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who plays the older brother in cheaper by the dozen | Robbie Amell - Wikipedia
Robert Patrick Amell (born April 21, 1988) is a Canadian actor. He is known for playing Stephen Jameson on The CW 's series The Tomorrow People, Ronnie Raymond / Firestorm on The CW 's series The Flash, Fred Jones in the films Scooby - Doo! The Mystery Begins and Scooby - Doo! Curse of the Lake Monster, and the films The Hunters, as Paxton Flynn, The DUFF, as Wesley Rush, and The Babysitter, as Max. He has also had recurring roles on such television shows as Life with Derek, True Jackson, VP, Unnatural History, and Revenge.
Amell was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, the son of Jo (Burden) and Rob Amell, who work in the custom jewelry business. He is a first cousin of Arrow actor Stephen Amell. Along with his sister, he started modeling and acting in small roles in commercials when he was six years old. At age sixteen, he began landing roles in high school plays such as Louis and Dave and Fionia, Picasso at the Lapin Agile and The Importance of Being Earnest. His love for acting made him go to Canadian Studios Acting Academy. He graduated from Lawrence Park Collegiate Institute in Toronto in 2006. He later pursued his career in acting.
Amell 's first role was Daniel Murtaugh in Cheaper by the Dozen 2, which filmed in the Muskoka Region of Ontario. Originally meant to be a non-speaking role, he ended up getting a couple of lines. He also appeared in the 2007 horror film Left for Dead.
Amell had a role in the Canadian Family Channel series Life with Derek, playing lead character Casey McDonald 's boyfriend, Max. Life with Derek was distributed worldwide, including US Disney Channel and its international affiliates. He has also appeared in the ABC Family film Picture This.
Amell had a recurring role on both the Nickelodeon series True Jackson, VP as Max Madigan 's nephew Jimmy, True 's love interest, and the Cartoon Network series Unnatural History.
He played the role of Noel Kahn 's brother Eric on the ABC Family television series Pretty Little Liars during the show 's third season. Amell has played hockey since he was a child and considered making a career of it until discovering his love of acting. He also takes break dancing lessons. He had a recurring role on MTV 's Zach Stone Is Gonna Be Famous.
He was cast as Fred Jones in the 2009 TV movie Scooby - Doo! The Mystery Begins, which became the most watched telecast ever on Cartoon Network. He reprised the role in the 2010 sequel Scooby - Doo! Curse of the Lake Monster.
In 2013, Amell received his biggest role to date, lead character Stephen Jameson in CW 's sci - fi drama The Tomorrow People, a remake of the British series of the same name.
In May 2014, Amell joined The DUFF as Wesley, the potential love interest for co-star Mae Witman as "The DUFF ''. On July 9, 2014, Amell was cast as a major recurring character on the CW series The Flash as Ronnie Raymond / Firestorm, based on the DC Comics character.
Amell starred alongside Kevin Spacey and Jennifer Garner in the comedy film Nine Lives, which was released on August 5, 2016.
In July 2015, Amell was cast in the tenth season of The X-Files as FBI Agent Miller. In 2017, Amell co-starred in McG 's horror film The Babysitter. Also starring Judah Lewis, Samara Weaving and Bella Thorne, the film was released by Netflix on Friday, October 13.
He will be starring in, and executive producing, the sci - fi / action movie Code 8, with Stephen Amell co-starring and executive producing. The film, expanding on an earlier short, was funded by an IndieGoGo campaign which raised over $1.5 million.
Amell began dating actress Italia Ricci in July 2008. The couple got engaged on August 20, 2014 and married on October 15, 2016.
Amell was a fan of the Toronto Maple Leafs ice hockey team growing up, though since his move to Los Angeles, Amell has begun cheering for the Los Angeles Kings, but still calls Toronto his "second team ''. Amell is also in support of a second NHL team in Toronto via league expansion.
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who has won more national championships in college football | College Football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS - wikipedia
A national championship in the highest level of college football in the United States, currently the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), is a designation awarded annually by various organizations to their selection of the best college football team. Division I FBS football is the only National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) sport for which the NCAA does not sanction a yearly championship event. As such, it is sometimes unofficially referred to as a "mythical national championship ''.
Due to the lack of an official NCAA title, determining the nation 's top college football team has often engendered controversy. A championship team is independently declared by multiple individuals and organizations, often referred to as "selectors ''. These choices are not always unanimous. In 1969, even the President of the United States, Richard Nixon, declared a national champion, by announcing, ahead of the season - ending game between # 1 Texas and # 2 Arkansas, that the winner of that game would receive a plaque, from the President himself, commemorating that team as the year 's national champion. Texas went on to win that game, 15 -- 14.
While the NCAA has never officially endorsed a championship team, it has documented the choices of some selectors in its official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records publication. In addition, various analysts have independently published their own choices for each season. These opinions can often diverge with others as well as individual schools ' claims to national titles, which may or may not correlate to the selections published elsewhere. Currently, two of the most widely recognized national champion selectors are the Associated Press, which conducts a poll of sportswriters, and the Coaches ' Poll, a survey of active members of the American Football Coaches Association.
Since 1992, various consortia of major bowl games have aimed to invite the top two teams at the end of the regular season (as determined by internal rankings, or aggregates of the major polls and other statistics) to compete in what is intended to be the de facto national championship game. The current iteration of this practice, the College Football Playoff, selects four teams to participate in national semi-finals hosted by two of six partner bowl games, with their winners advancing to the College Football Playoff National Championship.
The concept of a national championship in college football dates to the early years of the sport in the late 19th century, and the earliest contemporaneous polls can be traced to Caspar Whitney, Charles Patterson, and The Sun in 1901. Therefore, the concept of polls and national champions predated mathematical ranking systems, but it was Frank Dickinson 's math system that was one of the first to be widely popularized. His system named 10 -- 0 Stanford the national champion of 1926, prior to their tie with Alabama in the Rose Bowl. A curious Knute Rockne, then coach of Notre Dame, had Dickinson backdate two seasons, which produced Notre Dame as the 1924 national champion and Dartmouth in 1925.
A number of other mathematical systems were born in the 1920s and 1930s and were the only organized methods selecting national champions until the Associated Press began polling sportswriters in 1936 to obtain rankings. Alan J. Gould, the creator of the AP Poll, named Minnesota, Princeton, and SMU co-champions in 1935, and polled writers the following year, which resulted in a national championship for Minnesota. The AP 's main competition, United Press, created the first poll of coaches in 1950. For that year and the next three, the AP and UP agreed on the national champion. The first "split '' championship occurred in 1954, when the writers selected Ohio State and the coaches chose UCLA. The two polls also disagreed in 1957, 1965, 1970, 1973, 1974, 1978, 1990, 1991, 1997, and 2003. The Coaches ' Poll would stay with United Press (UP) when they merged with International News Service (INS) to form United Press International (UPI) but was acquired by USA Today and CNN in 1991. The poll was in the hands of USA Today and ESPN from 1997 to 2005 before moving to sole ownership by USA Today. Beginning in 2014, Amway became a joint sponsor with USA Today.
Though some of the math systems selected champions after the bowl games, both of the major polls released their rankings after the end of the regular season until the AP polled writers after the bowls in 1965, resulting in what was perceived at the time as a better championship selection (Alabama) than UPI 's (Michigan State). After 1965, the AP again voted before the bowls for two years, before permanently returning to a post-bowl vote in 1968. The coaches did not conduct a vote after the bowls until 1974, in the wake of awarding their 1973 championship to Alabama, who lost to the AP champion, undefeated Notre Dame, in the Sugar Bowl. The AP and Coaches ' polls remain the major rankings to this day.
The Bowl Championship Series, famous for its use of math, was the successor of the Bowl Alliance (1995 -- 1997), which was itself the successor of the Bowl Coalition (1992 -- 1994). Besides the many adjustments it underwent during its tenure, including a large overhaul following the 2004 season that included the replacement of the AP Poll with the Harris poll, the BCS remained a mixture of math and human polls since its inception in 1998, with the goal of matching the best two teams in the nation in a national championship bowl game which rotated yearly between the Sugar, Fiesta, Rose, and Orange Bowls from 1998 to 2005, and later a standalone game titled the BCS National Championship Game (2006 to 2013). The winner of the BCS Championship Game was awarded the national championship of the Coaches ' Poll thus winning the AFCA National Championship Trophy. The BCS winner also received the MacArthur Bowl from the National Football Foundation. Neither the AP Poll, nor other current selectors, had contractual obligations to select the BCS champion as their national champion. The BCS resulted in a number of controversies, most notably after the 2003 season, when the BCS championship game did not include eventual AP champion USC, the only time the two championships have diverged since the advent of the BCS. After many seasons of controversy, the BCS was replaced with the College Football Playoff, a Plus - One system aimed at reducing the controversy involved in which teams get to play in a championship game through use of a tournament.
The NCAA maintains an official records book of historical statistics and records for football. In the records book, with consultation from various college football historians, it has created and maintains a list of "major selectors '' of national championships throughout the history of college football along with their championship picks for each season.
A variety of selectors have named national champions throughout the years. They generally can be divided into four categories: those determined by mathematical formula, human polls, historical research, and recently, playoffs. The selectors below are listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records as having been deemed to be "major selectors '' for which the criteria is that the poll or selector be "national in scope either through distribution in newspaper, television, radio and / or computer online ''. The former selectors, deemed instrumental in the sport of college football, and selectors that were included for the calculation of the BCS standing, are listed together.
The mathematical system is the oldest systematic selector of college football national champions. Many of the math selectors were created during the "championship rush '' of the 1920s and 1930s, beginning with Frank Dickinson 's system, or during the dawn of the computer age in the 1990s. Selectors are listed below with years selected retroactively in italics.
The Billingsley Report also provides an alternate selection that uses margin - of - victory in its calculation. The NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book notes both selections in years where they disagree.
The poll has been the dominant national champion selector since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936. It is notable that the NFF merged its poll with UPI from 1991 to 1992, with USA Today from 1993 to 1996, and with the FWAA from 2014 forward. Selectors are listed below with years selected retroactively in italics.
For many years, the national champion of various polls were selected prior to the bowl games. The national champion was selected before bowl games as follows: AP (1936 -- 1964 and 1966 -- 1967), Coaches ' Poll (1950 -- 1973), FWAA (1954), and NFF (1959 -- 1970). In all other latter - day polls, champions were selected after bowl games.
During the BCS era, the winner of the BCS Championship Game was automatically awarded the national championship of the Coaches ' Poll and the National Football Foundation.
At the request of several schools, the AFCA established a "Blue Ribbon Commission '' in 2016 to begin retroactively selecting Coaches ' Trophy winners from 1922 through 1949.
Served as the Coaches ' Poll during the designated years, but also conducted their own poll at different times.
The Football Writers Association of America merged its poll with that of the National Football Foundation members beginning in 2014; as a result, the Grantland Trophy was retired and the FWAA / NFF national champion now receives the MacArthur Bowl.
USA Today took over, from the UPI, the poll of the National Football Foundation 's members in 1993, and its winner was designated by the NFF as its national champion and received the MacArthur Bowl. The poll was conducted by USA Today through the 1996 season, although national championship selections in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records do not distinguish the NFF from the USAT / NFF poll in 1995 and 1996. Not to be confused with the USA Today / CNN Coaches ' Poll, which USA Today conducted separately.
UPI conducted the Coaches ' Poll through the 1990 season, which was subsequently taken over by CNN / USA Today. UPI then conducted a poll of National Football Foundation members in 1991 and 1992, the winner of which was designated by the NFF as its national champion and received the MacArthur Bowl.
UPI conducted its own poll from 1993 to 1995, after the National Football Foundation Poll was taken over by USA Today.
USA Today conducted its own poll of college football sportswriters in 1982, then joined with CNN to do their own joint poll until they took over the Coaches ' Poll starting with the 1991 season.
College football historian Parke H. Davis is the only selector considered by the NCAA to have primarily used research in his selections. Davis did all of his work in 1933, naming retroactive national champions for most of the years from 1869 to 1932 while naming Michigan and Princeton (his alma mater) co-champions at the end of the 1933 season.
