injury. On April 12, 2017, Gasol scored 13 points to reach 20,000 career points in a 101 -- 97 regular - season finale loss against the Utah Jazz, becoming the second European player to reach the mark after Dirk Nowitzki.
On July 24, 2017, Gasol re-signed with the Spurs. On December 20, 2017, he had 20 points and a season - high 17 rebounds in a 93 -- 91 win over the Portland Trail Blazers. On December 23, 2017, he recorded his 10th career triple - double with 14 points, 11 rebounds and a season - high 10 assists in a 108 -- 99 win over the Sacramento Kings. On December 26, 2017, in a 109 -- 97 win over the Brooklyn Nets, Gasol collected his 10,817 th rebound, moving him past Jack Sikma for 30th in league history. On January 26, 2018, in a 97 -- 78 loss to the Philadelphia 76ers, Gasol became the 34th player in NBA history to play 40,000 career minutes. On March 25, 2018, he had 22 points on 10 - of - 15 shooting and grabbed 13 rebounds in a 106 -- 103 loss to the Milwaukee Bucks.
Gasol 's first competition with the senior Spain national basketball team was the 2001 EuroBasket tournament, after having previously won the 1998 FIBA Europe Under - 18 Championship and 1999 FIBA Under - 19 World Championship with the Spanish junior teams. Being considered, against his own will, the leader of the team, Gasol ended up with the bronze medal in the competition. Gasol has since had much success with the Spanish team, winning the 2006 FIBA World Championship and the 2009 and 2011 EuroBasket tournaments, being chosen as the Most Valuable Player in the first two; he also won silver medals at the 2003 and 2007 EuroBasket, and the 2008 and 2012 Olympic Games. Gasol was also the highest - scoring player of the 2004 Summer Olympics, and Spain 's flag bearer at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics, replacing the injured Rafael Nadal. In 2014, Gasol was named to the All - tournament team of the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup. In the 2015 EuroBasket, Gasol was named the MVP of the competition, after some amazing performances, averaging 25.6 points and 8.8 rebounds per game (he was the competition leader for points per game, and 4th in rebounds per game). During the knockout matches of the competition, Gasol inspired the Spanish side which was missing many of its stars like Ricky Rubio, Juan Carlos Navarro, Álex Abrines, and his brother Marc Gasol. Gasol scored 40 points in the semifinal against France, which was half of his team 's points. The 35 - year - old player was also named the competition 's leader for blocked shots per game (2.3). On September 7, 2017, in a game against Hungary, Gasol became FIBA Eurobasket 's all - time leading scorer, passing Tony Parker with 1,033 points.
Gasol is very athletic and quick for a 7 - footer (213 cm), allowing him to play both the power forward and center positions, much like fellow European players Toni Kukoč and Dirk Nowitzki. He is a refined scorer in the post and midrange; his overall game is near - ambidextrous and makes it difficult for opposing teams to defend. Gasol uses a variety of midrange jumpers, hook shots, up - and - under moves, and shot fakes to score very efficiently. In addition, his foot speed relative to his size allows him to run the fast break and finish effectively. He is also a skilled passer for a big man, earning 3.2 assists per game over his career. Defensively, he is an above - average shot blocker with a career average of 1.7 blocks per game. Former Lakers teammate Kobe Bryant said of Gasol, "You 'd be hard - pressed to find a big (man) with his skill set in the history of the game. ''
Gasol is a double - double machine, having recorded over 550 double - doubles in his NBA career. On April 2, 2016, he became the 36th player in NBA history to reach the 10,000 - point / 10,000 - rebound mark. While Gasol became the 43rd player in NBA history to reach to the 20,000 - point milestone, he is just the fourth with that many points, 10,000 rebounds, 3,500 assists and 1,500 blocks.
Note: The EuroLeague is not the only competition in which the player participated for the team during the season. He also played in domestic competition, and regional competition if applicable.
Gasol 's mother, Marisa, was a medical doctor, and his father, Agustí, was a nurse administrator. When Pau was born, his family was living in Cornellà, but he was born in Barcelona, at Sant Pau Hospital, where both of his parents worked. When he was 6 years old, his family moved to another Barcelona suburb, Sant Boi de Llobregat, where he spent the remainder of his childhood. His parents moved to the Memphis suburb of Germantown, Tennessee, after he signed with the Grizzlies, and enrolled his younger brothers Marc and Adrià in Lausanne Collegiate School in Memphis. They planned to move to the Los Angeles area when Pau was traded to the Lakers, with Agustí accepting a job with a health - care company in that area; although the Grizzlies obtained the rights to Marc 's services as part of the trade, he was expected to re-sign with his Spanish team Akasvayu Girona. However, when Marc decided to sign with the Grizzlies, their parents chose to stay in Germantown. Agustí now works from home for the same company, while Marisa now volunteers at St. Jude Children 's Research Hospital.
After being traded to the Lakers, Gasol lived in Redondo Beach, across the street from the shoreline.
In 2009, Gasol, along with several other NBA players, joined the "Hoops for St. Jude '' charity program benefitting the St. Jude Children 's Research Hospital.
Gasol was interested in football, but loved basketball. The first sport he played was actually rugby, before switching to basketball. He is described as "a family boy and the perfect student, a tad shy, and a bit of a joker. ''
He originally did not want to make sports his career. On the day that Magic Johnson announced his HIV - positive status in 1991, the 11 - year - old Gasol, who had heard the news in school, decided that he wanted to be a doctor and find a cure for AIDS. He enrolled in medical school at the University of Barcelona, but left as his basketball career at FC Barcelona advanced. He remains strongly interested in medicine. Gasol regularly visits Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles, a standard stop for athletes making charitable visits in the L.A. area, but does not limit his business to visiting young patients. On one visit, he asked a group of doctors well - informed questions about their treatment of children with scoliosis. In April 2010, Gasol was scheduled to sit in on a spinal surgery, wearing surgical scrubs, with Dr. David Skaggs, the hospital 's chief of orthopedic surgery. Skaggs has said, "We talk to him now almost like he is a surgical colleague. ''
Gasol canceled his original plans to observe a surgery when he came down with a low - grade fever the day before the operation, not wishing to risk infecting anyone at the hospital. He was able to reschedule his observation for June 2010, witnessing Skaggs lead a team operating on a 13 - year - old girl from Colorado with scoliosis.
Gasol also has a broad range of intellectual and cultural interests. He has taught himself Italian and French to go along with his childhood languages of Catalan and Spanish plus English. While with the Lakers, he and Kobe Bryant spoke to one another during games in Spanish to keep opponents from knowing their plans. Gasol also regularly reads historical novels, plays the works of French classical composers on his keyboard, and attends concerts and operas; he is a friend of Spanish tenor Plácido Domingo, and often visits him backstage after performances.
His younger brother Marc, who is 216 centimetres (7 ft 1 in) tall and 127 kilograms (280 lb), is also a professional basketball player, currently playing for the Memphis Grizzlies. Marc was drafted by the Los Angeles Lakers, 48th overall, in the 2007 NBA draft and his rights were traded to the Memphis Grizzlies, as part of the deal that sent Gasol to the Lakers. Their youngest brother Adrià played for Lausanne 's basketball team; his coach at Lausanne said, "He 's built like Pau, with a mean streak like Marc '', although he was not at the time considered a major basketball prospect. After returning to Spain for his final two years of high school basketball, Adrià enrolled at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in August 2012 and joined the UCLA basketball team as a walk on.
Gasol denied false reports that he had broken up with his girlfriend, Silvia López Castro, in the exit interviews after his poor performance in the 2011 NBA Playoffs.
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when is the last time japan won the world cup | Japan at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia
The FIFA World Cup, sometimes called the Football World Cup or the Soccer World Cup, but usually referred to simply as the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the men 's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport 's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the first tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946, due to World War II.
The tournament consists of two parts, the qualification phase and the final phase (officially called the World Cup Finals). The qualification phase, which currently take place over the three years preceding the Finals, is used to determine which teams qualify for the Finals. The current format of the Finals involves 32 teams competing for the title, at venues within the host nation (or nations) over a period of about a month. The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world, with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 tournament final.
Japan have appeared in the finals of the FIFA World Cup on six occasions, the first being in 1998 where they lost all three group games and finished in 31st position. Masashi Nakayama scored Japan 's first ever goal in a World Cup Finals against Jamaica on 26 June 1998 in a 2 - 1 defeat. Keisuke Honda becomes the first Japanese player to score in three world cups: 2010, 2014, 2018.
They made their sixth appearance at the finals in the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. Japan became the first ever Asian nation to beat a side from South America, after they won 2 - 1 against Colombia in the group stage. The team made it to the Round of 16 (the first knock - out round) but lost to Belgium, 3 - 2.
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when does game of thrones episode 4 come out | Game of Thrones (season 7) - Wikipedia
The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017. Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each, the seventh season consisted of only seven. Like the previous season, it largely consisted of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series, while also adapting material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series. The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss.
HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21, 2016, three days before the premiere of the show 's sixth season, and began filming on August 31, 2016. The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland, Spain, Croatia and Iceland.
Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast, including Peter Dinklage, Nikolaj Coster - Waldau, Lena Headey, Emilia Clarke, and Kit Harington. The season introduces several new cast members, including Jim Broadbent and Tom Hopper.
The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 7. They are listed by the region in which they first appear.
Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss serve as showrunners for the seventh season. The directors for the seventh season are Jeremy Podeswa (episodes 1 and 7), Mark Mylod (episodes 2 and 3), Matt Shakman (episodes 4 and 5) and Alan Taylor (episode 6). This marks Taylor 's return to the series after an absence since the second season. Shakman is a first - time Game of Thrones director, with the rest each having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons. Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer, after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season. She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons, as well as the end of the sixth season.
Depending upon the release of George R.R. Martin 's forthcoming The Winds of Winter, the seventh season may comprise original material not found in the A Song of Ice and Fire series. According to previous reports, some of the show 's sixth season had consisted of material revealed to the writers of the television series during discussions with Martin.
Filming began on August 31, 2016, at Titanic Studios in Belfast, and ended in February 2017. In an interview with the showrunners, it was announced that the filming of the seventh season would be delayed until later in the year due to necessary weather conditions for filming. The showrunners stated "We 're starting a bit later because, you know, at the end of this season, winter is here, and that means that sunny weather does n't really serve our purposes any more. We kind of pushed everything down the line so we could get some grim, gray weather even in the sunnier places that we shoot. ''
Girona, Spain did not return as one of the filming locations. Girona stood in for Braavos and parts of King 's Landing. It was later announced that the seventh season would film in Northern Ireland, Spain and Iceland, with filming in Northern Ireland beginning in August 2016. The series filmed in the Spanish cities Seville, Cáceres, Almodóvar del Río, Santiponce, Zumaia and Bermeo. Spanish sources announced that the series would be filming the seventh season on Muriola Beach in Barrika, Las Atarazanas, the Royal Dockyards of Seville and at the shores of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe, an islet belonging to the city of Bermeo. The series returned to film at The Dark Hedges in Stranocum, which was previously used as the Kingsroad in the second season. Some scenes were filmed in Iceland. Filming also occurred in Dubrovnik, Croatia, which is used for location of King 's Landing. The scene where Arya was reunited with Nymeria was filmed in Alberta, Canada.
Deadline reported on June 21, 2016, that the five main cast members, Peter Dinklage, Nikolaj Coster - Waldau, Lena Headey, Emilia Clarke, and Kit Harington had been in contract negotiations for the final two seasons. It was reported that the cast members have increased their salary to $500,000 per episode for the seventh and eighth season. It was later reported that the actors had gone through a renegotiation, for which they had increased their salary to $1.1 million per episode for the last two seasons. On April 25, 2017, it was reported by Daily Express that the actors ' new salary made them each earn £ 2 million ($2.6 million USD) per episode.
On August 31, 2016, Entertainment Weekly reported that Jim Broadbent had been cast for the seventh season in a "significant '' role. It was announced that the role of Dickon Tarly has been recast, with Tom Hopper replacing Freddie Stroma, who had previously played the role in "Blood of My Blood ''. The seventh season sees the return of Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris, who did not appear in the sixth season., and Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie, who last appeared in the fourth season. After some speculation, UFC President Dana White announced that Conor McGregor would appear in a cameo role in the seventh season. However, in January 2017, McGregor confirmed it was a rumor. Members of the British indie pop band Bastille were reported to have filmed cameo appearances. British singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran also makes a cameo appearance in the season. Guitarist / vocalist of American heavy metal band Mastodon, Brent Hinds, has also revealed he would have a cameo appearance. This is Hinds ' second cameo in the series, following his appearance (along with bandmates Brann Dailor and Bill Kelliher) in the fifth season.
On April 21, 2016, HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones, just three days prior to the premiere of the show 's sixth season. According to an interview with co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss, the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes, stating at the time of the interview that they were "down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We 're heading into the final lap. '' Director Jack Bender, who worked on the show 's sixth season, said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes. Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 month time frame, as Weiss said "It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule. '' HBO confirmed on July 18, 2016, that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes, and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule. Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16. According to a report by Entertainment Weekly, the seventh season of the series includes its longest episode, with the finale running for 81 minutes. The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes -- around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode. The first five episodes mostly run longer than average (55 minutes), at 59, 59, 63, 50, and 59 minutes respectively. The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth - season finale, "The Winds of Winter '', which ran 69 minutes.
On July 23, 2016, a teaser production trailer was released by HBO at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con. The trailer mostly consisted of voice overs, and shots of crew members creating sets and props. The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28, 2016, showcasing Jon Snow, Sansa Stark and Arya Stark.
On March 1, 2017, HBO and Game of Thrones teamed up with Major League Baseball (MLB) for a cross-promotional partnership. At least 19 individual teams participate with this promotion. On March 8, 2017, HBO released the first promotional poster for the season ahead of the SXSW Festival in Austin, Texas, which teases the battle of "ice vs. fire ''. Showrunners Benioff and Weiss also spoke at the event, along with fellow cast members Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams.
On March 9, 2017, HBO hosted a live stream on the Game of Thrones Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16, 2017. It was accompanied by a teaser trailer. On March 30, 2017, the first official promo for the show was released, highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen, Jon Snow, and Cersei Lannister. On April 20, 2017, HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season. On May 22, 2017, HBO released several new photos from the new season. On May 23, 2017, HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King. The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24, 2017. The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever, being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms, in the first 24 hours. The second official trailer was released on June 21, 2017. The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12, 2017.
Ramin Djawadi returned as the composer of the show for the seventh season.
On Metacritic, the season (based on the first episode) has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews ''. On Rotten Tomatoes, the seventh season has a 96 percent approval rating from 34 critics with an average rating of 8.3 out of 10. The season also received a 94 % episode average score on Rotten Tomatoes, the site 's consensus reading "After a year - long wait, Game of Thrones roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters -- particularly the female ones. ''
The series premiere surpassed 30 million viewers across all of the network 's domestic platforms weeks after its release. The show 's numbers continued to climb in other countries as well. In the UK, the premiere got up to 4.7 million viewers after seven days, setting a new record for Sky Atlantic. Compared to the previous season, HBO Asia saw an increases of between 24 percent to 50 percent. HBO Latin America saw a record viewership in the region, with a 29 percent climb. In Germany, the show went up 210 percent, in Russia it climbed 40 percent and in Italy it saw a 61 percent increase. In the United States, the finale was watched by 12.1 million viewers on its first airing on television, and 16.5 million when viewings on HBO Now and HBO Go apps are included. Over the season, the viewer numbers averaged at over 30 million per episode across all platform.
^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available, so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead.
The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries. While in some countries, it aired the day after its first release.
The season will be released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12, 2017.
The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired. On August 4, 2017, it was reported that, two days before its original broadcast, the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India, one of HBO 's international network partners. The leaked copy has the "for internal viewing only '' watermark. On July 31, 2017, due to a security breach, HBO was the victim of 1.5 terabytes of stolen data. However, "this was not related to this episode leak '', according to The Verge. On August 16, 2017, four days before its intended release, it was reported that HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed the sixth episode of the series on - demand viewing for one hour before being removed.
Data from by piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming, with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy. On average, each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times.
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what family is rosaline from in romeo and juliet | Rosaline - wikipedia
Rosaline (/ ˈrɒzəlɪn, - iː n /) is an unseen character and niece of Lord Capulet in William Shakespeare 's tragedy Romeo and Juliet (1597). Although silent, her role is important. Romeo is at first deeply in love with Rosaline and expresses his dismay at her not loving him back. Romeo first spots Juliet while trying to catch a glimpse of Rosaline at a gathering hosted by the Capulet family.
Scholars generally compare Romeo 's short - lived love of Rosaline with his later love of Juliet. The poetry Shakespeare writes for Rosaline is much weaker than that for Juliet. Scholars believe Romeo 's early experience with Rosaline prepares him for his relationship with Juliet. Later performances of Romeo and Juliet have painted different pictures of Romeo and Rosaline 's relationship, as filmmakers have experimented with making Rosaline a more visible character.
Before Romeo meets Juliet, he loves Rosaline, Capulet 's niece and Juliet 's cousin. He describes her as wonderfully beautiful: "The all - seeing sun / ne'er saw her match since first the world begun. '' Rosaline, however, chooses to remain chaste; Romeo says: "She hath forsworn to love, and in that vow / Do I live dead that live to tell it now. '' This is the source of his depression, and he makes his friends unhappy; Mercutio comments: "That same pale, hard - hearted wench, that Rosaline, torments him so that he will sure run mad. '' Benvolio urges Romeo to sneak into a Capulet gathering where, he claims, Rosaline will look like "a crow '' alongside the other beautiful women. Romeo agrees, but doubts Benvolio 's assessment. After Romeo sees Juliet his feelings suddenly change: "Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight / For I ne'er saw true beauty till this night. '' Because their relationship is sudden and secret, Romeo 's friends and Friar Laurence continue to speak of his affection for Rosaline throughout much of the play.
-- Jonathan Goldberg
Rosaline is a variant of Rosalind, a name of Old French origin: (hros = "horse '', lind = "soft, tender ''). When it was imported into English it was thought to be from the Latin rosa linda ("lovely rose ''). Romeo sees Rosaline as the embodiment of the rose because of her name and her apparent perfections. The name Rosaline commonly appears in Petrarchan sonnets, a form of poetry Romeo uses to woo Juliet and to describe both Rosaline and Juliet. Since Rosaline is unattainable, she is a perfect subject for this style; but Romeo 's attempt at it is forced and weak. By the time he meets Juliet his poetic ability has improved considerably.
Gender studies critics have argued that Rosaline 's name suggests that Romeo never really forgets her but rather replaces her with Juliet. Thus, when Juliet cries "What 's in a name? A rose by any other name would smell as sweet, '' she is ironically expressing Romeo 's own view of her as a substitute for Rosaline. That is to say, Rosaline, replaced in name only by Juliet, is just as sweet to Romeo. Gender critics also note that the arguments used to dissuade Romeo from pursuing Rosaline are similar to the themes of Shakespeare 's procreation sonnets. In these sonnets Shakespeare urges the man (who can be equated with Romeo) to find a woman with whom to procreate -- a duty he owes to society. Rosaline, it seems, is distant and unavailable except in the mind, similarly bringing no hope of offspring. As Benvolio argues, she is best replaced by someone who will reciprocate. Rosaline reveals similarities to the subject of the sonnets when she refuses to break her vow of chastity. Her name may be referred to in the first sonnet when the young man is described as "beauties Rose. '' This line ties the young man to both Rosaline and Romeo in Juliet 's "What 's in a name? '' soliloquy. When Juliet says "... that which we call a rose / By any other name would smell as sweet '', she may be raising the question of whether there is any difference between the beauty of a man and the beauty of a woman.
Rosaline is used as a name for only one other Shakespearean character -- the one of the main female figures in Love 's Labours Lost (1598), although Rosalind is the name of the main female character in As You Like It. Scholars have found similarities between them: both are described as beautiful, and both have a way of avoiding men 's romantic advances. Rosaline in Love 's Labours Lost constantly rebuffs her suitor 's advances and Romeo 's Rosaline remains distant and chaste in his brief descriptions of her. These similarities have led some to wonder whether they are based on a woman Shakespeare actually knew, possibly the Dark Lady described in his sonnets, but there is no strong evidence of this connection.
Analysts note that Rosaline acts as a plot device, by motivating Romeo to sneak into the Capulet party where he will meet Juliet. Without her, their meeting would be unlikely. Rosaline thus acts as the impetus to bring the "star - cross 'd lovers '' to their deaths -- she is crucial in shaping their fate (a common theme of the play). Ironically, she remains oblivious of her role.
-- Ruth Nevo, on the Rosaline - Juliet, Paris - Romeo comparison
Literary critics often compare Romeo 's love for Rosaline with his feelings for Juliet. Some see Romeo 's supposed love for Rosaline as childish as compared with his true love for Juliet. Others argue that the apparent difference in Romeo 's feelings shows Shakespeare 's improving skill. Since Shakespeare is thought to have written early drafts of the play in 1591, and then picked them up again in 1597 to create the final copy, the change in Romeo 's language for Rosaline and Juliet may mirror Shakespeare 's increased skill as a playwright: the younger Shakespeare describing Rosaline, and the more experienced describing Juliet. In this view, a careful look at the play reveals that Romeo 's love for Rosaline is not as petty as usually imagined.
Critics also note the ways in which Romeo 's relationship with Rosaline prepares him for meeting Juliet. Before meeting Rosaline, Romeo despises all Capulets, but afterwards looks upon them more favourably. He experiences the dual feelings of hate and love in the one relationship. This prepares him for the more mature relationship with Juliet -- one fraught by the feud between Montagues and Capulets. Romeo expresses the conflict of love and hate in Act 1, Scene 1, comparing his love for Rosaline with the feud between the two houses:
Here 's much to do with hate, but more with love.
Why, then, O brawling love! O loving hate! O any thing, of nothing first create! O heavy lightness! serious vanity! Mis - shapen chaos of well - seeming forms! Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health! Still - waking sleep, that is not what it is! This love feel I, that feel no love in this. Dost thou not laugh?
Psychoanalytic critics see signs of repressed childhood trauma in Romeo 's love for Rosaline. She is of a rival house and is sworn to chastity. Thus he is in an impossible situation, one which will continue his trauma if he remains in it. Although he acknowledges its ridiculous nature, he refuses to stop loving her. Psychoanalysts view this as a re-enactment of his failed relationship with his mother. Rosaline 's absence is symbolic of his mother 's absence and lack of affection for him. Romeo 's love for Juliet is similarly hopeless, for she is a Capulet and Romeo pursues his relationship with her; the difference being that Juliet reciprocates. This does not seem likely seeing as his mother died of grief after his banishment, indicating that she probably loved him deeply.
Rosaline has been portrayed in various ways over the centuries. Theophilus Cibber 's 1748 version of Romeo and Juliet replaced references to Rosaline with references to Juliet. This, according to critics, took out the "love at first sight '' moment at the Capulet feast. In the 1750s, actor and theatre director David Garrick also eliminated references to Rosaline from his performances, as many saw Romeo 's quick replacement of her as immoral. However, in Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 film version of Romeo and Juliet, Romeo sees Rosaline (played by Paola Tedesco) first at the Capulet feast and then Juliet, of whom he becomes immediately enamoured. This scene suggests that love is short and superficial. Rosaline also appears in Renato Castellani 's 1954 film version. In a brief non-Shakespearean scene, Rosaline (Dagmar Josipovitch) gives Romeo a mask at Capulet 's celebration, and urges him to leave disguised before harm comes to him. Other filmmakers keep Rosaline off - camera in stricter accordance with Shakespeare 's script. Rosaline also appears in the 2013 film adaptation of Romeo & Juliet.
Robert Nathan 's 1966 romantic comedy, Juliet in Mantua, presents Rosaline as a fully developed character. In this sequel, in which Romeo and Juliet did not die, the pair live ten years later in exile in Mantua. After they are forgiven and return to Verona, they learn that Rosaline is now married to County Paris, and both couples must confront their disillusionment with their marriages. Another play, After Juliet, written by Scottish playwright Sharman Macdonald, tells the story of Rosaline after Romeo dies. A main character in this play, she struggles with her loss and turns away the advances of Benvolio, who has fallen in love with her. Macdonald 's daughter, Keira Knightley, played Rosaline in the play 's 1999 premiere. The 2012 young adult novel "When You Were Mine '' by Rebecca Serle sets Rosaline 's story in a contemporary high school. Rosaline and Romeo (renamed Rob) have been best friends since childhood and are just beginning to fall in love when Rosaline 's cousin, Juliet, moves back into town and sets her sights on Rob. Important character in sequel named "Plague on both your houses! '' (1994) by Grigori Gorin.
Still Star - Crossed (2017) -- period drama television series created by Heather Mitchell and based on the book with same name by Melinda Taub. It follows Rosaline (played by Lashana Lynch). She and Benvolio of Montague are betrothed against their will by Prince Escalus, to end the feud between the two families. Both resolve to find a way to end the violence without having the union.
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the access speed of hard disk is at least is the per second | Hard disk drive - Wikipedia
A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive or fixed disk is a data storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital information using one or more rigid rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. The platters are paired with magnetic heads, usually arranged on a moving actuator arm, which read and write data to the platter surfaces. Data is accessed in a random - access manner, meaning that individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any order and not only sequentially. HDDs are a type of non-volatile storage, retaining stored data even when powered off.
Introduced by IBM in 1956, HDDs became the dominant secondary storage device for general - purpose computers by the early 1960s. Continuously improved, HDDs have maintained this position into the modern era of servers and personal computers. More than 200 companies have produced HDDs historically, though after extensive industry consolidation most current units are manufactured by Seagate, Toshiba, and Western Digital. HDD unit shipments and sales revenues are declining, though production (exabytes per year) is growing. Flash memory has a growing share of the market for secondary storage, in the form of solid - state drives (SSDs). SSDs have higher data - transfer rates, higher areal storage density, better reliability, and much lower latency and access times. Though SSDs have higher cost per bit, they are replacing HDDs where speed, power consumption, small size, and durability are important.
The primary characteristics of an HDD are its capacity and performance. Capacity is specified in unit prefixes corresponding to powers of 1000: a 1 - terabyte (TB) drive has a capacity of 1,000 gigabytes (GB; where 1 gigabyte = 1 billion bytes). Typically, some of an HDD 's capacity is unavailable to the user because it is used by the file system and the computer operating system, and possibly inbuilt redundancy for error correction and recovery. Performance is specified by the time required to move the heads to a track or cylinder (average access time) plus the time it takes for the desired sector to move under the head (average latency, which is a function of the physical rotational speed in revolutions per minute), and finally the speed at which the data is transmitted (data rate).
The two most common form factors for modern HDDs are 3.5 - inch, for desktop computers, and 2.5 - inch, primarily for laptops. HDDs are connected to systems by standard interface cables such as PATA (Parallel ATA), SATA (Serial ATA), USB or SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) cables.
Hard disk drives were introduced in 1956 as data storage for an IBM real - time transaction processing computer, and were developed for use with general - purpose mainframe and minicomputers. The first IBM drive, the 350 RAMAC in 1956, was approximately the size of two medium - sized refrigerators and stored five million six - bit characters (3.75 megabytes) on a stack of 50 disks.
In 1962 the IBM 350 RAMAC disk storage unit was superseded by the IBM 1301 disk storage unit, which consisted of 50 platters, each about 1 / 8 - inch thick and 24 inches in diameter. Whereas the IBM 350 used only two read / write heads which were pneumatically actuated and moved in two dimensions, the 1301 was one of the first disk storage units to use an array of heads, one per platter, moving as a single unit. Cylinder - mode read / write operations were supported, and the heads flew about 250 micro-inches (about 6 μm) above the platter surface. Motion of the head array depended upon a binary adder system of hydraulic actuators which assured repeatable positioning. The 1301 cabinet was about the size of three home refrigerators placed side by side, storing the equivalent of about 21 million eight - bit bytes. Access time was about a quarter of a second.
Also in 1962, IBM introduced the model 1311 disk drive, which was about the size of a washing machine and stored two million characters on a removable disk pack. Users could buy additional packs and interchange them as needed, much like reels of magnetic tape. Later models of removable pack drives, from IBM and others, became the norm in most computer installations and reached capacities of 300 megabytes by the early 1980s. Non-removable HDDs were called "fixed disk '' drives.
Some high - performance HDDs were manufactured with one head per track (e.g. IBM 2305 in 1970) so that no time was lost physically moving the heads to a track. Known as fixed - head or head - per - track disk drives they were very expensive and are no longer in production.
In 1973, IBM introduced a new type of HDD code - named "Winchester ''. Its primary distinguishing feature was that the disk heads were not withdrawn completely from the stack of disk platters when the drive was powered down. Instead, the heads were allowed to "land '' on a special area of the disk surface upon spin - down, "taking off '' again when the disk was later powered on. This greatly reduced the cost of the head actuator mechanism, but precluded removing just the disks from the drive as was done with the disk packs of the day. Instead, the first models of "Winchester technology '' drives featured a removable disk module, which included both the disk pack and the head assembly, leaving the actuator motor in the drive upon removal. Later "Winchester '' drives abandoned the removable media concept and returned to non-removable platters.
Like the first removable pack drive, the first "Winchester '' drives used platters 14 inches (360 mm) in diameter. A few years later, designers were exploring the possibility that physically smaller platters might offer advantages. Drives with non-removable eight - inch platters appeared, and then drives that used a 5 ⁄ in (130 mm) form factor (a mounting width equivalent to that used by contemporary floppy disk drives). The latter were primarily intended for the then - fledgling personal computer (PC) market.
As the 1980s began, HDDs were a rare and very expensive additional feature in PCs, but by the late 1980s their cost had been reduced to the point where they were standard on all but the cheapest computers.
Most HDDs in the early 1980s were sold to PC end users as an external, add - on subsystem. The subsystem was not sold under the drive manufacturer 's name but under the subsystem manufacturer 's name such as Corvus Systems and Tallgrass Technologies, or under the PC system manufacturer 's name such as the Apple ProFile. The IBM PC / XT in 1983 included an internal 10 MB HDD, and soon thereafter internal HDDs proliferated on personal computers.
External HDDs remained popular for much longer on the Apple Macintosh. Many Macintosh computers made between 1986 and 1998 featured a SCSI port on the back, making external expansion simple. Older compact Macintosh computers did not have user - accessible hard drive bays (indeed, the Macintosh 128K, Macintosh 512K, and Macintosh Plus did not feature a hard drive bay at all), so on those models external SCSI disks were the only reasonable option for expanding upon any internal storage.
The 2011 Thailand floods damaged the manufacturing plants and impacted hard disk drive cost adversely between 2011 and 2013.
Driven by ever increasing areal density since their invention, HDDs have continuously improved their characteristics; a few highlights are listed in the table above. At the same time, market application expanded from mainframe computers of the late 1950s to most mass storage applications including computers and consumer applications such as storage of entertainment content.
A modern HDD records data by magnetizing a thin film of ferromagnetic material on a disk. Sequential changes in the direction of magnetization represent binary data bits. The data is read from the disk by detecting the transitions in magnetization. User data is encoded using an encoding scheme, such as run - length limited encoding, which determines how the data is represented by the magnetic transitions.
A typical HDD design consists of a spindle that holds flat circular disks, also called platters, which hold the recorded data. The platters are made from a non-magnetic material, usually aluminum alloy, glass, or ceramic, and are coated with a shallow layer of magnetic material typically 10 -- 20 nm in depth, with an outer layer of carbon for protection. For reference, a standard piece of copy paper is 0.07 -- 0.18 millimeters (70,000 -- 180,000 nm).
The platters in contemporary HDDs are spun at speeds varying from 4,200 rpm in energy - efficient portable devices, to 15,000 rpm for high - performance servers. The first HDDs spun at 1,200 rpm and, for many years, 3,600 rpm was the norm. As of December 2013, the platters in most consumer - grade HDDs spin at either 5,400 rpm or 7,200 rpm.
Information is written to and read from a platter as it rotates past devices called read - and - write heads that are positioned to operate very close to the magnetic surface, with their flying height often in the range of tens of nanometers. The read - and - write head is used to detect and modify the magnetization of the material passing immediately under it.
In modern drives, there is one head for each magnetic platter surface on the spindle, mounted on a common arm. An actuator arm (or access arm) moves the heads on an arc (roughly radially) across the platters as they spin, allowing each head to access almost the entire surface of the platter as it spins. The arm is moved using a voice coil actuator or in some older designs a stepper motor. Early hard disk drives wrote data at some constant bits per second, resulting in all tracks having the same amount of data per track but modern drives (since the 1990s) use zone bit recording -- increasing the write speed from inner to outer zone and thereby storing more data per track in the outer zones.
In modern drives, the small size of the magnetic regions creates the danger that their magnetic state might be lost because of thermal effects, thermally induced magnetic instability which is commonly known as the "superparamagnetic limit ''. To counter this, the platters are coated with two parallel magnetic layers, separated by a 3 - atom layer of the non-magnetic element ruthenium, and the two layers are magnetized in opposite orientation, thus reinforcing each other. Another technology used to overcome thermal effects to allow greater recording densities is perpendicular recording, first shipped in 2005, and as of 2007 the technology was used in many HDDs.
In 2004, a new concept was introduced to allow further increase of the data density in magnetic recording, using recording media consisting of coupled soft and hard magnetic layers. That so - called exchange spring media, also known as exchange coupled composite media, allows good writability due to the write - assist nature of the soft layer. However, the thermal stability is determined only by the hardest layer and not influenced by the soft layer.
A typical HDD has two electric motors; a spindle motor that spins the disks and an actuator (motor) that positions the read / write head assembly across the spinning disks. The disk motor has an external rotor attached to the disks; the stator windings are fixed in place. Opposite the actuator at the end of the head support arm is the read - write head; thin printed - circuit cables connect the read - write heads to amplifier electronics mounted at the pivot of the actuator. The head support arm is very light, but also stiff; in modern drives, acceleration at the head reaches 550 g.
The actuator is a permanent magnet and moving coil motor that swings the heads to the desired position. A metal plate supports a squat neodymium - iron - boron (NIB) high - flux magnet. Beneath this plate is the moving coil, often referred to as the voice coil by analogy to the coil in loudspeakers, which is attached to the actuator hub, and beneath that is a second NIB magnet, mounted on the bottom plate of the motor (some drives have only one magnet).
The voice coil itself is shaped rather like an arrowhead, and made of doubly coated copper magnet wire. The inner layer is insulation, and the outer is thermoplastic, which bonds the coil together after it is wound on a form, making it self - supporting. The portions of the coil along the two sides of the arrowhead (which point to the actuator bearing center) then interact with the magnetic field of the fixed magnet. Current flowing radially outward along one side of the arrowhead and radially inward on the other produces the tangential force. If the magnetic field were uniform, each side would generate opposing forces that would cancel each other out. Therefore, the surface of the magnet is half north pole and half south pole, with the radial dividing line in the middle, causing the two sides of the coil to see opposite magnetic fields and produce forces that add instead of canceling. Currents along the top and bottom of the coil produce radial forces that do not rotate the head.
The HDD 's electronics control the movement of the actuator and the rotation of the disk, and perform reads and writes on demand from the disk controller. Feedback of the drive electronics is accomplished by means of special segments of the disk dedicated to servo feedback. These are either complete concentric circles (in the case of dedicated servo technology), or segments interspersed with real data (in the case of embedded servo technology). The servo feedback optimizes the signal to noise ratio of the GMR sensors by adjusting the voice - coil of the actuated arm. The spinning of the disk also uses a servo motor. Modern disk firmware is capable of scheduling reads and writes efficiently on the platter surfaces and remapping sectors of the media which have failed.
Modern drives make extensive use of error correction codes (ECCs), particularly Reed -- Solomon error correction. These techniques store extra bits, determined by mathematical formulas, for each block of data; the extra bits allow many errors to be corrected invisibly. The extra bits themselves take up space on the HDD, but allow higher recording densities to be employed without causing uncorrectable errors, resulting in much larger storage capacity. For example, a typical 1 TB hard disk with 512 - byte sectors provides additional capacity of about 93 GB for the ECC data.
In the newest drives, as of 2009, low - density parity - check codes (LDPC) were supplanting Reed -- Solomon; LDPC codes enable performance close to the Shannon Limit and thus provide the highest storage density available.
Typical hard disk drives attempt to "remap '' the data in a physical sector that is failing to a spare physical sector provided by the drive 's "spare sector pool '' (also called "reserve pool ''), while relying on the ECC to recover stored data while the number of errors in a bad sector is still low enough. The S.M.A.R.T (Self - Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology) feature counts the total number of errors in the entire HDD fixed by ECC (although not on all hard drives as the related S.M.A.R.T attributes "Hardware ECC Recovered '' and "Soft ECC Correction '' are not consistently supported), and the total number of performed sector remappings, as the occurrence of many such errors may predict an HDD failure.
The "No - ID Format '', developed by IBM in the mid-1990s, contains information about which sectors are bad and where remapped sectors have been located.
Only a tiny fraction of the detected errors ends up as not correctable. For example, specification for an enterprise SAS disk (a model from 2013) estimates this fraction to be one uncorrected error in every 10 bits, and another SAS enterprise disk from 2013 specifies similar error rates. Another modern (as of 2013) enterprise SATA disk specifies an error rate of less than 10 non-recoverable read errors in every 10 bits. An enterprise disk with a Fibre Channel interface, which uses 520 byte sectors to support the Data Integrity Field standard to combat data corruption, specifies similar error rates in 2005.
The worst type of errors are silent data corruptions which are errors undetected by the disk firmware or the host operating system; some of these errors may be caused by hard disk drive malfunctions.
The rate of areal density advancement was similar to Moore 's law (doubling every two years) through 2010: 60 % per year during 1988 -- 1996, 100 % during 1996 -- 2003 and 30 % during 2003 -- 2010. Gordon Moore (1997) called the increase "flabbergasting, '' while observing later that growth can not continue forever. Price improvement decelerated to − 12 % per year during 2010 -- 2017, as the growth of areal density slowed. The rate of advancement for areal density slowed to 10 % per year during 2010 -- 2016, and there was difficulty in migrating from perpendicular recording to newer technologies.
As bit cell size decreases, more data can be put onto a single drive platter. In 2013, a production desktop 3 TB HDD (with four platters) would have had an areal density of about 500 Gbit / in which would have amounted to a bit cell comprising about 18 magnetic grains (11 by 1.6 grains). Since the mid-2000s areal density progress has increasingly been challenged by a superparamagnetic trilemma involving grain size, grain magnetic strength and ability of the head to write. In order to maintain acceptable signal to noise smaller grains are required; smaller grains may self - reverse (electrothermal instability) unless their magnetic strength is increased, but known write head materials are unable to generate a magnetic field sufficient to write the medium. Several new magnetic storage technologies are being developed to overcome or at least abate this trilemma and thereby maintain the competitiveness of HDDs with respect to products such as flash memory - based solid - state drives (SSDs).
In 2013, Seagate introduced one such technology, shingled magnetic recording (SMR). Additionally, SMR comes with design complexities that may cause reduced write performance. Other new recording technologies that, as of 2016, still remain under development include heat - assisted magnetic recording (HAMR), microwave - assisted magnetic recording (MAMR), two - dimensional magnetic recording (TDMR), bit - patterned recording (BPR), and "current perpendicular to plane '' giant magnetoresistance (CPP / GMR) heads.
The rate of areal density growth has dropped below the historical Moore 's law rate of 40 % per year, and the deceleration is expected to persist through at least 2020. Depending upon assumptions on feasibility and timing of these technologies, the median forecast by industry observers and analysts for 2020 and beyond for areal density growth is 20 % per year with a range of 10 -- 30 %. The achievable limit for the HAMR technology in combination with BPR and SMR may be 10 Tbit / in, which would be 20 times higher than the 500 Gbit / in represented by 2013 production desktop HDDs. As of 2015, HAMR HDDs have been delayed several years, and are expected in 2018. They require a different architecture, with redesigned media and read / write heads, new lasers, and new near - field optical transducers.
The capacity of a hard disk drive, as reported by an operating system to the end user, is smaller than the amount stated by the manufacturer, which has several reasons: the operating system using some space, use of some space for data redundancy, and space use for file system structures. The difference in capacity reported in SI decimal prefixed units vs. binary prefixes can lead to a false impression of missing capacity.
Modern hard disk drives appear to their host controller as a contiguous set of logical blocks, and the gross drive capacity is calculated by multiplying the number of blocks by the block size. This information is available from the manufacturer 's product specification, and from the drive itself through use of operating system functions that invoke low - level drive commands.
The gross capacity of older HDDs is calculated as the product of the number of cylinders per recording zone, the number of bytes per sector (most commonly 512), and the count of zones of the drive. Some modern SATA drives also report cylinder - head - sector (CHS) capacities, but these are not physical parameters because the reported values are constrained by historic operating system interfaces. The C / H / S scheme has been replaced by logical block addressing (LBA), a simple linear addressing scheme that locates blocks by an integer index, which starts at LBA 0 for the first block and increments thereafter. When using the C / H / S method to describe modern large drives, the number of heads is often set to 64, although a typical hard disk drive, as of 2013, has between one and four platters.
In modern HDDs, spare capacity for defect management is not included in the published capacity; however, in many early HDDs a certain number of sectors were reserved as spares, thereby reducing the capacity available to the operating system.
For RAID subsystems, data integrity and fault - tolerance requirements also reduce the realized capacity. For example, a RAID 1 array has about half the total capacity as a result of data mirroring, while a RAID 5 array with x drives loses 1 / x of capacity (which equals to the capacity of a single drive) due to storing parity information. RAID subsystems are multiple drives that appear to be one drive or more drives to the user, but provide fault tolerance. Most RAID vendors use checksums to improve data integrity at the block level. Some vendors design systems using HDDs with sectors of 520 bytes to contain 512 bytes of user data and eight checksum bytes, or by using separate 512 - byte sectors for the checksum data.
Some systems may use hidden partitions for system recovery, reducing the capacity available to the end user.
Data is stored on a hard drive in a series of logical blocks. Each block is delimited by markers identifying its start and end, error detecting and correcting information, and space between blocks to allow for minor timing variations. These blocks often contained 512 bytes of usable data, but other sizes have been used. As drive density increased, an initiative known as Advanced Format extended the block size to 4096 bytes of usable data, with a resulting significant reduction in the amount of disk space used for block headers, error checking data, and spacing.
The process of initializing these logical blocks on the physical disk platters is called low - level formatting, which is usually performed at the factory and is not normally changed in the field. High - level formatting writes data structures used by the operating system to organize data files on the disk. This includes writing partition and file system structures into selected logical blocks. For example, some of the disk space will be used to hold a directory of disk file names and a list of logical blocks associated with a particular file.
Examples of partition mapping scheme include Master boot record (MBR) and GUID Partition Table (GPT). Examples of data structures stored on disk to retrieve files include the File Allocation Table (FAT) in the DOS file system and inodes in many UNIX file systems, as well as other operating system data structures (also known as metadata). As a consequence, not all the space on an HDD is available for user files, but this system overhead is usually small compared with user data.
The total capacity of HDDs is given by manufacturers using SI decimal prefixes such as gigabytes (1 GB = 1,000,000,000 bytes) and terabytes (1 TB = 1,000,000,000,000 bytes). This practice dates back to the early days of computing; by the 1970s, "million '', "mega '' and "M '' were consistently used in the decimal sense for drive capacity. However, capacities of memory are quoted using a binary interpretation of the prefixes, i.e. using powers of 1024 instead of 1000.
Software reports hard disk drive or memory capacity in different forms using either decimal or binary prefixes. The Microsoft Windows family of operating systems uses the binary convention when reporting storage capacity, so an HDD offered by its manufacturer as a 1 TB drive is reported by these operating systems as a 931 GB HDD. Mac OS X 10.6 ("Snow Leopard '') uses decimal convention when reporting HDD capacity. The default behavior of the df command - line utility on Linux is to report the HDD capacity as a number of 1024 - byte units.
The difference between the decimal and binary prefix interpretation caused some consumer confusion and led to class action suits against HDD manufacturers. The plaintiffs argued that the use of decimal prefixes effectively misled consumers while the defendants denied any wrongdoing or liability, asserting that their marketing and advertising complied in all respects with the law and that no class member sustained any damages or injuries.
HDD price per byte improved at the rate of − 40 % per year during 1988 -- 1996, − 51 % per year during 1996 -- 2003, and − 34 % per year during 2003 -- 2010. The price improvement decelerated to − 13 % per year during 2011 -- 2014, as areal density increase slowed and the 2011 Thailand floods damaged manufacturing facilities.
7, 9.5, 12.5, 15 or 19
IBM 's first hard drive, the IBM 350, used a stack of fifty 24 - inch platters and was of a size comparable to two large refrigerators. In 1962, IBM introduced its model 1311 disk, which used six 14 - inch (nominal size) platters in a removable pack and was roughly the size of a washing machine. This became a standard platter size and drive form - factor for many years, used also by other manufacturers. The IBM 2314 used platters of the same size in an eleven - high pack and introduced the "drive in a drawer '' layout, although the "drawer '' was not the complete drive.
Later drives were designed to fit entirely into a chassis that would mount in a 19 - inch rack. Digital 's RK05 and RL01 were early examples using single 14 - inch platters in removable packs, the entire drive fitting in a 10.5 - inch - high rack space (six rack units). In the mid-to - late 1980s the similarly sized Fujitsu Eagle, which used (coincidentally) 10.5 - inch platters, was a popular product.
Such large platters were never used with microprocessor - based systems. With increasing sales of microcomputers having built in floppy - disk drives (FDDs), HDDs that would fit to the FDD mountings became desirable. Thus HDD Form factors, initially followed those of 8 - inch, 5.25 - inch, and 3.5 - inch floppy disk drives. Because there were no smaller floppy disk drives, smaller HDD form factors developed from product offerings or industry standards.
As of 2012, 2.5 - inch and 3.5 - inch hard disks were the most popular sizes.
By 2009, all manufacturers had discontinued the development of new products for the 1.3 - inch, 1 - inch and 0.85 - inch form factors due to falling prices of flash memory, which has no moving parts.
While these sizes are customarily described by an approximately correct figure in inches, actual sizes have long been specified in millimeters.
The factors that limit the time to access the data on an HDD are mostly related to the mechanical nature of the rotating disks and moving heads. Seek time is a measure of how long it takes the head assembly to travel to the track of the disk that contains data. Rotational latency is incurred because the desired disk sector may not be directly under the head when data transfer is requested. These two delays are on the order of milliseconds each. The bit rate or data transfer rate (once the head is in the right position) creates delay which is a function of the number of blocks transferred; typically relatively small, but can be quite long with the transfer of large contiguous files. Delay may also occur if the drive disks are stopped to save energy.
An HDD 's Average Access Time is its average seek time which technically is the time to do all possible seeks divided by the number of all possible seeks, but in practice is determined by statistical methods or simply approximated as the time of a seek over one - third of the number of tracks.
Defragmentation is a procedure used to minimize delay in retrieving data by moving related items to physically proximate areas on the disk. Some computer operating systems perform defragmentation automatically. Although automatic defragmentation is intended to reduce access delays, performance will be temporarily reduced while the procedure is in progress.
Time to access data can be improved by increasing rotational speed (thus reducing latency) or by reducing the time spent seeking. Increasing areal density increases throughput by increasing data rate and by increasing the amount of data under a set of heads, thereby potentially reducing seek activity for a given amount of data. The time to access data has not kept up with throughput increases, which themselves have not kept up with growth in bit density and storage capacity.
Average seek time ranges from under 4 ms for high - end server drives to 15 ms for mobile drives, with the most common mobile drives at about 12 ms and the most common desktop type typically being around 9 ms. The first HDD had an average seek time of about 600 ms; by the middle of 1970s, HDDs were available with seek times of about 25 ms. Some early PC drives used a stepper motor to move the heads, and as a result had seek times as slow as 80 -- 120 ms, but this was quickly improved by voice coil type actuation in the 1980s, reducing seek times to around 20 ms. Seek time has continued to improve slowly over time.
Some desktop and laptop computer systems allow the user to make a tradeoff between seek performance and drive noise. Faster seek rates typically require more energy usage to quickly move the heads across the platter, causing louder noises from the pivot bearing and greater device vibrations as the heads are rapidly accelerated during the start of the seek motion and decelerated at the end of the seek motion. Quiet operation reduces movement speed and acceleration rates, but at a cost of reduced seek performance.
Latency is the delay for the rotation of the disk to bring the required disk sector under the read - write mechanism. It depends on rotational speed of a disk, measured in revolutions per minute (rpm). Average rotational latency is shown in the table on the right, based on the statistical relation that the average latency in milliseconds for such a drive is one - half the rotational period. Average latency (in milliseconds) is computed as 30,000 divided by rotational speed (in rpm).
As of 2010, a typical 7,200 - rpm desktop HDD has a sustained "disk - to - buffer '' data transfer rate up to 1,030 Mbit / s. This rate depends on the track location; the rate is higher for data on the outer tracks (where there are more data sectors per rotation) and lower toward the inner tracks (where there are fewer data sectors per rotation); and is generally somewhat higher for 10,000 - rpm drives. A current widely used standard for the "buffer - to - computer '' interface is 3.0 Gbit / s SATA, which can send about 300 megabyte / s (10 - bit encoding) from the buffer to the computer, and thus is still comfortably ahead of today 's disk - to - buffer transfer rates. Data transfer rate (read / write) can be measured by writing a large file to disk using special file generator tools, then reading back the file. Transfer rate can be influenced by file system fragmentation and the layout of the files.
HDD data transfer rate depends upon the rotational speed of the platters and the data recording density. Because heat and vibration limit rotational speed, advancing density becomes the main method to improve sequential transfer rates. Higher speeds require a more powerful spindle motor, which creates more heat. While areal density advances by increasing both the number of tracks across the disk and the number of sectors per track, only the latter increases the data transfer rate for a given rpm. Since data transfer rate performance tracks only one of the two components of areal density, its performance improves at a lower rate.
Other performance considerations include quality - adjusted price, power consumption, audible noise, and both operating and non-operating shock resistance.
The Federal Reserve Board has a quality - adjusted price index for large - scale enterprise storage systems including three or more enterprise HDDs and associated controllers, racks and cables. Prices for these large - scale storage systems improved at the rate of ‒ 30 % per year during 2004 -- 2009 and ‒ 22 % per year during 2009 -- 2014.
HDDs are accessed over one of a number of bus types, including as of 2011 parallel ATA (PATA, also called IDE or EIDE; described before the introduction of SATA as ATA), Serial ATA (SATA), SCSI, Serial Attached SCSI (SAS), and Fibre Channel. Bridge circuitry is sometimes used to connect HDDs to buses with which they can not communicate natively, such as IEEE 1394, USB and SCSI.
Modern HDDs present a consistent interface to the rest of the computer, no matter what data encoding scheme is used internally. Typically a DSP in the electronics inside the HDD takes the raw analog voltages from the read head and uses PRML and Reed -- Solomon error correction to decode the sector boundaries and sector data, then sends that data out the standard interface. That DSP also watches the error rate detected by error detection and correction, and performs bad sector remapping, data collection for Self - Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology, and other internal tasks.
Modern interfaces connect an HDD to a host bus interface adapter (today typically integrated into the "south bridge '') with one data / control cable. Each drive also has an additional power cable, usually direct to the power supply unit.
Due to the extremely close spacing between the heads and the disk surface, HDDs are vulnerable to being damaged by a head crash -- a failure of the disk in which the head scrapes across the platter surface, often grinding away the thin magnetic film and causing data loss. Head crashes can be caused by electronic failure, a sudden power failure, physical shock, contamination of the drive 's internal enclosure, wear and tear, corrosion, or poorly manufactured platters and heads.
The HDD 's spindle system relies on air density inside the disk enclosure to support the heads at their proper flying height while the disk rotates. HDDs require a certain range of air densities in order to operate properly. The connection to the external environment and density occurs through a small hole in the enclosure (about 0.5 mm in breadth), usually with a filter on the inside (the breather filter). If the air density is too low, then there is not enough lift for the flying head, so the head gets too close to the disk, and there is a risk of head crashes and data loss. Specially manufactured sealed and pressurized disks are needed for reliable high - altitude operation, above about 3,000 m (9,800 ft). Modern disks include temperature sensors and adjust their operation to the operating environment. Breather holes can be seen on all disk drives -- they usually have a sticker next to them, warning the user not to cover the holes. The air inside the operating drive is constantly moving too, being swept in motion by friction with the spinning platters. This air passes through an internal recirculation (or "recirc '') filter to remove any leftover contaminants from manufacture, any particles or chemicals that may have somehow entered the enclosure, and any particles or outgassing generated internally in normal operation. Very high humidity present for extended periods of time can corrode the heads and platters.
For giant magnetoresistive (GMR) heads in particular, a minor head crash from contamination (that does not remove the magnetic surface of the disk) still results in the head temporarily overheating, due to friction with the disk surface, and can render the data unreadable for a short period until the head temperature stabilizes (so called "thermal asperity '', a problem which can partially be dealt with by proper electronic filtering of the read signal).
When the logic board of a hard disk fails, the drive can often be restored to functioning order and the data recovered by replacing the circuit board with one of an identical hard disk. In the case of read - write head faults, they can be replaced using specialized tools in a dust - free environment. If the disk platters are undamaged, they can be transferred into an identical enclosure and the data can be copied or cloned onto a new drive. In the event of disk - platter failures, disassembly and imaging of the disk platters may be required. For logical damage to file systems, a variety of tools, including fsck on UNIX - like systems and CHKDSK on Windows, can be used for data recovery. Recovery from logical damage can require file carving.
A common expectation is that hard disk drives designed and marketed for server use will fail less frequently than consumer - grade drives usually used in desktop computers. However, two independent studies by Carnegie Mellon University and Google found that the "grade '' of a drive does not relate to the drive 's failure rate.
A 2011 summary of research, into SSD and magnetic disk failure patterns by Tom 's Hardware summarized research findings as follows:
More than 200 companies have manufactured HDDs over time. But consolidations have concentrated production into just three manufacturers today: Western Digital, Seagate, and Toshiba.
Worldwide revenue for disk storage declined 4 % per year, from a peak of $38 billion in 2012 to $27 billion in 2016. Production of HDDs grew 16 % per year, from 335 exabytes in 2011 to 693 exabytes in 2016. Shipments declined 7 % per year during this time period, from 620 million units to 425 million. Seagate and Western Digital each have 40 -- 45 % of unit shipments, while Toshiba has 13 -- 17 %. The average sales price for the two largest manufacturers was $60 per unit in 2015.
The maximum areal storage density for flash memory used in solid state drives (SSDs) is 2.8 Tbit / in in laboratory demonstrations as of 2016, and the maximum for HDDs is 1.5 Tbit / in. The areal density of flash memory is doubling every two years, similar to Moore 's law (40 % per year) and faster than the 10 -- 20 % per year for HDDs. As of 2016, maximum capacity was 10 terabytes for an HDD, and 15 terabytes for an SSD. HDDs were used in 70 % of the desktop and notebook computers produced in 2016, and SSDs were used in 30 %. The usage share of HDDs is declining and could drop below 50 % in 2018 -- 2019 according to one forecast, because SSDs are replacing smaller - capacity (less than one - terabyte) HDDs in desktop and notebook computers and MP3 players.
The market for silicon - based flash memory (NAND) chips, used in SSDs and other applications, is growing rapidly. Worldwide revenue grew 12 % per year during 2011 -- 2016. It rose from $22 billion in 2011 to $39 billion in 2016, while production grew 46 % per year from 19 exabytes to 120 exabytes.
External hard disk drives typically connect via USB; variants using USB 2.0 interface generally have slower data transfer rates when compared to internally mounted hard drives connected through SATA. Plug and play drive functionality offers system compatibility and features large storage options and portable design. As of March 2015, available capacities for external hard disk drives ranged from 500 GB to 10 TB.
External hard disk drives are usually available as pre-assembled integrated products, but may be also assembled by combining an external enclosure (with USB or other interface) with a separately purchased drive. They are available in 2.5 - inch and 3.5 - inch sizes; 2.5 - inch variants are typically called portable external drives, while 3.5 - inch variants are referred to as desktop external drives. "Portable '' drives are packaged in smaller and lighter enclosures than the "desktop '' drives; additionally, "portable '' drives use power provided by the USB connection, while "desktop '' drives require external power bricks.
Features such as biometric security or multiple interfaces (for example, Firewire) are available at a higher cost. There are pre-assembled external hard disk drives that, when taken out from their enclosures, can not be used internally in a laptop or desktop computer due to embedded USB interface on their printed circuit boards, and lack of SATA (or Parallel ATA) interfaces.
In GUIs, hard disk drives are commonly symbolized with a drive icon
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what happened to sam and dean's dad | John Winchester (Supernatural) - wikipedia
John Eric Winchester is a fictional character on The CW 's series Supernatural, and the protagonist of the comic book spin - off series Supernatural: Origins. Developed by series creator Eric Kripke, the character is mainly portrayed by Jeffrey Dean Morgan. John is the father of Sam and Dean Winchester, the show 's protagonists.
Seeking revenge after his wife Mary was killed by the demon Azazel, John Winchester became a hunter and raised his two sons to fight the supernatural. John disappears early in Supernatural, and the first season revolves primarily around Sam and Dean trying to find him. Morgan was also filming episodes of Grey 's Anatomy while the first season of Supernatural was under production, and future appearances of the character were hindered by his busy schedule. While Morgan 's portrayal has been praised, fans and critics were generally frustrated at the character for keeping so many secrets.
The father of series protagonists Sam and Dean Winchester, John Winchester first appears in the pilot episode of the series, but plot devices such as flashbacks and time travel detail his background in later seasons. Apparently abandoned by his father at a young age -- his father actually died while serving a secret order known as the Men of Letters -- John Winchester grew up hating the man. John left high school to join the Marine Corps, eventually attaining the rank of corporal and receiving many medals for his service in Vietnam. After leaving the service, he found a job as a mechanic, and fell in love with Mary Campbell.
In the fourth season episode "In the Beginning, '' Dean is sent back through time by the angel Castiel. Dean meets his parents ' former selves, and ends up convincing John to buy the 67 Chevy Impala that he eventually inherits. Dean later watches John being killed by Azazel, though the demon then resurrects him in exchange for Mary 's permission to enter her house in ten years. When the angel Anna Milton travels back in time in the fifth season episode "The Song Remains the Same '' to prevent the births of Sam and Dean, John agrees to serve as a temporary vessel for the archangel Michael to stop her. Michael subsequently kills Anna and erases John and Mary 's memories of the incident.
Azazel later uses his pact with Mary to enter their home in the pilot episode, and ultimately kills her. The second season episode "All Hell Breaks Loose, Part One '' reveals that she had witnessed the demon secretly feeding his blood to Sam. John investigated the incident and learned of the existence of the supernatural. His desire to find and kill Azazel led him to become a hunter of supernatural creatures. He took his sons with him during his travels, but often left them alone in motels for long periods of time during his hunts, leaving Dean with instructions to "shoot first and ask questions later '' while watching over Sam.
As revealed in the fourth season episode "Jump the Shark, '' John slept with a woman he met while away on a hunt. Learning over a decade later that he had fathered her son Adam, John made occasional visits over the years to partake in father - son activities with him. He hid the truth from Adam to protect him, and never revealed to him the existence of Sam and Dean, nor vice versa. Meanwhile, John trained Sam and Dean to become hunters. However, Sam later left this life to start anew in college, leading to a fallout between John and his son.
Twenty - two years after Mary 's death, John disappears while on a hunt, forcing Sam and Dean to reunite in an unsuccessful attempt to find him. Sam returns to the life of a hunter after Azazel kills his girlfriend. John reluctantly chooses to avoid his sons throughout most of the season while he investigates something, eventually reuniting with them in the episode "Shadow. '' However, the demonic Meg Masters attacks them and reveals that Azazel is after John. After escaping from Meg, the brothers split up from their father to keep him from the demons. When vampires murder his old mentor and steal the Colt -- a mystical gun capable of killing anything -- John teams up with Sam and Dean in "Dead Man 's Blood '' to retrieve it. Because demons can not be killed by conventional means, they hope that the Colt will be effective against Azazel. In response, Meg begins killing the Winchesters ' friends in "Salvation, '' and threatens to kill more unless they deliver the Colt. John is captured after trying to give her a fake gun, and reveals himself to be possessed by Azazel when the brothers come to his rescue in the first season finale "Devil 's Trap. '' However, he manages to resist the demon 's control. Despite John 's pleas for Sam to shoot him with the Colt, Sam can not bring himself to do so and allows Azazel to escape. As the Winchesters flee in Dean 's Impala, a demonically - possessed trucker crashes into them.
In the second season premiere, "In My Time of Dying, '' Sam and John awake in the hospital with only minor injuries, but a dying Dean is comatose. John secretly summons Azazel, and seems to know what the demon 's plans are. He then makes a deal to save Dean, giving up his life, soul, and the Colt. Before dying, John instructs Dean to kill Sam should he become evil. The fourth season episode "On the Head of a Pin '' reveals that the demon Alastair tortured John in Hell for over a century, with John refusing the demon 's offer to stop if he himself would torture someone else. His soul escapes from Hell in the second season finale "All Hell Breaks Loose, Part 2 '' when a gateway to Hell is opened. He saves Dean from Azazel, and distracts the demon by temporarily forcing him out of his host, long enough for Dean to kill Azazel with the Colt when he returns to his usual body. John then gives Sam and Dean a loving smile before becoming engulfed in a white light. However, the fifth season episode "Dark Side of the Moon '' suggests that he might not be in Heaven.
Actor Jeffrey Dean Morgan deemed John a "tormented soul, '' motivated by an "equal combination of revenge and protecting his sons. '' Following the death of their mother, Sam and Dean became secondary to John 's quest of killing the demon responsible, although Morgan believed that this aspect changed once John began spending more time with them again. Though he thought that John was not the world 's best dad and "definitely made a lot of mistakes, '' the actor noted that "he did things, even when they were wrong, for the good of his sons. '' John Kubicek of BuddyTV felt that this reasoning extended to John 's decision to hide the truth from Adam to protect him. Kubicek also suggested that John became involved in Adam 's life to achieve "some level of normalcy '' as a father, an opportunity he had previously lost following the death of Sam and Dean 's mother. Overall, Morgan felt that John "loved those kids more than he loved his own life, '' with the character 's demonic pact with Azazel serving as "his way of finding redemption. ''
Regarding his portrayal of the character, Morgan commented, "I played him with extra angst. I think what was on the page, what I foresaw -- not knowing where it was going, because no one would ever tell me anything -- there was always a lot more going on in his head than he was going to show anybody, including his sons. Because, indeed, there was a lot more going on. '' Kripke later confirmed this, stating, "It 's our view that John knew everything the producers of the show know. John knew stuff we 're not even ready to reveal, that wo n't come out for a couple of seasons. He was an awesome hunter, and by the time he showed up in ' Dead Man 's Blood ', he knew it all. ''
In writing the pilot episode, series creator Eric Kripke made several dramatic revisions to John 's storyline. The first draft of the script had Sam and Dean being raised by their aunt and uncle, though this was changed when Kripke realized that the backstory became much less complicated by having John raise them on the road. Another revision had John dying at the end of the episode instead of Sam 's girlfriend Jessica. Though he survives in the final version of the pilot, the writers decided halfway through production of the first season that John did have to die, as they believed his separation from his sons "split the show '' by having him away "doing more interesting things than the boys are doing. '' Kripke also felt that John kept Sam and Dean away from the "front lines '', his death being required to allow the brothers to "explore, investigate and confront the yellow - eyed demon directly. '' The writers initially intended for John to die in the car accident in "Devil 's Trap, '' but they ultimately postponed his death to prevent the finale from becoming too dark. Following the character 's eventual escape from Hell, executive producer Ben Edlund stated that even the writers are unsure of where John 's soul ended up.
Evil Dead - actor Bruce Campbell was Kripke 's first choice to portray the character. However, Campbell was unavailable, and Jeffrey Dean Morgan eventually received the role. Due to the fact that Morgan 's scene in the pilot episode takes place 22 years before the series, Morgan expected to be replaced by an older actor for subsequent episodes. Being only 12 years older than Jensen Ackles, who portrays the eldest son Dean, Morgan was surprised when he was asked to reprise the role. Ackles and Jared Padalecki often teased him about the age difference during filming. Throughout the season, Morgan became frustrated at times due to his character 's avoidance of his sons, stating, "It pissed off everybody, it pissed off us as actors, it pissed off the audience watching, because none of us really knew where we were gon na go. '' However, he reasoned that John 's motivation for his actions was due to having knowledge that nobody else had.
During production of Supernatural 's first season, Morgan was also working on the shows Weeds and Grey 's Anatomy, so he was often traveling back and forth between Los Angeles and Vancouver. This interfered at times with Morgan 's acting, as he had trouble getting "Winchester - y enough '' after portraying the nice character of Denny Duquette on Grey 's Anatomy. Morgan commented, "I was stuck in Denny - land, where I was being too nice. Winchester 's harder to find. Denny 's more me. He 's an intense guy, John is. And Denny, for a guy who 's having trouble living, he 's just a charming dude. '' Morgan was at first reluctant to return for Supernatural 's second season due to his role on Grey 's Anatomy. Although he lent his voice for the third season episode "Long - Distance Call, '' future appearances of Morgan as the character after the second season have been hindered due to the actor 's busy schedule. Nevertheless, both Kripke and writer Sera Gamble have stated that they "would love to have him back. '' The scheduling conflict has continued into the sixth season of Supernatural, with executive producer Robert Singer revealing that the writers had considered bringing the character back in the alternate reality episode "My Heart Will Go On '' instead of Ellen Harvelle, but due to concerns that they would not be able to secure Morgan 's return, they ultimately chose Ellen for the deceased character they would have (temporarily) return in the episode. During the production of the fifth season, Morgan had an interview with MovieWeb in which he stated that no one from the show had contacted him about making another appearance, and expressed the desire to return for at least one more episode in what was then - believed to be the show 's final season, as he had enjoying working with on - screen sons Jensen Ackles and Jared Padalecki and he felt that John 's storyline had ended too soon.
While critics praised Morgan for his performance in the role, their reaction to the character has generally been mixed. Don Williams of BuddyTV felt that John is a "rather divisive character '', with some fans not understanding John 's motivation for keeping his sons in the dark. However, Williams himself found the character to be "completely fascinating ''. He chose "In My Time of Dying '' as the second best episode of the series, mainly because of John 's contributions, stating, "Even if you 're not a huge fan of Poppa Winchester, I think it 's impossible not to be moved by the final ten minutes of this episode... John 's final speech to Dean, where he finally tells his son that he 's proud of him, is one hell of a tear - jerker, and both Jeffrey Dean Morgan and Jensen Ackles knock that scene out of the park. '' Williams praised Matt Cohen 's performance of a younger version of the character in the time - travel episode "In the Beginning '', believing that he "did an excellent job at portraying a more innocent John Winchester than we 've ever seen before ''.
Diana Steenbergen of IGN also criticized John for his lack of explanation, feeling that "it is not exactly easy to watch John treat Dean and Sam so dismissively, especially after they have been nearly killing themselves all season to find him ''. However, Steenbergen praised Morgan for his acting, writing, "Even though he is used sparingly throughout the series, Jeffrey Dean Morgan is always effective as John. '' She also felt that he brought "emotional weight '' to the character, allowing the audience to "feel John 's weariness, and his resignation that things will most likely not go well ''. While Brian Tallerico of UGO enjoyed Morgan 's performance, he was happy that the character was killed off because John 's presence made Sam and Dean into "followers '' that were "merely existing in the wake of their father ''. With their father gone, the brothers are no longer prevented from "heading up the battle with the other side ''.
Nicholas Knight (2007). Supernatural: The Official Companion Season 1. Titan Books. ISBN 1 - 84576 - 535 - 4.
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when is shameless season 8 episode 8 coming out | Shameless (Season 8) - wikipedia
The eighth season of Shameless, an American comedy - drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, was announced on December 19, 2016, a day after the seventh season finale. The season, which premiered on November 5, 2017, will consist of a total of 12 episodes.
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where is the ovaries located in the human body | Ovary - wikipedia
The ovary is an organ found in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum. When released, this travels down the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it may become fertilised by a sperm. There is an ovary (from Latin ovarium, meaning ' egg, nut ') found on the left and right sides of the body. The ovaries also secrete hormones that play a role in the menstrual cycle and fertility. The ovary progresses through many stages beginning in the prenatal period through menopause. It is also an endocrine gland because of the various hormones that it secretes.
The ovaries are considered the female gonads. Each ovary is whitish in color and located alongside the lateral wall of the uterus in a region called the ovarian fossa. The ovarian fossa is the region that is bounded by the external iliac artery and in front of the ureter and the internal iliac artery. This area is about 4 cm x 3 cm x 2 cm in size. The ovaries are surrounded by a capsule, and have an outer cortex and an inner medulla.
Usually, ovulation occurs in one of the two ovaries releasing an egg each menstrual cycle; however, if there was a case where one ovary was absent or dysfunctional then the other ovary would continue providing eggs to be released without any changes in cycle length or frequency.
The side of the ovary closest to the fallopian tube is connected to it by infundibulopelvic ligament, and the other side points downwards attached to the uterus via the ovarian ligament.
Other structures and tissues of the ovaries include the hilum.
The ovaries lie within the pelvic cavity, on either side of the uterus, to which they are attached via a fibrous cord called the ovarian ligament. The ovaries are uncovered in the peritoneal cavity but are tethered to the body wall via the suspensory ligament of the ovary which is a posterior extension of the broad ligament of the uterus. The part of the broad ligament of the uterus that covers the ovary is known as the mesovarium.
The surface of the ovaries is covered with membrane consisting of a lining of simple cuboidal - to - columnar shaped mesothelium.
The outermost layer is called the germinal epithelium.
The outer layer is the ovarian cortex, consisting of ovarian follicles and stroma in between them. Included in the follicles are the cumulus oophorus, membrana granulosa (and the granulosa cells inside it), corona radiata, zona pellucida, and primary oocyte. Theca of follicle, antrum and liquor folliculi are also contained in the follicle. Also in the cortex is the corpus luteum derived from the follicles. The innermost layer is the ovarian medulla. It can be hard to distinguish between the cortex and medulla, but follicles are usually not found in the medulla.
Follicular cells flat epithelial cells that originate from surface epithelium covering the ovary, are surrounded by Granulosa cells - that have changed from flat to cuboidal and proliferated to produce a stratified epithelium
Other
The ovary also contains blood vessels and lymphatics.
At puberty, the ovary begins to secrete increasing levels of hormones. Secondary sex characteristics begin to develop in response to the hormones. The ability to produce eggs and reproduce develops. The ovary changes structure and function beginning at puberty.
The ovaries are the site of production and periodical release of egg cells, the female gametes. In the ovaries, the developing egg cells (or oocytes) mature in the fluid - filled follicles. Typically, only one oocyte develops at a time, but others can also mature simultaneously. Follicles are composed of different types and number of cells according to the stage of their maturation, and their size is indicative of the stage of oocyte development.
When the oocyte finishes its maturation in the ovary, a surge of luteinizing hormone secreted by the pituitary gland stimulates the release of the oocyte through the rupture of the follicle, a process called ovulation. The follicle remains functional and reorganizes into a corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone in order to prepare the uterus for an eventual implantation of the embryo.
At maturity, ovaries secrete estrogen, testosterone, inhibin, and progesterone. In women, fifty percent of testosterone is produced by the ovaries and adrenal glands and released directly into the blood stream. Estrogen is responsible for the appearance of secondary sex characteristics for females at puberty and for the maturation and maintenance of the reproductive organs in their mature functional state. Progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy, and the mammary glands for lactation. Progesterone functions with estrogen by promoting menstrual cycle changes in the endometrium.
As women age, they experience a decline in reproductive performance leading to menopause. This decline is tied to a decline in the number of ovarian follicles. Although about 1 million oocytes are present at birth in the human ovary, only about 500 (about 0.05 %) of these ovulate, and the rest are wasted. The decline in ovarian reserve appears to occur at a constantly increasing rate with age, and leads to nearly complete exhaustion of the reserve by about age 52. As ovarian reserve and fertility decline with age, there is also a parallel increase in pregnancy failure and meiotic errors resulting in chromosomally abnormal conceptions.
Women with an inherited mutation in the DNA repair gene BRCA1 undergo menopause prematurely, suggesting that naturally occurring DNA damages in oocytes are repaired less efficiently in these women, and this inefficiency leads to early reproductive failure. The BRCA1 protein plays a key role in a type of DNA repair termed homologous recombinational repair that is the only known cellular process that can accurately repair DNA double - strand breaks. Titus et al. showed that DNA double - strand breaks accumulate with age in humans and mice in primordial follicles. Primordial follicles contain oocytes that are at an intermediate (prophase I) stage of meiosis. Meiosis is the general process in eukaryotic organisms by which germ cells are formed, and it is likely an adaptation for removing DNA damages, especially double - strand breaks, from germ line DNA. (see Meiosis and Origin and function of meiosis). Homologous recombinational repair is especially promoted during meiosis. Titus et al. also found that expression of 4 key genes necessary for homologous recombinational repair of DNA double - strand breaks (BRCA1, MRE11, RAD51 and ATM) decline with age in the oocytes of humans and mice. They hypothesized that DNA double - strand break repair is vital for the maintenance of oocyte reserve and that a decline in efficiency of repair with age plays a key role in ovarian aging.
Ovarian diseases can be classified as endocrine disorders or as a disorders of the reproductive system.
If the egg fails to release from the follicle in the ovary an ovarian cyst may form. Small ovarian cysts are common in healthy women. Some women have more follicles than usual (polycystic ovary syndrome), which inhibits the follicles to grow normally and this will cause cycle irregularities.
Cryopreservation of ovarian tissue, often called ovarian tissue cryopreservation, is of interest to women who want to preserve their reproductive function beyond the natural limit, or whose reproductive potential is threatened by cancer therapy, for example in hematologic malignancies or breast cancer. The procedure is to take a part of the ovary and carry out slow freezing before storing it in liquid nitrogen whilst therapy is undertaken. Tissue can then be thawed and implanted near the fallopian, either orthotopic (on the natural location) or heterotopic (on the abdominal wall), where it starts to produce new eggs, allowing normal conception to take place. A study of 60 procedures concluded that ovarian tissue harvesting appears to be safe. The ovarian tissue may also be transplanted into mice that are immunocompromised (SCID mice) to avoid graft rejection, and tissue can be harvested later when mature follicles have developed.
Birds have only one functional ovary (the left), while the other remains vestigial. Ovaries in females are analogous to testes in males, in that they are both gonads and endocrine glands. Ovaries of some kind are found in the female reproductive system of many animals that employ sexual reproduction, including invertebrates. However, they develop in a very different way in most invertebrates than they do in vertebrates, and are not truly homologous.
Many of the features found in human ovaries are common to all vertebrates, including the presence of follicular cells, tunica albuginea, and so on. However, many species produce a far greater number of eggs during their lifetime than do humans, so that, in fish and amphibians, there may be hundreds, or even millions of fertile eggs present in the ovary at any given time. In these species, fresh eggs may be developing from the germinal epithelium throughout life. Corpora lutea are found only in mammals, and in some elasmobranch fish; in other species, the remnants of the follicle are quickly resorbed by the ovary. In birds, reptiles, and monotremes, the egg is relatively large, filling the follicle, and distorting the shape of the ovary at maturity.
Amphibians and reptiles have no ovarian medulla; the central part of the ovary is a hollow, lymph - filled space.
The ovary of teleosts is also often hollow, but in this case, the eggs are shed into the cavity, which opens into the oviduct. Certain nematodes of the genus Philometra are parasitic in the ovary of marine fishes and can be spectacular, with females as long as 40 cm, coiled in the ovary of a fish half this length. Although most normal female vertebrates have two ovaries, this is not the case in all species. In most birds and in platypuses, the right ovary never matures, so that only the left is functional. (Exceptions include the kiwi and some, but not all raptors, in which both ovaries persist.) In some elasmobranchs, only the right ovary develops fully. In the primitive jawless fish, and some teleosts, there is only one ovary, formed by the fusion of the paired organs in the embryo.
Left Ovary
Ovaries
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step up 2 break up full movie release date | Step Up 2: the Streets - wikipedia
Step Up 2: The Streets is a 2008 American dance film. It is the sequel to the 2006 film Step Up from Touchstone Pictures. The film was directed by Jon M. Chu and choreographed by Jamal Sims, Nadine "Hi Hat '' Ruffin and Dave Scott. Patrick Wachsberger and Erik Feig of Summit Entertainment produced with Adam Shankman and Jennifer Gibgot of Offspring Entertainment.
Set at the Maryland School of the Arts, the story revolves around rebellious street dancer Andie West (Briana Evigan) who lands at the elite school and finds herself fighting to fit in while also trying to hold onto her old life. She eventually joins forces with the school 's hottest dancer Chase Collins (Robert Hoffman) to form a crew of classmate outcasts to compete in Baltimore 's underground dance battle The Streets, finding a way to live her dream while building a bridge between her two separate worlds. The film was followed by Step Up 3D, released in 2010.
In Baltimore, Maryland, Andrea "Andie '' West (Briana Evigan) pursues her dream of becoming a street dancer. After her mother died from cancer, Andie moved in with her mother 's best friend, Sarah (Sonja Sohn). Deep down Andie feels like she does not belong anywhere. Although she is doing poorly at school, it is her dream for dancing that brings something special into her life. She trains with her dance crew, 410 to keep the title of the illegal competition, "The Streets ''. Sarah is aware of the crime and harassment by 410 and out of fear that Andie will get hurt, she decides to send her to live with her aunt in Texas in an effort to protect Andie, but Andie refuses to go and runs away.
Tyler Gage (Channing Tatum) who is like a big brother to Andie sees her at a local dance club, The Dragon. When Andie tells him about Sarah 's plans to send her to Texas to live with her aunt Tyler explains that Sarah 's trying to keep Andie safe. He tries to persuade Andie to audition for the Maryland School of the Arts, where Andie has to compete for a place, thinking it will help her life as it did his. Tyler decides to battle her for it. Tyler wins the battle and the two head back to Andie 's house where Tyler asks Sarah to let her audition for MSA. Sarah refuses because she believes that Andie will be safer in Texas. Tyler eventually persuades Sarah to let Andie audition for MSA while he goes on tour with Nora Clark (Jenna Dewan). Sarah reluctantly agrees, but she tells Andie that if she screws up with MSA she 'll have to go to Texas. Chase Collins (Robert Hoffman) persuades his brother, Director Blake Collins (Will Kemp) to recruit Andie after seeing her audition. When 410 learns about Andie 's involvement at MSA, they kick her out. Chase and Andie form a new crew with help from many people Chase knows at the school, all of not accepted as who they are, including Andie 's new friend Moose (Adam G. Sevani). Chase has a copied key to the studio and the crew secretly practices their routine late at night when the school is empty. They perform at the local dance club, but are rejected and kicked out. Andie 's best friend Missy Serrano (Danielle Polanco) joins the crew after leaving 410 following the event, as she is disgusted by the crowd 's reaction. Missy tells the crew that the only way to enter The Streets is to first pull a prank and post it on the Internet to show that the crew is entering the competition. Wanting revenge for being humiliated before, Chase decides that their prank will be to make a fool out of Tuck (Black Thomas), the leader of 410.
The crew goes to a family barbecue at Missy 's house. Sophie (Cassie Ventura), an MSA student who happens to have a crush on Chase, tags along. She begins to develop a crush on Moose after salsa dancing with him. 410 does n't like the fact that they have a new crew to compete with so they warn Andie 's group to stay out of The Streets or there will be consequences. When Tuck finds Chase, he assaults him for his prank and warns him to stay away from The Streets and Andie. Chase comes into school the next day badly bruised and hurt. On top of that, the dance studio has been trashed by 410 the previous night. Director Blake forbids the students from the school to be involved in illegal competitions and expels Andie from MSA for her involvement with The Streets competition, but Andie denies the involvement of her other members. After she leaves, Chase admits his involvement in The Streets and tries to persuade Director Blake to let Andie back in, but Director Blake refuses as he is too busy with the fundraiser.
When Sarah hears the news of Andie 's expulsion, Andie tries to explain, but Sarah refuses to listen. Sarah tells her that she has had enough of her behavior and now Andie must go live with her aunt in Texas. Just when Andie is packing her bags to leave, she receives a text message from Missy that The Streets is on the same night as the MSA fundraiser. Along with Andie, her whole crew gets the text message. They decide to ditch the MSA fundraiser and instead compete in The Streets. Chase also leaves the fundraiser hoping to win back Andie. When Sarah hears about what Andie did to protect her crew she allows Andie to continue living with her and lets her compete at The Streets with her crew. Sarah does ground Andie.
When Director Blake notices that his students are gone, he questions Sophie. Moose tells him that he is in the crew and where they are. Moose takes both Director Blake and Sophie to the place; they are just in time for the crew 's performance. The Director sees them and he realizes that The Streets he was hearing and thinking about, is in fact a legitimate form of artistic expression. He accepts Andie into MSA again and tells Moose that he was in the wrong department. To Moose 's surprise, he gets kissed by Sophie. With Andie 's crew being supportive friends and her education now secured, the film ends with a passionate kiss between Chase and Andie.
At the U.S. Box office, the film opened at # 3 and earned $18,908,826 in its opening weekend. As of August 4, 2008, Step Up 2: The Streets have grossed $58,017,783 in domestic box office and $92,798,917 in other parts of the world, bringing a worldwide total of $150,816,700, outperforming its predecessor.
The film was met with positive reviews from its audience but mixed to negative reviews from film critics. It received a rating of 27 % on Rotten Tomatoes; on the website it says, "There 's a kinetic appeal to the handsome cast and their smooth moves, but everything else about Step Up 2: The Streets is been there, danced that. '' It also holds a score of 50 out of 100 (indicating "mixed or average reviews '') based on 20 critical reviews, according to the movie review aggregator Metacritic.
The film was released on DVD and Blu - Ray on July 15, 2008.
A soundtrack album to the film was released by Atlantic Records on February 5, 2008.
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who led the negro league in home runs a total of six times between 1921 and 1933 | 1933 in baseball - wikipedia
The following are the baseball events of the year 1933 throughout the world.
Post-season:
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who is unesco and what do they do | UNESCO - wikipedia
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; French: Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) based in Paris. Its declared purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through educational, scientific, and cultural reforms in order to increase universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and human rights along with fundamental freedom proclaimed in the United Nations Charter. It is the successor of the League of Nations ' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation.
UNESCO has 195 member states and ten associate members. Most of its field offices are "cluster '' offices covering three or more countries; national and regional offices also exist.
UNESCO pursues its objectives through five major programs: education, natural sciences, social / human sciences, culture and communication / information. Projects sponsored by UNESCO include literacy, technical, and teacher - training programs, international science programs, the promotion of independent media and freedom of the press, regional and cultural history projects, the promotion of cultural diversity, translations of world literature, international cooperation agreements to secure the world 's cultural and natural heritage (World Heritage Sites) and to preserve human rights, and attempts to bridge the worldwide digital divide. It is also a member of the United Nations Development Group.
UNESCO 's aim is "to contribute to the building of peace, the eradication of poverty, sustainable development and intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences, culture, communication and information ''. Other priorities of the organization include attaining quality Education For All and lifelong learning, addressing emerging social and ethical challenges, fostering cultural diversity, a culture of peace and building inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication.
The broad goals and objectives of the international community -- as set out in the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) -- underpin all UNESCO strategies and activities.
UNESCO and its mandate for international cooperation can be traced back to a League of Nations resolution on 21 September 1921, to elect a Commission to study feasibility. On 18 December 1925, the International Bureau of Education (IBE) began work as a non-governmental organization in the service of international educational development. However, the onset of World War II largely interrupted the work of these predecessor organizations.
After the signing of the Atlantic Charter and the Declaration of the United Nations, the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME) began meetings in London which continued between 16 November 1942 to 5 December 1945. On 30 October 1943, the necessity for an international organization was expressed in the Moscow Declaration, agreed upon by China, the United Kingdom, the United States and the USSR. This was followed by the Dumbarton Oaks Conference proposals of 9 October 1944. Upon the proposal of CAME and in accordance with the recommendations of the United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO), held in San Francisco in April -- June 1945, a United Nations Conference for the establishment of an educational and cultural organization (ECO / CONF) was convened in London 1 -- 16 November 1945 with 44 governments represented. A prominent figure in the initiative for UNESCO was Rab Butler, the Minister of Education for the United Kingdom. At the ECO / CONF, the Constitution of UNESCO was introduced and signed by 37 countries, and a Preparatory Commission was established. The Preparatory Commission operated between 16 November 1945, and 4 November 1946 -- the date when UNESCO 's Constitution came into force with the deposit of the twentieth ratification by a member state.
The first General Conference took place between 19 November to 10 December 1946, and elected Dr. Julian Huxley to Director - General. The Constitution was amended in November 1954 when the General Conference resolved that members of the Executive Board would be representatives of the governments of the States of which they are nationals and would not, as before, act in their personal capacity. This change in governance distinguished UNESCO from its predecessor, the CICI, in how member states would work together in the organization 's fields of competence. As member states worked together over time to realize UNESCO 's mandate, political and historical factors have shaped the organization 's operations in particular during the Cold War, the decolonization process, and the dissolution of the USSR.
Among the major achievements of the organization is its work against racism, for example through influential statements on race starting with a declaration of anthropologists (among them was Claude Lévi - Strauss) and other scientists in 1950 and concluding with the 1978 Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice. In 1956, the Republic of South Africa withdrew from UNESCO claiming that some of the organization 's publications amounted to "interference '' in the country 's "racial problems. '' South Africa rejoined the organization in 1994 under the leadership of Nelson Mandela.
UNESCO 's early work in the field of education included the pilot project on fundamental education in the Marbial Valley, Haiti, started in 1947. This project was followed by expert missions to other countries, including, for example, a mission to Afghanistan in 1949. In 1948, UNESCO recommended that Member States should make free primary education compulsory and universal. In 1990, the World Conference on Education for All, in Jomtien, Thailand, launched a global movement to provide basic education for all children, youths and adults. Ten years later, the 2000 World Education Forum held in Dakar, Senegal, led member governments to commit to achieving basic education for all by 2015.
UNESCO 's early activities in culture included, for example, the Nubia Campaign, launched in 1960. The purpose of the campaign was to move the Great Temple of Abu Simbel to keep it from being swamped by the Nile after construction of the Aswan Dam. During the 20 - year campaign, 22 monuments and architectural complexes were relocated. This was the first and largest in a series of campaigns including Mohenjo - daro (Pakistan), Fes (Morocco), Kathmandu (Nepal), Borobudur (Indonesia) and the Acropolis (Greece). The organization 's work on heritage led to the adoption, in 1972, of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. The World Heritage Committee was established in 1976 and the first sites inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1978. Since then important legal instruments on cultural heritage and diversity have been adopted by UNESCO member states in 2003 (Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage) and 2005 (Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions).
An intergovernmental meeting of UNESCO in Paris in December 1951 led to the creation of the European Council for Nuclear Research, which was responsible for establishing the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in 1954.
Arid Zone programming, 1948 -- 1966, is another example of an early major UNESCO project in the field of natural sciences. In 1968, UNESCO organized the first intergovernmental conference aimed at reconciling the environment and development, a problem which continues to be addressed in the field of sustainable development. The main outcome of the 1968 conference was the creation of UNESCO 's Man and the Biosphere Programme.
In the field of communication, the "free flow of ideas by word and image '' has been in UNESCO 's constitution from its beginnings, following the experience of the Second World War when control of information was a factor in indoctrinating populations for aggression. In the years immediately following World War II, efforts were concentrated on reconstruction and on the identification of needs for means of mass communication around the world. UNESCO started organizing training and education for journalists in the 1950s. In response to calls for a "New World Information and Communication Order '' in the late 1970s, UNESCO established the International Commission for the Study of Communication Problems, which produced the 1980 MacBride report (named after the Chair of the Commission, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate Seán MacBride). The same year, UNESCO created the International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC), a multilateral forum designed to promote media development in developing countries. In 1991, UNESCO 's General Conference endorsed the Windhoek Declaration on media independence and pluralism, which led the UN General Assembly to declare the date of its adoption, 3 May, as World Press Freedom Day. Since 1997, UNESCO has awarded the UNESCO / Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize every 3 May. In the lead up to the World Summit on the Information Society in 2003 (Geneva) and 2005 (Tunis), UNESCO introduced the Information for All Programme.
Laws passed in the United States in 1990 and 1994 mean that it can not contribute financially to any UN organisation that accepts Palestine as a full member. As a result, it withdrew its funding which accounted for about 22 % of UNESCO 's budget. Israel also reacted to Palestine 's admittance to UNESCO by freezing Israel payments to the UNESCO and imposing sanctions to the Palestinian Authority, claiming that Palestine 's admittance would be detrimental "to potential peace talks ''. Two years after they stopped paying their dues to UNESCO, US and Israel lost UNESCO voting rights in 2013 without losing the right to be elected; thus, the US was elected as a member of the Executive Board for the period 2016 -- 19.
UNESCO implements its activities through the five programme areas: education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, and communication and information.
UNESCO does not accredit institutions of higher learning.
The UNESCO transparency portal has been designed to enable public access to information regarding Organization 's activities, such as its aggregate budget for a biennium, as well as links to relevant programmatic and financial documents. These two distinct sets of information are published on the IATI registry, respectively based on the IATI Activity Standard and the IATI Organization Standard.
UNESCO and its specialized institutions issue a number of magazines.
The UNESCO Courier magazine states its mission to "promote UNESCO 's ideals, maintain a platform for the dialogue between cultures and provide a forum for international debate. '' Since March 2006 it is available online, with limited printed issues. Its articles express the opinions of the authors which are not necessarily the opinions of UNESCO. As of 2016, the latest issue posted was October -- December 2011.
In 1950, UNESCO initiated the quarterly review Impact of Science on Society (also known as Impact) to discuss the influence of science on society. UNESCO also publish museum international quarterly from the year 1948.
UNESCO has official relations with 322 international non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Most of these are what UNESCO calls "operational ''; a select few are "formal ''. The highest form of affiliation to UNESCO is "formal associate '', and the 22 NGOs with formal associate (ASC) relations occupying offices at UNESCO are:
The institutes are specialized departments of the organization that support UNESCO 's programme, providing specialized support for cluster and national offices.
UNESCO awards 22 prizes in education, science, culture and peace:
International Days
UNESCO counts 195 member states and 10 associate members. Some members are not independent states and some members have additional National Organizing Committees from some of their dependent territories. UNESCO state parties are the United Nations member states (except Liechtenstein), Cook Islands, Niue, and the State of Palestine. The USA and Israel plan to leave UNESCO on 31 December 2018 over anti-Israel bias.
There has been no elected UNESCO Director - General from Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central and North Asia, Middle East, North Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, South Africa, Australia - Oceania, and South America since inception.
The Director - Generals of UNESCO came from West Europe (5), Central America (1), North America (2), West Africa (1), East Asia (1), and East Europe (1). Out of the 11 Director - Generals since inception, women have held the position only twice since inception.
The list of the Directors - General of UNESCO since its establishment in 1946 is as follows:
This is the list of the sessions of UNESCO General Conference held since 1946:
France Greece Italy Spain United Kingdom
Lithuania Russia Serbia Slovenia
Brazil Haiti Mexico Nicaragua Paraguay
India Iran Malaysia Pakistan South Korea Sri Lanka Vietnam
Cameroon Ivory Coast Ghana Kenya Nigeria Senegal South Africa
Lebanon Oman Qatar Sudan
Germany Netherlands Sweden
Albania Estonia Ukraine
Argentina Belize Dominican Republic El Salvador Saint Kitts and Nevis Trinidad and Tobago
Bangladesh China India Japan Nepal Turkmenistan
Chad Guinea Mauritius Mozambique Togo Uganda
Algeria Egypt Kuwait Morocco
Austria France Italy India Spain United Kingdom United States
Czech Republic Montenegro Russia Macedonia
Brazil Cuba Ecuador Mexico
Afghanistan Indonesia Pakistan Papua New Guinea South Korea Thailand
Angola Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Malawi Mali Namibia Nigeria
Tunisia United Arab Emirates
UNESCO headquarters are located at Place de Fontenoy in Paris, France.
UNESCO 's field offices across the globe are categorized into four primary office types based upon their function and geographic coverage: cluster offices, national offices, regional bureaus and liaison offices.
The following list of all UNESCO Field Offices is organized geographically by UNESCO Region and identifies the members states and associate members of UNESCO which are served by each office.
UNESCO has been the centre of controversy in the past, particularly in its relationships with the United States, the United Kingdom, Singapore and the former Soviet Union. During the 1970s and 1980s, UNESCO 's support for a "New World Information and Communication Order '' and its MacBride report calling for democratization of the media and more egalitarian access to information was condemned in these countries as attempts to curb freedom of the press. UNESCO was perceived as a platform for communists and Third World dictators to attack the West, in contrast to accusations made by the USSR in the late 1940s and early 1950s. In 1984, the United States withheld its contributions and withdrew from the organization in protest, followed by the United Kingdom in 1985. Singapore withdrew also at the end of 1985, citing rising membership fees. Following a change of government in 1997, the UK rejoined. The United States rejoined in 2003, followed by Singapore on 8 October 2007.
Israel was admitted to UNESCO in 1949, one year after its creation. Israel has maintained its membership since 1949. In 2010, Israel designated the Cave of the Patriarchs, Hebron and Rachel 's Tomb, Bethlehem as National Heritage Sites and announced restoration work, prompting criticism from the United States and protests from Palestinians. In October 2010, UNESCO 's Executive Board voted to declare the sites as "al - Haram al - Ibrahimi / Tomb of the Patriarchs '' and "Bilal bin Rabah Mosque / Rachel 's Tomb '' and stated that they were "an integral part of the occupied Palestinian Territories '' and any unilateral Israeli action was a violation of international law. UNESCO described the sites as significant to "people of the Muslim, Christian and Jewish traditions '', and accused Israel of highlighting only the Jewish character of the sites. Israel in turn accused UNESCO of "detach (ing) the Nation of Israel from its heritage '', and accused it of being politically motivated. The Rabbi of the Western Wall claimed that Rachel 's tomb had not previously been declared a holy Muslim site. Israel partially suspended ties with UNESCO. Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Danny Ayalon declared that the resolution was a "part of Palestinian escalation ''. Zevulun Orlev, chairman of the Knesset Education and Culture Committee, referred to the resolutions as an attempt to undermine the mission of UNESCO as a scientific and cultural organization that promotes cooperation throughout the world.
On 28 June 2011, UNESCO 's World Heritage Committee, at Jordan 's insistence, censured Israel 's decision to demolish and rebuild the Mughrabi Gate Bridge in Jerusalem for safety reasons. Israel stated that Jordan had signed an agreement with Israel stipulating that the existing bridge must be dismantled for safety reasons; Jordan disputed the agreement, saying that it was only signed under U.S. pressure. Israel was also unable to address the UNESCO committee over objections from Egypt.
In January 2014, days before it was scheduled to open, UNESCO Director - General, Irina Bokova, "indefinitely postponed '' and effectively cancelled an exhibit created by the Simon Wiesenthal Center entitled "The People, The Book, The Land: The 3,500 - year relationship between the Jewish people and the Land of Israel. '' The event was scheduled to run from 21 January through 30 January in Paris. Bokova cancelled the event after representatives of Arab states at UNESCO argued that its display would "harm the peace process ''. The author of the exhibition, Professor Robert Wistrich of the Hebrew University 's Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Anti-Semitism, called the cancellation an "appalling act, '' and characterized Bokova 's decision as "an arbitrary act of total cynicism and, really, contempt for the Jewish people and its history. '' UNESCO amended the decision to cancel the exhibit within the year, and it quickly achieved popularity and was viewed as a great success.
On 13 October 2016, UNESCO passed a resolution on East Jerusalem that condemned Israel for "aggressions '' by Israeli police and soldiers and "illegal measures '' against the freedom of worship and Muslims ' access to their holy sites, while also recognizing Israel as the occupying power. Palestinian leaders welcomed the decision. While the text acknowledged the "importance of the Old City of Jerusalem and its walls for the three monotheistic religions '', it referred to the sacred hilltop compound in Jerusalem 's Old City only by its Muslim name "Al - Haram al - Sharif '', Arabic for Noble Sanctuary. In response, Israel denounced the UNESCO resolution for its omission of the words "Temple Mount '' or "Har HaBayit, '' stating that it denies Jewish ties to the key holy site. After receiving criticism from numerous Israeli politicians and diplomats, including Benjamin Netanyahu and Ayelet Shaked, Israel froze all ties with the organization. The resolution was condemned by Ban ki - Moon and the Director - General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, who said that Judaism, Islam and Christianity have clear historical connections to Jerusalem and "to deny, conceal or erase any of the Jewish, Christian or Muslim traditions undermines the integrity of the site. Al - Aqsa Mosque is also Temple Mount, whose Western Wall is the holiest place in Judaism. '' It was also rejected by the Czech Parliament which said the resolution reflects a "hateful anti-Israel sentiment '', and hundreds of Italian Jews demonstrated in Rome over Italy 's abstention. On 26 October, UNESCO approved a reviewed version of the resolution, which also criticized Israel for its continuous "refusal to let the body 's experts access Jerusalem 's holy sites to determine their conservation status. '' Despite containing some softening of language following Israeli protests over a previous version, Israel continued to denounce the text. The resolution refers to the site Jews and Christians refer to as the Temple Mount, or Har HaBayit in Hebrew, only by its Arab name -- a significant semantic decision also adopted by UNESCO 's executive board, triggering condemnation from Israel and its allies. U.S. Ambassador Crystal Nix Hines stated: "This item should have been defeated. These politicized and one - sided resolutions are damaging the credibility of UNESCO. ''
In October 2017, the United States and Israel announced they would withdraw from the organization, citing in - part anti-Israel bias.
In February 2011, an article was published in a Palestinian youth magazine in which a teenage girl described one of her four role - models as Adolf Hitler. In December 2011, UNESCO, which partly funded the magazine, condemned the material and subsequently withdrew support.
In 2012, UNESCO decided to establish a chair at the Islamic University of Gaza in the field of astronomy, astrophysics, and space sciences, fueling controversy and criticism. Israel bombed the school in 2008 claiming they develop and store weapons there, a claim Israel restated in criticizing UNESCO 's move.
The head, Kamalain Shaath, defended UNESCO, stating that "the Islamic University is a purely academic university that is interested only in education and its development ''. Israeli ambassador to UNESCO Nimrod Barkan planned to submit a letter of protest with information about the university 's ties to Hamas, especially angry that this was the first Palestinian university that UNESCO chose to cooperate with. The Jewish organization B'nai B'rith criticized the move as well.
On 16 and 17 February 2012, UNESCO held a conference entitled "The Media World after WikiLeaks and News of the World. '' Despite all six panels being focused on WikiLeaks, no member of WikiLeaks staff was invited to speak. After receiving a complaint from WikiLeaks spokesman Kristinn Hrafnsson, UNESCO invited him to attend, but did not offer a place on any panels. The offer also came only a week before the conference, which was held in Paris, France. Many of the speakers featured, including David Leigh and Heather Brooke, had spoken out openly against WikiLeaks and its founder Julian Assange in the past. WikiLeaks released a press statement on 15 February 2012 denouncing UNESCO which stated, "UNESCO has made itself an international human rights joke. To use ' freedom of expression ' to censor WikiLeaks from a conference about WikiLeaks is an Orwellian absurdity beyond words. ''
In 2013, UNESCO announced that the collection "The Life and Works of Ernesto Che Guevara '' became part of the Memory of the World Register. US Congresswoman Ileana Ros - Lehtinen condemned this decision, saying that the organization acts against its own ideals:
This decision is more than an insult to the families of those Cubans who were lined up and summarily executed by Che and his merciless cronies but it also serves as a direct contradiction to the UNESCO ideals of encouraging peace and universal respect for human rights.
UN Watch also condemned this selection by UNESCO.
In 2015, Japan threatened to halt funding for UNESCO over the organization 's decision to include documents relating to the 1937 Nanjing massacre in the latest listing for its "Memory of the World '' program. In October 2016, Japanese Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida confirmed that Japan 's 2016 annual funding of ¥ 4.4 billion had been suspended although denied any direct link with the Nanjing document controversy.
After withdrawing from UNESCO in 1984, the United States rejoined in 2002. Former U.S. Congressman Jim Leach stated before a Congressional subcommittee:
The reasons for the withdrawal of the United States from UNESCO in 1984 are well - known; my view is that we overreacted to the calls of some who wanted to radicalize UNESCO, and the calls of others who wanted the United States to lead in emasculating the UN system. The fact is UNESCO is one of the least dangerous international institutions ever created. While some member countries within UNESCO attempted to push journalistic views antithetical to the values of the west, and engage in Israel bashing, UNESCO itself never adopted such radical postures. The U.S. opted for empty - chair diplomacy, after winning, not losing, the battles we engaged in... It was nuts to get out, and would be nuttier not to rejoin.
He concluded that the record showed Israel bashing, a call for a new world information order, money management, and arms control policy to be the impetus behind the withdrawal; he asserted that before the UNESCO withdrawal, a withdrawal from the IAEA had been pushed on him. The United States rejoined UNESCO shortly thereafter.
On 12 October 2017, the United States notified UNESCO that it will again withdraw from the organization on 31 December 2018 and will seek to establish a permanent observer mission beginning in 2019. The Department of State cited "mounting arrears at UNESCO, the need for fundamental reform in the organization, and continuing anti-Israel bias at UNESCO. ''
The United States has not paid its $80 million annual UNESCO dues since Palestine became a full member in 2011. Israel and the US were among only 14 votes against the membership, of 194 member countries.
UNESCO develops, maintains and disseminates, free of charge, two interrelated software packages for database management (CDS / ISIS (not to be confused with UK police software package ISIS)) and data mining / statistical analysis (IDAMS).
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when did the fault in our stars movie come out | The Fault in Our Stars (film) - wikipedia
The Fault in Our Stars is a 2014 American romantic tragedy film directed by Josh Boone, based on the novel of the same name by John Green. The film stars Shailene Woodley, Ansel Elgort, and Nat Wolff, with Laura Dern, Sam Trammell, and Willem Dafoe playing supporting roles. Woodley plays Hazel Grace Lancaster, a sixteen - year - old cancer patient who is forced by her parents to attend a support group, where she meets and subsequently falls in love with Augustus Waters, another cancer patient, played by Elgort.
Development of The Fault in Our Stars began in January 2012 when Fox 2000, a division of 20th Century Fox, optioned the rights to adapt the novel into a feature film. Principal photography began on August 26, 2013, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, with a few additional days in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, before concluding on October 16, 2013. Pittsburgh doubled for all of the scenes set in Indianapolis, Indiana, the novel 's setting, as well as for some interior scenes set in Amsterdam.
The Fault in Our Stars was released in the United States on June 6, 2014, to positive critical reception, with praise for Woodley 's and Elgort 's performances as well as the script. The film was also a blockbuster, becoming number one at the box office during its opening weekend, and grossing over $307 million worldwide against a budget of $12 million. It was released on Blu - ray and DVD on September 16, 2014, and grossed over $42 million in total domestic video sales.
Hazel Grace Lancaster is a teenager living in Indianapolis, who has terminal thyroid cancer that has spread to her lungs. Believing she is depressed, her mother Frannie urges her to attend a weekly cancer patient support group to help her make friends with individuals who are going through the same thing. There Hazel meets Augustus Waters, a charming teenager who lost a leg to bone cancer but has since apparently been cancer - free. He invites Hazel to his house where they bond over their hobbies and agree to read each other 's favorite books. Hazel recommends An Imperial Affliction, a novel about a cancer - stricken girl named Anna that parallels her experience, and Augustus gives Hazel Counter Insurgence. They keep in touch via text over the weeks that follow and grow closer. After Augustus finishes the book, he expresses frustration with its abrupt ending (it ends in the middle of a sentence). Hazel explains that the novel 's mysterious author, Peter Van Houten (Willem Dafoe), retreated to Amsterdam following the novel 's publication and has not been heard from since.
Weeks later, Augustus tells Hazel he has traced Van Houten 's assistant, Lidewij, and has corresponded with Van Houten by email. She writes to him to find out more about the novel 's ambiguous ending. Van Houten replies that he is only willing to answer her questions in person. Hazel asks her mother if she can travel to Amsterdam to visit him, but Frannie refuses because of financial and medical constraints. Augustus suggests that she use the "cancer wish '' she received from Make - A-Wish Foundation but Hazel explains that she has already used hers to visit Walt Disney World. Augustus and Hazel go on a picnic date and begin to fall in love. Augustus surprises Hazel with tickets to Amsterdam. After a medical setback, Hazel 's doctors eventually agree to allow the trip, since they expect that she will soon become incapable of doing anything at all.
Hazel and Augustus arrive in Amsterdam and are presented with reservations at an expensive restaurant, pre-paid by Van Houten. During the meal, Augustus confesses his love for Hazel. The following afternoon, they go to Van Houten 's house, but are shocked to find he is a mean - spirited alcoholic. Lidewij arranged the meeting and their dinner without Van Houten knowing anything about it. Angered by his assistant 's actions, he taunts Hazel for seeking serious answers to a piece of fiction and belittles her medical condition. She leaves, utterly distraught. Lidewij invites them to go sightseeing to make up for their ruined experience. The three visit the Anne Frank House, where Hazel struggles to climb the house 's many stairs. They spend that night together in their hotel and have sex for the first time. The next day Augustus tells Hazel that his cancer has returned and spread throughout his body and is terminal. Hazel is heartbroken, expressing how unfair life can be.
After their return to Indianapolis, Augustus ' health worsens. He is taken to the ICU and realizes he is close to death. Augustus invites his blind best friend Isaac and Hazel to his pre-funeral, where they deliver eulogies that they have both prepared. Hazel tells him she would not trade their short time together for anything, since he "gave me a forever within the numbered days. '' Augustus dies eight days later and Hazel is astonished to find Van Houten at the funeral. He tells her that Augustus had demanded he attend his funeral to make up for the spoiled trip. Van Houten tells her that the novel is based on the experiences of his daughter Anna, who died from leukemia at a young age. He gives Hazel a piece of paper which she crumples up asking him to leave. Later, talking with Isaac, Hazel learns that Augustus had asked Van Houten to help him write a eulogy for her. She retrieves the crumpled paper and reads his words accepting his death and about his love for her. She lies on her back on her lawn looking up at the stars, smiling as she remembers Augustus and says: "Okay. ''
On January 31, 2012, it was announced that Fox 2000, a division of 20th Century Fox, had optioned the rights to adapt John Green 's novel The Fault in Our Stars for a feature film. Wyck Godfrey and Marty Bowen were due to produce the film with their production company, Temple Hill Entertainment. Stephen Chbosky, who directed The Perks of Being a Wallflower (also filmed in Pittsburgh), was in talks to direct the film but turned it down because of its similarity to Perks. On February 19, 2013, Josh Boone was hired as director; Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber were hired to adapt the novel into a screenplay -- their second adaptation for Fox, following Rosaline.
On March 19, 2013, Entertainment Weekly announced that Shailene Woodley (who had recently been cast in, and was filming, Divergent) would play Hazel Grace Lancaster. Director Josh Boone said: "We read close to 150 actresses for the role, and I saw about 50 of those. Within ten or fifteen seconds of Shailene 's audition, I knew she was Hazel. She held up her script pages and just her eyes were peeking over them. '' On May 10, 2013, Ansel Elgort was cast as Hazel 's love interest, Augustus Waters. On July 23, Laura Dern joined the cast as Hazel 's mother Frannie Lancaster, and Nat Wolff as Issac, Augustus ' best friend. Wolff told HuffPost Live: "It 's exciting, I feel really lucky. The fact that I get to work with these super talented people -- I mean, that 's part of the reason why, I 'm good in the movie, that 's the reason. '' On August 14, Sam Trammell was cast as Hazel 's father Michael Lancaster, and on August 28, author John Green announced that Mike Birbiglia would be playing Patrick. On September 6, he tweeted that Willem Dafoe would play Peter van Houten.
Prior to these announcements, author John Green had tweeted that he would be happy if Mae Whitman played Hazel, and in February 2013, there had been speculation that Shailene Woodley and Hailee Steinfeld were among those being considered for the lead role.
John Green filmed a cameo appearance; his scene was cut from the film but is included in the deleted scenes section of the film 's DVD and Blu - ray releases. In the cut scene, Green plays the father of a young girl who asks about Hazel 's cannula while at the airport. Green said: "They cut (the scene) because it was totally unnecessary to the movie - slash - I was terrible. ''
Principal photography began on August 26, 2013, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Film locations included Oakmont, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh Children 's Hospital, and the historic The Mansions on Fifth hotel. The church scenes were filmed at St. Paul 's Episcopal Church in the Pittsburgh suburb of Mt. Lebanon. Filming in Pennsylvania continued until October 10, then the production moved to Amsterdam, where filming began on October 14. Filming was officially completed on October 16, 2013.
In Amsterdam, three days of filming took place. Woodley and Elgort were filmed on a canal - side public bench. On July 2, 2014, The Guardian reported that the bench had gone missing, and city officials said they did not know where it was. Amsterdam city spokesman, Stephan van der Hoek said: "It 's a bit embarrassing, because we do keep good track of them, but it 's gone all right ''. He promised to install a new bench within weeks. Just a week later, Entertainment Weekly said the Amsterdam film office had tweeted a photograph taken during the re-installation of the stolen bench; Amsterdam film commissioner Simon Brester said it was the same bench, not a replacement.
Filming in Pittsburgh included the interior scenes at the Anne Frank House, which was recreated on a soundstage at Pittsburgh Studios located in Churchill Borough, Pennsylvania in the east suburbs of Pittsburgh. Production designer Molly Hughes and art director Greg Weimerskirch built three different studio sets in Pittsburgh, one for each floor. Also, the Funky Bones art monument in Indianapolis was recreated in Pittsburgh with the help of the sculpture 's creator, Dutch artist Joep Van Lieshout.
Author John Green, though an Indianapolis native, was pleased with the selection of Pittsburgh for filming. He commented that
Pittsburgh has an amazing community of really talented film professionals that 's been built up over the last 20 years. I 've been blown away by their professionalism, their confidence, their dedication. There are n't a lot of cities like that. You kind of have to find the city that can be Indianapolis. And Pittsburgh, even though it has a lot of hills, it can be Indianapolis. We just have to find a couple of flat streets.
Mike Mogis and Nate Walcott of Bright Eyes scored the film. The full album track list was released on April 13, 2014, featuring songs from artists including: M83, Grouplove, Kodaline, Jake Bugg, Tom Odell, Birdy, Ed Sheeran and Charli XCX, who performed "Boom Clap '', one of the main songs from the movie, which became an international success, due in part to its exposure in the film. The soundtrack was released by Atlantic Records on May 19 in the U.S., and on June 23 in the UK.
The Fault in Our Stars premiered to 300 guests at the Ziegfeld Theater in New York City on June 2, 2014. At the premiere, Green said: "I did n't want to sell it, because Hollywood sucks at making unsentimental movies about illness. '' The film was released on June 6, 2014. After the New York premiere, Evangeline Earl, a student, announced that Green 's book, from which the film was adapted, had been inspired by her sister Esther Earl, who had also been an author. Esther had thyroid cancer and died in 2010. Evangeline said Esther had met Green at LeakyCon, a Harry Potter convention held in Boston in 2009. Green said, "I could never have written The Fault in Our Stars without knowing Esther. Every word on that book depends on her. '' Green said he used the word "okay '' in the book and the film because Hazel and Augustus used it to express their love for each other; it becomes a special word between them. The original novel was inspired by the late author Esther Earl, who used the word "okay '' with her sister Abigail.
The first trailer was released on January 29, 2014. The trailer had over 3 million views in less than 24 hours, and more than 15 million views in its first seven days. A video clip was shown before the show at the 2014 MTV Movie Awards on April 13. An extended trailer was released on April 28, and Fox released more clips via YouTube as part of the film 's pre-release promotion. On April 2, the studio announced the launch of a promotional tour program named Demand Our Stars. Green, Woodley, Elgort, and Wolff would visit the states that got most votes from fans re-blogging their states ' map outlines. Four states won: the tour program started in Miami, Florida, on May 6; went to Cleveland, Ohio, on May 7; then went to Nashville, Tennessee, on May 8; and ended in Dallas, Texas, on May 9.
The Fault in Our Stars was released on DVD and Blu - ray on September 16, 2014. The Fault in Our Stars: Little Infinities Blu - ray edition features the theatrical 126 - minute and extended 133 - minute versions of the film, a number of deleted scenes including the John Green cameo, and featurettes. The home video release grossed over $42.6 million in total domestic video sales.
-- Lisa Kennedy, writing for Denver Post
The Fault in Our Stars received generally positive reviews, with Woodley 's and Elgort 's performances and Neustadter and Weber 's screenplay receiving praise. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 80 % based on 209 reviews, with an average rating of 6.9 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, "Wise, funny, and heartbreaking without resorting to exploitation, The Fault in Our Stars does right by its bestselling source material. '' Metacritic gave the film a score of 69 out of 100, based on 45 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews. '' At CinemaScore opening day audiences gave the film an "A '' on an A+ to F scale.
Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film a score of 3 out of 4; he said: "Woodley... balances grace with gravity, wit with heart. '' A.O. Scott writing for The New York Times said: "The film sets out to make you weep -- not just sniffle or choke up a little, but sob until your nose runs and your face turns blotchy. It succeeds. '' The Boston Globe 's Ty Burr gave the film a rating of 2.5 out 4 and said: "If Elgort 's Gus is glibly charming and ultimately affecting, The Fault in Our Stars belongs to Woodley, a performer who always seems to be backing warily into her own movies. ''
Quickflix 's Simon Miraudo rated the film 3 / 5, and said: "The Fault in Our Stars undeniably sets us up to knock us down. '' Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 4 stars. He said Woodley 's performance as Hazel was "transcendent, pure and authentic '', stating that, "she 's that memorable. '' Scott Mendelson of Forbes magazine said the film is "exceptionally high - quality mainstream entertainment '' and called it "a genuine work of art. '' Anna Smith of Empire said it was a, "touching romance and Shailene Woodley 's best performance yet. '' Emma Dibdin of Digital Spy wrote "The Fault in Our Stars is a sharp and emotionally - sophisticated weepie that imbues its teenage characters with rare intelligence, and tackles its bleak subject matter with acerbic wit and tenderness. '' Andy Lea of the Daily Star said: "as teen romances go, this is powerful stuff. '' Wilson Morales at BlackFilm.com praised Woodley and Elgort 's performances, saying they: "are so captivating and genuine in their performances, they manage to make this intensely poignant film very moving, romantic and highly entertaining. ''
-- Peter Travers of Rolling Stone
Time magazine 's Richard Corliss wrote: "Hazel and Augustus will live in film lore because of the young actors who play them. '' Chris Vongar of Dallas Morning News gave the film a B+ as "the movie is witty and alive and only very occasionally maudlin. '' USA Today 's Claudia Puig called the film "well - written, well - acted, acerbic, funny and wisely observed '', giving it 3.5 out of 4. Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly called the film a "funny, sweet, three - hankie tearjerker '' and gave the B grade. Geoff Pevere of The Globe and Mail said, "While it may not conform to one 's real - life expectations it certainly hews tightly to teen - flick conventions. '' Connie Ogle of The Miami Herald called it a, "sweet, romantic film full of sudden warmth and humor. '' A.A. Dowd of The A.V. Club gave the film a "B '' saying that it is, "blessed with sparks of wit and buoyed by the talents of a charismatic cast. ''
Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film a negative review, likening it to "being mugged by a professional whose skills in mixed martial arts you ca n't help but notice and appreciate, even as you are savagely beaten, then dragged upright, bruised and bleeding, and forced to watch as your assailant gives fully 45 % of your money to charity. '' Christy Lemire writing for Roger Ebert 's website gave it two stars out of four and criticized the film for being "emotionally inert, despite its many moments that are meant to put a lump in our throats. '' Lemire criticized Elgort 's performance and praised Woodley 's "abiding, disarming naturalism. '' Robbie Collin writing for The Daily Telegraph said: "Gus is something of a manic pixie dreamboat: the lesser - spotted male version of the kooky, adoring girlfriend - type sometimes played by Kirsten Dunst, Natalie Portman, and Zooey Deschanel. '' David Edelstein of NPR said:
I know people who cried at the trailer of the romantic teen cancer movie The Fault in Our Stars -- at the movie they 'll need a life preserver to keep from drowning in a flood of tears. Me, I did n't cry, though at times my tear ducts tingled; I was on the verge. The film is a little slick for my taste, too engineered. But it 's gently directed by Josh Boone and beautifully acted. Whatever the faults, it 's not in the stars.
Shalini Langer of The Indian Express gave the film two and a half stars and said: "The film is faithful to a fault from the dialogues to the clothes, the setting and the food, even while skipping over some of the unpleasant details. '' Dana Stevens writing for Slate Magazine said: "What in the name of God is wrong with me that I did n't cry once -- I, who just the day before wept through the entirety of my child 's thoroughly upbeat school play. '' Two Christian reviewers and some theologians have mentioned the presence of Christian themes in the film. Writing for Catholic News Agency, Robert Barron said:
I do n't think it is the least bit accidental that Waters (Gus 's last name) and Grace (Hazel 's middle name) met in the sacred heart of Christ and thereby, despite their shared suffering, managed to give life to one another... (and so) Hazel effectively repudiates her nihilism and materialism as she responds across the barrier of death to Gus 's ' okay '. '' He also noted: "(Is) this film a satisfying presentation of Christianity? Hardly. But for those who are struggling to find their way to meaning and faith, it 's not an entirely bad place to start. ''
The film 's studio, 20th Century Fox, mounted an unsuccessful campaign to have Shailene Woodley nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress, as well as the film 's adapted screenplay.
The Fault in Our Stars earned $124.9 million in North America and $182.3 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $307.2 million, against a production budget of $12 million.
In North America, the film 's income received a boost from "The Night Before Our Stars, '' a premium - priced event for which tickets sold for up to $25. The event included a screening of the film and a simulcast question - and - answer session with cast and crew, including Woodley, Elgort, Wolff, and Green. The film earned $8.2 million from Thursday - night showings and $26.1 million on its opening day. During its opening weekend, the film earned $48,002,573 from 3,173 theaters at an average of $15,128 per theater, making it number one in North America.
At locations outside North America, The Fault in Our Stars earned $16.59 million from 2,892 screens in 17 markets in its opening weekend, placing at number four behind Edge of Tomorrow ($81 million), Maleficent ($61.7 million), and X-Men: Days of Future Past ($41.1 million). Brazil, Mexico, and Australia generated the highest income with $5.8 million, $3.8 million, and $3.7 million respectively. The following week the film earned $16.1 million from 40 markets, remaining at number 4 again.
On August 6, 2014, India 's Fox Star Studios announced its intention to remake the film. In March 2018, actor Sushant Singh Rajput was announced as the male lead in the official Hindi adaptation of the film. The film also marks the directorial debut of casting director Mukesh Chhabra. Oscar winner A.R. Rahman has been roped in to compose music for the movie which, like some Bollywood movies, will be a musical. Sanjana Sanghi was announced as the female lead later that month.
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why was it important that the apparatus in the michelson and morley experiment could rotate | Michelson -- Morley experiment - wikipedia
The Michelson -- Morley experiment was performed over the spring and summer of 1887 by Albert A. Michelson and Edward W. Morley at what is now Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, and published in November of the same year. It compared the speed of light in perpendicular directions, in an attempt to detect the relative motion of matter through the stationary luminiferous aether ("aether wind ''). The result was negative, in that the expected difference between the speed of light in the direction of movement through the presumed aether, and the speed at right angles, was found not to exist; this result is generally considered to be the first strong evidence against the then - prevalent aether theory, and initiated a line of research that eventually led to special relativity, which rules out a stationary aether. The experiment has been referred to as "the moving - off point for the theoretical aspects of the Second Scientific Revolution ''.
Michelson -- Morley type experiments have been repeated many times with steadily increasing sensitivity. These include experiments from 1902 to 1905, and a series of experiments in the 1920s. More recent optical resonator experiments confirmed the absence of any aether wind at the 10 level. Together with the Ives -- Stilwell and Kennedy -- Thorndike experiments, Michelson -- Morley type experiments form one of the fundamental tests of special relativity theory.
Physics theories of the late 19th century assumed that just as surface water waves must have a supporting substance, i.e. a "medium '', to move across (in this case water), and audible sound requires a medium to transmit its wave motions (such as air or water), so light must also require a medium, the "luminiferous aether '', to transmit its wave motions. Because light can travel through a vacuum, it was assumed that even a vacuum must be filled with aether. Because the speed of light is so large, and because material bodies pass through the aether without obvious friction or drag, it was assumed to have a highly unusual combination of properties. Designing experiments to test the properties of the aether was a high priority of 19th century physics.
Earth orbits around the Sun at a speed of around 30 km / s (18.64 mi / s), or 108,000 km / h (67,000 mph). The Earth is in motion, so two main possibilities were considered: (1) The aether is stationary and only partially dragged by Earth (proposed by Augustin - Jean Fresnel in 1818), or (2) the aether is completely dragged by Earth and thus shares its motion at Earth 's surface (proposed by Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet in 1844). In addition, James Clerk Maxwell (1865) recognized the electromagnetic nature of light and developed what are now called Maxwell 's equations, but these equations were still interpreted as describing the motion of waves through an aether, whose state of motion was unknown. Eventually, Fresnel 's idea of an (almost) stationary aether was preferred because it appeared to be confirmed by the Fizeau experiment (1851) and the aberration of star light.
According to this hypothesis, Earth and the aether are in relative motion, implying that a so - called "aether wind '' (Fig. 2) should exist. Although it would be possible, in theory, for the Earth 's motion to match that of the aether at one moment in time, it was not possible for the Earth to remain at rest with respect to the aether at all times, because of the variation in both the direction and the speed of the motion. At any given point on the Earth 's surface, the magnitude and direction of the wind would vary with time of day and season. By analyzing the return speed of light in different directions at various different times, it was thought to be possible to measure the motion of the Earth relative to the aether. The expected relative difference in the measured speed of light was quite small, given that the velocity of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun has a magnitude of about one hundredth of one percent of the speed of light.
During the mid-19th century, measurements of aether wind effects of first order, i.e. effects proportional to v / c (v being Earth 's velocity, c the speed of light) were thought to be possible, but no direct measurement of the speed of light was possible with the accuracy required. For instance, the Fizeau -- Foucault apparatus could measure the speed of light to perhaps 5 % accuracy, which was quite inadequate for measuring directly a first - order 0.01 % change in the speed of light. A number of physicists therefore attempted to make measurements of indirect first - order effects not of the speed of light itself, but of variations in the speed of light (see First order aether - drift experiments). The Hoek experiment, for example, was intended to detect interferometric fringe shifts due to speed differences of oppositely propagating light waves through water at rest. The results of such experiments were all negative. This could be explained by using Fresnel 's dragging coefficient, according to which the aether and thus light are partially dragged by moving matter. Partial aether - dragging would thwart attempts to measure any first order change in the speed of light. As pointed out by Maxwell (1878), only experimental arrangements capable of measuring second order effects would have any hope of detecting aether drift, i.e. effects proportional to v / c. Existing experimental setups, however, were not sensitive enough to measure effects of that size.
Michelson had a solution to the problem of how to construct a device sufficiently accurate to detect aether flow. In 1877, while teaching at his alma mater, the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Michelson conducted his first known light speed experiments as a part of a classroom demonstration. In 1881, he left active U.S. Naval service while in Germany concluding his studies. In that year, Michelson used a prototype experimental device to make several more measurements.
The device he designed, later known as a Michelson interferometer, sent yellow light from a sodium flame (for alignment), or white light (for the actual observations), through a half - silvered mirror that was used to split it into two beams traveling at right angles to one another. After leaving the splitter, the beams traveled out to the ends of long arms where they were reflected back into the middle by small mirrors. They then recombined on the far side of the splitter in an eyepiece, producing a pattern of constructive and destructive interference whose transverse displacement would depend on the relative time it takes light to transit the longitudinal vs. the transverse arms. If the Earth is traveling through an aether medium, a beam reflecting back and forth parallel to the flow of aether would take longer than a beam reflecting perpendicular to the aether because the time gained from traveling downwind is less than that lost traveling upwind. Michelson expected that the Earth 's motion would produce a fringe shift equal to 0.04 fringes -- that is, of the separation between areas of the same intensity. He did not observe the expected shift; the greatest average deviation that he measured (in the northwest direction) was only 0.018 fringes; most of his measurements were much less. His conclusion was that Fresnel 's hypothesis of a stationary aether with partial aether dragging would have to be rejected, and thus he confirmed Stokes ' hypothesis of complete aether dragging.
However, Alfred Potier (and later Hendrik Lorentz) pointed out to Michelson that he had made an error of calculation, and that the expected fringe shift should have been only 0.02 fringes. Michelson 's apparatus was subject to experimental errors far too large to say anything conclusive about the aether wind. Definitive measurement of the aether wind would require an experiment with greater accuracy and better controls than the original. Nevertheless, the prototype was successful in demonstrating that the basic method was feasible.
In 1885, Michelson began a collaboration with Edward Morley, spending considerable time and money to confirm with higher accuracy Fizeau 's 1851 experiment on Fresnel 's drag coefficient, to improve on Michelson 's 1881 experiment, and to establish the wavelength of light as a standard of length. At this time Michelson was professor of physics at the Case School of Applied Science, and Morley was professor of chemistry at Western Reserve University (WRU), which shared a campus with the Case School on the eastern edge of Cleveland. Michelson suffered a nervous breakdown in September 1885, from which he recovered by October 1885. Morley ascribed this breakdown to the intense work of Michelson during the preparation of the experiments. In 1886, Michelson and Morley successfully confirmed Fresnel 's drag coefficient -- this result was also considered as a confirmation of the stationary aether concept.
This result strengthened their hope of finding the aether wind. Michelson and Morley created an improved version of the Michelson experiment with more than enough accuracy to detect this hypothetical effect. The experiment was performed in several periods of concentrated observations between April and July 1887, in the basement of Adelbert Dormitory of WRU (later renamed Pierce Hall, demolished in 1962).
As shown in Fig. 5, the light was repeatedly reflected back and forth along the arms of the interferometer, increasing the path length to 11 m (36 ft). At this length, the drift would be about 0.4 fringes. To make that easily detectable, the apparatus was assembled in a closed room in the basement of the heavy stone dormitory, eliminating most thermal and vibrational effects. Vibrations were further reduced by building the apparatus on top of a large block of sandstone (Fig. 1), about a foot thick and five feet square, which was then floated in a circular trough of mercury. They estimated that effects of about 0.01 fringe would be detectable.
Michelson and Morley and other early experimentalists using interferometric techniques in an attempt to measure the properties of the luminiferous aether, used (partially) monochromatic light only for initially setting up their equipment, always switching to white light for the actual measurements. The reason is that measurements were recorded visually. Purely monochromatic light would result in a uniform fringe pattern. Lacking modern means of environmental temperature control, experimentalists struggled with continual fringe drift even when the interferometer was set up in a basement. Because the fringes would occasionally disappear due to vibrations caused by passing horse traffic, distant thunderstorms and the like, an observer could easily "get lost '' when the fringes returned to visibility. The advantages of white light, which produced a distinctive colored fringe pattern, far outweighed the difficulties of aligning the apparatus due to its low coherence length. As Dayton Miller wrote, "White light fringes were chosen for the observations because they consist of a small group of fringes having a central, sharply defined black fringe which forms a permanent zero reference mark for all readings. '' Use of partially monochromatic light (yellow sodium light) during initial alignment enabled the researchers to locate the position of equal path length, more or less easily, before switching to white light.
The mercury trough allowed the device to turn with close to zero friction, so that once having given the sandstone block a single push it would slowly rotate through the entire range of possible angles to the "aether wind, '' while measurements were continuously observed by looking through the eyepiece. The hypothesis of aether drift implies that because one of the arms would inevitably turn into the direction of the wind at the same time that another arm was turning perpendicularly to the wind, an effect should be noticeable even over a period of minutes.
The expectation was that the effect would be graphable as a sine wave with two peaks and two troughs per rotation of the device. This result could have been expected because during each full rotation, each arm would be parallel to the wind twice (facing into and away from the wind giving identical readings) and perpendicular to the wind twice. Additionally, due to the Earth 's rotation, the wind would be expected to show periodic changes in direction and magnitude during the course of a sidereal day.
Because of the motion of the Earth around the Sun, the measured data were also expected to show annual variations.
After all this thought and preparation, the experiment became what has been called the most famous failed experiment in history. Instead of providing insight into the properties of the aether, Michelson and Morley 's article in the American Journal of Science reported the measurement to be as small as one - fortieth of the expected displacement (Fig. 7), but "since the displacement is proportional to the square of the velocity '' they concluded that the measured velocity was "probably less than one - sixth '' of the expected velocity of the Earth 's motion in orbit and "certainly less than one - fourth. '' Although this small "velocity '' was measured, it was considered far too small to be used as evidence of speed relative to the aether, and it was understood to be within the range of an experimental error that would allow the speed to actually be zero. For instance, Michelson wrote about the "decidedly negative result '' in a letter to Lord Rayleigh in August 1887:
The Experiments on the relative motion of the earth and ether have been completed and the result decidedly negative. The expected deviation of the interference fringes from the zero should have been 0.40 of a fringe -- the maximum displacement was 0.02 and the average much less than 0.01 -- and then not in the right place. As displacement is proportional to squares of the relative velocities it follows that if the ether does slip past the relative velocity is less than one sixth of the earth 's velocity.
From the standpoint of the then current aether models, the experimental results were conflicting. The Fizeau experiment and its 1886 repetition by Michelson and Morley apparently confirmed the stationary aether with partial aether dragging, and refuted complete aether dragging. On the other hand, the much more precise Michelson -- Morley experiment (1887) apparently confirmed complete aether dragging and refuted the stationary aether. In addition, the Michelson -- Morley null result was further substantiated by the null results of other second - order experiments of different kind, namely the Trouton -- Noble experiment (1903) and the Experiments of Rayleigh and Brace (1902 -- 1904). These problems and their solution led to the development of the Lorentz transformation and special relativity.
After the "failed '' experiment Michelson and Morley ceased their aether drift measurements and started to use their newly developed technique to establish the wavelength of light as a standard of length.
The beam travel time in the longitudinal direction can be derived as follows: Light is sent from the source and propagates with the speed of light c (\ displaystyle c) in the aether. It passes through the half - silvered mirror at the origin at T = 0 (\ displaystyle T = 0). The reflecting mirror is at that moment at distance L (\ displaystyle L) (the length of the interferometer arm) and is moving with velocity v (\ displaystyle v). The beam hits the mirror at time T 1 (\ displaystyle T_ (1)) and thus travels the distance c T 1 (\ displaystyle cT_ (1)). At this time, the mirror has traveled the distance v T 1 (\ displaystyle vT_ (1)). Thus c T 1 = L + v T 1 (\ displaystyle cT_ (1) = L + vT_ (1)) and consequently the travel time T 1 = L / (c − v) (\ displaystyle T_ (1) = L / (c-v)). The same consideration applies to the backward journey, with the sign of v (\ displaystyle v) reversed, resulting in c T 2 = L − v T 2 (\ displaystyle cT_ (2) = L - vT_ (2)) and T 2 = L / (c + v) (\ displaystyle T_ (2) = L / (c + v)). The total travel time T l = T 1 + T 2 (\ displaystyle T_ (l) = T_ (1) + T_ (2)) is:
Michelson obtained this expression correctly in 1881, however, in transverse direction he obtained the incorrect expression
because he overlooked that the aether wind also affects the transverse beam travel time. This was corrected by Alfred Potier (1882) and Lorentz (1886). The derivation in the transverse direction can be given as follows (analoguous to the derivation of time dilation using a light clock): The beam is propagating at the speed of light c (\ displaystyle c) and hits the mirror at time T 3 (\ displaystyle T_ (3)), traveling the distance c T 3 (\ displaystyle cT_ (3)). At the same time, the mirror has traveled the distance v T 3 (\ displaystyle vT_ (3)) in the x direction. So in order to hit the mirror, the travel path of the beam is L (\ displaystyle L) in the y direction (assuming equal - length arms) and v T 3 (\ displaystyle vT_ (3)) in the x direction. This inclined travel path follows from the transformation from the interferometer rest frame to the aether rest frame. Therefore, the Pythagorean theorem gives the actual beam travel distance of L 2 + (v T 3) 2 (\ displaystyle \ scriptstyle (\ sqrt (L ^ (2) + \ left (vT_ (3) \ right) ^ (2)))). Thus c T 3 = L 2 + (v T 3) 2 (\ displaystyle \ scriptstyle cT_ (3) = (\ sqrt (L ^ (2) + \ left (vT_ (3) \ right) ^ (2)))) and consequently the travel time T 3 = L / c 2 − v 2 (\ displaystyle \ scriptstyle T_ (3) = L / (\ sqrt (c ^ (2) - v ^ (2)))), which is the same for the backward journey. The total travel time T t = 2 T 3 (\ displaystyle T_ (t) = 2T_ (3)) is:
The time difference between T and T before rotation is given by
By multiplying with c, the corresponding length difference before rotation is
and after rotation
Dividing Δ 1 − Δ 2 (\ displaystyle \ Delta _ (1) - \ Delta _ (2)) by the wavelength λ, the fringe shift n is found:
Since L ≈ 11 meters and λ ≈ 500 nanometers, the expected fringe shift was n ≈ 0.44. So the result would be a delay in one of the light beams that could be detected when the beams were recombined through interference. Any slight change in the spent time would then be observed as a shift in the positions of the interference fringes. The negative result led Michelson to the conclusion that there is no measurable aether drift.
If the same situation is described from the view of an observer co-moving with the interferometer, then the effect of aether wind is similar to the effect experienced by a swimmer, who tries to move with velocity c (\ displaystyle c) against a river flowing with velocity v (\ displaystyle v).
In the longitudinal direction the swimmer first moves upstream, so his velocity is diminished due to the river flow to c − v (\ displaystyle c-v). On his way back moving downstream, his velocity is increased to c + v (\ displaystyle c + v). This gives the beam travel times T 1 (\ displaystyle T_ (1)) and T 2 (\ displaystyle T_ (2)) as mentioned above.
In the transverse direction, the swimmer has to compensate for the river flow by moving at a certain angle against the flow direction, in order to sustain his exact transverse direction of motion and to reach the other side of the river at the correct location. This diminishes his speed to c 2 − v 2 (\ displaystyle (\ sqrt (c ^ (2) - v ^ (2)))), and gives the beam travel time T 3 (\ displaystyle T_ (3)) as mentioned above.
The classical analysis predicted a relative phase shift between the longitudinal and transverse beams which in Michelson and Morley 's apparatus should have been readily measurable. What is not often appreciated (since there was no means of measuring it), is that motion through the hypothetical aether should also have caused the two beams to diverge as they emerged from the interferometer by about 10 radians.
For an apparatus in motion, the classical analysis requires that the beam - splitting mirror be slightly offset from an exact 45 ° if the longitudinal and transverse beams are to emerge from the apparatus exactly superimposed. In the relativistic analysis, Lorentz - contraction of the beam splitter in the direction of motion causes it to become more perpendicular by precisely the amount necessary to compensate for the angle discrepancy of the two beams.
A first step to explaining the Michelson and Morley experiment 's null result was found in the FitzGerald -- Lorentz contraction hypothesis, now simply called length contraction or Lorentz contraction, first proposed by George FitzGerald (1889) and Hendrik Lorentz (1892). According to this law all objects physically contract by L / γ (\ displaystyle L / \ gamma) along the line of motion (originally thought to be relative to the aether), γ = 1 / 1 − v 2 / c 2 (\ displaystyle \ gamma = 1 / (\ sqrt (1 - v ^ (2) / c ^ (2)))) being the Lorentz factor. This hypothesis was partly motivated by Oliver Heaviside 's discovery in 1888, that electrostatic fields are contracting in the line of motion. But since there was no reason at that time to assume that binding forces in matter are of electric origin, length contraction of matter in motion with respect to the aether was considered an Ad hoc hypothesis.
If length contraction of L (\ displaystyle L) is inserted into the above formula for T l (\ displaystyle T_ (l)), then the light propagation time in the longitudinal direction becomes equal to that in the transverse direction:
However, length contraction is only a special case of the more general relation, according to which the transverse length is larger than the longitudinal length by the ratio γ (\ displaystyle \ gamma). This can be achieved in many ways. If L 1 (\ displaystyle L_ (1)) is the moving longitudinal length and L 2 (\ displaystyle L_ (2)) the moving transverse length, L 1 ′ = L 2 ′ (\ displaystyle L'_ (1) = L'_ (2)) being the rest lengths, then it is given:
φ (\ displaystyle \ phi) can be arbitrarily chosen, so there are infinitely many combinations to explain the Michelson -- Morley null result. For instance, if φ = 1 (\ displaystyle \ phi = 1) the relativistic value of length contraction of L 1 (\ displaystyle L_ (1)) occurs, but if φ = 1 / γ (\ displaystyle \ phi = 1 / \ gamma) then no length contraction but an elongation of L 2 (\ displaystyle L_ (2)) occurs. This hypothesis was later extended by Joseph Larmor (1897), Lorentz (1904) and Henri Poincaré (1905), who developed the complete Lorentz transformation including time dilation in order to explain the Trouton -- Noble experiment, the Experiments of Rayleigh and Brace, and Kaufmann 's experiments. It has the form
It remained to define the value of φ (\ displaystyle \ phi), which was shown by Lorentz (1904) to be unity. In general, Poincaré (1905) demonstrated that only φ = 1 (\ displaystyle \ phi = 1) allows this transformation to form a group, so it is the only choice compatible with the principle of relativity, i.e. making the stationary aether undetectable. Given this, length contraction and time dilation obtain their exact relativistic values.
Albert Einstein formulated the theory of special relativity by 1905, deriving the Lorentz transformation and thus length contraction and time dilation from the relativity postulate and the constancy of the speed of light, thus removing the ad hoc character from the contraction hypothesis. Einstein emphasized the kinematic foundation of the theory and the modification of the notion of space and time, with the stationary aether no longer playing any role in his theory. He also pointed out the group character of the transformation. Einstein was motivated by Maxwell 's theory of electromagnetism (in the form as it was given by Lorentz in 1895) and the lack of evidence for the luminiferous aether.
This allows a more elegant and intuitive explanation of the Michelson - Morley null result. In a comoving frame the null result is self - evident, since the apparatus can be considered as at rest in accordance with the relativity principle, thus the beam travel times are the same. In a frame relative to which the apparatus is moving, the same reasoning applies as described above in "Length contraction and Lorentz transformation '', except the word "aether '' has to be replaced by "non-comoving inertial frame ''. Einstein wrote in 1916:
Although the estimated difference between these two times is exceedingly small, Michelson and Morley performed an experiment involving interference in which this difference should have been clearly detectable. But the experiment gave a negative result -- a fact very perplexing to physicists. Lorentz and FitzGerald rescued the theory from this difficulty by assuming that the motion of the body relative to the æther produces a contraction of the body in the direction of motion, the amount of contraction being just sufficient to compensate for the difference in time mentioned above. Comparison with the discussion in Section 11 shows that also from the standpoint of the theory of relativity this solution of the difficulty was the right one. But on the basis of the theory of relativity the method of interpretation is incomparably more satisfactory. According to this theory there is no such thing as a "specially favoured '' (unique) co-ordinate system to occasion the introduction of the æther - idea, and hence there can be no æther - drift, nor any experiment with which to demonstrate it. Here the contraction of moving bodies follows from the two fundamental principles of the theory, without the introduction of particular hypotheses; and as the prime factor involved in this contraction we find, not the motion in itself, to which we can not attach any meaning, but the motion with respect to the body of reference chosen in the particular case in point. Thus for a co-ordinate system moving with the earth the mirror system of Michelson and Morley is not shortened, but it is shortened for a co-ordinate system which is at rest relatively to the sun.
The extent to which the null result of the Michelson -- Morley experiment influenced Einstein is disputed. Alluding to some statements of Einstein, many historians argue that it played no significant role in his path to special relativity, while other statements of Einstein probably suggest that he was influenced by it. In any case, the null result of the Michelson -- Morley experiment helped the notion of the constancy of the speed of light gain widespread and rapid acceptance.
It was later shown by Howard Percy Robertson (1949) and others (see Robertson -- Mansouri -- Sexl test theory), that it is possible to derive the Lorentz transformation entirely from the combination of three experiments. First, the Michelson -- Morley experiment showed that the speed of light is independent of the orientation of the apparatus, establishing the relationship between longitudinal (β) and transverse (δ) lengths. Then in 1932, Roy Kennedy and Edward Thorndike modified the Michelson -- Morley experiment by making the path lengths of the split beam unequal, with one arm being very short. The Kennedy -- Thorndike experiment took place for many months as the Earth moved around the sun. Their negative result showed that the speed of light is independent of the velocity of the apparatus in different inertial frames. In addition it established that besides length changes, corresponding time changes must also occur, i.e. it established the relationship between longitudinal lengths (β) and time changes (α). So both experiments do not provide the individual values of these quantities. This uncertainty corresponds to the undefined factor φ (\ displaystyle \ phi) as described above. It was clear due to theoretical reasons (the group character of the Lorentz transformation as required by the relativity principle) that the individual values of length contraction and time dilation must assume their exact relativistic form. But a direct measurement of one of these quantities was still desirable to confirm the theoretical results. This was achieved by the Ives -- Stilwell experiment (1938), measuring α in accordance with time dilation. Combining this value for α with the Kennedy -- Thorndike null result shows that β must assume the value of relativistic length contraction. Combining β with the Michelson -- Morley null result shows that δ must be zero. Therefore, the Lorentz transformation with φ = 1 (\ displaystyle \ phi = 1) is an unavoidable consequence of the combination of these three experiments.
Special relativity is generally considered the solution to all negative aether drift (or isotropy of the speed of light) measurements, including the Michelson -- Morley null result. Many high precision measurements have been conducted as tests of special relativity and modern searches for Lorentz violation in the photon, electron, nucleon, or neutrino sector, all of them confirming relativity.
As mentioned above, Michelson initially believed that his experiment would confirm Stokes ' theory, according to which the aether was fully dragged in the vicinity of the earth (see Aether drag hypothesis). However, complete aether drag contradicts the observed aberration of light and was contradicted by other experiments as well. In addition, Lorentz showed in 1886 that Stokes 's attempt to explain aberration is contradictory.
Furthermore, the assumption that the aether is not carried in the vicinity, but only within matter, was very problematic as shown by the Hammar experiment (1935). Hammar directed one leg of his interferometer through a heavy metal pipe plugged with lead. If aether were dragged by mass, it was theorized that the mass of the sealed metal pipe would have been enough to cause a visible effect. Once again, no effect was seen, so aether - drag theories are considered to be disproven.
Walther Ritz 's emission theory (or ballistic theory), was also consistent with the results of the experiment, not requiring aether. The theory postulates that light has always the same velocity in respect to the source. However de Sitter noted that emitter theory predicted several optical effects that were not seen in observations of binary stars in which the light from the two stars could be measured in a spectrometer. If emission theory were correct, the light from the stars should experience unusual fringe shifting due to the velocity of the stars being added to the speed of the light, but no such effect could be seen. It was later shown by J.G. Fox that the original de Sitter experiments were flawed due to extinction, but in 1977 Brecher observed X-rays from binary star systems with similar null results. Also terrestrial tests using particle accelerators have been made that were inconsistent with source dependence of the speed of light. In addition, Emission theory might fail the Ives -- Stilwell experiment, but Fox questioned that as well.
Although Michelson and Morley went on to different experiments after their first publication in 1887, both remained active in the field. Other versions of the experiment were carried out with increasing sophistication. Morley was not convinced of his own results, and went on to conduct additional experiments with Dayton Miller from 1902 to 1904. Again, the result was negative within the margins of error.
Miller worked on increasingly larger interferometers, culminating in one with a 32 - meter (105 ft) (effective) arm length that he tried at various sites, including on top of a mountain at the Mount Wilson Observatory. To avoid the possibility of the aether wind being blocked by solid walls, his mountaintop observations used a special shed with thin walls, mainly of canvas. From noisy, irregular data, he consistently extracted a small positive signal that varied with each rotation of the device, with the sidereal day, and on a yearly basis. His measurements in the 1920s amounted to approximately 10 km / s (6.2 mi / s) instead of the nearly 30 km / s (18.6 mi / s) expected from the Earth 's orbital motion alone. He remained convinced this was due to partial entrainment or aether dragging, though he did not attempt a detailed explanation. He ignored critiques demonstrating the inconsistency of his results and the refutation by the Hammar experiment. Miller 's findings were considered important at the time, and were discussed by Michelson, Lorentz and others at a meeting reported in 1928. There was general agreement that more experimentation was needed to check Miller 's results. Miller later built a non-magnetic device to eliminate magnetostriction, while Michelson built one of non-expanding Invar to eliminate any remaining thermal effects. Other experimenters from around the world increased accuracy, eliminated possible side effects, or both. So far, no one has been able to replicate Miller 's results, and modern experimental accuracies have ruled them out. Roberts (2006) has pointed out that the primitive data reduction techniques used by Miller and other early experimenters, including Michelson and Morley, were capable of creating apparent periodic signals even when none existed in the actual data. After reanalyzing Miller 's original data using modern techniques of quantitative error analysis, Roberts found Miller 's apparent signals to be statistically insignificant.
Using a special optical arrangement involving a 1 / 20 wave step in one mirror, Roy J. Kennedy (1926) and K.K. Illingworth (1927) (Fig. 8) converted the task of detecting fringe shifts from the relatively insensitive one of estimating their lateral displacements to the considerably more sensitive task of adjusting the light intensity on both sides of a sharp boundary for equal luminance. If they observed unequal illumination on either side of the step, such as in Fig. 8e, they would add or remove calibrated weights from the interferometer until both sides of the step were once again evenly illuminated, as in Fig. 8d. The number of weights added or removed provided a measure of the fringe shift. Different observers could detect changes as little as 1 / 300 to 1 / 1500 of a fringe. Kennedy also carried out an experiment at Mount Wilson, finding only about 1 / 10 the drift measured by Miller and no seasonal effects.
In 1930, Georg Joos conducted an experiment using an automated interferometer with 21 - meter - long (69 ft) arms forged from pressed quartz having very low thermal coefficient of expansion, that took continuous photographic strip recordings of the fringes through dozens of revolutions of the apparatus. Displacements of 1 / 1000 of a fringe could be measured on the photographic plates. No periodic fringe displacements were found, placing an upper limit to the aether wind of 1.5 km / s (0.93 mi / s).
In the table below, the expected values are related to the relative speed between Earth and Sun of 30 km / s (18.6 mi / s). With respect to the speed of the solar system around the galactic center of about 220 km / s (140 mi / s), or the speed of the solar system relative to the CMB rest frame of about 368 km / s (229 mi / s), the null results of those experiments are even more obvious.
Optical tests of the isotropy of the speed of light became commonplace. New technologies, including the use of lasers and masers, have significantly improved measurement precision. (In the following table, only Essen (1955), Jaseja (1964), and Shamir / Fox (1969) are experiments of Michelson -- Morley type, i.e. comparing two perpendicular beams. The other optical experiments employed different methods.)
Over the last several years, there has been a resurgence in interest in performing precise Michelson -- Morley type experiments using lasers, masers, cryogenic optical resonators, etc. This is in large part due to predictions of quantum gravity that suggest that special relativity may be violated at scales accessible to experimental study. The first of these highly accurate experiments was conducted by Brillet & Hall (1979), in which they analyzed a laser frequency stabilized to a resonance of a rotating optical Fabry -- Pérot cavity. They set a limit on the anisotropy of the speed of light resulting from the Earth 's motions of Δc / c ≈ 10, where Δc is the difference between the speed of light in the x - and y - directions.
As of 2009, optical and microwave resonator experiments have improved this limit to Δc / c ≈ 10. In some of them, the devices were rotated or remained stationary, and some were combined with the Kennedy -- Thorndike experiment. In particular, Earth 's direction and velocity (ca. 368 km / s (229 mi / s)) relative to the CMB rest frame are ordinarily used as references in these searches for anisotropies.
Examples of other experiments not based on the Michelson -- Morley principle, i.e. non-optical isotropy tests achieving an even higher level of precision, are Clock comparison or Hughes -- Drever experiments. In Drever 's 1961 experiment, Li nuclei in the ground state, which has total angular momentum J = 3 / 2, were split into four equally spaced levels by a magnetic field. Each transition between a pair of adjacent levels should emit a photon of equal frequency, resulting in a single, sharp spectral line. However, since the nuclear wave functions for different M have different orientations in space relative to the magnetic field, any orientation dependence, whether from an aether wind or from a dependence on the large - scale distribution of mass in space (see Mach 's principle), would perturb the energy spacings between the four levels, resulting in an anomalous broadening or splitting of the line. No such broadening was observed. Modern repeats of this kind of experiment have provided some of the most accurate confirmations of the principle of Lorentz invariance.
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who plays the yoga instructor on orange is the new black | Constance Shulman - wikipedia
Constance Shulman (born April 4, 1958) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for voicing Patti Mayonnaise on Doug and for her current role as Yoga Jones in Orange Is the New Black. Shulman originated the role of Annelle in the first production of Steel Magnolias Off - Broadway.
Shulman was born in Johnson City, Tennessee, to a Jewish family. In 1980, she graduated from the University of Tennessee with a bachelor 's degree in both speech and theatre. She moved to New York City to study acting at the Circle in the Square Theatre School and pursue an acting career. In 1989, she made her screen debut in the comedy film Fletch Lives, playing Cindy Mae. She later had supporting parts in films Lost Angels, Men Do n't Leave, and Fried Green Tomatoes.
On television, Shulman worked as a voice actress, playing Patti Mayonnaise on Doug from 1991 to 1999. In the early 1990s, Shulman appeared in a series of Kraft mayonnaise commercials.
She was also a regular cast member in the short - lived 1996 ABC sitcom, The Faculty, playing the best friend of Meredith Baxter 's character. In the late 1990s Shulman left the screen to raise her two children.
In 2013, Shulman was cast in a recurring role as "Yoga Jones '' in the Netflix comedy - drama series, Orange Is the New Black. Along with the rest of the cast, she received a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series in 2015.
She is married to fellow actor Reed Birney, and their daughter Gus Birney is an actress. Her son Ephraim Birney is also an actor.
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doraemon nobita and the island of miracles in hindi | Doraemon: Nobita and the island of Miracles -- Animal Adventure - Wikipedia
Doraemon: Nobita and the Island of Miracles ~ Animal Adventure ~ (映画 ドラえもん のび太 と 奇跡 の 島 ~ アニマル アドベンチャー ~, Eiga Doraemon Nobita to Kiseki no Shima 〜 Animal Adventure 〜), also known as Doraemon Animal Adventure and Doraemon the Movie: Nobita and the Last Haven - Animal Adventure -, is a 2012 Japanese animated film based on the popular manga and anime series Doraemon. It 's the 32nd Doraemon film. The film was released in Japan on March 3, 2012. A video game based on this film was released for the Nintendo 3DS in Japan on March 1, 2012.