The Bowl Championship Series used a mathematical system that combined polls (Coaches ' and AP / Harris) and multiple computer rankings (including some individual selectors listed above) to determine a season ending matchup between its top two ranked teams in the BCS Championship Game. The champion of that game was contractually awarded the Coaches ' Poll and National Football Foundation championships.
Unlike all selectors prior to 2014, the College Football Playoff does not use math, polls or research to select the participants. Rather, a 13 - member committee selects and seeds the teams. The playoff system marked the first time any championship selector arranged a bracket competition to determine whom it would declare to be its champion.
Below is a list of the national champions of college football from 1869 to present (with the exception of 1871, in which no games were played) deemed to be chosen by "major selectors '' as listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records. Many teams did not have coaches as late as 1899. "Consensus '' selectors in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records correspond to the period from 1950 to present which began with the introduction of the two poll system upon the appearance of the Coaches Poll in 1950. Selectors used to determine teams listed as "Consensus National Champions '' in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records include the AP Poll, Coaches ' Poll, Football Writers Association of America, and the National Football Foundation / College Football Hall of Fame.
The first contemporaneous poll to include teams across the country and selection of a national champions can be traced to Caspar Whitney in 1901. The last retroactive selection was made by Clyde Berryman in 1989 (Notre Dame). The tie was removed from college football in 1995 and the last consensus champion with a tie in its record was Georgia Tech in 1990. The 1947 Michigan Wolverines are often credited with a national championship on the basis of a "free poll '' conducted by an AP sportswriter after the 1948 Rose Bowl, though that poll was unofficial and it is not recognized in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records.
Note that the Harris Interactive Poll (2005 -- 2013) was contracted by the BCS to help formulate its standings, and although its final ranking which occurs prior to the bowl games is listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records, it does not conduct a final poll or award or name a national champion on its own.
As designated by the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records, the table below shows:
A letter next to any season, team, record, coach or selector indicates a footnote that appears at the bottom of the table.
Parke Davis ' selection for 1901, as published in the 1935 Spalding 's Foot Ball Guide (which he himself edited until his death), was Harvard. The NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists Sagarin as having selected Tennessee, while Sagarin 's official website gives Ohio State as its 1998 selection. The FWAA stripped USC of its 2004 Grantland Rice Trophy and vacated the selection of its national champion for 2004. The BCS also vacated USC 's participation in the 2005 Orange Bowl and USC 's 2004 BCS National Championship, and the AFCA Coaches ' Poll Trophy was returned. Record does not count wins against UCLA, or against Oklahoma in the BCS Championship game on January 4, 2005, as they were vacated by the NCAA. The NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists Dunkel as having selected LSU, while Dunkel 's official website gives USC as its 2007 selection.
The national title count listed below is a culmination of all championship awarded since 1869, regardless of consensus or non-consensus status, as listed in the table above according to the selectors deemed to be major as listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (minus the Harris Interactive poll, 2005 -- 2013, that is listed but does not conduct a final poll or award a championship).
The totals can be said to be disputed. Individual schools may claim national championships not accounted for by the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records or may not claim national championship selections that do appear in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (see National championship claims by school below). For an alternative independent view of national championship totals for each team, please see the Poll era (1936 -- present) selections in the tables below.
The following is a table of known schools ' claims on national championships at the highest level of play in college football. Several of these schools no longer compete at the highest level, which is currently NCAA Division I FBS, but nonetheless maintain claims to titles from when they did compete at the highest level.
Because there is no one governing or official body that regulates, recognizes, or awards national championships in college football, and because many independent selectors of championships exist, many of the claims by the schools listed below are shared, contradict each other, or are controversial. In addition, because there is no one body overseeing national championships, no standardized requirements exist in order for a school to make a claim on a national championship, as any particular institution is free to make any declaration it deems to be fit. However, all known national championship claims are for seasons in which a national championship, or share of a championship, was believed to be awarded to that particular school by at least one independent third - party selector. The majority of these claims, but not all, are based on championships awarded from selectors listed as "major '' in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records. Not all championships awarded by third party selectors, nor those listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records, are necessarily claimed by each school. Therefore, these claims represent how each individual school sees their own history on the subject of national championships.
This table below includes only national championship claims originating from each particular school and therefore represents the point - of - view of each individual institution. Each total number of championships, and the years for which they are claimed, are documented by the particular school on its official website, in its football media guide, or in other official publications or literature (see Source). If a championship is not mentioned by a school for any particular season, regardless of whether it was awarded by a selector or listed in a third - party publication such as the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records, it is not considered to be claimed by that institution.
USC 's January 4, 2005 win over Oklahoma in the BCS Championship Game was vacated as mandated by the NCAA, its 2004 BCS National Championship vacated by the BCS, and its AFCA Coaches ' Trophy returned. NCAA sanctions mandate that "any reference to the vacated results, including championships, shall be removed. '' USC still retains the 2004 Associated Press National Championship and has not abandoned its claim to a 2004 national championship. Iowa lists the awarding of the 1958 Grantland Rice National Championship in various publications, but describes championship selections from 3 other years as well in its annual media guide. Auburn 's 1913, 1983, and 1993 (Auburn was disqualified from post-season play in 1993 and did not play in a bowl game) championships are not recognized by the school. Georgia 's website has multiple pages which list national championships by sport and only callout two seasons for football (1942 and 1980). The Georgia football media guide contains a year - by - year results section in which five seasons (1927, 1942, 1946, 1968, 1980) have "National Champions # '' headers paired with selector callouts,, but also a "Championship History '' page which pairs 1942 and 1980 into a "The Consensus National Champions '' section and groups 1927, 1946, and 1968 together without description as national champions beyond identification of those specific selectors.
The polling system first gained widespread consistency with the introduction of the AP poll in 1936, followed by the Coaches ' Poll in 1950. National championships are often popularly considered to be "consensus '' when both of these polls are in agreement with their national championship selections, although other selectors exist and do make alternative selections. A more modern incarnation, the Bowl Championship Series (BCS), was a consortium of college football conferences that uses a combination of various computer rankings and human polls to mathematically determine a post-season matchup between the two top teams as determined by its formula. The USA Today Coaches ' Poll was contractually obligated to name the BCS champion as its national champion.
The AP college football poll has a long history. The news media began running their own polls of sports writers to determine who was, by popular opinion, the best football team in the country at the end of the season. One of the earliest such polls was the AP College Football Poll, first run in 1934 (compiled and organized by Charles Woodroof, former SEC Assistant Director of Media Relations, but not recognized in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records) and then continuously from 1936. Due to the long - standing historical ties between individual college football conferences and high - paying bowl games like the Rose Bowl and Orange Bowl, the NCAA has never held a tournament or championship game to determine the champion of what is now the highest division, NCAA Division I, Football Bowl Subdivision (the Division I, Football Championship Subdivision and lower divisions do hold championship tournaments). As a result, the public and the media began to take the leading vote - getter in the final AP Poll as the national champion for that season.
While the AP Poll currently lists the Top 25 teams in the nation, from 1936 to 1961 the wire service only ranked 20 teams. And from 1962 to 1967 only 10 teams were recognized. From 1968 to 1988, the AP again resumed its Top 20 before expanding to 25 teams in 1989.
Until the 1968 college football season, the final AP Poll of the season was released following the end of the regular season, with the exception of the 1965 season. In 1964, Alabama was named the national champion in the final AP Poll following the completion of the regular season, but lost in the Orange Bowl to Texas, leaving Arkansas as the only undefeated, untied team after the Razorbacks defeated Nebraska in the Cotton Bowl Classic. In 1965, the AP 's decision to wait to crown its champion paid off, as top - ranked Michigan State lost to UCLA in the Rose Bowl, number two Arkansas lost to LSU in the Cotton Bowl Classic, and fourth - ranked Alabama defeated third - ranked Nebraska in the Orange Bowl, vaulting the Crimson Tide to the top of the AP 's final poll. Michigan State was named national champion in the final United Press International poll of coaches, which did not conduct a post-bowl poll. At the end of the 1947 season, the AP released an unofficial post-bowl poll which differed from the regular season final poll. The AP national championship had been awarded before bowl games were played.
Beginning in the 1968 season, a post bowl game poll was released and the AP championship reflected the bowl game results. The UPI did not follow suit with the coaches ' poll until the 1974 season.
The Coaches ' poll began selecting the top 20 teams on a weekly basis during the 1950 -- 1951 college football season. It is conducted among selected members of the American Football Coaches Association. In 1990 the poll expanded to a top 25, and it has retained this format since. The Coaches ' Poll took their final poll prior to the bowl games from 1950 -- 1973, and since 1974, has taken their final poll after bowl games. The Coaches ' Poll does not include teams on either NCAA or conference - sanction probation, which also differentiates it from the AP poll. The poll has been released through various media outlets and with differing sponsors over its history, and thus has taken a succession of different names, including United Press (UP) from 1950 thru 1957, the United Press International (UPI) from 1958 thru 1990, USA Today / CNN from 1991 thru 1996, USA Today / ESPN from 1997 to 2004, and USA Today from 2005 to present.
During the era of the BCS, the Coaches ' Poll was under contractual obligation to award its national championship selection to the winner of the BCS Championship Game or its predecessors -- who was presented with the AFCA National Championship Trophy during a post-game presentation. The College Football Playoff is not tied to the Coaches ' Poll in this manner.
The following table contains the national championships that have been recognized by the final AP or Coaches ' Poll. Originally both the AP and Coaches ' poll champions were crowned after the regular season, but since 1968 and 1974, respectively, both polls crown their champions after the bowl games are completed. The BCS champion was automatically awarded the Coaches ' Poll championship. Of the current 120 + Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS, formerly Division I-A) schools, only 30 have won at least a share of a national title by the AP or Coaches ' poll. Of these 30 teams, only 19 teams have won multiple titles. Of the 19 teams, only 7 have won five or more national titles: Alabama, Notre Dame, Oklahoma, USC, Miami (FL), Nebraska, and Ohio State. The years listed in the table below indicate a national championship selection by the AP or Coaches ' Poll. The selections are noted with (AP) or (Coaches) when a national champion selection differed between the two polls for that particular season, which has occurred in twelve different seasons (including 2004, for which the coaches selection was rescinded) since the polls first came to coexist in 1950.
† USC 's 2004 -- 2005 BCS National Championship was vacated by the BCS and the AFCA Coaches ' Trophy returned. ‡ Retroactively awarded in 2016 by AFCA Blue Ribbon Panel
The Bowl Championship Series (BCS) was a selection system designed to give the top two teams in NCAA Division I-A (now known as the FBS) an opportunity to compete in a "national championship game ''. This championship was intended as a surrogate for a playoff system since the NCAA does not formally determine a champion in this category. It began during the 1998 season, but a number of controversial selections spurred changes to the format over the years. Prior to the 2006 season, eight teams competed in four BCS Bowls (the Orange, Sugar, Rose, and Fiesta). The BCS replaced the Bowl Alliance (in place from 1995 -- 1997), which itself followed the Bowl Coalition (in place from 1992 -- 1994). One of the main differences was that the Rose Bowl participated in the BCS; previously, the Big Ten and Pac - 12 champions automatically played in the Rose Bowl regardless of their poll rankings. However, after the change, those teams played in the BCS National Championship Game if they finished # 1 or # 2 in the BCS standings.
The BCS formula varied over the years, with the final version relying on a combination of the Coaches ' and Harris polls and an average of various computer rankings to determine relative team rankings, and to narrow the field to two teams to play in the BCS National Championship Game held after the other college bowl games. The winner of this game was crowned Coaches ' Poll national champion winning the AFCA National Championship Trophy and was also awarded the MacArthur Bowl by the National Football Foundation.
* USC 's victory in the 2005 Orange Bowl and subsequent 2004 -- 05 BCS National Championship was vacated by the BCS.