Nobita and his dad buy a big rhinoceros beetle, which he promises to his dad to take good care of it. Later, Doraemon 's group finds a strange island where a tribe co-exists with prehistoric creatures long believed to extinct yet preserved by a mythical beetle spirit named Golden Hercules. However, the group has to deal with a group of criminals from the future who intend to capture Golden Hercules for a profit.
The movie earned ¥ 3.62 billion in Japanese theaters and was ranked 8th highest - grossing film of 2012 in Japan.
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legend of bhagat singh ajay devgan full movie | The Legend of Bhagat Singh - Wikipedia
The Legend of Bhagat Singh is a 2002 Indian historical biographical film about Bhagat Singh, a freedom fighter who fought for Indian independence. It was directed by Rajkumar Santoshi and starred Ajay Devgan, Sushant Singh, and D. Santosh. It was released on 7 June 2002 and went on to win two National Film Awards, including the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi, and three Filmfare Awards, including the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie.
The Legend of Bhagat Singh shows in detail how Singh came to develop his views on the British Raj and his struggle for Indian independence. The film begins with scenes depicting how the British attempted to dispose of Singh 's body, so that he could not be made into a martyr, and then flashbacks to the past to tell his story. A historical feel was created by using a sepia tint throughout the film.
Bhagat Singh was born in British India in 1907. As a child he witnessed numerous atrocities committed on fellow Indians by the British rulers, who came to trade under the guise of East India Company, but ended up controlling most of the nation, and permitting tyrants such as General Reginald Dyer to massacre thousands of innocent men, women and children in Jallianwala Bagh. As a child he was impressed by Mahatma Gandhi, especially his call to launch the non-cooperation movement, which led to thousands of people burning British - made clothing, giving up school, college studies, and government jobs -- only to be let down by Gandhi when he called off the movement. Undaunted, Bhagat Singh (Ajay Devgan) decided to be a revolutionary, starting with getting into petty fights, then as a grown - up joining the Hindustan Republic Association. His father, Kishan, paid Rs. 60,000 / - and bailed him out, so that he could get him to run a dairy - farm and get married to a girl named Mannavali (Amrita Rao).
When Lala Lajpat Rai was beaten to death by the police, Bhagat, with Shivaram Rajguru, Sukhdev (Sushant Singh), and Chandra Shekhar Azad (Akhilendra Mishra) daringly carried out the assassination of a police officer named Saunders, which eventually led to Bhagat 's arrest. He was lodged in a cell, tortured and beaten mercilessly. But being a revolutionary was in Bhagat 's blood: When the British proposed the Trade Disputes and Public Safety Bills, he initiated the bombing in the Indian Parliament Building, with Batukeshwar Dutt, He took utmost care of the safety of people in parliament by throwing bombs at empty benches. He was arrested, and tried in an open court. This is where Bhagat launched his much - publicized revolution, and became popular with the masses, especially the younger generation, laborers, and farmers, so much so that his popularity rivaled that of Gandhi himself.
Even in Lahore prison, Bhagat made headline news when he and other prisoners undertook a 63 - day fast unto death to improve the conditions of Indian freedom - fighter prisoners. On the other hand, Azad, whom the British had repeatedly failed to capture, was attacked in Alfred Park of Allahabad on 27 February 1931. With the police surrounding the entire park, a shootout followed; refusing to be captured by the British, Azad committed suicide with the last remaining bullet in his revolver.
The British re-opened the Saunders ' murder case, which led to death sentences being imposed on Bhagat, Shivram, and Sukhdev. The entire nation rose up in protest, including the Congress party -- with the ball in Gandhi 's court -- for he was due to sign the Irwin Pact, and Indians hoped that he would use this as a bargaining chip to save the lives of the heroic trio. But as Gandhi agreed with the clause of "Release of political prisoners except for the ones involved in violence '', the hopes of the nation dashed to the ground. Bhagat, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged in utmost secrecy, during the early hours of 23 March 1931.
The soundtrack of The Legend of Bhagat Singh was composed by A.R. Rahman, while the lyrics were written by Sameer.
The Legend of Bhagat Singh 's release coincided with another based on Bhagat Singh, 23rd March 1931: Shaheed which starred Bobby Deol in the lead role. Both were disasters at box office, although the film won rave reviews. The background score composed by A.R. Rahman also received critical acclaim. It was considered for the Best Background Score nomination in the 50th National Film Awards, which falls under the Best Music Direction category. Rahman 's critically acclaimed Saathiya was also considered for a nomination for Best Music Direction. However, it lost to Kannathil Muthamittal in the same year, which was also composed by Rahman himself.
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who are the leading proponents of a developmental stage theory of children’s moral development | Moral development - wikipedia
Moral development focuses on the emergence, change, and understanding of morality from infancy through adulthood. In the field of moral development, morality is defined as principles for how individuals ought to treat one another, with respect to justice, others ' welfare, and rights. In order to investigate how individuals understand morality, it is essential to measure their beliefs, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors that contribute to moral understanding. The field of moral development studies the role of peers and parents in facilitating moral development, the role of conscience and values, socialization and cultural influences, empathy and altruism, and positive development. The interest in morality spans many disciplines (e.g., philosophy, economics, biology, and political science) and specializations within psychology (e.g., social, cognitive, and cultural). Moral developmental psychology research focuses on questions of origins and change in morality across the lifespan.
The founder of psychoanalysis, Freud (1962), proposed the existence of a tension between the needs of society and the individual. According to Freud, moral development proceeds when the individual 's selfish desires are repressed and replaced by the values of important socializing agents in one 's life (for instance, one 's parents). A proponent of behaviorism, Skinner (1972) similarly focused on socialization as the primary force behind moral development. In contrast to Freud 's notion of a struggle between internal and external forces, Skinner focused on the power of external forces (reinforcement contingencies) to shape an individual 's development. While both Freud and Skinner focused on the external forces that bear on morality (parents in the case of Freud, and behavioral contingencies in the case of Skinner), Piaget (1965) focused on the individual 's construction, construal, and interpretation of morality from a social - cognitive and social - emotional perspective.
To understand adult morality, Piaget believed that it was necessary to study both how morality manifests in the child 's world as well as the factors that contribute to the emergence of central moral concepts such as welfare, justice, and rights. Interviewing children using the Clinical Interview Method, Piaget (1965) found that young children were focused on authority mandates, and that with age children become autonomous, evaluating actions from a set of independent principles of morality. Kohlberg (1953) expanded upon Piagetian notions of moral development. While they both viewed moral development as a result of a deliberate attempt to increase the coordination and integration of one 's orientation to the world, Kohlberg 's studies and research provided a systematic 3 - level, 6 - stage sequence reflecting changes in moral judgment throughout the lifespan. Specifically, Kohlberg argued that development proceeds from a selfish desire to avoid punishment (personal), to a concern for group functioning (societal), to a concern for the consistent application of universal ethical principles (moral). Furthermore, Kohlberg believed that in order for a child to advance to a more developed level of morality, he or she must develop an equivalent level of intellectual ability. In the words of Kohlberg, "The child can internalize the moral values of his parents and culture and make them his own only as he comes to relate these values to a comprehended social order and to his own goals as a social self ''. Although Kohlberg is praised for his work there have been many questions raised whether or not it is 100 % accurate. Many people believe his six - stage theory was sexist because only males were in the test group for this study. Regardless, Kolberg 's research cemented his expanded ideas on moral development as legitimate in the field of developmental psychology.
Turiel (1983, 1998, 2002, 2006) argued for a social domain approach to social cognition, delineating how individuals differentiate moral (fairness, equality, justice), societal (conventions, group functioning, traditions), and psychological (personal, individual prerogative) concepts from early in development throughout the lifespan. Over the past 40 years, research findings have supported this model, demonstrating how children, adolescents, and adults differentiate moral rules from conventional rules, identify the personal domain as a nonregulated domain, and evaluate multifaceted (or complex) situations that involve more than one domain. This research has been conducted in a wide range of countries (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, Nigeria, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, U.K., U.S., Virgin Islands) and with rural and urban children, for low and high income communities, and traditional and modern cultures. Turiel 's social domain theory showed that children were actually younger in developing moral standards than past psychologists predicted.
For the past 20 years, researchers have expanded the field of moral development, applying moral judgment, reasoning, and emotion attribution to topics such as prejudice, aggression, theory of mind, emotions, empathy, peer relationships, and parent - child interactions. The Handbook of Moral Development (2006), edited by Melanie Killen and Judith Smetana, provides a wide range of information about these topics covered in moral development today.
Children 's interactions with caregivers and peers have been shown to influence their development of moral understanding and behavior. Researchers have addressed the influence of interpersonal interactions on children 's moral development from two primary perspectives: socialization / internalization (Grusec & Goodnow, 1994; Kochanska & Askan, 1995; Kochanska, Askan, & Koenig, 1995) and social domain theory (Turiel, 1983; Smetana 2006). Research from the social domain theory perspective focuses on how children actively distinguish moral from conventional behavior based in part on the responses of parents, teachers, and peers (Smetana, 1997). Adults tend to respond to children 's moral transgressions (e.g. hitting or stealing) by drawing the child 's attention to the effect of his or her action on others, and doing so consistently across various contexts. In contrast, adults are more likely to respond to children 's conventional misdeeds (e.g. wearing a hat in the classroom, eating spaghetti with fingers) by reminding children about specific rules and doing so only in certain contexts (e.g. at school but not at home) (Smetana, 1984; 1985). Peers respond mainly to moral but not conventional transgressions and demonstrate emotional distress (e.g. crying or yelling) when they are the victim of moral but unconventional transgressions (Smetana, 1984). Children then use these differing cues to help determine whether behaviors are conventionally wrong.
Research from a socialization / internalization perspective focuses on the ways in which adults pass down standards of behavior to children through parenting techniques and why children do or do not internalize those values (Grusec & Goodnow, 1994; Kochanska & Askan, 1995). From this perspective, moral development involves children 's increasing compliance with and internalization of adult rules, requests, and standards of behavior. Using these definitions, researchers find that parenting behaviors vary in the extent to which they encourage children 's internalization of values, and that these effects depend partially on child attributes, such as age and temperament (Grusec & Goodnow, 1994). For instance, Kochanska (1997) showed that gentle parental discipline best promotes conscience development in temperamentally fearful children but that parental responsiveness and a mutually responsive parent - child orientation best promote conscience development in temperamentally fearless children. These parental influences exert their effects through multiple pathways, including increasing children 's experience of moral emotions (e.g. guilt, empathy) and their self - identification as moral individuals (Kochanska, 2010).
A hallmark of moral understanding is intentionality. Recent research on children 's theory of mind, ToM, has focused on when children understand others ' intentions (Wellman & Lui, 2004). The moral concept of actor intentionality develops with experience in the world. Yuill (1984) presented evidence that comprehension of actor intentions plays a role in moral judgment, even in young children. Killen, Mulvey, Richardson, Jampol, and Woodward (2011) present evidence that with developing false belief competence (ToM), children are capable of using information about actor intentions when making moral judgments about act acceptability and punishment acceptability, recognizing that accidental transgressors, who do not hold negative intentions, should not be held accountable for negative outcomes. In this study, children who lacked false belief competence were more likely to attribute blame to an accidental transgressor than children with demonstrated false belief competence. In addition to evidence from a social cognitive perspective, behavioral evidence suggests that even three - year - olds have the capacity to take into account actor intention and apply this information when responding to situations. Vaish, Carpenter, and Tomasello (2010), for instance, present evidence that three - year - olds are more willing to help a neutral or helpful actor than a harmful actor. Beyond the ability to identify actor intentionality, mental state understanding plays a crucial role in identifying victimization. While obvious distress cues (e.g. crying) allow even three year olds to identify victims of harm (Zelazo, Helwig, & Lau, 1996), it is n't until around six years of age that children are able to appreciate that a person may be an unwilling victim of harm even in the absence of obvious distress (Shaw & Wainryb, 2006). In their study, Shaw and Wainryb (2006) discovered that children older than six interpret compliance, resistance, and subversion to illegitimate requests (e.g., clean my locker) from the perspective of a victim. That is, they judge that victims who resist illegitimate requests will feel better than victims who comply.
Researchers interested in intergroup attitudes and behavior have approached the study of stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination in children and adolescents from several theoretical perspectives. Some of these theoretical frameworks include: Cognitive Development Theory (Aboud, 1988); Social Domain Theory (Killen & Rutland, 2011; Killen, Sinno, & Margie, 2007); Social Identity Development Theory (Nesdale, 1999); Developmental Intergroup Theory (Bigler & Liben, 2006); Subjective Group Dynamics (Abrams, Rutland, & Cameron, 2003; Rutland, Killen, & Abrams, 2010); Implicit Theories (Levy, Chiu, & Hong, 2006) and Intergroup - contact Theory (Pettigrew & Tropp, 2008). The plethora of research approaches is not surprising given the multitude of variables, (e.g. group identity, group status, group threat, group norms, intergroup contact, individual beliefs and context) that need to be considered when assessing children 's intergroup attitudes. While most of this research has investigated two - dimensional relationships between each of the three components: stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination (e.g., role of stereotypes in intergroup prejudice, use of stereotypes to reason about intergroup discrimination, how prejudices manifest into discrimination), very few have addressed all three aspects of intergroup attitudes and behaviors together (McKown, 2004).
In developmental intergroup research, stereotypes are defined as judgments made about an individual 's attributes based on group membership (Killen, Margie, & Sinno, 2006; Killen et al., 2007). Social psychologists focus on stereotypes as cognitive components influencing intergroup behaviors and tend to define them as being fixed concepts associated with a category (Allport, 1954). Prejudice, on the other hand is defined in terms of negative attitudes or affective expressions toward a whole group or members of a group (Stangor, 2009). Negative stereotypes and prejudices can manifest into discrimination towards an outgroup and for children and adolescents this may come in the form of exclusion from peer groups (Killen & Rutland, 2011).
Within an intergroup encounter children and adolescents have been found to weigh concerns about fairness, justice and the welfare of others when making decisions about inclusion or exclusion of an outgroup member into a peer group.
Intergroup exclusion context provides an appropriate platform to investigate the interplay of these three dimensions of intergroup attitudes and behaviors, prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination. Developmental scientists working from a Social Domain Theory (SDT: Killen et al., 2006; Smetana, 2006) perspective have focused on methods that measure children 's reasoning about exclusion scenarios. This approach has been helpful in distinguishing which concerns children attend to when presented with a situation in which exclusion occurs. Exclusion from a peer group could raise concerns about moral issues (e.g. fairness and empathy towards excluded), social - conventional issues (e.g., traditions and social norms set by institutions and groups) and personal issues (e.g., autonomy, individual preferences related to friendships), and these can coexist depending on the context in which the exclusion occurs. In intergroup as well as intragroup contexts, children need to draw on knowledge and attitudes related to their own social identities, other social categories, the social norms associated with these categories as well as moral principals about the welfare of the excluded, and fair treatment, to make judgments about social exclusion.
Findings from a Social Domain Theory perspective show that children are sensitive to the context of exclusion and pay attention to different variables when judging or evaluating exclusion. These variables include, social categories, the stereotypes associated with them, children 's qualifications as defined by prior experience with an activity, personality and behavioral traits that might be disruptive for group functioning and conformity to conventions as defined by group identity or social consensus. In the absence of information, stereotypes can be used to justify exclusion of a member of an out - group (Horn 2003, Killen and Stangor, 2001). One 's personality traits and whether he / she conforms to socially accepted behaviors related to identity also provide further criteria for social acceptance and inclusion by peers (Killen, Crystal, & Watanabe, 2002; Park, Killen, Crystal, & Watanabe, 2003). As children get older they become more attuned to issues of group functioning and conventions and weigh them in congruence with issues of fairness and morality (Killen & Stangor, 2001).
Moral questions tend to be emotionally charged issues which evoke strong affective responses. Consequently, emotions likely play an important role in moral development. However, there is currently little consensus among theorists on how emotions influence moral development. Psychoanalytic theory, founded by Freud, emphasizes the role of guilt in repressing primal drives. Research on prosocial behavior has focused on how emotions motivate individuals to engage in moral or altruistic acts. Social - cognitive development theories have recently begun to examine how emotions influence moral judgments. Intuitionist theorists assert that moral judgments can be reduced to immediate, instinctive emotional responses elicited by moral dilemmas.
Research on socioemotional development and prosocial development has identified several "moral emotions '' which are believed to motivate moral behavior and influence moral development (Eisenberg, 2000 for a review). The primary emotions consistently linked with moral development are guilt, shame, empathy, and sympathy. Guilt has been defined as "an agitation - based emotion or painful feeling of regret that is aroused when the actor actually causes, anticipates causing, or is associated with an aversive event '' (Fergusen & Stegge, 1998). Shame is often used synonymously with guilt, but implies a more passive and dejected response to a perceived wrong. Guilt and shame are considered "self - conscious '' emotions, because they are of primary importance to an individual 's self - evaluation. In contrast to guilt and shame, empathy and sympathy are considered other - oriented moral emotions. Empathy is commonly defined as an affective response produced by the apprehension or comprehension of another 's emotional state which mirrors the other 's affective state. Similarly, sympathy is defined as an emotional response produced by the apprehension or comprehension of another 's emotional state which does not mirror the other 's affect, but instead causes one to express concern or sorrow for the other (Eisenberg, 2000).
The relation between moral action and moral emotions has been extensively researched. Very young children have been found to express feelings of care, and empathy towards others, showing concerns for other 's well being (Eisenberg, Spinard, & Sadovsky, 2006). Research has consistently demonstrated that when empathy is induced in an individual, he or she is more likely to engage in subsequent prosocial behavior (Batson 1998; Eisenberg, 200 for review). Additionally, other research has examined emotions of shame and guilt in relation to children 's emphatic and prosocial behavior (Zahn - Waxler & Robinson, 1995).
While emotions serve as information for children in their interpretations about moral consequences of acts, the role of emotions in children 's moral judgments has only recently been investigated. Some approaches to studying emotions in moral judgments come from the perspective that emotions are automatic intuitions that define morality (Greene, 2001; Haidt, 2001). Other approaches place emphasis on the role of emotions as evaluative feedback that help children interpret acts and consequences (Turiel & Killen, 2010). Research has shown children attribute different emotional outcomes to actors involved in moral transgressions than those involved in conventional transgressions (Arsenio, 1988, Arsenio & Fleiss, 1996). Emotions may help individuals prioritize among different information and possibilities and reduce information processing demands in order to narrow the scope of the reasoning process (Lemerise & Arsenio, 2000). In addition, Malti, Gummerum, Keller, & Buchmann, (2009) found individual differences in how children attribute emotions to victims and victimizers.
The role of culture on moral development is an important topic which raises fundamental questions about what is universal and what is culturally specific regarding morality and moral development. Many research traditions have examined this question, with social - cognitive and structural developmental positions theorizing that morality has a universal requirement to it, drawing from moral philosophy. The expectation is that if morality exists, it has to do with those values that are generalizable across groups and cultures. Alternatively, cultural relativistic positions have been put forth mostly by socialization theories which focus on how cultures transmit values rather than what values are applied across groups and individuals.
As an example of some of the debates, Shweder, Mahapatra, and Miller (1987) argued for moral relativism, or the notion that different cultures defined the boundaries of morality differently. In contrast, Turiel and Perkins (2004) argued for the universality of morality, focusing largely on evidence throughout history of resistance movements that fight for justice through the affirmation of individual self - determination rights. In an update on the debate between moral relativism and moral universality, Miller (2006) provides a thoughtful review of the cultural variability of moral priorities, arguing that rather than variability in what individuals consider moral (fairness, justice, rights), there is cultural variability in the priority given to moral considerations (e.g., the importance of prosocial helping). Wainryb (2006), in contrast, reviews extensive literature which has demonstrated that children in diverse cultures such as the U.S., India, China, Turkey, and Brazil share a pervasive view about upholding fairness and the wrongfulness of inflicting harm on others. Cultures vary in terms of conventions and customs, but not principles of fairness, which appear to emerge very early in development, prior to socialization influences. Wainryb (1991; 1993) shows that many apparent cultural differences in moral judgments are actually due to different informational assumptions, or beliefs about the way the world works. When people hold different beliefs about the effects of actions or the status of different groups of people, their judgments about the harmfulness or fairness of behaviors often differ, even when they are applying the same moral principles.
Another powerful socializing mechanism by which values are transmitted is religion, which is for many inextricably linked to a cultural identity. Nucci and Turiel (1993) assessed individuals ' reactions to dictates from God, and the distinctions in their reactions to God 's moral (e.g., stealing) and conventional (e.g., day of worship) dictates. One explicit manner in which societies can socialize individuals is through moral education. Solomon and colleagues (1988) present evidence from a study that integrated both direct instruction and guided reflection approaches to moral development, with evidence for resultant increases in spontaneous prosocial behavior. Finally, studies of moral development and cultural issues cover many subtopics. For instance, a recent review of studies examining social exclusion, identifies cultural similarities in the evaluation of exclusion across a range of societies and cultures (Hitti, Mulvey & Killen, 2011).
The role of religion in a culture may have an impact on a child 's moral development and sense of moral identity. For instance, intrinsic aspects of religion may have a positive impact on the internalization and the symbolism of moral identity. If religion is a family activity it may help the child internalize the parents ' morals.
In many Indigenous American communities, storytelling provides a foundation for children in understanding the core values of their community. Storytelling carries lessons across generational lines with words of meaning and instruction, providing children the guidelines for living life. It is used as a tool to pass down the symbolic significances of life and ideologies of moral character.
Native American tribes use storytelling as a primary means of educating young people in the words, characters, and creatures used. Once children are old enough to understand and retain information, lessons of morals, ideals, and ethics are taught through stories told alongside daily household chores in casual but consistent ways. The omnipresence of storytelling in everyday life is used as an indirect form of teaching.
Children become attentive toward finding the moral lesson within a story that are easily recognized by other members of the community. The understanding gained from a child 's observation of morality and ethics taught through storytelling allows them to participate within their community appropriately. Most children in Indigenous American communities develop a sense of keen attention to the details of a story with the goal of learning from them, and to understand why people do the things they do. They learn to extract the essence of what the moral lesson of the stories are meant to reflect.
An important element of storytelling as a form of learning is the use of specific animals as characters. Certain animals, some worshipped and some cast as tricksters, symbolize specific values and views of the culture, and listeners are taught through the actions of these characters. In the Lakota tribe, coyotes are often viewed as a trickster character, demonstrating negative behaviors like greed, recklessness, and arrogance that ultimately gets him into trouble, or even killed. These lessons teach children they should avoid exhibiting these behaviors to keep out of trouble. In some tribes, the bear and the fox are usually viewed as wise, noble, and morally upright, and children learn to model after these characters. The reuse of characters calls for a more predictable outcome that children can more easily understand.
Storytelling can be seen as a central power to shaping and forming the minds of young children in these communities, as well as the dominant means for understanding, and the basic foundation for learning and teaching. Every detail in legends about the sun, moon, and stars, and even the specificity of animals plays a part in the perpetuation of values in their society. It is a transmission of cultural and moral values embedded within a story passed on from elders to children as a learning experience. There is a sophistication to storytelling in Indigenous American cultures that make it an educational art form as a way to socialize children to the moral norms of their community. It acts as a situated communication of values, showing us the world we live in, and the way we should behave in that world.
The notion of justice implies an impartial weighing of individual 's needs. Early research focused on the contingency between conceptions of justice and Piagetian logical operations (Damon, 1975). In the realm or society and law, Helwig and Jasiobedzka (2001) asked adolescents to judge the acceptability of beneficial (e.g., a traffic law) and unjust laws (e.g., denial of education to a group of individuals). Park and Killen (2010) extended the notion of individuals ' needs to include the needs of groups. In their study, they asked children to consider group members ' desires (exclusion) that contrasted with an individual 's desires (inclusion) in an exclusion scenario. The results demonstrated that children viewed exclusion based on personality as less wrong than exclusion based on group membership, such as gender and nationality. Studies have also been conducted on reactions to injustice. Astor (1994) for instance, studied the reactions of violent and nonviolent individuals to provoked and unprovoked violent behavior. In the provocation condition, violent, as opposed to nonviolent, children were more likely to focus on retribution as a means of restoring justice to the situation. Other research has focused on evaluating the universality of development of notions of distributive justice. Enright, Enright, and Lapsley (1981) for instance, found that middle - SES children focused more on individuals ' needs when determining resource allocation in hypothetical scenarios than did low - SES children. Research within behavioral economics (Fehr et al., 2008, Almas et al., 2010), indicates that even very young children strongly adhere to concepts of fairness and justice when distributing resources, with children moving from a focus on strict equality to a more nuanced sense of justice based on merit, with age.
The advent and development of imaging technologies allows for an increasingly precise analysis of the neural bases of moral judgment, emotion, and behavior, allowing for both a structural and functional view of the organ that organizes what we perceive in the world and directs how we respond to that world. For instance, Blair (2007) has documented cortical regions that are differentially active when considering emotional expressions (e.g., fear) in neurotypical controls compared to participants with antisocial personality disorder. Decety and Michalska (2009) have identified neural circuits underlying empathic and sympathetic reactions to others ' pain. In another fMRI study, one hundred and twenty - six participants aged between 4 and 37 years viewed scenarios depicting intentional versus accidental actions that caused harm / damage to people and objects. Morally, salient scenarios evoked stronger empathic sadness in young participants and were associated with enhanced activity in the amygdala, insula, and temporal poles. While intentional harm was evaluated as equally wrong across all participants, ratings of deserved punishments and malevolent intent gradually became more differentiated with age. Furthermore, age - related increase in activity was detected in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in response to intentional harm to people, as well as increased functional connectivity between this region and the amygdala. This study provides evidence that moral reasoning involves a complex integration between affective and cognitive processes that gradually changes with age, and supports the view that negative emotion alerts the individual to the moral salience of a situation by bringing discomfort and thus can serve as an antecedent to moral judgment. Varying the description of the trustworthiness of a partner in an economic decision game, Delgado, Frank, and Phelps (2005) were able to show that neural regions associated with reward processing were affected by the extent to which the participant thought she could trust the partner.
The social domain theory had drawn the idea that there was a connection between the child 's developing concepts of morality, and other domains of social knowledge, such as social convention. In a few tests Turiel had asked his test groups if they would hit their friend. They all said no because they would get in trouble. He then offered the idea that if they would n't get in trouble would they do it and most said no because they knew the other person would get hurt and that would be wrong. This test showed that society creates standards for us and teaches us the right and wrong from interactions with other people and how they follow societal rules.
The development and internalization of morals at an early age has been shown to be predictive of future adaptive skills and future socialization skills. A study that tested children at 25, 38, and 52 months on internalization of their mothers and fathers rules, and the children 's perception of their morals found that the children were more competent and better socialized if they were highly developed in the two areas tested. The relation between the child 's history of empathy toward the mother and future socialization was also significant. Children who are empathic at a young age also, will find it easier to maintain relationship, both romantically and with friends and co-workers. This skill is extremely important in communicating with people and being able to understand others perspective. Children who have high internalization of the mother and father 's rules are also more likely to perceive themselves being more moral later in childhood.
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when did germany and japan surrender in wwii | Surrender of Japan - wikipedia
The surrender of Imperial Japan was announced on August 15 and formally signed on September 2, 1945, bringing the hostilities of World War II to a close. By the end of July 1945, the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) was incapable of conducting major operations and an Allied invasion of Japan was imminent. Together with the British Empire and China, the United States called for the unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26, 1945 -- the alternative being "prompt and utter destruction ''. While publicly stating their intent to fight on to the bitter end, Japan 's leaders (the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War, also known as the "Big Six '') were privately making entreaties to the still - neutral Soviet Union to mediate peace on terms more favorable to the Japanese. Meanwhile, the Soviets were preparing to attack Japanese forces in Manchuria and Korea (in addition to South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands) in fulfillment of promises they had secretly made to the United States and the United Kingdom at the Tehran and Yalta Conferences.
On August 6, 1945, at 8: 15 AM local time, the United States detonated an atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Sixteen hours later, American President Harry S. Truman called again for Japan 's surrender, warning them to "expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth. '' Late in the evening of August 8, 1945, in accordance with the Yalta agreements, but in violation of the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, and soon after midnight on August 9, 1945, the Soviet Union invaded the Imperial Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. Later in the day, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb, this time on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. Following these events, Emperor Hirohito intervened and ordered the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War to accept the terms the Allies had set down in the Potsdam Declaration for ending the war. After several more days of behind - the - scenes negotiations and a failed coup d'état, Emperor Hirohito gave a recorded radio address across the Empire on August 15. In the radio address, called the Jewel Voice Broadcast (玉音 放送, Gyokuon - hōsō), he announced the surrender of Japan to the Allies.
On August 28, the occupation of Japan led by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers began. The surrender ceremony was held on September 2, aboard the United States Navy battleship USS Missouri, at which officials from the Japanese government signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender, thereby ending the hostilities. Allied civilians and military personnel alike celebrated V-J Day, the end of the war; however, isolated soldiers and personnel from Japan 's far - flung forces throughout Asia and the Pacific refused to surrender for months and years afterwards, some even refusing into the 1970s. The role of the atomic bombings in Japan 's unconditional surrender, and the ethics of the two attacks, is still debated. The state of war formally ended when the Treaty of San Francisco came into force on April 28, 1952. Four more years passed before Japan and the Soviet Union signed the Soviet -- Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956, which formally brought an end to their state of war.
By 1945, the Japanese had suffered a string of defeats for nearly two years in the South West Pacific, the Marianas campaign, and the Philippines campaign. In July 1944, following the loss of Saipan, General Hideki Tōjō was replaced as prime minister by General Kuniaki Koiso, who declared that the Philippines would be the site of the decisive battle. After the Japanese loss of the Philippines, Koiso in turn was replaced by Admiral Kantarō Suzuki. The Allies captured the nearby islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa in the first half of 1945. Okinawa was to be a staging area for Operation Downfall, the Allied invasion of the Japanese Home Islands. Following Germany 's defeat, the Soviet Union began quietly redeploying its battle - hardened European forces to the Far East, in addition to about forty divisions that had been stationed there since 1941, as a counterbalance to the million - strong Kwantung Army.
The Allied submarine campaign and the mining of Japanese coastal waters had largely destroyed the Japanese merchant fleet. With few natural resources, Japan was dependent on raw materials, particularly oil, imported from Manchuria and other parts of the East Asian mainland, and from the conquered territory in the Dutch East Indies. The destruction of the Japanese merchant fleet, combined with the strategic bombing of Japanese industry, had wrecked Japan 's war economy. Production of coal, iron, steel, rubber, and other vital supplies was only a fraction of that before the war.
As a result of the losses it had suffered, the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) had ceased to be an effective fighting force. Following a series of raids on the Japanese shipyard at Kure, the only major warships in fighting order were six aircraft carriers, four cruisers, and one battleship, none of which could be fueled adequately. Although 19 destroyers and 38 submarines were still operational, their use was limited by the lack of fuel.
Faced with the prospect of an invasion of the Home Islands, starting with Kyūshū, and the prospect of a Soviet invasion of Manchuria -- Japan 's last source of natural resources -- the War Journal of the Imperial Headquarters concluded:
We can no longer direct the war with any hope of success. The only course left is for Japan 's one hundred million people to sacrifice their lives by charging the enemy to make them lose the will to fight.
As a final attempt to stop the Allied advances, the Japanese Imperial High Command planned an all - out defense of Kyūshū codenamed Operation Ketsugō. This was to be a radical departure from the defense in depth plans used in the invasions of Peleliu, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. Instead, everything was staked on the beachhead; more than 3,000 kamikazes would be sent to attack the amphibious transports before troops and cargo were disembarked on the beach.
If this did not drive the Allies away, they planned to send another 3,500 kamikazes along with 5,000 Shin'yō suicide motorboats and the remaining destroyers and submarines -- "the last of the Navy 's operating fleet '' -- to the beach. If the Allies had fought through this and successfully landed on Kyūshū, 3,000 planes would have been left to defend the remaining islands, although Kyūshū would be "defended to the last '' regardless. The strategy of making a last stand at Kyūshū was based on the assumption of continued Soviet neutrality.
A set of caves were excavated near Nagano on Honshu, the largest of the Japanese islands. In the event of invasion, these caves, the Matsushiro Underground Imperial Headquarters, were to be used by the Army to direct the war and to house the Emperor and his family.
Japanese policy - making centered on the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War (created in 1944 by earlier Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso), the so - called "Big Six '' -- the Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of the Army, Minister of the Navy, Chief of the Army General Staff, and Chief of the Navy General Staff. At the formation of the Suzuki government in April 1945, the council 's membership consisted of:
All of these positions were nominally appointed by the Emperor and their holders were answerable directly to him. Nevertheless, from 1936 the Japanese Army and Navy held, effectively, a legal right to nominate (or refuse to nominate) their respective ministers. Thus, they could prevent the formation of undesirable governments, or by resignation bring about the collapse of an existing government.
Emperor Hirohito and Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal Kōichi Kido also were present at some meetings, following the Emperor 's wishes. As Iris Chang reports, "the Japanese deliberately destroyed, hid or falsified most of their secret wartime documents. ''
For the most part, Suzuki 's military - dominated cabinet favored continuing the war. For the Japanese, surrender was unthinkable -- Japan had never been successfully invaded or lost a war in its history. Only Mitsumasa Yonai, the Navy minister, was known to desire an early end to the war. According to historian Richard B. Frank:
After the war, Suzuki and others from his government and their apologists claimed they were secretly working towards peace, and could not publicly advocate it. They cite the Japanese concept of haragei -- "the art of hidden and invisible technique '' -- to justify the dissonance between their public actions and alleged behind - the - scenes work. However, many historians reject this. Robert J.C. Butow wrote:
Because of its very ambiguity, the plea of haragei invites the suspicion that in questions of politics and diplomacy a conscious reliance upon this ' art of bluff ' may have constituted a purposeful deception predicated upon a desire to play both ends against the middle. While this judgment does not accord with the much - lauded character of Admiral Suzuki, the fact remains that from the moment he became Premier until the day he resigned no one could ever be quite sure of what Suzuki would do or say next.
Japanese leaders had always envisioned a negotiated settlement to the war. Their prewar planning expected a rapid expansion and consolidation, an eventual conflict with the United States, and finally a settlement in which they would be able to retain at least some new territory they had conquered. By 1945, Japan 's leaders were in agreement that the war was going badly, but they disagreed over the best means to negotiate its end. There were two camps: the so - called "peace '' camp favored a diplomatic initiative to persuade Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, to mediate a settlement between the Allies and Japan; and the hardliners who favored fighting one last "decisive '' battle that would inflict so many casualties on the Allies that they would be willing to offer more lenient terms. Both approaches were based on Japan 's experience in the Russo -- Japanese War, forty years earlier, which consisted of a series of costly but largely indecisive battles, followed by the decisive naval Battle of Tsushima.
In February 1945, Prince Fumimaro Konoe gave Emperor Hirohito a memorandum analyzing the situation, and told him that if the war continued, the imperial family might be in greater danger from an internal revolution than from defeat. According to the diary of Grand Chamberlain Hisanori Fujita, the Emperor, looking for a decisive battle (tennōzan), replied that it was premature to seek peace "unless we make one more military gain ''. Also in February, Japan 's treaty division wrote about Allied policies towards Japan regarding "unconditional surrender, occupation, disarmament, elimination of militarism, democratic reforms, punishment of war criminals, and the status of the emperor. '' Allied - imposed disarmament, Allied punishment of Japanese war criminals, and especially occupation and removal of the Emperor, were not acceptable to the Japanese leadership.
On April 5, the Soviet Union gave the required 12 months ' notice that it would not renew the five - year Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact (which had been signed in 1941 following the Nomonhan Incident). Unknown to the Japanese, at the Tehran Conference in November -- December 1943, it had been agreed that the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan once Germany was defeated. At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, the United States had made substantial concessions to the Soviets to secure a promise that they would declare war on Japan within three months of the surrender of Germany. Although the five - year Neutrality Pact did not expire until April 5, 1946, the announcement caused the Japanese great concern, because Japan had amassed its forces in the South to repel the inevitable US attack, thus leaving its Northern islands vulnerable to Soviet invasion. Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov, in Moscow, and Yakov Malik, Soviet ambassador in Tokyo, went to great lengths to assure the Japanese that "the period of the Pact 's validity has not ended ''.
At a series of high - level meetings in May, the Big Six first seriously discussed ending the war -- but none of them on terms that would have been acceptable to the Allies. Because anyone openly supporting Japanese surrender risked assassination by zealous army officers, the meetings were closed to anyone except the Big Six, the Emperor, and the Privy Seal -- no second - or third - echelon officers could attend. At these meetings, despite the dispatches from Japanese ambassador Satō in Moscow, only Foreign Minister Tōgō realized that Roosevelt and Churchill might have already made concessions to Stalin to bring the Soviets into the war against Japan. As a result of these meetings, Tōgō was authorized to approach the Soviet Union, seeking to maintain its neutrality, or (despite the very remote probability) to form an alliance.
In keeping with the custom of a new government declaring its purposes, following the May meetings the Army staff produced a document, "The Fundamental Policy to Be Followed Henceforth in the Conduct of the War, '' which stated that the Japanese people would fight to extinction rather than surrender. This policy was adopted by the Big Six on June 6. (Tōgō opposed it, while the other five supported it.) Documents submitted by Suzuki at the same meeting suggested that, in the diplomatic overtures to the USSR, Japan adopt the following approach:
It should be clearly made known to Russia that she owes her victory over Germany to Japan, since we remained neutral, and that it would be to the advantage of the Soviets to help Japan maintain her international position, since they have the United States as an enemy in the future.
On June 9, the Emperor 's confidant Marquis Kōichi Kido wrote a "Draft Plan for Controlling the Crisis Situation, '' warning that by the end of the year Japan 's ability to wage modern war would be extinguished and the government would be unable to contain civil unrest. "... We can not be sure we will not share the fate of Germany and be reduced to adverse circumstances under which we will not attain even our supreme object of safeguarding the Imperial Household and preserving the national polity. '' Kido proposed that the Emperor take action, by offering to end the war on "very generous terms. '' Kido proposed that Japan withdraw from the formerly European colonies it had occupied provided they were granted independence and also proposed that Japan recognize the independence of the Philippines, which Japan had already mostly lost control of and to which it was well - known that the U.S. had long been planning to grant independence. Finally, Kido proposed that Japan disarm provided this not occur under Allied supervision and that Japan for a time be "content with minimum defense. '' Kido 's proposal did not contemplate Allied occupation of Japan, prosecution of war criminals or substantial change in Japan 's system of government, nor did Kido suggest that Japan might be willing to consider relinquishing territories acquired prior to 1937 including Formosa, Karafuto, Korea, the formerly German islands in the Pacific and even Manchukuo. With the Emperor 's authorization, Kido approached several members of the Supreme Council, the "Big Six. '' Tōgō was very supportive. Suzuki and Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai, the Navy minister, were both cautiously supportive; each wondered what the other thought. General Korechika Anami, the Army minister, was ambivalent, insisting that diplomacy must wait until "after the United States has sustained heavy losses '' in Operation Ketsugō.
In June, the Emperor lost confidence in the chances of achieving a military victory. The Battle of Okinawa was lost, and he learned of the weakness of the Japanese army in China, of the Kwantung Army in Manchuria, of the navy, and of the army defending the Home Islands. The Emperor received a report by Prince Higashikuni from which he concluded that "it was not just the coast defense; the divisions reserved to engage in the decisive battle also did not have sufficient numbers of weapons. '' According to the Emperor:
I was told that the iron from bomb fragments dropped by the enemy was being used to make shovels. This confirmed my opinion that we were no longer in a position to continue the war.
On June 22, the Emperor summoned the Big Six to a meeting. Unusually, he spoke first: "I desire that concrete plans to end the war, unhampered by existing policy, be speedily studied and that efforts made to implement them. '' It was agreed to solicit Soviet aid in ending the war. Other neutral nations, such as Switzerland, Sweden, and the Vatican City, were known to be willing to play a role in making peace, but they were so small they were believed unable to do more than deliver the Allies ' terms of surrender and Japan 's acceptance or rejection. The Japanese hoped that the Soviet Union could be persuaded to act as an agent for Japan in negotiations with the United States and Britain.
On June 30, Tōgō told Naotake Satō, Japan 's ambassador in Moscow, to try to establish "firm and lasting relations of friendship. '' Satō was to discuss the status of Manchuria and "any matter the Russians would like to bring up. '' Well aware of the overall situation and cognizant of their promises to the Allies, the Soviets responded with delaying tactics to encourage the Japanese without promising anything. Satō finally met with Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov on July 11, but without result. On July 12, Tōgō directed Satō to tell the Soviets that:
His Majesty the Emperor, mindful of the fact that the present war daily brings greater evil and sacrifice upon the peoples of all the belligerent powers, desires from his heart that it may be quickly terminated. But so long as England and the United States insist upon unconditional surrender, the Japanese Empire has no alternative but to fight on with all its strength for the honor and existence of the Motherland.
The Emperor proposed sending Prince Konoe as a special envoy, although he would be unable to reach Moscow before the Potsdam Conference.
Satō advised Tōgō that in reality, "unconditional surrender or terms closely equivalent thereto '' was all that Japan could expect. Moreover, in response to Molotov 's requests for specific proposals, Satō suggested that Tōgō 's messages were not "clear about the views of the Government and the Military with regard to the termination of the war, '' thus questioning whether Tōgō 's initiative was supported by the key elements of Japan 's power structure.
On July 17, Tōgō responded:
Although the directing powers, and the government as well, are convinced that our war strength still can deliver considerable blows to the enemy, we are unable to feel absolutely secure peace of mind... Please bear particularly in mind, however, that we are not seeking the Russians ' mediation for anything like an unconditional surrender.
In reply, Satō clarified:
It goes without saying that in my earlier message calling for unconditional surrender or closely equivalent terms, I made an exception of the question of preserving (the imperial family).
On July 21, speaking in the name of the cabinet, Tōgō repeated:
With regard to unconditional surrender we are unable to consent to it under any circumstances whatever... It is in order to avoid such a state of affairs that we are seeking a peace,... through the good offices of Russia... it would also be disadvantageous and impossible, from the standpoint of foreign and domestic considerations, to make an immediate declaration of specific terms.
American cryptographers had broken most of Japan 's codes, including the Purple code used by the Japanese Foreign Office to encode high - level diplomatic correspondence. As a result, messages between Tokyo and Japan 's embassies were provided to Allied policy - makers nearly as quickly as to the intended recipients.
Security concerns dominated Soviet decisions concerning the Far East. Chief among these was gaining unrestricted access to the Pacific Ocean. The year - round ice - free areas of the Soviet Pacific coastline -- Vladivostok in particular -- could be blockaded by air and sea from Sakhalin island and the Kurile Islands. Acquiring these territories, thus guaranteeing free access to the Soya Strait, was their primary objective. Secondary objectives were leases for the Chinese Eastern Railway, Southern Manchuria Railway, Dairen, and Port Arthur.
To this end, Stalin and Molotov strung out the negotiations with the Japanese, giving them false hope of a Soviet - mediated peace. At the same time, in their dealings with the United States and Britain, the Soviets insisted on strict adherence to the Cairo Declaration, re-affirmed at the Yalta Conference, that the Allies would not accept separate or conditional peace with Japan. The Japanese would have to surrender unconditionally to all the Allies. To prolong the war, the Soviets opposed any attempt to weaken this requirement. This would give the Soviets time to complete the transfer of their troops from the Western Front to the Far East, and conquer Manchuria (Manchukuo), Inner Mongolia (Mengjiang), Korea, South Sakhalin, the Kuriles, and possibly, Hokkaidō (starting with a landing at Rumoi).
In 1939, Albert Einstein and Leó Szilárd wrote a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt warning him that the Germans might be researching the development of atomic weaponry and that it was necessary that the United States fund research and development of its own such project. Roosevelt agreed, and the result was the Manhattan Project -- a top - secret research program administered by Major General Leslie R. Groves, Jr. The first bomb was tested successfully in the Trinity nuclear test on July 16, 1945.
As the project neared its conclusion, American planners began to consider the use of the bomb. Groves formed a committee that met in April and May 1945 to draw up a list of targets. One of the primary criteria was that the target cities must not have been damaged by conventional bombing. This would allow for an accurate assessment of the damage done by the atomic bomb. The targeting committee 's list included 18 Japanese cities. At the top of the list were Kyoto, Hiroshima, Yokohama, Kokura, and Niigata. Ultimately, Kyoto was removed from the list at the insistence of Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, who had visited the city on his honeymoon and knew of its cultural and historical significance.
Although the Vice President Henry A. Wallace had been involved in the Manhattan Project since the beginning, his successor, Harry S. Truman, was not briefed on the project by Stimson until April 23, 1945, eleven days after he became president on Roosevelt 's death on April 12, 1945. On May 2, 1945, Truman approved the formation of the Interim Committee, an advisory group that would report on the atomic bomb. It consisted of Stimson, James F. Byrnes, George L. Harrison, Vannevar Bush, James Bryant Conant, Karl Taylor Compton, William L. Clayton, and Ralph Austin Bard, advised by scientists Robert Oppenheimer, Enrico Fermi, Ernest Lawrence, and Arthur Compton. In a June 1 report, the Committee concluded that the bomb should be used as soon as possible against a war plant surrounded by workers ' homes and that no warning or demonstration should be given.
The Committee 's mandate did not include the use of the bomb -- its use upon completion was presumed. Following a protest by scientists involved in the project, in the form of the Franck Report, the Committee re-examined the use of the bomb. In a June 21 meeting, it reaffirmed that there was no alternative.
The leaders of the major Allied powers met at the Potsdam Conference from July 16 to August 2, 1945. The participants were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, represented by Stalin, Winston Churchill (later Clement Attlee), and Truman respectively.
Although the Potsdam Conference was mainly concerned with European affairs, the war against Japan was also discussed in detail. Truman learned of the successful Trinity test early in the conference and shared this information with the British delegation. The successful test caused the American delegation to reconsider the necessity and wisdom of Soviet participation, for which the U.S. had lobbied hard at the Tehran and Yalta Conferences. High on the United States ' list of priorities was shortening the war and reducing American casualties -- Soviet intervention seemed likely to do both, but at the cost of possibly allowing the Soviets to capture territory beyond that which had been promised to them at Tehran and Yalta, and causing a postwar division of Japan similar to that which had occurred in Germany.
In dealing with Stalin, Truman decided to give the Soviet leader vague hints about the existence of a powerful new weapon without going into details. However, the other Allies were unaware that Soviet intelligence had penetrated the Manhattan Project in its early stages, so Stalin already knew of the existence of the atomic bomb but did not appear impressed by its potential.
It was decided to issue a statement, the Potsdam Declaration, defining "Unconditional Surrender '' and clarifying what it meant for the position of the emperor and for Hirohito personally. The American and British governments strongly disagreed on this point -- the United States wanted to abolish the position and possibly try him as a war criminal, while the British wanted to retain the position, perhaps with Hirohito still reigning. The Potsdam Declaration went through many drafts until a version acceptable to all was found.
On July 26, the United States, Britain and China released the Potsdam Declaration announcing the terms for Japan 's surrender, with the warning, "We will not deviate from them. There are no alternatives. We shall brook no delay. '' For Japan, the terms of the declaration specified:
On the other hand, the declaration stated that:
The only use of the term "unconditional surrender '' came at the end of the declaration:
Contrary to what had been intended at its conception, the Declaration made no mention of the Emperor at all. Allied intentions on issues of utmost importance to the Japanese, including whether Hirohito was to be regarded as one of those who had "misled the people of Japan '' or even a war criminal, or alternatively, whether the Emperor might become part of a "peacefully inclined and responsible government '' were thus left unstated.
The "prompt and utter destruction '' clause has been interpreted as a veiled warning about American possession of the atomic bomb (which had been tested successfully on the first day of the conference). On the other hand, the declaration also made specific references to the devastation that had been wrought upon Germany in the closing stages of the European war. To contemporary readers on both sides who were not yet aware of the atomic bomb 's existence, it was easy to interpret the conclusion of the declaration simply as a threat to bring similar destruction upon Japan using conventional weapons.
On July 27, the Japanese government considered how to respond to the Declaration. The four military members of the Big Six wanted to reject it, but Tōgō persuaded the cabinet not to do so until he could get a reaction from the Soviets. In a telegram, Shun'ichi Kase, Japan 's ambassador to Switzerland, observed that "unconditional surrender '' applied only to the military and not to the government or the people, and he pleaded that it should be understood that the careful language of Potsdam appeared "to have occasioned a great deal of thought '' on the part of the signatory governments -- "they seem to have taken pains to save face for us on various points. '' The next day, Japanese newspapers reported that the Declaration, the text of which had been broadcast and dropped by leaflet into Japan, had been rejected. In an attempt to manage public perception, Prime Minister Suzuki met with the press, and stated:
I consider the Joint Proclamation a rehash of the Declaration at the Cairo Conference. As for the Government, it does not attach any important value to it at all. The only thing to do is just kill it with silence (mokusatsu). We will do nothing but press on to the bitter end to bring about a successful completion of the war.
The meaning of mokusatsu, literally "kill with silence, '' can range from "ignore '' to "treat with contempt '' -- which rather accurately described the range of reactions within the government. On July 30, Ambassador Satō wrote that Stalin was probably talking to Roosevelt and Churchill about his dealings with Japan, and he wrote: "There is no alternative but immediate unconditional surrender if we are to prevent Russia 's participation in the war. '' On August 2, Tōgō wrote to Satō: "it should not be difficult for you to realize that... our time to proceed with arrangements of ending the war before the enemy lands on the Japanese mainland is limited, on the other hand it is difficult to decide on concrete peace conditions here at home all at once. ''
On August 6 at 8: 15 AM local time, the Enola Gay, a Boeing B - 29 Superfortress piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets, dropped an atomic bomb (code - named Little Boy by the U.S.) on the city of Hiroshima in southwest Honshū. Throughout the day, confused reports reached Tokyo that Hiroshima had been the target of an air raid, which had leveled the city with a "blinding flash and violent blast ''. Later that day, they received U.S. President Truman 's broadcast announcing the first use of an atomic bomb, and promising:
We are now prepared to obliterate more rapidly and completely every productive enterprise the Japanese have above ground in any city. We shall destroy their docks, their factories, and their communications. Let there be no mistake; we shall completely destroy Japan 's power to make war. It was to spare the Japanese people from utter destruction that the ultimatum of July 26 was issued at Potsdam. Their leaders promptly rejected that ultimatum. If they do not now accept our terms they may expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth...
The Japanese Army and Navy had their own independent atomic - bomb programs and therefore the Japanese understood enough to know how very difficult building it would be. Therefore, many Japanese and in particular the military members of the government refused to believe the United States had built an atomic bomb, and the Japanese military ordered their own independent tests to determine the cause of Hiroshima 's destruction. Admiral Soemu Toyoda, the Chief of the Naval General Staff, argued that even if the United States had made one, they could not have many more. American strategists, having anticipated a reaction like Toyoda 's, planned to drop a second bomb shortly after the first, to convince the Japanese that the U.S. had a large supply.
At 04: 00 on August 9 word reached Tokyo that the Soviet Union had broken the Neutrality Pact, declared war on Japan, and launched an invasion of Manchuria.
When the Russians invaded Manchuria, they sliced through what had once been an elite army and many Russian units only stopped when they ran out of gas. The Soviet 16th Army -- 100,000 strong -- launched an invasion of the southern half of Sakhalin Island. Their orders were to mop up Japanese resistance there, and then -- within 10 to 14 days -- be prepared to invade Hokkaido, the northernmost of Japan 's home islands. The Japanese force tasked with defending Hokkaido, the 5th Area Army, was under strength at two divisions and two brigades, and was in fortified positions on the east side of the island. The Soviet plan of attack called for an invasion of Hokkaido from the west. The Soviet declaration of war also changed the calculation of how much time was left for maneuver. Japanese intelligence was predicting that U.S. forces might not invade for months. Soviet forces, on the other hand, could be in Japan proper in as little as 10 days. The Soviet invasion made a decision on ending the war extremely time sensitive.
These "twin shocks '' -- the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and the Soviet entry -- had immediate profound effects on Prime Minister Kantarō Suzuki and Foreign Minister Tōgō Shigenori, who concurred that the government must end the war at once. However, the senior leadership of the Japanese Army took the news in stride, grossly underestimating the scale of the attack. With the support of Minister of War Anami, they started preparing to impose martial law on the nation, to stop anyone attempting to make peace. Hirohito told Kido to "quickly control the situation '' because "the Soviet Union has declared war and today began hostilities against us. ''
The Supreme Council met at 10: 30. Suzuki, who had just come from a meeting with the Emperor, said it was impossible to continue the war. Tōgō Shigenori said that they could accept the terms of the Potsdam Declaration, but they needed a guarantee of the Emperor 's position. Navy Minister Yonai said that they had to make some diplomatic proposal -- they could no longer afford to wait for better circumstances.
In the middle of the meeting, shortly after 11: 00, news arrived that Nagasaki, on the west coast of Kyūshū, had been hit by a second atomic bomb (called "Fat Man '' by the United States). By the time the meeting ended, the Big Six had split 3 -- 3. Suzuki, Tōgō, and Admiral Yonai favored Tōgō 's one additional condition to Potsdam, while General Anami, General Umezu, and Admiral Toyoda insisted on three further terms that modified Potsdam: that Japan handle their own disarmament, that Japan deal with any Japanese war criminals, and that there be no occupation of Japan.
Following the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Truman issued another statement:
The British, Chinese, and United States Governments have given the Japanese people adequate warning of what is in store for them. We have laid down the general terms on which they can surrender. Our warning went unheeded; our terms were rejected. Since then the Japanese have seen what our atomic bomb can do. They can foresee what it will do in the future.
The world will note that the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, a military base. That was because we wished in this first attack to avoid, insofar as possible, the killing of civilians. But that attack is only a warning of things to come. If Japan does not surrender, bombs will have to be dropped on her war industries and, unfortunately, thousands of civilian lives will be lost. I urge Japanese civilians to leave industrial cities immediately, and save themselves from destruction.
I realize the tragic significance of the atomic bomb.
Its production and its use were not lightly undertaken by this Government. But we knew that our enemies were on the search for it. We know now how close they were to finding it. And we knew the disaster which would come to this Nation, and to all peace - loving nations, to all civilization, if they had found it first.
That is why we felt compelled to undertake the long and uncertain and costly labor of discovery and production.
We won the race of discovery against the Germans.
Having found the bomb we have used it. We have used it against those who attacked us without warning at Pearl Harbor, against those who have starved and beaten and executed American prisoners of war, against those who have abandoned all pretense of obeying international laws of warfare. We have used it in order to shorten the agony of war, in order to save the lives of thousands and thousands of young Americans.
We shall continue to use it until we completely destroy Japan 's power to make war. Only a Japanese surrender will stop us.
The full cabinet met on 14: 30 on August 9, and spent most of the day debating surrender. As the Big Six had done, the cabinet split, with neither Tōgō 's position nor Anami 's attracting a majority. Anami told the other cabinet ministers that, under torture, a captured American P - 51 Mustang fighter pilot had told his interrogators that the United States possessed 100 atom bombs and that Tokyo and Kyoto would be bombed "in the next few days ''. The pilot, Marcus McDilda, was lying. McDilda, who had been shot down off the coast of Japan two days after the Hiroshima bombing, knew nothing of the Manhattan Project and simply told his interrogators what he thought they wanted to hear to end the torture. The lie, which caused him to be classified as a high - priority prisoner, probably saved him from beheading. In reality, the United States would not have had the third bomb ready for use until around August 19, with a fourth in September 1945 and then approximately three a month thereafter. The third bomb would have probably been used against Sapporo, primarily to demonstrate America 's ability to deliver the weapon to even the most far flung regions of the home islands.
The cabinet meeting adjourned at 17: 30 with no consensus. A second meeting lasting from 18: 00 to 22: 00 also ended with no consensus. Following this second meeting, Suzuki and Tōgō met the Emperor, and Suzuki proposed an impromptu Imperial conference, which started just before midnight on the night of August 9 -- 10. Suzuki presented Anami 's four - condition proposal as the consensus position of the Supreme Council. The other members of the Supreme Council spoke, as did Kiichirō Hiranuma, the President of the Privy Council, who outlined Japan 's inability to defend itself and also described the country 's domestic problems, such as the shortage of food. The cabinet debated, but again no consensus emerged. At around 02: 00 (August 10), Suzuki finally addressed Emperor Hirohito, asking him to decide between the two positions. The participants later recollected that the Emperor stated:
I have given serious thought to the situation prevailing at home and abroad and have concluded that continuing the war can only mean destruction for the nation and prolongation of bloodshed and cruelty in the world. I can not bear to see my innocent people suffer any longer...
I was told by those advocating a continuation of hostilities that by June new divisions would be in place in fortified positions (at Kujūkuri Beach, east of Tokyo) ready for the invader when he sought to land. It is now August and the fortifications still have not been completed...
There are those who say the key to national survival lies in a decisive battle in the homeland. The experiences of the past, however, show that there has always been a discrepancy between plans and performance. I do not believe that the discrepancy in the case of Kujūkuri can be rectified. Since this is also the shape of things, how can we repel the invaders? (He then made some specific reference to the increased destructiveness of the atomic bomb.)
It goes without saying that it is unbearable for me to see the brave and loyal fighting men of Japan disarmed. It is equally unbearable that others who have rendered me devoted service should now be punished as instigators of the war. Nevertheless, the time has come to bear the unbearable...
I swallow my tears and give my sanction to the proposal to accept the Allied proclamation on the basis outlined by the Foreign Minister.
According to General Sumihisa Ikeda and Admiral Zenshirō Hoshina, Privy Council President Hiranuma then turned to the Emperor and asked him: "Your majesty, you also bear responsibility (sekinin) for this defeat. What apology are you going to make to the heroic spirits of the imperial founder of your house and your other imperial ancestors? ''
Once the Emperor had left, Suzuki pushed the cabinet to accept the Emperor 's will, which it did. Early that morning (August 10), the Foreign Ministry sent telegrams to the Allies (by way of the Swiss "Federal Political Department '' (Department of Foreign Affairs) and Max Grässli in particular) announcing that Japan would accept the Potsdam Declaration, but would not accept any peace conditions that would "prejudice the prerogatives '' of the Emperor. That effectively meant no change in Japan 's form of government -- that the Emperor of Japan would remain a position of real power.
The Allied response to Japan 's qualified acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration was written by James F. Byrnes and approved by the British, Chinese, and Soviet governments, although the Soviets agreed only reluctantly. The Allies sent their response (via the Swiss Foreign Affairs Department) on August 12. On the status of the Emperor it said:
From the moment of surrender the authority of the Emperor and the Japanese government to rule the state shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied powers who will take such steps as he deems proper to effectuate the surrender terms... The ultimate form of government of Japan shall, in accordance with the Potsdam Declaration, be established by the freely expressed will of the Japanese people.
In response to the Japanese message President Truman issued a instructions that no further atomic weapons were to dropped on Japan without presidential orders, but allowed military operations (including the B - 29 firebombings) to continue until official word of Japanese surrender was received. However, news correspondents incorrectly interpreted a comment by USAF commander Spaatz that the B - 29s were not flying on August 11 (because of bad weather) as a statement that a ceasefire was in effect. To avoid giving the Japanese the impression that the Allies had abandoned peace efforts and resumed bombing, Truman then ordered a halt to all further bombings.
The Japanese cabinet considered the Allied response, and Suzuki argued that they must reject it and insist on an explicit guarantee for the imperial system. Anami returned to his position that there be no occupation of Japan. Afterward, Tōgō told Suzuki that there was no hope of getting better terms, and Kido conveyed the Emperor 's will that Japan surrender. In a meeting with the Emperor, Yonai spoke of his concerns about growing civil unrest:
I think the term is inappropriate, but the atomic bombs and the Soviet entry into the war are, in a sense, divine gifts. This way we do n't have to say that we have quit the war because of domestic circumstances.
That day, Hirohito informed the imperial family of his decision to surrender. One of his uncles, Prince Asaka, then asked whether the war would be continued if the kokutai (imperial sovereignty) could not be preserved. The Emperor simply replied "of course. ''
The Big Six and the cabinet spent August 13 debating their reply to the Allied response, but remained deadlocked. Meanwhile, the Allies grew doubtful, waiting for the Japanese to respond. The Japanese had been instructed that they could transmit an unqualified acceptance in the clear, but in fact they sent out coded messages on matters unrelated to the surrender parlay. The Allies took this coded response as non-acceptance of the terms.
Via Ultra intercepts, the Allies also detected increased diplomatic and military traffic, which was taken as evidence that the Japanese were preparing an "all - out banzai attack. '' President Truman ordered a resumption of attacks against Japan at maximum intensity "so as to impress Japanese officials that we mean business and are serious in getting them to accept our peace proposals without delay. '' The United States Third Fleet began shelling the Japanese coast. In the largest bombing raid of the Pacific War, more than 400 B - 29s attacked Japan during daylight on August 14, and more than 300 that night. A total of 1,014 aircraft were used with no losses.
In the longest bombing mission of the war, B - 29s from the 315 Bombardment Wing flew 6,100 km (3,800 mi) to destroy the Nippon Oil Company refinery at Tsuchizaki on the northern tip of Honshū. This was the last operational refinery in the Japan Home Islands, and it produced 67 % of their oil. After the war, the bombing raids were justified as already in progress when word of the Japanese surrender was received, but this is only partially true.
At the suggestion of American psychological operations experts, B - 29s spent August 13 dropping leaflets over Japan, describing the Japanese offer of surrender and the Allied response. The leaflets had a profound effect on the Japanese decision - making process. As August 14 dawned, Suzuki, Kido, and the Emperor realized the day would end with either an acceptance of the American terms or a military coup.
The Emperor met with the most senior Army and Navy officers. While several spoke in favor of fighting on, Field Marshal Shunroku Hata did not. As commander of the Second General Army, the headquarters of which had been in Hiroshima, Hata commanded all the troops defending southern Japan -- the troops preparing to fight the "decisive battle ''. Hata said he had no confidence in defeating the invasion and did not dispute the Emperor 's decision. The Emperor asked his military leaders to cooperate with him in ending the war.
At a conference with the cabinet and other councilors, Anami, Toyoda, and Umezu again made their case for continuing to fight, after which the Emperor said:
I have listened carefully to each of the arguments presented in opposition to the view that Japan should accept the Allied reply as it stands and without further clarification or modification, but my own thoughts have not undergone any change... In order that the people may know my decision, I request you to prepare at once an imperial rescript so that I may broadcast to the nation. Finally, I call upon each and every one of you to exert himself to the utmost so that we may meet the trying days which lie ahead.
The cabinet immediately convened and unanimously ratified the Emperor 's wishes. They also decided to destroy vast amounts of material pertaining to war crimes and the war responsibility of the nation 's highest leaders. Immediately after the conference, the Foreign Ministry transmitted orders to its embassies in Switzerland and Sweden to accept the Allied terms of surrender. These orders were picked up and received in Washington at 02: 49, August 14.
Difficulty with senior commanders on the distant war fronts was anticipated. Three princes of the Imperial Family who held military commissions were dispatched on August 14 to deliver the news personally. Prince Tsuneyoshi Takeda went to Korea and Manchuria, Prince Yasuhiko Asaka to the China Expeditionary Army and China Fleet, and Prince Kan'in Haruhito to Shanghai, South China, Indochina and Singapore.
The text of the Imperial Rescript on surrender was finalized by 19: 00 August 14, transcribed by the official court calligrapher, and brought to the cabinet for their signatures. Around 23: 00, the Emperor, with help from an NHK recording crew, made a gramophone record of himself reading it. The record was given to court chamberlain Yoshihiro Tokugawa, who hid it in a locker in the office of Empress Kōjun 's secretary.
Late on the night of August 12, 1945, Major Kenji Hatanaka, along with Lieutenant Colonels Masataka Ida, Masahiko Takeshita (Anami 's brother - in - law), and Inaba Masao, and Colonel Okitsugu Arao, the Chief of the Military Affairs Section, spoke to War Minister Korechika Anami (the army minister and "most powerful figure in Japan besides the Emperor himself ''), and asked him to do whatever he could to prevent acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration. General Anami refused to say whether he would help the young officers in treason. As much as they needed his support, Hatanaka and the other rebels decided they had no choice but to continue planning and to attempt a coup d'état on their own. Hatanaka spent much of August 13 and the morning of August 14 gathering allies, seeking support from the higher - ups in the Ministry, and perfecting his plot.
Shortly after the conference on the night of August 13 -- 14 at which the surrender finally was decided, a group of senior army officers including Anami gathered in a nearby room. All those present were concerned about the possibility of a coup d'état to prevent the surrender -- some of those present may have even been considering launching one. After a silence, General Torashirō Kawabe proposed that all senior officers present sign an agreement to carry out the Emperor 's order of surrender -- "The Army will act in accordance with the Imperial Decision to the last. '' It was signed by all the high - ranking officers present, including Anami, Hajime Sugiyama, Yoshijirō Umezu, Kenji Doihara, Torashirō Kawabe, Masakazu Kawabe, and Tadaichi Wakamatsu. "This written accord by the most senior officers in the Army... acted as a formidable firebreak against any attempt to incite a coup d'état in Tokyo. ''
Around 21: 30 on August 14, Hatanaka 's rebels set their plan into motion. The Second Regiment of the First Imperial Guards had entered the palace grounds, doubling the strength of the battalion already stationed there, presumably to provide extra protection against Hatanaka 's rebellion. But Hatanaka, along with Lt. Col. Jirō Shiizaki, convinced the commander of the 2nd Regiment of the First Imperial Guards, Colonel Toyojirō Haga, of their cause, by telling him (falsely) that Generals Anami and Umezu, and the commanders of the Eastern District Army and Imperial Guards Divisions were all in on the plan. Hatanaka also went to the office of Shizuichi Tanaka, commander of the Eastern region of the army, to try to persuade him to join the coup. Tanaka refused, and ordered Hatanaka to go home. Hatanaka ignored the order.
Originally, Hatanaka hoped that simply occupying the palace and showing the beginnings of a rebellion would inspire the rest of the Army to rise up against the move to surrender. This notion guided him through much of the last days and hours and gave him the blind optimism to move ahead with the plan, despite having little support from his superiors. Having set all the pieces into position, Hatanaka and his co-conspirators decided that the Guard would take over the palace at 02: 00. The hours until then were spent in continued attempts to convince their superiors in the Army to join the coup. At about the same time, General Anami committed seppuku, leaving a message that, "I -- with my death -- humbly apologize to the Emperor for the great crime. '' Whether the crime involved losing the war, or the coup, remains unclear.
At some time after 01: 00, Hatanaka and his men surrounded the palace. Hatanaka, Shiizaki and Captain Shigetarō Uehara (of the Air Force Academy) went to the office of Lt. General Takeshi Mori to ask him to join the coup. Mori was in a meeting with his brother - in - law, Michinori Shiraishi. The cooperation of Mori, as commander of the 1st Imperial Guards Division, was crucial. When Mori refused to side with Hatanaka, Hatanaka killed him, fearing Mori would order the Guards to stop the rebellion. Uehara killed Shiraishi. These were the only two murders of the night. Hatanaka then used General Mori 's official stamp to authorize Imperial Guards Division Strategic Order No. 584, a false set of orders created by his co-conspirators, which would greatly increase the strength of the forces occupying the Imperial Palace and Imperial Household Ministry, and "protecting '' the Emperor.
The palace police were disarmed and all the entrances blocked. Over the course of the night, Hatanaka 's rebels captured and detained eighteen people, including Ministry staff and NHK workers sent to record the surrender speech.
The rebels, led by Hatanaka, spent the next several hours fruitlessly searching for Imperial House Minister Sōtarō Ishiwatari, Lord of the Privy Seal Kōichi Kido, and the recordings of the surrender speech. The two men were hiding in the "bank vault '', a large chamber underneath the Imperial Palace. The search was made more difficult by a blackout in response to Allied bombings, and by the archaic organization and layout of the Imperial House Ministry. Many of the names of the rooms were unrecognizable to the rebels. The rebels did find the chamberlain Tokugawa. Although Hatanaka threatened to disembowel him with a samurai sword, Tokugawa lied and told them he did not know where the recordings or men were. During their search, the rebels cut nearly all of the telephone wires, severing communications between the palace grounds and the outside world.
At about the same time, another group of Hatanaka 's rebels led by Captain Takeo Sasaki went to Prime Minister Suzuki 's office, intent on killing him. When they found it empty, they machine - gunned the office and set the building on fire, then left for his home. Hisatsune Sakomizu had warned Suzuki, and he escaped minutes before the would - be assassins arrived. After setting fire to Suzuki 's home, they went to the estate of Kiichirō Hiranuma to assassinate him. Hiranuma escaped through a side gate and the rebels burned his house as well. Suzuki spent the rest of August under police protection, spending each night in a different bed.
Around 03: 00, Hatanaka was informed by Lieutenant Colonel Masataka Ida that the Eastern District Army was on its way to the palace to stop him, and that he should give up. Finally, seeing his plan collapsing around him, Hatanaka pleaded with Tatsuhiko Takashima, Chief of Staff of the Eastern District Army, to be given at least ten minutes on the air on NHK radio, to explain to the people of Japan what he was trying to accomplish and why. He was refused. Colonel Haga, commander of the 2nd Regiment of the First Imperial Guards, discovered that the Army did not support this rebellion, and he ordered Hatanaka to leave the palace grounds.
Just before 05: 00, as his rebels continued their search, Major Hatanaka went to the NHK studios, and, brandishing a pistol, tried desperately to get some airtime to explain his actions. A little over an hour later, after receiving a telephone call from the Eastern District Army, Hatanaka finally gave up. He gathered his officers and walked out of the NHK studio.
At dawn, Tanaka learned that the palace had been invaded. He went there and confronted the rebellious officers, berating them for acting contrary to the spirit of the Japanese army. He convinced them to return to their barracks. By 08: 00, the rebellion was entirely dismantled, having succeeded in holding the palace grounds for much of the night but failing to find the recordings.
Hatanaka, on a motorcycle, and Shiizaki, on horseback, rode through the streets, tossing leaflets that explained their motives and their actions. Within an hour before the Emperor 's broadcast, sometime around 11: 00, August 15, Hatanaka placed his pistol to his forehead, and shot himself. Shiizaki stabbed himself with a dagger, and then shot himself. In Hatanaka 's pocket was found his death poem: "I have nothing to regret now that the dark clouds have disappeared from the reign of the Emperor. ''
At 12: 00 noon Japan standard time on August 15, the Emperor 's recorded speech to the nation, reading the Imperial Rescript on the Termination of the War, was broadcast:
After pondering deeply the general trends of the world and the actual conditions obtaining in Our Empire today, We have decided to effect a settlement of the present situation by resorting to an extraordinary measure.
We have ordered Our Government to communicate to the Governments of the United States, Great Britain, China and the Soviet Union that Our Empire accepts the provisions of their Joint Declaration.
To strive for the common prosperity and happiness of all nations as well as the security and well - being of Our subjects is the solemn obligation which has been handed down by Our Imperial Ancestors and which lies close to Our heart.
Indeed, We declared war on America and Britain out of Our sincere desire to ensure Japan 's self - preservation and the stabilization of East Asia, it being far from Our thought either to infringe upon the sovereignty of other nations or to embark upon territorial aggrandizement.
But now the war has lasted for nearly four years. Despite the best that has been done by everyone -- the gallant fighting of the military and naval forces, the diligence and assiduity of Our servants of the State, and the devoted service of Our one hundred million people -- the war situation has developed not necessarily to Japan 's advantage, while the general trends of the world have all turned against her interest.
Moreover, the enemy has begun to employ a new and most cruel bomb, the power of which to do damage is, indeed, incalculable, taking the toll of many innocent lives. Should we continue to fight, not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization.
Such being the case, how are We to save the millions of Our subjects, or to atone Ourselves before the hallowed spirits of Our Imperial Ancestors? This is the reason why We have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the Joint Declaration of the Powers...
The hardships and sufferings to which Our nation is to be subjected hereafter will be certainly great. We are keenly aware of the inmost feelings of all of you, Our subjects. However, it is according to the dictates of time and fate that We have resolved to pave the way for a grand peace for all the generations to come by enduring the unendurable and suffering what is unsufferable.
The low quality of the recording, combined with the Classical Japanese language used by the Emperor in the Rescript, made the recording very difficult to understand for most listeners.
Public reaction to the Emperor 's speech varied -- many Japanese simply listened to it, then went on with their lives as best they could, while some Army and Navy officers chose suicide over surrender. A small crowd gathered in front of the Imperial Palace in Tokyo and cried, but as author John Dower notes, the tears they shed "reflected a multitude of sentiments... anguish, regret, bereavement and anger at having been deceived, sudden emptiness and loss of purpose ''.
On August 17, Suzuki was replaced as prime minister by the Emperor 's uncle, Prince Higashikuni, perhaps to forestall any further coup or assassination attempts; Mamoru Shigemitsu replaced Tōgō as foreign minister.
Japan 's forces were still fighting against the Soviets as well as the Chinese, and managing their cease - fire and surrender was difficult. The last air combat by Japanese fighters against American reconnaissance bombers took place on August 18. The Soviet Union continued to fight until early September, taking the Kuril Islands.
Allied civilians and servicemen alike rejoiced at the news of the end of the war. A photograph, V-J Day in Times Square, of an American sailor kissing a woman in New York, and a news film of the Dancing Man in Sydney have come to epitomize the immediate celebrations. August 14 and 15 are celebrated as Victory over Japan Day in many Allied countries.
Japan 's sudden surrender after the unexpected use of atomic weapons surprised most governments outside the US and UK. The Soviet Union had some intentions of occupying Hokkaidō. Unlike the Soviet occupations of eastern Germany and northern Korea, however, these plans were frustrated by the opposition of President Truman.
Japanese officials left for Manila on August 19 to meet Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers Douglas MacArthur, and to be briefed on his plans for the occupation. On August 28, 150 US personnel flew to Atsugi, Kanagawa Prefecture, and the occupation of Japan began. They were followed by USS Missouri, whose accompanying vessels landed the 4th Marines on the southern coast of Kanagawa. Other Allied personnel followed.
MacArthur arrived in Tokyo on August 30, and immediately decreed several laws: No Allied personnel were to assault Japanese people. No Allied personnel were to eat the scarce Japanese food. Flying the Hinomaru or "Rising Sun '' flag was severely restricted.
The formal surrender occurred on September 2, 1945, around 9 a.m., Tokyo time, when representatives from the Empire of Japan signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender in Tokyo Bay aboard USS Missouri. The dignitaries or representatives from around the world were carefully scheduled to board the USS Missouri (Order of Dignitaries). Japanese Foreign Minister Shigemitsu signed for the Japanese government, while Gen. Umezu signed for the Japanese armed forces.
The Surrender Ceremony was carefully planned on board the USS Missouri detailing the seating positions of all Army, Navy, and Allied Representatives.
On Missouri that day was the American flag flown in 1853 on USS Powhatan by Commodore Matthew C. Perry on the first of his two expeditions to Japan. Perry 's expeditions had resulted in the Convention of Kanagawa, which forced the Japanese to open the country to American trade.
After the formal surrender on September 2 aboard Missouri, investigations into Japanese war crimes began quickly. At a meeting with General MacArthur later in September, Emperor Hirohito offered to take blame for the war crimes, but his offer was rejected, and he was never tried. Legal procedures for the International Military Tribunal for the Far East were issued on January 19, 1946.
In addition to August 14 and 15, September 2, 1945, is also known as V-J Day. President Truman declared September 2 to be V-J Day, but noted that "It is not yet the day for the formal proclamation of the end of the war nor of the cessation of hostilities. '' In Japan, August 15 is often called Shūsen - kinenbi (終戦 記念 日), which literally means the "memorial day for the end of the war, '' but the government 's name for the day (which is not a national holiday) is Senbotsusha o tsuitō shi heiwa o kinen suru hi (戦没 者 を 追悼 し 平和 を 祈念 する 日, "day for mourning of war dead and praying for peace '').