The College Football Playoff (CFP) was designed as a replacement for the BCS. While the NCAA still does not officially sanction the event, organizers sought to bring a playoff system similar to all other levels of NCAA football to the Football Bowl Subdivision.
The College Football Playoff relies on a 13 - member selection committee to choose the top four teams to play in a two - round single - elimination playoff bracket. The winner of the final game is awarded the College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy.
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who was the first character added to overwatch | Characters of Overwatch - Wikipedia
The team - based first person shooter video game Overwatch, developed by Blizzard Entertainment and released in May 2016, features 27 playable characters (heroes) and a number of supporting characters as part of the game 's narrative, which is told through animated media and digital comics outside of the game.
The story of Overwatch takes place on Earth in the "near future '' in the years after the "Omnic Crisis, '' a period in which robots (called "omnics '') rose up in rebellion worldwide, and the United Nations formed an elite group called Overwatch to combat them. Overwatch was disbanded years later under a cloud of suspicion, but its former members have returned to the fore in light of new threats to humanity. Blizzard wanted to create a diverse set of characters to reflect a positive outlook on this near future, incorporating non-human characters and non-standard character traits. The game was launched with 21 characters, with 6 more added since launch.
Eight characters, Lúcio, Tracer, Zarya, Genji, D.Va, Ana, Junkrat, and Hanzo have appeared as playable heroes within Blizzard 's crossover game, Heroes of the Storm.
Overwatch is primarily a team - oriented online first - person shooter, and an example of a "hero shooter '' where players select from one of several pre-designed hero characters developed by Blizzard for the game. Overwatch includes both casual play modes, competitive ranked play modes, and various arcade modes where special rules apply. Most game modes bring together two teams of six players each into a match and compete in one of several objective - based game types based on the randomly selected map, including taking control points and escorting a payload.
A match starts with each player selecting from one of the available hero characters. The game 's characters are divided into four character classes: offense, defense, tank, and support. Offense characters do the majority of the team 's aggressive damage. Defense characters are equipped to guard the objective and halt the enemy 's advance. Tank characters can absorb large amounts of damage for the team, and support characters share healing abilities and similar status effects for the team or against enemies. The game will warn teams if they have an imbalance in their general class selection, and certain game modes require players to select different heroes. Players are able to switch between heroes mid-match after they are killed or if they return to their team 's base.
Each hero character has fundamentally different attributes such as health and movement speed, at least one basic attack, and at least one unique skill, collectively referred to as a skill kit. These skills can be used repeatedly after waiting out the skill 's cooldown period. Each character also has at least one powerful ultimate ability that becomes available once its meter is charged, either slowly over time or through other actions such as killing opponents or healing teammates. Once the ultimate ability is used, the player has to wait for the meter to fill again.
Winning matches earns the player experience towards experience levels in the meta - game. The player earns a loot box on reaching a new experience level, which contain a random assortment of character skins, emotes, speech lines, and other cosmetic items for each character without specific game - changing effects. Players can also purchase loot boxes with real - world money. Blizzard has provided free post-release content for the game, such as new levels and characters. Blizzard has also introduced limited - time seasonal events, offering new cosmetic items in loot boxes, themed levels, and gameplay modes.
Overwatch originally featured 12 characters at its November 2014 BlizzCon convention announcement, but expanded to 21 by the next year 's convention. The game is character - driven, and reviewers noted Overwatch 's emphasis on the individual differences between characters in the same class (e.g., between two snipers) as a departure from dominant class - based shooter paradigms. Critics widely praised the game 's accessible and detailed character design and its role in the game 's overall success.
Similar to Valve 's initial launch of Team Fortress 2, in the absence of a dedicated story mode, Blizzard tells the backstory of Overwatch 's plot and characters through media outside the game, including animated shorts, character press events, tweets, and webcomics. The game 's story centers around a technological singularity in which humanity assembles a team of its best heroes, Overwatch, to fight off a rogue artificial intelligence and its robotic army of Omnics in an incident called the "Omnic Crisis ''. After winning its battle, the Overwatch kept the peace for about three decades before infighting led to its disbandment. The game takes place approximately sixty years in the future, during a time period in which the world is slipping into disarray, and former Overwatch members along with new allies and enemies are being called on to help protect the peace. Among Overwatch 's enemies include Talon, a global criminal network seeking wealth and power.
In early 2016, Blizzard released media kits with granular character detail for fan artists and cosplayers. Preceding the game 's launch, PornHub reported a surge in searches for pornography including Overwatch characters. An intellectual property security firm issued multiple takedown requests to sites featuring such videos and other erotica created in Source Filmmaker.
Overwatch was developed by Blizzard following the cancellation of a massively multiplayer online role - playing game Titan, a project that had been in works for several years. A smaller team from those on Titan were given the role to come up with a new project, and they came onto the idea of a first - person shooter that emphasized teamwork, inspired by Team Fortress 2 and the rising popularity of multiplayer online battle arenas, as well as their own development team unity they found to keep their morale high following Titan 's cancellation.
The development team settled on a narrative of a near - future Earth setting following a global - scale catastrophic event - the Omnic Crisis in which robots, known as Omnics, rose up in rebellion against humanity until stopped by a peacekeeping group known as Overwatch. With selection of this global theme, the developers wanted to create a cast of playable characters to portray diverse representations of genders, ages, ethnicities, and nationalities. The heroes include human, transhuman, and non-human characters such as cyborgs, robots, and a gorilla. The need for a diverse cast was important to the developers, as some of Blizzard 's previous games had been criticized before for missing this mark; Metzen explained that even his daughter had asked him why all the female characters from Warcraft seemed to be only wearing swimsuits. Metzen stated: "Specifically for Overwatch over the past year we 've been really cognizant of that, trying not to oversexualize the female characters. '' Kaplan explained that the industry was "clearly in an age where gaming is for everybody '', going on to say that "increasingly, people want to feel represented, from all walks of life, boys and girls, everybody. We feel indebted to do our best to honor that. '' In addition, Blizzard stated at the 2016 Blizzcon that some of the characters are LGBT, though did not specify which ones at that time. Blizzard has stated that "As with any aspect of our characters ' backgrounds, their sexuality is just one part of what makes our heroes who they are. '' Since then, Tracer has been shown to be in a romantic relationship with another woman through one of the tie - in comics published online by Blizzard.
The team envisioned the characters akin to superheroes in this narrative, each with their own abilities, background and personality that could stand on their own, but could also fit into the larger story; this notion translated into the characters being agents for the game, which Metzen said still captures the "heroism and vibe '' that superhero stories carry. The team did not want to have any characters that served solely as villains in the game, but did develop some of the characters, like Soldier 76, to have an unsure purpose within the narrative.
Several characters were envisioned for the game during its pre-planning stages, but did not make the cut, or were later incorporated into other heroes. Among characters that were considered included a jetpack - wearing cat, a hockey player that used rocket - power skates, and a Russian woman that would ride a bear and for which her ultimate ability would have the bear rear up and wield his own set of AK - 47 guns. Initially, Reinhardt was an Omnic, but later was settled to be a human character, with the Omnic nature later revisited when the development team crafted Orisa.
Characters introduced since the game 's release are generally teased a few weeks in advance or given a cold surprise announcement. The only exception to this had been Sombra, who had been teased by a months - long alternate reality game (ARG) prior to her formal announcement. Blizzard found players reacted negatively to this deployment, and have opted to avoid this type of prolonged teasing for future characters. Blizzard will still seed upcoming hero characters into the game 's announcement media but without making comments towards that, anticipating players would find these before the character is officially announced; for example, the 26th hero Moira had appeared in at least two works prior to her announcement. Once a character is announced, they are typically made available on the "Public Test Region '' (PTR) for Windows players to try out and help provide feedback to Blizzard. Once Blizzard is satisfied with the PTR character, typically a period lasting two to three weeks, the character is then released to all players on all regions and platforms, outside of competitive play, as to give players a chance to learn the character. Roughly a week following this, the new character then becomes available for competitive play mode.
Doomfist is both the name of the titular cybernetic gauntlet and the title of its wielder, who is currently the Nigerian - born Akande Ogundimu, businessman and mixed martial artist turned mercenary. He has a short - range Hand Cannon on his off - hand that fires shotgun - like bursts and regenerates ammo over time, but most of his abilities come through melee attacks from the Doomfist Gauntlet. Doomfist can charge up a Rocket Punch that lets him lunge forward and punch an opponent backwards, a Seismic Slam that launches enemies in its range a short distance towards Doomfist, and a Rising Uppercut that greatly launches a single enemy while doing damage. Each ability that successfully hits also generates personal shielding for Doomfist (The Best Defense...). Doomfist 's ultimate ability is named Meteor Strike, allowing him to jump into the air and slam the ground, damaging all enemies in a range around that point and pushing them back a short distance.
Doomfist is a generational character, the name and titular weapon passed between three people in the game 's fiction. The current holder, Akande Ogundimu, was the heir to a cybernetics and prosthetics company with a love of competitive fighting, but he lost his right arm during the Omnic Crisis and although he got a replacement prosthesis, he was barred from competing. Looking for something to fill the void, he was approached by the previous holder of the Doomfist, Akinjide Adeyemi, to join the Talon terrorist group. Ogundimu agreed and thrived within its ranks, though he eventually grew dissatisfied with Adeyemi 's monetary ambitions and killed him to take his weapon, mantle, and control of Talon. Though he was later caught by Overwatch and placed in prison, Talon broke him out, and Ogundimu seized his Doomfist gauntlet to reclaim the Doomfist name and retake his position within Talon.
The concept of the Doomfist has existed since first cinematic trailer for Overwatch, with the heroes fighting for control of the gauntlet, and since has been teased as a potential playable character in other game updates. Doomfist was formally introduced as the 25th hero to Overwatch and was made available to play on all platforms on July 27, 2017.
Doomfist is voiced by Sahr Ngaujah.
Genji, full name Genji Shimada, is a Japanese cyborg ninja. His main attack method is to throw three Shurikens, either in quick succession or simultaneously in a horizontal spread. His abilities are Swift Strike, a quick dashing lunge with good range, and Deflect, a defensive stance that briefly ricochets projectiles back at enemies with his wakizashi. His Cyber-Agility allows him to double - jump and run up walls. Genji 's ultimate ability is Dragonblade, which temporarily replaces his shurikens with powerful, sweeping melee attacks dealt by his katana.
In his origin story, Genji transforms from a slacker to a superhero. His family -- the Japanese Shimada crime family -- ordered his eldest brother Hanzo to kill Genji for his selfish and hedonistic behavior, but before he could die, Overwatch found him and their doctor Mercy restored Genji as a cyborg. After quelling the rogue artificial intelligence (Omnic Crisis), Genji left the Overwatch team to find peace with his new body, mentored by the Omnic Shambali monk Zenyatta. Blizzard tells the story of Genji 's reencounter with his brother Hanzo in an animated short. The game 's Hanamura map, set in Japan, includes a memorial to Genji in what is assumed to be the Shimada family compound.
Gameplay-wise, Genji is a flanker and an infiltrator, best suited to one - on - one fights. Since the cooldown for his Swift Strike resets upon scoring a kill, it is best used as a finishing move. Genji 's Deflect ability can counter many enemy ultimate abilities, like Soldier 76 's Tactical Visor or McCree 's Deadeye. While some characters function best when paired with specific teammates, Genji works best in isolation. Genji is strong against turrets like Bastion and those of Torbjörn, and is effective at flanking snipers. Genji is vulnerable against characters with energy weapons that bypass his deflection, such as Symmetra, Winston, and Zarya. Since Genji is reliant on Deflect, the common way to counter him is to bait him into activating it and then attack when it 's on cooldown. Genji 's agile, melee - oriented playstyle is difficult to learn, yet is popular among new players who like his ninja design.
A vocal minority of players began to complain about Genji 's balance with other characters in August 2016, as team strategies came to be centered around his rediscovered abilities when the abilities of other offensive characters were reduced. Later that month, Blizzard rebalanced Genji by reducing the power of his abilities. At the end of 2016, Blizzard offered a special "oni '' character skin as a promotion for players who also played the company 's Multiplayer online battle arena game Heroes of the Storm. Genji was added as one of the heroes in Heroes of the Storm on April 25, 2017.