Following the signing of the instrument of surrender, many further surrender ceremonies took place across Japan 's remaining holdings in the Pacific. Japanese forces in Southeast Asia surrendered on September 2, 1945, in Penang, September 10 in Labuan, September 11 in Kingdom of Sarawak and September 12 in Singapore. Taiwan 's Retrocession Day (October 25), marked the end of Japanese rule of Taiwan and the subsequent rule by the Republic Of China government. It was not until 1947 that all prisoners held by America and Britain were repatriated. As late as April 1949, China still held more than 60,000 Japanese prisoners. Some, such as Shozo Tominaga, were not repatriated until the late 1950s.
The logistical demands of the surrender were formidable. After Japan 's capitulation, more than 5,400,000 Japanese soldiers and 1,800,000 Japanese sailors were taken prisoner by the Allies. The damage done to Japan 's infrastructure, combined with a severe famine in 1946, further complicated the Allied efforts to feed the Japanese POWs and civilians.
The state of war between most of the Allies and Japan officially ended when the Treaty of San Francisco took effect on April 28, 1952. Japan and the Soviet Union formally made peace four years later, when they signed the Soviet -- Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956.
Japanese holdouts, especially on small Pacific Islands, refused to surrender at all (believing the declaration to be propaganda or considering surrender against their code). Some may never have heard of it. Teruo Nakamura, the last known holdout, emerged from his hidden retreat in Indonesia in December 1974, while two other Japanese soldiers, who had joined Communist guerrillas at the end of the war, fought in southern Thailand until 1991.
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what is an agreement of purchase and sale | Purchase and Sale Agreement - Wikipedia
A Purchase and Sale Agreement (typically referred to in the shorthand "PSA ''), is an agreement between a buyer and a seller of real estate property, company stock, or other assets.
The person or company acquiring, receiving and purchasing the property, stock or assets is referred to as the "Buyer '' and the person or company disposing, conveying and selling the stock or assets is referred to as "Seller ''. The PSA will set out the various rights and obligations of both the Buyer and Seller, and may also require other documents be executed and recorded in the public records, such as an Assignment, Deed of Trust, or Farmout Agreement.
In the oil and natural gas industries, a PSA is the primary legal contract by which companies exchange oil and gas assets or stock in an oil and gas business entity, for cash, debt, stock, or other assets.
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in which of these countries is bikram sambat the offical calander | Vikram Samvat - Wikipedia
Vikram Samvat (Hindi: विक्रम सम्वत्, Nepali: विक्रम सम्वत्) (abbreviated as V.S. (or VS) or B.S. (or BS)); Listen (help info)) is the historical Hindu calendar of India and Nepal. It uses lunar months and solar sidereal year (see: Vedic time keeping). It is used as the official calendar in Nepal.
The Vikram Samvat has two alternative systems. It started in 56 BCE in southern (purnimanta) and 57 -- 56 BCE in northern (amanta) systems of Hindu calendar. The Shukla Paksha in both systems coincides, most festivals occur in the Shukla Paksha. The era is named after King Vikramaditya of India.
The lunisolar Vikram Samvat calendar is 56.7 years ahead (in count) of the solar Gregorian calendar. For example, the year 2074 VS began in 2017 CE and will end in 2018 CE.
The Rana rulers of Nepal made Vikram Samvat the official Hindu calendar in 1901 CE, which started as Samvat 1958. In Nepal, the new year begins with the first day of the month of Baishakh, which usually falls within the months of April -- May in the Gregorian calendar. The first day of the new year is passionately celebrated in a historical carnival that takes place every year in Bhaktapur, called Bisket Jatra.As before, from 2007 AD Nepal Sambat is recognized as the national calender.
In India, the reformulated Saka Calendar is officially used (although not for computing the dates of the traditional festivals), although in the Hindi version of the Preamble of the Constitution of India, the date of adoption of the constitution, 26 November 1949, is presented in Vikram Samvat (Margsheersh Shukla Saptami Samvat 2006). There have been calls for the Vikram Samvat to replace Saka as India 's official calendar.
The classical Vikram Samvat uses lunar months and solar sidereal years. Because 12 months do not match a sidereal year exactly, correctional months (adhika māsa) are added, or occasionally subtracted (kshaya masa).
Months of the Nepali Bikram Samvat: In North India India the Vikram samvat starts from Chaitra.
The exact length of each month is the time taken by the Sun to move through a full zodiac sign.
According to popular tradition, the legendary king Vikramaditya of Ujjain established the Vikrama Samvat era after defeating the Śakas.
Kalakacharya Kathanaka ("An account of the monk Kalakacharya '') by the Jain sage Mahesarasuri gives the following account: Gandharvasena, the then - powerful king of Ujjain, abducted a nun called Sarasvati, who was the sister of the monk (citation missing). The enraged monk sought the help of the Śaka ruler King Sahi in Sistan. Despite heavy odds but aided by miracles, the Śaka king defeated Gandharvasena and made him a captive. Sarasvati was repatriated, although Gandharvasena himself was forgiven. The defeated king retired to the forest, where he was killed by a tiger. His son, Vikramaditya, being brought up in the forest, had to rule from Pratishthana (modern Paithan in Maharashtra). Later on, Vikramaditya invaded Ujjain and drove away the Śakas. To commemorate this event, he started a new era called the "Vikrama era ''. The Ujjain calendar started around 58 -- 56 BCE, and the subsequent Shaka era calendar was started in 78 CE at Pratishthana.
The association of the era beginning in 57 BCE with Vikramaditya is not found in any source before the 9th century CE. The earlier sources call this era by various names, including Kṛṭa (343 CE and 371 CE), Kritaa (404 CE), the era of the Malava tribe (424 CE), or simply, Samvat.
The earliest known inscription that calls the era "Vikrama '' is from 842 CE. This inscription of Chauhana ruler Chandamahasena was found at Dholpur, and is dated Vikrama Samvat 898, Vaishakha Shukla 2, Chanda (16 April 842 CE). The earliest known inscription that associates this era with a king called Vikramaditya is dated 971 CE. The earliest literary work that connects the era to Vikramaditya is Subhashita - Ratna - Sandoha (993 - 994 CE) by the Jain author Amitagati.
For this reason, multiple authors believe that the Vikram Samvat was not started by Vikramaditya, who might be a purely legendary king or the title adopted by a later king who renamed the era after himself. V.A. Smith and D.R. Bhandarkar believed that Chandragupta II adopted the title Vikramaditya, and changed the name of the era to "Vikrama Samvat ''. According to Rudolf Hoernlé, the king responsible for this change was Yashodharman: Hoernlé also believed that he conquered Kashmir, and is same person as the "Harsha Vikramaditya '' mentioned in Kalhana 's Rajatarangini.
Earlier, some scholars believed that the Vikrama Samavat corresponded to the Azes era of the Indo - Scythian (Śaka) king King Azes. However, this was disputed by Robert Bracey following discovery of an inscription of Vijayamitra, which is dated in two eras. The theory seems to be now thoroughly discredited by Falk and Bennett, who place the inception of the Azes era in 47 -- 46 BCE.
The traditional New Year of Vikram Samvat is one of the many festivals of Nepal, marked by parties, family gatherings, the exchange of good wishes, and participation in rituals to ensure good fortune in the coming year. It occurs in mid-April each year, and coincides with the traditional new year in Assam, Bengal, Burma, Cambodia, Kerala, Kashmir, Manipur, Odisha, Punjab, Sri Lanka, Tamil Nadu and Thailand.
In addition to Nepal, the Vikram Samvat calendar is also recognized in North and East India, and in Gujarat among Hindus. In Buddhist communities, the month of Baishakh is associated with Vesak or Buddha 's Birthday. It commemorates the birth, Enlightenment and passing of Gautama Buddha on the first full moon day in May, except in a leap year when the festival is held in June. Although this festival is not held on the same day as Pahela Baishakh, the holidays typically fall in the same month (Baishakh) of the Bengali, Hindu, and Theravada Buddhist calendars, and are related historically through the spread of Hinduism and Buddhism in South Asia.
In Gujarat, the second day of Diwali is celebrated as the first day of the Vikram Samvat calendar which is the first day of the month Kartik.
While an approximate conversion can be made by subtracting 56 or 57, a precise computation requires identification of the version of Vikam Samvat that was used:
Software named Pancanga is available to make the calculations.
Thus the date Vikram 1208 (Kartikadi, expired), Vaishakh Krishna 5 (Purnimanta), Thursday, is equivalent to Vikram 1209 (Chaitradi, expired), Chaitra Krishna 5 (Amanta), and to Thursday March 27, 1152.
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who is the author of the canterbury tales | The Canterbury Tales - wikipedia
The Canterbury Tales (Middle English: Tales of Caunterbury) is a collection of 24 stories that runs to over 17,000 lines written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer between 1387 -- 1400. In 1386, Chaucer became Controller of Customs and Justice of Peace and, three years later, Clerk of the King 's work in 1389. It was during these years that Chaucer began working on his most famous text, The Canterbury Tales. The tales (mostly written in verse, although some are in prose) are presented as part of a story - telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey from London to Canterbury to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. The prize for this contest is a free meal at the Tabard Inn at Southwark on their return.
After a long list of works written earlier in his career, including Troilus and Criseyde, House of Fame, and Parliament of Fowls, The Canterbury Tales is near - unanimously seen as Chaucer 's magnum opus. He uses the tales and descriptions of its characters to paint an ironic and critical portrait of English society at the time, and particularly of the Church. Chaucer 's use of such a wide range of classes and types of people was without precedent in English. Although the characters are fictional, they still offer a variety of insights into customs and practices of the time. Often, such insight leads to a variety of discussions and disagreements among people in the 14th century. For example, although various social classes are represented in these stories and all of the pilgrims are on a spiritual quest, it is apparent that they are more concerned with worldly things than spiritual. Structurally, the collection resembles The Decameron, which Chaucer may have read during his first diplomatic mission to Italy in 1372.
It has been suggested that the greatest contribution of The Canterbury Tales to English literature was the popularisation of the English vernacular in mainstream literature, as opposed to French, Italian or Latin. English had, however, been used as a literary language centuries before Chaucer 's time, and several of Chaucer 's contemporaries -- John Gower, William Langland, the Pearl Poet, and Julian of Norwich -- also wrote major literary works in English. It is unclear to what extent Chaucer was seminal in this evolution of literary preference.
While Chaucer clearly states the addressees of many of his poems, the intended audience of The Canterbury Tales is more difficult to determine. Chaucer was a courtier, leading some to believe that he was mainly a court poet who wrote exclusively for nobility.
The Canterbury Tales is generally thought to have been incomplete at the end of Chaucer 's life. In the General Prologue, some thirty pilgrims are introduced. According to the Prologue, Chaucer 's intention was to write two stories from the perspective of each pilgrim on the way to and from their ultimate destination, St. Thomas Becket 's shrine (making for a total of four stories per pilgrim). Although perhaps incomplete, The Canterbury Tales is revered as one of the most important works in English literature. It is also open to a wide range of interpretations.
The question of whether The Canterbury Tales is a finished work has not been answered to date. There are 84 manuscripts and four incunable editions of the work, dating from the late medieval and early Renaissance periods, more than for any other vernacular literary text with the exception of The Prick of Conscience. This is taken as evidence of the Tales ' popularity during the century after Chaucer 's death. Fifty - five of these manuscripts are thought to have been originally complete, while 28 are so fragmentary that it is difficult to ascertain whether they were copied individually or as part of a set. The Tales vary in both minor and major ways from manuscript to manuscript; many of the minor variations are due to copyists ' errors, while it is suggested that in other cases Chaucer both added to his work and revised it as it was being copied and possibly as it was being distributed. Determining the text of the work is complicated by the question of the narrator 's voice which Chaucer made part of his literary structure.
Even the oldest surviving manuscripts of the Tales are not Chaucer 's originals. The very oldest is probably MS Peniarth 392 D (called "Hengwrt ''), written by a scribe shortly after Chaucer 's death. The most beautiful, on the other hand, is the Ellesmere Manuscript, a manuscript whose order and many editors have followed even down to the present day. The first version of The Canterbury Tales to be published in print was William Caxton 's 1476 edition. Only 10 copies of this edition are known to exist, including one held by the British Library and one held by the Folger Shakespeare Library.
In 2004, Linne Mooney claimed that she was able to identify the scrivener who worked for Chaucer as an Adam Pinkhurst. Mooney, then a professor at the University of Maine and a visiting fellow at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, said she could match Pinkhurst 's signature, on an oath he signed, to his handwriting on a copy of The Canterbury Tales that might have been transcribed from Chaucer 's working copy.
In the absence of consensus as to whether or not a complete version of the Tales exists, there is also no general agreement regarding the order in which Chaucer intended the stories to be placed.
Textual and manuscript clues have been adduced to support the two most popular modern methods of ordering the tales. Some scholarly editions divide the Tales into ten "Fragments ''. The tales that make up a Fragment are closely related and contain internal indications of their order of presentation, usually with one character speaking to and then stepping aside for another character. However, between Fragments, the connection is less obvious. Consequently, there are several possible orders; the one most frequently seen in modern editions follows the numbering of the Fragments (ultimately based on the Ellesmere order). Victorians frequently used the nine "Groups '', which was the order used by Walter William Skeat whose edition Chaucer: Complete Works was used by Oxford University Press for most of the twentieth century, but this order is now seldom followed.
An alternative ordering (seen in an early manuscript containing The Canterbury Tales, the early - fifteenth century Harley MS. 7334) places Fragment VIII before VI. Fragments I and II almost always follow each other, just as VI and VII, IX and X do in the oldest manuscripts. Fragments IV and V, by contrast, vary in location from manuscript to manuscript.
Chaucer wrote in late Middle English, which has clear differences from Modern English. From philological research, we know certain facts about the pronunciation of English during the time of Chaucer. Chaucer pronounced - e at the end of words, so that care was (ˈkaːrə), not / ˈkɛər / as in Modern English. Other silent letters were also pronounced, so that the word knight was (kniçt), with both the k and the gh pronounced, not / ˈnaɪt /. In some cases, vowel letters in Middle English were pronounced very differently from Modern English, because the Great Vowel Shift had not yet happened. For instance, the long e in wepyng "weeping '' was pronounced as (eː), as in modern German or Italian, not as / iː /. Below is an IPA transcription of the opening lines of The Merchant 's Prologue:
Although no manuscript exists in Chaucer 's own hand, two were copied around the time of his death by Adam Pinkhurst, a scribe with whom he seems to have worked closely before, giving a high degree of confidence that Chaucer himself wrote the Tales. Because the final - e sound was lost soon after Chaucer 's time, scribes did not accurately copy it, and this gave scholars the impression that Chaucer himself was inconsistent in using it. It has now been established, however, that - e was an important part of Chaucer 's grammar, and helped to distinguish singular adjectives from plural and subjunctive verbs from indicative.
No other work prior to Chaucer 's is known to have set a collection of tales within the framework of pilgrims on a pilgrimage. It is obvious, however, that Chaucer borrowed portions, sometimes very large portions, of his stories from earlier stories, and that his work was influenced by the general state of the literary world in which he lived. Storytelling was the main entertainment in England at the time, and storytelling contests had been around for hundreds of years. In 14th - century England the English Pui was a group with an appointed leader who would judge the songs of the group. The winner received a crown and, as with the winner of The Canterbury Tales, a free dinner. It was common for pilgrims on a pilgrimage to have a chosen "master of ceremonies '' to guide them and organise the journey. Harold Bloom suggests that the structure is mostly original, but inspired by the "pilgrim '' figures of Dante and Virgil in The Divine Comedy. New research suggests that the General Prologue, in which the innkeeper and host Harry Bailey introduces each pilgrim, is a pastiche of the historical Harry Bailey 's surviving 1381 poll - tax account of Southwark 's inhabitants.
The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio contains more parallels to The Canterbury Tales than any other work. Like the Tales, it features a number of narrators who tell stories along a journey they have undertaken (to flee from the Black Death). It ends with an apology by Boccaccio, much like Chaucer 's Retraction to the Tales. A quarter of the tales in The Canterbury Tales parallel a tale in the Decameron, although most of them have closer parallels in other stories. Some scholars thus find it unlikely that Chaucer had a copy of the work on hand, surmising instead that he must have merely read the Decameron at some point, while a new study claims he had a copy of the Decameron and used it extensively as he began work on his own collection. Each of the tales has its own set of sources that have been suggested by scholars, but a few sources are used frequently over several tales. They include poetry by Ovid, the Bible in one of the many vulgate versions in which it was available at the time (the exact one is difficult to determine), and the works of Petrarch and Dante. Chaucer was the first author to utilise the work of these last two, both Italians. Boethius ' Consolation of Philosophy appears in several tales, as the works of John Gower do. Gower was a known friend to Chaucer. A full list is impossible to outline in little space, but Chaucer also, lastly, seems to have borrowed from numerous religious encyclopaedias and liturgical writings, such as John Bromyard 's Summa praedicantium, a preacher 's handbook, and Jerome 's Adversus Jovinianum. Many scholars say there is a good possibility Chaucer met Petrarch or Boccaccio.
The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories built around a frame narrative or frame tale, a common and already long established genre of its period. Chaucer 's Tales differs from most other story "collections '' in this genre chiefly in its intense variation. Most story collections focused on a theme, usually a religious one. Even in the Decameron, storytellers are encouraged to stick to the theme decided on for the day. The idea of a pilgrimage to get such a diverse collection of people together for literary purposes was also unprecedented, though "the association of pilgrims and storytelling was a familiar one ''. Introducing a competition among the tales encourages the reader to compare the tales in all their variety, and allows Chaucer to showcase the breadth of his skill in different genres and literary forms.
While the structure of the Tales is largely linear, with one story following another, it is also much more than that. In the General Prologue, Chaucer describes not the tales to be told, but the people who will tell them, making it clear that structure will depend on the characters rather than a general theme or moral. This idea is reinforced when the Miller interrupts to tell his tale after the Knight has finished his. Having the Knight go first gives one the idea that all will tell their stories by class, with the Monk following the Knight. However, the Miller 's interruption makes it clear that this structure will be abandoned in favour of a free and open exchange of stories among all classes present. General themes and points of view arise as the characters tell their tales, which are responded to by other characters in their own tales, sometimes after a long lapse in which the theme has not been addressed.
Lastly, Chaucer does not pay much attention to the progress of the trip, to the time passing as the pilgrims travel, or to specific locations along the way to Canterbury. His writing of the story seems focused primarily on the stories being told, and not on the pilgrimage itself.
The variety of Chaucer 's tales shows the breadth of his skill and his familiarity with many literary forms, linguistic styles, and rhetorical devices. Medieval schools of rhetoric at the time encouraged such diversity, dividing literature (as Virgil suggests) into high, middle, and low styles as measured by the density of rhetorical forms and vocabulary. Another popular method of division came from St. Augustine, who focused more on audience response and less on subject matter (a Virgilian concern). Augustine divided literature into "majestic persuades '', "temperate pleases '', and "subdued teaches ''. Writers were encouraged to write in a way that kept in mind the speaker, subject, audience, purpose, manner, and occasion. Chaucer moves freely between all of these styles, showing favouritism to none. He not only considers the readers of his work as an audience, but the other pilgrims within the story as well, creating a multi-layered rhetorical puzzle of ambiguities. Thus Chaucer 's work far surpasses the ability of any single medieval theory to uncover.
With this, Chaucer avoids targeting any specific audience or social class of readers, focusing instead on the characters of the story and writing their tales with a skill proportional to their social status and learning. However, even the lowest characters, such as the Miller, show surprising rhetorical ability, although their subject matter is more lowbrow. Vocabulary also plays an important part, as those of the higher classes refer to a woman as a "lady '', while the lower classes use the word "wenche '', with no exceptions. At times the same word will mean entirely different things between classes. The word "pitee '', for example, is a noble concept to the upper classes, while in the Merchant 's Tale it refers to sexual intercourse. Again, however, tales such as the Nun 's Priest 's Tale show surprising skill with words among the lower classes of the group, while the Knight 's Tale is at times extremely simple.
Chaucer uses the same meter throughout almost all of his tales, with the exception of Sir Thopas and his prose tales. It is a decasyllable line, probably borrowed from French and Italian forms, with riding rhyme and, occasionally, a caesura in the middle of a line. His meter would later develop into the heroic meter of the 15th and 16th centuries and is an ancestor of iambic pentameter. He avoids allowing couplets to become too prominent in the poem, and four of the tales (the Man of Law 's, Clerk 's, Prioress ', and Second Nun 's) use rhyme royal.
The Canterbury Tales was written during a turbulent time in English history. The Catholic Church was in the midst of the Western Schism and, though it was still the only Christian authority in Europe, was the subject of heavy controversy. Lollardy, an early English religious movement led by John Wycliffe, is mentioned in the Tales, which also mention a specific incident involving pardoners (sellers of indulgences, which were believed to relieve the temporal punishment due for sins that were already forgiven in the Sacrament of Confession) who nefariously claimed to be collecting for St. Mary Rouncesval hospital in England. The Canterbury Tales is among the first English literary works to mention paper, a relatively new invention that allowed dissemination of the written word never before seen in England. Political clashes, such as the 1381 Peasants ' Revolt and clashes ending in the deposing of King Richard II, further reveal the complex turmoil surrounding Chaucer in the time of the Tales ' writing. Many of his close friends were executed and he himself moved to Kent to get away from events in London.
While some readers look to interpret the characters of The Canterbury Tales as historical figures, other readers choose to interpret its significance in less literal terms. After analysis of Chaucer 's diction and historical context, his work appears to develop a critique of society during his lifetime. Within a number of his descriptions, his comments can appear complimentary in nature, but through clever language, the statements are ultimately critical of the pilgrim 's actions. It is unclear whether Chaucer would intend for the reader to link his characters with actual persons. Instead, it appears that Chaucer creates fictional characters to be general representations of people in such fields of work. With an understanding of medieval society, one can detect subtle satire at work.
The Tales reflect diverse views of the Church in Chaucer 's England. After the Black Death, many Europeans began to question the authority of the established Church. Some turned to lollardy, while others chose less extreme paths, starting new monastic orders or smaller movements exposing church corruption in the behaviour of the clergy, false church relics or abuse of indulgences. Several characters in the Tales are religious figures, and the very setting of the pilgrimage to Canterbury is religious (although the prologue comments ironically on its merely seasonal attractions), making religion a significant theme of the work.
Two characters, the Pardoner and the Summoner, whose roles apply the Church 's secular power, are both portrayed as deeply corrupt, greedy, and abusive. Pardoners in Chaucer 's day were those people from whom one bought Church "indulgences '' for forgiveness of sins, who were guilty of abusing their office for their own gain. Chaucer 's Pardoner openly admits the corruption of his practice while hawking his wares. Summoners were Church officers who brought sinners to the Church court for possible excommunication and other penalties. Corrupt summoners would write false citations and frighten people into bribing them to protect their interests. Chaucer 's Summoner is portrayed as guilty of the very kinds of sins for which he is threatening to bring others to court, and is hinted as having a corrupt relationship with the Pardoner. In The Friar 's Tale, one of the characters is a summoner who is shown to be working on the side of the devil, not God.
Churchmen of various kinds are represented by the Monk, the Prioress, the Nun 's Priest, and the Second Nun. Monastic orders, which originated from a desire to follow an ascetic lifestyle separated from the world, had by Chaucer 's time become increasingly entangled in worldly matters. Monasteries frequently controlled huge tracts of land on which they made significant sums of money, while peasants worked in their employ. The Second Nun is an example of what a Nun was expected to be: her tale is about a woman whose chaste example brings people into the church. The Monk and the Prioress, on the other hand, while not as corrupt as the Summoner or Pardoner, fall far short of the ideal for their orders. Both are expensively dressed, show signs of lives of luxury and flirtatiousness and show a lack of spiritual depth. The Prioress 's Tale is an account of Jews murdering a deeply pious and innocent Christian boy, a blood libel against Jews that became a part of English literary tradition. The story did not originate in the works of Chaucer and was well known in the 14th century.
Pilgrimage was a very prominent feature of medieval society. The ultimate pilgrimage destination was Jerusalem, but within England Canterbury was a popular destination. Pilgrims would journey to cathedrals that preserved relics of saints, believing that such relics held miraculous powers. Saint Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, had been murdered in Canterbury Cathedral by knights of Henry II during a disagreement between Church and Crown. Miracle stories connected to his remains sprang up soon after his death, and the cathedral became a popular pilgrimage destination. The pilgrimage in the work ties all of the stories together and may be considered a representation of Christians ' striving for heaven, despite weaknesses, disagreement, and diversity of opinion.
The upper class or nobility, represented chiefly by the Knight and his Squire, was in Chaucer 's time steeped in a culture of chivalry and courtliness. Nobles were expected to be powerful warriors who could be ruthless on the battlefield yet mannerly in the King 's Court and Christian in their actions. Knights were expected to form a strong social bond with the men who fought alongside them, but an even stronger bond with a woman whom they idealised to strengthen their fighting ability. Though the aim of chivalry was to noble action, its conflicting values often degenerated into violence. Church leaders frequently tried to place restrictions on jousts and tournaments, which at times ended in the death of the loser. The Knight 's Tale shows how the brotherly love of two fellow knights turns into a deadly feud at the sight of a woman whom both idealise. To win her, both are willing to fight to the death. Chivalry was in Chaucer 's day on the decline, and it is possible that The Knight 's Tale was intended to show its flaws, although this is disputed. Chaucer himself had fought in the Hundred Years ' War under Edward III, who heavily emphasised chivalry during his reign. Two tales, Sir Topas and The Tale of Melibee are told by Chaucer himself, who is travelling with the pilgrims in his own story. Both tales seem to focus on the ill - effects of chivalry -- the first making fun of chivalric rules and the second warning against violence.
The Tales constantly reflect the conflict between classes. For example, the division of the three estates: the characters are all divided into three distinct classes, the classes being "those who pray '' (the clergy), "those who fight '' (the nobility), and "those who work '' (the commoners and peasantry). Most of the tales are interlinked by common themes, and some "quit '' (reply to or retaliate against) other tales. Convention is followed when the Knight begins the game with a tale, as he represents the highest social class in the group. But when he is followed by the Miller, who represents a lower class, it sets the stage for the Tales to reflect both a respect for and a disregard for upper class rules. Helen Cooper, as well as Mikhail Bakhtin and Derek Brewer, call this opposition "the ordered and the grotesque, Lent and Carnival, officially approved culture and its riotous, and high - spirited underside. '' Several works of the time contained the same opposition.
Chaucer 's characters each express different -- sometimes vastly different -- views of reality, creating an atmosphere of testing, empathy, and relativism. As Helen Cooper says, "Different genres give different readings of the world: the fabliau scarcely notices the operations of God, the saint 's life focuses on those at the expense of physical reality, tracts and sermons insist on prudential or orthodox morality, romances privilege human emotion. '' The sheer number of varying persons and stories renders the Tales as a set unable to arrive at any definite truth or reality.
The concept of liminality figures prominently within The Canterbury Tales. A liminal space, which can be both geographical as well as metaphorical or spiritual, is the transitional or transformational space between a "real '' (secure, known, limited) world and an unknown or imaginary space of both risk and possibility. The notion of a pilgrimage is itself a liminal experience, because it centers on travel between destinations and because pilgrims undertake it hoping to become more holy in the process. Thus, the structure of The Canterbury Tales itself is liminal; it not only covers the distance between London and Canterbury, but the majority of the tales refer to places entirely outside the geography of the pilgrimage. Jean Jost summarises the function of liminality in The Canterbury Tales,
"Both appropriately and ironically in this raucous and subversive liminal space, a ragtag assembly gather together and tell their equally unconventional tales. In this unruly place, the rules of tale telling are established, themselves to be both disordered and broken; here the tales of game and earnest, solas and sentence, will be set and interrupted. Here the sacred and profane adventure begins, but does not end. Here, the condition of peril is as prominent as that of protection. The act of pilgrimaging itself consists of moving from one urban space, through liminal rural space, to the next urban space with an ever fluctuating series of events and narratives punctuating those spaces. The goal of pilgrimage may well be a religious or spiritual space at its conclusion, and reflect a psychological progression of the spirit, in yet another kind of emotional space. ''
Liminality is also evident in the individual tales. An obvious instance of this is the Friar 's Tale in which the yeoman devil is a liminal figure because of his transitory nature and function; it is his purpose to issue souls from their current existence to hell, an entirely different one. The Franklin 's Tale is a Breton Lai tale, which takes the tale into a liminal space by invoking not only the interaction of the supernatural and the mortal, but also the relation between the present and the imagined past.
It is sometimes argued that the greatest contribution that this work made to English literature was in popularising the literary use of the vernacular English, rather than French or Latin. English had, however, been used as a literary language for centuries before Chaucer 's life, and several of Chaucer 's contemporaries -- John Gower, William Langland, and the Pearl Poet -- also wrote major literary works in English. It is unclear to what extent Chaucer was responsible for starting a trend rather than simply being part of it. It is interesting to note that, although Chaucer had a powerful influence in poetic and artistic terms, which can be seen in the great number of forgeries and mistaken attributions (such as The Floure and the Leafe, which was translated by John Dryden), modern English spelling and orthography owe much more to the innovations made by the Court of Chancery in the decades during and after his lifetime.
While Chaucer clearly states the addressees of many of his poems (the Book of the Duchess is believed to have been written for John of Gaunt on the occasion of his wife 's death in 1368), the intended audience of The Canterbury Tales is more difficult to determine. Chaucer was a courtier, leading some to believe that he was mainly a court poet who wrote exclusively for the nobility. He is referred to as a noble translator and poet by Eustache Deschamps and by his contemporary John Gower. It has been suggested that the poem was intended to be read aloud, which is probable as this was a common activity at the time. However, it also seems to have been intended for private reading as well, since Chaucer frequently refers to himself as the writer, rather than the speaker, of the work. Determining the intended audience directly from the text is even more difficult, since the audience is part of the story. This makes it difficult to tell when Chaucer is writing to the fictional pilgrim audience or the actual reader.
Chaucer 's works may have been distributed in some form during his lifetime in part or in whole. Scholars speculate that manuscripts were circulated among his friends, but likely remained unknown to most people until after his death. However, the speed with which copyists strove to write complete versions of his tale in manuscript form shows that Chaucer was a famous and respected poet in his own day. The Hengwrt and Ellesmere manuscripts are examples of the care taken to distribute the work. More manuscript copies of the poem exist than for any other poem of its day except The Prick of Conscience, causing some scholars to give it the medieval equivalent of bestseller status. Even the most elegant of the illustrated manuscripts, however, is not nearly as highly decorated as the work of authors of more respectable works such as John Lydgate 's religious and historical literature.
John Lydgate and Thomas Occleve were among the first critics of Chaucer 's Tales, praising the poet as the greatest English poet of all time and the first to show what the language was truly capable of poetically. This sentiment was universally agreed upon by later critics into the mid-15th century. Glosses included in The Canterbury Tales manuscripts of the time praised him highly for his skill with "sentence '' and rhetoric, the two pillars by which medieval critics judged poetry. The most respected of the tales was at this time the Knight 's, as it was full of both.
The incompleteness of the Tales led several medieval authors to write additions and supplements to the tales to make them more complete. Some of the oldest existing manuscripts of the tales include new or modified tales, showing that even early on, such additions were being created. These emendations included various expansions of the Cook 's Tale, which Chaucer never finished, The Plowman 's Tale, The Tale of Gamelyn, the Siege of Thebes, and the Tale of Beryn.
The Tale of Beryn, written by an anonymous author in the 15th century, is preceded by a lengthy prologue in which the pilgrims arrive at Canterbury and their activities there are described. While the rest of the pilgrims disperse throughout the town, the Pardoner seeks the affections of Kate the barmaid, but faces problems dealing with the man in her life and the innkeeper Harry Bailey. As the pilgrims turn back home, the Merchant restarts the storytelling with Tale of Beryn. In this tale, a young man named Beryn travels from Rome to Egypt to seek his fortune only to be cheated by other businessmen there. He is then aided by a local man in getting his revenge. The tale comes from the French tale Bérinus and exists in a single early manuscript of the tales, although it was printed along with the tales in a 1721 edition by John Urry.
John Lydgate wrote The Siege of Thebes in about 1420. Like the Tale of Beryn, it is preceded by a prologue in which the pilgrims arrive in Canterbury. Lydgate places himself among the pilgrims as one of them and describes how he was a part of Chaucer 's trip and heard the stories. He characterises himself as a monk and tells a long story about the history of Thebes before the events of the Knight 's Tale. John Lydgate 's tale was popular early on and exists in old manuscripts both on its own and as part of the Tales. It was first printed as early as 1561 by John Stow, and several editions for centuries after followed suit.
There are actually two versions of The Plowman 's Tale, both of which are influenced by the story Piers Plowman, a work written during Chaucer 's lifetime. Chaucer describes a Plowman in the General Prologue of his tales, but never gives him his own tale. One tale, written by Thomas Occleve, describes the miracle of the Virgin and the Sleeveless Garment. Another tale features a pelican and a griffin debating church corruption, with the pelican taking a position of protest akin to John Wycliffe 's ideas.
The Tale of Gamelyn was included in an early manuscript version of the tales, Harley 7334, which is notorious for being one of the lower - quality early manuscripts in terms of editor error and alteration. It is now widely rejected by scholars as an authentic Chaucerian tale, although some scholars think he may have intended to rewrite the story as a tale for the Yeoman. Dates for its authorship vary from 1340 to 1370.
Many literary works (both fiction and non-fiction alike) have used a similar frame narrative to The Canterbury Tales as an homage. Science - fiction writer Dan Simmons wrote his Hugo Award winning novel Hyperion based on an extra-planetary group of pilgrims. Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins used The Canterbury Tales as a structure for his 2004 non-fiction book about evolution titled The Ancestor 's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution. His animal pilgrims are on their way to find the common ancestor, each telling a tale about evolution.
Henry Dudeney 's book The Canterbury Puzzles contains a part reputedly lost from what modern readers know as Chaucer 's tales.
Historical - mystery novelist P.C. Doherty wrote a series of novels based on The Canterbury Tales, making use of both the story frame and Chaucer 's characters.
Canadian author Angie Abdou translates The Canterbury Tales to a cross section of people, all snow - sports enthusiasts but from different social backgrounds, converging on a remote back - country ski cabin in British Columbia in the 2011 novel The Canterbury Trail.
The Two Noble Kinsmen, by William Shakespeare and John Fletcher, a retelling of "The Knight 's Tale '', was first performed in 1613 or 1614 and published in 1634. In 1961, Erik Chisholm completed his opera, The Canterbury Tales. The opera is in three acts: The Wyf of Bath 's Tale, The Pardoner 's Tale and The Nun 's Priest 's Tale. Nevill Coghill 's modern English version formed the basis of a musical version that was first staged in 1964.
A Canterbury Tale, a 1944 film jointly written and directed by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger, is loosely based on the narrative frame of Chaucer 's tales. The movie opens with a group of medieval pilgrims journeying through the Kentish countryside as a narrator speaks the opening lines of the General Prologue. The scene then makes a now - famous transition to the time of World War II. From that point on, the film follows a group of strangers, each with his or her own story and in need of some kind of redemption, who are making their way to Canterbury together. The film 's main story takes place in an imaginary town in Kent and ends with the main characters arriving at Canterbury Cathedral, bells pealing and Chaucer 's words again resounding. A Canterbury Tale is recognised as one of the Powell - Pressburger team 's most poetic and artful films. It was produced as wartime propaganda, using Chaucer 's poetry, referring to the famous pilgrimage, and offering photography of Kent to remind the public of what made Britain worth fighting for. In one scene a local historian lectures an audience of British soldiers about the pilgrims of Chaucer 's time and the vibrant history of England.
Pier Paolo Pasolini 's 1972 film The Canterbury Tales features several of the tales, some of which keep close to the original tale and some of which are embellished. The Cook 's Tale, for instance, which is incomplete in the original version, is expanded into a full story, and the Friar 's Tale extends the scene in which the Summoner is dragged down to hell. The film includes these two tales as well as the Miller 's Tale, the Summoner 's Tale, the Wife of Bath 's Tale, and the Merchant 's Tale.
On April 26, 1986, American radio personality Garrison Keillor opened "The News from Lake Wobegon '' portion of the first live TV broadcast of his A Prairie Home Companion radio show with a reading of the original Middle English text of the General Prologue. He commented, "Although those words were written more than 600 years ago, they still describe spring. ''
Television adaptations include Alan Plater 's 1975 re-telling of the stories in a series of plays for BBC2: Trinity Tales. In 2003, BBC again featured modern re-tellings of selected tales.
The Knight
The Squire
The Reeve
The Miller
The Cook
The Wife of Bath
The Franklin
The Shipman
The Manciple
The Merchant
The Clerk of Oxford
The Sergeant of Law
The Physician
The Parson
The Monk
The Prioress
The Second Nun
The Nun 's Priest
The Friar
The Summoner
The Pardoner
The Canon Yeoman
Geoffrey Chaucer
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what is the object of dungeons and dragons | Animated object (Dungeons & Dragons) - Wikipedia
In the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy roleplaying game, the animated object is a type of fictional monster for player characters to encounter.
Animated objects first appeared in the third edition Monster Manual. They also appeared in the 3.5 version of the Monster Manual.
Animated objects are constructs which come in all shapes, sizes, and colors. They owe their existence to spells such as animate objects and similar supernatural abilities.
The animated object appeared in Paizo Publishing 's book Pathfinder Roleplaying Game Bestiary (2009), on page 14.
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where is jakarta located on the world map | Jakarta - wikipedia
Jakarta (/ dʒ əˈkɑːrtə /, Indonesian pronunciation: (dʒaˈkarta)), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, is the capital of Indonesia, which was formerly known as Batavia during Dutch East Indies and Sunda Kelapa during Sunda Kingdom. Located on the northwest coast of the world 's most populous island of Java, Jakarta is the center of economics, culture and politics of Indonesia, with a population of 10,075,310 as of 2014. Greater Jakarta metropolitan area, which is known as Jabodetabek (a name formed by combining the initial syllables of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi), is the second largest urban agglomeration and 2nd largest city area in the world after Tokyo, with a population of 30,214,303 inhabitants as of 2010 census. Jakarta 's business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over the Indonesian archipelago, making it a melting pot of many communities and cultures. Jakarta is officially a province with special capital region status, yet is commonly referred to as a city. The Jakarta provincial government administers five administrative cities and one administrative regency.
Established in the fourth century as Sunda Kelapa, the city became an important trading port for the Kingdom of Sunda. It was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies, which was known as Batavia at that time. The city is currently the seat of the ASEAN Secretariat as well as important financial institutions such as the Bank of Indonesia, the Indonesia Stock Exchange, and the corporate headquarters of numerous Indonesian companies and multinational corporations. As of 2017, six of Forbes Global 2000 companies have headquarters in the city. The city is also home for two Fortune 500 companies in 2016.
Jakarta is listed as an Alpha Global City in the 2016 report of Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC). Based on the global metro monitor by the Brookings Institution, in 2014, the GDP of Jakarta was estimated at US $321.3 billion and economic growth was ranked 34th among the world 's 200 largest cities. Jakarta has grown more rapidly than Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok and Beijing.
Major challenges for Jakarta among others are rapid urban growth that led to overpopulation and ecological breakdown, gridlock traffic and congestion, poverty and inequality, and flooding. The Indonesian capital, is sinking up to 17cm (6.7 inches) per year, coupled with the rising of sea level, has made the city prone to flooding.
Jakarta has been home to multiple settlements along with their respective names:
Its current name derives from the word Jayakarta. The origins of this word can be traced to the Old Javanese and ultimately to the Sanskrit language; जय jaya (victorious) and कृत krta (accomplished, acquired), thus "Jayakarta '' translates as "victorious deed '', "complete act '', or "complete victory ''.
Jakarta is nicknamed the Big Durian, the thorny strongly - odored fruit native to the region, as the city is seen as the Indonesian equivalent of the US city of New York (the Big Apple). In the colonial era, the city was also known as Koningin van het Oosten (Queen of the Orient), initially in the 17th century for the urban beauty of downtown Batavia 's canals, mansions and ordered city layout. After expanding to the south in the 19th century, this nickname came to be more associated with the suburbs (e.g. Menteng and the area around Merdeka Square), with their wide lanes, many green spaces and villas.
The area in and around modern Jakarta was part of the fourth century Sundanese kingdom of Tarumanagara, one of the oldest Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia. Following the decline of Tarumanagara, its territories, including the Jakarta area, became part of the Hindu Kingdom of Sunda. From 7th to early 13th century port of Sunda was within the sphere of influence of the Srivijaya maritime empire. According to the Chinese source, Chu - fan - chi, written circa 1225, Chou Ju - kua reported in the early 13th century Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, the Malay peninsula and western Java (Sunda). The source reports the port of Sunda as strategic and thriving, pepper from Sunda being among the best in quality. The people worked in agriculture and their houses were built on wooden piles. The harbour area became known as Sunda Kelapa (Sundanese: ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮊᮜᮕ) and by the fourteenth century, it was a major trading port for the Sunda kingdom.
The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from Malacca, arrived in 1513 when the Portuguese were looking for a route for spices. The Hindu Kingdom of Sunda made an alliance treaty with Portugal by allowing the Portuguese to build a port in 1522 to defend against the rising power of the Islamic Sultanate of Demak from central Java. In 1527, Fatahillah, a Javanese general from Demak attacked and conquered Sunda Kelapa, driving out the Portuguese. Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta, and became a fiefdom of the Sultanate of Banten which became a major Southeast Asia trading centre.
Through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta from the Sultanate of Banten, Dutch ships arrived in Jayakarta in 1596. In 1602, the English East India Company 's first voyage, commanded by Sir James Lancaster, arrived in Aceh and sailed on to Banten where they were allowed to build a trading post. This site became the centre of English trade in Indonesia until 1682.
Jayawikarta is thought to have made trading connections with the English merchants, rivals of the Dutch, by allowing them to build houses directly across from the Dutch buildings in 1615.
When relations between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch deteriorated, Jayawikarta 's soldiers attacked the Dutch fortress. Prince Jayawikarta 's army and the English were defeated by the Dutch, in part owing to the timely arrival of Jan Pieterszoon Coen (J.P. Coen). The Dutch burned the English fort, and forced the English to retreat on their ships. The victory consolidated Dutch power and in 1619 they renamed the city Batavia. Commercial opportunities in the capital of the Dutch colony attracted Indonesian and especially Chinese and Arab immigrants. This sudden population increase created burdens on the city. Tensions grew as the colonial government tried to restrict Chinese migration through deportations. Following a revolt, 5,000 Chinese were massacred by the Dutch and natives on 9 October 1740 and the following year, Chinese inhabitants were moved to Glodok outside the city walls. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, around 400 Arabs and Moors lived in Batavia, a number which changed little during the following decades. Among the commodities traded, fabrics, especially imported cotton, batik and clothing worn by Arab communities.
The city began to expand further south as epidemics in 1835 and 1870 caused more people to move away from the port. The Koningsplein, now Merdeka Square was completed in 1818, the housing park of Menteng was started in 1913, and Kebayoran Baru was the last Dutch - built residential area. By 1930 Batavia had more than 500,000 inhabitants, including 37,067 Europeans.
After World War II, the city of Batavia was renamed "Jakarta '' (a short form of Jayakarta) by the Indonesian nationalists after achieving independence from the Dutch in 1949.
Following World War II, Indonesian Republicans withdrew from Allied - occupied Jakarta during their fight for Indonesian independence and established their capital in Yogyakarta. In 1950, once independence was secured, Jakarta was once again made the national capital. Indonesia 's founding president, Sukarno, envisaged Jakarta as a great international city, and instigated large government - funded projects with openly nationalistic and modernist architecture. Projects included a clover - leaf highway, a major boulevard (Jalan MH Thamrin - Sudirman), monuments such as The National Monument, Hotel Indonesia, a shopping centre, and a new parliament building. In October 1965, Jakarta was the site of an abortive coup attempt in which 6 top generals were killed, precipitating a violent anti-communist purge in which half - a million people were killed, including many ethnic Chinese, and the beginning of Suharto 's New Order. A monument stands where the generals ' bodies were dumped.
In 1966, Jakarta was declared a "special capital region '' (daerah khusus ibukota), thus gaining a status approximately equivalent to that of a province. Lieutenant General Ali Sadikin served as Governor from the mid-1960s commencement of the "New Order '' through to 1977; he rehabilitated roads and bridges, encouraged the arts, built several hospitals, and a large number of new schools. He also cleared out slum dwellers for new development projects -- some for the benefit of the Suharto family -- and tried to eliminate rickshaws and ban street vendors. He began control of migration to the city to stem overcrowding and poverty. Foreign investment contributed to a real estate boom which changed the face of the city.
The boom ended with the 1997 / 98 East Asian Economic crisis putting Jakarta at the centre of violence, protest, and political manoeuvring. After 32 years in power, support for President Suharto began to wane. Tensions reached a peak when four students were shot dead at Trisakti University by security forces; four days of riots and violence ensued that killed an estimated 1,200, and destroyed or damaged 6,000 buildings. Much of the rioting targeted Chinese Indonesians. Suharto resigned as president, and Jakarta has remained the focal point of democratic change in Indonesia. Jemaah Islamiah - connected bombings occurred almost annually in the city between 2000 and 2005, with another bombing in 2009.
The name and status, as well as the governing system of Jakarta, has changed throughout its history. On March 5, 1942, the Japanese wrested Batavia from Dutch control and the city was named Jakarta (Jakarta Special City (ジャカルタ 特別 市, Jakaruta tokubetsu - shi), in accordance with the special status that was assigned to the city). After the collapse of Japan, Indonesian nationalists declared independence on August 17, 1945, and the government of Jakarta City was changed into the Jakarta National Administration in September, 1945. After the war, the Dutch name Batavia was internationally recognized until full Indonesian independence was achieved on December 27, 1949 and Jakarta was officially proclaimed the national capital of Indonesia.
This first government was led by a Mayor until the end of 1960, when the office was changed to that of a Governor. The last mayor of Jakarta was Sudiro, until he was replaced by Dr Sumarno as governor of the province. Based on Act No. 5 of 1974 relating to the Fundamentals of Regional Government, Jakarta was confirmed as the capital of Indonesia and one of Indonesia 's 26 provinces in 1974 at that time. In August 2007, Jakarta held its first ever election to choose a governor, whereas previously the city 's governors were elected by members of DPRD. The poll was part of a country - wide decentralisation drive, allowing for direct local elections in several areas.
At present, Jakarta is administratively equal to a province with special status as the capital of Indonesia. The executive heads of Jakarta are a Governor (instead of a mayor) and a Deputy Governor. As a province, the official name of Jakarta is Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta (' Special Capital City District of Jakarta '), which is abbreviated to DKI Jakarta. The legislative branch of Jakarta is the People 's regional representative council (DPRD). The Governor, Deputy Governor and 106 members of the DPRD, are all elected by direct election procedures.
The executive governance of Jakarta consists of five Administrative City / Kota Administratif, each headed by a Mayor -- and one Administrative Regency / Kabupaten Administratif headed by a Regent / Bupati. Unlike other cities and regencies in Indonesia where the mayor or regent are elected by the people, Jakarta 's mayors and regent are chosen by the Governor of Jakarta. Each city and regency is again divided into administrative districts.
Polda Metro Jaya maintains the law, security and order of Jakarta. It is led by a Regional Chief of police Kapolda, who holds the rank of Inspector General of Police.
The Jakarta provincial government, like all other provincial governments in Indonesia, relies on transfers from the central government for the bulk of budget income. Local (non-central government) sources of revenue are incomes from various taxes such as vehicle ownership and vehicle transfer fees among others. The ability of the regional government to respond to the many problems of Jakarta is constrained by extremely limited finances. In 2013 the total budget available to the Jakarta regional government was approved at around Rp 50 trillion (about $ US 5.2 billion), equivalent to around $ US 380 per citizen. Priority areas of spending were listed as education, transport, flood control measures, environment programs, and various types of social spending (such as health and housing).
In recent years, the Jakarta provincial government has consistently run a surplus of between 15 -- 20 % of total planned spending, largely because of delays in procurement procedures and other inefficiencies in the spending process. Regular underspending is a matter of frequent public comment but the legal and administrative blockages that cause the underspending problem seem very difficult to overcome.
Indonesian Statistics Bureau: Jakarta in Figures
Jakarta consists of five Kota Administratif (Administrative cities / municipalities), each headed by a mayor -- and a Kabupaten Administratif (Administrative regency). Each city and regency is again divided into districts / Kecamatan. The administrative cities / municipalities of Jakarta are:
The only administrative regency (kabupaten) of Jakarta is:
DKI Jakarta covers an area of 661.5 square kilometers, which is ranked 33rd among the provinces of Indonesia. Greater Jakarta metropolitan area has an area of 6,392 square kilometers, which extends into two of the bordering provinces of West Java and Banten. The Greater Jakarta area includes 3 bordering regencies (Bekasi Regency, Tangerang Regency and Bogor Regency) and five adjacent cities (Bogor, Depok, Bekasi, Tangerang and South Tangerang).
Jakarta is situated on the northwest coast of Java, at the mouth of the Ciliwung River on Jakarta Bay, which is an inlet of the Java Sea. The northern part of Jakarta is plain land, some areas of which are below sea level and subject to frequent flooding. The southern parts of the city are hilly. It is one of only two Asian capital cities located in the southern hemisphere (the other is Dili, capital of Timor Leste). Officially, the area of the Jakarta Special District is 662 km (256 sq mi) of land area and 6,977 km (2,694 sq mi) of sea area. The Thousand Islands, which are administratively a part of Jakarta, are located in Jakarta Bay, north of the city.
Jakarta lies in a low and flat Alluvial plain, ranging from − 2 to 50 metres (− 7 to 164 ft) with an average elevation of 8 metres (26 ft) above sea level with historically extensive swampy areas. 40 % of Jakarta, particularly the northern areas, is below sea level, while the southern parts are comparatively hilly. Thirteen rivers flow through Jakarta. They are: Ciliwung River, Kalibaru, Pesanggrahan, Cipinang, Angke River, Maja, Mookervart, Krukut, Buaran, West Tarum, Cakung, Petukangan, Sunter River and Grogol River. These rivers flow from the Puncak highlands to the south of the city, then across the city northwards towards the Java Sea. The Ciliwung River divides the city into the western and eastern districts.
All these rivers, combined with the wet season rains and insufficient drainage due to clogging, make Jakarta prone to flooding. Moreover, Jakarta is sinking about 5 to 10 centimetres (2.0 to 3.9 inches) each year, even up to 20 centimetres (7.9 inches) in the northern coastal areas. To help cope with the threat from the sea, the Netherlands will give $4 million for a feasibility study to build a dike around Jakarta Bay. The ring dike will be equipped with a pumping system and retention areas to defend against seawater. Additionally, the dike will function as a toll road. The project will be built by 2025. In January 2014, Central Government agreed to build 2 dams in Ciawi, Bogor and a 1.2 - kilometre (0.75 - mile) tunnel from Ciliwung River to Cisadane River to ease Jakarta floods. Construction costs will be paid for by the central government, but land acquisitions are the responsibility of the Jakarta Authority. Nowadays, an 1.2 - kilometre (0.75 - mile), with capacity 60 cubic metres (2,100 cubic feet) per second, underground water tunnel between Ciliwung River and the East Flood Canal is being worked on to ease the Ciliwung River overflows.
Jakarta has a tropical monsoon climate (Am) according to the Köppen climate classification system. The wet season in Jakarta covers the majority of the year, running from October through May. The remaining four months (June through September) constitute the city 's drier season (each of these 4 months has an average monthly rainfall of less than 100 millimetres (3.9 in)). Located in the western part of Java, Jakarta 's wet season rainfall peak is January and February with average monthly rainfall of 299.7 millimetres (11.80 in), and its dry season low point is August with a monthly average of 43.2 mm (1.70 in).
In June 2011, Jakarta had only 10.5 % green open spaces (Ruang Terbuka Hijau) and this has grown to 13.94 % public green open spaces. Public parks are included in public green open spaces. By 2030, the administration also hope there is 16 % private green open spaces. In a goal to develop a child friendly city and to provide green open spaces for citizens, Jakarta administration has targeted to build 300 ' Child Friendly Integrated Public Space (Indonesian: ' Ruang Publik Terpadu Ramah Anak, abbreviated RPTRA) by 2017, which is a public space in the form of green open spaces or parks equipped with playground, games, library, lactation room, and other facilities to serve the interests of communities around with CCTV surveillance..
* 2010 Population census
Since 1950, Jakarta has attracted people from all parts of Java and other Indonesian islands. The flood of migrants came to Jakarta for economic reasons as Jakarta offered the hope of employment. The 1961 census showed only 51 % of the city 's population was actually born in Jakarta. Between 1961 and 1980, the population of Jakarta doubled and during the period 1980 -- 1990, the city 's population grew annually by 3.7 %.
The 2010 census counted some 9.58 million people, well above all government estimates. According to the government 's ' Jakarta in Figures ' document, the population stood at 10,187,595 in 2011 and 9,761,407 in 2012. As per 2014, the population stood at 10,075,310 people. The area of DKI Jakarta is 664 km, suggesting a population density of 15,174 people / km. Inwards immigration tended to negate the effect of family planning programs. The population has risen from 4.5 million in 1970 doubled to 9.5 million in 2010, counting only its legal residents. While the population of Greater Jakarta (Jabodetabek Region) has risen from 8.2 million in 1970 jumping to 28.5 million in 2010. As per 2014, the population of Greater Jakarta was 30,326,103, accounting for 11 % of Indonesia 's overall population. The gender ratio was 102.8 (males per 100 females) in 2010 and 101.3 in 2014.
Jakarta is a pluralistic and religiously diverse city. As of 2000, 35.16 % of the city 's population are Javanese, 27.65 % Betawi, 15.27 % Sundanese, 5.53 % Chinese, 3.61 % Batak, 3.18 % Minangkabau and 1.62 % Malays.
The ' Betawi ' (Orang Betawi, or ' people of Batavia ') are the descendants of the people living in and around Batavia, and are recognised as an ethnic group from around the 18th -- 19th century. The Betawi people are mostly descended from various Southeast - Asian ethnic groups brought or attracted to Batavia to meet labour needs, and include people from different parts of Indonesia. Betawi people are a creole ethnic group that came from various parts of Indonesia and intermarried with Chinese, Arabs, and Europeans. Nowadays, most Betawi live in the fringe areas of Jakarta and there are hardly any Betawi - dominated areas in central Jakarta.
There has been a significant Chinese community in Jakarta for many centuries. Jakarta is home to the largest population of Chinese on Java island. The Chinese in Jakarta traditionally reside around old urban areas, such as Pinangsia, Pluit and Glodok (Jakarta Chinatown) areas. They also can be found in the old chinatowns of Senen and Jatinegara. Officially, they make up 5.53 % of the Jakarta population, although this number may be under - reported.
The Sumatran people of the city are very diverse. According to 2010 Census, there were roughly 346,000 Batak, 305,000 Minangkabau and 155,000 Malays. The Batak and Minangkabau are spread throughout the city. The Batak ethnic group has increased in ranking, from eighth in 1930 to fifth in 2000. Toba Batak is the largest sub-ethnic Batak group in Jakarta. Beside the Chinese, Minangkabau people also as merchants, peddlers, and artisans, in addition to working in white collar professions: doctors, teachers, and journalists.
Bahasa Indonesia is the official as well as the spoken language of Jakarta. English is used widely as second language, while a number of elderly people can speak Dutch. Each of the ethnic groups use their mother language at home, such as Betawi language, Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, Batak, Minangkabau, and Chinese. Betawi language is distinct from those of the Sundanese or Javanese, forming itself as a language island in the surrounding area. The language is mostly based on the East Malay dialect and enriched by loan words from Dutch, Portuguese, Sundanese, Javanese, Minangkabau, Chinese, and Arabic. Nowadays, the Jakarta dialect (Bahasa Jakarta), used as a street language by people in Jakarta, is loosely based on the Betawi language.
As of the 2010 census the population of Jakarta was 85.36 % Muslim, 7.53 % Protestant, 3.30 % Buddhist, 3.15 % Roman Catholic, 0.21 % Hindu, and 0.06 % Confucianist. The majority of Jakartans are Sunni Muslims.
Most pesantren s in Jakarta are affiliated with the traditionalist Nahdlatul Ulama organisations. The modernist organisations mostly catered to a socioeconomic class of educated urban elites and merchant traders. They gave priority to education, social welfare programs and religious propagation activities. Many Islamic organisations have headquarters in Jakarta, such as Nahdlatul Ulama, Indonesian Ulema Council, Muhammadiyah, Jaringan Islam Liberal, and Front Pembela Islam.
Based on data from Jakarta Central Bureau of Statistics 17 July 2017, shows that the population of Jakarta who embraced Islam is 83.43 %, then Protestant 8.63 %, Catholic 4.0 %, Buddhist 3.74 %, Hindu 0.19 %, and Confucianist 0.01 %, include Folk religion 231 people.
Roman Catholics have a Metropolitan see there, for the Archdiocese of Jakarta, whose province including two suffragans Western Java.
As the economic and political capital of Indonesia with so many different languages and ethnic groups, it is difficult to describe or define a common culture for Jakarta, as the city attracts many native immigrants, from the vast and diverse Indonesian archipelago, who also bring their various languages, dialects, foods and customs. This diversity of origins and languages leads to differences in regard to religion, traditions and linguistics. However ethnic Betawi are considered as the indigenous people of Jakarta.
The Betawi culture is distinct from those of the Sundanese or Javanese, forming itself as a language island in the surrounding area. Betawi arts have a low profile in Jakarta, and most Betawi have moved to the suburbs of Jakarta, displaced by new migrants. It is easier to find Java or Minang - based wedding ceremonies rather than Betawi weddings in Jakarta. It is easier to find Javanese Gamelan instead of Tanjidor (a mixture between Betawi and Portuguese music), Marawis (a mixture between Betawi and Yemeni music) or Gambang Kromong (a mixture between Betawi and Chinese music). The Chinese also influenced Betawi culture, such as the popularity of Chinese cakes and sweets, firecrackers, to Betawi wedding attire that demonstrates Chinese and Arab influences.
However, some festivals such as the Jalan Jaksa Festival or Kemang Festival include efforts to preserve Betawi arts by inviting artists to give performances. Jakarta has several performing art centres, such as the classical concert hall Aula Simfonia Jakarta in Kemayoran, Taman Ismail Marzuki (TIM) art centre in Cikini, Gedung Kesenian Jakarta near Pasar Baru, Balai Sarbini in the Plaza Semanggi area, Bentara Budaya Jakarta in Palmerah area, Pasar Seni (Art Market) in Ancol, and traditional Indonesian art performances at the pavilions of some provinces in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah. Traditional music is often found at high - class hotels, including Wayang and Gamelan performances. Javanese Wayang Orang performances can be found at Wayang Orang Bharata theatre near Senen bus terminal. As the country 's largest city and capital, Jakarta has lured much national and regional talent who hope to find a greater audience and more opportunities for success.
Jakarta hosts several prestigious art and culture festivals, and exhibitions, such as the annual Jakarta International Film Festival (JiFFest), Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival, Djakarta Warehouse Project, Jakarta Fashion Week, Jakarta Fashion & Food Festival (JFFF), Jakarta Fair, Indonesia Creative Products and Jakarta Arts and Crafts exhibition. Flona Jakarta is a flora - and - fauna exhibition, held annually in August at Lapangan Banteng Park, featuring flowers, plant nurseries, and pets. Jakarta Fair is held annually from mid-June to mid-July to celebrate the anniversary of the city and is largely centred around a trade fair. However, this month - long fair also features entertainment, including arts and music performances by local musicians. Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival (JJF) is one of the largest jazz festivals in the world and arguably the biggest in the Southern hemisphere. The annual jazz festival is held every early March and was designed to be one of the largest jazz festivals globally.
Several foreign art and culture centres are also established in Jakarta, and mainly serve to promote culture and language through learning centers, libraries, and art galleries. Among these foreign art and cultural centers are China Confucius Institute, Netherlands Erasmus Huis, UK British Council, France Alliance Française, Germany Goethe - Institut, Japan Foundation, and India Jawaharlal Nehru Indian Cultural Center.
Chinese paifang in Mangga Dua, Central Jakarta
The Golden Snail IMAX theatre at Taman Mini Indonesia Indah
Taman Ismail Marzuki, Central Jakarta
Jakarta Fair
As the capital, all varieties of Indonesian cuisine have a presence in Jakarta. The local cuisine of Jakarta is the Betawi cuisine, which reflects various foreign culinary traditions that have influenced the inhabitants of Jakarta for centuries. Betawi cuisine is heavily influenced by Malay - Chinese Peranakan cuisine, Sundanese and Javanese cuisine, which is also influenced by Indian, Arabic and European cuisines. One of the most popular local dishes of Betwai cuisine is Soto Betawi which is prepared from chunks of beef and offal in rich and spicy cow 's milk or coconut milk broth. Other popular Betawi dishes include soto kaki, nasi uduk, kerak telor (spicy omelette), nasi ulam, asinan, ketoprak, rujak and gado - gado Betawi (salad in peanut sauce).
Jakarta has a vast range of food available at hundreds of eating venues and food courts located all over the city, from modest street - side warung foodstalls and kaki lima (five legs) travelling vendors to high - end fine dining restaurants. Since Jakarta is regarded as the ' melting - pot ' and a miniature version of Indonesia, many traditional foods from far - flung regions in Indonesia can be found in Jakarta. For example, traditional Padang restaurants and low - budget Warteg (Warung Tegal) foodstalls are ubiquitous in the capital. Other popular street foods include nasi goreng (fried rice), sate (skewered meats), pecel lele (fried catfish), bakso (meatballs), bakpau (Chinese bun) and siomay (fish dumplings).
Jalan Sabang, Jalan Sidoarjo, Jalan Kendal at Menteng, Kota Tua, Blok S, Blok M, Jalan Tebet are all popular destinations for street - food lovers. While Menteng, Kemang, Jalan Senopati, Kuningan, Senayan and Pantai Indah Kapuk, Kelapa Gading areas have trendy restaurants, cafe and bars. From rooftop bar to glamorous lounge, Jakarta has plenty of bars, cafes and clubs. From old town of Batavia with Indonesia 's Dutch colonial past to the fashionable Menteng district, the city has hive of live music venues and exclusive restaurants. Lenggang Jakarta is a food court area built with a concept of culinary and cultural center, accommodating small traders and street vendors with toilet, free WiFi facility and non-cash payment system. This place is unique as most of the Indonesian food 's are available within a single compound. At present there are two such food courts at Monas and Kemayoran area. TransJakarta operates free tour buses on every Saturday from 5PM to 11 PM to some of the most popular culinary destinations in Central Jakarta. Chinese street - food is plentifully available at Jalan Pangeran, Manga Besar and Petak Sembilan in the old Jakarta area, while Little Tokyo area of Blok M has many Japanese style restaurants and bars.
Next to a myriad of Indonesian food and regional specialties from all over Indonesia, foreign food is also represented: Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Indian, American, French, Mediterranean cuisine 's like Turkish, Italian, Middle - Eastern cuisine, and modern fusion food can all be found in Jakarta.
There are in total 142 museums in Jakarta. The museums in Jakarta cluster around the Central Jakarta Merdeka Square area, Jakarta Old Town, and Taman Mini Indonesia Indah.
The Jakarta Old Town contains museums that are former institutional buildings of Colonial Batavia. Some of these museums are: Jakarta History Museum (former City Hall of Batavia), Wayang Museum (Puppet Museum) (former Church of Batavia), the Fine Art and Ceramic Museum (former Court House of Justice of Batavia), the Maritime Museum (former Sunda Kelapa warehouse), Bank Indonesia Museum (former Javasche Bank), and Bank Mandiri Museum (former Nederlandsche Handels Maatschappij).
Several museums clustered in central Jakarta around the Merdeka Square area include: National Museum of Indonesia which also known as Gedung Gajah (the Elephant Building), Monumen Nasional (National Monument), Istiqlal Islamic Museum in Istiqlal Mosque, and Jakarta Cathedral Museum on the second floor of Jakarta Cathedral. Also in the central Jakarta area is the Taman Prasasti Museum (former cemetery of Batavia), and Textile Museum in Tanah Abang area.
The recreational area of Taman Mini Indonesia Indah in East Jakarta contains fourteen museums, such as Indonesia Museum, Purna Bhakti Pertiwi Museum, Asmat Museum, Bayt al - Qur'an Islamic Museum, Pusaka (heirloom) Museum, and other science - based museum such as Research & Technology Information Centre, Komodo Indonesian Fauna Museum, Insect Museum, Petrol and Gas Museum, plus the Transportation Museum. Other museums are Satria Mandala Military Museum, Museum Sumpah Pemuda, and Lubang Buaya (Crocodile Well).
Jakarta has numerous newspaper publications, television and radio stations. Several newspapers, including daily, business, and digital papers, are based in Jakarta. Daily newspapers include Kompas, Koran Tempo, Media Indonesia, Republika, Suara Pembaruan, Seputar Indonesia, Suara Karya, Sinar Harapan, Indo Pos, Jurnal Nasional, and Harian Pelita. English language newspapers are also published daily, for example The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe. Chinese language newspapers are Indonesia Shang Bao (印尼 商 报), Harian Indonesia (印尼 星 洲 日报), and Guo Ji Ri Bao (国际 日报). The only Japanese language newspaper is The Daily Jakarta Shimbun (じゃ かるた 新聞). Jakarta has also the daily newspapers segment such as Pos Kota, Warta Kota, Koran Jakarta, Berita Kota for local readers; Bisnis Indonesia, Investor Daily, Kontan, Harian Neraca (business news) as well as Top Skor and Soccer (sport news).
Jakarta are the headquarters for Indonesia 's state media public government stations, TVRI as well as private national television include Metro TV, tvOne, Kompas TV, Trans TV, Trans 7, RCTI, MNC, SCTV, Global TV, Indosiar, ANTV, RTV and NET... Jakarta has also the local television channels such as Jak TV, O Channel, Elshinta TV, and DAAI TV Indonesia. The city is home to the country 's main pay television service. The wide range of cable channels available includes First Media and TelkomVision. Satellite television (DTH) has yet to gain mass acceptance in Jakarta. Prominent DTH entertainment services are Indovision, Okevision, Yes TV, Transvision, and Aora TV. Many TV stations are analogue PAL, but some are now converting to digital signals using DVB - T2 following a government plan to digital television migration.
There are seventy five radio stations in Jakarta, with fifty two broadcasting on the FM band, and twenty three radio stations broadcasting on the AM band.
Indonesia is the largest economy of ASEAN and Jakarta is the economic nerve center of Indonesian archipelago. The city generated about one - sixth of Indonesian GDP in 2008. Nominal GDP of DKI Jakarta was US $483.8 billion in 2016, which is about 17.5 % of the nominal GDP of Indonesia. Jakarta ranked 67th in Global Financial Centres Index 21 published by Z / Yen. The city ranks higher at 62 in Global Financial Centres Index 22, published in September, 2017. Jakarta ranked at 41 in Global Power City Index by The Mori Memorial Foundation in 2017.
Jakarta 's economy depends highly on service sectors, banking, trading, financial, and manufacturing. Most of industries in Jakarta include electronics, automotive, chemicals, mechanical engineering and biomedical sciences manufacturing. Head office of Bank Indonesia and Indonesia Stock Exchange located in the city. Most of the SOE like Pertamina, PLN, PGN, Angkasa Pura, BULOG, Telkomsel, Waskita operate from their head offices in the city. Also major Indonesian conglomerates maintains head office in Jakarta. Important conglomerates which have corporate office in the city are, Salim Group, Sinar Mas Group, Astra International, Lippo Group, Bakrie Group, Ciputra Group, Agung Podomoro Group, Unilever Indonesia, Djarum, Gudang Garam, Kompas Gramedia, Lion Air, Sriwijaya Air, MedcoEnergi, MNC, Trans Corp and many more.
The economic growth of Jakarta in 2007 was 6.44 % up from 5.95 % the previous year, with the growth in the transportation and communication (15.25 %), construction (7.81 %) and trade, hotel and restaurant sectors (6.88 %). In 2007, GRDP (Gross Regional Domestic Product) was Rp. 566 trillion (around $ US 56 billion). The largest contributions to GRDP were by finance, ownership and business services (29 %); trade, hotel and restaurant sector (20 %), and manufacturing industry sector (16 %). In 2007, the increase in per capita GRDP of DKI Jakarta inhabitants was 11.6 % compared to the previous year Both GRDP by at current market price and GRDP by at 2000 constant price in 2007 for the Municipality of Central Jakarta, which was Rp 146 million and Rp 81 million, was higher than other municipalities in Jakarta. Last data update was on 2014 by end of year Jakarta have a GRDP (Gross Regional Domestic Product) was Rp. 1,761.407 trillion (around USD 148.53 billion) with economic growth above 6 % per year since 2009. In 2014, per capita GRDP of DKI Jakarta inhabitants was Rp 174.87 million or USD 14,727. In 2015, GDP per capita in the city was estimated Rp 194.87 million or US $14,570.
The Wealth Report 2015 by Knight Frank reported that there were 24 individuals in Indonesia in 2014 with wealth at least one billion US Dollar and 18 of them live in the capital Jakarta. The cost of living in the city continues to rise. Both land price and rents has become expensive. Mercer 's 2017 Cost of Living Survey ranked Jakarta as 88th costliest city in the world for expatriate employees living. Industrial development and the construction of new housing are usually undertaken on the outskirts, while commerce and banking remain concentrated in the city center. Jakarta has a bustling luxury property market. The investment in the property sector, including offices, commercial buildings, new town development, and high rise apartments and hotels grew substantially. Knight Frank, a global real estate consultancy based in London, reported in 2014 that Jakarta offered the highest return on high - end property investment in the world in 2013, citing supply shortage and a sharply depreciated currency as reasons.
Jakarta has numerous shopping malls and markets. With a total of 550 hectares, Jakarta has the world 's largest shopping mall floor area within a single city. The annual "Jakarta Great Sale '' is held every year in June and July to celebrate Jakarta 's anniversary, with about 73 participating shopping centres in 2012.
Malls such as Plaza Indonesia, Grand Indonesia Shopping Town, Plaza Senayan, Senayan City and Pacific Place provide luxury brands, while Mall Taman Anggrek, Pondok Indah Mall, Mal Kelapa Gading, Central Park Jakarta, Bay Walk Mall and Ciputra World Jakarta have high - street brands such as Topshop, Uniqlo and Zara.
Department stores in Senayan City, Supermall Karawaci and Lippo Mall Kemang Village use the Debenhams brand under licence, while the Japanese Sogo department store has about seven stores in various shopping malls in the city. Seibu flagship store is located in Grand Indonesia Shopping Town, and French luxury department store, Galeries Lafayette opened its doors for the first time in South East Asia in Pacific Place.
Internationally known luxury brands such as Louis Vuitton, Bulgari, Chanel, Gucci, Christian Louboutin, Balenciaga, and Giorgio Armani can be found in Jakarta 's luxury shopping malls. The Satrio - Casablanca corridor, 3.5 - kilometre street is a new shopping belt in Jakarta. Many multistorey shopping centres are located here, such as Kuningan City, Mal Ambassador, Kota Kasablanka, and Lotte Shopping Avenue.
Traditional markets include Blok M, Tanah Abang, Senen, Pasar Baru, Glodok, Mangga Dua, Cempaka Mas, and Jatinegara. In Jakarta there are also markets that sell specific collectable items, such as antique goods in Surabaya Street and gemstones in Rawabening Market.
Though Jakarta has been named the most popular location as per tag stories and ranked 8th most posted among the cities in the world in 2017 on image sharing site Instagram, the city is not a top international tourist destination till date unlike other neighboring Southeast Asian cities like Singapore, Kuala Lumpur and Bangkok. Most of the visitors attracted to Jakarta are domestic tourists from all over Indonesia. Jakarta ranked as the fifth fastest growing destination among 132 cities according to MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index published in September, 2017. Those who were visiting, 59.1 % for business, while the other 40.9 % were visiting for leisure. According to Euromonitor International 's latest Top 100 City Destinations Ranking, Jakarta ranked at 83 with more than 3.5 million international tourists visited in a year, which is 48.5 % higher in comparison to previous year.
As the gateway of Indonesia, Jakarta often serves as the stop - over for foreign visitors on their way to Indonesian popular tourist destinations such as Bali, Lombok and Yogyakarta. Jakarta is trying to attract more international tourist by MICE tourism, by arranging increasing numbers of conventions. Slowly but steadily and gradually tourism contributes a growing amount of income to the city. In 2012, the tourism sector contributed 2.6 trillion rupiah (US $268.5 million) to the city 's total direct income of 17.83 trillion rupiah (US $1.45 billion), 17.9 % increase from the previous year 2011. Tourism stakeholders are expecting greater marketing of the Jakarta as a tourism destination.
The popular heritage tourism attractions are in Kota and around Merdeka square. Kota is the centre of old Jakarta, with its Maritime Museum, Kota Intan drawbridge, Gereja Sion, Wayang Museum, Stadhuis Batavia, Fine Art and Ceramic Museum, Toko Merah, Bank Indonesia Museum, Bank Mandiri Museum, Jakarta Kota Station, and Glodok (Jakarta Chinatown). In the old ports of Sunda Kelapa, the tall masted pinisi ship still sails. The Jakarta Cathedral with neo-gothic architecture in Central Jakarta also attracted architecture enthusiast. Kota Tua was named the most - visited destination in Indonesia in 2017 by image - sharing platform Instagram.
Other than monuments, landmarks, and museums around Merdeka square and Jakarta Old Town, tourist attractions of the city include Thousand Islands, Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Setu Babakan, Ragunan Zoo, Sunda Kelapa old port and the Ancol Dreamland complex on Jakarta Bay, including Dunia Fantasi (Fantasy World) theme park, Sea World, Atlantis Water Adventure, and Gelanggang Samudra. Thousand Islands, which is north to the coast of the city and in Java Sea is also a popular tourist destination.
Most of the renowned international hotel chains have presence in the city. Jalan Jaksa and surrounding area is popular among backpackers for cheaper accommodation, travel agencies, second - hand bookstores, money changers, laundries, pubs, etc., while Kemang is a favorite suburb for expats living.
A structured road network had been developed in the early 19th century as a part of the Java Great Post Road by former Governor - General Daendels, which connects most major cities throughout Java. During the following decades, the road network was expanded to a great extent, although it could not keep up with the rapidly increasing numbers of motorised vehicles, resulting in highly congested traffic.
A notable feature of Jakarta 's present road system is the toll road network. Composed of an inner and outer ring road and five toll roads radiating outwards, the network provides inner as well as outer city connections. Jakarta Outer Ring Road 2 is an under - construction toll road encircling greater Jakarta area, parallel with Jakarta Outer Ring Road (JORR 1).
The five radiating toll roads are:
Throughout the years, several attempts have been made to reduce traffic congestion on Jakarta 's main arteries. Implemented solutions include a ' three - in - one ' rush - hour law, during which cars with fewer than three passengers are prohibited from driving on the main avenues. Another example is the ban on trucks passing main avenues during the day. In 2016, ' odd - even ' policy was introduced which designated cars with either odd or even - numbered registration plates on a particular day. This aims to function as a transitional measure to alleviate traffic congestion until the future introduction of Electronic Road Pricing which would be more effective.
Two private companies, PALYJA and Aetra, provide piped water supply in the western and eastern half of Jakarta respectively under 25 - year concession contracts signed in 1998. A public asset holding company called PAM Jaya owns the infrastructure. 80 % of the water distributed in Jakarta comes through the West Tarum Canal system from Jatiluhur reservoir on the Citarum River 70 km (43 mi) southeast of the city. Water supply had been privatised by government of then President Suharto in 1998 to the French company Suez Environnement and the British company Thames Water International. Both foreign companies subsequently sold their concessions to Indonesian companies. Customer growth in the 7 first years of the concessions had been lower than before, despite substantial inflation - adjusted tariff increases during this period. In 2005 tariffs were frozen, leading the private water companies to cut down on investments.