Genji is voiced by Gaku Space.
McCree, full name Jesse McCree, is an American bounty hunter and vigilante with a cybernetic arm and a Wild West motif. He carries his Peacekeeper six - shooter, with its primary fire that can shoot single shots with high accuracy at moderate range, and its alternate fire allowing him to Fan the Hammer to quickly unload the entire cylinder at close range in rapid fire with some loss of accuracy. He can quickly dodge attacks using his Combat Roll ability which also instantly reloads his revolver, and can throw a Flashbang grenade a short distance which stuns enemies and interrupts their abilities. McCree 's ultimate ability is Deadeye, which allows him to line up shots on every enemy in his sight, with resulting damage proportional to the time spent aiming.
In the Overwatch narrative, Jesse McCree came from Santa Fe, New Mexico, and is a former member of the Deadlock Gang, a group of traffickers in military hardware operating in the American Southwest. He and his fellows were captured in an Overwatch sting operation, and he was given a choice: prison, or serving in Blackwatch, the black ops division of Overwatch. He chose the latter, believing he could make amends for his past crimes, and revelling in the lack of bureaucratic oversight. When Overwatch began to collapse and Blackwatch sought to reform it to its own ends, McCree went underground, resurfacing years later as a gunslinger for hire.
McCree is considered one of the easiest characters to learn, enabled by the Flashbang / Fan the Hammer combo which can kill most low - to mid-health opponents in one shot.
McCree was one of the few characters developed for the game based on a stereotype, often compared to the Man with No Name, but they developed his character and narratives to embrace that stereotype. The visual appearance of McCree came about based on a Starcraft tie - in game that the Overwatch team, following the cancellation of Titan, has considered before settling on Overwatch. Blizzard wanted McCree to be a hero strong against agile opponents and to counter close - range abilities, according to Geoff Goodman. To achieve this, McCree has seen a confusing sequence of buffs and nerfs in the months after the game 's initial release, which led some to jokingly call him "the most indecisive character '' of the game. Initially, his burst damage output and versatility on all ranges made him a popular pick in almost any situation, but after numerous tweaks, he lost his main role of a tank killer and became a somewhat ambiguous anti-flanker with additional long - range capability. When these updates were made, Kaplan said that they were necessary to bring more in line with their vision for McCree 's role, saying that "We want McCree to be a counter to people like Tracer, Genji and Reaper. What we 're not crazy about, right now, is the way in which McCree can absolutely shred tanks. ''
McCree is voiced by Matthew Mercer.
Pharah, real name Fareeha Amari, is an Egyptian security officer. She wears the Raptora Mark VI, a jetpack - equipped combat suit, and wields a Rocket Launcher as her primary weapon. She has a Wedjat (Eye of Horus) tattoo around her right eye. Her abilities are Concussive Blast, a rocket with powerful knockback but no damage, and Jump Jets, a quick jetpack - assisted vertical ascension comparable to a rocket jump. Her passive ability allows her to Hover in the air, which is paired well with her Jump Jets ability. Pharah 's ultimate ability is Barrage, where she fires a continuous stream of small air - to - ground rockets at targets, while she is frozen still in place.
Fareeha Amari is the daughter of Ana Amari, one of the founding members of Overwatch. She served as an officer in the Egyptian Army and aspired to follow in her mother 's footsteps, but Overwatch was disbanded before she could join its ranks. After leaving the army, Pharah took a job with Helix Security International, a private security firm contracted to protect an artificial intelligence facility below the Giza Plateau.
Pharah is a solid attacker able to consistently maintain pressure on the enemy team. Her rocket launcher allows her to hold chokepoints or lay out suppressive fire onto objectives both in offense and defense, and her vertical agility renders her out of reach for characters reliant on close - range fighting. Her Concussion Blast disrupts enemy formations, and in the hands of a skilled player it can be used to score environmental kills. Pharah is a good match with Mercy, whose Guardian Angel ability allows both of them to fly alongside each other. Pharah is vulnerable against long - range oriented characters, especially those wielding hitscan weapons, such as Widowmaker or McCree.
Pharah is voiced by Jen Cohn.
Reaper, real name Gabriel Reyes, is an American mercenary and terrorist, originally a founding member of Overwatch, now a leading member of Talon. He is attired in a black hooded trenchcoat with a white skull mask and wields twin Hellfire Shotguns. His abilities are Shadow Step, a medium - range line of sight teleport, and Wraith Form, a brief period of invincibility and speed increase. He was able to heal himself by consuming the souls of fallen enemies, visible as red burning "Soul Globes '' on the ground but later was changed to a passive ability called The Reaping which allows him to steal a 20 % heal from the damage he deals. Reaper 's ultimate ability is Death Blossom, a twin shotgun gun kata which deals massive damage in a short radius around him.
Born in Los Angeles, Gabriel Reyes was a veteran officer of the United States Armed Forces who was subjected to a "soldier enhancement program '', where he and the other selectees were genetically enhanced to become "perfect soldiers ''. When the United Nations formed Overwatch to combat the Omnic Crisis, Reyes was one of the two men from the program on the shortlist to join up and was initially tapped to lead it. However, he was passed over in favor of his friend Jack Morrison, causing a rift between the two men. Reyes was later named commander of Blackwatch, Overwatch 's black ops division, but his jealousy of Morrison (due to Morrison 's publicity as the official leader of Overwatch, versus Reyes ' secret dealings with Blackwatch) eventually caused Reyes to reveal Blackwatch 's existence to the public, destroying both organizations and resulting in a battle that destroyed their headquarters in Switzerland. Both men were believed dead, but in reality survived, although Reyes 's cells are now simultaneously decaying and regenerating, causing his body to fall apart and rebuild itself over and over again.
Reyes resurfaced years later as "the Reaper '', a mysterious mercenary responsible for terrorist attacks all around the world, having been consumed by his hunger for fame to the point that he no longer cared what he was known for. Through the efforts of rogue geneticist Moira O'Deorain, he has developed the ability to steal life essence from his enemies, and also become incorporeal to avoid harm. His true identity is unknown to the rest of the world, as are his motivations, though a pattern of his movements indicates that he is hunting down former agents of Overwatch. He appears in the cinematic trailer, teamed with Widowmaker in a raid in the Overwatch Museum to steal Doomfist 's gauntlet for Talon. He also appears in the animated short "Recall '', where he raids Winston 's lab at Gibraltar to steal his list of Overwatch agents, though he was unsuccessful.
Reaper is a flanker / assassin type of character, able to teleport behind enemy lines and attack from the rear to single out targets of importance, before using Wraith Form to escape. The ability to heal from dealing damage helps him in taking out tanks, due to their large bodies and health pools making it easier for him to heal rapidly. Reaper is vulnerable while executing his Death Blossom, so proper usage of it relies heavily on the element on surprise, taking enemies out with its massive damage output before they get the chance to react.
Reaper is voiced by Keith Ferguson.
Soldier: 76, real name Jack Morrison, is an American soldier - turned - vigilante and a founding member of Overwatch. He wears a facemask with a visor and carries an experimental Heavy Pulse Rifle equipped with an underbarrel launcher that fires three Helix Rockets. His abilities are Sprint, a forward run with no duration limit or cooldown, and Biotic Field, a deployable device which regenerates the health of allies in the immediate vicinity. His ultimate ability, Tactical Visor, makes his rifle automatically track enemies in his line of sight for a brief period, similar to an aimbot.
Jack Morrison was born in rural Indiana, and enlisted in the United States military when he was eighteen. His bravery and work ethic earned him the attention of the "soldier enhancement program '', and he later joined Overwatch alongside his friend Gabriel Reyes. His contributions to its success in ending the Omnic Crisis led to his being granted command of the task force, leading to a rift between him and Reyes. As Overwatch came under worldwide scrutiny due to allegations of corruption, the tensions between the two men came to outright conflict, resulting in the destruction of Overwatch headquarters. Morrison was believed to have been killed in the explosion, and was reportedly buried at Arlington National Cemetery.
Five years later, however, Morrison resurfaced as the vigilante "Soldier: 76 '', becoming the focus of an international manhunt following a series of attacks against former Overwatch facilities, stealing weapons and advanced technologies. He wages a personal war to discover the truth behind the events that led to the fall of Overwatch.
Soldier: 76 was actually developed by Overwatch 's creative director Chris Metzen in the early 2000s as part of non-gaming related projects within Blizzard, and which he later adapted for a comic story used in Digital Webbing Presents # 16, published in July 2004. Metzen described Soldier: 76 's background here as one of a line of American "super soldiers '' that had been implanted with microchips to give them superhuman abilities. Soldier: 76 was thought killed in an assassination attempt but instead found himself abandoned in South America with no memories of his past, only returning to the United States after a second civil war breaks out, to help try to restore order and discover his past. While Overwatch modified Metzen 's original design, the game 's version of Soldier: 76 still maintains the same color scheme and jacket that was used in the comic book story.
Soldier: 76 was the most popular offense character during the game 's open beta. He was conceived as a "gateway hero '' to help players that are used to modern shooters ease into the game, but his versatility and high skill ceiling makes him a good choice for veteran players as well. He is able to perform well in almost any situation, being effective on all ranges, move quickly around the battlefield, as well as able to heal both himself and his team. On the downside, unlike other attackers, he lacks a direct specialization, and his ultimate ability has less potential impact on the game. His pulse rifle is best fired in short bursts at range and in full auto in close quarters, where accuracy is less of an issue.
Soldier: 76 is voiced by Fred Tatasciore.
Sombra, real name Olivia Colomar, is a Mexican hacker and infiltrator. She is equipped with a low - damage, high - capacity Machine Pistol for short range combat. Her trademark ability allows her to Hack enemies, turrets or neutral health kits. Hacked enemies can not use their abilities, hacked turrets are disabled, and hacked health kits respawn faster and become unusable to the enemy team. Sombra also has Thermoptic Camo that gives her a period of invisibility paired with a speed boost, and can throw down a Translocator beacon that she can to teleport to later. Her passive ability, Opportunist, enables her to track enemies that are low on health, even through walls. Sombra 's ultimate ability is EMP, an electromagnetic shockwave that hacks all enemies around her, as well as disabling their barriers and shields and displaying if they have fully charged ultimates.
In the Overwatch narrative, Sombra had been orphaned at an early age but quickly discovered her natural gift for hacking. She initially used it as part of the Los Muertos gang that fought against a corrupt Mexican government. Over the years her hacking expanded to other global corporations and powers, managing to keep her identity secret. She was eventually discovered by a mysterious organization that forced her into hiding, destroying all records of her existence. She augmented her body with cybernetic attachments to help her hack, and joined the criminal organization Talon to discover the identity of the organization that uncovered her.
Sombra was introduced into Overwatch through alternate reality game (ARG) starting as early as the game 's open beta, as to give "an idea of who she is and a little bit of her personality before we even unveiled her '', according to Blizzard 's lead hero designer Geoff Goodman. Sombra is the focus of the animated short "Infiltration '', where she infiltrates the Volskaya Industries complex alongside Reaper and Widowmaker to assassinate the head executive.
Sombra is voiced by Carolina Ravassa.
Tracer, real name Lena Oxton, is a British pilot and adventurer. She wields dual rapid - fire Pulse Pistols, and is equipped with a "chronal accelerator '' which grants her the ability to either jump forward in time, crossing many meters in a split second (Blink) or rewind three seconds into the past to heal and restore ammunition (Recall). Her ultimate ability is Pulse Bomb, an explosive charge that sticks to enemies, exploding after a brief delay for massive damage.
Born in London following the events of the Omnic Crisis, Lena Oxton became the youngest test pilot in Overwatch 's experimental flight program, and was tapped to test the "Slipstream '', a fighter jet that used teleportation technology. During the test flight, a malfunction caused the craft to vanish and Tracer along with it. She was presumed dead. However, she reappeared months later, though suffering from a condition preventing her from maintaining a physical form and which caused her to vanish for hours or even days at a time. It was discovered that the accident desynchronized her molecules from time itself, a condition eventually called "chronal disassociation. '' The enhanced gorilla scientist Winston invented the chronal accelerator to re-synchronize her with the normal flow of time.