According to PALYJA in its western half of the concession the service coverage ratio increased substantially from 34 % in 1998 to 59 % in 2007 and 65 % in 2010. According to data by the Jakarta Water Supply Regulatory Body, access in the eastern half of the city served by PTJ increased from about 57 % in 1998 to about 67 % in 2004, but stagnated after that. However, other sources cite much lower access figures for piped water supply to houses, excluding access provided through public hydrants: One study estimated access as low as 25 % in 2005, while another source estimates it to be as low as 18.5 % in 2011. Those without access to piped water supply get water mostly from wells that are often salty and polluted with bacteria. As of 2017, according to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Jakarta has a crisis of clean water.
As a metropolitan area of about 30 million people with limited rapid transit system Jakarta is strained by transportation problems. The city suffers a lack of urban public transport services due to prioritised development of road networks, which were mostly designed to accommodate private vehicles. According to the National Development Planning Agency, or Bappenas, traffic congestion in Greater Jakarta wastes about $7.4 billion each year due to the high number of motorcycles and cars on the roads.As of 2015, about 1.4 million commuters travel into the city center from the outskirts of Jakarta. Based on the survey, 58 percent of these commuters use motorcycles, 12.8 percent use cars and only 27 percent use public transportation. In 2004, a study was undertaken to prepare a master - plan for an integrated public transport system within Greater Jakarta, which revealed the mode of transport among city dwellers. The city 's 9.5 % average annual growth rate of motorized vehicles far exceeds the 0.01 % increase in road length between 2005 and 2010. As of 2010, public transportation in Jakarta serves only 56 % of commuter trips.
Due to the city 's acute gridlock, the Jakarta administration has decided to implement electronic toll collection in 10 districts: Tanah Abang, Menteng, Setiabudi, Tebet, Matraman, Senen, Gambir, Tambora, Sawah Besar and Taman Sari. The ERP was planned to be implemented in the three - in - one zone and along Jl. Rasuna Said in Kuningan by the first quarter of 2014, although by September 2016 the plan has not started. Vehicles passing through the ERP areas will be charged Rp 21,072.
There are many bus terminals in the city, from where buses operate on numerous routes to connect neighborhoods within the city limit, to other areas of Greater Jakarta area and to cities across the island of Java. The biggest of the bus terminal is Pulo Gebang Bus Terminal, which is arguably the largest of its kind in Southeast Asia. Besides TransJakarta, other private owned bus systems like Kopaja, MetroMini, Mayasari Bakti and APTB also provide important services for Jakarta commuters with numerous routes throughout the city. Since January 2013, Jakarta Government has integrated Kopaja AC buses with TransJakarta feeder bus routes. For the future, Metromini AC bus it is also possible to enter TransJakarta bus lanes to enhance integrated bus rapid transit system.
Plenty of taxi cabs are available in the city. Many companies operate & maintain pools of different model of cars in own their brands. App - based taxi services also have wide presence.
Although ojeks are not an official form of public transport, they can be found throughout Indonesia and in Jakarta. They are especially useful when navigating crowded urban roads, narrow alleyways, heavy traffic and cramped locations that larger vehicles can not reach.
Since February 2014, the Jakarta Government provides free double - decker bus tours that offers sightseeing in Central Jakarta. The tourists can catch the double - decker bus -- free of charge, in several designated bus stops in front of city 's points of interest. The buses ' route covers tourist attractions, such as Monas, Istiqlal Mosque, the Cathedral, National Museum, Sarinah, and Plaza Indonesia, as well as Grand Indonesia shopping centres. As 2016, there are 18 double - decker buses in Jakarta, and the service is expanded to include Kota Tua in the north and Gelora Bung Karno Stadium in Senayan area in the south, via Sudirman avenue.
Long - distance railways and local tram services were first introduced during the Dutch colonial era. While the trams were replaced with buses in the post-colonial era, long - distance railways continued to connect the city to its neighbouring regions as well as cities throughout the island of Java. Main terminus for long distance train services are Gambir and Pasar Senen. A commuter rail system KRL Jabodetabek connects areas within Greater Jakarta. Major rail stations of commter line are Jakarta Kota, Jatinegara, Tanah Abang, Duri, Pasar Senen, Manggarai and Sudirman. High - speed railways are planned connecting Jakarta - Bandung and Jakarta - Surabaya.
The first high - speed rail to connect Jakarta with Bandung is currently under construction which is expected to start operation in 2019. The contract was awarded to China. Both Japan and China contested as a potential contractor, but it was awarded to China mainly because of their proposal did not require Indonesian fiscal spending or government debt guarantees. The project cost was estimated to be US $5.5 billion. China Development Bank will fund 75 percent of the project. A joint venture company PT Kereta Cepat Indonesia - China has formed by China Railway Group Limited (CREC) with a consortium of Indonesia 's state - owned enterprises (SOEs) led by PT Wijaya Karya Tbk to develop the project.
Another project to upgrade of existing Jakarta - Surabaya route to high speed rail is undertaken in 2016. Priority was given to Japan this time who had been one of the biggest investors to Indonesia. The route is supposed to finish construction in 2019.
At present rapid transit in Greater Jakarta consists of a BRT TransJakarta and a commuter rail KRL Jabodetabek. Other transit systems, those are now being under construction are Jakarta MRT, Jakarta LRT and Soekarno - Hatta Airport Rail Link, which are expected to be operational by 2018.
The TransJakarta bus rapid transit service (known as Busway) was developed in the context of development reforms (or reformasi) and used Bogota 's TransMilenio system as a model. Jakarta 's first busway line, from Blok M to Jakarta Kota opened in January 2004 and as of 14 February 2013, twelve out of fifteen corridors are in use. TransJakarta has the world 's longest bus rapid transit routes (210 kilometres (130 miles) in length). So far TransJakarta serves total 80 routes (corridor, cross route & feeder route) at the end of 2016. Transjakarta owned more than 1,500 buses in the first three months of 2017 and targets to have 3,000 buses by the end of the year.
KRL Jabodetabek or commonly known as Commuterline is a commuter rail system which serves commuters in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, South Tangerang, and Bekasi. The commuter system was started in 2000. The number of passengers in 2014 reached 208 million, rising from 158 million in the previous year. About 280 million commuters used KRL Jabodetabek in the year of 2016. KRL Jabotabek serves all municipalities in Jakarta excluding the Thousand Islands, as well as Greater Jakarta region. Though during rush hours, the number of passengers greatly exceeds the system 's capacity, and crowding is common. Currently KRL Jabotabek is the only rail - based transit system in Jakarta, as the mass rapid transit and light rail transit are still under construction.
After a long planning process by the government regarding the development of a mass rapid transit system in Indonesia 's capital, the Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit infrastructure is currently under construction, with a north -- south line between Kota and Lebak Bulus; and an east -- west line, which will connect to the north -- south line at Sawah Besar station. The Jakarta MRT will be a combination of subways and elevated rails. Preparation work started in April 2012, and groundbreaking was done in October 2013, with the first, 15.2 km - long line between Hotel Indonesia and Lebak Bulus scheduled to be operational by 2018, and the north -- south line MRT network is scheduled to be operational by 2020. The total length of the network when complete will be approximately 110.8 kilometres (68.8 miles). The Jakarta city government decided on a rail - based system because of its ability to carry large numbers of people quickly and cheaply. As of 2016, the mass rapid transit system has an investment of nearly US $1.7 billion to ease the capital 's traffic issue in the coming years, including the construction of a subway.
Previously there had been plans to build a monorail system and part of it was already under construction, but the project stalled in 2004 due to lack of funding. The monorail project was relaunched in 2013 and the groundbreaking was done in October 2013. However the project cancelled in January 2015, due to disagreements between the Jakarta administration and PT Jakarta Monorail over the monorail 's route. By mid 2015, this project is finally abandoned by Jakarta Government and being replaced by light rail transit system.
The light rail transit (LRT) project was launched to replace the previously abandoned monorail project. Jakarta Light Rail Transit groundbreaking ceremony was held on 9 September 2015, with the first phase of the construction will connect Cibubur in East Jakarta with Dukuh Atas in downtown Central Jakarta, passing through Cawang intersection. This phase will be 42.1 kilometres (26.2 miles) long, which include 18 stations, and expected to be operated by the first half of 2018, prior to the 2018 Asian Games.
This is a commuter train service connecting the Soekarno - Hatta International Airport to the city center. Another express train service is now under planning stage to connect Soekarno - Hatta International Airport with Halim Perdanakusuma Airport. Completion of this line is expected to be in 2019 at the earliest.
Soekarno -- Hatta International Airport (CGK) is the main airport serving the Greater Jakarta area. The airport is named after the first President of Indonesia, Soekarno, and the first vice-president, Mohammad Hatta. The airport is often called Cengkareng airport or Soetta by Indonesians. The airport 's IATA code, CGK, originates from the name of the Cengkareng locality, Tangerang, Banten, although the location of this airport is located outside of the city, it is used as a gate out by the Jakartans and citizen of the surrounding areas, therefore at the main gate of the airport, there is an inscription "Jakarta Airports ''. Soekarno -- Hatta International Airport was ranked as 8th busiest airport in the world by Airports Council International in 2013. Today the airport is running over capacity. After T3 Soekarno - Hatta Airport expansion has finished in May 2016, the total capacity of three terminals become 43 million passengers a year. T1 and T2 also will be revitalised, so all the three terminals finally will accommodate 67 million passengers a year.
A second airport, Halim Perdanakusuma Airport (HLP) serves domestic flight of low cost airline, private and VIP / presidential flights. Other airports in the Jakarta metropolitan area include Pondok Cabe Airport and an airfield on Pulau Panjang, part of the Thousand Island archipelago (Kepulauan Seribu).
Jakarta 's main seaport Tanjung Priok serves many ferry connections to different parts of Indonesia. Port of Tanjung Priok is Indonesia 's busiest port, and the 21st busiest port in the world in 2013, handling over 6.59 million TEUs. To boost the port capacity, two - phase "New Tanjung Priok '' extension project is currently ongoing. When fully operational in 2023, it will triple existing annual capacity.
The port is also an important employer in the area, with more than 18,000 employees who provide services to more than 18,000 ships every year. The Port of Tanjung Priok has 20 terminals: general cargo, multipurpose terminal, scraps terminal, passenger terminal, dry bulk terminal, liquid bulk terminal, oil terminal, chemicals terminal and three container terminals, 76 berths, a quay length of 16,853 metres (55,292 feet), a total storage area of 661,822 square metres (7,123,790 square feet) and a storage capacity of 401,468 tonnes.
In December 2011, Muara Angke Port was renovated for Rp 130 billion ($14.4 million) in a 3 hectare area. Muara Angke Port would then be used as a public port to Thousand Islands (Indonesia), while Marina Ancol Port would be used as a tourist port.
On 6 June 2007, the city administration introduced the Waterway (officially Angkutan Sungai), a new river boat service along the Ciliwung River. However, because of the large amount of floating garbage which kept jamming the propeller, it is no longer in service. The varying water levels during the dry and wet seasons were also a contributing factor to the close - down.
Jakarta has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles spanning distinct historical and cultural periods. Architectural styles reflect Malay, Javanese, Arabic, Chinese and Dutch influences. The external influence gives a role in forming the architecture of the Betawi house. The houses were built of nangka wood (Artocarpus integrifolia) and comprised three rooms. The shape of the roof is reminiscent of the traditional Javanese joglo.
Colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta include those that were constructed during the Dutch colonial period of Indonesia. The dominant styles of the Dutch colonial period can be divided into three periods: the Dutch Golden Age (17th to late 18th century), the transitional style period (late 18th century -- 19th century), and Dutch modernism (20th century). Dutch colonial architecture in Jakarta is apparent in buildings such as houses or villas, churches, civic buildings, and offices, mostly concentrated in the Jakarta Old Town and Central Jakarta. Architects such as J.C. Schultze and Eduard Cuypers designed some significant buildings in Jakarta. Works of Schultze includes Jakarta Art Building, the Indonesia Supreme Court Building and Ministry of Finance Building, while Cuypers designed Bank Indonesia Museum and Bank Mandiri Museum.
At the early 20th century, most of the buildings in the Jakarta were built in Neo Renaissance style of Europe. By the 1920s, the architectural taste have begun to shift in favour of rationalism and modernist movement, particularly there was increasing art deco architecture. The elite suburbs Menteng, developed during the 1910s, was the city 's first attempt at creating an ideal and healthy housing area for the middle class. The original houses had a longitudinal organisation of space, as well as overhanging eaves, large windows and open ventilation, all practical features for a tropical climate with a hint of modern art deco. It was developed by the private real estate company N.V. de Bouwploeg, established by P.A.J. Moojen.
After independence, the process of nation building in Indonesia and demolishing the memory of Dutch colonialism was as important as the symbolic building of arterials, monuments, government buildings during the Sukarno era. The National Monument in Jakarta, designed by Sukarno, is Indonesia 's beacon nationalism. In the early 1960s, Jakarta with Soviet Union funding providing infrastructure development for highways and super-scale cultural monuments as well as Senayan Sports Stadium. The parliament building features a hyperbolic shaped roof reminiscent of German rationalist and Corbusian design concepts. In 1996, Wisma 46 soars to height of 262 metres (860 feet) with forty eight stories and its nib shaped top celebrates technology and symbolises stereoscopy.
The urban construction booms have continued in the 21st century and are shaping skylines in Jakarta. Golden Triangle of Jakarta is one of the fastest evolving CBD in Asia - Pacific region. According to CTBUH and Emporis, there are 88 skyscrapers that reaches or exceeds the height of 150 metres (490 feet) in Jakarta, which puts the city at the top 10 of world rankings. It has more buildings taller than 500 feet (150 m) than any other Southeast Asia 's cities as well as southern hemisphere. At present Gama Tower with 310 meters tip height is the tallest building in Jakarta.
Most of Jakarta 's landmarks, monuments and statues were built during the Sukarno era beginning in the 1960s, then completed in the Suharto era, while some originated in the colonial Dutch East Indies period.
The most famous Jakarta 's landmark that become the symbol of the city is the 132 - metre (433 - foot) obelisk of National Monument (Monumen Nasional or Monas) right in the centre of Merdeka Square. On its southwest corner stands a Mahabharata themed Arjuna Wijaya chariot statue and fountain. Further south through Jalan M.H. Thamrin, one of the main avenue of Jakarta, the Selamat Datang monument stands on the fountain in the centre of Hotel Indonesia roundabout. Other landmarks include the Istiqlal Mosque, the Jakarta Cathedral and Immanuel Church. The former Batavia Stadhuis, Sunda Kelapa port in Jakarta Old Town is also the city 's landmark. Gama Tower building at Jalan H.R. Rasuna Said, South Jakarta is currently the tallest building in Indonesia.
Some of statues and monuments in Jakarta are nationalist, such as the West Irian Liberation monument, Youth statue and Dirgantara statue. Several Indonesian national heroes are commemorated in statues, such as Diponegoro and Kartini statues in Merdeka Square, Sudirman and Thamrin statues located in each respectable avenues, also Sukarno and Hatta statues in Proclamation Monument also on the entrance of Soekarno -- Hatta International Airport.
Jakarta was host of the 1962 Asian Games and will host the upcoming 2018 Asian Games, co-hosted by Palembang. Jakarta also hosted the regional - scale Southeast Asian Games in 1979, 1987, 1997, and 2011 where it serves as supporting city for Palembang. Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, located in Central Jakarta, hosted the group stage, quarterfinal and final of 2007 AFC Asian Cup along with Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam.
Jakarta 's most popular home football club is Persija, which plays its matches in their home stadium at Bung Karno Stadium. The home match of Persija often draws its large fanbase -- The Jak, usually clad in Persija 's typical orange kit -- to watch the match in the main stadium. The large number of spectators flocking to the main stadium usually worsen the traffic congestion in Jakarta. Another football team in Jakarta is Persitara who compete in Liga Indonesia Premier Division and play its games in Kamal Muara Stadium. Kamal, North Jakarta.
The biggest stadium in Jakarta is Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, with a capacity of 88,083 seats. The Senayan sports complex has several sport venues, including the Bung Karno football stadium, Madya Stadium, Istora Senayan, aquatic arena, baseball field, basketball court, badminton court, a shooting range, several indoor and outdoor tennis court and a golf driving range. The Senayan complex was built in 1959 to accommodate the Asian Games in 1962. For basketball, the Kelapa Gading Sport Mall in Kelapa Gading, North Jakarta, with a capacity of 7,000 seats, is the home arena of the Indonesian national basketball team. The BritAma Arena serves as playground for Satria Muda Pertamina Jakarta, 2017 Runner - up of the Indonesian Basketball League.
The Jakarta Car - free Days are held weekly on Sunday on the main avenues of the city, Jalan Sudirman and Jalan Thamrin, from 6 am to 11 am. The briefer Car - Free Day which lasts from only 6 am to 9 am is held on every other Sunday. The event invites local pedestrians to do sports and exercise and have their activities on the streets that are normally full of cars and traffic. Along the road from the Senayan traffic circle on Jalan Sudirman, South Jakarta, to the "Selamat Datang '' Monument at the Hotel Indonesia traffic circle on Jalan Thamrin, all the way north to the National Monument in Central Jakarta, cars are cleared out for pedestrians. Morning gymnastics, calisthenics and aerobic exercises, futsal games, jogging, bicycling, skateboarding, badminton, karate, on - street library, and musical performances take over the roads and the main parks in Jakarta.
Jakarta Marathon is said to be the "biggest running event of Indonesia ''. It is recognised by AIMS and IAAF. First established in 2013 to promote Jakarta as sports tourism city. In 2015 edition of marathon, more than 15,000 runners from 53 countries were participated.
Jakarta is home to a number of universities, of which the University of Indonesia (UI) is the largest and oldest tertiary - level educational institution in Indonesia. It is a public institution with campuses in Salemba (central Jakarta) and in Depok to the south of Jakarta. Aside from the University of Indonesia, the three other public universities in Jakarta are: Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta, the State University of Jakarta (UNJ) and the University of Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran '' Jakarta (UPN "Veteran '' Jakarta). Some major private universities in Jakarta are: Trisakti University, The Christian University of Indonesia, Mercu Buana University, Tarumanagara University, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Pelita Harapan University, Bina Nusantara University, Jayabaya University, and Pancasila University.
STOVIA (School tot Opleiding van Indische Artsen) was the first high school in Jakarta, established in 1851. As the largest city and the capital, Jakarta houses many students from around Indonesia, many of whom reside in dormitories or home - stay residences. For basic education, there are a variety of primary and secondary schools, tagged with public (national), private (national and bi-lingual national plus) and international schools. Four of the major international schools located in Jakarta are the Gandhi Memorial International School, IPEKA International Christian School, Jakarta Intercultural School and the British School Jakarta. Other international schools include the Jakarta International Korean School, Bina Bangsa School, Jakarta International Multicultural School, Australian International School, New Zealand International School, Singapore International School, and Sekolah Pelita Harapan.
As the capital city of Indonesia, Jakarta host numbers of embassies of foreign countries that has established diplomatic relations with Indonesia. Jakarta also serves as the seat of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Secretariat; numbers of foreign countries has appointed their embassies also serving as the representative and mission for ASEAN, thus making Jakarta as the diplomatic capital of ASEAN.
Jakarta is also a member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21 and the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group.
Jakarta signed sister city agreements with other cities, one of them is Casablanca, Morocco 's largest city, that have signed sister city agreement on 21 September 1990. To promote friendship between two cities, Jalan Casablanca, a main avenue famous for its shopping and business centres in South Jakarta, was named after Jakarta 's Moroccan sister city. Currently there is no street in Casablanca named after Jakarta, however on the other hand in Rabat, Morocco 's capital city, an avenue was named after Sukarno, Indonesia 's first president, to commemorate his visit in 1960 also as a token of friendship.
Also within sister cities co-operation, Jakarta has established partnership with Rotterdam of the Netherlands, especially on integrated urban water management, including capacity building and knowledge exchange. This co-operation is mainly because Jakarta and Rotterdam are dealing with similar problems; both cities lies in low - lying flat plain prone of flooding. Plus some of their areas lies below sea level, making an urban drainage system involving canals, dams and pumps is vital for both city. Jakarta seeks to learn from Rotterdam 's expertise and experiences on water management.
1 Tokyo - Yokohama 2 Shanghai 3 Jakarta 4 Delhi 5 Seoul - Incheon
6 Karachi 7 Guangzhou 8 Beijing 9 Shenzhen 7 Mexico City
11 São Paulo 12 Lagos 13 Mumbai 14 Cairo 15 New York
16 Osaka 17 Moscow 18 Beijing 19 Chengdu 20 Dhaka
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formula to calculate the expected date of delivery | Estimated date of confinement - wikipedia
The Estimated Date of Confinement (EDC), also known as expected date of delivery / estimated due date (EDD) or simply due date, is a term describing the estimated delivery date for a pregnant woman. Normal pregnancies last between 37 and 42 weeks.
Confinement is a traditional term referring to the period of pregnancy whereby a woman would be confined to bed (in an effort to reduce risk of premature delivery). Except in threatened pregnancies (for example, in pre-eclampsia), this is no longer a part of antenatal care.
Due date estimation basically follows two steps:
According to American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the main methods to calculate gestational age are:
Childbirth on average occurs at a gestational age of 280 days (40 weeks), which is therefore often used as a standard estimation for individual pregnancies. However, alternative durations as well as more individualized methods have also been suggested. There is in any case considerable variation among individual pregnancies.
Given that these gestation lengths are only estimates of an average, it is helpful to consider gestation time as a range of dates rather than as a single "due date ''. The median is merely a guideline for the day at which half of all births occur earlier, and half of all births occur later. Births rarely occur on a due date, but they are clustered around due dates. A study of singleton live births in the US came to the result that childbirth has a standard deviation of 14 days when gestational age is estimated by first trimester ultrasound, and 16 days when estimated directly by last menstrual period.
Naegele 's rule is a standard way of calculating the due date for a pregnancy when assuming a gestational age of 280 days at childbirth. The rule estimates the expected date of delivery (EDD) by adding a year, subtracting three months, and adding seven days to the origin of gestational age. The result is approximately 280 days (40 weeks) from the start of the last menstrual period. Another method is by adding 9 months and 7 days to the first day of the last menstrual period.
Naegele 's rule is named after Franz Karl Naegele (1778 -- 1851), the German obstetrician who devised the rule. Naegele was born July 12, 1778, in Düsseldorf, Germany. In 1806, Naegele became ordinary professor and director of the lying - in hospital in Heidelberg. His Lehrbuch der Geburtshilfe, published in 1830 for midwives, enjoyed a successful 14 editions.
Example: LMP = 8 May 2009
280 days past the start of the last menstrual period is found by checking the day of the week of the LMP and adjusting the calculated date to land on the same day of the week. Using the example above, 8 May 2009 is a Friday. The calculated date (15 February) is a Monday; adjusting to the closest Friday produces 12 February, which is exactly 280 days past 8 May. The calculation method does not always result in 280 days because not all calendar months are the same length; it does not account for leap years.
Mobile apps essentially always give consistent estimations compared to each other and correct for leap year, while pregnancy wheels made of paper can differ from each other by 7 days and generally do not correct for leap year.
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who sang maria in west side story film | Marni Nixon - wikipedia
Margaret Nixon McEathron (February 22, 1930 -- July 24, 2016), known professionally as Marni Nixon, was an American soprano and ghost singer for featured actresses in movie musicals. She is now well - known as the real singing voices of the leading actresses in films, including The King and I, West Side Story, and My Fair Lady, although this was concealed at the time from audiences.
Besides her voice work in films, Nixon 's varied career included some film roles of her own, television, opera, musicals on Broadway and elsewhere throughout the United States, concerts with major symphony orchestras, and recordings.
Born in Altadena, California to Charles Nixon and Margaret Elsa (née Wittke) McEathron, Nixon was a child film actress who also played the violin and began singing at an early age in choruses, including performing solos with the Roger Wagner Chorale. She went on to study singing and opera with, among others, Vera Schwarz, Carl Ebert, Boris Goldovsky and Sarah Caldwell. In 1947, having adopted the stage name Marni Nixon, she made her Hollywood Bowl solo debut in Carmina Burana with the Los Angeles Philharmonic under conductor Leopold Stokowski.
Nixon 's career in film started in 1948 when she sang the voices of the angels heard by Ingrid Bergman in Joan of Arc (1948). The same year, she did her first dubbing work when she provided Margaret O'Brien 's singing voice in 1948 's Big City and then 1949 's The Secret Garden. She sang for Jeanne Crain in Cheaper by the Dozen (1950) and dubbed Marilyn Monroe 's high notes in "Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend '' in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953). Also in 1953, she sang for Ida Lupino in Jennifer. Nixon appeared on Broadway in 1954 in The Girl in Pink Tights.
In 1956, she worked closely with Deborah Kerr to supply the star 's singing voice for the film version of Rodgers and Hammerstein 's The King and I and the next year she again worked with Kerr to dub her voice in An Affair to Remember. That year, she also sang for Sophia Loren in Boy on a Dolphin. In 1960, she dubbed Janet Leigh 's voice in Pepe and had an on - screen chorus role in Can - Can. In 1961 's West Side Story, the studio kept her work on the film (as the singing voice of Natalie Wood 's Maria) a secret from the actress, and Nixon also dubbed Rita Moreno 's singing in the film 's "Tonight '' quintet. She asked the film 's producers for, but did not receive, any direct royalties from her work on the film, but Leonard Bernstein contractually gave her 1 / 4 of one percent of his personal royalties from it. In 1962, she also sang Wood 's high notes in Gypsy. For My Fair Lady in 1964, she again worked with the female lead of the film, Audrey Hepburn, to perform the songs of Hepburn 's character Eliza. Because of her uncredited dubbing work in these films, Time magazine called her "The Ghostess with the Mostest ''.
Nixon made guest appearances with Leonard Bernstein 's Young People 's Concerts, including in 1960, singing "Improvisation sur Mallarmé I '' from Pli selon pli by Pierre Boulez, and on April 9, 1961, in a program entitled "Folk Music in the Concert Hall '', singing three "Songs of the Auvergne '' by Joseph Canteloube. Before My Fair Lady was released in theatres in 1964, Nixon played Eliza in a revival of the musical at New York City Center. Nixon 's first onscreen appearance was as Sister Sophia in the 1965 film The Sound of Music. In the DVD commentary to the film, director Robert Wise comments that audiences were finally able to see the woman whose voice they knew so well. In 1967, she was the singing voice of Princess Serena in a live action and animated version of Jack and the Beanstalk on NBC. Especially in the 1960s, but also earlier and later, Nixon made concert appearances, specializing in contemporary music as a soloist with the New York Philharmonic, and gave recitals at Carnegie Hall, Alice Tully Hall and Town Hall in New York City.
Nixon taught at the California Institute of the Arts in Santa Clarita from 1969 to 1971 and joined the faculty of the Music Academy of the West, Santa Barbara, in 1980, where she taught for many years. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, she hosted a children 's television show in Seattle on KOMO - TV channel 4 called Boomerang, winning four Emmy Awards as best actress, and made numerous other television appearances on variety shows and as a guest star in prime time series. Nixon 's opera repertory included Zerbinetta in Ariadne auf Naxos, Susanna in The Marriage of Figaro, both Blonde and Konstanze in Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Violetta in La traviata, the title role in La Périchole and Philine in Mignon. Her opera credits included performances at Los Angeles Opera, Seattle Opera, San Francisco Opera and the Tanglewood Music Festival among others. In addition to giving recitals, she appeared as an oratorio and concert soloist with the New York Philharmonic under Leonard Bernstein, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Cleveland Orchestra, Toronto Symphony Orchestra, the London Symphony Orchestra and the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra among others.
Nixon also toured with Liberace and Victor Borge and later in her own cabaret shows. On stage, in 1984, she originated the role of Edna Off - Broadway in Taking My Turn, composed by Gary William Friedman, receiving a nomination for a Drama Desk Award. She also originated the role of Sadie McKibben in Opal (1992), and she had a 1997 film role as Aunt Alice in I Think I Do. Under her own name, beginning in the 1980s, Nixon recorded songs by Jerome Kern, George Gershwin and various classical composers. She was nominated for two Grammy Awards for Best Classical Performance, Vocal Soloist, one for her Schönberg album and one for her Copland album.
In the 1998 Disney film Mulan, Nixon was the singing voice of "Grandmother Fa ''. She then returned to the stage, touring the United States as Fraulein Schneider in Cabaret in 1997 -- 1998. She eventually sang on more than 50 soundtracks. In 1999, she originated the role of Mrs. Wilson in the premiere of Ballymore, an opera by Richard Wargo at Skylight Opera Theatre in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, which was taped for PBS. In regional theatre and Off - Broadway, she played Nurse in Romeo and Juliet and appeared in productions of The King and I and The Sound of Music. She also continued to teach voice and judge vocal competitions.
In 2000, after nearly a half century away, she returned to Broadway as Aunt Kate in James Joyce 's The Dead. In 2001, Nixon replaced Joan Roberts as Heidi Schiller in the Broadway revival of Stephen Sondheim 's Follies. She played Eunice Miller in 70, Girls, 70 in a 2002 production in Los Angeles. In 2003, she was again on Broadway as a replacement in role of Guido 's mother in the revival of Nine. Nixon appeared as Frau Direktor Kirschner in the 2009 Encores! production of the musical Music in the Air at New York City Center. Her autobiography, I Could Have Sung All Night, was published in 2006. She performed in the 2008 North American Tour of Cameron Mackintosh 's UK revival of My Fair Lady in the role of Mrs. Higgins.
In 1950, Nixon married the first of her three husbands, Ernest Gold, who composed the theme song to the movie Exodus. They had three children, including singer / songwriter Andrew Gold. They divorced in 1969. She was married to Dr. Lajos "Fritz '' Fenster from 1971 to 1975, and to woodwind player Albert Block from 1983 to his death in 2015.
Nixon survived breast cancer in 1985 and 2000 but finally succumbed to the disease. She died on July 24, 2016, in New York, aged 86.
On October 27, 2008, Nixon was presented with the Singer Symposium 's Distinguished Artist Award in New York City. She was also an honorary member of Sigma Alpha Iota International Women 's Music Fraternity.
In 2012, Nixon was the recipient of the George Peabody Award for Outstanding Contributions to American Music.
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a city in india in the northwest punjab | Amritsar - Wikipedia
Amritsar (pronunciation (help info); Punjabi pronunciation: (əmːɾɪt̪səɾ)), historically also known as Rāmdāspur and colloquially as Ambarsar, is a city in north - western India which is the administrative headquarters of the Amritsar district - located in the Majha region of the Indian state of Punjab.
According to the 2011 census, the population of Amritsar was 1,132,761 and it is the second most populous city of Punjab. It is one of ten Municipal Corporations in the state and Karamjit Singh Rintu is the current mayor of the city. The city is situated 217 km (135 mi) northwest of state capital Chandigarh and 455 km (283 miles) northwest of New Delhi, the national capital. It is near Pakistan, with the Wagah Border being only 28 km (17.4 mi) away. The closest major city is Lahore, the second largest city in Pakistan, located 50 km (31.1 mi) to the west.
Amritsar (literally, the tank of nectar of immortality) was founded in 1577 by the fourth Sikh guru, Guru Ram Das.
Sri Harmandir Sahib ("The abode of God ''), also known as Darbar Sahib, (Punjabi pronunciation: (dəɾbɑɾ sɑhɪb)), informally referred to as the Golden Temple, is a Gurdwara located in Amritsar. It is one of the most revered spiritual sites of Sikhism. The construction of Harmandir Sahib is intended to build a place of worship for men and women from all walks of life and all religions to worship God equally. The four entrances (representing the four directions) to get into the Harmandir Sahib also symbolise the openness of the Sikhs towards all people and religions. Over 100,000 people visit the shrine daily for worship, and also partake jointly in the free community kitchen and meal (Langar) regardless of any distinctions, a tradition that is a hallmark of all Sikh Gurdwaras.
The Bhagwan Valmiki Tirath Sthal situated at Amritsar is believed to be the Ashram site of Maharishi Valmiki, the writer of Ramayana. As per the Ramayana, Sita gave birth to Lava and Kusha, sons of lord Rama at Ramtirth ashram. Large number of people visit Ramtirth Temple at annual fair. Nearby cities to Amritsar, Lahore and Kasur were said to be founded by Lava and Kusha, respectively. During Ashvamedha Yagna by Lord Rama, Lava and Kush captured the ritual horse and tied Lord Hanuman to a tree near to today 's Durgiana Temple. During Navratra festivities it is considered to be auspicious by Hindu population of the city to visit that temple.
Amritsar has been chosen as one of the heritage cities for HRIDAY - Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana scheme of Government of India.
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, involving the killings of hundreds of Indian civilians on the orders of a senior British military officer, Reginald Edward Harry Dyer, took place on 13 April 1919 in the heart of Amritsar, the holiest city of the Sikhs, on a day sacred to them as the birth anniversary of the Khalsa (Vaisakhi day).
In the Punjab, during World War I (1914 -- 18), there was considerable unrest particularly among the Sikhs, first on account of the demolition of a boundary wall of Gurdwara Rakab Ganj at New Delhi and later because of the activities and trials of the Ghadarites, almost all of whom were Sikhs. In India as a whole, too, there had been a spurt in political activity mainly owing to the emergence of two leaders: Mahatma Gandhi (1869 -- 1948) who after a period of struggle against the British in South Africa, had returned to India in January 1915, and Annie Besant (1847 -- 1933), head of the Theosophical Society of India, who on 11 April 1916 established the Home Rule League with autonomy for India as its goal. In December 1916, the Indian National Congress, at its annual session held at Lucknow, passed a resolution asking the king to issue a proclamation announcing that it is the "aim and intention of British policy to confer self - government on India at an early date ''.
On 10 April 1919, Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew, two popular proponents of the Satyagraha movement led by Gandhi, were called to the deputy commissioner 's residence, arrested and sent off by car to Dharamsetla, a hill town, now in Himachal Pradesh. This led to a general strike in Amritsar. Excited groups of citizens soon merged into a crowd of about 50,000 marching on to protest to the deputy commissioner against the arrest of the two leaders. The crowd, however, was stopped and fired upon near the railway foot - bridge. According to the official version, the number of those killed was 12 and of those wounded between 20 and 30. Evidence before an inquiry of the Indian National Congress put the number of the dead between 20 and 30.
Three days later, on 13 April, the traditional festival of Baisakhi, thousands of Sikhs, Muslims and Hindus gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh. An hour after the meeting began as scheduled at 16: 30, Dyer arrived with a group of sixty - five Gurkha and twenty - five Baluchi soldiers. Without warning the crowd to disperse, Dyer blocked the main exits and ordered his troops to begin shooting toward the densest sections of the crowd. Firing continued for approximately ten minutes. A British inquiry into the massacre placed the death toll at 379. The Indian National Congress determined that approximately 1,000 people were killed.
Operation Blue Star (1 -- 6 June 1984) was an Indian military operation ordered by Indira Gandhi, then Prime Minister of India to curb and remove Sikh militants from the Golden Temple in Amritsar. The operation was carried out by Indian army troops with tanks and armoured vehicles. Militarily successful, the operation aroused immense controversy, and the government 's justification for the timing and style of the attack are hotly debated. Operation Blue Star was included in the Top 10 Political Disgraces by India Today magazine.
Official reports put the number of deaths among the Indian army at 83, with 493 civilians and Sikh militants killed. In addition, the CBI is considered responsible for seizing historical artefacts and manuscripts in the Sikh Reference Library before burning it down. Four months after the operation, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards in what is viewed as an act of vengeance. Following her assassination, more than 3,000 Sikhs were killed in anti-Sikh pogroms.
Amritsar is located at 31 ° 38 ′ N 74 ° 52 ′ E / 31.63 ° N 74.87 ° E / 31.63; 74.87 with an average elevation of 234 metres (768 ft).
Amritsar has a semiarid climate, typical of Northwestern India and experiences four seasons primarily: winter season (December to March) with temperature ranges from 0 ° C (32 ° F) to about 15 ° C (59 ° F), summer season (April to June) where temperatures can reach 42 ° C (108 ° F), monsoon season (July to September) and post-monsoon season (October to November). Annual rainfall is about 681 millimetres (26.8 in). The lowest recorded temperature is − 3.6 ° C (25.5 ° F), was recorded on 9 December 1996 and the highest temperature, 48.1 ° C (118.6 ° F), was recorded on 22 May 2013.
As of the 2011 census, Amritsar municipality had a population of 1,132,761 and the urban agglomeration had a population of 1,183,705. The municipality had a sex ratio of 879 females per 1,000 males and 9.7 % of the population were under six years old. Effective literacy was 85.27 %; male literacy was 88.09 % and female literacy was 82.09 %. The scheduled caste population is 28.8 %
Amritsar is the holiest city of the Sikhs.
The 2011 Census of India recorded Hinduism and Sikhism as the main religions of Amritsar city with respectively 49.36 % and 48 % of the population following them. However, Sikhs form a majority of close to 70 % in the Amritsar District including the rural areas and some of the other towns. In Amritsar city, Christianity was followed by 1.23 % and Islam by 0.51 %. Around 0.74 % of the population of the city stated ' No Particular Religion ' or another religion.
Amritsar is attractive destination for tourists, especially those part of Golden Triangle. Major destinations are:
Amritsar 's Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is the primary airport of the state of Punjab. It is also the largest and busiest airport of the state, with direct International flights to cities like Birmingham, Singapore, Dubai, Doha, Kuala Lumpur, Ashgabat among others and direct domestic Connectivity to over 12 Indian Cities
Amritsar is connected by rail to almost every major city in India. Amritsar railway station, the main terminus station is the busiest station of the state in terms of number of originating and terminating trains. The Samjhauta Express runs from Delhi through Amritsar to Lahore in Pakistan.
Indian Railways has proposed a high - speed rail line (Bullet train) to serve Delhi - Amritsar via Panipat - Ambala - Chandigarh - Ludhiana - Jalandhar. The train is to run at high speeds of 160 km / h, second in India to the Ahmedabad - Mumbai bullet train. It will travel the 445 km between the two cities in 2.5 hours (compared to the current time of 5 hours). Companies from Japan, China, UK and Canada have expressed an interest in the project. The contract for building the line were to be awarded at the end of May 2008. Other lines of this kind have proposed in Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Pune, and Kolkata.
Amritsar is located on the historic Grand Trunk Road (G.T Road), also known as NH 1 now renumbered as National Highway 3, and therefore very well connected to the road network. Additionally, NH 54 (Old NH15), NH 354 and NH 503A connect Amritsar to other parts of state and rest of India. Madan Lal Dheengra Interstste Bus Terminal of Amritsar is the busiest and largest bus terminal of state in terms of scheduled bus operstions. Daily bus services connect Amritsar to almost every city of North India like Ambala, Patiala, New Delhi, Chandigarh and Jammu, Ludhiana, Manali, Dharamshala, Haridwar, Hissar, Bhatinda, Patiala among others. Rs 450,000,000 is being spent to expand the Amritsar - Jalandhar stretch of G.T. Road to four lanes. In 2010, elevated road with four lanes connected to the National highway for better access to the Golden Temple has been started.
The government of Punjab pledged Rs. 580 crore (100 million dollars) for the Amritsar BRTS for the city. It is hoped that Amritsar BRTS will help relieve traffic congestion and improve air quality. The Amritsar BRTS (or Amritsar Metrobus) has commenced operations and is open to the public in some areas and rest is work in progress.
City bus service is also present in the city. Amritsar is also connected with Lahore, Pakistan via the old Grand Trunk Road.
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when do ty and kit break up in heartland | List of Heartland episodes - wikipedia
Heartland is a Canadian family drama television series which debuted on CBC on October 14, 2007. Heartland follows sisters Amy and Lou Fleming, their grandfather Jack Bartlett, and Ty Borden, through the highs and lows of life at the ranch.
Heartland airs in Canada on the regional CBC channels at 7 pm (7: 30 pm in Newfoundland) on Sundays. Beginning April 23, 2017, the 10th season of Heartland airs in the United States on the Up TV network on Sunday evenings at 8: 00 pm Eastern. From its first episode the plot focuses on Amy, who inherited her mother 's gift of being able to heal abused and damaged horses, after a tragic accident that led to big changes in everyone 's lives.
The show became the longest - running one - hour scripted drama in the history of Canadian television, when it surpassed the 124 episodes of Street Legal on October 19, 2014. As of February 12, 2017, 170 episodes of Heartland have aired. It was announced on March 22, 2017 that Heartland was renewed for Season 11. Season 11 began on Sunday, September 24, 2017 at its usual time.
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what is there a statute of limitations for | Statute of limitations - wikipedia
Statutes of limitations are laws passed by legislative bodies in common law systems to set the maximum time after an event within which legal proceedings may be initiated.
When the period of time specified in a statute of limitations passes, a claim might no longer be filed, or, if filed, may be liable to be struck out if the defense against that claim is, or includes, that the claim is time - barred as having been filed after the statutory limitations period. When a statute of limitations expires in a criminal case, the courts no longer have jurisdiction. Most crimes that have statutes of limitations are distinguished from serious crimes as these may be brought at any time.
In civil law systems, similar provisions are typically part of their civil or criminal codes and known collectively as periods of prescription. The cause of action dictates the statute of limitations, which can be reduced (or extended) to ensure a fair trial. The intention of these laws is to facilitate resolution within a "reasonable '' length of time. What period of time is considered "reasonable '' varies from country to country, and within countries such as the United States from state to state. Within countries and states, the statute of limitations may vary from one civil or criminal action to another. Some nations have no statute of limitations whatsoever.
Analysis of a statute of limitations also requires the examination of any associated statute of repose, tolling provisions, and exclusions.
Common law legal systems can include a statute specifying the length of time within which a claimant or prosecutor must file a case. In some civil jurisdictions (e.g., California), a case can not begin after the period specified, and courts have no jurisdiction over cases filed after the statute of limitations has expired. In some other jurisdictions (e.g., New South Wales, Australia), a claim can be filed which may prove to have been brought outside the limitations period, but the court will retain jurisdiction in order to determine that issue, and the onus is on the defendant to plead it as part of their defence, or else the claim will not be statute barred.
Once filed, cases do not need to be resolved within the period specified in the statute of limitations.
The purpose and effect of statutes of limitations are to protect defendants. There are three reasons for their enactment:
In Classical Athens, a five - year statute of limitations was established for all cases except homicide and the prosecution of non-constitutional laws (which had no limitation). Demosthenes wrote that these statutes of limitations were adopted to control "sycophants '' (professional accusers).
The limitation period generally begins when the plaintiff 's cause of action accrues, meaning the date upon which the plaintiff is first able to maintain the cause of action in court, or when the plaintiff first becomes aware of a previous injury (for example, occupational lung diseases such as asbestosis).
A statute of repose limits the time within which an action may be brought based upon when a particular event occurred (such as the completion of construction of a building or the date of purchase of manufactured goods), and does not permit extensions. A statute of limitations is similar to a statute of repose, but may be extended for a variety of reasons (such as the minority of the victim).
For example, most U.S. jurisdictions have passed statutes of repose for construction defects. If a person receives an electric shock due to a wiring defect that resulted from the builder 's negligence during construction of a building, the builder is potentially liable for damages if the suit is brought within the time period defined by the statute, normally starting with the date that construction is substantially completed. After the statutory time period has passed, without regard to the nature or degree of the builder 's negligence or misconduct, the statute of repose presents an absolute defense to the claim.
Statutes of repose are sometimes controversial; manufacturers contend that they are necessary to avoid unfair litigation and encourage consumers to maintain their property. Alternatively, consumer advocates argue that they reduce incentives to manufacture durable products and disproportionately affect the poor, because manufacturers will have less incentive to ensure low - cost or "bargain '' products are manufactured to exacting safety standards.
Many jurisdictions suspend, or toll, the limitation period under certain circumstances such as if the aggrieved party (plaintiff) was a minor or filed a bankruptcy proceeding. In those instances, the running of limitations is tolled, or paused, until the condition ends. Equitable tolling may also be applied if an individual may intimidate a plaintiff into not reporting or has been promised a suspended period.
The statute of limitations may begin when the harmful event, such as fraud or injury, occurs or when it is discovered. The US Supreme Court has described the "standard rule '' of when the time begins as "when the plaintiff has a complete and present cause of action. '' The rule has existed since the 1830s. A "discovery rule '' applies in other cases (including medical malpractice), or a similar effect may be applied by tolling.
As discussed in Wolk v. Olson, the discovery rule does not apply to mass media such as newspapers and the Internet; the statute of limitations begins to run at the date of publication. In 2013, the US Supreme Court of the United States unanimously ruled in Gabelli v. SEC that the discovery rule does not apply to U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission 's investment - advisor - fraud lawsuits since one of the purposes of the agency is to root out fraud.
In private civil matters, the limitations period may generally be shortened or lengthened by agreement of the parties. Under the Uniform Commercial Code, the parties to a contract for sale of goods may reduce the limitations period to one year but not extend it.
Limitation periods that are known as laches may apply in situations of equity; a judge will not issue an injunction if the requesting party waited too long to ask for it. Such periods are subject to broad judicial discretion.
For US military cases, the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) states that all charges except those facing court - martial on a capital charge have a five - year statute of limitations. If the charges are dropped in all UCMJ proceedings except those headed for general court - martial, they may be reinstated for six months after which the statute of limitations has run out.
In civil law countries, almost all lawsuits must be brought within a legally - determined period known as prescription. Under Italian and Romanian law, criminal trials must be ended within a time limit.
In criminal cases, the public prosecutor must lay charges within a time limit which varies by jurisdiction and varies based on the nature of the charge; in many jurisdictions, there is no statute of limitations for murder. Over the last decade of the 20th century, many United States jurisdictions significantly lengthened the statute of limitations for sex offenses, particularly against children, as a response to research and popular belief that a variety of causes can delay the recognition and reporting of crimes of this nature.
Common triggers for suspending the prescription include a defendant 's fugitive status or the commission of a new crime. A criminal may be convicted in absentia. Prescription should not be confused with the need to prosecute within "a reasonable delay '' as obligated by the European Court of Human Rights.
Under international law, genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes are usually not subject to the statute of limitations as codified in a number of multilateral treaties. States ratifying the Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity agree to disallow limitations claims for these crimes. In Article 29 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes "shall not be subject to any statute of limitations ''.
The Limitations Act of 1958 allows 12 years for child survivors and the disabled to make a claim, with age 37 the latest at which a claim can be made. The police submitted evidence to a commission, the Victorian Inquiry into Church and Institutional Child Abuse (in existence since 2012) indicating that it takes an average of 24 years for a survivor of child sexual abuse to go to the police. According to Attorney General Robert Clark, the government will remove statutes of limitations on criminal child abuse; survivors of violent crime should be given additional time, as adults, to deal with the legal system. Offenders of minors and the disabled have used the statute of limitations to avoid detection and prosecution, moving from state to state and country to country; an example presented to the Victorian Inquiry was the Christian Brothers.
An argument for abolishing statutes of limitations for civil claims by minors and people under guardianship is ensuring that abuse of vulnerable people would be acknowledged by lawyers, police, organisations and governments, with enforceable penalties for organisations which have turned a blind eye in the past. Support groups such as SNAP Australia, Care Leavers Australia Network and Broken Rites have submitted evidence to the Victoria inquiry, and the Law Institute of Victoria has advocated changes to the statute of limitations.
For crimes other than summary conviction offences, there is no statute of limitations in Canadian criminal law. For indictable (serious) offences such as major theft, murder, kidnapping or sexual assault, a defendant may be charged at any future date; in some cases, warrants have remained outstanding for more than 20 years.
Civil law limitations vary by province, with Ontario introducing the Limitations Act, 2002 on January 1, 2004.
In Germany, statute of limitations on crimes varies by type of crime, with the highest being 30 years for second - degree murder (Totschlag). First - degree murder, genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and crime of aggression have no statute of limitations.
First - degree murder used to have 20 years statute of limitations, which was then extended to 30 years in 1969. The limitations were abolished altogether in 1979, to prevent Nazi criminals from avoiding criminal liability.
The statute of limitations in India is defined by the Limitations Act, 1963.
The statute of limitations for criminal offences is governed by Sec. 468 of the Criminal Procedure Code.
The statute of limitations on murder was abolished by a change in law on 1 July 2014, causing any murders committed after 1 July 1989 to have no statute of limitations. This led to the national police force implementing a new investigation group for old cases called the "Cold Case '' group. The law was also changed to let cases involving domestic violence, forced marriage, human trafficking and genital mutilation to count from the day the defendant turns 18 years old. Cases where the statute of limitations has already passed can not be extended due to the constitution preventing it.
In July 2015, the National Assembly abolished a 25 - year - old statute on first degree murder; it had previously been extended from 15 to 25 years in December 2007.
Unlike other European countries, the United Kingdom has no statute of limitations for serious sexual crimes.
In the United States, statutes of limitations may apply to both civil lawsuits and to criminal prosecutions. Statutes of limitations vary significantly between U.S. jurisdictions.
A civil statute of limitations applies to a non-criminal legal action, including a tort or contract case. If the statute of limitations expires before a lawsuit is filed, the defendant may raise the statute of limitations as an affirmative defense to seek dismissal of the charge.
A criminal statute of limitations defines a time period during which charges must be initiated for a criminal offense. If a charge is filed after the statute of limitations expires, the defendant may obtain dismissal of the charge.
The statute of limitations in a criminal case only runs until a criminal charge is filed and a warrant is issued, even if the defendant is a fugitive.
When the identity of a defendant is not known, some jurisdictions provide mechanisms to initiate charges and thus stop the statute of limitations from running. For example, some states allow an indictment of a "John Doe '' defendant based upon a DNA profile derived from evidence obtained through a criminal investigation. Although rare, a grand jury can issue an indictment in absentia for high - profile crimes to get around an upcoming statute of limitations deadline. One example is the skyjacking of Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 305 by D.B. Cooper in 1971. The identity of D.B. Cooper remains unknown to this day, and he was indicted under the name "John Doe, aka Dan Cooper. ''
Crimes considered heinous by society have no statute of limitations. Although there is usually no statute of limitations for murder (particularly first - degree murder), judges have been known to dismiss murder charges in cold cases if they feel the delay violates the defendant 's right to a speedy trial. For example, waiting many years for an alibi witness to die before commencing a murder trial would be unconstitutional. In 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court in Stogner v. California ruled that the retroactive extension of the statute of limitations for sexual offenses committed against minors was an unconstitutional ex post facto law.
Under the U.S. Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), desertion has no statute of limitations.
U.S. jurisdictions recognize exceptions to statutes of limitation that may allow for the prosecution of a crime or civil lawsuit even after the statute of limitations would otherwise have expired:
When an officer of the court is found to have fraudulently presented facts to impair the court 's impartial performance of its legal task, the act (known as fraud upon the court) is not subject to a statute of limitation. Officers of the court include lawyers, judges, referees, legal guardians, parenting - time expeditors, mediators, evaluators, administrators, special appointees and any others whose influence is part of the judicial mechanism. Fraud upon the court has been defined by the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals to "embrace that species of fraud which does, or attempts to, defile the court itself, or is a fraud perpetrated by officers of the court so that the judicial machinery can not perform in the usual manner its impartial task of adjudging cases that are presented for adjudication ''. In Bulloch v. United States, the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled: "Fraud upon the court is fraud which is directed to the judicial machinery itself and is not fraud between the parties or fraudulent documents, false statements or perjury... It is where the court or a member is corrupted or function -- thus where the impartial functions of the court have been directly corrupted. ''
In tort law, if a defendant commits a series of illegal acts against another person (or in criminal law if someone commits a continuing crime) the limitation period may begin to run from the last act in the series. In the 8th Circuit case of Treanor v. MCI Telecommunications, Inc., the court explained that the continuing - violations doctrine "tolls (freezes) the statute of limitations in situations where a continuing pattern forms due to (illegal) acts occurring over a period of time, as long as at least one incident... occurred within the limitations period. '' Whether the continuing - violations doctrine applies to a particular violation is subject to judicial discretion; it was ruled to apply to copyright infringement in Taylor v. Meirick (712 F. 2d 1112, 1119; 7th Cir. 1983) but not in Stone v. Williams (970 F. 2d 1043, 1049 -- 50; 2d Cir. 1992).
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dad from 10 things i hate about you | 10 Things I Hate About You - wikipedia
10 Things I Hate About You is a 1999 American teen romantic comedy - drama film directed by Gil Junger and starring Julia Stiles, Heath Ledger, Joseph Gordon - Levitt, and Larisa Oleynik. The screenplay, written by Karen McCullah and Kirsten Smith, is a modernization of William Shakespeare 's late - 16th century comedy The Taming of the Shrew, retold in a late - 1990s American high school setting. In the story, new student Cameron (Gordon - Levitt) is smitten with Bianca (Oleynik) and, in order to get around her father 's strict rules on dating, attempts to get bad boy Patrick (Ledger) to date Bianca 's ill - tempered sister, Kat (Stiles). The film is titled after a poem written by Kat about her bittersweet romance with Patrick. Much of the filming took place in the Seattle metropolitan area, with many scenes shot at Stadium High School in Tacoma.
Released March 31, 1999, 10 Things I Hate About You was number two at the domestic box office during its opening weekend, behind only The Matrix, and was a moderate financial and critical success. It was a breakthrough role for Stiles, Ledger, and Gordon - Levitt, all of whom were nominated for various teen - oriented awards. Ten years later, the film was adapted into a television series of the same title, which ran for twenty episodes and featured Larry Miller reprising his role as Walter Stratford from the film.
Cameron James, a new student at Padua High School in the Seattle area, becomes instantly smitten with popular sophomore Bianca Stratford. Geeky Michael Eckman warns him that Bianca is vapid and conceited, and that her overprotective father does not allow Bianca or her older sister, the shrewish Kat, to date. Kat, a senior, is accepted to Sarah Lawrence College in New York, but her father, Walter, wants her to stay close to home. Bianca wishes to date affluent senior Joey Donner, but Walter, an obstetrician worrisome of teenage pregnancy, will not allow his daughters to date until they graduate. Frustrated by Bianca 's insistence and Kat 's rebelliousness, Walter declares that Bianca may date only when Kat does, knowing that Kat 's antisocial attitude makes this unlikely.
When Cameron asks Bianca out, she informs him of her father 's new rule and, as a pretense for allowing her to date Joey, suggests that Cameron find someone willing to date Kat. Cameron selects "bad boy '' Patrick Verona, but Patrick scares him off. Michael assists by convincing Joey to pay Patrick to take out Kat, under the pretense that this will allow Joey to date Bianca. Patrick agrees to the deal, but Kat rebuffs his first few advances. Michael and Cameron help him by prying Bianca for information on Kat 's likes and dislikes. Armed with this knowledge, Patrick begins to win Kat 's interest. She goes to a party with him, which enables Bianca to go as well, much to Walter 's dismay.
At the party, Kat becomes upset when she sees Bianca with Joey, and responds by getting drunk. Patrick attends to her, and Kat starts to open up, expressing her interest in starting a band. However, when she tries to kiss him, Patrick pulls away and Kat leaves, infuriated. Meanwhile, Bianca ignores Cameron in favor of Joey, leaving Cameron dejected. Bianca soon realizes, however, that Joey is shallow and self - absorbed, and asks Cameron for a ride home. Cameron admits his feelings for her and his frustration with how she has treated him. Bianca responds by kissing him.
Joey offers to pay Patrick to take Kat to the prom so he can take Bianca. Patrick initially refuses, but relents when Joey offers him more money. Kat is still angry with Patrick, but he wins her over by serenading her with the accompaniment of the marching band, and she helps him sneak out of detention. They go on a date which turns romantic, but Kat becomes suspicious and angry when Patrick insists that she go with him to the prom, an event she is adamantly against. Bianca is irritated that Cameron has not asked her to the prom, and so accepts Joey 's invitation, but Walter will not allow it unless Kat goes too. Kat confesses to Bianca that she dated Joey when they were freshmen and, succumbing to peer pressure, had sex with him. Afterward she regretted it and Joey dumped her, so she vowed to never again do anything just because everyone else was doing it. Bianca insists that she can make her own choices, so Kat agrees to go to the prom with Patrick, and Bianca decides to go with Cameron instead of Joey.
All is going well at the prom until Bianca learns that Joey planned to have sex with her that night. Angry that Bianca has spurned him for Cameron, Joey reveals his arrangement with Patrick, which causes Kat to leave heartbroken. Joey then punches Cameron, but is in turn beaten up by Bianca for having hurt her, Kat, and Cameron. Bianca and Cameron share another kiss.
The next day, Bianca reconciles with Kat and begins dating Cameron. Walter admits that Kat is capable of taking care of herself, and gives her permission to attend Sarah Lawrence College. For an assignment in which the students were required to write their own version of William Shakespeare 's Sonnet 141, Kat reads aloud a poem titled "10 Things I Hate About You '', revealing that she still loves Patrick. Patrick surprises her with a guitar bought with the money that Joey paid him, and confesses that he has fallen for her. Kat forgives him, and the two reconcile with a kiss.
Many of the scenes were filmed on location at Stadium High School and at a house in the Proctor District of Tacoma, Washington. The prom sequence was shot over three days in Seattle.
Costume designer Kim Tillman designed original dresses for Larisa Oleynik and Julia Stiles as well as the period outfits for Susan May Pratt and David Krumholtz. Gabrielle Union 's snakeskin prom dress is a Betsey Johnson design. Heath Ledger and Joseph Gordon - Levitt 's vintage tuxes came from Isadora 's in Seattle.
The primary tagline is an allusion to a poem written by Elizabeth Barrett Browning from her Sonnets from the Portuguese collection. ("How do I loathe thee? Let me count the ways. '') Another tagline is a spoof from Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet ("Romeo, Oh Romeo, Get Out Of My Face. '') and another is a line from The Taming of the Shrew that is spoken in the film by Cameron ("I burn, I pine, I perish! ''). The original script was finalized on November 12, 1997.
In its opening weekend, the film grossed US $8,330,681 in 2,271 theaters in the United States and Canada, averaging $3,668 per venue, and ranking number two at the box office (behind The Matrix). It grossed a total of $38,178,166 in the United States and Canada and $15,300,000 in other territories, about $53,500,000 worldwide. The film had an estimated budget of $16 million and is considered a moderate financial and critical success. On October 12, 1999, the Region 1 DVD was released. In the box office, the film is number ten in teen romance, 18th in high school comedies, and ranked 96th in comedies.
The film received generally positive feedback from critics. Geoff Andrew from Time Out praised the film 's leads, stating "Stiles grows into her character, and Ledger is effortlessly charming ''. Roger Ebert gave the film two and a half stars out of four, claiming, "I liked the movie 's spirit, the actors and some of the scenes. The music, much of it by the band Letters to Cleo, is subtle and inventive while still cheerful. '' Brad Laidman from Film Threat said the film was "pure of heart and perfectly executed. '' Ron Wells, another critic from Film Threat, expressed, "Of all the teen films released this year, this one is, by far, the best. ''
Entertainment Weekly listed the film at # 49 on its list of Best High School Movies.
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film got a 61 % from critics, based on 62 reviews, with a rating of 6.1 / 10. The critical consensus on the site was: "Julia Stiles and Heath Ledger add strong performances to an unexpectedly clever script, elevating 10 Things (slightly) above typical teen fare. ''
10 Things I Hate About You was a breakout success for stars Stiles, Ledger, and Gordon - Levitt. Gordon - Levitt, Stiles, and Oleynik each received Young Star Award nominations for Best Actor / Actress in a Comedy Film. The movie was nominated for seven Teen Choice Awards: Choice Movie: Breakout Star (Stiles), Choice Movie: Comedy, Choice Movie: Funniest Scene (featuring Krumholtz), Choice Movie: Love Scene (featuring Stiles and Ledger), Choice Movie: Hissy Fit (Gordon - Levitt), Choice Movie: Villain (Gordon - Levitt) and Choice Movie: Soundtrack. The film 's casting directors Marcia Ross and Donna Morong won "Best Casting for Feature Film, Comedy '' at the Casting Society of America in 1999. In 2000, Stiles won the CFCA Award for "Most Promising Actress '' for her role as Kat Stratford (tied with Émilie Dequenne in Rosetta) and an MTV Movie Award for Breakthrough Female Performance. The same year, Ledger was nominated for Best Musical Performance for the song "Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You. ''
The soundtrack album features popular modern rock anthems from 1970s up to the late 1990s, including various covers from Letters to Cleo, who created modernised renditions of songs such as "I Want You To Want Me '' by Cheap Trick and "Cruel to Be Kind '' by Nick Lowe. The albums peak position in the Billboard (magazine) charts was 52nd, which was just after its release and it managed to hold a place in the Billboard top 200 for a total of 27 weeks. Artists such as The Notorious B.I.G. and Joan Jett were also used in the films soundtrack, although were not featured on the soundtrack album. The album was described by AllMusic as "One of the best modern rock soundtracks of the spring 1999 season ''.
In June 1999, the Scholastic Corporation published a novelization of the story, adapted by David Levithan. The story is retold as it is in the film with each chapter written from the point of view of either Bianca, Cameron, Kat, Patrick, or Michael.
In October 2008, ABC Family ordered a pilot episode of 10 Things I Hate About You, a half - hour, single - camera comedy series based on the feature film of the same name. Larry Miller is the only actor from the film to reprise his role in the television series. The director of the film, Gil Junger, directed many of the episodes including the pilot while the film 's music composer, Richard Gibbs, also returned to do the show 's music. The series was adapted and produced by Carter Covington. The show premiered on July 7, 2009, and lasted 20 episodes.
The film is a retelling of William Shakespeare 's play The Taming of the Shrew in an American high school setting. Screenwriters Karen McCullah and Kirsten Smith also wrote the script for She 's the Man (2006), a retelling of Shakespeare 's play Twelfth Night set in an American college.
Kat and Bianca share the same names as the female leads in the original play. Their surname is Stratford, a nod to Shakespeare 's birthplace. Patrick 's surname Verona references the home of his relative character Petruchio. The characters attend Padua High School, named after where the play is set.
Cameron (Lucentio, who disguises himself as a tutor named Cambio) tutors Bianca in French and slips in a line from play while obsessing over her: "I burn, I pine, I perish ''. Patrick 's character reflects the outlandish behavior of Petruchio, and Michael coerces Patrick into the marching band incident with the words from Sonnet 56: "Sweet love, renew thy force ''. The physicality of Petruchio and Katherina is transformed into a playful paintball match; the prom substitutes for the Act V feast; Kat 's poem replaces Katherina 's famous Act V speech; and Joey Donner 's wager over Bianca 's virginity parallels the bet placed by Shakespeare 's husbands regarding their partners ' obedience.
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when did dont look back in anger come out | Do n't Look Back in Anger - wikipedia
"Do n't Look Back in Anger '' is a song by the English rock band Oasis. It was released on 19 February 1996 as the fifth single from their second studio album, (What 's the Story) Morning Glory? (1995). The song was written by the band 's guitarist and main songwriter, Noel Gallagher. It became the band 's second single to reach number one on the UK Singles Chart, where it also went platinum. "Do n't Look Back in Anger '' was also the first Oasis single with lead vocals by Noel (who had previously only sung lead on B - sides) instead of his brother, Liam.
It is one of the band 's signature songs, and was played at almost every single live show from its release to the dissolution of the band. It was ranked number one on a list of the ' 50 Most Explosive Choruses ' by the NME, and was voted as the fourth most popular number - one single of the last 60 years in the UK by the public in conjunction with the Official Charts Company 's 60th anniversary.
On 29 May 2017, Absolute Radio 90s broadcast a programme counting down the top 50 songs written by Noel Gallagher to mark his 50th birthday with "Do n't Look Back in Anger '' being voted as number one.
Noel was so excited about the potential of the song when he first wrote it that he used an acoustic set to perform a work - in - progress version, without the second verse and a few other slight lyrical differences, at an Oasis concert at the Sheffield Arena on 22 April 1995. He said before playing that he 'd only written it the previous Tuesday (18 April 1995) and that he did n't even have a title for it yet. The title was picked as a reference to the 1979 David Bowie song "Look Back in Anger '' from the seminal art rock album Lodger, with Bowie 's work being a massive Oasis influence.
Noel said of the song, "(It) reminds me of a cross between "All the Young Dudes '' and (something) the Beatles might have done. '' Of the character "Sally '' referred to in the song he commented, "I do n't actually know anybody called Sally. It 's just a word that fit, y'know, might as well throw a girl 's name in there. It 's got ta guarantee somebody a shag off a bird called Sally, has n't it? ''
Noel Gallagher (from Uncut magazine August 2007): "We were in Paris playing with the Verve, and I had the chords for that song and started writing it. We were due to play 2 days later. Our first - ever big arena gig, it 's called Sheffield Arena now. At the sound check, I was strumming away on the acoustic guitar, and our kid (Liam Gallagher) said, ' What 's that you 're singin '? ' I was n't singing anyway, I was just making it up. And our kid said, ' Are you singing ' So Sally can wait '. ' And I was like -- that 's genius! So I started singing, ' So Sally can wait. ' I remember going back to the dressing room and writing it out. It all came really quickly after that. '' Noel claims that the character "Lyla '', from Oasis ' 2005 single is the sister of Sally. In the interview on the DVD released with the special edition of Stop the Clocks, Noel also revealed that a girl approached him and asked him if Sally was the same girl as in the Stone Roses ' track "Sally Cinnamon ''. Noel replied that he 'd never thought of that but thought it was good anyway.
Noel admits that certain lines from the song are lifted from John Lennon: "I got this tape in the United States that had apparently been burgled from the Dakota Hotel and someone had found these cassettes. Lennon was starting to record his memoirs on tape. He 's going on about ' trying to start a revolution from me bed, because they said the brains I had went to my head. ' I thought ' Thank you, I 'll take that '! '' "Revolution from me bed '' most likely refers to Lennon 's notorious bed - ins in 1969. The piano in the introduction of the song strongly resembles Lennon 's "Imagine '', as well as "Watching the Wheels ''. As Oasis are often criticised for borrowing parts of other artists ' songs for their own, Noel Gallagher commented on the intro 's similarity to "Imagine '' saying, "In the case of Do n't Look Back in Anger -- I mean, the opening piano riff 's Imagine. 50 % of it 's put in there to wind people up, and the other 50 % is saying ' look, this is how songs like Do n't Look Back in Anger come about -- because they 're inspired by songs like Imagine '. And no matter what people might think, there will be some 13 year old kid out there who 'll read an interview and think ' Imagine? I 've never heard that song ' and he might go and buy the album, you know what I mean? '' Gallagher also admits that he was under the influence of illegal substances when he wrote the song and to this day he claims he does not know what it means.
The song became a favourite at Oasis 's live performances. Noel encouraged the crowd to sing along and often kept quiet during the first chorus, allowing the fans instead to sing along while he played the song 's guitar part. During the Dig Out Your Soul Tour, Noel Gallagher abandoned the song 's previous, full - band live arrangement in favour of a much slower, primarily acoustic arrangement in a lower key (B major). From 2008 through Oasis 's breakup, the song was performed by Gallagher on his Gibson J - 200 acoustic guitar backed up by Gem Archer on electric guitar, and Chris Sharrock playing tambourine. On 11 and 12 July 2009, during performances of the song at London 's Wembley Stadium, Gallagher did n't sing a word; instead, he stood back, played guitar, and allowed the crowd to sing the entire song. Since 2011, he has alternated between the acoustic version and the original arrangement when playing the song with his solo project, Noel Gallagher 's High Flying Birds.
Oasis became the first act since the Jam to perform two songs on the same showing of Top of the Pops, performing "Do n't Look Back in Anger '', followed by their cover of Slade 's "Cum On Feel the Noize '', also on the single.
In June 2017, Liam performed an a capella version of the song at Glastonbury, making it the first time he has performed the song rather than Noel.
The single cover is a homage to the incident where Ringo Starr briefly left the Beatles during the recording of The White Album; after the other three Beatles members successfully persuaded him to return, George Harrison decorated Ringo 's drum kit in red, white, and blue flowers to show their appreciation.
The B - side "Step Out '' was originally intended for the (What 's the Story) Morning Glory? album but was taken off after Stevie Wonder requested 10 % of the royalties as the chorus bore a similarity to his hit "Uptight (Everything 's Alright) ''. Also, because of this, Wonder, Henry Cosby and Sylvia Moy received credit for writing the song, along with Noel.
Its charting coincided with its usage at the end of the final episode of the BBC television drama Our Friends in the North, which, upon production, used the track without knowledge it was going to be released as a single.
"Do n't Look Back in Anger '' was met with high critical praise and it became a commercial hit. Billboard said of the tune, "Noel Gallagher reveals a deft sense of timing and craft that turn his improprieties into masterful pop gems. ''
In a 2006 readers ' poll conducted by Q magazine, "Do n't Look Back in Anger '' was voted the 20th best song of all time. In May 2007, NME magazine placed "Do n't Look Back in Anger '' at number 14 in its list of the "50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever ''.
The song reached No. 1 in the singles charts of Ireland and the United Kingdom, and it was a moderate success by reaching the top 60 in various countries. The song was the 10th - biggest - selling single of 1996 in the UK. It is Oasis 's second biggest selling single in the UK, with sales of 970,000, going platinum in the process.
The song returned to the UK charts in 2017 following Chris Martin and Jonny Buckland 's cover version at the One Love Manchester concert, reaching number 25.
"Do n't Look Back in Anger '' is also Oasis 's sixth biggest Billboard hit in the US, reaching the number 10 spot on the Modern Rock Tracks for the week of 22 June 1996.
The video for the song was directed by Nigel Dick and features Patrick Macnee, the actor who played John Steed in the 1960s television series The Avengers, apparently a favourite of Oasis. It features the band being driven to a mansion similar to the Playboy Mansion and performing the song there; a group of women dressed in white also occasionally lip sync to the lyrics. While filming the video, drummer Alan White met future wife Liz Atkins. They married on 13 August 1997 at Studley Priory Hotel in Oxfordshire, but later divorced.
There are two versions of the music video. One being posted by Vevo which got 36.7 million views and the other one posted by the band themselves which generated over 76.6 million views.
The song was included as the closing track on Oasis 's compilation album, Stop the Clocks. It is available for the music video game series Rock Band as a downloadable track. On the Wii version of the original Rock Band game, this song is included. It can also be found on - disc in the 2014 edition of Rocksmith.
The song has been used in a multiple television programmes since its original release:
Oasis had formed in Manchester, England, in 1991, and following the Manchester Arena bombing after a concert by US singer Ariana Grande on May 22, 2017 -- a terrorist attack that killed 22 people -- the song was used by the people of Manchester in remembrance of the victims and to show the city 's spirit. The song was sung by students of Manchester 's Chetham 's music school on May 23, and on May 25 it was spontaneously sung by the crowd gathered for a minute of silence in the city centre. The woman who started the singing told The Guardian, "I love Manchester, and Oasis is part of my childhood. Do n't Look Back in Anger -- that 's what this is about: we ca n't be looking backwards to what happened, we have to look forwards to the future. '' This shot the anthem straight back into the charts, along with Ariana Grande 's "One Last Time, '' which was number one in the iTunes single charts as of May 26. On May 27, the song was performed as a tribute by 50,000 audience members of a performance by The Courteeners in Manchester.
Liam Gallagher of Oasis responded to the bombing on Twitter: "In total shock and absolutely devastated about what 's gone down in Manchester... Sending Love and Light to all the families involved. ''
It was performed by Coldplay 's Chris Martin and Jonny Buckland on either side of Ariana Grande at the One Love Manchester concert on 4 June 2017. Martin introduced the song by saying "Ariana, you 've been singing a lot for us, so I think we in Britain want to sing for you. This is called Do n't Look Back in Anger, and this is from us to you ''.
It was also performed by the military band of the French Republican Guard on 13 June 2017, at the France versus England football match at the Stade de France, as a tribute to the victims of the attacks in Manchester and, more recently, London.
The song was covered by the Wurzels among others for an album of covers of songs seemingly inappropriate to their West Country image and style, and has become one of their more frequently performed numbers.
Opera group G4 covered the song during series one of The X Factor.
The song was covered by Tori Amos on 6 June 2005 in Manchester at her Beekeeper tour. A soundboard quality solo piano version of the song was officially released on the live recording 2005 - 06 - 05: Manchester Apollo, Manchester, UK
An Electronic / Lounge / Jazz version by Styles Project - 90s Lounge Essentials (2007) containing covers by various artist of songs from the 90s.
Amy Winehouse did a live rendition of the song at Fred Perry 's party.
Glay covered the song for their 2011 album Rare Collectives Vol. 4.
The Killers covered this song at V Festival 2012. It has also been covered by Devendra Banhart.
Shane Watson released a video of himself covering this song in 2013.
MP4 (band), a band made up of four UK politicians covered the song on their album, ' Cross Party '.
Portugal. The Man also did a cover of the song, which was performed at Bonnaroo in 2017.
The UK comedy duo Hale and Pace did an Oasis skit as ' Oaday ' where the song featured as ' Do n't Talk Back You W * nker '.
All songs were written by Noel Gallagher, except where noted.
shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone
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what percentage of prisons in the us are privately owned | Private prison - wikipedia
A private prison or for - profit prison is a place in which individuals are physically confined or incarcerated by a third party that is contracted by a government agency. Private prison companies typically enter into contractual agreements with governments that commit prisoners and then pay a per diem or monthly rate, either for each prisoner in the facility, or for each place available, whether occupied or not. Such contracts may be for the operation only of a facility, or for design, construction and operation.
Private prisons are controversial. The main argument for the contracting prisons to private operators is that it can save money. The main argument against contracting prisons is concerns that the rights and care of inmates will be compromised, among others.
In the modern era, the United Kingdom was the first European country to use for - profit prisons. Wolds Prison opened as the first privately managed prison in the UK in 1992. In the UK, all private prisons are legally required to turn a profit.
In addition, a number of the UK 's Immigration Removal Centres are privately operated, including the Harmondsworth Immigration Removal Centre, Yarl 's Wood Immigration Removal Centre, and Colnbrook Immigration Removal Centre.
In 2007 the new Scottish National Party Government in Scotland announced that it was opposed to privately run prisons and would not let any more contracts. Since then, new prisons in Scotland have been built and run by the public sector. The last contract let in England and Wales was for HM Prison Northumberland, which transferred from the public sector to Sodexo in 2013. The most recent new prison to be built in England and Wales, HM Prison Berwyn near Wrexham, was given to the public sector to operate without any competition when it opened in 2017. It is not yet clear whether any private contractors will be used or considered when prisons are opened under the current prison - building program.
In the UK there are two ways in which a private company may take on management of a prison:
Prisons may be re-competed at the end of the contract. The public sector Prison Service is only allowed to be used as a trading brand for all British prisons Increasingly, a range of services within all prisons, whether public or privately run, are contracted out on a regional basis: this includes works and FM services, and rehabilitation programmes.
Privately run prisons are run under contracts which set out the standards that must be met, which in many respects mirror the Service Level Agreements which apply to publicly run prisons. Payments may be deducted for poor performance against the contract. Government monitors ("controllers '') work permanently within each privately managed prison to check on conditions and treatment of prisoners. The framework for regulation and accountability is much the same for privately run prisons as for publicly run ones. In Great Britain they are subject to unannounced inspection by HM Chief Inspector of Prisons, to monitoring by local Independent Monitoring Boards and prisoner complaints are dealt with by the Prison and Probation Ombudsman. Similar arrangements exist in Scotland and Northern Ireland.