Tracer was the first Hero developed for the game and used to test the gameplay mechanics. Tracer features in the cinematic trailer, teamed with Winston as she tries to stop Widowmaker and Reaper from taking Doomfist 's gauntlet. She also appears in the cinematic short "Alive '', as she unsuccessfully tries to stop Widowmaker from assassinating the omnic monk Tekhartha Mondatta in London. Tracer is featured on the game 's cover art, and is a playable hero in Heroes of the Storm. It was revealed in an Overwatch comic that she is a lesbian.
Tracer is voiced by Cara Theobold.
Bastion is a combat robot - turned - explorer. It can Reconfigure between a mobile form outfitted with a submachine gun (Configuration: Recon) and a stationary form equipped with a Gatling gun (Configuration: Sentry). It also has the ability to Self - Repair and quickly regain lost health, and its Ironclad passive reduces damage taken. Its ultimate ability is Configuration: Tank, which allows it to roll on treads and fire explosive rounds from a smooth - bore cannon for a short period of time.
Bastion is a SST Laboratories Siege Automaton E54, a battle automaton originally designed for peacekeeping purposes; during the Omnic Crisis, they were deployed against their human makers becoming a symbol of the horrors of the war. Bastion was severely damaged in the field during the final days of the war, and was left dormant and exposed to the elements. For more than a decade, it became overgrown with plant life and the nests of small animals, until it unexpectedly reactivated. It had developed a fascination with nature, but its combat programming still took over whenever it encountered anything it perceived as a threat. Due to conflicts with fearful humans, Bastion largely avoids populated areas in favor of exploring the wild. It is usually accompanied by a small bird named Ganymede, who was building a nest on it when it reactivated, and both humanizes Bastion and makes it relatable.
Bastion is the focus of the animated short "The Last Bastion '', showing the moments when Ganymede inadvertently reactivated it.
Bastion is voiced by Chris Metzen.
Hanzo, full name Hanzo Shimada, is a Japanese archer, assassin and mercenary. He wields the Storm Bow and is equipped with specialized arrows, including Sonic Arrows to detect enemies and Scatter Arrows to hit multiple targets with ricochets. He is also able to Wall Climb, enabling him to reach vantage points. His ultimate ability is Dragonstrike, in which he unleashes a spiraling spirit dragon that can travel through obstacles to deal damage in a straight line.
Hanzo is the elder brother of Genji, and the heir to the head of the Shimada clan. He was trained from an early age to take over the clan, becoming a skilled warrior and marksman, as well as a strategist. When his father died, Hanzo was directed by the clan elders to bring Genji into line; and when Genji refused, the two brothers battled, resulting in what appeared to be Genji 's death. Guilty and grief - stricken, Hanzo abandoned the clan and travelled the world in an effort to restore his honor.
Hanzo is the focus of the animated short "Dragons '', where he visits his family 's castle on the day of his duel with Genji, leaving offerings at the castle shrine to honor Genji 's memory.
Hanzo is voiced by Paul Nakauchi.
Junkrat, real name Jamison Fawkes, is an Australian scavenger, mercenary and anarchist. He carries a Frag Launcher that fires grenades and employs Steel Traps and remote - detonated Concussion Mines; when he is killed, several primed grenades are released from his body in a final attempt to get back at the attacker (Total Mayhem). Junkrat 's ultimate ability is RIP - Tire, a self - propelled truck wheel loaded with explosives that he 's able to manually steer and detonate.
After the Omnic Crisis, an "omnium '' - an A.I. controller that directs omnics as part of a hive mind - was destroyed in the Outback, turning it into an irradiated wasteland. Living in the ruins are the Junkers, a group of scavengers and mercenaries; Jamison Fawkes was among their numbers. The effects of the radiation awakened a sense of madness which soon developed into pyromania. In the heart of the destroyed omnium, Junkrat found a valuable secret, making him the target of bounty hunters and rival gangs. He made a deal with the Junker enforcer Roadhog, who agreed to become his personal bodyguard in return for a 50 - 50 share of the profits from their finds. His loud personality often drives him into trouble, one of them is by blowing away their deception when attempting a Trojan - horse plan to avenge the Queen of Junkertown after banishing him and Roadhog from her dominion.
Junkrat was developed by Blizzard to balance out against Torbjorn 's turrets.
Junkrat is voiced by Chris Parson.
Mei, full name Mei - Ling Zhou (周美灵), is a Chinese climatologist and adventurer from Xi'an. She wields an Endothermic Blaster that can either freeze enemies in place with a short - range spray or shoot a long - range icicle projectile, and she can also use it to Cryo - Freeze herself in a solid ice block to shield herself from damage and heal injuries, as well as erect Ice Walls with many versatile uses, primarily for blocking the enemies. Her ultimate ability is Blizzard, which calls down Snowball, her personal weather modification drone, to freeze all enemies in a wide radius.
Mei was employed by Overwatch to find the cause for the planet 's changing climate, which had been variously blamed on the industry, the increasing omnic population, and increased consumption of natural resources. While deployed at an Overwatch base in Antarctica, Mei and the other scientists there were trapped by a polar storm that damaged the facility. Lacking sufficient resources to wait for a rescue, they decided to enter cryostasis. But the pods malfunctioned, and Mei was the only survivor when she was found close to a decade later; by that time, Overwatch had disbanded, and all of the bases set up to monitor the climate crisis had stopped functioning. Mei elected to carry on the work alone, accompanied by Snowball.
Mei is the focus of the animated short "Rise and Shine '', showing the moments after she awakened from cryostasis and had to find a way to call for help.
Mei is voiced by Yu "Elise '' Zhang.
Torbjörn, full name Torbjörn Lindholm, is a dwarfish Swedish engineer and weapons designer, and a founding member of Overwatch. His armor comes equipped with a mobile forge, and he carries a Rivet Gun that shoots molten slag and a Forge Hammer for construction and melee attacks. He can Build Turrets that auto - target enemies and can be upgraded, and provide Armor Packs to his teammates to give a boost to their health, which are constructed from scrap he finds on the battlefield (Scrap Collector). His ultimate ability is Molten Core, which overheats his personal forge, upgrading his turret, granting a speed bonus to turret construction and repair, as well as a defense and rate - of - fire bonus to himself and his turret.
Torbjörn Lindholm believes that technology should serve a better vision for humanity, putting him at odds with his employers, who wanted to control the weapons with artificial intelligence. His deep - seated fear of sentient machines, dismissed at first as paranoia, became reality during the Omnic Crisis, during which he was recruited by Overwatch. His engineering knowledge proved invaluable to achieving Overwatch 's aim of ending the Omnic Crisis. After Overwatch was disbanded, his weapons were stolen or stashed away, and Torbjörn has set out to ensure they are not used to harm the innocent.
While Torbjorn was not the first character created for Overwatch, his design, meant to bridge between Warcraft and Overwatch, became the baseline for nearly all other asset design for the game.
Torbjörn is voiced by Keith Silverstein.
Widowmaker, real name Amélie Lacroix, is a French sniper and assassin. She wields the Widow 's Kiss, a versatile rifle that fires in full automatic at close - range, and can convert into a sniper rifle for long - range kills. She also uses a Grappling Hook to reach high ledges and Venom Mines to disable enemies. Her ultimate ability is Infra - Sight, which activates her recon visor to highlight all enemies through walls for her and her team, similar to a wallhack.
Amélie was a ballet dancer and was the wife of Gérard Lacroix, an Overwatch agent heading operations against the terrorist organization known as Talon. When their assassins were unable to get close to Lacroix, they kidnapped Amélie and reprogrammed her as a sleeper agent. She was found and returned home by Overwatch agents, unaware of what had happened; two weeks later, she killed her husband in his sleep. Returning to Talon, she underwent extensive training in the covert arts, and her physiology was altered to slow her heart, turning her skin blue. Her emotional responses numbed by the conditioning, she feels little more than the satisfaction of the kill.
Widowmaker appears in the intro cinematic, teamed with Reaper to steal Doomfist 's gauntlet from the Overwatch Museum; a boy visiting the museum uses it against her. She is also featured in the animated short "Alive '', on a mission to assassinate the omnic monk Tekhartha Mondatta, an advocate for peaceful human - omnic relations.
Widowmaker was the most popular defense character during the game 's open beta.
Widowmaker is voiced by Chloé Hollings.
D.Va, real name Hana Song, is a South Korean mecha pilot and former pro gamer from Busan. She pilots a combat mecha armed with twin Fusion Cannons, shotgun - like weapons that require no ammunition or reload time. Her mecha is equipped with rocket Boosters for short bursts of flight, as well as a Defense Matrix that allows it to shoot enemy projectiles out of the air. She can also fire a volley of Micro-Missiles that do splash damage on impact. D. Va 's ultimate ability, Self - Destruct, overloads and detonates her mecha, dealing massive damage to all enemies in a huge radius within line of sight. If her mech is destroyed (either by her ultimate or in combat), she ejects and continues to fight on foot, armed with a mid-range Light Gun, until her mecha can be summoned again.
To protect its cities against a massive omnic that rose from the East China Sea, the South Korean army developed automated battle mechs, deployed in a task force named MEKA (Mobile Exo - force of the Korean Army). As the omnic learned from its battles with the South Korean military, it disrupted the mechs ' drone - control abilities, forcing the army to turn to human pilots. They elected to recruit professional gamers, who they believed possessed the necessary skills to pilot their mechs. Hana Song was the reigning StarCraft II world champion at the time, with a reputation for playing to win at all costs and showing no mercy to her opponents. She has since become a global icon, streaming footage of her combat missions.
D.Va was the fifth Overwatch hero added to Heroes of the Storm, released in May 2017 shortly after the game 's version 2.0 update.
D.Va is voiced by Charlet Chung.
Orisa is a one - month - old, four - legged female Omnic built by 11 - year - old robotics prodigy Efi Oladele, to be a "mechanical peacekeeper '' of Numbani. Her primary weapon is the Fusion Driver, a long - range projectile - based machine gun; its alternate fire mode, Halt!, releases a slow - moving projectile that the player can detonate to draw in nearby enemies towards the point of detonation, similar to Zarya 's Graviton Surge. She can launch a deployable Protective Barrier similar to Reinhardt 's shield which can be used for strategic defenses, and can Fortify her structure to temporarily prevent all forms of crowd control against her, such as Lúcio 's sonic blasts or Reinhardt 's Earthshatter abilities. Her ultimate ability is Supercharger, a deployable device which gives Orisa and her teammates, provided they are in line - of - sight, an attack boost similar to that of Mercy, though the Supercharger itself can be destroyed by enemy fire and deactivates after a few seconds.
Rebuilt from the wreckage of an OR15 defense robot after an attack by Doomfist in her home city of Numbani, Efi upgraded the hardware and software on the Omnic, emphasizing public safety as its primary objective. Efi 's upgrades on the robot also created a sentient identity, in which Efi dubbed the robot Orisa from its designation number. The name derives from "orisha '', spirits in the Yoruba religion of West Africa.
Kaplan believed that Orisa would strategically play similar to Reinhardt as the "anchor '' for an advancing team that allies would focus around. Besides being a second anchor tank beyond Reinhardt, Orisa 's design came out of trying to push the boundaries of what they could do with a female character in the game, giving her the quadruped tank design and other features. They developed her personality to be somewhat between that of RoboCop and GLaDOS, with the veteran experience of the existing Omnics Zenyatta and Bastion. Because of these disparate elements, the design team came upon the idea of introducing Efi, so that the strange design of Orisa would be that of the Overwatch world as seen through the eyes of an imaginative child.