In early 2012, Frances Crook, chief executive of the Howard League for Penal Reform said Her Majesty 's Inspectorate of Prisons encountered an almost nine-fold rise in restraint used in the previous year at Ashfield Young Offenders Institution, which holds 15 - to 18 - year - olds. She cited "many incidents of strip searching children unnecessarily ''. Force had been used almost 150 times a month compared to 17 times monthly the prior year, recalling it had "chilling echoes '' of circumstances in the choking death of a 15 - year - old at Rainsbrook Secure Training Centre after restraints had been applied. Frequent use of force followed failure of wards to obey staff instructions. Three years earlier the institution recorded more than 600 attacks on inmates in one year - the highest number of every jail, including adults, in the country. Crook claimed "This jail has a history of failing children and the public. '' Managers claimed the increase was due to better reporting of the use of restraints. The institution had been half full during the previous unannounced inspection in 2010. The chief inspector of prisons noted "some staff lacked confidence in challenging poor behaviour. '' The director of the prison and the YOI admitted there is "room for improvement. ''
Six members of staff were dismissed from G4S - operated Rainsbrook Secure Training Centre for children in Rugby in May 2015 following a series of incidents of gross misconduct. G4S took the action in response to an Ofsted inspection that reported some staff being on drugs while on duty, colluding with detainees and behaving "extremely inappropriately ''. The behaviour allegedly included causing distress and humiliation to children by subjecting them to degrading treatment and racist comments.
Four G4S team leaders of Medway Secure Training Centre in Rochester were arrested in January 2016 and four other staff members were placed on restricted duties, following an investigation by the BBC 's Panorama TV programme into the centre. Allegations in the television programme included foul language and use of unnecessary force -- such physical violence, overuse of restraint techniques (causing one teenager to have difficulties breathing) -- on 10 boys aged 14 to 17, as well as a cover - up involving members of staff by avoiding surveillance cameras in order not to be recorded, and purposefully misreporting incidents in order to avoid potential fines and punishment; for example, in one exchange, it was claimed some staff do n't report "two or more trainees fighting '' because it indicates they 've "lost control of the centre '', resulting in a potential fine.
G4S - run Medway managers received performance - related pay awards in April 2016, despite the chief inspector of prisons weeks saying weeks earlier that "managerial oversight failed to protect young people from harm at the jail. '' In January, Panorama showed an undercover reporter working as a guard at the Medway secure training centre (STC) in Kent. The film showed children allegedly being mistreated and claimed that staff falsified records of violent incidents. No senior managers were disciplined or dismissed. Prior to the Panorama programme 's broadcast, the Youth Justice Board (YJB), which oversees youth custody in England, stopped placing children in Medway. In February, a Guardian investigation revealed that, in 2003, whistleblowers had warned G4S, the Ministry of Justice (MoJ) and the YJB that staff were mistreating detained children. Their letter, forwarded by Prof John Pitts, a youth justice expert, was ignored. When the prisons inspectorate carried out a snap inspection at Medway it found detainees reported staff had used insulting, aggressive or racist language toward them and felt unsafe in facility portions not covered by closed circuit TV. Reviewers agreed to the legitimacy of evidence presented by Panorama showing, "... targeted bullying of vulnerable boys, '' by employees, and that, "A larger group of staff must have been aware of unacceptable practice but did not challenge or report this behaviour. ''
In an earlier Ofsted report on Medway, inspectors said staff and middle managers reported feeling a lack of leadership and having "low, or no confidence in senior managers. '' Nick Hardwick, at the time the chief inspector of prisons said, "Managerial oversight failed to protect young people from harm. Effective oversight is key to creating a positive culture that prevents poor practice happening and ensuring it is reported when it does. '' The Guardian newspaper learned that senior managers at Medway received performance - related pay awards in April amounting to between 10 - 25 % of their annual salaries, according to seniority. One 15 - year - old girl placed at Medway in 2009 said she was frequently unlawfully restrained over 18 months, citing an occasion in which her face was repeatedly slammed into icy ground. "I assumed the senior management team would be sacked... But now it looks like they have been rewarded for allowing children to be abused in prison, '' she said. Former Labour MP Sally Keeble has complained about G4S maltreatment in STC 's for over ten years, stating: "This is people making personal profit out of tragedy. I hope that justice minister Liz Truss would intervene and make sure these bonuses are not being paid by a Ministry of Justice contractor. '' Notwithstanding the results of the investigations no senior managers at Medway were disciplined or dismissed. In May, the MoJ said the National Offender Management Service (NOMS) would take over the running of Medway. In July, it formally assumed control of the STC. In February 2016, G4S had announced that it was to sell its children 's services business, including the contract to manage two secure training centres. The company hoped to complete the process by the end of 2016.
Following release of an extremely critical report regarding a G4S - operated jail, the Labour party 's shadow justice secretary said they would be inclined to take control of for - profit prisons if the industry competitors had not met deadlines imposed upon them. Sadiq Khan 's response stressed the need for better contracting, to include liquidated damages provisions. The chief inspector of prisons Nick Hardwick, recommended the crafting of a takeover contingency plan. "It 's not delivering what the public should expect of the millions being paid to G4S to run it. '' Khan said, "I see no difference whether the underperformance is in the public, private or voluntary sector... We should n't tolerate mediocrity in the running of our prisons. '' Khan continued: "We ca n't go on with scandal after scandal, where the public 's money is being squandered and the quality of what 's delivered is n't up to scratch. The government is too reliant on a cosy group of big companies. The public are rightly getting fed up to the back teeth of big companies making huge profits out of the taxpayer, which smacks to them of rewards for failure. ''
The process of privatization of prisons in France is presenting from the major events from 1987 to the present by a French Scholar France has chosen a semi-private system. It consists of delegating the so - called non-sovereign missions (kitchen, laundry, maintenance) to companies and leaving the guard and security to the State. Organizing inmate work in prison workshops is one of the tasks that has been delegated to the prison management companies. Prison is a space of forced confinement where the overriding concern is security. The fact is that at several levels, and depending on type of prison (high security or not), production logic clashes with security logic. Structural limitations of production in a prison can restrict private companies ' profit - taking capacities. On the basis of a field study conducted in 2004 and 2005 in five prisons chosen by prison and management type, Guilbaud show that the intensity of the tension between production and security, and the various ways this tension arises and is handled, vary by type of prison (short - stay, for convicts awaiting sentence, or relatively long - stay for sentence - serving inmates) and type of management. The production / security tension seems better integrated in public - sector prisons than in those managed by the private sector in the sense that it produces fewer conflicts in them. This result runs counter to the widespread understanding that shaped the 1987 reform, the idea that introducing private enterprise and the professionalism associated with it into prisons would improve inmate employment and prison operation.
The privatization of prisons can be traced to the contracting out of confinement and care of prisoners after the American Revolution. Deprived of the ability to ship criminals and undesirables to the Colonies, Great Britain began placing them on hulks (used as prison ships) moored in English ports.
In 1852, on the northwest San Francisco Bay in California, inmates of the prison ship Waban began building a contract facility to house themselves at Point Quentin. The prison became known as San Quentin, which is still in operation today. Its partial transfer of prison administration from private to public did not mark the end of privatization.
The next phase began with the Reconstruction Period (1865 -- 1876) in the south, after the end of the Civil War. Plantations and businessmen needed to find replacements for the labor force once their slaves had been freed. Beginning in 1868, convict leases were issued to private parties to supplement their workforce. This system remained in place until the early 20th century.
Federal and state governments have a long history of contracting out specific services to private firms, including medical services, food preparation, vocational training, and inmate transportation. However, the 1980s ushered in a new era of prison privatization. With a burgeoning prison population resulting from the War on Drugs and increased use of incarceration, prison overcrowding and rising costs became increasingly problematic for local, state, and federal governments. In response to this expanding criminal justice system, private business interests saw an opportunity for expansion, and consequently, private - sector involvement in prisons moved from the simple contracting of services to contracting for the complete management and operation of entire prisons.
The modern private prison business first emerged and established itself publicly in 1984 when the Corrections Corporation of America (CCA), now known as CoreCivic, was awarded a contract to take over a facility in Shelby County, Tennessee. This marked the first time that any government in the country had contracted out the complete operation of a jail to a private operator. The following year, CCA gained further public attention when it offered to take over the entire state prison system of Tennessee for $200 million. The bid was ultimately defeated due to strong opposition from public employees and the skepticism of the state legislature. Despite that initial defeat, CCA since then has successfully expanded, as have other for - profit prison companies.
Statistics from the U.S. Department of Justice show that, as of 2013, there were 133,000 state and federal prisoners housed in privately owned prisons in the U.S., constituting 8.4 % of the overall U.S. prison population. Broken down to prison type, 19.1 % of the federal prison population in the United States is housed in private prisons and 6.8 % of the U.S. state prison population is housed in private prisons. While 2013 represents a slight decline in private prison population over 2012, the overall trend over the past decade has been a slow increase. Companies operating such facilities include the Corrections Corporation of America (CCA), the GEO Group, Inc. (formerly known as Wackenhut Securities), Management and Training Corporation (MTC), and Community Education Centers. In the past two decades CCA has seen its profits increase by more than 500 percent. The prison industry as a whole took in over $5 billion in revenue in 2011.
According to journalist Matt Taibbi, Wall Street banks took notice of this influx of cash, and are now some of the prison industry 's biggest investors. Wells Fargo has around $100 million invested in GEO Group and $6 million in CCA. Other major investors include Bank of America, Fidelity Investments, General Electric and The Vanguard Group. CCA 's share price went from a dollar in 2000 to $34.34 in 2013. Sociologist John L. Campbell and activist and journalist Chris Hedges respectively assert that prisons in the United States have become a "lucrative '' and "hugely profitable '' business.
In June 2013, students at Columbia University discovered that the institution owned $8 million worth of CCA stock. Less than a year later, students formed a group called Columbia Prison Divest, and delivered a letter to the president of the University demanding total divestment from CCA and full disclosure of future investments. By June 2015, the board of trustees at Columbia University voted to divest from the private prison industry.
Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) has a capacity of more than 80,000 beds in 65 correctional facilities. The GEO Group operates 57 facilities with a capacity of 49,000 offender beds. The company owns or runs more than 100 properties that operate more than 73,000 beds in sites across the world.
Most privately run facilities are located in the southern and western portions of the United States and include both state and federal offenders. For example, Pecos, Texas is the site of the largest private prison in the world, the Reeves County Detention Complex, operated by the GEO Group. It has a capacity of 3,763 prisoners in its three sub-complexes,
Private prison firms, reacting to reductions in prison populations, are increasingly looking away from mere incarceration and are seeking to maintain profitability by expanding into new markets previously served by non-profit behavioral health and treatment - oriented agencies, including prison medical care, forensic mental hospitals, civil commitment centers, halfway houses and home arrest.
A 2016 report by the U.S. Department of Justice asserts that privately operated federal facilities are less safe, less secure and more punitive than other federal prisons. Shortly thereafter, the DoJ announced it will stop using private prisons. Nevertheless, a month later the Department of Homeland Security renewed a controversial contract with the CCA to continue operating the South Texas Family Residential Center, an immigrant detention facility in Dilley, Texas.
Stock prices for CCA and GEO Group surged following Donald Trump 's victory in the 2016 elections. On February 23, the DOJ under Attorney General Jeff Sessions overturned the ban on using private prisons. According to Sessions, "the (Obama administration) memorandum changed long - standing policy and practice, and impaired the bureau 's ability to meet the future needs of the federal correctional system. Therefore, I direct the bureau to return to its previous approach. ''
In the wake of the escape of three murderers from the minimum / medium security Kingman Prison, Arizona operated by Management and Training Corporation (MTC), and its gruesome aftermath, Arizona Attorney General and gubernatorial candidate Terry Goddard said "I believe a big part of our problem is that the very violent inmates, like the three that escaped, ended up getting reclassified (as a lower risk) quickly and sent to private prisons that were just not up to the job ''. The private prison had inadequate patrols and prisoner movement, excessive false alarms, a lax culture, and inconsistencies in visitor screening procedures.
One escaping murderer, Daniel Renwick, immediately absconded with the intended getaway vehicle, abandoning his companions outside the prison. He was involved in a shootout in Rifle, Colorado, about 30 hours after the prison break, and was captured by a Garfield County deputy and Rifle police. Though he still "owed '' Arizona 32 years on his sentence, he was sentenced to sixty years to be served first in Colorado.
In the course of evading pursuers, the remaining two escapees and their accomplice, Casslyn Welch, kidnapped and hijacked vacationing Oklahomans Gary and Linda Haas in New Mexico. The couple was soon murdered by the ringleader, John McCluskey. The extended family of the murdered couple sued the state of Arizona, as well as Dominion, a corporation based in Edmond, Oklahoma, that spec - built the prison, and MTC, the corporation that managed it, for $40 million. The last escapees and their accomplice were soon captured. Tracy Province, a lifer, was apprehended in Wyoming on August 9. The final pair were arrested on August 19, 20 days after the jailbreak, upon their return to Arizona. All three were first convicted of the escapes, initial hijacking, kidnappings and robberies in Kingman, Arizona. Then they were charged with the same crimes plus murder in New Mexico. John McCluskey, the ringleader, and his accomplice, Casslyn Welch, were also alleged to have committed an armed robbery in Arkansas. The three were eventually held on federal murder charges in New Mexico. McCluskey was tried on death penalty charges but after five months of court proceedings, his jury gave him life imprisonment on December 11, 2013. Estimates of the costs of the nationwide searches as well as the apprehensions, prosecutions and subsequent imprisonment in the three states greatly exceed a million dollars.
Studies, some partially industry - funded, often conclude that states can save money by using for - profit prisons. However, academic or state - funded studies have found that private prisons tend to keep more low - cost inmates and send others back to state - run prisons.
Proponents of privately run prisons contend that cost - savings and efficiency of operation place private prisons at an advantage over public prisons and support the argument for privatization, but some research casts doubt on the validity of these arguments, as evidence has shown that private prisons are neither demonstrably more cost - effective, nor more efficient than public prisons. An evaluation of 24 different studies on cost - effectiveness revealed that, at best, results of the question are inconclusive and, at worst, there is no difference in cost - effectiveness.
A study by the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics found that the cost - savings promised by private prisons "have simply not materialized ''. Some research has concluded that for - profit prisons cost more than public prisons. Furthermore, cost estimates from privatization advocates may be misleading, because private facilities often refuse to accept inmates that cost the most to house. A 2001 study concluded that a pattern of sending less expensive inmates to privately run facilities artificially inflated cost savings. A 2005 study found that Arizona 's public facilities were seven times more likely to house violent offenders and three times more likely to house those convicted of more serious offenses. A 2011 report by the American Civil Liberties Union point out that private prisons are more costly, more violent and less accountable than public prisons, and are actually a major contributor to increased mass incarceration. This is most apparent in Louisiana, which has the highest incarceration rate in the world and houses the majority of its inmates in for - profit facilities. Marie Gottschalk, professor of political science at the University of Pennsylvania, argues that the prison industry "engages in a lot of cherry - picking and cost - shifting to maintain the illusion that the private sector does it better for less. '' In fact, she notes that studies generally show that private facilities are more dangerous for both correctional officers and inmates than their public counterparts as a result of cost - cutting measures, such as spending less on training for correctional officers (and paying them lower wages) and providing only the most basic medical care for inmates.
A 2014 study by a doctoral candidate at UC Berkeley shows that minorities make up a greater percentage of inmates at private prisons than in their public counterparts, largely because minorities are cheaper to incarcerate. According to the study, for - profit prison operators, in particular CCA and GEO Group, accumulate these low - cost inmates "through explicit and implicit exemptions written into contracts between these private prison management companies and state departments of correction ''.
Evidence suggests that lower staffing levels and training at private facilities may lead to increases in the incidence of violence and escapes. A nationwide study found that assaults on guards by inmates were 49 percent more frequent in private prisons than in government - run prisons. The same study revealed that assaults on fellow inmates were 65 percent more frequent in private prisons.
An example of private prisons ' inadequate staff training leading to jail violence was reported by two Bloomberg News journalists, Margaret Newkirk and William Selway in Mississippi regarding the now - closed Walnut Grove Correctional Facility (WGCF). According to the journalists, the ratio of staff to prisoners in this prison was only 1 to 120. In a bloody riot in this prison, six inmates were rushed to the hospital, including one with permanent brain damage. During the riot, the staff of the prison did not respond but waited until the melee ended, because prisoners outnumbered staff by a ratio of 60 - 1. The lack of well - trained staff does not only lead to violence but also corruption. According to a former WGCF prisoner, the corrections officers were also responsible for smuggling operations with in the prison. To make more money, some provided prisoners with contraband, including drugs, cellphones and weapons. Law enforcement investigations led to the exposure of a far wider web of corruption.
At the Walnut Grove C.F., intense corruption was involved in the construction and operation of, and subcontracting for medical, commissary and other services. After exposure of the rape of a female transitional center prisoner by the mayor, who also served as a warden, a bribery scheme was uncovered. It had paid millions to the corrupt Mississippi Department of Corrections Commissioner Chris Epps and his conduits. Ten additional officials and consultants, including three former state legislators (two Republicans and one Democrat), were indicted in the Department of Justice 's Operation Mississippi Hustle prosecution.
Prior to the Mississippi investigations and prosecutions, a similar investigation begun in 2003, dubbed Operation Polar Pen, exposed a wide - ranging bribery scheme of what legislative members themselves called the "Corrupt Bastards Club '' (CBC). It initially involved for - profit corrections, then extended to include fisheries management and oil industry taxation. At least fifteen targets of the investigation, including ten sitting or former elected officials, the governor 's chief of staff, and four lobbyists were considered for possible prosecution, and a dozen were indicted. Investigation of a Democratic state senator found nothing amiss, but ten indictments were issued that included six Republican state legislators, two halfway house lobbyists, two very wealthy contractors and the U.S. Senator, Ted Stevens. The seven felony convictions against Stevens were overturned, as were verdicts involving three other legislators and the governor 's Chief of Staff, one directly due to the Supreme Court 's overturning part of the existing "Honest services '' statute, in the case of Representative Bruce Weyhrauch. Weyhrauch pleaded guilty to a state misdemeanor. Others also had their verdicts overturned, in part because the prosecution failed to completely disclose exculpatory evidence to their defense, but three of those also pleaded guilty to lesser charges. Though they were implicated, the Department of Justice also declined to prosecute a former state senator and the U.S. Congressman, Don Young, who spent over a million dollars on his defense, though he was never indicted.
In the kids for cash scandal, Mid-Atlantic Youth Services Corp, a private prison company which runs juvenile facilities, was found guilty of paying two judges, Mark Ciavarella and Michael Conahan, $2.8 million to send 2,000 children to their prisons for such crimes as trespassing in vacant buildings and stealing DVDs from Wal - Mart.
The influence of the for - profit prison industry on the government has been described as the prison -- industrial complex.
CCA, MTC and The GEO Group have been members of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), a Washington, D.C. - based public policy organization that develops model legislation that advances free - market principles such as privatization. Under their Criminal Justice Task Force, ALEC has developed model bills which State legislators can then consult when proposing "tough on crime '' initiatives including "Truth in Sentencing '' and "Three Strikes '' laws. By funding and participating in ALEC 's Criminal Justice Task Forces, critics argue, private prison companies influence legislation for tougher, longer sentences. Writing in Governing magazine in 2003, Alan Greenblatt states:
ALEC has been a major force behind both privatizing state prison space and keeping prisons filled. It puts forward bills providing for mandatory minimum sentences and three - strikes sentencing requirements. About 40 states passed versions of ALEC 's Truth in Sentencing model bill, which requires prisoners convicted of violent crimes to serve most of their sentences without chance of parole.
According to a 2010 report by NPR, ALEC arranged meetings between the Corrections Corporation of America and Arizona 's state legislators such as Russell Pearce at the Grand Hyatt in Washington, D.C. to write Arizona SB 1070, which would keep CCA 's immigrant detention centers stuffed with detainees.
CCA and GEO have both engaged in state initiatives to increase sentences for offenders and to create new crimes, including, CCA helping to finance Proposition 6 in California in 2008 and GEO lobbying for Jessica 's Law in Kansas in 2006. In 2012, The CCA sent a letter to 48 states offering to buy public prisons in exchange for a promise to keep the prisons at 90 % occupancy for 20 years. States that sign such contracts with prison companies must reimburse them for beds that go unused; in 2011, Arizona agreed to pay Management & Training Corporation $3 million for empty beds when a 97 percent quota was n't met.
Many organizations have called for a moratorium on construction of private prisons, or for their outright abolition. The Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) and United Methodist Church have also joined the call, as well as the Catholic Bishops of the South organization.
As of 2013, there has been a modest pushback against the private prison industry, with protests forcing GEO Group to withdraw its $6 million offer for naming rights of FAU Stadium, and Kentucky allowing its contract with the CCA to expire, ending three decades of allowing for - profit companies to operate prisons in that state. In 2014, Idaho will be taking over the operation of the Idaho Correctional Center from the CCA, which has been the subject of a plethora of lawsuits alleging rampant violence, understaffing, gang activity and contract fraud. Idaho governor Butch Otter said "In recognition of what 's happened, what 's happening, it 's necessary. It 's the right thing to do. It 's disappointing because I am a champion of privatization. ''
In the final quarter of 2013, Scopia Capital Management, DSM North America, and Amica Mutual Insurance divested around $60 million from CCA and GEO Group. In a Color of Change press release, DSM North America President Hugh Welsh said:
In accordance with the principles of the UN Global Compact, with respect to the protection of internationally proclaimed human rights, the pension fund has divested from the for - profit prison industry. Investment in private prisons and support for the industry is financially unsound, and divestment was the right thing to do for our clients, shareholders, and the country as a whole.
Some U.S. states have imposed bans, population limits, and strict operational guidelines on private prisons:
The Federal Bureau of Prisons announced its intent to end for - profit prison contracts.
There have only been two private detention facilities in Canada to date, and both reverted to government control.
The only private prison in Canada was the maximum - security Central North Correctional Centre, Penetanguishene, Ontario, operated by the U.S. - based Management and Training Corporation from its opening in 2001 through the end of its first contract period in 2006. The contract was held by the Ontario provincial Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services. A government comparison between the Central North "super-jail '' and a nearly identical facility found that the publicly run prison had measurably better outcomes.
Additionally the GEO Group built the New Brunswick Miramichi Youth Detention Center under contract with the provincial Department of Public Safety, then had its contract ended in the 1990s after public protests.
As of mid-2012, private prison companies continued to lobby the Correctional Service of Canada for contract business.
In 2004, the Israeli Knesset passed a law permitting the establishment of private prisons in Israel. The Israeli government 's motivation was to save money by transferring prisoners to facilities managed by a private firm. The state would pay the franchisee $50 per day for each inmate, sparing itself the cost of building new prisons and expanding the staff of the Israel Prison Service. In 2005, the Human Rights Department of the Academic College of Law in Ramat Gan filed a petition to the Israeli Supreme Court challenging the law. The petition relied on two arguments. First, it said, transferring prison powers to private hands would violate the prisoners ' fundamental human rights to liberty and dignity. Secondly, a private organization always aims to maximize profit, and would therefore seek to cut costs by, for instance, skimping on prison facilities and paying its guards poorly, thus further undermining the prisoners ' rights. As the case awaited decision, the first prison was built by the concessionaire, Lev Leviev 's Africa Israel Investments, a facility near Beersheba designed to accommodate 2,000 inmates.
In November 2009, an expanded panel of nine judges of the Israeli Supreme Court ruled that privately run prisons are unconstitutional, finding that for the State to transfer authority for managing the prison to a private contractor whose aim is monetary profit would severely violate the prisoners ' basic human rights to dignity and freedom. Supreme Court President Dorit Beinisch, wrote that "Israel 's basic legal principles hold that the right to use force in general, and the right to enforce criminal law by putting people behind bars in particular, is one of the most fundamental and one of the most invasive powers in the state 's jurisdiction. Thus when the power to incarcerate is transferred to a private corporation whose purpose is making money, the act of depriving a person of (their) liberty loses much of its legitimacy. Because of this loss of legitimacy, the violation of the prisoner 's right to liberty goes beyond the violation entailed in the incarceration itself. ''
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all my life - aaron neville linda ronstadt | All My Life (Linda Ronstadt song) - wikipedia
"All My Life '' is a hit song written by Karla Bonoff and performed as duet by Linda Ronstadt and Aaron Neville on Ronstadt 's triple platinum - certified 1989 album Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind; this was the second global hit from Ronstadt and Neville.
The song was released as a single in early 1990 and hit number 1 on the Billboard Adult contemporary chart (where it held for 3 weeks) as well as number 11 on both the Cash Box Top 100 and the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It was another international hit for the duo.
"All My Life '' won the award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 1991 Grammy Awards.
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what is the difference between an emic and an etic approach | Emic and etic - wikipedia
In anthropology, folkloristics, and the social and behavioral sciences, emic and etic refer to two kinds of field research done and viewpoints obtained: emic, from within the social group (from the perspective of the subject) and etic, from outside (from the perspective of the observer).
"The emic approach investigates how local people think '' (Kottak, 2006): How they perceive and categorize the world, their rules for behavior, what has meaning for them, and how they imagine and explain things. "The etic (scientist - oriented) approach shifts the focus from local observations, categories, explanations, and interpretations to those of the anthropologist. The etic approach realizes that members of a culture often are too involved in what they are doing... to interpret their cultures impartially. When using the etic approach, the ethnographer emphasizes what he or she considers important. ''
Although emics and etics are sometimes regarded as inherently in conflict and one can be preferred to the exclusion of the other, the complementarity of emic and etic approaches to anthropological research has been widely recognized, especially in the areas of interest concerning the characteristics of human nature as well as the form and function of human social systems.
... Emic knowledge and interpretations are those existing within a culture, that are ' determined by local custom, meaning, and belief ' (Ager and Loughry, 2004: n.p.) and best described by a ' native ' of the culture. Etic knowledge refers to generalizations about human behavior that are considered universally true, and commonly links cultural practices to factors of interest to the researcher, such as economic or ecological conditions, that cultural insiders may not consider very relevant (Morris et al., 1999).
Emic and etic approaches of understanding behavior and personality fall under the study of cultural anthropology. Cultural anthropology states that people are shaped by their cultures and their subcultures, and we must account for this in the study of personality. One way is looking at things through an emic approach. This approach "is culture specific because it focuses on a single culture and it is understood on its own terms. '' As explained below, the term "emic '' originated from the specific linguistic term "phonemic '', from phoneme, which is a language - specific way of abstracting speech sounds.
When these two approaches are combined, the "richest '' view of a culture or society can be understood. On its own, an emic approach would struggle with applying overarching values to a single culture. The etic approach is helpful in enabling researchers to see more than one aspect of one culture, and in applying observations to cultures around the world.
The terms were coined in 1954 by linguist Kenneth Pike, who argued that the tools developed for describing linguistic behaviors could be adapted to the description of any human social behavior. As Pike noted, social scientists have long debated whether their knowledge is objective or subjective. Pike 's innovation was to turn away from an epistemological debate, and turn instead to a methodological solution. Emic and etic are derived from the linguistic terms phonemic and phonetic respectively, which are in turn derived from Greek roots. The possibility of a truly objective description was discounted by Pike himself in his original work; he proposed the emic / etic dichotomy in anthropology as a way around philosophic issues about the very nature of objectivity.
The terms were also championed by anthropologists Ward Goodenough and Marvin Harris with slightly different connotations from those used by Pike. Goodenough was primarily interested in understanding the culturally specific meaning of specific beliefs and practices; Harris was primarily interested in explaining human behavior.
Pike, Harris, and others have argued that cultural "insiders '' and "outsiders '' are equally capable of producing emic and etic accounts of their culture. Some researchers use "etic '' to refer to objective or outsider accounts, and "emic '' to refer to subjective or insider accounts.
Margaret Mead was an anthropologist who studied the patterns of adolescence in Samoa. She discovered that the difficulties and the transitions that adolescents faced are culturally influenced. The hormones that are released during puberty can be defined using an etic framework, because adolescents globally have the same hormones being secreted. However, Mead concluded that how adolescents respond to these hormones is greatly influenced by their cultural norms. Through her studies, Mead found that simple classifications about behaviors and personality could not be used because peoples ' cultures influenced their behaviors in such a radical way. Her studies helped create an emic approach of understanding behaviors and personality. Her research deduced that culture has a significant impact in shaping an individual 's personality.
Carl Jung, a Swiss psychoanalyst, is a researcher who took an etic approach in his studies. Jung studied mythology, religion, ancient rituals, and dreams leading him to believe that there are archetypes that can be identified and used to categorize people 's behaviors. Archetypes are universal structures of the collective unconscious that refer to the inherent way people are predisposed to perceive and process information. The main archetypes that Jung studied were the persona (how people choose to present themselves to the world), the animus / anima (part of people experiencing the world in viewing the opposite sex, that guides how they select their romantic partner), and the shadow (dark side of personalities because people have a concept of evil. Well - adjusted people must integrate both good and bad parts of themselves). Jung looked at the role of the mother and deduced that all people have mothers and see their mothers in a similar way; they offer nurture and comfort. His studies also suggest that "infants have evolved to suck milk from the breast, it is also the case that all children have inborn tendencies to react in certain ways. '' This way of looking at the mother is an etic way of applying a concept cross-culturally and universally.
Emic and etic approaches are important to understanding personality because problems can arise "when concepts, measures, and methods are carelessly transferred to other cultures in attempts to make cross - cultural generalizations about personality. '' It is hard to apply certain generalizations of behavior to people who are so diverse and culturally different. One example of this is the F - scale (Macleod). The F - scale, which was created by Theodor Adorno, is used to measure Authoritarian Personality, which can, in turn, be used to predict prejudiced behaviors. This test, when applied to Americans accurately depicts prejudices towards black individuals. However, when a study was conducted in South Africa using the F - Scale, (Pettigrew and Friedman) results did not predict any anti-Black prejudices. This study used emic approaches of study by conducting interviews with the locals and etic approaches by giving participants generalized personality tests.
Other explorations of the differences between reality and humans ' models of it:
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the book silent spring had a major impact on the creation of which agency | Silent Spring - wikipedia
Silent Spring is an environmental science book by Rachel Carson. The book was published on 27 September 1962 and it documented the detrimental effects on the environment of the indiscriminate use of pesticides. Carson accused the chemical industry of spreading disinformation and public officials of accepting industry claims unquestioningly.
In the late 1950s, Carson turned her attention to conservation, especially environmental problems that she believed were caused by synthetic pesticides. The result was Silent Spring (1962), which brought environmental concerns to the American public. Silent Spring was met with fierce opposition by chemical companies, but it spurred a reversal in national pesticide policy, led to a nationwide ban on DDT for agricultural uses, and inspired an environmental movement that led to the creation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
In 1996, a follow - up book, Beyond Silent Spring, co-written by H.F. van Emden and David Peakall, was published. In 2006, Silent Spring was named one of the 25 greatest science books of all time by the editors of Discover Magazine.
In the mid-1940s, Carson became concerned about the use of synthetic pesticides, many of which had been developed through the military funding of science after World War II. The United States Department of Agriculture 's 1957 fire ant eradication program, which involved aerial spraying of DDT and other pesticides mixed with fuel oil and included the spraying of private land, prompted Carson to devote her research, and her next book, to pesticides and environmental poisons. Landowners in Long Island filed a suit to have the spraying stopped, and many in affected regions followed the case closely. Though the suit was lost, the Supreme Court granted petitioners the right to gain injunctions against potential environmental damage in the future, laying the basis for later environmental actions.
The impetus for Silent Spring was a letter written in January 1958 by Carson 's friend, Olga Owens Huckins, to The Boston Herald, describing the death of birds around her property resulting from the aerial spraying of DDT to kill mosquitoes, a copy of which Huckins sent to Carson. Carson later wrote that this letter prompted her to study the environmental problems caused by chemical pesticides.
The Audubon Naturalist Society actively opposed chemical spraying programs and recruited Carson to help publicize the U.S. government 's spraying practices and related research. Carson began the four - year project of Silent Spring by gathering examples of environmental damage attributed to DDT. She tried to enlist essayist E.B. White and a number of journalists and scientists to her cause. By 1958, Carson had arranged a book deal, with plans to co-write with Newsweek science journalist Edwin Diamond. However, when The New Yorker commissioned a long and well - paid article on the topic from Carson, she began considering writing more than the introduction and conclusion as planned; soon it became a solo project. Diamond would later write one of the harshest critiques of Silent Spring.
As her research progressed, Carson found a sizable community of scientists who were documenting the physiological and environmental effects of pesticides. She took advantage of her personal connections with many government scientists, who supplied her with confidential information on the subject. From reading the scientific literature and interviewing scientists, Carson found two scientific camps; those who dismissed the possible danger of pesticide spraying barring conclusive proof and those who were open to the possibility of harm and were willing to consider alternative methods, such as biological pest control.
By 1959, the USDA 's Agricultural Research Service responded to the criticism by Carson and others with a public service film, Fire Ants on Trial; Carson called it "flagrant propaganda '' that ignored the dangers that spraying pesticides posed to humans and wildlife. That spring, Carson wrote a letter, published in The Washington Post, that attributed the recent decline in bird populations -- in her words, the "silencing of birds '' -- to pesticide overuse. The same year, the 1957, 1958, and 1959 crops of U.S. cranberries were found to contain high levels of the herbicide aminotriazole and the sale of all cranberry products was halted. Carson attended the ensuing FDA hearings on revising pesticide regulations; she was discouraged by the aggressive tactics of the chemical industry representatives, which included expert testimony that was firmly contradicted by the bulk of the scientific literature she had been studying. She also wondered about the possible "financial inducements behind certain pesticide programs ''.
Research at the Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health brought Carson into contact with medical researchers investigating the gamut of cancer - causing chemicals. Of particular significance was the work of National Cancer Institute researcher and founding director of the environmental cancer section Wilhelm Hueper, who classified many pesticides as carcinogens. Carson and her research assistant Jeanne Davis, with the help of NIH librarian Dorothy Algire, found evidence to support the pesticide - cancer connection; to Carson the evidence for the toxicity of a wide array of synthetic pesticides was clear - cut, though such conclusions were very controversial beyond the small community of scientists studying pesticide carcinogenesis.
By 1960, Carson had sufficient research material and the writing was progressing rapidly. She had investigated hundreds of individual incidents of pesticide exposure and the resulting human sickness and ecological damage. In January 1960, she suffered an illness which kept her bedridden for weeks, delaying the book. As she was nearing full recovery in March, she discovered cysts in her left breast, requiring a mastectomy. By December that year, Carson discovered that she had breast cancer, which had metastasized. Her research was also delayed by revision work for a new edition of The Sea Around Us, and by a collaborative photo essay with Erich Hartmann. Most of the research and writing was done by the fall of 1960, except for a discussion of recent research on biological controls and investigations of some new pesticides. However, further health troubles delayed the final revisions in 1961 and early 1962.
Its title was inspired by a poem by John Keats, "La Belle Dame sans Merci '', which contained the lines "The sedge is wither 'd from the lake, And no birds sing. '' "Silent Spring '' was initially suggested as a title for the chapter on birds. By August 1961, Carson agreed to the suggestion of her literary agent Marie Rodell: Silent Spring would be a metaphorical title for the entire book -- suggesting a bleak future for the whole natural world -- rather than a literal chapter title about the absence of birdsong. With Carson 's approval, editor Paul Brooks at Houghton Mifflin arranged for illustrations by Louis and Lois Darling, who also designed the cover. The final writing was the first chapter, "A Fable for Tomorrow '', which was intended to provide a gentle introduction to a serious topic. By mid-1962, Brooks and Carson had largely finished the editing and were planning to promote the book by sending the manuscript to select individuals for final suggestions. In Silent Spring, Carson relied on evidence from two New York state organic farmers, Marjorie Spock and Mary Richards, and that of biodynamic farming advocate Ehrenfried Pfeiffer in developing her case against DDT.
The overriding theme of Silent Spring is the powerful -- and often negative -- effect humans have on the natural world. Carson 's main argument is that pesticides have detrimental effects on the environment; she says these are more properly termed "biocides '' because their effects are rarely limited to the target pests. DDT is a prime example, but other synthetic pesticides -- many of which are subject to bioaccumulation -- are scrutinized. Carson accuses the chemical industry of intentionally spreading disinformation and public officials of accepting industry claims uncritically. Most of the book is devoted to pesticides ' effects on natural ecosystems, but four chapters detail cases of human pesticide poisoning, cancer, and other illnesses attributed to pesticides. About DDT and cancer, Carson says only:
In laboratory tests on animal subjects, DDT has produced suspicious liver tumors. Scientists of the Food and Drug Administration who reported the discovery of these tumors were uncertain how to classify them, but felt there was some "justification for considering them low grade hepatic cell carcinomas. '' Dr. Hueper (author of Occupational Tumors and Allied Diseases) now gives DDT the definite rating of a "chemical carcinogen. ''
Carson predicts increased consequences in the future, especially since targeted pests may develop resistance to pesticides and weakened ecosystems fall prey to unanticipated invasive species. The book closes with a call for a biotic approach to pest control as an alternative to chemical pesticides.
Carson never called for an outright ban on DDT. She said in Silent Spring that even if DDT and other insecticides had no environmental side effects, their indiscriminate overuse was counterproductive because it would create insect resistance to pesticides, making them useless in eliminating the target insect populations:
No responsible person contends that insect - borne disease should be ignored. The question that has now urgently presented itself is whether it is either wise or responsible to attack the problem by methods that are rapidly making it worse. The world has heard much of the triumphant war against disease through the control of insect vectors of infection, but it has heard little of the other side of the story -- the defeats, the short - lived triumphs that now strongly support the alarming view that the insect enemy has been made actually stronger by our efforts. Even worse, we may have destroyed our very means of fighting.
Carson also said that "Malaria programmes are threatened by resistance among mosquitoes '', and quoted the advice given by the director of Holland 's Plant Protection Service: "Practical advice should be ' Spray as little as you possibly can ' rather than ' Spray to the limit of your capacity '. Pressure on the pest population should always be as slight as possible. ''
Carson and the others involved with publication of Silent Spring expected fierce criticism and were concerned about the possibility of being sued for libel. Carson was undergoing radiation therapy for her cancer and expected to have little energy to defend her work and respond to critics. In preparation for the anticipated attacks, Carson and her agent attempted to amass prominent supporters before the book 's release.
Most of the book 's scientific chapters were reviewed by scientists with relevant expertise, among whom Carson found strong support. Carson attended the White House Conference on Conservation in May 1962; Houghton Mifflin distributed proof copies of Silent Spring to many of the delegates and promoted the upcoming serialization in The New Yorker. Carson also sent a proof copy to Supreme Court Associate Justice William O. Douglas, a long - time environmental advocate who had argued against the court 's rejection of the Long Island pesticide spraying case and had provided Carson with some of the material included in her chapter on herbicides.
Though Silent Spring had generated a fairly high level of interest based on pre-publication promotion, this became more intense with its serialization, which began in the June 16, 1962, issue. This brought the book to the attention of the chemical industry and its lobbyists, as well as the American public. Around that time, Carson learned that Silent Spring had been selected as the Book - of - the - Month for October; she said this would "carry it to farms and hamlets all over that country that do n't know what a bookstore looks like -- much less The New Yorker. '' Other publicity included a positive editorial in The New York Times and excerpts of the serialized version were published in Audubon Magazine. There was another round of publicity in July and August as chemical companies responded. The story of the birth defect - causing drug thalidomide had broken just before the book 's publication, inviting comparisons between Carson and Frances Oldham Kelsey, the Food and Drug Administration reviewer who had blocked the drug 's sale in the United States.
In the weeks before the September 27, 1962, publication, there was strong opposition to Silent Spring from the chemical industry. DuPont, a major manufacturer of DDT and 2, 4 - D, and Velsicol Chemical Company, the only manufacturer of chlordane and heptachlor, were among the first to respond. DuPont compiled an extensive report on the book 's press coverage and estimated impact on public opinion. Velsicol threatened legal action against Houghton Mifflin, and The New Yorker and Audubon Magazine unless their planned Silent Spring features were canceled. Chemical industry representatives and lobbyists lodged a range of non-specific complaints, some anonymously. Chemical companies and associated organizations produced brochures and articles promoting and defending pesticide use. However, Carson 's and the publishers ' lawyers were confident in the vetting process Silent Spring had undergone. The magazine and book publications proceeded as planned, as did the large Book - of - the - Month printing, which included a pamphlet by William O. Douglas endorsing the book.
American Cyanamid biochemist Robert White - Stevens and former Cyanamid chemist Thomas Jukes were among the most aggressive critics, especially of Carson 's analysis of DDT. According to White - Stevens, "If man were to follow the teachings of Miss Carson, we would return to the Dark Ages, and the insects and diseases and vermin would once again inherit the earth ''. Others attacked Carson 's personal character and scientific credentials, her training being in marine biology rather than biochemistry. White - Stevens called her "a fanatic defender of the cult of the balance of nature '', while former U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Ezra Taft Benson in a letter to former President Dwight D. Eisenhower reportedly said that because she was unmarried despite being physically attractive, she was "probably a Communist ''.
Many critics repeatedly said Carson was calling for the elimination of all pesticides, but she had made it clear she was not advocating this but was instead encouraging responsible and carefully managed use with an awareness of the chemicals ' impact on ecosystems. She concludes her section on DDT in Silent Spring with advice for spraying as little as possible to limit the development of resistance. Mark Hamilton Lytle writes, Carson "quite self - consciously decided to write a book calling into question the paradigm of scientific progress that defined postwar American culture ''.
The academic community -- including prominent defenders such as H.J. Muller, Loren Eiseley, Clarence Cottam and Frank Egler -- mostly backed the book 's scientific claims and public opinion backed Carson 's text. The chemical industry campaign was counterproductive because the controversy increased public awareness of the potential dangers of pesticides. Pesticide use became a major public issue after a CBS Reports television special, "The Silent Spring of Rachel Carson '', which was broadcast on April 3, 1963. The program included segments of Carson reading from Silent Spring and interviews with other experts, mostly critics including White - Stevens. According to biographer Linda Lear, "in juxtaposition to the wild - eyed, loud - voiced Dr. Robert White - Stevens in white lab coat, Carson appeared anything but the hysterical alarmist that her critics contended ''. Reactions from the estimated audience of ten to fifteen million were overwhelmingly positive and the program spurred a congressional review of pesticide hazards and the public release of a pesticide report by the President 's Science Advisory Committee. Within a year of publication, attacks on the book and on Carson had lost momentum.
In one of her last public appearances, Carson testified before President John F. Kennedy 's Science Advisory Committee, which issued its report on May 15, 1963, largely backing Carson 's scientific claims. Following the report 's release, Carson also testified before a U.S. Senate subcommittee to make policy recommendations. Though Carson received hundreds of other speaking invitations, she was unable to accept most of them because her health was steadily declining, with only brief periods of remission. She spoke as much as she could, and appeared on The Today Show and gave speeches at several dinners held in her honor. In late 1963, she received a flurry of awards and honors: the Audubon Medal from the National Audubon Society, the Cullum Geographical Medal from the American Geographical Society, and induction into the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
The book has been translated into German (under the title: Der stumme Frühling), with the first German edition appearing in 1963, followed by a number of later editions.
It was translated into French (as Le printemps silencieux), with the first French edition also appearing in 1963.
In 1965 Silent Spring had been published in Russian (under the title Безмолвная весна).
The book 's Italian title is Primavera silenziosa.; and the Spanish title is Primavera silenciosa.
It was translated to Swedish and published in 1963, titled Tyst vår.
Carson 's work had a powerful impact on the environmental movement. Silent Spring became a rallying point for the new social movement in the 1960s. According to environmental engineer and Carson scholar H. Patricia Hynes, "Silent Spring altered the balance of power in the world. No one since would be able to sell pollution as the necessary underside of progress so easily or uncritically. '' Carson 's work and the activism it inspired are partly responsible for the deep ecology movement and the strength of the grassroots environmental movement since the 1960s. It was also influential on the rise of ecofeminism and on many feminist scientists. Carson 's most direct legacy in the environmental movement was the campaign to ban the use of DDT in the United States, and related efforts to ban or limit its use throughout the world. The 1967 formation of the Environmental Defense Fund was the first major milestone in the campaign against DDT. The organization brought lawsuits against the government to "establish a citizen 's right to a clean environment '', and the arguments against DDT largely mirrored Carson 's. By 1972, the Environmental Defense Fund and other activist groups had succeeded in securing a phase - out of DDT use in the United States, except in emergency cases.
The creation of the Environmental Protection Agency by the Nixon Administration in 1970 addressed another concern that Carson had written about. Until then, the USDA was responsible both for regulating pesticides and promoting the concerns of the agriculture industry; Carson saw this as a conflict of interest, since the agency was not responsible for effects on wildlife or other environmental concerns beyond farm policy. Fifteen years after its creation, one journalist described the EPA as "the extended shadow of Silent Spring ''. Much of the agency 's early work, such as enforcement of the 1972 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, was directly related to Carson 's work. Contrary to the position of the pesticide industry, the DDT phase - out action taken by the EPA (led by William Ruckelshaus) implied that there was no way to adequately regulate DDT use. Ruckelshaus ' conclusion was that DDT could not be used safely. History professor Gary Kroll wrote, "Rachel Carson 's Silent Spring played a large role in articulating ecology as a ' subversive subject ' -- as a perspective that cuts against the grain of materialism, scientism, and the technologically engineered control of nature. ''
In a 2013 interview, Ruckelshaus briefly recounted his decision to ban DDT except for emergency uses, noting that Carson 's book featured DDT and for that reason the issue drew considerable public attention.
Former Vice President of the United States and environmentalist Al Gore wrote an introduction to the 1992 edition of Silent Spring. He wrote: "Silent Spring had a profound impact... Indeed, Rachel Carson was one of the reasons that I became so conscious of the environment and so involved with environmental issues... (she) has had as much or more effect on me than any, and perhaps than all of them together. ''
Carson and the environmental movement were -- and continue to be -- criticized by some who argue that restrictions on the use of pesticides -- specifically DDT -- have caused tens of millions of needless deaths and hampered agriculture, and implicitly that Carson was responsible for inciting such restrictions. These arguments have been dismissed as "outrageous '' by former WHO scientist Socrates Litsios. May Berenbaum, University of Illinois entomologist, says, "to blame environmentalists who oppose DDT for more deaths than Hitler is worse than irresponsible. '' Investigative journalist Adam Sarvana and others characterize this notion as a "myth '' promoted principally by Roger Bate of the pro-DDT advocacy group Africa Fighting Malaria (AFM).
In the 2000s, criticism of the bans of DDT that her work prompted intensified. In 2009, the libertarian think tank Competitive Enterprise Institute set up a website saying, "Millions of people around the world suffer the painful and often deadly effects of malaria because one person sounded a false alarm. That person is Rachel Carson. '' A 2012 review article in Nature by Rob Dunn commemorating the 50th anniversary of Silent Spring prompted a response in a letter written by Anthony Trewavas and co-signed by 10 others, including Christopher Leaver, Bruce Ames, Richard Tren and Peter Lachmann, who quote estimates of 60 to 80 million deaths "as a result of misguided fears based on poorly understood evidence ''.
Biographer Hamilton Lytle believes these estimates are unrealistic, even if Carson can be "blamed '' for worldwide DDT policies. John Quiggin and Tim Lambert wrote, "the most striking feature of the claim against Carson is the ease with which it can be refuted ''. DDT was never banned for anti-malarial use, and its ban for agricultural use in the United States in 1972 did not apply outside the U.S. nor to anti-malaria spraying. The international treaty that banned most uses of DDT and other organochlorine pesticides -- the 2001 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants -- included an exemption for the use of DDT for malaria control until affordable substitutes could be found. Mass outdoor spraying of DDT was abandoned in poor countries subject to malaria, such as Sri Lanka, in the 1970s and 1980s; this was not because of government prohibitions but because the DDT had lost its ability to kill the mosquitoes. Because of insects ' very short breeding cycle and large number of offspring, the most resistant insects survive and pass on their genetic traits to their offspring, which replace the pesticide - slain insects relatively rapidly. Agricultural spraying of pesticides produces pesticide resistance in seven to ten years.
Some experts have said that restrictions placed on the agricultural use of DDT have increased its effectiveness for malaria control. According to pro-DDT advocate Amir Attaran, the result of the 2004 Stockholm Convention banning DDT 's use in agriculture "is arguably better than the status quo... For the first time, there is now an insecticide which is restricted to vector control only, meaning that the selection of resistant mosquitoes will be slower than before. ''
Silent Spring has been featured in many lists of the best nonfiction books of the twentieth century. It was fifth in the Modern Library List of Best 20th - Century Nonfiction and number 78 in the National Review 's 100 best non-fiction books of the 20th century. In 2006, Silent Spring was named one of the 25 greatest science books of all time by the editors of Discover Magazine. In 2012, the American Chemical Society designated the legacy of Silent Spring a National Historic Chemical Landmark at Chatham University in Pittsburgh.
In 1996, a follow - up book, Beyond Silent Spring, co-written by H.F. van Emden and David Peakall, was published.
In 2011, the American composer Steven Stucky wrote the eponymously titled symphonic poem Silent Spring to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the book 's publication. The piece was given its world premiere in Pittsburgh on February 17, 2012, with the conductor Manfred Honeck leading the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra.
Naturalist Sir David Attenborough has stated that Silent Spring was probably the book that had changed the scientific world the most, after the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin.
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canadian born youtube star who is of asian descent and was born in 1993 | Tommy Chong - wikipedia
Thomas B. Kin Chong (born May 24, 1938) is a Canadian American comedian, actor, writer, musician and cannabis rights activist who is known for his marijuana - themed Cheech & Chong comedy albums and movies with Cheech Marin, as well as playing the character Leo on Fox 's That ' 70s Show. He became a naturalized United States citizen in the late 1980s.
Chong was born at the University of Alberta Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta, on May 24, 1938, and given the name Thomas B. Kin Chong at birth. His mother was Lorna Jean (née Gilchrist), a waitress of Scots - Irish ancestry, and his father was Stanley Chong, a Chinese truck driver who immigrated to Canada from China in the 1920s. The senior Chong had first lived with an aunt in Vancouver after arriving in Canada.
As a youth, Tommy Chong moved with his family to Calgary, settling in a conservative neighbourhood Chong has referred to as "Dog Patch ''. He has said that his father had "been wounded in World War II, and there was a veterans ' hospital in Calgary. He bought a $500 house in Dog Patch and raised his family on $50 a week. '' In an interview, Chong later said,
I dropped out of Crescent Heights High School when I was 16 but probably just before they were going to throw me out anyway... I played guitar to make money. I was about 16 when I discovered that music could get you laid, even if you were a scrawny, long - haired, geeky - looking guy like me.
By the early 1960s, Chong was playing guitar for a Calgary soul group called The Shades. The Shades moved to Vancouver, British Columbia, where the band 's name changed to "Little Daddy & The Bachelors ''. They recorded a single, "Too Much Monkey Business '' / "Junior 's Jerk ''. Together with bandmember Bobby Taylor, Chong opened a Vancouver nightclub in 1963. Formerly the Alma Theatre, they called it "Blue Balls ''. They brought in the Ike & Tina Turner Revue, which had never been to Vancouver before. Although Little Daddy & The Bachelors built up a small following, things soured when they went with Chong 's suggestion and had themselves billed as "Four Niggers and a Chink '' (or, bowing to pressure, "Four N 's and a C '') before taking on the moniker Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers.
In 1965, the Vancouvers signed with Gordy Records (a subsidiary of Detroit 's Motown Records). They recorded their debut album, an eponymous release, and their debut single, the Tommy Chong co-composition, "Does Your Mama Know About Me, '' which peaked at number 29 on the Billboard Hot 100. While on tour in Chicago for a short time, the band followed opening act The Jackson 5. Chong later referred to the young Michael Jackson as a "cute little guy ''. After the band released two additional singles, Chong and Wes Henderson were fired by Chris Clark and Motown producer Johnny Bristol for missing an appointment to apply for Green cards to enable them to live in the US. The group broke up shortly afterwards, when Chong tried to reduce the number of players covered by the Vancouvers ' contract. He intended that he, Taylor, and Henderson would constitute the group, while other members would be classified as sidemen and session artists.
Chong co-wrote and performed on many Cheech & Chong comedy albums, four of which were nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album. He and Cheech Marin shared the 1973 award in this category for Los Cochinos.
He also directed four of the duo 's films, while co-writing and starring in all seven with Cheech.
Cheech & Chong, while a very successful comedy act, split in 1985 due to creative differences and Marin 's desire to focus on a mainstream acting career. This began a difficult time for Chong. He did not act regularly until filling the recurring role (later a regular role) as the fun - loving, aging hippie "Leo '' (similar to his Chong character) on That ' 70s Show. Chong was absent during the fifth and sixth seasons of the show as he was serving a brief jail sentence; upon his release, he returned to the series for its final two seasons. He also played a role as a hippie in Dharma and Greg.
Chong was originally going to voice the character of Shenzi, the hyena in the Disney film The Lion King. Cheech Marin voiced Banzai. (The Shenzi character was changed to a female, and voiced instead by Whoopi Goldberg.) Chong did provide the voice of the character Yax in the 2016 Disney film Zootopia.
In September 2005, a / k / a Tommy Chong premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival. The documentary, produced, written and directed by Josh Gilbert, chronicles Chong 's comedic and personal history. It includes material related to his prosecution by the US Justice Department and imprisonment. The project features interviews with Cheech Marin, Bill Maher, George Thorogood, Peter Coyote, Lou Adler, Eric Schlosser and Jay Leno. In 2011, Chong appeared as a Judge in an episode of Franklin & Bash.
On September 4, 2014, Chong was announced as one of the celebrities participating on the 19th season of Dancing with the Stars. He paired with professional dancer Peta Murgatroyd. Despite being at the bottom of the leaderboard numerous times, Chong and Murgatroyd were able to make it to the night of the semi-finals but were eliminated at the end of that night. Chong is the oldest contestant to have made it to the semi-finals of the show.
On April 4, 2015, Chong was in Ann Arbor, Michigan, for the annual "Hash Bash '' event which focuses on cannabis legalization. He was a guest speaker at this event, took pictures with fans and signed autographs.
In 2003 Chong became caught up in two American investigations, code - named Operation Pipe Dreams and Operation Headhunter, which tried to trace drug traffic and users through businesses selling drug paraphernalia, mostly bongs. Operation Pipe Dream was run from Pittsburgh. US Attorney for Western Pennsylvania Mary Beth Buchanan oversaw the case. The estimated cost of Operation Pipe Dream was over $12 million and included the resources of 2,000 law enforcement officers. Fifty - five companies that sold drug paraphernalia over the Internet were the subject of the investigation, and Nice Dreams was one of them.
Chong was charged for his part in financing and promoting Chong Glass / Nice Dreams, a company started by his son Paris. His case never went to trial, as his attorney negotiated a plea agreement with the US Attorney for the Western District of Pennsylvania 's Office. He admitted to distributing 7,500 bongs and water pipes on the Internet through Nice Dreams, a family company. Chong agreed to plead guilty to one count of conspiracy to distribute drug paraphernalia in exchange for non-prosecution of his wife, Shelby, and his son, Paris. Chong cooperated with the government and was the first of the Operation Pipe Dreams defendants to plead guilty.
At Chong 's sentencing, Assistant U.S. Attorney for Western Pennsylvania Mary McKeen Houghton said in her arguments that Tommy Chong "used his public image to promote this crime '' and marketed his products to children. U.S. Attorney Mary Beth Buchanan also was present at the sentencing in Pittsburgh and released a statement to the press stating, "there are consequences for violating the law, even if the violator is a well - known entertainer like Thomas Chong. ''
While Chong argued for community service and home detention at his sentencing, the district judge, Arthur J. Schwab, denied his requests and sentenced him to 9 months in federal prison, a fine of $20,000, forfeiture of $103,514, and the loss of all merchandise seized during the raid of his business. Chong served his sentence at the Taft Correctional Institution from October 8, 2003 to July 7, 2004. He was a cellmate -- or "cubie '' -- with "The Wolf of Wall Street '' Jordan Belfort, and is given credit for encouraging Belfort to write his memoirs. They have remained friends ever since.
These events were among those chronicled in a / k / a Tommy Chong (2006), a documentary by Josh Gilbert. It premiered theatrically at the New York Film Forum in New York City and won awards. His time in prison was also a main point in his book, "The I Chong ''.
While government officials denied that Chong was treated any differently from the other defendants, supporters felt his celebrity status was being used against him. Chong 's publicist Brandie Knight said the Chong family was shocked by the raid. "We 've done everything the right way, and the government is saying there is no right way, '' Knight said. Supporters started the "Free Tommy Chong! '' movement that called for his release. They questioned why Chong was prosecuted rather than his son Paris Chong, who was CEO of the business. They also pointed to the disparity in sentences between Chong 's and those of other defendants and the DEA tactics used in the investigation.
Paris Chong had started Nice Dreams in 1999. He was never charged with his crimes in relation to the investigation as part of a plea bargain. When asked why the government had focused on Chong rather than his son the CEO, US Attorney Mary Beth Buchanan said that "Tommy Chong was the more responsible corporate officer because he financed and marketed the product. ''
Of the 55 people who were subjects of the investigation, Chong was the only one without previous convictions who received jail time. When questioned on the sentencing, U.S. Attorney Mary Beth Buchanan noted that Chong had never gone to trial and made a plea bargain. She said, "He was a relatively new player, but he had the ability to market products like no other. ''
During its investigation of Nice Dreams, federal agents posed as head - shop owners from Beaver County in western Pennsylvania. They asked Paris Chong to sell them pipes through the mail to a fictitious shop in the town of Beaver Falls, 31 miles from Pittsburgh. Paris Chong had been prohibited from selling to Pittsburgh or anywhere in Western Pennsylvania because of the successful federal prosecution of Akhil Kumar Mishra and his wife, Rajeshwari, who had two head shops in the city. Accounts differ as to who in Nice Dreams went against Chong 's prohibition, or even if it had been made up by the defense, but the sales did take place to the agents. This enabled the U.S. Attorney to show jurisdiction in Pennsylvania for Chong 's illegal activities, as opposed to California, which was the base for Nice Dreams.
In December 2004, Chong was to appear in an off - Broadway show entitled The Marijuana - Logues, a parody of Eve Ensler 's The Vagina Monologues. His parole officer barred him from the show and the tour was cancelled, as audience members were smoking pot during performances. Such exposure would cause Chong to violate the terms of his parole. In 2006, Chong published a memoir about his experiences in jail and his exploration of meditation, called The I Chong: Meditations from the Joint.
In 2010, Chong and Cyril Wecht appeared at a Democratic Party fundraiser in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to aid the campaign against Mary Beth Buchanan, the United States Attorney who prosecuted him. She was running as a Republican candidate for the United States House of Representatives. She was defeated in the Republican primary.
On May 7, 2008, federal agents raided Spectrum Labs in an investigation related to its "detoxification '' products. The search was one of nine conducted for Operation True Test, an investigation being led by Buchanan, still the U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Pennsylvania. It targeted companies that sell so - called "masking products, '' intended to help drug - users pass employer drug tests. No federal law bans such products; they are regulated on a state - by - state basis. Of the nine search warrants issued, none was for businesses within Buchanan 's district.
Chong claimed that federal agents had seized 8,000 -- 10,000 copies of the yet - to - be released documentary, a / k / a Tommy Chong, from Spectrum Labs, but their attorney said no DVDs were taken. In a press release, Chong said, "(The seizure of the DVDs is) a way to punish the distributor financially. There 's no way to get the DVDs back until the investigation is over. '' Chong said he did not have any ownership of the film. The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette later amended its story, saying that an "undisclosed number of DVDs was taken ''. It noted the government is not required to disclose a reason for the seizure as the raid was part of "an ongoing investigation ''.
Chong appeared with his long - time comedy partner, Cheech Marin, in a 2000 South Park episode called "Cherokee Hair Tampons '', where they played fictional versions of themselves.
In mid-2008, Cheech & Chong reunited and started touring. The tour was called Light Up America and Canada and The Felimony Tour, which referred to major expenses of each. In October 2008, they appeared on The Opie and Anthony Show, The Howard Stern Show and The Ron and Fez Show on SIRIUS / XM Satellite Radio. On March 1, 2010, they hosted WWE Raw in Oklahoma City. On March 13, 2011, Cheech & Chong were guest stars on The Simpsons episode "A Midsummer 's Nice Dream '', where, during a reunion tour, Homer briefly replaced Chong before the pair reconciled.
Cheech Marin appeared in Tommy Chong 's first dance in the season opener of Dancing with the Stars, on September 15, 2014. Around this same time, Cheech and Chong appeared together on the internet - based, pro-marijuana show, Getting Doug With High.
In 1960, Chong married Maxine Sneed in Canada. She is also multi-racial, of Black Canadian and Cherokee descent. They have two daughters, Rae Dawn (b. 1961), and Robbi Chong (b. 1965). They divorced in 1970.
In 1975, Chong married Shelby Fiddis in Los Angeles. They had three children, sons Paris (b. 1974) and Gilbran (b. 1981), and daughter Precious Chong. In 1978, the couple adopted Marcus Wyatt. Rae Dawn, Robbi, Marcus, and Precious Chong have each pursued careers in acting. In addition to film work, in May 2011, Precious Chong had her play, Push... One Mother of a Show, produced in Toronto.
In the late 1980s, Chong became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Rae Dawn Chong has also become a naturalized U.S. citizen.
Tommy Chong has become a marijuana activist and supports legalizing the plant 's use. He is a regular contributor to Cannabis Culture Magazine and sits on the NORML (National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws) advisory board.
Chong announced on June 9, 2012, that he is battling prostate cancer. He described the cancer "as a slow stage one (that I 've) had for a long time. '' He said that he had been drug - free for about three years, during which time he began having prostate - related problems. On July 15, 2012, Chong tweeted that the hemp oil treatment he 'd been using to cure his cancer was effective and that he is "99 % cancer free. '' However, on June 16, 2015, Chong stated that he had contracted colorectal cancer and was "using cannabis like crazy '' in order to endure the treatment.
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who is the architect of the empire state building | Empire State Building - Wikipedia
The Empire State Building is a 102 - story Art Deco skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon and completed in 1931, the building has a roof height of 1,250 feet (380 m) and stands a total of 1,454 feet (443.2 m) tall, including its antenna. Its name is derived from "Empire State '', the nickname of New York. As of 2017 the building is the 5th - tallest completed skyscraper in the United States and the 28th - tallest in the world. It is also the 6th - tallest freestanding structure in the Americas.
The site of the Empire State Building, located on the west side of Fifth Avenue between West 33rd and 34th Streets, was originally part of an early 18th century farm. In the late 1820s, it came into the possession of the prominent Astor family, with John Jacob Astor 's descendants building the Waldorf -- Astoria Hotel on the site in the 1890s. By the 1920s, the family had sold the outdated hotel and the site indirectly ended up under the ownership of Empire State Inc., a business venture that included businessman John J. Raskob and former New York governor Al Smith. The original design of the Empire State Building was for a 50 - story office building. However, after fifteen revisions, the final design was for a 86 - story 1,250 - foot building, with an airship mast on top. This ensured it would be the world 's tallest building, beating the Chrysler Building and 40 Wall Street, two other Manhattan skyscrapers under construction at the time that were also vying for that distinction.
Demolition of the Waldorf -- Astoria began in October 1929, and the foundation of the Empire State Building was excavated before demolition was even complete. Construction on the building itself started on March 17, 1930, with an average construction rate of one floor per day. A well - coordinated schedule meant that the 86 stories were topped out on September 19, six months after construction started, and the mast was completed by November 21. From that point, interior work proceeded at a quick pace, and it was opened on May 1, 1931, thirteen and a half months after the first steel beam was erected. Despite the publicity surrounding the building 's construction, its owners failed to make a profit until the early 1950s. However, it has been a popular tourist attraction since opening, with around 4 million visitors to the building 's 86th and 102nd floor observatories every year.
The Empire State Building stood as the world 's tallest building for nearly 40 years until the completion of the World Trade Center 's North Tower in Lower Manhattan in late 1970. Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, it was again the tallest building in New York until the new One World Trade Center was completed in April 2012.
The Empire State Building is an American cultural icon and has been featured in more than 250 TV shows and movies since the film King Kong was released in 1933. A symbol of New York City, the tower has been named as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The Empire State Building and its ground - floor interior have been designated as a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, and were confirmed as such by the New York City Board of Estimate. It was also designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986, and was ranked number one on the American Institute of Architects ' List of America 's Favorite Architecture in 2007.
The Empire State Building is located on the west side of 350 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, between 33rd and 34th Streets. Although physically located in South Midtown, a mixed residential and commercial area, the building is so large that it was assigned its own ZIP code, 10118; it is one of 43 buildings in New York City that has its own zip code. The area to the south and west features other major Manhattan landmarks as well, including Macy 's at Herald Square on Sixth Avenue and 34th Street, Koreatown on 32nd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, Penn Station and Madison Square Garden on Seventh Avenue between 32nd and 34th Streets, and the Flower District on 28th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues. The nearest New York City Subway stations are 34th Street -- Herald Square at Sixth Avenue and Broadway, one block west, and 33rd Street at Park Avenue, two blocks east. There is also a PATH station at 33rd Street and Sixth Avenue.
To the east of the Empire State Building is Murray Hill, a neighborhood with a mix of residential, commercial, and entertainment. One block east of the Empire State Building, on Madison Avenue at 34th Street, is the New York Public Library 's Science, Industry and Business Library, which is located on the same block as the City University of New York 's Graduate Center.
The tract was originally part of Mary and John Murray 's farm on Murray Hill. The earliest recorded major action on the site was during the American Revolutionary War, when General George Washington 's troops were retreating from the British following the Battle of Kip 's Bay. In 1799, John Thompson (or Thomson; accounts vary) bought a 20 - acre (8 ha) tract of land roughly bounded by Madison Avenue, 36th Street, Sixth Avenue, and 33rd Street, immediately north of the Caspar Samler farm, for 482 British pounds (roughly US $2400 at the time). Thompson was said to have sold the farm to Charles Lawton for $10,000 on September 24, 1825, although details of this sale are unclear, as details of the deed that certified the sale were later lost. In 1826, John Jacob Astor of the prominent Astor family bought the land from Lawton for $20,500. The Astors also purchased a parcel from the Murrays. John Jacob 's son William Backhouse Astor Sr. bought a half interest on July 28, 1827, for $20,500, for a tract of land on Fifth Avenue from 32nd to 35th streets.
On March 13, 1893, John Jacob Astor Sr 's grandson William Waldorf Astor opened the Waldorf Hotel on the site with the help of hotelier George Boldt. On November 1, 1897, Waldorf 's cousin, John Jacob Astor IV, opened the 16 - story Astoria Hotel on an adjacent site. The combined hotel had 1,300 bedrooms making it the largest hotel in the world at the time. After Boldt died, in early 1918, the hotel lease was purchased by Coleman du Pont. By the 1920s, the hotel was becoming dated and the elegant social life of New York had moved much farther north than 34th Street. The Astor family decided to build a replacement hotel further uptown, and sold the hotel to Bethlehem Engineering Corporation in 1928 for $14 -- 16 million. They closed the hotel on May 3, 1929.
Bethlehem Engineering Corporation originally intended to build a 25 - story office building on the Waldorf -- Astoria site. The company 's president, Floyd De L. Brown, paid $100,000 of the $1 million down payment required to start construction on the tower, with the promise that the difference would be paid later. Brown borrowed $900,000 from a bank, but then defaulted on the loan.
The land was then resold to Empire State Inc., a group of wealthy investors that included Louis G. Kaufman, Ellis P. Earle, John J. Raskob, Coleman du Pont, and Pierre S. du Pont. The name came from the state nickname for New York. Alfred E. Smith, a former Governor of New York and U.S. presidential candidate whose 1928 campaign had been managed by Raskob, was appointed head of the company. The group also purchased nearby land so they would have the 2 acres (1 ha) needed for the tower 's base, with the combined plot measuring 425 feet (130 m) wide by 200 feet (61 m) long. The Empire State Inc. consortium was announced to the public in August 1929.
Empire State Inc. contracted William F. Lamb, of architectural firm Shreve, Lamb and Harmon, to create the building design. Lamb produced the building drawings in just two weeks using the firm 's earlier designs for the Reynolds Building in Winston - Salem, North Carolina as the basis. Concurrently, Lamb 's partner Richmond Shreve created "bug diagrams '' of the project requirements. The 1916 Zoning Act forced Lamb to design a structure that incorporated setbacks resulting in the lower floors being larger than the upper floors. Consequently, the tower was designed from the top down, giving it a "pencil '' - like shape.
The original plan of the building was 50 stories, but was later increased to 60 and then 80 stories. Height restrictions were placed on nearby buildings to ensure that the top fifty floors of the planned 80 - story, 1,000 - foot - tall (300 m) building would have unobstructed views of the city. The New York Times lauded the site 's proximity to transportation, with the Brooklyn -- Manhattan Transit 's 34th Street station and the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad 's 33rd Street terminal one block away, as well as Penn Station two blocks away and the Grand Central Terminal nine blocks away at its closest. It also praised the 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m) of proposed floor space near "one of the busiest sections in the world ''.
While plans for the Empire State Building were being finalized, an intense competition in New York for the title of "world 's tallest building '' was underway. 40 Wall Street (then the Bank of Manhattan Building) and the Chrysler Building in Manhattan both vied for this distinction and were already under construction when work began on the Empire State Building. The "Race into the Sky '', as popular media called it at the time, was representative of the country 's optimism in the 1920s, fueled by the building boom in major cities. The 40 Wall Street tower was revised, in April 1929, from 840 feet (260 m) to 925 feet (282 m) making it the world 's tallest. The Chrysler Building added its 185 - foot (56 m) steel tip to its roof in October 1929, thus bringing it to a height of 1,046 feet (319 m) and greatly exceeding the height of 40 Wall Street. The Chrysler Building 's developer, Walter Chrysler, realized that his tower 's height would exceed the Empire State Building 's as well, having instructed his architect, William Van Alen, to change the Chrysler 's original roof from a stubby Romanesque dome to a narrow steel spire. Raskob, wishing to have the Empire State Building be the world 's tallest, reviewed the plans and had five floors added as well as a spire; however, the new floors would need to be set back because of projected wind pressure on the extension. On November 18, 1929, Smith acquired a lot at 27 -- 31 West 33rd Street, adding 75 feet (23 m) to the width of the proposed office building 's site. Two days later, Smith announced the updated plans for the skyscraper that included an observation deck on the 86th - floor roof at a height of 1,050 feet (320 m), higher than the Chrysler 's 71st - floor observation deck.
The 1,050 - foot Empire State Building would only be 4 feet (1.2 m) taller than the Chrysler Building, and Raskob was afraid that Chrysler might try to "pull a trick like hiding a rod in the spire and then sticking it up at the last minute. '' The plans were revised one last time in December 1929, with a 16 - story, 200 - foot (61 m) metal "crown '' and an additional 222 - foot (68 m) dirigible mooring mast. The roof height was now 1,250 feet (380 m), making it the tallest building in the world by far, even without the antenna. The addition of the dirigible station meant that another floor, the now - enclosed 86th floor, would have to be built below the crown; however, unlike the Chrysler 's spire, the Empire State 's mast would serve a practical purpose. The final plan was announced to the public on January 8, 1930, just before the start of construction. The New York Times reported that the spire was facing some "technical problems '', but they were "no greater than might be expected under such a novel plan. '' By this time the blueprints for the building had gone through up to fifteen versions before they were approved. Lamb described the other specifications he was given for the final, approved plan:
The program was short enough -- a fixed budget, no space more than 28 feet from window to corridor, as many stories of such space as possible, an exterior of limestone, and completion date of (May 1), 1931, which meant a year and six months from the beginning of sketches.
The contractors were Starrett Brothers and Eken, Paul and William A. Starrett and Andrew J. Eken, who had also constructed other New York City buildings such as the original Stuyvesant Town, Starrett City and Trump Tower. The project was financed primarily by Raskob and Pierre du Pont, while James Farley 's General Builders Supply Corporation supplied the building materials. John W. Bowser was the construction superintendent of the proejct, and the structural engineer of the building was Homer G. Balcom. The tight completion schedule necessitated the commencement of construction even though the design had yet to be finalized.
Demolition of the old Waldorf -- Astoria began on October 1, 1929. Stripping the building down was an arduous process, as the hotel had been constructed using more rigid material than earlier buildings had been. Furthermore, the old hotel 's granite, wood chips, and "' precious ' metals such as lead, brass, and zinc '' were not in high demand resulting in issues with disposal. Most of the wood was deposited into a woodpile on nearby 30th Street or was burned in a swamp elsewhere. Much of the other materials that made up the old hotel, including the granite and bronze, were dumped into the Atlantic Ocean near Sandy Hook, New Jersey.
By the time the hotel 's demolition started, Raskob had secured the required funding for the construction of the building. The plan was to start construction later that year but, on October 24, the New York Stock Exchange suffered a sudden crash marking the beginning of the decade - long Great Depression. Despite the economic downturn, Raskob refused to cancel the project because of the progress that had been made up to that point. Neither Raskob, who had ceased speculation in the stock market the previous year, nor Smith, who had no stock investments, suffered financially in the crash. However, most of the investors were affected and as a result, in December 1929, Empire State Inc. obtained a $27.5 million loan from Metropolitan Life Insurance Company so construction could begin. The stock market crash resulted in no demand in new office space, Raskob and Smith nonetheless started construction, as canceling the project would have resulted in greater losses for the investors.
A structural steel contract was awarded on January 12, 1930, with excavation of the site beginning ten days later on January 22, before the old hotel had been completely demolished. Two twelve - hour shifts, consisting of 300 men each, worked continuously to dig the 55 - foot (17 m) foundation. Small pier holes were sunk into the ground to house the concrete footings that would support the steelwork. Excavation was nearly complete by early March, and construction on the building itself started on March 17, with the builders placing the first steel columns on the completed footings before the rest of the footings had been finished. Around this time, Lamb held a press conference on the building plans. He described the reflective steel panels parallel to the windows, the large - block Indiana Limestone facade that was slightly more expensive than smaller bricks, and the tower 's lines and rise. Four colossal columns, intended for installation in the center of the building site, were delivered; they would support a combined 10,000,000 pounds (4,500,000 kg) when the building was finished.
The structural steel was pre-ordered and pre-fabricated in anticipation of a revision to the city 's building code that would have allowed the Empire State Building 's structural steel to carry 18,000 pounds per square inch (124,106 kPa), up from 16,000 pounds per square inch (110,316 kPa), thus reducing the amount of steel needed for the building. Although the 18,000 - psi regulation had been safely enacted in other cities, Mayor Jimmy Walker did not sign the new codes into law until March 26, 1930, just before construction was due to commence. The first steel framework was installed on April 1, 1930. From there, construction proceeded at a rapid pace; during one stretch of 10 working days, the builders erected fourteen floors. This was made possible through precise coordination of the building 's planning, as well as the mass production of common materials such as windows and spandrels. On one occasion, when a supplier could not provide timely delivery of dark Hauteville marble, Starrett switched to using Rose Famosa marble from a German quarry that was purchased specifically to provide the project with sufficient marble.
The scale of the project was massive, with trucks carrying "16,000 partition tiles, 5,000 bags of cement, 450 cubic yards (340 m) of sand and 300 bags of lime '' arriving at the construction site every day. There were also cafes and concession stands on five of the incomplete floors so workers did not have to descend to the ground level to eat lunch. Temporary water taps were also built so workers did not waste time buying water bottles from the ground level. Additionally, carts running on a small railway system transported materials from the basement storage to elevators that brought the carts to the desired floors where they would then be distributed throughout that level using another set of tracks. The 57,480 short tons (51,320 long tons) of steel ordered for the project was the largest - ever single order of steel at the time, comprising more steel than was ordered for the Chrysler Building and 40 Wall Street combined. According to historian John Tauranac, building materials were sourced from numerous, and distant, sources with "limestone from Indiana, steel girders from Pittsburgh, cement and mortar from upper New York State, marble from Italy, France, and England, wood from northern and Pacific Coast forests, (and) hardware from New England. '' The facade, too, used a variety of material, most prominently Indiana limestone but also Swedish black granite, terracotta, and brick.