Orisa, the game 's 24th hero, was revealed on March 2, 2017. Unlike the previously introduced hero, Sombra, which was the subject of a protracted alternate reality game that was met with some criticism, Blizzard opted to tease Orisa over a much shorter period via social media, introducing the character of Efi and new events in the Overwatch narrative happening on Numbani a few weeks before Orisa 's reveal. Orisa was available on the Public Test Servers on the reveal, and was added to the game for all platforms on March 21, 2017, though her appearance in competitive mode was held off for one week as to give time for players to get used to the new character.
Orisa is voiced by Cherrelle Skeete.
Reinhardt, full name Reinhardt Wilhelm, is a German soldier and adventurer, and one of the founding members of Overwatch. He wears a heavy suit of Crusader power armor, and carries a rocket - powered war hammer (Rocket Hammer) as his primary weapon. His main ability is a wide hard - light Barrier Field mounted on his arm that allows him to protect himself and teammates behind him from enemy fire. He may also launch a flaming projectile that ignores enemy barriers (Fire Strike), or use a rocket booster to Charge into the enemy lines, crushing them against walls. His ultimate ability, Earthshatter, makes him slam his hammer against the ground, sending out a shockwave that incapacitates enemies in front of him.
Reinhardt Wilhelm is a decorated Bundeswehr veteran from Stuttgart who lives under a knightly code of chivalry. He served as lieutenant to Colonel Balderich von Adler, commander of the Crusaders, which served alongside the regular army to act as their shield. Reckless in his younger years, Reinhardt often left his comrades behind to find glory in battle. That would change during the battle of Eichenwalde, where he lost his left eye to the blade of an OR14 assault omnic. Retreating into Eichenwalde Castle, Balderich gave Reinhardt his Overwatch initiation medal and sent him to rejoin the others, admonishing him to "be their shield ''. Reinhardt remained in Overwatch service well into his fifties, his code of ethics and his blunt honesty making him a respected member of the team, until he was forced to retire due to his age and left to watch as Overwatch collapsed. When Winston issued the call to arms to his Overwatch comrades, Reinhardt - living in the ruins of Eichenwalde - answered without hesitation, despite the belief of his friend Brigitte that Overwatch had tossed him aside due to his age.
Reinhardt was the most popular tank character during the game 's open beta.
Reinhardt is voiced by Darin De Paul.
Roadhog, real name Mako Rutledge, is Junkrat 's enforcer and bodyguard of unknown nationality. He wields a Scrap Gun that fires shrapnel in a mid-range automatic firing mode, or a short - range shotgun - like single shot. He also carries a NOS canister filled with "Hogdrogen '' to self - heal (Take a Breather), and employs a Chain Hook to pull distant opponents towards him. His ultimate ability, Whole Hog, allows him to put a top loader into his scrap gun, firing it in full auto mode with increased knockback, wider spread, and no need to reload.
Mako Rutledge lived in the Australian Outback in the period after the Omnic Crisis. The government of Australia, in an effort to make peace with the omnics, allowed them to take possession of the omnium and the territory around it, displacing the human residents. Mako and other angry humans formed the Australian Liberation Front to strike against the omnium and the omnics that resided around it. In the end, the ALF overloaded the fusion core, destroying the omnium and turning the Outback into a radioactive wasteland, severely disfiguring Mako 's face. Mako donned a mask and took to the broken highways on his chopper, forsaking his humanity little by little until he became a ruthless killer. He has since joined up with Junkrat as his bodyguard, in exchange for half of whatever treasure the ex-Junker knows the location of.
Roadhog is voiced by Josh Petersdorf.
Winston is a genetically engineered gorilla, scientist and adventurer. He wields a short - range Tesla Cannon that requires no aiming and electrocutes enemies at close range, and wears armor that incorporates a Jump Pack, allowing him to make leaps across great distances and damage foes on landing. He can also deploy a Barrier Projector that provides a temporary spherical shield to protect himself and teammates from enemy fire. Winston 's ultimate ability is Primal Rage, in which he briefly gives in to "the beast within '' to get massively increased health and powerful melee attacks with knockback, although he foregoes his primary weapon.
Winston was among a group of genetically enhanced gorillas living at the Horizon Lunar Colony, a research base on the Moon, intended to test the effects of prolonged habitation in space. He took his name from his mentor and caretaker, Dr. Harold Winston, the colony 's chief scientist, from whom he also gained his signature eyeglasses. When the other gorillas rose up, killed the human scientists, and took over the colony, Winston escaped to Earth in a rocket he built himself. He later joined up with Overwatch, offering his scientific expertise to the team (such as building Tracer 's chronal accelerator). When Overwatch disbanded, Winston went into seclusion at an old Overwatch base in Gibraltar.
Winston appears in the intro cinematic, as well as the animated short "Recall ''. The short recalls how he gained his glasses from Dr. Harold Winston, as well as fending off Reaper and agents of Talon who attempt to hack his database of Overwatch agents.
Winston is voiced by Crispin Freeman.
Zarya, full name Aleksandra Zaryanova, is a Russian powerlifter and soldier. She is armed with a Particle Cannon that can either emit a continuous beam of energy or launch an energy projectile in an arc. She is also able to project a personal Particle Barrier onto herself or onto one of her teammates (Projected Barrier), and soaking up damage with these shields raises the power of her own attacks proportionally. Zarya 's ultimate ability, Graviton Surge, forms a gravity well that pulls enemies in and damages them, leaving them open to other attacks.
In her fictional backstory, Aleksandra Zaryanova 's village in Siberia was on the front lines of the Omnic Crisis, which devastated the region. As she grew older, she swore to gain the strength to protect her people and homeland. She became a bodybuilder and weightlifter, expected to break a number of records in the world championships, but the dormant omnium in Siberia awakened on the eve of the tournament, and she withdrew from the competition to join the local defense forces.
Zarya was initially conceived of by artist Arnold Tsang after watching a weightlifting competition. He recognized that the body shape of weightlifters was non-standard but would make for a great, tough female hero. Zarya was the second Overwatch hero added to Heroes of the Storm.
Zarya is voiced by Dolya Gavanski.
Ana, full name Ana Amari, is an Egyptian sniper and bounty hunter, and one of the founding members of Overwatch. She wields a Biotic Rifle loaded with smart darts that damage enemies and heal allies, as well as a sidearm that fires Sleep Darts. She also carries Biotic Grenades that disable enemy healing and boost ally healing. Her ultimate ability is Nano Boost, which grants an attack and defense boost to a teammate hero.
Hailing from Cairo, Ana Amari was considered the best sniper in the world, and rushed in to support the unprepared Egyptian defense forces during the Omnic Crisis. Her marksmanship and her critical decision - making skills led to her being recruited by Overwatch, and she served for many years as Jack Morrison 's second - in - command during the conflict, while trying to be a mother to her daughter, Fareeha. Even with her command responsibility, Ana refused to give up going on combat missions. Remaining in service well into her fifties, Ana was believed to have been killed by Widowmaker during a hostage rescue; when Ana hesitated to make the kill shot, realizing that her target had in fact been her friend Amélie Lacroix, Widowmaker shot her through her rifle 's lens, destroying her right eye, then proceeded to kill the hostages. Though Ana survived, Overwatch soon disbanded. Initially choosing to remain out of combat as the world became embroiled in conflict, Ana realized she could not remain on the sidelines, and has rejoined the battle to protect her homeland.
Ana had already been part of the narrative of Overwatch from the creation of the Pharah character, according to Blizzard 's lead writer Michael Chu; they wanted Pharah 's parents to be important characters of the Overwatch group that would influence Pharah, and Ana had been established as a sniper in Pharah 's story. When they started brainstorming new playable heroes, the idea of an alchemist was raised, leading to the concept of a "skill - based support healer '', according to Chu. This led to them to consider making Ana this new playable character, as these support sniper skills would contrast well against those of the already - established character of Widowmaker. Ana was the first character to be added to Overwatch following its launch; she was announced and available to play on the Public Test regions on July 12, 2016, and was playable by all PC and console players on July 19, 2016.
Ana is voiced by Aysha Selim.
Brigitte, full name Brigitte Lindholm, is a Swedish engineer and adventurer, who wears powered armor similar to Reinhardt. Her primary attack is the Rocket Flail that allows her to strike several enemies in close range. She can also throw the Flail in a Whip Shot to hit distant targets. She has the ability to engage a Barrier Shield to protect herself and others behind it from damage for a limited time, and when it is active, she can charge a short distance forward with her Shield Bash, stunning the first enemy she hits. Otherwise, she is able to drop Repair Packs that can help heal other allies. Her Ultimate ability is Rally that allows her to move faster, and provide nearby allies with additional armor while the ability is active.
Brigitte is the youngest daughter of Torbjörn Lindholm, Overwatch 's former chief engineer. She was named by her godfather Reinhardt Wilhelm, to whom Torbjörn and his pregnant wife Ingrid were indebted to after Reinhardt saved his life during "Operation White Dome '' in Istanbul. As such, Brigitte became close friends with Reinhardt, and grew up on his tales of heroes and chivalry. While Torbjörn was more interested in creating weapons, Brigitte 's aptitudes were for creating armor and defensive systems. After the fall of Overwatch, Reinhardt elected to travel the world as something of a knight - errant, and Brigitte, to his surprise, asked him if she could accompany him as his squire, to which he agreed. Her job included maintaining Reinhardt 's Crusader armor, to which she was well - suited as it was based on a design created by her father, but as time went on, she was often required to take care of Reinhardt himself, who maintained an overenthusiasm for combat in spite of his increasing age and frailty. Eventually she decided that just maintaining Reinhardt 's armor was not enough, and had Reinhardt train her in combat while she created her own suit of armor in secret, so that she could fight alongside him. She appears in the digital comics Dragon Slayer and Reflections. She also appears in the animated short Honor and Glory, where she protests Reinhardt rejoining Overwatch, only for him to explain why he must go back.
After about a week of teasing her announcement, Brigitte was confirmed to be the 27th Hero on February 28, 2018, and was made available to try on the PTR the same day. Brigitte was released for play on all servers on March 20, 2018. Kaplan described Brigitte as an "interesting hybrid character '', as while she is classified as support, she has many similarities to a tank character. She combines certain elements of Reinhardt (armor and shield) and Torbjörn (providing armor to her allies); as her chosen weapon is a flail, she also bears some similarities to the Crusader class in Diablo III. Brigitte 's reveal brought a return of a joking comparison between Overwatch and Paladins by Hi - Rez Studios, a game that also used pre-determine hero characters which had earlier been accused by players of copying the style of Overwatch though ultimately dropped; Hi - Rez 's Stewart Chisam pointed out on social media how Brigitte appeared similar in looks and abilities to their character Ash, released in mid-2017.
Brigitte is voiced by Matilda Smedius.
Lúcio, full name Lúcio Correia dos Santos, is a Brazilian DJ and freedom fighter. He is equipped with futuristic roller blades that allow him to skate on walls (Wall Ride), and is armed with a Sonic Amplifier gun that can damage enemies or knock them back with Soundwaves. He uses music to either heal his teammates or increase their movement speed (Crossfade), and can amplify his music at will to boost the effects (Amp It Up). His ultimate ability, Sound Barrier, grants powerful temporary shielding to himself and nearby allies. Jeff Kaplan described Lucio 's origins based on the bard class from classic tabletop role - playing games, able to cast auras on their party.
Lúcio Correia dos Santos grew up in Rio de Janeiro during the financial upheaval caused by the Omnic Crisis. He turned to music to lift up the spirits of his disheartened people, performing on street corners and at block parties. When the Vishkar Corporation, a multinational conglomerate, moved in to redevelop Rio, they began to crack down on its citizens with curfews and began to exploit them as cheap labor. Lúcio rose up and stole a Vishkar sonic weapon and used it against them, rallying the people to rise up and drive Vishkar out of their neighborhoods. His leadership made him a global celebrity, and he began to perform in filled arenas worldwide.
Blizzard announced in February 2017 that Lúcio will be added as a hero character to Heroes of the Storm, retaining similar healing and support capabilities in that game.
Lúcio is voiced by Jonny Cruz.
Mercy, real name Angela Ziegler, is a Swiss field medic and first responder. She wears a winged Valkyrie suit, which allows her to rush towards targeted teammates through the air (Guardian Angel), as well as slow her own descent while falling (Angelic Descent). She wields a Caduceus Staff that alternately heals her teammates or boosts their damage output, and also carries a medium - range Caduceus Blaster as a sidearm. Her Resurrect ability allows her to revive one fallen ally. Her ultimate ability is Valkyrie, which boosts her healing and attack boosts, firing rate, Resurrect cooldown, and gives her infinite ammunition for a brief period.
Angela Ziegler was head of surgery at a Swiss hospital when she developed specialized applied nanobiology to heal injuries. Her work earned her the attention of Overwatch, who recruited her as their chief medical researcher; the Valkyrie suit she wears was her own design. Though opposed to Overwatch 's militaristic approach due to her parents being taken by war, she knew that their resources allowed her to save lives on a global scale. When Overwatch disbanded, she dedicated herself to helping those who were affected by decades of global war.
Mercy was the most popular support character during the game 's open beta. Like Symmetra, Mercy saw a major redesign in a September 2017 update, as initially her ultimate ability was Resurrect that could be used to bring all downed players in a small radius back to full health, but which encouraged Mercy players to stay out of battle until needed. With her present kit, Mercy has become a divisive character in the game 's meta, being nearly always picked as part of a team composition in competitive modes, but changing the dynamics of a match 's ebb and flow.
Mercy is voiced by Lucie Pohl.
Moira, full name Moira O'Deorain, is an Irish geneticist, a leading member of Talon, and Minister of Genetics for the city of Oasis. Overwatch executive producer Jeff Kaplan has labelled Moira as a "hybrid '' hero; while categorized as a healer, she possesses abilities to also deal a high amount of damage. Her main weapon is the Biotic Grasp, which uses biotic energy to heal allies in a small cone in front of her; the biotic energy is gained by applying the Grasp to opponents to drain their health in a similar cone. Her skills include Fade, allowing her to teleport a short distance, and Biotic Orb, a rebounding sphere that has one of two effects depending on how the player uses it: healing any allies it touches, or damaging enemies it touches. Her ultimate ability is Coalescence, a beam that heals all allies and injuries all opponents it passes, bypassing any shields that may be in place.
Originally from Dublin, Moira O'Deorain made waves in the scientific community more than a decade prior to the game, after publishing a controversial paper detailing a methodology for creating custom genetic programs that could alter DNA at a cellular level. Most scientists found her research dangerous due to its perceived ethical shortfalls, with some even going so far as to accuse her of having the same obsession with scientific advancement that started the Omnic Crisis. Adding to the controversy, other geneticists were unable to reproduce the results of her research. With her career stalled, Moira received a lifeline from an unlikely source: Blackwatch, the covert ops division of Overwatch under the command of Gabriel Reyes. Her involvement with Blackwatch was kept a secret until inquiries following an incident in Venice revealed her work, forcing Overwatch to publicly disavow any ties to her or her work. After Overwatch disbanded, Moira was employed by the Ministries, the scientific collective that founded the city of Oasis in southern Iraq, as the head of the Ministry of Genetics. She was also financed by Talon, and (along with Doomfist and Reaper) is among the members of its ruling council who appear in the game. Her origin story video reveals that she is responsible for transforming Gabriel Reyes into Reaper. She had made an appearance in Doomfist 's introductory comic, released earlier in 2017.
Moira was announced at BlizzCon 2017 as the game 's 26th hero on November 3, 2017, and was made available to play on the Public Test Region a few days later. Moira was added for all players in all regions on November 16, 2017. Kaplan said that Moira had been in the works for months well prior to this, having anticipated that the Overwatch player base had been asking for another healer character. Kaplan believed that Moira 's fit as a healer depends on the proper team composition where the team generally stays in close proximity, but that her abilities can help support those that tend to separate from the group, like Genji. Art-wise, she was envisioned by Arnold Tsang to be a warlock - or mage - like character, with robes, sleeves and hand motions that evoked a use of magic. This subsequently created some difficulty with her character animations, specifically her sleeves; while they had done long flowing clothes before for Reaper, animating the sleeves with the complex hand movements took several months. This particularly was true for her Legendary skins, which animator Hak Lee said took between three and five months to properly animate. Moira 's animations in game were found by some journalists to be close references to various anime, such as her running animation matching that of Naruto Uzumaki from the anime Naruto. Chu acknowledged that many of Blizzard 's animation team are anime fans and some references had filtered into characters and customization items, and for Moira, the anime - like touches helped to make her character visually distinctive among a fast - paced battled within the game.
Moira is voiced by Genevieve O'Reilly, an Irish voice actress that Chu said was perfect for the role.
Symmetra, real name Satya Vaswani, is an Indian architect. She wields a Photon Projector that can either lock a continuous beam of energy onto enemies in a short range, or charge and launch a slow - moving ball of energy in a straight line. She is able to create multiple small Sentry Turrets on walls and ceilings, and can launch a slow - moving elliptical Photon Barrier to defend her teammates. Symmetra is the only character with two ultimate abilities: Teleporter, which creates a persisting warp tunnel leading from the team 's spawn point to the deployed location, and Shield Generator, which constructs an energy node providing all teammates in range with additional shielding.
The Vishkar Corporation, based in southern India, created hard light technology that allowed it to build cities, and trained its elite architechs to bend the hard light into any shape needed for that purpose; with this technology, they built the city of Utopaea to serve as their base. Satya Vaswani 's potential was discovered at a young age, and she was taken from a life of poverty to train at Vishkar 's architech academy in Utopaea. Becoming one of the top students in her class, she combined the light - bending technology with the traditional dances of her homeland. Given the name "Symmetra '', Vishkar dispatched her on clandestine missions around the world to oversee their corporate interests. Following parts of the Overwatch narrative that fans believed hinted towards this, Kaplan has confirmed that Symmetra is considered autistic.
Symmetra is the first character who has seen a major redesign after the game 's launch. At launch, she did not have either the Shield Generator ultimate or Photon Barrier, but instead had an ability named Photon Shield that could give a teammate nearby in line of sight additional shields. She was acknowledged by the developers to be one of the "least enjoyable characters to play '', in part because of her lack of versatility and in part because of the "chore - like '' playing style in having to reapply turrets and teammate shields; the developers found she would only be played in certain situations, making her one of the characters with the least amount of playtime. Her ability overhaul came in a December 2016 patch to address these issues, adding these two features to her skill set.
Symmetra is voiced by Anjali Bhimani.
Zenyatta, full name Tekhartha Zenyatta, is an omnic monk and wanderer. Rather than moving on foot, he floats above the ground in a meditative pose. He is surrounded by a circle of floating metal orbs named the Orbs of Destruction (resembling prayer beads), which he can use to launch a form of energy to damage foes, either one at a time or through a charged - shot. He can also cast these orbs onto teammates as Orbs of Harmony to regenerate health, or onto enemies as Orbs of Discord that lower their defenses. His ultimate ability is Transcendence, which makes him temporarily invulnerable and applies massive regenerative effects to his allies in a large radius around him.
Zenyatta belonged to the Shambali, an order of omnic monks that had settled in a monastery deep within the Himalayas in northern Nepal, after experiencing a "spiritual awakening '' that led them to believe that, like humans, omnics also possessed a soul. Their leader, Tekhartha Mondatta, sought to heal the breach between humans and omnics and bring them into societal harmony through the spreading of their peaceful message in public rallies (one of which resulted in Mondatta 's assassination by Widowmaker in London). Zenyatta disagreed with this approach, believing that only directly engaging humans and connecting with them person - to - person will bridge the divide between man and machine. He left the Shambali monastery and wandered the world, seeking to help those he meets find inner peace (such as his encounter with the cyborg warrior Genji). He made Genji, a cyborg, more relaxed and made him understand the purpose of his metallic body.
Zenyatta is voiced by Feodor Chin.
The following are characters who appear in other Overwatch media.
Athena is Winston 's personal artificial intelligence, who supervises his vitals and keeps track of all former Overwatch agents. Together, she and Winston were able to activate the Recall that contacted all the agents at the beginning of the Second Omnic Crisis, which initiates the events of the game. She also serves as the in - game announcer.
Athena is voiced by Evelyn Duah.
Emily is Tracer 's girlfriend. She is an English woman living in London, with whom Tracer and Winston spent the holidays. She first appears in the comic "Reflections, '' where Tracer shops for her Christmas present. It is unknown how long she and Tracer have been dating, but Winston does consider her family.
The introduction of Emily was lauded by critics and the LGBTQ community for confirming Tracer as the game 's first LGBTQ character.
Hal - Fred Glitchbot is a famous omnic film director, known for his works such as They Came From Beyond the Moon. As an omnic, he receives much prejudice from society, including being the recipient of assassination attempts. On the map Hollywood, the offensive team must escort his limousine to his trailer, while the defense must stop them. He is known for hurling insults at the players, which vary depending on which characters are being played.
His name is a play on famous real - world director Alfred Hitchcock, and the computer HAL 9000 from the 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey.
Liao was one of the founding members of Overwatch, along with Jack Morrison, Gabriel Reyes, Ana Amari, Torbjörn Lindholm and Reinhardt Wilhelm. Not much is known beyond this, only that Liao is the only one of them who is unaccounted for.
Tekhartha Mondatta was an omnic monk and leader of the Shambali. In the years following the Omnic Crisis, Mondatta and a group of other omnics abandoned their pre-programmed lives and settled in a communal monastery in Nepal, where they meditated on the nature of existence and came to believe that they were more than just "artificial '' - they possessed their own souls, just as humans did. Mondatta was a leader in advocating peace between humans and omnics and healing the wounds following the Omnic Crisis, and travelled the world spreading his message. Mondatta was assassinated by Widowmaker during a rally in London, despite heavy security and the efforts of Tracer. In the King 's Row map, a statue of him holding the hand of a human child stands near the spot where he was killed.
Mondatta and Zenyatta take their names from Zenyatta Mondatta, a 1980 album by English rock band The Police.
Tekharha Mondatta is voiced by Sendhil Ramamurthy.
Efi Oladele is an 11 - year - old scientist and inventor from the in - universe region of Numbani. After her parents gave her a robotic kit, she became interested in robotics and artificial intelligence. She witnessed Doomfist 's attack on Numbani, which damaged several OR15 defensive Omnics, and was inspired to used her skills to create Orisa from one of the damaged units. The introduction of Orisa as a playable character in February 2017 was preceded by biographical introductions to Efi on the various Overwatch social media sites.
Pachimari are toys that appear through various Overwatch maps, customization items, and additional media. They are anime - like creatures shaped like an upside - down onion with cephalopod - type legs. Blizzard created the pachimari as they needed to have toys to populate UFO catchers on the Hanamura map. Their design was created by concept artist David Kang, who named them pachimari after the Korean word for "onion ''. Blizzard did not expect there to be much interest in pachimari, but there was a great deal of fan attention in the characters, with unlicensed plush toys, clothing, and other merchandise made by fans. Seeing this, Blizzard incorporated pachimari more into the game and media, including placing a "King Pachimari '' atop the payload for the Junkertown map, and licensed official plush toys for purchase. Blizzard has stated since there is lore behind pachimari that they are waiting on introducing.
Katya Volskaya is the CEO and head of the Volskaya Industries, a robotic company with the purpose of ending the lives of the Omnic.
Volskaya was first seen in the animated short ' Infiltration ' where she was subject to an assassination by Sombra, Reaper and Widowmaker. However, Sombra hacks the alarms and puts the events into motion that ensures her safety. It is then revealed by Sombra, when she confronts Volskaya, that she has information that the technology she uses in her mechs was actually Omnic to start. Sombra blackmails Katya and in return, she is kept alive. In the final scene, Volskaya hires Zarya to kill Sombra.
Katya Volskaya is voiced by Gulmira Mamedova.