By June 20, the skyscraper 's supporting steel structure had risen to the 26th floor, and by July 27, half of the steel structure had been completed. Starrett Bros. and Eken endeavored to build one floor a day in order to speed up construction, a goal that they almost reached with their pace of 4 ⁄ stories per week; prior to this, the fastest pace of construction for a building of similar height had been 3 ⁄ stories per week. While construction progressed, the final designs for the floors were being designed from the ground up (as opposed to the general design, which had been from the roof down). Some of the levels were still undergoing final approval, with several orders placed within an hour of a plan being finalized. On September 10, as steelwork was nearing completion, Smith laid the building 's cornerstone during a ceremony attended by thousands. The stone contained a box with contemporary artifacts including the previous day 's New York Times, a U.S. currency set containing all denominations of notes and coins minted in 1930, a history of the site and building, and photographs of the people involved in construction. The steel structure was topped out at 1,048 feet (319 m) on September 19, twelve days ahead of schedule and 23 weeks after the start of construction. Workers raised a flag atop the 86th floor to signify this milestone.
Afterward, work on the building 's interior and crowning mast commenced. The mooring mast topped out on November 21, two months after the steelwork had been completed. Meanwhile, work on the walls and interior was progressing at a quick pace, with exterior walls built up to the 75th floor by the time steelwork had been built to the 95th floor. The majority of the facade was already finished by the middle of November. Because of the building 's height, it was deemed infeasible to have many elevators or large elevator cabins, so the builders contracted with the Otis Elevator Company to make 66 cars that could speed at 1,200 feet per minute (366 m / min), which represented the largest - ever elevator order at the time.
In addition to the time constraint builders had, there were also space limitations because construction materials had to be delivered quickly, and trucks needed to drop off these materials without congesting traffic. This was solved by creating a temporary driveway for the trucks between 33rd and 34th Streets, and then storing the materials in the building 's first floor and basements. Concrete mixers, brick hoppers, and stone hoists inside the building ensured that materials would be able to ascend quickly and without endangering or inconveniencing the public. At one point, over 200 trucks made material deliveries at the building site every day. A series of relay and erection derricks, placed on platforms erected near the building, lifted the steel from the trucks below and installed the beams at the appropriate locations. The Empire State Building was structurally completed on April 11, 1931, twelve days ahead of schedule and 410 days after construction commenced. Al Smith shot the final rivet, which was made of solid gold.
The project involved more than 3,500 workers at its peak, including 3,439 on a single day, August 14, 1930. Many of the workers were Irish and Italian immigrants, with a sizable minority of Mohawk ironworkers from the Kahnawake reserve near Montreal. According to official accounts, five workers died during the construction, although the New York Daily News gave reports of 14 deaths and a headline in the socialist magazine The New Masses spread unfounded rumors of up to 42 deaths. The Empire State Building cost $40,948,900 to build, including demolition of the Waldorf -- Astoria (equivalent to $533,628,800 in 2016). This was lower than the $60 million budgeted for construction.
Lewis Hine captured many photographs of the construction, documenting not only the work itself but also providing insight into the daily life of workers in that era. Hine 's images were used extensively by the media to publish daily press releases. According to the writer Jim Rasenberger, Hine "climbed out onto the steel with the ironworkers and dangled from a derrick cable hundreds of feet above the city to capture, as no one ever had before (or has since), the dizzy work of building skyscrapers ''. In Rasenberger 's words, Hine turned what might have been an assignment of "corporate flak '' into "exhilarating art ''. These images were later organized into their own collection. Onlookers were enraptured by the sheer height at which the steelworkers operated. New York magazine wrote of the steelworkers: "Like little spiders they toiled, spinning a fabric of steel against the sky ''.
The Empire State Building was officially opened on May 1, 1931, forty five days ahead of its projected opening date, by United States President Herbert Hoover, who turned on the building 's lights with the ceremonial button push from Washington, D.C.. Over 350 guests attended the opening ceremony, and following luncheon, at the 86th floor including Jimmy Walker, Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Al Smith. An account from that day stated that the view from the luncheon was obscured by a fog, with other landmarks such as the Statue of Liberty being "lost in the mist ''. The building officially opened the next day. Advertisements for the observatories were placed in local newspapers, while nearby hotels also released advertisements that lauded their proximity to the newly opened tower.
According to The New York Times, builders and real estate speculators predicted that the 1,250 - foot - tall (380 m) Empire State Building would be the world 's tallest building "for many years '', thus ending the great New York City skyscraper rivalry. At the time, most engineers agreed that it would be difficult to build a building taller than 1,200 feet (370 m), even with the hardy Manhattan bedrock as a foundation. (Technically, it was believed possible to build a tower of up to 2,000 feet (610 m), but it was deemed uneconomical to do so, especially during the Great Depression.) As the tallest building in the world, at that time, and the first one to exceed 100 floors, the Empire State Building became an icon of the city and, ultimately, of the nation.
The Empire State Building 's opening coincided with the Great Depression in the United States, and as a result much of its office space was vacant from its opening. In the first year, only 23 % of the available space was rented, as compared to the early 1920s, where the average building would have occupancy of 52 % upon opening and 90 % rented within five years. The lack of renters led New Yorkers to deride the building as the "Empty State Building ''.
Jack Brod, one of the building 's longest resident tenants, co-established the Empire Diamond Corporation with his father in the building in mid-1931 and rented space in the building until he died in 2008. Brod recalled that there were only about 20 tenants at the time of opening, including him, and that Al Smith was the only real tenant in the space above his seventh - floor offices. Generally, during the early 1930s, it was rare for more than a single office space to be rented in the building, despite Smith 's and Raskob 's aggressive marketing efforts in the newspapers and to anyone they knew. The building 's lights were continuously left on, even in the unrented spaces, to give the impression of occupancy. This was exacerbated by competition from Rockefeller Center as well as from buildings on 42nd Street, which, when combined with the Empire State Building, resulted in surplus of office space in a slow market.
Aggressive marketing efforts served to reinforce the Empire State Building 's status as the world 's tallest. The observatory was advertised in local newspapers as well as on railroad tickets. The building became a popular tourist attraction, with one million people each paying one dollar to ride elevators to the observation decks in 1931. In its first year of operation, the observation deck made approximately $2 million in revenue, as much as its owners made in rent that year. By 1936, the observation deck was crowded on a daily basis, with food and drink available for purchase at the top, and by 1944 the tower had received its 5 millionth visitor. In 1931, NBC took up tenancy, leasing space on the 85th floor for radio broadcasts. From the outset the building was in debt, losing $1 million per year by 1935. Real estate developer Seymour Durst recalled that the building was so underused in 1936 that there was no elevator service above the 45th floor, as the building above the 41st floor was empty except for the NBC offices and the Raskob / Du Pont offices on the 81st floor.
Per the original plans, the Empire State Building 's spire was intended to be an airship docking station. Raskob and Smith had proposed dirigible ticketing offices and passenger waiting rooms on the 86th floor, while the airships themselves would be tied to the spire at the equivalent of the building 's 106th floor. An elevator would ferry passengers from the 86th to the 101st floor after they had checked in on the 86th floor, after which passengers would have climbed steep ladders to board the airship. The idea, however, was impractical and dangerous due to powerful updrafts caused by the building itself, the wind currents across Manhattan, and the spires of nearby skyscrapers. Furthermore, even if the airship were to successfully navigate all these obstacles, its crew would have to jettison some ballast by releasing water onto the streets below in order to maintain stability, and then tie the craft 's nose to the spire with no mooring lines securing the tail end of the craft. On September 15, 1931, in the first and only instance of an airship using the building 's mast, a small commercial United States Navy airship circled 25 times in 45 miles per hour (72 km / h) winds. The airship then attempted to dock at the mast, but its ballast spilled and the craft was rocked by unpredictable eddies. The near - disaster scuttled plans to turn the building 's spire into an airship terminal, although one blimp did manage to make a single newspaper delivery afterward.
In 1932, the Fifth Avenue Association gave the tower its 1931 "gold medal '' for architectural excellence, signifying that the Empire State had been the best - designed building on Fifth Avenue to open in 1931. A year later, on March 2, 1933, the movie King Kong was released. The movie, which depicted a large stop motion ape named Kong climbing the Empire State Building, made the still - new building into a cinematic icon.
On July 28, 1945, a B - 25 Mitchell bomber crashed into the north side of the Empire State Building, between the 79th and 80th floors. One engine completely penetrated the building and landed in a neighboring block, while the other engine and part of the landing gear plummeted down an elevator shaft. Fourteen people were killed in the incident, but the building escaped severe damage and was reopened two days later.
The Empire State Building only started becoming profitable in the 1950s, when it was finally able to break even for the first time. Despite the lack of nearby transportation centers, the Empire State Building started to attract renters due to its reputation. A 222 - foot (68 m) radio antenna was erected on top of the tower starting in 1950, allowing the area 's television stations to broadcast from the building.
However, despite the turnaround in the building 's fortunes, Raskob put the tower up for sale in 1951, with a minimum asking price of $50 million. The property was purchased by business partners Roger L. Stevens, Henry Crown, Alfred R. Glancy and Ben Tobin. The sale was brokered by the Charles F. Noyes Company, a prominent real estate firm in upper Manhattan, for $51 million, the highest price paid for a single structure at the time. By this time, the Empire State had been fully leased for several years with a waiting list of parties looking to lease space in the building, according to the Cortland Standard. That year, six news companies formed a partnership to pay a combined annual fee of $600,000 to use the tower 's antenna, which was completed in 1953. Crown bought out his partners ' ownership stakes in 1954, becoming the sole owner. The following year, the American Society of Civil Engineers named the building one of the "Seven Modern Civil Engineering Wonders ''.
In 1961, a group headed by Harry B. Helmsley, Lawrence A. Wien, and Wien 's son - in - law Peter L. Malkin gained control of the building for $65 million, which became the new highest price for a single structure. Over 3,000 people paid $10,000 for one share each in a company called Empire State Building Associates. The company in turn subleased the building to another company headed by Helmsley and Wein, raising $33 million of the funds needed to pay the purchase price. In a separate transaction, the land underneath the building was sold to Prudential Insurance for $29 million. Helmsley, Wein, and Malkin quickly started a program of minor improvement projects, including the first - ever full - building facade refurbishment and window - washing in 1962, the installation of new flood lights on the 72nd floor in 1964, and replacement of the manually operated elevators with automatic units in 1966. The little - used western end of the second floor was used as a storage space until 1964, at which point it received escalators to the first floor as part of its conversion into a highly - sought retail area.
In 1961, the same year that Helmsley, Wien, and Malkin had purchased the Empire State Building, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey formally backed plans for a new World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan. The plan originally included 66 - story twin towers with column - free open spaces. The Empire State 's owners and real estate speculators were worried that the twin towers ' 7,600,000 square feet (710,000 m) of office space would create a glut of rentable space in Manhattan as well as take away the Empire State Building 's profits from lessees. A revision in the World Trade Center 's plan brought the twin towers to 1,370 feet (420 m) each or 110 stories, taller than the Empire State. Opponents of the new project included prominent real - estate developer Robert Tishman, as well as Wien 's Committee for a Reasonable World Trade Center. In response to Wein 's opposition, Port Authority executive director Austin J. Tobin said that Wein was only opposing the project because it would overshadow his Empire State Building as the world 's tallest building.
The World Trade Center 's twin towers started construction in 1966. The following year, the Ostankino Tower succeeded the Empire State Building as the tallest freestanding structure in the world. In 1970, the Empire State surrendered its position as the world 's tallest building, when the still under construction North Tower of the World Trade Center surpassed it, on October 19; the North Tower was topped out, on December 23, 1970.
In December 1975, the observation deck was opened on the 110th floor of the Twin Towers, significantly higher than the 86th floor observatory on the Empire state. The Empire State Building was also losing revenue during this period, particularly as a number of broadcast stations had moved to the World Trade Center in 1971; although the Port Authority continued to pay the broadcasting leases for the Empire State until 1984.
By 1980, there were nearly two million annual visitors, although a building official had previously estimated between 1.5 million and 1.75 million annual visitors. The building received its own ZIP code in May 1980 in a roll out of 63 new postal codes in Manhattan. At the time, the tenants of the tower collectively received 35,000 pieces of mail daily. The Empire State Building celebrated its 50th anniversary on May 1, 1981, with a much - publicized, but poorly received, laser light show, as well as an "Empire State Building Week '' that ran through to May 8.
The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission voted to make the lobby a city landmark on May 19, 1981, citing the historic nature of the first and second floors, as well as "the fixtures and interior components '' of the upper floors. The building became a National Historic Landmark in 1986 in close alignment to the New York City Landmarks report. That year, the Plaza Hotel and Metropolitan Museum of Art further uptown were also designated as National Historic Landmarks. The Empire State Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places the following year due to its architectural significance.
From the early to mid 1990s, the building underwent a $55 million series of upgrades with the alarm systems, elevators, windows, and air conditioning being replaced, the 86th floor observation deck made accessible to disabled visitors, and the facade again refurbished. Prudential sold the land under the building in 1991 for $42 million to a buyer representing hotelier Hideki Yokoi, who was imprisoned at the time in connection with a deadly fire at the Hotel New Japan hotel in Tokyo. The land was bought jointly by Donald Trump and Hideki Yokoi in 1994. Having secured a half - ownership of the land, Trump devised plans to take ownership of the building itself so he could renovate it, even though Helmsley and Malkin had already started their refurbishment project. He sued Empire State Building Associates in February 1995, claiming that the latter had caused the building to become a "high - rise slum '' and a "second - rate, rodent - infested '' office tower. Trump had intended to have Empire State Building Associates evicted for violating the terms of their lease, but was denied. this led to Helmsley 's companies countersuing Trump in May. This sparked a series of lawsuits and countersuits that lasted several years, partly arising from Trump 's desire to obtain the building 's master lease by taking it from Empire State Building Associates. Upon Harry Helmsley 's death in 1997, the Malkins sued Helmsley 's widow, Leona Helmsley, for ownership of the building.
With the destruction of the World Trade Center in the September 11 attacks in 2001, the Empire State Building again became the tallest building in New York City, but was only the second - tallest building in the Americas after the Willis Tower in Chicago. As a result of the attacks, transmissions from nearly all of the city 's commercial television and FM radio stations were again broadcast from the Empire State Building. The attacks also led to an increase in security due to persistent terror threats against New York City landmarks.
In 2002, Trump and Yokoi sold their land claim to the Empire State Building Associates, now headed by Malkin, in a $57.5 million sale. This action merged the building 's title and lease for the first time in half a century. Despite the lingering threat posed by the 9 / 11 attacks, the Empire State Building remained popular with 3.5 million visitors to the observatories in 2004, compared to about 2.8 million in 2003.
Leona Helmsley 's remaining share in the building was bought by Peter Malkin 's company in 2006. In 2008 the building was temporarily "stolen '' by the New York Daily News to show how easy it was to transfer the deed on a property, since city clerks were not required to validate the submitted information, as well as to help demonstrate how fraudulent deeds could be used to obtain large mortgages and then have individuals disappear with the money. The paperwork submitted to the city included the names of Fay Wray, the famous star of King Kong, and Willie Sutton, a notorious New York bank robber. The newspaper then transferred the deed back over to the legitimate owners, who at that time were Empire State Land Associates.
The building 's public areas received a $550 million renovation in 2009 (see § Major renovations). The building received new air conditioning, waterproofing, a renovated observation deck and lobby, and a relocated 80th - floor gift shop. This included $120 million of energy efficient upgrades, which allowed the building to receive a gold Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating in September 2011. The new One World Trade Center surpassed the Empire State Building as the tallest LEED - certified building when it opened in 2014.
As of 2014 the building is owned by the Empire State Realty Trust with Anthony Malkin as Chairman, CEO, and President. Details on the trust 's profits are scarce, but it is known that significantly more revenue was earned from tourism than from leasing the office space in 2011. In August 2016, the Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) obtained a 10 % share in the Empire State Building through a $622 million investment in the Empire State Realty Trust. The trust 's president John Kessler called it an "endorsement of the company 's irreplaceable assets ''. The investment has been described by the real - estate magazine The Real Deal as "an unusual move for a sovereign wealth fund '', as these funds typically buy direct stakes in buildings rather than real estate companies. Other foreign entities that have a stake in the Empire State Building include investors from Norway, Japan, and Australia.
The height of the Empire State Building, to its 102nd floor, is 1,250 ft (381 m), 1,453 feet 8 ⁄ inches (443.092 m) including its 203 ft (61.9 m) pinnacle. The building has 85 stories of commercial and office space representing a total of 2,158,000 sq ft (200,500 m) of rentable space. It has an indoor and outdoor observation deck on the 86th floor, the highest floor within the actual tower. The remaining 16 stories are part of the Art Deco spire, which is capped by an observatory on the 102nd - floor. The spire is hollow with no floors between levels 86 and 102. Atop the tower is the 203 ft (61.9 m) pinnacle, much of which is covered by broadcast antennas, and surmounted with a lightning rod.
According to the official fact sheets the building rises 1,860 steps from the first to the 102nd floor, weighs 365,000 short tons (331,122 t), has an internal volume of 37,000,000 cubic feet (1,000,000 m), and an exterior with 200,000 cubic feet (5,700 m) of limestone and granite. Construction of the tower 's exterior required ten million bricks and 730 short tons (650 long tons) of aluminum and stainless steel, and the interior required 1,172 miles (1,886 km) of elevator cable and 2,000,000 feet (609,600 m) of electrical wires. The building has a capacity for 20,000 tenants and 15,000 visitors.
The building has been named as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The building and its street floor interior are designated landmarks of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, and confirmed by the New York City Board of Estimate. It was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1986. In 2007, it was ranked number one on the AIA 's List of America 's Favorite Architecture.
The Empire State Building 's art deco design is typical of pre -- World War II architecture in New York. The modernistic, stainless steel canopies of the entrances on 33rd and 34th Streets lead to two - story - high corridors around the elevator core, crossed by stainless steel and glass - enclosed bridges at the second - floor level. The riveted steel frame of the building was originally designed to handle all of the building 's gravitational stresses and wind loads. The exterior of the building is clad in Indiana limestone panels sourced from the Empire Mill in Sanders, Indiana, which give the building its signature blonde color. The limestone facade, which is lined with vertical steel mullions parallel to each window, also helps to increase the stiffness of the steel frame against high winds. The amount of material used in the building 's construction resulted in a very stiff structure when compared to other skyscrapers, with a structural stiffness of 42 pounds per square foot (2.0 kPa) versus the Willis Tower 's 33 pounds per square foot (1.6 kPa) and the John Hancock Center 's 26 pounds per square foot (1.2 kPa). A December 1930 feature in Popular Mechanics estimated that a building with the Empire State 's dimensions would still stand even if hit with an impact of 50 short tons (45 long tons).
The Empire State Building design featured one major setback and several smaller ones that reduce the level dimensions as the height increases, thus making upper 81 floors much smaller than the lower five floors. However, this design allows sunlight to illuminate the interiors of the top floors and, in addition, positions these floors away from the noisy streets below. This design was mandated as per the 1916 Zoning Resolution, which was intended to allow sunlight to reach the streets as well. Normally, a building of the Empire State 's dimensions would be permitted to build up to 12 stories on the Fifth Avenue side, and up to 17 stories on the 33rd / 34th Streets side, before it would have to utilize setbacks. However, the setbacks were arranged such that the largest setback was on the sixth floor, above the five - floor "base '', so the rest of the building above the sixth floor would have a facade of uniform shape.
The Empire State Building was the first building to have more than 100 floors. It has 6,500 windows; 73 elevators; a total floor area of 2,768,591 sq ft (257,211 m); and a base covering 2 acres (8,094 m). Its original 64 elevators, built by the Otis Elevator Company, are located in a central core and are of varying heights, with the longest of these elevators reaching from the lobby to the 80th floor. As originally built, there were four "express '' elevators that connected the lobby, 80th floor, and several landings in between; the other 60 "local '' elevators connected the landings with the floors above these intermediate landings. Of the 64 total elevators, 58 were for passenger use (comprising the four express elevators and 54 local elevators), and eight were for freight deliveries. The elevators were designed to move at 1,200 feet per minute (366 m / min). At the time of the skyscraper 's construction, their practical speed was limited to 700 feet per minute (213 m / min) as per city law, but this limit was removed shortly after the building opened. Additional elevators connect the 80th floor to the six floors above it, as the six extra floors were built after the original 80 stories were approved. The elevators were mechanically operated until 2011, when they were replaced with digital elevators during the $550 million renovation of the building. The Empire State Building has 73 elevators in all, including service elevators.
Utilities are grouped in a central shaft. On each floor between levels 6 and 86, the central shaft is surrounded by a main corridor on all four sides. As per the final specifications of the building, the corridor is surrounded in turn by office space 28 feet (8.5 m) deep. Each of the floors has 210 structural columns that pass through it, which provide structural stability, but limits the amount of open space on these floors. However, the relative dearth of stone in the building allows for more space overall, with a 1: 200 stone - to - building ratio in the Empire State compared to a 1: 50 ratio in similar buildings.
The main lobby is accessed from Fifth Avenue, on the building 's east side, and contains an entrance with one set of double doors between a pair of revolving doors. At the top of each doorway is a bronze motif depicting one of three "crafts or industries '' used in the building 's construction -- Electricity, Masonry, and Heating. The lobby contains two tiers of marble, a lighter marble on the top, above the storefronts, and a darker marble on the bottom, flush with the storefronts. There is a pattern of zigzagging terrazzo tiles on the lobby floor, which leads from the entrance on the east to the aluminum relief on the west. The chapel - like three - story - high lobby, which runs parallel to 33rd and 34th Streets, contains storefronts on both its northern and southern sides. These storefronts are framed on each side by tubes of dark "modernistically rounded marble '', according to the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, and above by a vertical band of grooves set into the marble. Immediately inside the lobby is an airport - style security checkpoint.
The walls on both the northern and southern sides of the lobby house storefronts and escalators to a mezzanine level. At the west end of the lobby is an aluminum relief of the skyscraper as it was originally built (i.e. without the antenna). The relief, which was intended to provide a welcoming effect, contains an embossing of the building 's outline, accompanied by what the Landmarks Preservation Commission describes as "the rays of an aluminum sun shining out behind (the tower) and mingling with aluminum rays emanating from the spire of the Empire State Building ''. In the background is a state map of New York with the building 's location marked by a "medallion '' in the very southeast portion of the outline. A compass is located in the bottom right and a plaque to the tower 's major developers is on the bottom left.
The plaque at the western end of the lobby is located on the eastern interior wall of a one - story tall rectangular - shaped corridor that surrounds the banks of escalators, with a similar design to the lobby. The rectangular shaped corridor actually consists of two long hallways on the northern and southern sides of the rectangle, as well as a shorter hallway on the eastern side and another long hallway on the western side. At both ends of the northern and southern corridors, there is a bank of four low - rise elevators in between the corridors. The western side of the rectangular elevator - bank corridor extends north to the 34th Street entrance and south to the 33rd Street entrance. It borders three large storefronts and leads to escalators that go both to the second floor and to the basement. Going from west to east, there are secondary entrances to 34th and 33rd Streets from both the northern and southern corridors, respectively, at approximately the two - thirds point of each corridor.
Until the 1960s, an art deco mural, inspired by both the sky and the Machine Age, was installed in the lobby ceilings. Subsequent damage to these murals, designed by artist Leif Neandross, resulted in reproductions being installed. Renovations to the lobby in 2009, such as replacing the clock over the information desk in the Fifth Avenue lobby with an anemometer and installing two chandeliers intended to be part of the building when it originally opened, revived much of its original grandeur. The north corridor contained eight illuminated panels created in 1963 by Roy Sparkia and Renée Nemorov, in time for the 1964 World 's Fair, depicting the building as the Eighth Wonder of the World alongside the traditional seven. The building 's owners installed a series of paintings by the New York artist Kysa Johnson in the concourse level. Johnson later filed a federal lawsuit, in January 2014, under the Visual Artists Rights Act alleging the negligent destruction of the paintings and damage to her reputation as an artist. As part of the building 's 2010 renovation, Denise Amses commissioned a work consisting of 15,000 stars and 5,000 circles, superimposed on a 13 - by - 5 - foot (4.0 by 1.5 m) etched - glass installation, in the lobby.
Capital improvements were made to the Empire State Building during the early to mid-1990s at a cost of $55 million. These improvements entailed replacing alarm systems, elevators, windows, and air conditioning; making the observation deck compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA); and refurbishing the limestone facade. The observatory renovation was added after disability rights groups and the United States Department of Justice filed a lawsuit against the building in 1992, in what was the first lawsuit filed by an organization under the new law. A settlement was reached in 1994, in which the Empire State Building Associates agreed to add ADA - compliant elements, such as new elevators, ramps, and automatic doors, during its ongoing renovation.
The building 's public areas received a $550 million renovation in 2009 with improvements to the air conditioning and waterproofing, renovations to the observation deck and main lobby, and relocation of the gift shop to the 80th floor. $120 million of the budget was spent on improving the energy efficiency of the building with the goal of reducing energy emissions by 38 % within five years. For example, all of the windows were refurbished onsite into film - coated "superwindows '' which block heat but pass light. Air conditioning operating costs on hot days were reduced, saving $17 million of the project 's capital cost immediately and partially funding some of the other retrofits. The Empire State Building won a gold Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating in September 2011, as well as the World Federation of Great Towers ' Excellence in Environment Award for 2010.
The final stage of the building was the installation of a hollow mast, a 158 - foot (48 m) steel shaft fitted with elevators and utilities, above the 86th floor. At the top would be a conical roof and the 102nd - floor docking station. The elevators would ascend 167 feet (51 m) from the 86th floor ticket offices to a 33 - foot - wide (10 m) 101st - floor waiting room. From there, stairs would lead to the 102nd floor, where passengers would enter the airships. The airships would have been moored to the spire at the equivalent of the building 's 106th floor.
On the 102nd floor of the Empire State Building (formerly the 101st floor), there is a door with stairs ascending to the 103rd floor (formerly the 102nd). This was built as a disembarkation floor for airships tethered to the building 's spire, and has a circular balcony outside. It is now an access point to reach the spire for maintenance. The room now contains electrical equipment, but celebrities and dignitaries may also be given permission to take pictures there. Above the 103rd floor, there is a set of stairs and a ladder to reach the spire for maintenance work. The mast 's 480 windows were all replaced in 2015.
Broadcasting began at the Empire State Building on December 22, 1931, when NBC and RCA began transmitting experimental television broadcasts from a small antenna erected atop the spire, with two separate transmitters for the visual and audio data. They leased the 85th floor and built a laboratory there. In 1934, RCA was joined by Edwin Howard Armstrong in a cooperative venture to test his FM system from the building 's antenna. This setup, which entailed the installation of the world 's first FM transmitter, continued only until October of the next year due to disputes between RCA and Armstrong. Specifically, NBC wanted to install more TV equipment in the room where Armstrong 's transmitter was located.
After some time, the 85th floor became home to RCA 's New York television operations initially as experimental station W2XBS channel 1 then, from 1941, as commercial station WNBT channel 1 (now WNBC - TV channel 4). NBC 's FM station, W2XDG, began transmitting from the antenna in 1940. NBC retained exclusive use of the top of the building until 1950 when the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ordered the exclusive deal be terminated. The FCC directive was based on consumer complaints that a common location was necessary for the seven extant New York - area television stations to transmit from so that receiving antennas would not have to be constantly adjusted. Other television broadcasters would later join RCA at the building on the 81st through 83rd floors, often along with sister FM stations. Construction of a dedicated broadcast tower began on July 27, 1950, with TV, and FM, transmissions starting in 1951. The broadcast tower was completed by 1953. From 1951, six broadcasters agreed to pay a combined $600,000 per year for the use of the antenna. In 1965, a separate set of FM antennae was constructed ringing the 103rd floor observation area to act as a master antenna.
The placement of the stations in the Empire State Building became a major issue with the construction of the World Trade Center Twin Towers in the late 1960s, and early 1970s. The greater height of the Twin Towers would reflect radio waves broadcast from the Empire State Building, eventually resulting in some broadcasters relocating to the newer towers instead of suing the developer, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Even though the nine stations who were broadcasting from the Empire State Building were leasing their broadcast space until 1984, most of these stations moved to the World Trade Center as soon as it was completed in 1971. The broadcasters obtained a court order stipulating that the Port Authority had to build a mast and transmission equipment in the North Tower, as well as pay the broadcasters ' leases in the Empire State Building until 1984. Only a few broadcasters renewed their leases in the Empire State Building.
The September 11 attacks in 2001 destroyed the World Trade Center and the broadcast centers atop it, leaving most of the city 's stations without a station for ten days until a temporary tower was built in Alpine, New Jersey. By October 2001, nearly all of the city 's commercial broadcast stations (both television and FM radio) were again transmitting from the top of the Empire State Building. In a report that Congress commissioned about the transition from analog television to digital television, it was stated that the placement of broadcast stations in the Empire State Building was considered "problematic '' due to interference from other nearby towers. In comparison, the Congressional report stated that the former Twin Towers had very few buildings of comparable height nearby thus signals suffered little interference. In 2003, a few FM stations were relocated to the nearby Condé Nast Building to reduce the number of broadcast stations using the Empire State Building. Eleven television stations and twenty - two FM stations had signed 15 - year leases in the building by May 2003. It was expected that a taller broadcast tower in Bayonne, New Jersey, or Governors Island, would be built in the meantime with the Empire State Building being used as a "backup '' since signal transmissions from the building were generally of poorer quality.
As of 2017, the Empire State Building is home to the following stations:
The 86th and 102nd floors contain observatories, which see a combined average of 4 million visitors per year. Since opening, the observatories have been more popular than similar observatories at 30 Rockefeller Plaza, the Chrysler Building, the first One World Trade Center, or the Woolworth Building, despite being more expensive. Tourists must pay to visit the observation deck on the 86th floor and an additional amount for the 102nd floor.
The 86th floor observatory contains both an enclosed section and a wide - open section. The 102nd floor observatory is completely enclosed and much smaller. The 102nd floor observatory was closed to the public from the late 1990s to 2005. The observation decks were redesigned in mid-1979.
According to a 2010 report by Concierge.com, the five lines to enter the observation decks are "as legendary as the building itself ''. Concierge.com stated that there are five lines: the sidewalk line, the lobby elevator line, the ticket purchase line, the second elevator line, and the line to get off the elevator and onto the observation deck. However, in 2016, New York City 's official tourism website, NYCgo.com, made note of only three lines: the security check line, the ticket purchase line, and the second elevator line. For an extra fee tourists can skip to the front of the line. The Empire State Building garners significant revenue from ticket sales for its observation decks, making more money from ticket sales than it does from renting office space during some years.
In early 1994, a motion simulator attraction was built on the 2nd floor, as a complement to the observation deck. The cinematic presentation lasts approximately 25 minutes, while the simulation is about eight minutes.
The ride has had two incarnations. The original version, which ran from 1994 until around 2002, featured James Doohan, Star Trek 's Scotty, as the airplane 's pilot who humorously tried to keep the flight under control during a storm. After the World Trade Center terrorist attacks in September 11, 2001, the ride was closed. An updated version debuted in mid-2002, featuring actor Kevin Bacon as the pilot, with the new flight also going haywire. This new version served a more informative goal, as opposed to the old version 's main purpose of entertainment, and contained details about the 9 / 11 attacks. The simulator has received mixed reviews, with assessments of the ride ranging from "great '' to "satisfactory '' to "corny ''.
The building was originally equipped with white searchlights atop the tower. They saw their first use in November 1932 when they lit up to signal Roosevelt 's victory over Hoover in the presidential election of that year. These were later swapped for four "Freedom Lights '' in 1956. In February 1964, flood lights were added on the 72nd floor to illuminate the top of the building at night so that the building could be seen from the World Fair later that year. The lights were shut off from November 1973 to July 1974 because of the energy crisis at the time. In 1976, the businessman Douglas Leigh suggested that Helmsley install 204 metal - halide lights, which were four times as bright as the 1,000 incandescent lights they were to replace. New red, white, and blue metal - halide lights were installed in time for the country 's bicentennial that July. After the bicentennial, Helmsley retained the new lights due to the reduced maintenance cost, about $116 a year.
Since 1976, the spire has been lit in colors chosen to match seasonal events and holidays. Organizations are allowed to make requests through the building 's website. The building is also lit in the colors of New York - based sports teams on nights when they host games: for example, orange, blue, and white for the New York Knicks; red, white, and blue for the New York Rangers. It was twice lit in scarlet to support New Jersey 's Rutgers University, once for a football game against the University of Louisville on November 9, 2006, and again on April 3, 2007 when the women 's basketball team played in the national championship game.
There have also been special occasions where the lights are modified from the usual schedule. After the eightieth birthday, and subsequent death, of Frank Sinatra in 1998, for example, the building was bathed in blue light to represent the singer 's nickname "Ol ' Blue Eyes ''. After actress Fay Wray, who starred in King Kong, died in September 2004, the building lights were extinguished for 15 minutes. The floodlights bathed the building in red, white, and blue for several months after the destruction of the World Trade Center in September 2001, then reverted to the standard schedule. On June 4, 2002, the Empire State Building donned purple and gold (the royal colors of Elizabeth II), in thanks for the United Kingdom playing the Star Spangled Banner during the Changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace on September 12, 2001 (a show of support after the September 11 attacks). On January 13, 2012, the building was lit in red, orange, and yellow to honor the 60th anniversary of NBC program The Today Show. From June 1 to 3, 2012, the building was lit in blue and white, the colors of the Israeli flag, in honor of the 49th annual Celebrate Israel Parade.
During 2012, the building 's four hundred metal halide lamps and floodlights were replaced with 1,200 LED fixtures, increasing the available colors from nine to over 16 million. The computer - controlled system allows the building to be illuminated in ways that were unable to be done previously with plastic gels. For instance, on November 6, 2012, CNN used the top of the Empire State Building as a scoreboard for the 2012 United States presidential election. When incumbent president Barack Obama had reached the 270 electoral votes necessary to win re-election, the lights turned blue, representing the color of Obama 's Democratic Party. Had Republican challenger Mitt Romney won, the building would have been lit red, the color of the Republican Party. Also, on November 26, 2012, the building had its first ever synchronized light show, using music from recording artist Alicia Keys. The building 's owners adhere to strict standards in using the lights; for instance, they do not use the lights to play advertisements.
The longest world record held by the Empire State Building was for the tallest skyscraper (to structural height), which it held for 42 years until it was surpassed by the North Tower of the World Trade Center in October 1970. The Empire State Building was also the tallest man - made structure in the world before it was surpassed by the Griffin Television Tower Oklahoma (KWTV Mast) in 1954, and the tallest freestanding structure in the world until the completion of the Ostankino Tower in 1967. An early - 1970s proposal to dismantle the spire and replace it with an additional 11 floors, which would have brought the building 's height to 1,494 feet (455 m) and made it once again the world 's tallest at the time, was considered but ultimately rejected.
With the destruction of the World Trade Center in the September 11 attacks, the Empire State Building again became the tallest building in New York City, and the second - tallest building in the Americas, surpassed only by the Willis Tower in Chicago. The Empire State Building remained the tallest building in New York until the new One World Trade Center reached a greater height in April 2012. As of July 2016, it is the third - tallest building in New York City after the One World Trade Center and 432 Park Avenue, and the fifth - tallest completed skyscraper in the United States behind the two other tallest buildings in New York City, as well as the Willis Tower and Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago. The Empire State Building is the 28th - tallest in the world as of October 2017, the tallest being Burj Khalifa in Dubai. It is also the sixth - tallest freestanding structure in the Americas behind the five tallest buildings and the CN Tower.
As of 2013, the building houses around 1,000 businesses. Current tenants include:
Former tenants include:
At 9: 40 am on July 28, 1945, a B - 25 Mitchell bomber, piloted in thick fog by Lieutenant Colonel William Franklin Smith Jr., crashed into the north side of the Empire State Building between the 79th and 80th floors where the offices of the National Catholic Welfare Council were located. One engine completely penetrated the building landing on the roof of a nearby building where it started a fire that destroyed a penthouse. The other engine and part of the landing gear plummeted down an elevator shaft causing a fire, which was extinguished in 40 minutes. Fourteen people were killed in the incident. Elevator operator Betty Lou Oliver survived a plunge of 75 stories inside an elevator, which still stands as the Guinness World Record for the longest survived elevator fall recorded.
Despite the damage and loss of life, the building was open for business on many floors two days later. The crash helped spur the passage of the long - pending Federal Tort Claims Act of 1946, as well as the insertion of retroactive provisions into the law, allowing people to sue the government for the incident. Also as a result of the crash, the Civil Aeronautics Administration enacted strict regulations regarding flying over New York City, setting a minimum flying altitude of 2,500 feet (760 m) above sea level regardless of the weather conditions.
A year later, on July 24, 1946, another aircraft narrowly missed striking the building. The unidentified twin - engine plane scraped past the observation deck, scaring the tourists there.
On January 24, 2000, an elevator in the building suddenly descended 40 stories after a cable that controlled the cabin 's maximum speed was severed. The elevator fell from the 44th floor to the fourth floor, where a narrowed elevator shaft provided a second safety system. Despite the 40 - floor fall, both of the passengers in the cabin at the time were only slightly injured. Since that elevator had no fourth - floor doors, the passengers were rescued by an adjacent elevator. After the fall, building inspectors reviewed all of the building 's elevators.
Because of the building 's iconic status, it and other Midtown landmarks are popular locations for suicide attempts. More than 30 people have attempted suicide over the years by jumping from the upper parts of the building, with most attempts being successful.
The first suicide from the building occurred on April 7, 1931, before the tower was even completed, when a carpenter who had been laid - off went to the 58th floor and jumped. The first suicide after the building 's opening occurred from the 86th floor observatory on February 1935, when Irma P. Eberhardt fell 1,029 feet (314 m) onto a marquee sign. On December 16, 1943, William Lloyd Rambo jumped to his death from the 86th floor, landing amidst Christmas shoppers on the street below. In the early morning of September 27, 1946, shell - shocked Marine Douglas W. Brashear Jr. jumped from the 76th - floor window of the Grant Advertising Agency; police found his shoes 50 feet (15 m) from his body.
On May 1, 1947, Evelyn McHale leapt to her death from the 86th floor observation deck and landed on a limousine parked at the curb. Photography student Robert Wiles took a photo of McHale 's oddly intact corpse a few minutes after her death. The police found a suicide note among possessions that she left on the observation deck: "He is much better off without me... I would n't make a good wife for anybody ''. The photo ran in the edition of May 12, 1947 of Life magazine and is often referred to as "The Most Beautiful Suicide ''. It was later used by visual artist Andy Warhol in one of his prints entitled Suicide (Fallen Body). A 7 - foot (2.1 m) mesh fence was put up around the 86th floor terrace in December 1947 after five people tried to jump during a three - week span in October and November of that year. By then, sixteen people had died from suicide jumps.
Only one person has jumped from the upper observatory. Frederick Eckert of Astoria ran past a guard in the enclosed 102nd floor gallery on November 3, 1932 and jumped a gate leading to an outdoor catwalk intended for dirigible passengers. He landed and died on the roof of the 86th floor observation promenade.
Two people have survived falls by not falling more than a floor. On December 2, 1979, Elvita Adams jumped from the 86th floor, only to be blown back onto a ledge on the 85th floor by a gust of wind and left with a broken hip. On April 25, 2013, a man fell from the 86th floor observation deck, but he landed alive with minor injuries on an 85th - floor ledge where security guards brought him inside and paramedics transferred him to a hospital for a psychiatric evaluation.
Two fatal shootings have occurred in the direct vicinity of the Empire State Building. Abu Kamal, a 69 - year - old Palestinian teacher, shot seven people on the 86th floor observation deck during the afternoon of February 23, 1997. He killed one person and wounded six others before committing suicide. Kamal reportedly committed the shooting in response to events happening in Palestine and Israel.
On the morning of August 24, 2012, 58 - year - old Jeffrey T. Johnson shot and killed a former co-worker on the building 's Fifth Avenue sidewalk. He had been laid off from his job in 2011. Two police officers confronted the gunman, and he aimed his firearm at them. They responded by firing 16 shots, killing him but also wounding nine bystanders. Most of the injured were hit by bullet fragments, although three took direct hits from bullets.
As the tallest building in the world and the first one to exceed 100 floors, the Empire State Building immediately became an icon of the city and of the nation. In 2013, Time magazine noted that the Empire State Building "seems to completely embody the city it has become synonymous with ''. The historian John Tauranac calls the tower "' the ' twentieth - century New York building '', despite the existence of taller and more modernist buildings. Early in the building 's history, travel companies such as Short Line Motor Coach Service and New York Central Railroad used the building as an icon to symbolize the city. After the construction of the first World Trade Center, architect Paul Goldberger noted that the Empire State Building "is famous for being tall, but it is good enough to be famous for being good. ''
As an icon of the United States, it is also very popular among Americans. In a 2007 survey, the American Institute of Architects found that the Empire State Building was "America 's favorite building ''. The building was originally a symbol of hope in a country devastated by the Depression, as well as a work of accomplishment by newer immigrants. The writer Benjamin Flowers states that the Empire State was "a building intended to celebrate a new America, built by men (both clients and construction workers) who were themselves new Americans. '' The architectural critic Jonathan Glancey refers to the building as an "icon of American design ''.
The Empire State Building has been hailed as an example of a "wonder of the world '' due to the massive effort expended during construction. The Washington Star listed it as part of one of the "seven wonders of the modern world '' in 1931, while Holiday magazine wrote in 1958 that the Empire State 's height would be taller than the combined heights of the Eiffel Tower and the Great Pyramid of Giza. The American Society of Civil Engineers also declared the building "A Modern Civil Engineering Wonder of the United States '' in 1958, and one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World in 1994. Ron Miller, in a 2010 book, also described the Empire State Building as one of the "seven wonders of engineering ''. It has often been called the Eighth Wonder of the World as well, an appellation that it has held since shortly after opening. The panels installed in the lobby in 1963 reflected this, showing the seven original wonders alongside the Empire State Building.
As an icon of New York City, the Empire State Building has been featured in various films, books, TV shows, and video games. According to the building 's official website, more than 250 movies contain depictions of the Empire State Building. In his book about the building, John Tauranac writes that the first documented appearance of the tower in popular culture was Swiss Family Manhattan, a 1932 children 's story by Christopher Morley. A year later, the film King Kong depicted Kong, a large stop motion ape that climbs the Empire State Building, bringing the building into the popular imagination. Later movies such as An Affair to Remember (1957), Sleepless in Seattle (1993), and Independence Day (1996) also featured the building. The building has also been featured in other works, such as "Daleks in Manhattan '', a 2007 episode of the TV series Doctor Who; and Empire, an eight - hour black - and - white silent film by Andy Warhol, which was later added to the Library of Congress 's National Film Registry.
The Empire State Building Run - Up, a foot race from ground level to the 86th - floor observation deck, has been held annually since 1978. Its participants are referred to both as runners and as climbers, and are often tower running enthusiasts. The race covers a vertical distance of 1,050 feet (320 m) and takes in 1,576 steps. The record time is 9 minutes and 33 seconds, achieved by Australian professional cyclist Paul Crake in 2003, at a climbing rate of 6,593 ft (2,010 m) per hour. ESRT began trading publicly on the New York Stock Exchange on October 2, 2013.
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divides lines angles and shapes into two equal parts | Bisection - wikipedia
In geometry, bisection is the division of something into two equal or congruent parts, usually by a line, which is then called a bisector. The most often considered types of bisectors are the segment bisector (a line that passes through the midpoint of a given segment) and the angle bisector (a line that passes through the apex of an angle, that divides it into two equal angles).
In three - dimensional space, bisection is usually done by a plane, also called the bisector or bisecting plane.
A line segment bisector passes through the midpoint of the segment. Particularly important is the perpendicular bisector of a segment, which, according to its name, meets the segment at right angles. The perpendicular bisector of a segment also has the property that each of its points is equidistant from the segment 's endpoints. Therefore, Voronoi diagram boundaries consist of segments of such lines or planes.
In classical geometry, the bisection is a simple compass and straightedge construction, whose possibility depends on the ability to draw circles of equal radii and different centers. The segment is bisected by drawing intersecting circles of equal radius, whose centers are the endpoints of the segment and such that each circle goes through one endpoint. The line determined by the points of intersection of the two circles is the perpendicular bisector of the segment, since it crosses the segment at its center. This construction is in fact used when constructing a line perpendicular to a given line at a given point: drawing an arbitrary circle whose center is that point, it intersects the line in two more points, and the perpendicular to be constructed is the one bisecting the segment defined by these two points.
Brahmagupta 's theorem states that if a cyclic quadrilateral is orthodiagonal (that is, has perpendicular diagonals), then the perpendicular to a side from the point of intersection of the diagonals always bisects the opposite side.
An angle bisector divides the angle into two angles with equal measures. An angle only has one bisector. Each point of an angle bisector is equidistant from the sides of the angle.
The interior or internal bisector of an angle is the line, half - line, or line segment that divides an angle of less than 180 ° into two equal angles. The exterior or external bisector is the line that divides the supplementary angle (of 180 ° minus the original angle), formed by one side forming the original angle and the extension of the other side, into two equal angles.
To bisect an angle with straightedge and compass, one draws a circle whose center is the vertex. The circle meets the angle at two points: one on each leg. Using each of these points as a center, draw two circles of the same size. The intersection of the circles (two points) determines a line that is the angle bisector.
The proof of the correctness of this construction is fairly intuitive, relying on the symmetry of the problem. It is interesting to note that the trisection of an angle (dividing it into three equal parts) can not be achieved with the compass and ruler alone (this was first proved by Pierre Wantzel).
The internal and external bisectors of an angle are perpendicular. If the angle is formed by the two lines given algebraically as l 1 x + m 1 y + n 1 = 0 (\ displaystyle l_ (1) x + m_ (1) y + n_ (1) = 0) and l 2 x + m 2 y + n 2 = 0, (\ displaystyle l_ (2) x + m_ (2) y + n_ (2) = 0,) then the internal and external bisectors are given by the two equations
The interior angle bisectors of a triangle are concurrent in a point called the incenter of the triangle, as seen in the diagram at right.
The bisectors of two exterior angles and the bisector of the other interior angle are concurrent.
Three intersection points, each of an external angle bisector with the opposite extended side, are collinear (fall on the same line as each other).
Three intersection points, two of them between an interior angle bisector and the opposite side, and the third between the other exterior angle bisector and the opposite side extended, are collinear.
The angle bisector theorem is concerned with the relative lengths of the two segments that a triangle 's side is divided into by a line that bisects the opposite angle. It equates their relative lengths to the relative lengths of the other two sides of the triangle.
If the side lengths of a triangle are a, b, c (\ displaystyle a, b, c), the semiperimeter s = (a + b + c) / 2, (\ displaystyle s = (a + b + c) / 2,) and A is the angle opposite side a (\ displaystyle a), then the length of the internal bisector of angle A is
or in trigonometric terms,
If the internal bisector of angle A in triangle ABC has length t a (\ displaystyle t_ (a)) and if this bisector divides the side opposite A into segments of lengths m and n, then
where b and c are the side lengths opposite vertices B and C; and the side opposite A is divided in the proportion b: c.
If the internal bisectors of angles A, B, and C have lengths t a, t b, (\ displaystyle t_ (a), t_ (b),) and t c (\ displaystyle t_ (c)), then
No two non-congruent triangles share the same set of three internal angle bisector lengths.
There exist integer triangles with a rational angle bisector.
The internal angle bisectors of a convex quadrilateral either form a cyclic quadrilateral (that is, the four intersection points of adjacent angle bisectors are concyclic), or they are concurrent. In the latter case the quadrilateral is a tangential quadrilateral.
Each diagonal of a rhombus bisects opposite angles.
The excenter of an ex-tangential quadrilateral lies at the intersection of six angle bisectors. These are the internal angle bisectors at two opposite vertex angles, the external angle bisectors (supplementary angle bisectors) at the other two vertex angles, and the external angle bisectors at the angles formed where the extensions of opposite sides intersect.
The tangent to a parabola at any point bisects the angle between the line joining the point to the focus and the line from the point and perpendicular to the directrix.
Each of the three medians of a triangle is a line segment going through one vertex and the midpoint of the opposite side, so it bisects that side (though not in general perpendicularly). The three medians intersect each other at the centroid of the triangle, which is its center of mass if it has uniform density; thus any line through a triangle 's centroid and one of its vertices bisects the opposite side. The centroid is twice as close to the midpoint of any one side as it is to the opposite vertex.
The interior perpendicular bisector of a side of a triangle is the segment, falling entirely on and inside the triangle, of the line that perpendicularly bisects that side. The three perpendicular bisectors of a triangle 's three sides intersect at the circumcenter (the center of the circle through the three vertices). Thus any line through a triangle 's circumcenter and perpendicular to a side bisects that side.
In an acute triangle the circumcenter divides the interior perpendicular bisectors of the two shortest sides in equal proportions. In an obtuse triangle the two shortest sides ' perpendicular bisectors (extended beyond their opposite triangle sides to the circumcenter) are divided by their respective intersecting triangle sides in equal proportions.
For any triangle the interior perpendicular bisectors are given by p a = 2 a T a 2 + b 2 − c 2, (\ displaystyle p_ (a) = (\ tfrac (2aT) (a ^ (2) + b ^ (2) - c ^ (2))),) p b = 2 b T a 2 + b 2 − c 2, (\ displaystyle p_ (b) = (\ tfrac (2bT) (a ^ (2) + b ^ (2) - c ^ (2))),) and p c = 2 c T a 2 − b 2 + c 2, (\ displaystyle p_ (c) = (\ tfrac (2cT) (a ^ (2) - b ^ (2) + c ^ (2))),) where the sides are a ≥ b ≥ c (\ displaystyle a \ geq b \ geq c) and the area is T. (\ displaystyle T.)
The two bimedians of a convex quadrilateral are the line segments that connect the midpoints of opposite sides, hence each bisecting two sides. The two bimedians and the line segment joining the midpoints of the diagonals are concurrent at a point called the "vertex centroid '' and are all bisected by this point.
The four "maltitudes '' of a convex quadrilateral are the perpendiculars to a side through the midpoint of the opposite side, hence bisecting the latter side. If the quadrilateral is cyclic (inscribed in a circle), these maltitudes are concurrent at (all meet at) a common point called the "anticenter ''.
Brahmagupta 's theorem states that if a cyclic quadrilateral is orthodiagonal (that is, has perpendicular diagonals), then the perpendicular to a side from the point of intersection of the diagonals always bisects the opposite side.
The perpendicular bisector construction forms a quadrilateral from the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of another quadrilateral.
There are an infinitude of lines that bisect the area of a triangle. Three of them are the medians of the triangle (which connect the sides ' midpoints with the opposite vertices), and these are concurrent at the triangle 's centroid; indeed, they are the only area bisectors that go through the centroid. Three other area bisectors are parallel to the triangle 's sides; each of these intersects the other two sides so as to divide them into segments with the proportions 2 + 1: 1 (\ displaystyle (\ sqrt (2)) + 1: 1). These six lines are concurrent three at a time: in addition to the three medians being concurrent, any one median is concurrent with two of the side - parallel area bisectors.
The envelope of the infinitude of area bisectors is a deltoid (broadly defined as a figure with three vertices connected by curves that are concave to the exterior of the deltoid, making the interior points a non-convex set). The vertices of the deltoid are at the midpoints of the medians; all points inside the deltoid are on three different area bisectors, while all points outside it are on just one. (1) The sides of the deltoid are arcs of hyperbolas that are asymptotic to the extended sides of the triangle. The ratio of the area of the envelope of area bisectors to the area of the triangle is invariant for all triangles, and equals 3 4 log e (2) − 1 2, (\ displaystyle (\ tfrac (3) (4)) \ log _ (e) (2) - (\ tfrac (1) (2)),) i.e. 0.019860... or less than 2 %.
A cleaver of a triangle is a line segment that bisects the perimeter of the triangle and has one endpoint at the midpoint of one of the three sides. The three cleavers concur at (all pass through) the center of the Spieker circle, which is the incircle of the medial triangle. The cleavers are parallel to the angle bisectors.
A splitter of a triangle is a line segment having one endpoint at one of the three vertices of the triangle and bisecting the perimeter. The three splitters concur at the Nagel point of the triangle.
Any line through a triangle that splits both the triangle 's area and its perimeter in half goes through the triangle 's incenter (the center of its incircle). There are either one, two, or three of these for any given triangle. A line through the incenter bisects one of the area or perimeter if and only if it also bisects the other.
Any line through the midpoint of a parallelogram bisects the area and the perimeter.
All area bisectors and perimeter bisectors of a circle or other ellipse go through the center, and any chords through the center bisect the area and perimeter. In the case of a circle they are the diameters of the circle.
The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
If a line segment connecting the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisects both diagonals, then this line segment (Newton Line) is itself bisected by the vertex centroid.
A plane that divides two opposite edges of a tetrahedron in a given ratio also divides the volume of the tetrahedron in the same ratio. Thus any plane containing a bimedian (connector of opposite edges ' midpoints) of a tetrahedron bisects the volume of the tetrahedron
This article incorporates material from Angle bisector on PlanetMath, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution / Share - Alike License.
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where are the misty isles in prince valiant | Prince Valiant - Wikipedia
Prince Valiant in the Days of King Arthur, or simply Prince Valiant, is an American comic strip created by Hal Foster in 1937. It is an epic adventure that has told a continuous story during its entire history, and the full stretch of that story now totals more than 4000 Sunday strips. Currently, the strip appears weekly in more than 300 American newspapers, according to its distributor, King Features Syndicate.
Edward, the Duke of Windsor, called Prince Valiant the "greatest contribution to English literature in the past hundred years ''. Generally regarded by comics historians as one of the most impressive visual creations ever syndicated, the strip is noted for its realistically rendered panoramas and the intelligent, sometimes humorous, narrative. The format does not employ word balloons. Instead, the story is narrated in captions positioned at the bottom or sides of panels. Events depicted are taken from various time periods, from the late Roman Empire to the High Middle Ages, with a few brief scenes from modern times (commenting on the "manuscript '').
While drawing the Tarzan comic strip, Foster wanted to do his own original newspaper feature, and he began work on a strip he called Derek, Son of Thane, later changing the title to Prince Arn. King Features manager Joseph Connelly eventually renamed it Prince Valiant. In 1936, after extensive research, Foster pitched his concept to William Randolph Hearst, who had long wanted to distribute a strip by Foster. Hearst was so impressed that he gave Foster ownership of the strip.
Prince Valiant began in full - color tabloid sections on Saturday February 13, 1937. The first full page was strip # 16, which appeared in the Sunday New Orleans Times Picayune. The internal dating changed from Saturday to Sunday with strip # 66 (May 15, 1938). The full - page strip continued until 1971, when strip # 1788 was not offered in full - page format -- it was the last strip Foster drew. The strip continues today by other artists in a half - page format.
The setting is Arthurian. Valiant (Val) is a Nordic prince from Thule, located near present day Trondheim on the Norwegian coast. Early in the story Valiant arrives at Camelot where he becomes friends with Sir Gawain and Sir Tristram. Earning the respect of King Arthur and Merlin he becomes a Knight of the Round Table. On a Mediterranean island he meets the love of his life, Aleta, Queen of the Misty Isles, whom he later marries. He fights the Huns with his powerful Singing Sword, Flamberge, a magical blade apparently created by the same enchanter who forged Arthur 's Excalibur. Val travels to Africa and America and later helps his father regain his lost throne of Thule, which has been usurped by the tyrant Sligon.
When the strip starts in 1937, Val is five years old. The first episodes follow the youth through the wild Fens district of Britain with his father, the deposed King Aguar of Thule. When Val encounters the witch Horrit she predicts he will have a life of adventure, noting that he will soon experience grief. Arriving home, Val discovers that his mother has died. Not long after this come encounters with Gawain, with gigantic creatures and with the glory of Camelot. Steve Donoghue comments:
At first, in the earliest months of Prince Valiant, Foster 's Arthurian England might easily be confused with the Cimmeria of Conan the Barbarian: monsters abound. As a boy, Val fights a ' dragon ' that looks a lot like a plesiosaur, and he fires his arrows at a rampaging swamp - turtle the size of a Zamboni. But only a few installments later, this has sublimated somewhat into history: when Val saves his new friend Sir Gawain from a robber knight and Gawain decides to take the villain to Camelot for summary judgement from King Arthur, the whole party is at one point attacked by another enormous beast -- only this time it 's a salt water crocodile!... When they all at length succeed in killing the beast, Val is outraged that Gawain still seeks to have the man tried before King Arthur. The young prince naturally speaks up in his outrage before the great king, his queen Guinevere and his feared wizard Merlin -- and so a career at Camelot is born. Val becomes Gawain 's squire and almost immediately accompanies him on a quest, during which Gawain is captured and Val must use his wits -- smiling and laughing the whole time -- to free his mentor. On the trip, Gawain is seriously wounded, and the large panel where Val finally gets him back to Camelot is Foster 's first genuine visual show - stopper in the strip.
Val acquires the Singing Sword in strips from 1938. The original owner of the Singing Sword is Prince Arn of Ord, Valiant 's rival for the maid Ilene. The two men put aside their differences when Ilene is kidnapped by Viking raiders on her way to Ord. Arn hands Valiant the charmed sword to help him hold back their pursuers while he himself rides ahead to free Ilene. The pair continue in their efforts to rescue Ilene, eventually discovering that she has been killed in a shipwreck. Arn gives the Singing Sword to Valiant after that adventure and the two part as friends. Later in the series it is mentioned that the Singing Sword is a sister to King Arthur 's Excalibur.
In the strips from 1939 Val is knighted by King Arthur, and the following year, he helps to restore his father as King of Thule. Moving across Britain, Europe, and the Holy Land, Val fights invading Goths, Huns and Saxons. In 1946, shortly after Val marries Aleta, she is kidnapped by the Viking raider Ulfran. Val 's pursuit takes him past the Shetland Islands, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, Newfoundland and the Saint Lawrence River, arriving at Niagara Falls 1,000 years before Columbus. Defeating Ulfran, Val is reunited with Aleta, and the couple spend that winter with friendly Native Americans.
In the strip dated August 31, 1947, Prince Arn, their first son, is born in America, and Val celebrates by getting drunk. The infant Arn is named after Val 's old friend, Prince Arn of Ord. Val and Aleta 's other children are the twins, Karen and Valeta (born 1951), Galan (1962) and Prince Nathan (1979). Agents of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian abduct Nathan shortly after his birth, and he is eventually rescued by Arn. Earlier, in strips from 1964, Arn leads an expedition to America. In strips from 1987 Val becomes a grandfather when Arn and his wife, Maeve, daughter of the traitorous Mordred, give birth to Ingrid.
The historical and mythological elements of Prince Valiant were initially chaotic, but soon Foster attempted to bring the facts into order. Some elements of the story place it in the fifth century, such as the death of Attila the Hun in 453 and Geiseric 's sacking of Rome in 455, which Prince Valiant and Aleta witness. The murder of Aëtius in 454 differs from the historical version; Valiant and Gawain are blamed for the murder and must flee.
Slightly fantastic elements, like "marsh monsters '' (a dinosaur - like creature) and witches, were present in the early years but were later downplayed (as was Merlin 's and Morgan le Fay 's use of magic), so that by 1942, the story became more realistic.
The storyline is not historically accurate. While obviously meant to take place in the mid-fifth century, Foster incorporated anachronistic elements: Viking Longships, Muslims, alchemists and technological advances not made before the Renaissance. The fortifications, armor and armament resemble the High Middle Ages.
In 1970, after tryout strips by several artists, Foster invited John Cullen Murphy to collaborate on the strip. Here is a list of the transition artists:
From 1971 on, Murphy drew the strip from Foster scripts and pencil sketches. Foster continued to write the continuity until strip # 2241 in 1980. Murphy then drew it solo with scripts by his son Cullen Murphy, an editor of The Atlantic. Stories by Cullen Murphy included many adventures in which Val is opposed by the Emperor Justinian. John Cullen Murphy 's daughter, Mairead, did the lettering and coloring. In March 2004, Murphy retired and turned the strip over to his chosen successor, illustrator Gary Gianni. Scripting duties were passed on to Mark Schultz with Scott Roberts providing the coloring. Schultz continued as the writer when Thomas Yeates began as the strip 's artist on April 1, 2012.
Hal Foster was recognized for his work on the strip with the Banshees ' Silver Lady award in 1952, followed by the National Cartoonists Society 's Reuben Award in 1957, their Story Comic Strip Award in 1964, their Special Features Award in 1966 and 1967, the Gold Key award in 1977, and the Elzie Segar Award in 1978. He was inducted into the Will Eisner Hall of Fame in 1996, and in 2005 he was inducted into the Joe Shuster Canadian Comic Book Creators Hall of Fame for his contributions to comic books. In 2006, Foster was inducted into the Society of Illustrators Hall of Fame. At age 73, Foster was elected to membership in Great Britain 's Royal Society of Arts, an honor given to very few Americans.
Murphy received the National Cartoonists Society Story Comic Strip Award for his work on the strip in 1971, 1974, 1976, 1978, 1984 and 1987. In 1995, the strip was one of 20 included in the Comic Strip Classics series of commemorative postage stamps.
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which of the following objects could be associated with the evolution of a high-mass star | Star formation - wikipedia
Star formation is the process by which dense regions within molecular clouds in interstellar space, sometimes referred to as "stellar nurseries '' or "star - forming regions '', collapse and form stars. As a branch of astronomy, star formation includes the study of the interstellar medium (ISM) and giant molecular clouds (GMC) as precursors to the star formation process, and the study of protostars and young stellar objects as its immediate products. It is closely related to planet formation, another branch of astronomy. Star formation theory, as well as accounting for the formation of a single star, must also account for the statistics of binary stars and the initial mass function.
A spiral galaxy like the Milky Way contains stars, stellar remnants, and a diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) of gas and dust. The interstellar medium consists of 10 to 10 particles per cm and is typically composed of roughly 70 % hydrogen by mass, with most of the remaining gas consisting of helium. This medium has been chemically enriched by trace amounts of heavier elements that were ejected from stars as they passed beyond the end of their main sequence lifetime. Higher density regions of the interstellar medium form clouds, or diffuse nebulae, where star formation takes place. In contrast to spirals, an elliptical galaxy loses the cold component of its interstellar medium within roughly a billion years, which hinders the galaxy from forming diffuse nebulae except through mergers with other galaxies.
In the dense nebulae where stars are produced, much of the hydrogen is in the molecular (H) form, so these nebulae are called molecular clouds. Observations indicate that the coldest clouds tend to form low - mass stars, observed first in the infrared inside the clouds, then in visible light at their surface when the clouds dissipate, while giant molecular clouds, which are generally warmer, produce stars of all masses. These giant molecular clouds have typical densities of 100 particles per cm, diameters of 100 light - years (9.5 × 10 km), masses of up to 6 million solar masses (M), and an average interior temperature of 10 K. About half the total mass of the galactic ISM is found in molecular clouds and in the Milky Way there are an estimated 6,000 molecular clouds, each with more than 100,000 M. The nearest nebula to the Sun where massive stars are being formed is the Orion nebula, 1,300 ly (1.2 × 10 km) away. However, lower mass star formation is occurring about 400 -- 450 light years distant in the ρ Ophiuchi cloud complex.
A more compact site of star formation is the opaque clouds of dense gas and dust known as Bok globules; so named after the astronomer Bart Bok. These can form in association with collapsing molecular clouds or possibly independently. The Bok globules are typically up to a light year across and contain a few solar masses. They can be observed as dark clouds silhouetted against bright emission nebulae or background stars. Over half the known Bok globules have been found to contain newly forming stars.
An interstellar cloud of gas will remain in hydrostatic equilibrium as long as the kinetic energy of the gas pressure is in balance with the potential energy of the internal gravitational force. Mathematically this is expressed using the virial theorem, which states that, to maintain equilibrium, the gravitational potential energy must equal twice the internal thermal energy. If a cloud is massive enough that the gas pressure is insufficient to support it, the cloud will undergo gravitational collapse. The mass above which a cloud will undergo such collapse is called the Jeans mass. The Jeans mass depends on the temperature and density of the cloud, but is typically thousands to tens of thousands of solar masses. This coincides with the typical mass of an open cluster of stars, which is the end product of a collapsing cloud.
In triggered star formation, one of several events might occur to compress a molecular cloud and initiate its gravitational collapse. Molecular clouds may collide with each other, or a nearby supernova explosion can be a trigger, sending shocked matter into the cloud at very high speeds. Alternatively, galactic collisions can trigger massive starbursts of star formation as the gas clouds in each galaxy are compressed and agitated by tidal forces. The latter mechanism may be responsible for the formation of globular clusters.
A supermassive black hole at the core of a galaxy may serve to regulate the rate of star formation in a galactic nucleus. A black hole that is accreting infalling matter can become active, emitting a strong wind through a collimated relativistic jet. This can limit further star formation. Massive black holes ejecting radio - frequency - emitting particles at near - light speed can also block the formation of new stars in aging galaxies. However, the radio emissions around the jets may also trigger star formation. Likewise, a weaker jet may trigger star formation when it collides with a cloud.
As it collapses, a molecular cloud breaks into smaller and smaller pieces in a hierarchical manner, until the fragments reach stellar mass. In each of these fragments, the collapsing gas radiates away the energy gained by the release of gravitational potential energy. As the density increases, the fragments become opaque and are thus less efficient at radiating away their energy. This raises the temperature of the cloud and inhibits further fragmentation. The fragments now condense into rotating spheres of gas that serve as stellar embryos.
Complicating this picture of a collapsing cloud are the effects of turbulence, macroscopic flows, rotation, magnetic fields and the cloud geometry. Both rotation and magnetic fields can hinder the collapse of a cloud. Turbulence is instrumental in causing fragmentation of the cloud, and on the smallest scales it promotes collapse.
A protostellar cloud will continue to collapse as long as the gravitational binding energy can be eliminated. This excess energy is primarily lost through radiation. However, the collapsing cloud will eventually become opaque to its own radiation, and the energy must be removed through some other means. The dust within the cloud becomes heated to temperatures of 60 -- 100 K, and these particles radiate at wavelengths in the far infrared where the cloud is transparent. Thus the dust mediates the further collapse of the cloud.
During the collapse, the density of the cloud increases towards the center and thus the middle region becomes optically opaque first. This occurs when the density is about 10 g / cm. A core region, called the First Hydrostatic Core, forms where the collapse is essentially halted. It continues to increase in temperature as determined by the virial theorem. The gas falling toward this opaque region collides with it and creates shock waves that further heat the core.
When the core temperature reaches about 2000 K, the thermal energy dissociates the H molecules. This is followed by the ionization of the hydrogen and helium atoms. These processes absorb the energy of the contraction, allowing it to continue on timescales comparable to the period of collapse at free fall velocities. After the density of infalling material has reached about 10 g / cm, that material is sufficiently transparent to allow energy radiated by the protostar to escape. The combination of convection within the protostar and radiation from its exterior allow the star to contract further. This continues until the gas is hot enough for the internal pressure to support the protostar against further gravitational collapse -- a state called hydrostatic equilibrium. When this accretion phase is nearly complete, the resulting object is known as a protostar.
Accretion of material onto the protostar continues partially from the newly formed circumstellar disc. When the density and temperature are high enough, deuterium fusion begins, and the outward pressure of the resultant radiation slows (but does not stop) the collapse. Material comprising the cloud continues to "rain '' onto the protostar. In this stage bipolar jets are produced called Herbig - Haro objects. This is probably the means by which excess angular momentum of the infalling material is expelled, allowing the star to continue to form.
When the surrounding gas and dust envelope disperses and accretion process stops, the star is considered a pre -- main sequence star (PMS star). The energy source of these objects is gravitational contraction, as opposed to hydrogen burning in main sequence stars. The PMS star follows a Hayashi track on the Hertzsprung -- Russell (H -- R) diagram. The contraction will proceed until the Hayashi limit is reached, and thereafter contraction will continue on a Kelvin -- Helmholtz timescale with the temperature remaining stable. Stars with less than 0.5 M thereafter join the main sequence. For more massive PMS stars, at the end of the Hayashi track they will slowly collapse in near hydrostatic equilibrium, following the Henyey track.
Finally, hydrogen begins to fuse in the core of the star, and the rest of the enveloping material is cleared away. This ends the protostellar phase and begins the star 's main sequence phase on the H -- R diagram.
The stages of the process are well defined in stars with masses around 1 M or less. In high mass stars, the length of the star formation process is comparable to the other timescales of their evolution, much shorter, and the process is not so well defined. The later evolution of stars are studied in stellar evolution.
Key elements of star formation are only available by observing in wavelengths other than the optical. The protostellar stage of stellar existence is almost invariably hidden away deep inside dense clouds of gas and dust left over from the GMC. Often, these star - forming cocoons known as Bok globules, can be seen in silhouette against bright emission from surrounding gas. Early stages of a star 's life can be seen in infrared light, which penetrates the dust more easily than visible light. Observations from the Wide - field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) have thus been especially important for unveiling numerous Galactic protostars and their parent star clusters. Examples of such embedded star clusters are FSR 1184, FSR 1190, Camargo 14, Camargo 74, Majaess 64, and Majaess 98.
The structure of the molecular cloud and the effects of the protostar can be observed in near - IR extinction maps (where the number of stars are counted per unit area and compared to a nearby zero extinction area of sky), continuum dust emission and rotational transitions of CO and other molecules; these last two are observed in the millimeter and submillimeter range. The radiation from the protostar and early star has to be observed in infrared astronomy wavelengths, as the extinction caused by the rest of the cloud in which the star is forming is usually too big to allow us to observe it in the visual part of the spectrum. This presents considerable difficulties as the Earth 's atmosphere is almost entirely opaque from 20μm to 850μm, with narrow windows at 200μm and 450μm. Even outside this range, atmospheric subtraction techniques must be used.
X-ray observations have proven useful for studying young stars, since X-ray emission from these objects is 100 -- 100,000 times stronger than X-ray emission from main - sequence stars. The earliest detections of X-rays from T Tauri stars were made by the Einstein X-ray Observatory. For low - mass stars X-rays are generated by the heating of the stellar corona through magnetic reconnection, while for high - mass O and early B - type stars X-rays are generated through supersonic shocks in the stellar winds. Photons in the soft X-ray energy range covered by the Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM Newton may penetrate the interstellar medium with only moderate absorption due to gas, making the X-ray a useful wavelength for seeing the stellar populations within molecular clouds. X-ray emission as evidence of stellar youth makes this band particularly useful for performing censuses of stars in star - forming regions, given that not all young stars have infrared excesses. X-ray observations have provided near - complete censuses of all stellar - mass objects in the Orion Nebula Cluster and Taurus Molecular Cloud.
The formation of individual stars can only be directly observed in the Milky Way Galaxy, but in distant galaxies star formation has been detected through its unique spectral signature.
Initial research indicates star - forming clumps start as giant, dense areas in turbulent gas - rich matter in young galaxies, live about 500 million years, and may migrate to the center of a galaxy, creating the central bulge of a galaxy.
On February 21, 2014, NASA announced a greatly upgraded database for tracking polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the universe. According to scientists, more than 20 % of the carbon in the universe may be associated with PAHs, possible starting materials for the formation of life. PAHs seem to have been formed shortly after the Big Bang, are widespread throughout the universe, and are associated with new stars and exoplanets.
Stars of different masses are thought to form by slightly different mechanisms. The theory of low - mass star formation, which is well - supported by a plethora of observations, suggests that low - mass stars form by the gravitational collapse of rotating density enhancements within molecular clouds. As described above, the collapse of a rotating cloud of gas and dust leads to the formation of an accretion disk through which matter is channeled onto a central protostar. For stars with masses higher than about 8 M, however, the mechanism of star formation is not well understood.
Massive stars emit copious quantities of radiation which pushes against infalling material. In the past, it was thought that this radiation pressure might be substantial enough to halt accretion onto the massive protostar and prevent the formation of stars with masses more than a few tens of solar masses. Recent theoretical work has shown that the production of a jet and outflow clears a cavity through which much of the radiation from a massive protostar can escape without hindering accretion through the disk and onto the protostar. Present thinking is that massive stars may therefore be able to form by a mechanism similar to that by which low mass stars form.
There is mounting evidence that at least some massive protostars are indeed surrounded by accretion disks. Several other theories of massive star formation remain to be tested observationally. Of these, perhaps the most prominent is the theory of competitive accretion, which suggests that massive protostars are "seeded '' by low - mass protostars which compete with other protostars to draw in matter from the entire parent molecular cloud, instead of simply from a small local region.
Another theory of massive star formation suggests that massive stars may form by the coalescence of two or more stars of lower mass.
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what kind of gun do the nj state police carry | New Jersey State Police - wikipedia
The New Jersey State Police (NJSP), is the official state police force of the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is a general - powers police agency with statewide jurisdiction, designated by Troop Sectors.
As with other state police organizations, the primary reason for the creation of the New Jersey State Police was for the protection of rural areas that had never had law enforcement, beyond a local sheriff, who was often not able to provide suitable police services. Legislation for its creation was first introduced in 1914, but it would not be until March 29, 1921, with the passing of the State Police Bill, that a statewide police force was created. Senator Clarence I. Case was the driving force behind the 1921 legislation, however, the person with the most impact on the organization was its first Superintendent Norman Schwarzkopf, Sr. Schwarzkopf was a graduate of West Point and this training and his time in the military heavily influenced how he organized and trained his first group of troopers. The first State Police class reported for training on September 1, 1921 and consisted of 116 men out of an applicant group of 600. Training took place in Sea Girt, New Jersey on the same grounds as the current State Police Academy. Out of the 116 men who started training only 81 officers and troopers completed the three - month training program. According to the New Jersey State Police Website, "On December 1, 1921, the new troopers were administered the oath of office and on December 5, 1921, in a blinding snowstorm, started out on horseback and motorcycle to their posts throughout the state. ''
The New Jersey State Police is responsible for general police services, general highway and traffic enforcement, statewide investigation and intelligence services, emergency management, support for state and local law enforcement efforts, maintenance of criminal records and identification systems and regulation of certain commerce such as firearms ownership.
Many municipalities in southern and north - western New Jersey lack local police departments, therefore the state police have the primary responsibility for providing police services to these towns for a yearly assessed nominal fee paid to the state government.
The New Jersey State Police is also charged with the responsibility of protecting the Governor of New Jersey and Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey, as well as the President of the New Jersey Senate and the Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly.
"Honor, Duty, Fidelity '', the motto of the New Jersey State Police was adapted from the West Point motto "Duty, Honor, Country ''. The triangular State Police logo and hat badge represents this motto. The badge has stars in each of its three corners and was created by New York jeweler Julius George Schwarzkopf, the father of founder Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf. The NJSP logo includes the year 1921, date of founding, in place of a badge number.
The General Orders are the guiding principles of the State Police and provide historical bases for its rules and regulations.
Training for recruits takes place at the State Police Academy located in Sea Girt, New Jersey. The academy is both physically and mentally demanding on the recruit. The recruits live at the academy during the week and are responsible for the upkeep of the barracks and academy grounds, as well as their equipment and uniforms. The curriculum consists of ten units of study that increase in difficulty and complexity over the 26 weeks of training. Drop out rate for new recruits in the Academy is above or close to 35 % per class. Some areas of study include:
In addition to its distinctive triangular badge, Troopers wear a distinctive uniform for regular patrol duties, which is normally reserved for "Class A '' functions in nearby state police forces (Delaware, New York, and Pennsylvania). The uniform originated from Schwarzkopf 's time in the U.S. Army Cavalry. The winter uniform consists of a French blue Army - style coat, known as a blouse, with brass buttons, and gold triangular patches, with "N.J. '' on the right lapel and "S.P. '' on the left. The blouse is worn over a dress shirt, light blue for sergeants and below, white for lieutenants and above, and a navy blue necktie. Navy blue trousers or riding breeches bearing a gold stripe on each side completes the uniform. During the summer, the blouse is replaced with a long - sleeve blue shirt, while a necktie is still worn. A saucer - shaped hat (as opposed to a Stetson hat in New York and Maryland or the Campaign hat in Delaware and Pennsylvania.) is worn, with two straps -- one going over the crown, giving the uniform a distinctive, imposing appearance. The NJSP is one of only five state police forces that do not wear a badge on their uniform shirts; the troopers ' badge is only worn on their hat. For this reason, it is extremely unusual to ever see a Trooper without his / her cover on. Enlisted troopers wear their applicable rank on the sleeves while officers wear their rank on shoulder epaulets. Both winter and summer uniforms are worn with the full Sam Browne Belt, if a weapon is worn, which was adopted by Col. Schwarzkopf, as the belt gave the wearer a proper "brace '' (known by General of the Armies John Pershing as the "West Point Brace; '' appropriate at the time since both Pershing and Schwarzkopf were both graduates).
The current organization of the New Jersey State Police is:
This department is a member of the New York - New Jersey Regional Fugitive Task Force.
NJSP is one third of the participants of a Traffic Management Center (TMC) called STMC (Statewide Traffic Management Center) located in Woodbridge, NJ.
STMC is also the home to New Jersey Department of Transportation and the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. The STMC is manned 24 / 7 and is responsible for the coordination & logistics of statewide resources during major incidents within the State of New Jersey.
As of 2007, the demographics of the New Jersey State Police was as follows:
The New Jersey State Police, as of July 2007, received a coveted law enforcement accreditation after more than a year of intense reviews and grading. The Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA) bestowed the honor at a meeting of their commissioners in Montreal, Quebec.
The award is the culmination of a two - year process that included on - site inspections from a national team representing the commission. Assessors examined files, conducted panel interviews of staff members, inspected facilities, and performed ride - a-longs with troopers.
Accreditation brings several significant benefits. Primarily, it improves public safety services by comparing the New Jersey State Police to the best procedures currently used by law enforcement and raising any non-compliant areas up to those standards. Additionally, it creates accountability to a respected benchmarking group that knows the work of modern policing. Public trust is bolstered by way of the transparency involved in the whole CALEA accreditation process.
The novel Expressway (1973) by Elleston Trevor, writing under the pseudonym "Howard North, '' is set during a busy 4th of July weekend, and depicts a group of New Jersey State Troopers trying to keep a lid on crime and traffic problems during that period. It was adapted into a TV - Movie titled Smash - Up on Interstate 5, changing the setting from a New Jersey turnpike to a California freeway, and changing the police from New Jersey State Troopers to officers of the California Highway Patrol.
Bruce Springsteen 's album Nebraska (1982) contains the dark song "State Trooper '' in which a traveller on the New Jersey Turnpike, a desperate man who has committed unknown crimes, hopes that he wo n't be pulled over by a State Trooper. This song was used in The Sopranos.
In the 2009 film Paul Blart: Mall Cop, Kevin James plays a mall security guard who dreams to become a New Jersey State Trooper. In the beginning of the film, he is taking the entry course in the police academy and several training instructors are seen as well as some officers in dress uniforms in the background.
Until 1949, the state police provided a meal to patrol officers at the nearest station which was replaced with a meal allowance so they did n't need to leave the area where they were patrolling. The IRS challenged a tax return arguing that, unlike the actual meal, the meal allowance was taxable. In Commissioner v. Kowalski, the US Supreme Court ruled in favor of the IRS that the income was now taxable.
In the late 1990s, both the Maryland and New Jersey State Police agencies were subject to allegations of racial profiling which claimed that black motorists were being pulled over disproportionately on the New Jersey Turnpike and on Interstate 95. A nationwide controversy erupted, which ultimately resulted in a federal monitor watching over the New Jersey State Police. In a consent decree, the New Jersey State Police agreed to adopt a new policy that no individual may be detained based on race, unless said individual matches the description of a specific suspect. The consent decree was dissolved on September 21, 2009.
On April 23, 1998, Troopers James Kenna and John Hogan opened fire on a van they stopped for speeding on the New Jersey Turnpike. The four passengers in the van were unarmed. The troopers said they fired, wounding three of the four minority men inside, when the van lurched back toward them. This also started the investigation of possible racial profiling within law enforcement in New Jersey.
On December 1, 2003, Trooper Justin Hopson filed a lawsuit in U.S. District Court in Camden. Hopson alleged in his complaint that he was hazed and harassed by a group of fellow state troopers known as the "Lords of Discipline. '' The hazing occurred when Hopson with only eleven days on the force at the time, refused to falsify the facts underlying an illegal arrest of a citizen. The complaint alleges that after Hopson refused to support the arrest, he was physically assaulted, received threatening notes, and his car was vandalized while on duty. Over the years, several troopers have come forward about the Lords of Discipline. The secret group allegedly drove nails into colleagues ' tires, damaged lockers, and wore Lords of Discipline inscribed T - shirts. The NJ Attorney General 's Office conducted a two - year investigation into the group where seven troopers were suspended or reprimanded but the probe found "no organized group of troopers known as the Lords of Discipline. '' On October 1, 2007, the State of New Jersey agreed to a $400,000 settlement with Justin Hopson. A spokesman for the attorney general called the Hopson settlement "fair and reasonable. ''
On August 17, 2004 New Jersey State Police troopers Michael Colaner and David Ryan pulled over detective Gary S. Wade of the Tinton Falls Police Department for allegedly speeding.
The detective, Gary S. Wade, who worked for the Police Department in Tinton Falls for eight years, was supposedly on his way to work and driving with his seatbelt on in an unmarked police car with a spotlight on the driver 's side, wearing a shirt with an embroidered badge on it and also wearing a badge on his belt. After being pulled over Wade called his supervisor according to his department 's protocol and asked the State Troopers to wait until his supervisor arrived.
However, the dash camera from trooper Colaner 's patrol vehicle indicated that within 30 seconds Colaner had pulled a gun on Wade who was still in his car. According to a transcript of the video Wade had asked twice why he was being pulled over and received no answer from the Troopers. Colaner then informed Wade that he was placing Wade under arrest for disorderly conduct and after a 90 - second exchange the troopers pulled Wade out of his car. The video then shows Colaner hitting Wade in the back of the head with a fist wrapped around a can of pepper spray just before Wade was forced to the ground. Wade was then doused with pepper spray and handcuffed.
Wade was subsequently charged and convicted in 2006 in municipal court, of the disorderly persons (misdemeanor) offense: Obstruction of Administration of Law, and the traffic infraction of careless driving. He was convicted again in Superior Court and was ordered to forfeit his position with the Borough of Tinton Falls Police Department. His appeal of the conviction and forfeiture was denied in 2008. However, in 2010, a federal jury in a civil lawsuit found that Trooper Colaner used excessive force in the handling of Wade and awarded Wade $5 million in compensatory and punitive damages.
On September 27, 2006, Trooper Robert Higbee was attempting to stop a speeding car, driven by Joshua Wigglesworth, when he failed to yield at a stop sign at the intersection of Stagecoach and Tuckahoe Roads in Marmora, an unincorporated part of Upper Township, Cape May County. He then collided with a minivan occupied by sisters 17 - year - old Jacqueline and 19 - year - old Christina Becker, which then collided with another vehicle occupied by Robert Taylor and his son Michael. Jacqueline and Christina Becker were pronounced dead at the scene. Higbee was suspended without pay after being indicted and tried on 2 counts of vehicular homicide in the deaths of Jacqueline and Christina Becker. Higbee was subsequently acquitted on all counts. The mother of Jacqueline and Christina Becker has settled a civil lawsuit for $2 million, while Taylor has filed a lawsuit against Higbee and the New Jersey State Police. These events, including the criminal trial, have been depicted in Closing the Gap, an account by Higbee 's defense attorney D. William Subin.
On May 31, 2011, New Jersey State Police helicoptered Governor Chris Christie and his wife, Mary Pat, to their son 's high school baseball game in Montvale, NJ, Bergen County. At the baseball game, another NJSP vehicle, black car with tinted windows, drove Christie and his wife to and from the helicopter to the baseball field -- approximately 200 yards. NJSP then helicoptered Christie to Princeton to meet with Republican business leaders from Iowa who were trying to draft him to run for president. The AgustaWestland helicopter cost tax - payers $12.5 million and was operated by NJSP personnel. Christie and Colonel Joseph Rick Fuentes defended the use of NJSP department resources, though New Jersey residents complained about the misuse of government and police resources for personal entertainment. Assemblyman Paul Moriart, called on the governor to disclose the use of NJSP helicopters and reimburse taxpayers for the costs associated with personal and political trips. "Gov. Christie must learn that tax payers can not afford his helicopter joyrides '', said Moriart.
In 2017, the State Police awarded president Donald Trump an honorary state trooper, giving him the unassigned badge number 45, in a private ceremony at the White House; while the award was reportedly for the president 's support of police, some members of the force described the honor as "inappropriate ''; officials presenting the award included Patrick Callahan, Rick Fuentes and Jeffrey Mottley.
"The 20s History Begins ''. New Jersey State Police. Retrieved December 21, 2006.
"Core Functions ''. New Jersey State Police. Retrieved December 21, 2006.
"General Orders ''. New Jersey State Police. Retrieved December 21, 2006.
"History of the Badge ''. New Jersey State Police. Retrieved December 21, 2006.
"Academy ''. New Jersey State Police. Retrieved December 21, 2006.
"NJ State Police Awarded National Accreditation ''. New Jersey State Police. Retrieved August 17, 2007.
"CALEA Accreditation Letter '' (PDF). New Jersey State Police. Retrieved August 17, 2007.
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how far is redding california from anderson california | Anderson, California - wikipedia
Anderson is a city in Shasta County, California, United States, approximately 10 miles south of Redding. The population was 9,932 at the 2010 census, up from 9,022 at the 2000 census.
The city was named after ranch owner Elias Anderson who granted the Oregon and California Railroad trackage rights and land for a station.
Railroad activity came to the area in 1872. Anderson is named after Elias Anderson, who owned the largest land grant in the vicinity. The city 's Anderson River Park sits on part of the original land grant owned by Anderson.
Anderson is located at 40 ° 27 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 17 ′ 48 '' W / 40.452092 ° N 122.296560 ° W / 40.452092; - 122.296560.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.6 square miles (17 km), of which 6.4 square miles (17 km) of it is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km) of it (3.74 %) is water.
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Anderson has a Hot - summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csa '' on climate maps.
The 2010 United States Census reported that Anderson had a population of 9,932. The population density was 1,500.3 people per square mile (579.3 / km2). The racial makeup of Anderson was 8,273 (83.3 %) White, 70 (0.7 %) African American, 426 (4.3 %) Native American, 256 (2.6 %) Asian, 17 (0.2 %) Pacific Islander, 353 (3.6 %) from other races, and 537 (5.4 %) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,070 persons (10.8 %).
The Census reported that 9,920 people (99.9 % of the population) lived in households, 12 (0.1 %) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0 %) were institutionalized.
There were 3,944 households, out of which 1,453 (36.8 %) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 1,503 (38.1 %) were opposite - sex married couples living together, 771 (19.5 %) had a female householder with no husband present, 254 (6.4 %) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 364 (9.2 %) unmarried opposite - sex partnerships, and 25 (0.6 %) same - sex married couples or partnerships. 1,163 households (29.5 %) were made up of individuals and 490 (12.4 %) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52. There were 2,528 families (64.1 % of all households); the average family size was 3.07.
The population was spread out with 2,746 people (27.6 %) under the age of 18, 934 people (9.4 %) aged 18 to 24, 2,565 people (25.8 %) aged 25 to 44, 2,420 people (24.4 %) aged 45 to 64, and 1,267 people (12.8 %) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.2 males.
There were 4,211 housing units at an average density of 636.1 per square mile (245.6 / km2), of which 1,888 (47.9 %) were owner - occupied, and 2,056 (52.1 %) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.8 %; the rental vacancy rate was 4.6 %. 4,727 people (47.6 % of the population) lived in owner - occupied housing units and 5,193 people (52.3 %) lived in rental housing units.
As of the census of 2000, there were 9,022 people, 3,372 households, and 2,319 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,412.0 people per square mile (545.1 / km2). There were 3,579 housing units at an average density of 560.2 per square mile (216.3 / km2). The racial makeup of the city was 86.51 % White, 0.62 % African American, 4.13 % Native American, 1.77 % Asian, 0.12 % Pacific Islander, 2.33 % from other races, and 4.51 % from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.30 % of the population.
There were 3,372 households out of which 39.3 % had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.6 % were married couples living together, 20.2 % had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.2 % were non-families. 26.5 % of all households were made up of individuals and 12.0 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.14.
In the city, the population was spread out with 31.6 % under the age of 18, 9.2 % from 18 to 24, 27.1 % from 25 to 44, 18.3 % from 45 to 64, and 13.9 % who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $24,558, and the median income for a family was $29,259. Males had a median income of $28,074 versus $20,745 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,744. About 22.2 % of families and 28.3 % of the population were below the poverty line, including 43.3 % of those under age 18 and 9.5 % of those age 65 or over.
According to a 2006 estimate, the population is 10,677. The report by the California Department of Finance lists the annual percentage change population estimate at 1.4 %.
In 2007, the population dropped from 10,677 to 10,580.
In areas north of Anderson, 4,036 live in unincorporated urban areas along Highway 273. Another 8,342 live in rural areas, including at least 3,500 people in the communities of Olinda and Happy Valley, which is west of Anderson and southwest of Redding. A total of 21,400 people live in the entire Anderson area, including Olinda, Happy Valley, and some areas south of Churn Creek Bottom.
In the state legislature Anderson is located in the 1st Senate District, represented by Republican Ted Gaines, and the 1st Assembly District, represented by Republican Brian Dahle.
Federally, Anderson is in California 's 1st congressional district, represented by Republican Doug LaMalfa.
The city is home to Anderson River Park, North Volonte Park, and South Volonte Park. Anderson River Park is located off of Stingy Ln. down Rupert Rd. The park is situated on the Sacramento River. The park consists of athletic fields, picnic areas, fishing access, play structures, and a disc golf course. North Volonte Park is located off South St. on Emily Rd. North Volonte Park is separated from South Volonte Park. North Volonte Park is a developed park which consists of softball and baseball fields. It also has a skate park. South Volonte Park is located behind North Volonte Park. South Volonte Park is wetlands that are outlined by a jogging trail. It also contains exercise equipment.
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who is the teacher in never been kissed | Never Been Kissed - wikipedia
Never Been Kissed is a 1999 romantic comedy film directed by Raja Gosnell, and stars Drew Barrymore, David Arquette, Michael Vartan, Leelee Sobieski, Jeremy Jordan, Molly Shannon, Garry Marshall, John C. Reilly and James Franco in his film debut.
Josie Geller is an insecure 25 - year - old copy editor for the Chicago Sun - Times who has never had a real relationship. One day, her editor - in - chief, Rigfort assigns her to report undercover at a high school to help parents become more aware of their children 's lives.
Her first day at South Glen South High School is miserable. Josie reverts to the old geek persona that ruined her first high school career. She also has an unfortunate run - in with three obnoxious popular girls, Kirsten, Gibby and Kristin, and the school 's most attractive and popular student, Guy Perkins. Josie loses hope, but is reassured when a kind - hearted nerd named Aldys befriends her. Aldys, who loathes Guy and his gang, invites Josie to join The Denominators, a group of intelligent students.
Josie develops a crush on her English teacher, Sam Coulson, and becomes the top student in his class. After reciting a romantic excerpt from Shakespeare to Sam, Josie has horrible flashbacks to when she read a romantic poem aloud in class to her high school crush, a popular boy named Billy Prince, who later asked her to their senior prom, making her dream come true. However, on the night of the prom, Billy arrives with another girl and both of them hurl eggs and insults at Josie, humiliating her and breaking her heart.
One night while out driving with Aldys, Josie encounters Guy and his gang at a local hangout called "The Court '' where promiscuity and underage drinking take place. Her managing editor Augustus "Gus '' Strauss loses patience with Josie after a rival paper scoops The Court story, and orders Josie to become friends with the popular kids. He arranges for her to wear a hidden camera, and soon the whole office becomes obsessed with her story.
Josie confides in her brother Rob about her fears. Rob, who was their high school 's most popular boy in his teens, urges her to let go of her old self and start anew. To help her, Rob enrolls as a student and becomes an instant hit. He then uses his influence to draw Josie into the cool crowd, much to the dismay of Aldys.
Sam and Josie grow closer, but Sam struggles with his feelings as he thinks she 's a student. Guy and Josie attend the prom as Rosalind and Orlando from Shakespeare 's As You Like It. Anita, Gus and Josie 's other co-workers watch through the camera and are overjoyed as she is voted prom queen. As Guy dances with Aldys as an alleged act of friendship, the mean girls attempt to dump dog food over Aldys. Outraged, Josie throws her crown away and reveals her true identity. She praises Aldys for her kindness and warns the students that one 's persona in high school means nothing in the real world. Sam is hurt by her lies and states he wants nothing to do with her. Also angered is Rob, who as a phony student received a second chance at baseball. Josie, ultimately making amends, secures him a coaching job.
Josie vows to give Gus a story and writes an account of her experience. In it, she admits she 's never been kissed, describes the students of South Glen South, and avows her love for Sam; the entire city is moved by it. She writes she will stand in the middle of the baseball field and wait for Sam to come and kiss her. Josie waits, but the clock runs out with no sign of Sam. On the verge of giving up... cheers, then a booming roar, as Sam emerges to give her a romantic kiss.
Critics gave mixed reviews to the film, with a "Rotten '' score of 57 % on review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, and its consensus reading: "Unoriginal and unremarkable high school satire adds little to the genre. '' Film critic Roger Ebert was not as harsh on the film, giving it 3 out of 4 stars and saying, "The movie 's screenplay is contrived and not blindingly original, but Barrymore illuminates it with sunniness, and creates a lovable character. ''
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
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how many games has auburn won this season | 2016 Auburn Tigers football team - wikipedia
The 2016 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 2016 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Tigers played their home games at Jordan -- Hare Stadium in Auburn, Alabama and competed in the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). They were led by fourth - year head coach Gus Malzahn. They finished the season 8 -- 5, 5 -- 3 in SEC play to finish in a tie for second place in the Western Division. They were invited to the Sugar Bowl where they lost to Oklahoma.
The 2015 Auburn Tigers began the season as the preseason pick to win the SEC Championship and a berth in the College Football Playoff. There was also hype about junior QB Jeremy Johnson who sat behind Nick Marshall in 2013 and 2014, being a Heisman Trophy candidate. The hiring of Will Muschamp as defensive coordinator was a major success for the Tigers after Ellis Johnson was let go after a 55 - 44 defeat in the 2014 Iron Bowl.
The Tigers ' season began with some shocking surprises. In a week one showdown against Louisville in the Chick - fil - A Kickoff Game, Auburn built a 24 - 0 lead, but Jeremy Johnson threw three interceptions and the Cardinals came back from 24 - 0 before finally falling to Auburn 31 - 24. Auburn suffered key injuries to Carl Lawson, Tray Matthews, Roc Thomas and Jovon Robinson. This with starting corner TJ Davis out with acl and Joshua Holsey sitting out. A week later, Auburn played against FCS foe Jacksonville State, Auburn again had a rough outing from both Jeremy Johnson and the Tigers ' defense. The Tigers would fall to 2 - 2 and 0 - 2 in SEC play after being defeated by LSU and Mississippi State. The Tigers defeated San Jose State and then got their first SEC win of the season at Kentucky.
After beating the Wildcats, Auburn would go on to lose four out of their remaining six regular season games. Those consisted of home losses to Georgia 20 - 13, Alabama 29 - 13, Ole Miss 27 - 19, and a 4 four overtime loss on the road at Arkansas 54 - 46. Auburn 's two only wins in that time were against Idaho and Texas A&M. Auburn finished the season with a 6 - 6 season and earned a trip to the 2015 Birmingham Bowl against Memphis. The Tigers beat Memphis 31 - 10 in Birmingham, giving coach Gus Malzahn his first bowl win and the team 's first bowl win since 2011.
Following the season, defensive coordinator Will Muschamp left the program to become the head coach at South Carolina, joining him were Travaris Robinson, Lance Thompson, JB Grimes moved on as well to join Cincinnati 's coaching staff.
Kevin Steele was hired to be Auburn 's new defensive coordinator, and assistants Wesley McGriff, Travis Williams, and Herb Hand were added to the staff.
The offseason saw numerous transfers including: RB Roc Thomas, TE Chris Laye, OL Jordan Diamond, OL Will Adams, DE Gimel President, LB Javiere Mitchell and S Tim Irvin.
Following the season OL Avery Young and OL Shon Coleman chose to forgo their remaining eligibility by entering the 2016 NFL Draft.
Auburn picked up transfers in Baylor RB Kameron Martin, Illinois LB TJ Neal and Miami, OH CB Marshall Taylor.
Texas RT Darius James and Ohio St CB Jamal Dean now available after sitting out 2015. On August third 2016 Senior running back Jovon Robinson was dismissed from the team.
The annual ' A-Day ' was held on April 9. 45,723 fans came to see the Tigers perform, making this the lowest attendance for ' A-Day ' in the Gus Malzahn era. The Blue team defeated the White team by the score of 19 − 10.
at Jordan -- Hare Stadium Auburn, AL
Auburn announced its 2016 football schedule on October 29, 2015. The 2016 schedule consists of 8 home and 4 away games in the regular season. The Tigers will host SEC foes Arkansas, LSU, Texas A&M, and Vanderbilt, and will travel to Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi State, and Ole Miss.
The Tigers will host all four non -- conference games. Auburn will host Alabama A&M from the Southwestern Athletic Conference, Arkansas State and Louisiana -- Monroe both from the Sun Belt Conference and national title runner up Clemson from the Atlantic Coast Conference. The 2016 season is the first season the Tigers will play eight home games since the 2013 season, when Auburn went 12 − 2 and appeared in the 2014 BCS National Championship Game.
at Jordan -- Hare Stadium Auburn, AL
The Tigers opened the season with a home contest against the 2015 national runner - up Clemson. This is considered a rivalry game for both schools. Clemson came into the game ranked number 2 in the country while Auburn was unranked. Auburn took an early lead on a long field goal by Daniel Carlson. Clemson, however, responded with a drive of its own, which resulted in a touchdown on 4th down and goal from the 1 - yard line. Clemson would lead 10 - 3 going into halftime and add another field goal in the 3rd quarter to make the score 13 - 3 going into the 4th quarter. Auburn cut the lead on another field goal by Daniel Carlson, but once again Clemson responded with another touchdown. Auburn would score a touchdown with just over 3 minutes to play in the ballgame. Auburn would then stop Clemson on the ensuing possession, but 2 hail mary attempts by Auburn were broken up in the end zone in the last 10 seconds of the ballgame and Clemson held on for the 19 - 13 victory. Auburn would fall to 0 - 1, making this the first opening game loss for Auburn with Gus Malzahn as coach.
at Jordan -- Hare Stadium Auburn, AL
The second game of the season was also the second non-conference opponent for the Tigers. They played Arkansas State out of the Sun Belt Conference. Auburn scored first but Arkansas State quickly answered with a long pass play that set up a touchdown to tie the game at 7. Auburn scored next and never looked back scoring 31 unanswered points. At halftime, the Tigers lead 38 - 7. The final score was 51 - 14. Sean White had 3 touchdowns, more than he had in all his past Auburn games combined. The game was Auburn 's best offensive performance, according to many writers, since the 2014 season. Overall, this was a very impressive victory for Auburn, and for Gus Malzahn, who used to coach at Arkansas State in 2012. Auburn also remains unbeaten against the Sun Belt Conference after this win.
at Jordan -- Hare Stadium Auburn, AL
The third game of the season is the first conference game for Auburn. SEC Western Division opponent Texas A&M comes to Auburn to play that game. Auburn beat the 25th ranked A&M last year 26 - 10. Auburn has yet to beat the Aggies at Auburn. Auburn has been out scored 104 to 59 at home by A&M.
at Jordan -- Hare Stadium Auburn, AL
The fourth game of the season was a rivalry game against the LSU Tigers.
The game would end with a controversial win. After an illegal shift was called against LSU with one second to go, LSU would go on to score what was initially called a touchdown as time expired before being reviewed and determined that time expired prior to the snap, negating the touchdown and giving Auburn the 18 - 13 win.
This was Auburn 's first SEC victory without scoring a touchdown since 2008, when they won 3 - 2 against Mississippi State. Daniel Carlson was 6 - 6 on field goals in the game, including a 51 - yard field goal. Auburn held LSU star running back Leonard Fournette to less than half the yards they allowed him in 2015. It was Auburn 's first home conference win since October 25, 2014 against South Carolina.
at Jordan -- Hare Stadium Auburn, AL
The fifth game of the season was the annual homecoming game. The Louisiana -- Monroe Warhawks came to Auburn for their tenth game ever against the Tigers. The last time the Warhawks and the Tigers clashed, the result was a 31 − 28 Auburn victory in overtime back in the 2012 season. However, this one went very differently. Auburn dominated from the start. The Tigers had their highest point total since 59 versus San Jose State in 2014. The defense also allowed the fewest points since 3 against Western Carolina in 2013. Auburn improved to 3 - 2 to go over. 500 for the first time in the season.
at Davis Wade Stadium Starkville, MS
The sixth game of the season was the first road game for the Tigers. They played at Mississippi State where they had not won since 2010. However, Auburn easily won the game. After an early interception put the Bulldogs in good field position, the Tigers defense responded, holding Mississippi State to a field goal attempt that was no good. Auburn seized the momentum after that. Starting running back Kerryon Johnson got hurt early in the game, but Kamryn Pettway took over the game with a 169 - yard performance including 3 touchdowns. Also, the Auburn defense scored a touchdown when Carl Lawson forced a fumble which was picked up by Montravius Adams and returned 13 yards for a touchdown. Auburn led 35 - 0 at halftime. The Tigers slowed down in the second half, only attempting one pass on offense. The final score was 38 - 14. It broke a two - game losing streak to the Bulldogs and improved Auburn 's record to 4 - 2 and 2 - 1 in the SEC. The win also propelled Auburn into the AP Poll the next week, as the Tigers were ranked # 23.
at Jordan -- Hare Stadium Auburn, AL
After their only bye week of the season, Auburn played Arkansas in the seventh game of the year. In the 2015 season, the Tigers lost a heartbreaker in Fayetteville, falling 54 − 46 in four overtimes. The Tigers avenged that loss in a very big way, dominating the Razorbacks from the start. The Tigers had over 500 yards of rushing, the Razorbacks only had 25. It was Auburn 's biggest margin of victory over an SEC opponent since 1970. The Tigers also built their lead in the overall series, now leading it 14 − 11 − 1.
at Vaught -- Hemingway Stadium Oxford, MS
The eighth game of the season was a trip to Oxford, Mississippi to face Ole Miss. In an offensive shootout, Ole Miss quarterback Chad Kelly set the Ole Miss school record for most passing attempt and most passing yards in a single game. However, Auburn had just as much success rushing as Ole Miss had passing. Kamryn Pettway had a career - high 236 yards. The key play came late in the game with Auburn leading 33 -- 29 and Ole Miss driving down the field for the go - ahead touchdown. Ole Miss tight end Evan Engram dropped a pass which would have likely resulted in a touchdown. On the next play, Auburn defender Josh Holsey intercepted quarterback Chad kelly 's pass and returned it the Ole Miss 30 yard line. That set up a Kerryon Johnson touchdown that made it a two possession game, ultimately sealing the win for Auburn. Auburn became bowl eligible with their 6th win of the year. Auburn now leads the overall series 30 − 11 − 0.
at Jordan -- Hare Stadium Auburn, AL
The ninth game of the season is against SEC Eastern Division oppponent Vanderbilt. The last game, which was in the 2012 season, was a 17 − 13 Vanderbilt victory. Vanderbilt leads the all - time series 21 − 20 − 1.
at Sanford Stadium Athens, GA
The tenth game of the year is the annual Deep South 's Oldest Rivalry game against Georgia. In the last meeting, Georgia won by the score of 20 − 13 in the 2015 season. Georgia has a slim lead in the series, which has been played since 1892, 56 − 55 − 8.
at Jordan -- Hare Stadium Auburn, AL
The eleventh game will be the final home game for Auburn making it Senior Night. Alabama A&M and Auburn have only played once before with the Tigers winning that game 51 − 7 in the 2012 season. That win gave the Tigers the overall series lead of 1 − 0 − 0.
at Bryant -- Denny Stadium Tuscaloosa, AL
The final game of the regular season is the annual Iron Bowl clash with Alabama. In the last meeting, which was in the 2015 season, Alabama won 29 − 13 on their way to a national championship. Alabama leads the all - time series 44 − 35 − 1. Auburn has not beat Alabama in Tuscaloosa since 2010.
at Mercedes - Benz Superdome New Orleans, LA
The Tigers were selected for the Sugar Bowl to play Oklahoma. The Sugar Bowl usually takes the highest - ranked SEC team, but because the SEC champion, Alabama, was in the playoff, the Sugar Bowl chose Auburn. It will be the first time Auburn and Oklahoma have played since the 1972 Sugar Bowl, for the 1971 season. The Sooners won that game 40 -- 22 and thus have a 1 -- 0 -- 0 series lead.
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where should your head be when you sleep | Sleeping positions - wikipedia
The sleeping position is the body configuration assumed by a person during or prior to sleeping. It has been shown to have health implications, particularly for babies.
A Canadian survey found that 39 % of respondents preferring the "log '' position (lying on one 's side with the arms down the side) and 28 % preferring to sleep on their side with their legs bent.
A Travelodge survey found that 50 % of heterosexual British couples prefer sleeping back - to - back, either not touching (27 %) or touching (23 %). Spooning was next, with the man on the outside 20 % of the time vs. 8 % with the woman on the outside. 10 % favored the "lovers ' knot '' (facing each other with legs intertwined), though all but 2 % separated before going to sleep. The "Hollywood pose '' of the woman with her head and arm on the man 's chest was chosen by 4 %.
In the 1958 edition of his best - selling book The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care, pediatrician Dr Benjamin Spock warned against placing a baby on its back, writing, "if (an infant) vomits, he 's more likely to choke on the vomitus. '' However, later studies have shown that placing a young baby in a prone position increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). A 2005 study concluded that "systematic review of preventable risk factors for SIDS from 1970 would have led to earlier recognition of the risks of sleeping on the front and might have prevented over 10,000 infant deaths in the UK and at least 50,000 in Europe, the USA, and Australasia. ''
It is recommended that people at risk of obstructive sleep apnea sleep on their side and with a 30 ° or higher elevation of the upper body. Snoring, which may be (but is not necessarily) an indicator of obstructive sleep apnea, may also be alleviated by sleeping on one 's side.
The Indian Vastu Shastra and Chinese Feng shui systems describe favorable and unfavorable geographical directions (north, south, east, west) for sleeping. Vastu Shastra suggests not to sleep towards North for people living in Northern hemisphere and not towards South in case of Southern Hemisphere. Blog by Sadhguru (Isha Foundation) quotes, "East is the best direction. North - east is okay. West is alright. South, if you must. North, the worst. This is true as long as you are in the northern hemisphere -- sleeping with your head towards any side except north is okay. In the southern hemisphere, do n't put your head to the south. ''
Feng shui also factors in the configuration of the bedroom in the positioning of the bed. In Islamic culture, some sleep positions are encouraged while others are discouraged based on the practice (Sunnah) and recommendations of Muhammad. Thus, many Muslims sleep on their right side, particularly, in the initial part of sleep. Muhammad said, "Whenever you go to bed, perform ablution like that for the prayer, and lie on your right side '' (SM 2710). In description of the sleep of Muhammad, a Hadith states, "When the Prophet wants to go to sleep, he puts his right hand under his cheek '' (SM 2713). Modern scientific studies have suggested a beneficial effect of right lateral decubitus position on the heart. In particular, one study assessed the autonomic effect of three sleep positions (supine, left lateral decubitus, and right lateral decubitus) in healthy subjects using spectral heart rate variability analysis. The results indicated that cardiac vagal activity was greatest when subjects were in the right lateral decubitus position.
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who gets chief of surgery in season 3 | Grey 's Anatomy (season 3) - wikipedia
The third season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy, commenced airing on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) on September 21, 2006, and concluded on May 17, 2007. The season was produced by Touchstone Television, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company, the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes. Actors Ellen Pompeo, Sandra Oh, Katherine Heigl, Justin Chambers, and T.R. Knight reprised their roles as surgical interns Meredith Grey, Cristina Yang, Izzie Stevens, Alex Karev, and George O'Malley, respectively, continuing their expansive storylines as focal points throughout the season. Previous main cast members Chandra Wilson, James Pickens, Jr., Kate Walsh, Isaiah Washington, and Patrick Dempsey also returned, while previous guest stars Sara Ramirez and Eric Dane were promoted to series regulars, following the extension of their contracts.
The season followed the continuation of the surgical residency of five young interns, as they experience the demands of the competitive field of medicine, which becomes defining in their personal evolution. Although set in fictional Seattle Grace Hospital, located in Seattle, Washington, filming primarily occurred in Los Angeles, California. Whereas the first season mainly focused on the impact the surgical field has on the main characters, and the second one provided a detailed perspective on the physicians ' private lives, the third season deals with the tough challenges brought by the last phase of the surgeons ' internship, combining the professional motif emphasized in the first season, with the complex personal background used in the second. Through the season, several new storylines are introduced, including the arrival of Dane 's character, Dr. Mark Sloan, conceived and introduced as an antagonizing presence.
In a departure from the previous season, the third season aired in a new competitive time slot of 9: 00 pm on Thursdays, competing against the heavily promoted and highly rated dramatic television series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, which simultaneously aired on the CBS Network. Season three of Grey 's Anatomy contained 25 episodes, in addition to two clip shows that were produced to recap the previous events of the show, before the introduction of major new arcs. "Complications of the Heart '' aired on the same night as the season premiere, recapping the last episodes of the second season with insights into future episodes in the third, while "Every Moment Counts '' aired before the twentieth episode. The season also aired a two - part episode arc, which primarily served as a backdoor pilot for a proposed spin - off, Private Practice, focusing on the departure of Walsh 's character, Dr. Addison Montgomery.
The series ended its third season with an average of 19.22 million viewers per episode and a 6.8 / 35 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic, ranking eighth in the television season, outperformed by CSI. Television critics expressed a mainly negative outlook on the development of the series throughout the season, with the reviews ranging from mixed to unfavorable, as exaggeration and lack of realism have been highlighted as the main issues in the declining quality of the storylines. Despite the negative critical response, the performance of the cast members and the production technique of the crew received outstanding recognition through numerous awards and nominations. Earning major category nominations at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards and the 65th Golden Globe Awards, the season achieved the series ' highest number of recipients, with Heigl being the most awarded cast member. The series was ranked sixth in USA Today 's "best of television '' list, following the conclusion of the season.
The third season had twelve roles receiving star billing, with ten returning from the previous season, of whom nine were part of the original cast. All the main characters are physicians in the surgical wing of the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital. Ellen Pompeo portrayed Meredith Grey, both the protagonist and the narrator of the series, whose main goal is achieving a balance between the difficulties of the internship, and the complicated relationships in her private life. Sandra Oh portrayed Cristina Yang, who quickly develops as Meredith 's best friend, despite the continuous competition against the other interns. Katherine Heigl portrayed intern Isobel "Izzie '' Stevens, mourning the death of her fiancé as she unexpectedly decides to quit her job; she concludes that she is too personally involved with her patients. Justin Chambers acted as Alexander "Alex '' Karev, whose abrasive, arrogant attitude is softened with a more emotional and sensitive outlook on his career and relationships. T.R. Knight played the role of intern George O'Malley, who gradually becomes more self - confident after his feelings for Meredith diminish. Chandra Wilson portrayed fifth - year resident in general surgery, Miranda Bailey, the resident in charge of the five interns.
James Pickens, Jr. acted as Seattle Grace Hospital 's Chief of Surgery, Richard Webber, who has to deal with the choice between his career and his marriage. Kate Walsh played Addison Montgomery, obstetrician - gynecologist and neonatal surgeon, who comes to terms with her husband Derek Shepherd 's desire to divorce, while dealing with the arrival of her former lover. Isaiah Washington played the role of attending physician and cardiothoracic surgeon, Preston Burke, who becomes engaged to intern Cristina Yang after their developing a relationship. Patrick Dempsey portrayed attending neurosurgeon Derek Shepherd, whose relationship with intern Meredith Grey has been the focal point of the series since its inception. Sara Ramirez began receiving star billing in the season premiere, after numerous appearances during the last episodes of the second season. She portrayed orthopedic surgeon and fifth - year resident, Calliope "Callie '' Torres, whose relationship with intern George O'Malley evolves into a sudden marriage with unpleasant repercussions. Eric Dane was also promoted to the series regular status after a guest appearance in the eighteenth episode of the previous season, and an uncredited one in the second episode of this season. He began receiving star billing in the third episode of the season, portraying attending physician, otolaryngologist and plastic surgeon Mark Sloan, whose arc, describing the attempt at resuming his relationship with Addison Montgomery, is heavily developed throughout the season.
Numerous supporting characters have been given expansive and recurring appearances in the progressive storyline. Brooke Smith continues her role as cardiothoracic surgeon Erica Hahn, whose storylines include the rivalry with Preston Burke, her arrival to perform surgery of George O'Malley's dying father, and Richard Webber 's decision to hire her in the hospital. Chyler Leigh portrayed Meredith 's half - sister, Lexie Grey, who is accepted into the hospital 's internship program after her mother 's sudden death. Kate Burton appeared as Meredith Grey 's mother, Ellis Grey, a renowned surgeon suffering from Alzheimer 's disease, who ultimately dies following a heart attack. Veterinary physician Finn Dandrige was portrayed by Chris O'Donnell and appeared in the first four episodes of the season to resume the storyline of his romantic relationship with Meredith, previously introduced in the second season. Deceased since the second - season finale, character Dennsion "Denny '' Duquette, Jr. (Jeffrey Dean Morgan) appeared in two episodes of the season, during Meredith 's limbo sequence.
Elizabeth Reaser portrayed Rebecca "Ava '' Pope, recurring character and love interest for Alex Karev. She arrives as a patient suffering from amnesia and severe facial injuries after being involved in a massive ferry crash. Loretta Devine acted as Adele Webber, Richard 's wife, whose continuous struggle to have a normal marriage culminates in her asking her husband to retire. Other guest stars include Sarah Utterback in the role of nurse Olivia Harper, former love interest of both George O'Malley and Alex Karev, Kali Rocha portraying fifth - year resident Sydney Heron, who enters a competition against Miranda Bailey and Callie Torres for the position of Chief Resident, Roger Rees in the role of Colin Marlowe, a cardiothoracic surgeon and Cristina Yang 's former professor and lover, Jeff Perry portraying Meredith Grey 's father, Thatcher Grey; Mare Winningham in the role of Susan Grey, Embeth Davidtz playing Derek Shepherd 's sister Nancy Shepherd, a surgeon who is revealed to have slept with Mark Sloan; Tsai Chin in the role of Helen Yang Rubenstein, Cristina 's mother, and Diahann Carroll portraying Jane Burke, Preston Burke 's overly protective mother. Future Private Practice series regulars Amy Brenneman, Paul Adelstein, Tim Daly, Taye Diggs, Chris Lowell starred in the twenty - second and twenty - third episodes of the season, portraying Violet Turner, Cooper Freedman, Peter Wilder, Sam Bennett and William "Dell '' Parker, respectively, in order to make the transition to the proposed spin - off.
This season is the last to be produced by ABC Studios under title of Touchstone Television, as the company 's decision to change its name occurred after the conclusion of the season. Shonda Rhimes returned as the series ' showrunner and executive producer. She also continued her position from the first two seasons as one of the most prominent members of the writing staff. Betsy Beers, Mark Gordon and Rob Corn also returned as executive producers, along with Mark Wilding, Peter Horton and Krista Vernoff, who have been in this position since the inception of the series. Allan Heinberg, however, joins the production team at the beginning of the third season as a co-executive producer, before his promotion to an executive. Kent Hodder, Nancy Bordson and Steve Mulholland served as executive producers for four episodes during the season. Horton left the series at the conclusion of the season, whereas James D. Parriott, who previously served a writer and executive producer for the first two seasons, did not continue his work on the show during this season. Joan Rater and Tony Phelan continued to serve as co-executive producers, with Rater being a supervising producer as well. Stacy McKee, who previously served as a producer and writer for the series, was promoted to co-executive producer.
After having written three episodes for the first season and five for the second, Rhimes returned as a writer for six episodes, out of which one was written along with Marti Noxon. Krista Vernoff, Tony Phelan, Stacy McKee and Mark Wilding returned to the series as members of the writing staff, with Vernoff and Phelan writing three episodes and McKee and Wilding producing the script of two episodes. Gabrielle Stanton and Harry Werksman, Jr. worked together for the writing of one episode, after three episodes they have written for the series in the past. The season includes the first episode to be written by Debora Cahn, who would become one of the series ' main writers, as well as a consulting and supervisor producer. Other writers include Kip Koenig, Carolina Paiz, Eric Buchman, Joan Rater and Chris Van Dusen. Rob Corn returned to the series to direct three episodes for the season, after writing two episodes in the second season. Greg Yaitanes is credited for directing two episodes during the season, the only ones to have been directed by him in the series. Other prominent directors were Jeff Melman, Michael Grossman, Julie Anne Robinson and Adam Arkin, each directing two or more episodes during the season. Danny Lux continued his position as the main music composer for the series, while Herbert Davis and Walt Fraser served as the season 's cinematography directors. Susan Vaill and Edward Ornelas resumed their positions as editors, seeing David Greenspan, Matthew Ramsey and Avi Fisher being added to the team. Fisher, however, left the series at the conclusion of the season.
-- Executive producer Betsy Beers on Ellen Pompeo 's portrayal of character Meredith Grey
The season was primarily filmed in Los Angeles, California. Fisher Plaza, which is the headquarters building for the media company Fisher Communications and Fisher 's ABC affiliated Komo radio and television stations for Seattle, is used for some exterior shots of Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital, such as air ambulances landing on the Komo Television newscopter 's helipad. This puts Seattle Grace conveniently close to the Space Needle, which is directly across the street from Fisher Plaza, the Seattle Monorail, and other local landmarks. However, the hospital used for most other exterior and many interior shots is not in Seattle, are shot at the VA Sepulveda Ambulatory Care Center in North Hills, California. Most scenes are primarily taped in Los Feliz, Los Angeles, at the Prospect Studios, and the set occupies two stages, including the hospital pieces, but some outside scenes are shot at the Warren G. Magnuson Park in Seattle. Several props used are genuine medical supplies, including the MRI machine. Before the production of the season officially began, producer Shonda Rhimes stated that she was planning a major development in Ellen Pompeo 's character, Meredith Grey.
"There 's a spirit there that 's just very interesting to me. She was charming and there was something about her so intriguing to watch '', stated Rhimes in response to Pomepo 's portrayal of her character. Executive producer Betsy Beers stated that the writing staff was going to focus on the balance between her vulnerability and her courage, also dealing with changes in the relationship with her friends. Pompeo noted that the uncertainty of her character 's fate is what helped her evolve into a more adaptable actor. Rhimes also disclosed that an episode with Ellis Grey 's unexpected lucidity and eventual death was in plans since the beginning of the series. Rhimes described how Pompeo got through the challenge of sending Meredith in the afterlife: "It was an exciting place to take her. Exciting to watch her find her way back. '' In response to Izzie 's arc, Shonda Rhimes discussed the impact Denny Duquette 's death will have on her, noting that Izzie is forced to abandon her idealism, which in turn leads to her letting go of medicine. In the aftermath of Denny 's death, Katherine Heigl came to believe that Izzie was not cut out to be a doctor. Executive producer Betsy Beers explained, however, that Denny 's death served to make Izzie more mature, and Heigl affirmed that "At the beginning of the third season they were trying to show how lost Izzie was. She lost her optimism. She realizes now that life is difficult, but she still tries very hard to see the best in people. ''
Creator Shonda Rhimes compared what she deemed the two "most iconic moments of the season '', describing how the season begins with Izzie lying in the prom dress on the bathroom, and ends with Cristina standing motionless in her wedding dress. Cast member Eric Dane described the impact his first scene in the season had on him, stating that it was a spectacular entrance: "It was a brand new towel, which had a hard time staying together. So every time I put it together and let my hands go, it was almost like throwing caution to the wind. '' Cast member Sara Ramirez noted that one of the most significant scene in the season was when Izzie and George "have this beautiful moment when neither of them speaks, but they say so much and it was just so rich '', describing how their interaction during the scene determined everything that would be developed for their arc later. Betsy Beers, however, noted that the most "powerful '' scene in the season saw Cristina Yang and Preston Burke in the on - call room, talking about the future of their relationship: "It 's fascinating to see how their entire relationship changes and almost disintegrates in this one exchange ''. Beers and Rhimes expressed their desire to introduce Patrick Dempsey 's passion of car racing in the series, although this ultimately did not occur during the season. "Patrick loved it. He 's always driving something new, always trying something out '', stated the series creator, regarding Dempsey 's response to the storyline.
Rhimes also described the difficulty she faced in finding an appropriate love interest for the character of Alex Karev: "We kept meeting with people and it was n't until we met Elizabeth Reaser and sat down with her, and in two seconds in realized that she was absolutely the one we 'd been looking for. '' Reaser explained that when she was cast, there were no definite plans for the development of her character, and that only the intrigue of the ferry accident had been explained to her. She also deemed her character "frustrated and scared ''. As for the make up process, Reaser stated: "The prosthetic changes your outlook on yourself. It can be very disorienting. It 's intense. '' Beers, however, noted that the focus on Ava was mainly due to her inability to express her feelings through facial expressions, only communicating with her eyes and voice. Executive producer Rob Corn stated that his plan for the original arc was about Jane Doe 's inner life, struggling to get out of the situation she is trapped in. He stated that the main characteristics they had been looking for in the actress for the part were strength and vulnerability. He also called Reaser 's performance "heart - wrenching and wonderful ''. Betsy Beers, the show 's supervising executive producer, found Izzie to have been marked for life by Denny 's death, which matured her "in a very sobering way '', but played a major role in making her feel more confident. She also noted the undeniable connection between Izzie and Alex Karev, whose desire to do honorable things has been compared with his "cutting and sarcastic '' personality. After Izzie 's continuous efforts to change Alex during their relationship in the previous season, Beers announced the possibility of a relationship between the two of them. She also contrasted the female leads on the show with women in film, explaining how the characters on television are shaped in unique ways.
On February 21, 2007, The Wall Street Journal reported that ABC was pursuing a spin - off medical drama television series for the series featuring Kate Walsh 's character, Addison Montgomery. Subsequent reports confirmed the decision, stating that an expanded two - hour broadcast of Grey 's Anatomy would serve as a backdoor pilot for the proposed spin - off. The cast was reportedly unhappy about the decision, as all hoped the spin - off would have been given to them. Pompeo commented that she felt, as the star, she should have been consulted, and Heigl, disclosed that she had hoped for a spin - off for Izzie. The backdoor pilot that aired on May 3, 2007, sees Addison take "a leave of absence '' from Seattle Grace Hospital, to visit her best friend from Los Angeles, Naomi Bennett, a reproductive endocrinology and infertility specialist, in order to get pregnant. While in Los Angeles, she meets Bennett 's colleagues at the Oceanside Wellness Center and even becomes the clinic 's obstetrician - gynecologist for the day. The two - hour broadcast served as the twenty - second and the twenty - third episodes of the third season, and was directed by Michael Grossman, according to Variety. The cast included Amy Brenneman, Paul Adelstein, Tim Daly, Taye Diggs, Chris Lowell and Merrin Dungey. ABC officially picked up Private Practice for its 2007 lineup on May 11, 2007. KaDee Strickland 's character, Charlotte King, who would be introduced in the spin - off 's first - season premiere, did not appear in the backdoor pilot. Her addition to the main cast was announced on July 11, 2007, prior to the commencement of the first season. She did not have to audition for the role, but was cast after a meeting with Rhimes. Also not present in the backdoor pilot was Audra McDonald, due to her character, Bennett, being portrayed by a different actress, Merrin Dungey. However, on June 29, 2007, ABC announced that Dungey would be replaced, with no reason given for the change. The premiere episode followed the second part of the season debut of Dancing with the Stars, and provided a lead - in to fellow freshman series, Dirty Sexy Money. Pushing Daisies, a third new series for the evening, rounded out the lineup as a lead - in to Private Practice. The series aired a total of six seasons.
-- Christopher Monfette of IGN Entertainment on the characters ' development during the season.
The season received mixed to negative reviews, after two seasons that resulted in heavy critical acclaim. Following a positive outlook on the second season, Christopher Monfette of IGN Entertainment expressed disappointment during the third one, mainly due to the declining quality and lack of realism of the storylines. He noted a growing number of similarities between the season 's arcs and the ones that are developed in soap operas, by stating that "the line which separates primetime television from soap opera is oftentimes razor thin '' and admitting that, despite his considering the series "the best drama '', he freely admits that it requires some inherent suspension of disbelief, after it "found itself mired in the annoying and absurd ''. Whereas Monfette acknowledged that the fans would consider the problem to have been a simple case of lazy writing, he noted that over-writing played a main role in the series becoming unexpectedly unrealistic. He also noted the senseless intrigues in the Derek / Meredith relationship, by stating that the season would not have achieved high ratings if a functional relationship had been introduced: "The season generally opts to stall out for its vast majority, providing Meredith with some bizarrely under - developed sub-plot about depression and giving Derek a season 's worth of reconsidering to do ''.
Monfette criticized the romantic development of the characters throughout the season, by describing Cristina and Burke 's relationship as an excuse for the possibility of a wedding for Meredith, whereas Burke 's unfair behavior towards Cristina is thought to be manipulative, exposing her to his overly romantic notion of an ideal ceremony. The way the doubts regarding the success of their relationship were resolved in the season finale was described as "most obvious and least compelling. '' IGN Entertainment was also critical of Alex Karev 's storyline, who is seen falling for a pregnant and badly injured Jane Doe, despite having always been "self - obsessed ''. Monfette once again noted the lack of realism in the improvement of Jane Doe 's condition, as she gives birth to her baby and undergoes reconstructive surgery in a short amount of time. However, her incapability and continuous struggle to remember who she is was considered to be "the most affecting and honest plotline of the season '', noting the nuanced and emotionally resonant scenes, which gave the show a "charmingly positive, feel - good foundation ''. Monfette considered Izzie 's affair with George as the season 's worst but most significant storyline, criticizing its being "force - red, emotionally incorrect, a mismatch from the beginning and a narrative long - shot '', which does not express love, but lust. He agreed that the essential problem of the season was its reluctance to move, leading to frustration after seeing "the entertaining familiar characters so weighed down by their most annoying of traits ''.
In response to the season premiere, Oscar Dahl of Buddytv.com noted the predictability of the series, but expressed hope in its further development, by stating that it has become "a medical chick flick, but a damn good one '' with a big and attractive cast. He also praised the interaction between the characters, noting the "smart '' dialogue that helps each character evolve. However, Dahl expressed disappointment in the over emotional scenes, describing them as "off - putting '' and "not believable '', while comparing them to real life interactions between people who emote in a more subtle manner than displayed on television. "Emotions ran high in the premiere and there was much crying '', stated Dahl, but noted that the dialogue, who he had previously been worried would be "too cutesy '', was not bothering, and rather realistic, noting how the show is "smartly written ''. He also described the acting of Ellen Pompeo and Katherine Heigl as "worthy of attention ''.
New York Post 's Robert Rorke reviewed the numerous characters with heavy romantic development, noting perpetual "merry - go - round of hookups, breakups and makeup sex '', while describing the lack of sentimental involvement of Katherine Heigl 's character in the first half of the season. However, he deemed Izzie Stevens "the hear and soul '' of the "sex - filled series '', due to the season mostly focusing on the events that come to define her as a person. Rorke named her the show 's heroine, and wrote that "Izzie is a welcome, calming presence, despite the devastation she experienced when she failed to save her patient and fiancé Denny Duquette '', considering her to have been more prominent than the title character, Meredith Grey, whose storyline received negative critiques: "She used to be the queen of the romantic dilemmas. But lately, she 's been a little dopey, with that endless McDreamy soliloquies. '' He also noted Meredith 's decreasing importance in the ongoing arc, describing how Sandra Oh 's character development was vital to the success of the season, as he compared her "cutthroat exterior '' with the emotional side of her personality that evolves throughout the season. New York Post compared Izzie, who is described as having achieved a depth, to Miranda Bailey, noting the maturity they have, which is uncharacteristic to the fellow interns. Robert Rorke positively reviewed Chandra Wilson 's performance by stating that she was "formidable ''.
Prior to the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards, Stuart Levine of Variety reviewed the performances of the three cast members nominated in the Outstanding Supporting Actress category. "The ladies of Grey 's Anatomy dominate the category, and it 'd be far from a stretch to say at least two of those women rose to high dramatics last season '', commented Levine, while praising Sandra Oh for her portrayal of Cristina Yang who endured a tumultuous seasoning relationship, seeing her trepidation at spending a life together with the man she loved. He regarded the appearances of Chandra Wilson as more subdued, though "by no means less well - executed ''. He deemed Miranda Bailey a rock, being the most level - headed character on the show with a right thing to say in any situation. He expressed admiration towards Chandra Wilson, by describing her as being "flashy and over the top '', which he considers better than being consistently good. Considering Heigl 's chances of winning the Emmy, Levine assessed of her performance, by remarking the slight difficulty she has in reaching each emotional state Izzie Stevens has to go through: "Showrunner Shonda Rhimes puts a lot of pressure on Heigl to carry many intense storylines, and she 's up to the challenge. '' However, he also noted that Izzie 's irrational actions during crisis situations may be bothering.
The season was one of the most acclaimed of the show, receiving numerous awards and nominations. Several cast and crew members were nominated for their work on the show during its third season at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards. Chandra Wilson received a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her performance in "Oh, the Guilt '', the season 's fifth episode, whereas Sandra Oh was nominated for the same category for her portrayal of Cristina Yang in "From a Whisper to a Scream '', the season 's ninth episode. However, they both lost to co-star Katherine Heigl, whose portrayal of Izzie Stevens in "Time After Time '', the twentieth episode of the season, resulted in her first Emmy win.
T.R. Knight was also nominated for his performance in the third season in the Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series category, for the two - episode arc "Six Days '', the eleventh and second episodes of the season. Elizabeth Reaser and Kate Burton were nominated for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series, for their performances as Rebecca Pope in "My Favorite Mistake '', the nineteenth episode in the season, and Ellis Grey in "Wishin ' and Hopin ' '', the fourteenth episode. Linda Lowy and John Brace were nominated for Outstanding Casting in a Drama Series, while Norman T. Leavitt, Brigitte Bugayong, Thomas R. Burman and Bari Dreiband - Burman were nominated for Best Prosthetic Make - Up. The production team was acclaimed for the Best Drama Series category, but only received a nomination.
Sara Ramirez was nominated at the 2007 Alma Awards for her portrayal of Callie Torres. At the 65th Golden Globe Awards, the series was nominated for Best Television Drama Series, while Katherine Heigl 's individual performance resulted in a nomination for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television. The show 's third season was once again recognized at the 38th National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Awards, when the production team was nominated for Best Drama Series. Also at the 2007 ceremony, Isaiah Washington won Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series for his portrayal of Preston Burke in this season, while Chandra Wilson won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series.
Several cast members have been awarded at the PRISM Awards in 2007: Katherine Heigl in the Favorite Female TV Star category for portraying Izzie Stevens, Patrick Dempsey for Favorite Male TV Star in the role of Derek Shepherd, and Chandra Wilson in the Favorite Scene Stealing Star category for her performance of Miranda Bailey. Mark Gordon, Shonda Rhimes, James D. Parriott, Betsy Beers, Peter Horton and Rob Corn have been nominated at the Producers Guild of America 2007 Awards for Television Producer of the Year Award in Episodic Drama for the production of the third season, after winning the award at the 2006 Awards for the second season. At the 2007 Satellite Awards, Ellen Pompeo won the award Best Actress in Drama Series, while T.R. Knight was nominated for Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Miniseries or TV Film and Chandra Wilson for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries or TV Film. At the 14th Screen Actors Guild Awards, the series ' regular cast received a nomination for Outstanding Cast in Drama Series. Katherine Heigl and Patrick Dempsey were nominated at the 2007 Teen Choice Awards. Also in 2007, the female cast and crew of Grey 's Anatomy received the Women in Film Lucy Award, which honors those whose work in television has positively influenced attitudes toward women.
The second season of Grey 's Anatomy ended with an average of 19.440 million viewers per episode and a 6.9 rating share for in the 18 -- 49 demographic, determining the series to finish in the fifth place out of all the 100 television shows in the season. Due to its high ratings, the series received a full third season renewal for the fall prime time line up. In response to numerous fan complaints regarding scheduling during the previous seasons, the American Broadcasting Company decided to do major changes in the season. After two seasons of airing as a lead - out to fellow ABC series Desperate Housewives, the network decided to move Grey 's Anatomy to 9: 00 ET in the Thursday night time slot, dominated by CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, where the series began airing as a lead - in to Ugly Betty, which aired in the time slot from its first season, until the conclusion of the third in 2009. The show maintained its position as a top ten series and became the eighth most watched program in the season, with an average of 19.220 million viewers per episode. The highest - rated episode of the season was the seventeenth, the highly anticipated conclusion of a three - story arc, which was watched by 27.390, receiving a 9.7 rating, a # 4 ranking in the week and a # 1 ranking in the time slot. The episode outperformed CSI 's "Fallen Idols '', which ranked seventh with a 7.7 rating and 21.780 million viewers tuning in.
The lowest - rated episode of its ninth, which was watched by 18.510 million viewers, ranking third in the week with a 6.5 rating, outperforming CSI 's Thanksgiving special episode, "Living Legend '', watched by 17.170 million viewers with a 6.1 rating and # 4 ranking. The season premiere was watched by 25.410 million viewers and received 9.0 rating after being ranked # 1 in both the time slot and the week. The number of viewers increased significantly compared to the previous season premiere, which was watched by 18.980 million viewers and received a 6.8 rating. "Time Has Come Today '' also outperformed the previous season finale, which was watched by 22.500 million viewers and was rated 8.0. The season finale was watched by 22.570 million viewers and received an 8.0 rating, ranking third in the week after American Idol. Wayne Firedman of Media Daily News described the move from the Sunday night time slot to Thursdays as "the network 's boldest and biggest move ''. He also expressed concerns regarding the tough competition the series will face, due to airing against CBS Network 's CSI. Stephen McPherson of ABC Entertainment explained the reason for the change: "To have all hits on Sunday night does n't help us. We wanted to be aggressive ''.
-- Kelly West, Cinema Blend
The third season was officially released on DVD in region 1 on September 11, 2007, becoming available in both the United States and Canada. It was released two weeks before the fourth season originally began airing. The title of the box set, "Grey 's Anatomy: Season Three -- Seriously Extended '' is a pun, referring to the success the series had, using the medical term "extension ''. Also in the official title is the world "seriously '', who is one frequently used in the series. The box set consists of episodes with Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound and widescreen format, enhanced for television with a 16: 9 aspect ratio. It was distributed by Buena Vista Home Entertainment. The same set was released in region 4 on October 31, 2007, being made available first in Australia. In region 2, the season was first released in Romania on August 12, 2008, shortly after the season concluded airing on national television. In the United Kingdom, the season was released on September 15, 2008, approximately a year after its original release in the United States. Although the season aired in high definition, it has not been released on Blu - ray disc in any region to date.
The box set includes all the original twenty - five episodes that aired on the American Broadcasting Company, being divided into seven discs. Subtitles are available in French, in Spanish and in English for the hearing impaired, whereas the available languages for the character voices are English, French and Spanish. It featured audio commentaries with cast members Kate Walsh, Chandra Wilson, Ellen Pompeo, Kate Burton and Sandra Oh for the first, fourteenth and twenty - first episodes. It also featured the first, seventh, thirteenth and fourteenth episodes as extended episodes, with a longer running time. The bonus features were available on the seventh disc, including interviews with cast members Patrick Dempsey, Ellen Pompeo and Elizabeth Reaser, listed under the titles of "Making Rounds With Patrick Dempsey '', "One on One with Ellen Pompeo '' and "Prescription for Success: Making Jane Doe a Star '', respectively. The region 1 release featured footage from behind the scenes, under the title of "In Stitches: Season 3 Outtakes '' and unaired scenes from nine episodes, including the season premiere and the finale, under the name of "Dissecting Grey 's Anatomy ''. Omnipresent in the bonus material were executive producers Shonda Rhimes and Betsy Beers, providing their outlook on characters, actors and the production process.
Currently ranked 2144th in Movies and Television on Amazon.com and 1713th in Film and Television on Amazon.co.uk, the box set received mixed reviews. Kelly West of Cinema Blend noted that the "seriously extended episodes '' were not significantly expanded, only adding a few minutes of extra footage, which do n't influence the storyline. She also noted a "weakness '' in the audio commentary provided by four of the actresses, who she deemed to have been fantastic during the series, describing the features as "random chit - chats ''. However, she praised Sandra Oh 's commentary, noting that she put the most effort in hers by trying to come up with interest topics, while being "amusing and worth listening to ''. She described the bonus features as "mildly entertaining '', emphasizing Dempsey 's interview about his passion for racing cars, which she regarded useless. USA Today had a positive perspective on the box set, by calling it "scintillating '' and "addictive ''.
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when is holland playing in the world cup | Netherlands national football team - Wikipedia
The Netherlands national football team (Dutch: Het Nederlands Elftal) represents the Netherlands in international football. It is controlled by the Royal Netherlands Football Association (KNVB), the governing body for football in the Netherlands. The team is colloquially referred to as Het Nederlands Elftal (The Dutch Eleven) and Oranje, after the House of Orange - Nassau. Like the country itself, the team is sometimes (also colloquially) referred to as Holland.
The team won the UEFA European Championship in 1988. They have reached the FIFA World Cup final three times (in 1974, 1978 and 2010) and twice narrowly missed the final through a penalty shoot - out in the semifinals (in 1998 and 2014). Additionally, the team won bronze at the Olympic football event in 1908, 1912 and 1920.
The Netherlands played their first international match in Antwerp against Belgium on 30 April 1905. The players were selected by a five - member commission from the Dutch football association. After 90 minutes, the score was 1 -- 1, but because the match was for a trophy (the "Coupe van den Abeele ''), the match went into extra time, during which Eddy de Neve scored three times, making the score 4 -- 1 for the Netherlands.
The Netherlands made their first appearance at the FIFA World Cup final tournament in 1934. After a second appearance in 1938, they did not appear in another World Cup until 1974.
The 1970s saw the invention of Total Football (Dutch: Totaalvoetbal), pioneered by Ajax and led by playmaker Johan Cruyff and national team head coach Rinus Michels. The Dutch made significant strides, qualifying for two World Cup finals in the decade. The captain of the Brazilian team that won the 1970 FIFA World Cup, Carlos Alberto, went on to say, "The only team I 've seen that did things differently was Holland at the 1974 World Cup in Germany. Since then everything looks more or less the same to me... Their ' carousel ' style of play was amazing to watch and marvellous for the game. ''
In 1974, the Netherlands beat both Brazil and Argentina in the second group stage, reaching the final for the first time in their history. However, the team lost to West Germany in the final in Munich, despite having gone 1 -- 0 up through Johan Neeskens ' early penalty kick before a German had even touched the ball. However, a converted penalty by Paul Breitner and the winner from Gerd Müller led to a victory for the Germans.
By comparison, Euro ' 76 was a disappointment. The Netherlands lost in the semi-finals to Czechoslovakia, as much because of infighting within the squad and the coach George Knobel, as well as the skill of the eventual winners.
In 1978, the Netherlands again reached the final of a World Cup, only to be beaten by hosts Argentina. This side played without Johan Cruyff, Willem van Hanegem and Jan van Beveren, who refused to participate in the World Cup. Nonetheless, it still contained Johan Neeskens, Johnny Rep, Arie Haan, Ruud Krol, Wim Jansen, Jan Jongbloed, Wim Suurbier and Rob Rensenbrink from the 1974 selection. The Netherlands were less impressive in the group stages. They qualified as runners - up, after a draw with Peru and a loss to Scotland. However, in the second group phase, the Netherlands topped a group including Italy and West Germany, setting up a final with Argentina. The Dutch finished as runners - up for the second World Cup in a row as they ultimately lost 3 -- 1 after two extra time goals from Argentina. Rensenbrink hit the Argentinian post in the last minute of normal time, with the score 1 -- 1.
Euro ' 80 was the last tournament for which the Total Football team qualified, but they did not advance past the group stage, despite the tournament format being expanded that year.
Veterans such as Krol and Rensenbrink retired soon afterwards and the Dutch team hit a low point in their history: they missed the 1982 World Cup in Spain, Euro 1984 in France, and the 1986 World Cup in Mexico. Qualification for Euro 1984 was within reach, but the Dutch ended the campaign on the same number of points as rivals Spain, and the same goal difference (+ 16). Spain advanced having scored two more goals. The failure to reach the 1986 World Cup was also very close. In a play - off with neighbours Belgium, the Netherlands lost 1 -- 0 in Brussels, but were leading 2 -- 0 in the home leg in Rotterdam with a few minutes remaining. Belgium scored to end the tie 2 -- 1, and overall play off 2 -- 2. Belgium advanced on the away goals rule.
Rinus Michels returned, with his technical assistant Joris van Beek, to coach the team for Euro 1988 in West Germany. After losing the first group match against the Soviet Union (1 -- 0), the Netherlands qualified for the semi-final by defeating England 3 -- 1 (with a hat - trick by the tournament 's top scorer Marco van Basten), and the Republic of Ireland (1 -- 0). For many Dutch football supporters, the most important match in the tournament was the semi-final against West Germany, the host country, considered a revenge for the lost 1974 World Cup final (also in West Germany). Van Basten scored in the 89th minute to sink the German side. The Netherlands won the final with a victory over the USSR through a header by Ruud Gullit and a volley by Van Basten. This was the national team 's first major tournament win, and it restored them to the forefront of international football for the next three years after almost a decade in the wilderness.
Despite high expectations as the team entered the 1990 World Cup in Italy, the tournament was not a success, as strife within the squad and managerial instability (Thijs Libregts took over from Michels only to be fired shortly after the team qualified, and was replaced by Leo Beenhakker for the finals) ultimately tore the team apart. Van Basten failed to score, as he was in poor form and tightly marked by opposing defenders, while Gullit was ineffective having not fully recovered from injury. The Dutch managed to advance despite drawing all three group games, meeting their arch - rivals West Germany in the round of 16. The match is most remembered for the spitting - incident involving Frank Rijkaard and Rudi Völler as the Netherlands lost 2 -- 1.
The team reached the semi-finals in the Euro 1992 in Sweden, which was noted for the emergence of Dennis Bergkamp, but they were eliminated by eventual champions Denmark, with Van Basten 's kick in the penalty shootout being saved by Peter Schmeichel. This was to be Van Basten 's last major tournament as he suffered a serious ankle injury shortly after, eventually conceding defeat and retiring at age 30 in 1995. It was also the last hurrah for Rinus Michels, who returned for one final spell in charge of the team before retiring for good after the tournament ended.
Dick Advocaat took over from Michels on the understanding that he himself would be replaced by Johan Cruyff the following year, although Advocaat actually stayed in charge for over two years. In the 1994 World Cup in the United States, in the absence of the injured Van Basten and the striking Gullit, Dennis Bergkamp led the team with three goals and the Netherlands advanced to the quarter - finals, where they lost 3 -- 2 to eventual champions Brazil.
At Euro 1996, after drawing with Scotland and beating Switzerland, the Dutch faced the hosts England in the Group A decider, and lost 4 -- 1, with Patrick Kluivert 's late consolation enough to finish second on goals scored. They then played France in the quarter - finals and lost on penalties.
In the 1998 World Cup, a Dutch team including Marc Overmars, Phillip Cocu, Edgar Davids, Frank de Boer, Ronald de Boer and Kluivert met Argentina in the quarter - final and won 2 -- 1, before losing on penalties to Brazil and in the third - place play - off to Croatia. Soon afterwards, manager Guus Hiddink resigned to be replaced by Frank Rijkaard. The Netherlands co-hosted Euro 2000 with Belgium and won all three wins in the group stage and then defeated FR Yugoslavia 6 -- 1 in the quarter - finals. In the semi-finals, Italian goalkeeper Francesco Toldo made two penalty shootout saves to eliminate the Netherlands. The Netherlands failed to qualify for the 2002 World Cup after crucial losses to Portugal and the Republic of Ireland, prompting manager Louis van Gaal to resign.
Dick Advocaat returned to coach the Netherlands for a second time. In his first match, a 1 -- 0 win over Spain on 27 March 2002, the Netherlands won the Unofficial Football World Championships (UFWC). In addition, on 21 August, the Netherlands won Nasazzi 's Baton, defeating Norway 1 -- 0, unifying for the first time the two trophies. He led the team to the semi-finals of Euro 2004, where they lost to hosts Portugal.
The Netherlands qualified for the 2006 World Cup under new manager Marco van Basten and were eliminated in the second round after losing 1 -- 0 to Portugal, in a match which produced 16 yellow cards (which matched the World Cup record for most cautions in one game set in 2002) and set a new World Cup record of four red cards (two for either side); it was nicknamed "the Battle of Nuremberg '' by the press. Despite criticism surrounding his selection policy and the lack of attacking football from his team, Van Basten was offered a two - year extension to his contract by the KNVB, which would allow him to serve as national coach during Euro 2008 and the 2010 World Cup. The Netherlands qualified for Euro 2008, where they were drawn in the "Group of Death '', together with France, Italy and Romania. They began with a 3 -- 0 win over world champions Italy in Bern, a first victory over the Italians since 1978. However, they then lost in the quarter - finals to Guus Hiddink 's Russia 3 -- 1, with Ruud van Nistelrooy scoring an 86th - minute equaliser to force extra time, where the Russians scored twice. Following the tournament, Van Basten resigned to become manager of Ajax.
Under new coach Bert van Marwijk, the Dutch went on to secure a 100 % record in their World Cup 2010 qualification campaign to qualifying for the World Cup. In the quarter - finals against Brazil, the Brazilians held a 1 -- 0 lead at half - time, having never lost in 37 World Cup matches (35 -- 0 -- 2) in which they had held a half - time lead. However, the Dutch scored twice to advance. In the semi-final, the Dutch beat Uruguay 3 -- 2 to advance to their first World Cup final since 1978, where they would fall to Spain 1 -- 0 after midfielder Andrés Iniesta scored in extra time. From August to September 2011, the team was ranked number one in the FIFA World Rankings, therefore becoming the second national football team, after Spain, to top the rankings without previously winning a World Cup.
For Euro 2012, the Netherlands were placed in Group B alongside with Germany, Portugal and Denmark, dubbed the tournament 's "Group of Death. '' The Netherlands lost all three of its matches. Johan Cruyff criticised the team 's star players of poor build up play and sloppy execution of the easy passes, while manager Bert van Marwijk resigned after the disappointment.
Louis van Gaal then became manager for the second time. In the 2014 World Cup UEFA qualifying round, the Netherlands won nine games and drew one, topping the group and earning automatic qualification. They were drawn into Group B, alongside Spain, Chile and Australia. The team avenged their 2010 defeat by defeating title holders Spain 5 -- 1 in their opening match, with Robin van Persie and Arjen Robben scoring two goals each, and Stefan de Vrij the other. After the Dutch fell behind 1 -- 0 from conceding a penalty, Van Persie equalized just before half time with an acrobatic diving header that gave him the nickname "The Flying Dutchman ''.
The Netherlands defeated Mexico 2 -- 1 in the round of 16, with Wesley Sneijder equalising late in the match, and Klaas - Jan Huntelaar scoring a controversial penalty after a foul on Arjen Robben in stoppage time. In the quarter - finals, where they faced Costa Rica, the Dutch had many shots on goal but could not score, with the match finishing in a 0 -- 0 draw after extra time. The Netherlands won the ensuing penalty shootout 4 -- 3 in large part due to backup goalkeeper Tim Krul, who was brought on just before the end of extra time and made two saves, marking the first time in World Cup history a goalkeeper was brought onto the field solely to participate in a shootout. In the semi-final against Argentina, the Netherlands had a good chance to score from Arjen Robben while managing to contain Lionel Messi, and both teams finished scoreless after extra time. However, in penalty kicks, the Dutch were eliminated 4 -- 2, with Ron Vlaar and Wesley Sneijder having their spot kicks saved by Sergio Romero. The Netherlands won the third - place match against hosts Brazil. Van Gaal, who successfully motivated the team after their semi-final knockout, received praise for getting more out of the young and inexperienced Netherlands squad than many expected. He left to become manager of Manchester United.
Van Gaal was succeeded by Guus Hiddink for the Euro 2016 qualifying campaign. On 29 June 2015, Hiddink resigned and was succeeded by assistant Danny Blind. The Netherlands came fourth in their group, failing to qualify for the European Championship for the first time since 1984 and a major tournament for the first time since the 2002 World Cup. This was particularly criticized since Euro 2016 had been expanded to become the first European Championship with 24 teams: the Dutch therefore managed to miss out both on two automatic qualifying spots and also on a playoff spot, whereas previous tournaments had only provided one automatic spot and one playoff spot. The team 's poor form continued into the 2018 World Cup qualifiers, eventually resulting in Blind being dismissed after a 2 -- 0 defeat to Bulgaria in March 2017. After the return of Dick Advocaat as coach, the Netherlands failed to qualify for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, finishing third in Group A behind France and Sweden.
The Netherlands national football team famously plays in bright orange shirts. Orange is the historic national colour of the Netherlands, originating from one of the many titles of the ruling head of state, Prince of Orange, which is also the colour of the same name. The current Dutch away shirt is blue.
Nike is the kit provider to the national team, a sponsorship that began in 1996 and is contracted to continue until at least 2026.
Netherlands ' long - time football rival is Germany. The rivalry is one of the few long - standing football rivalries at a national level. Beginning in 1974, when the Dutch lost the 1974 World Cup to West Germany in the final (though deeply rooted in Dutch anti-German sentiment due to the occupation of the Netherlands by Germany during World War II), the rivalry between the two nations has become one of the best - known international football rivalries in the world.
To a minor extent, the Netherlands maintains a rivalry with their other neighbours, Belgium; a Belgian - Dutch (football) duel is referred to as a Low Countries derby. More recently, the Netherlands have also developed a rivalry with Spain. This recent rivalry began in 2010, when Spain defeated the Netherlands 1 - 0 after extra time in the final match of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Four years later, the Netherlands routed Spain 5 - 1 in a rematch in the group stage of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, contributing to Spain 's early exit from the tournament.
The following players were called up as the squad for the friendly matches against Slovakia and Italy on 31 May and 4 June 2018 respectively. Caps and goals updated as of 4 June 2018, after the match against Italy.
The following players have been called up for the team in the last 12 months.
Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury. Preliminary squad. Player had announced retirement from national team. Player is serving suspension.
The following matches were played or are scheduled to be played by the national team in the current or upcoming seasons. The time in the Netherlands is shown first. If the local time is different, it will be displayed below.
Last updated: 3 September 2017 Source: voetbalstats.nl (in Dutch)
Last updated: 15 November 2017 Source: voetbalstats.nl (in Dutch)
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