Dr. Harold Winston was the chief scientist of the Horizon Lunar Colony, a research base on the Moon where a group of genetically engineered gorillas resided to test the long - term effects of living in space. Harold took a special interest in one young gorilla who showed a great curiosity for the world around him, beginning with stealing Harold 's glasses because he thought there would be more to see. Showing the young gorilla a view of Earth, Harold gave him a piece of advice he remembered years later: "Never accept the world as it appears to be. Dare to see it for what it could be. ''
When the other gorillas on the moon base rebelled, Harold and the other human scientists were killed; his prodigy took his name "Winston '' to honor his fallen mentor, and escaped to Earth in a scratch - built rocket. Winston also kept Harold 's glasses, as well as a photograph of the two of them at the Horizon colony.
Colonel Balderich von Adler was the commander of the Crusaders, a German paramilitary unit composed of armored warriors with rocket hammers and hard - light shields that served as support to the Bundeswehr, the regular German military. Balderich was approached by Overwatch to become one of its founding members during the Omnic Crisis, but was forced to lead a defense against an army of Bastions in his home village of Eichenwalde, in the Black Forest near Stuttgart. It was during this battle that the omnics unleashed the OR14 (a progenitor to the OR15 on which Orisa is based), which overwhelmed the Crusaders and their army comrades. Trapped in Eichenwalde Castle with his friend and lieutenant Reinhardt Wilhelm, Balderich intended to stand his ground, sending Reinhardt to protect the other troops, and giving him his Overwatch initiation medal. Armed with both his and Reinhardt 's rocket hammers, Balderich held the line inside Eichenwalde Castle before collapsing into the throne in the great hall and dying from his injuries. Many years later, Reinhardt - living in the ruins of Eichenwalde - left his tarnished Overwatch medallion on the arm of the throne next to his friend 's body, before leaving to answer Winston 's call to arms.
These events are briefly shown in the animated short The Last Bastion, and in more detail in Honor and Glory, while the "Eichenwalde '' map sees one team trying to protect Balderich 's remains in the castle from the other advancing team.
Balderich von Adler is voiced by Michael Piatt.
The Junker Queen is the leader of the makeshift encampment of Junkertown, located in the Australian Outback. She had been given a few voice lines and narrates the reveal video for the Junkertown map released in August 2017, and appears on posters around the map itself. She has shown animosity towards Junkrat and Roadhog, telling her guards to shoot the two on sight. While little else is known, the character quickly gained appeal in the Overwatch fandom, with some hoping she would be revealed as a playable hero in the future.
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when is season 7 coming for once upon a time | Once Upon a Time (season 7) - Wikipedia
The seventh season of the American ABC fantasy - drama Once Upon a Time was ordered on May 11, 2017. It consisted of 22 episodes, airing on Fridays, having premiered on October 6, 2017.
This season marked a significant change for the series, as it was announced at the end of the sixth season that the majority of the main cast members would not be returning for season 7. Lana Parrilla, Colin O'Donoghue, and Robert Carlyle were the only ones remaining. Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were announced as new regulars in May 2017. Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar were announced as additional regulars in July 2017. In August 2017, it was announced that Mekia Cox had been promoted to series regular after initially joining the cast in July as recurring.
The storyline was softly rebooted with a main narrative led by an adult Henry Mills, set several years after last season 's events. In February 2018, it was announced the seventh season would serve as the final season of the series; the season and series concluded on May 18, 2018.
Several years after the Final Battle, Henry Mills leaves Storybrooke in search of his own story, only to find himself in the New Enchanted Forest of New Fairy Tale Land, where a conflict between Lady Tremaine, Cinderella, Drizella, a resistance led by Tiana, and Mother Gothel 's Coven of the Eight culminates in the casting of a new curse that sends the New Enchanted Forest inhabitants to Seattle in the past, before Henry leaves Storybrooke. As Henry 's daughter Lucy sets out to restore his belief, Gothel 's coven builds its sinister agenda and contends with an unknown witch murderer, while Dr. Facilier embarks on his own power grab for the Dark One Dagger. However, the breaking of the curse results in the return of Rumplestiltskin of the Wish Realm who intends to doom everyone to a miserable end, and amplify his own powers. His defeat ultimately leads to Regina 's decision to merge all the realms of story, uniting them into one: the United Realms, with Regina elected and crowned the Good Queen.
In January 2017, while season 6 was still in production, ABC president Channing Dungey spoke of a possible "reset '' of the show 's narrative in the event that the show received a season 7 order. After much speculation, executive producers Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis later confirmed that certain characters would have their storylines wrapped up and that the back - end of the sixth season had been written with the season 7 narrative change in mind. Despite the major changes from seasons past, the showrunners have said that they do not view season 7 as a complete reboot of the show. Horowitz said: "I hesitate to use the word "reboot. '' We 're more thinking about it as a hybrid of a lot of things. We 're paying homage to the original premise, but there are certain characters who are returning and some who are not. It 's a combination of a lot of things, but what we 're trying to do is go in a new direction but stay true to the spirit of what the show has always been. ''
In July 2017, the creators announced that the series now take place in the Seattle neighborhood of Hyperion Heights, which was created under a new and darker curse. Residents of this neighborhood include displaced characters from the original and new versions of the Enchanted Forest, as well as regular people from the Land Without Magic. This differs from Storybrooke in season 1, which was an isolated town that was blocked off from real - world Maine. The initial villain is Lady Tremaine, who assumes the role of an urban developer who seeks to "gentrify the neighborhood '' and push out and separate fairy tale residents. Meanwhile, Storybrooke and various Fairy Tale Land locations still appear in the flashbacks of the season as the story bounces back and forth between the characters ' lives before and during the latest curse.
The main flashback setting of the seventh season is the New Enchanted Forest, which is a New Fairy Tale Land realm. Other locations featured in flashbacks are the Edge of Realms, the Wish Realm, New Wonderland, Oz, and Storybrooke itself.
In May 2017, it was announced that Lana Parrilla, Colin O'Donoghue, and Robert Carlyle would be the only series regulars from season 6 to continue onto season 7. It was teased that the three would be portraying their original characters but with cursed identities, similar to the circumstances in season 1. In July, the first promo of the season revealed that Killian is now a Seattle police officer with the last name Rogers, who is living with an unexplained sense of loss. In August, it was revealed that Regina is now a bar owner named Roni, who is more dressed down and is "no longer in charge. ''
Former main cast member Jennifer Morrison has confirmed that she has agreed to return for one episode, later revealed to be the second episode of the season. Morrison announced her last filming day on July 19, 2017. On July 22, it was confirmed that Emilie de Ravin would return for the fourth episode in the seventh season.
In March 2017, Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were cast for unknown guest roles in the season six finale. During the episode, it was revealed that West was portraying an adult Henry Mills, while Fernandez portrayed his daughter, Lucy. After that episode 's airing, they were confirmed as series regulars for season 7. West will be taking over the role from Jared S. Gilmore, who has been confirmed to appear in at least the first two episodes of the season.
On July 6, 2017, it was announced that Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar would be two additional series regulars for season 7. Additionally, Adelaide Kane, Mekia Cox, and Rose Reynolds were cast in recurring roles for the upcoming season. On July 15, it was announced that Ramirez would be portraying Cinderella, albeit a different version from the one previously played by Jessy Schram for the first six seasons. On July 22 at San Diego Comic - Con, it was revealed that Anwar and Kane will be portraying Lady Tremaine and Drizella, respectively. Cox would be portraying Tiana from The Princess and the Frog, while Reynolds would be playing an alternate version of Alice, a character previously heavily featured in the spin - off Once Upon a Time in Wonderland. In August 2017, Cox was promoted to series regular.
On August 1, it was announced that Giles Matthey would return as an adult Gideon for the season 's fourth episode. The episode, also featuring Emilie de Ravin, would be centered around Rumple. On that same day, it was also announced that Emma Booth was cast in a major recurring role as the Witch, whose more specific identity would be revealed later on during the season. On August 25, Kevin Ryan announced that he would be making an appearance as a new prince in the upcoming season. On August 30, it was announced that Robin Givens had been cast as Tiana 's mother, Eudora.
On September 8, it was announced that Meegan Warner would be guest starring as an alternate version of Rapunzel, a character previously featured in one episode of season 3. It was later revealed that the character would appear in a multi-episode arc. On September 20, it was announced that former main Rebecca Mader would return for multiple episodes in the seventh season as Zelena, who will also have a cursed identity.
On October 2, it was announced that Dr. Facilier from The Princess and the Frog would make an appearance during the season, later revealed to be portrayed by Daniel Francis in the season 's fifth episode. On October 3, it was announced that flashbacks of the ninth episode would feature a "tweenage '' Anastasia, Lady Tremaine 's other biological daughter.
On November 1, it was announced that Tiera Skovbye would be recurring as an older version of Robin, the daughter of Zelena and Robin Hood. On November 2, it was announced that Nathan Parsons had been cast in a recurring role as Nick, a lawyer and potential love interest for another character. On November 3, it was announced that the show was casting for the role of Naveen from The Princess and the Frog, who will be recurring in the second half of the season. It was later revealed that the role would be played by Jeff Pierre, who will first appear in the twelfth episode of the season. On November 16, actor Chad Rook announced that he had been cast in an unknown role.
On January 23, 2018, it was announced that Kip Pardue had been cast as Chad, Zelena 's fiancé from when she was cursed as Kelly. He will make his first appearance in the seventeenth episode of the season.
On March 16, it was announced that multiple former cast members were set to appear in one or both of the series ' last two episodes. This includes former mains Jared S. Gilmore (who had also been confirmed to appear in the twentieth episode) and Sean Maguire, as well as formerly recurring stars JoAnna Garcia Swisher, Victoria Smurfit, Robbie Kay, Beverley Elliott, Lee Arenberg, Keegan Connor Tracy, and Tony Amendola. On March 21, it was announced that Jennifer Morrison and Emilie de Ravin would be back a second time, along with Ginnifer Goodwin and Josh Dallas for the final episode of the series. In addition, Raphael Sbarge, David Paul Grove, and Faustino Di Bauda later confirmed that they were also appearing in the series finale.
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what episode does goku become super saiyan 3 | List of Dragon ball Z episodes (season 8) - wikipedia
The eighth of the Dragon Ball Z anime series comprises the Babidi and Majin Buu Sagas. The episodes are produced by Toei Animation, and are based on the final 26 volumes of the Dragon Ball manga series by Akira Toriyama.
The 34 - episode season originally ran from March 1994 to January 1995 in Japan on Fuji Television. The first English airing of the series was on Cartoon Network where Funimation Entertainment 's dub of the series ran from October 2001 to October 2002. The episodes also aired in Canada, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Australia, and the Republic of Ireland.
Funimation released the season in a box set on February 10, 2009, and in June 2009, announced that they would be re-releasing Dragon Ball Z in a new seven volume set called the "Dragon Boxes ''. Based on the original series masters with frame - by - frame restoration, the first set was released November 10, 2009.
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what was the purpose of the wall of jericho | Wall of Jericho - wikipedia
The Wall of Jericho was a Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) defensive or flood protection wall suggested to date to approximately 8000 BCE. If interpreted as an "urban fortification '', the Wall of Jericho is the oldest city wall discovered by archaeologists anywhere in the world. It is built of undressed stones and is located at the archaeological mound known as Tell es - Sultan, in the city of Jericho on the West Bank.
The topic of this article is the unique Neolithic - age stone wall, the earliest one of its kind. Other walls, such as contemporary house walls, or later, Bronze and Iron Age city walls, are only mentioned for the sake of context.
One wall was excavated by Sir Charles Warren in 1868 at the request of the Palestine Exploration Fund. He dug through the mud bricks of the wall without realizing what it was, suggesting there was little of interest at the site. Ernest Sellin and Carl Watzinger excavated Jericho between 1907 and 1909 and found the remains of two walls which they initially suggested supported the biblical account. They later revised this conclusion and dated their finds to the Middle Bronze Age (1950 - 1550 BCE). The site was again excavated by John Garstang between 1930 and 1936, who again raised the suggestion that remains of the upper wall was that described in the Bible. Kathleen Kenyon resumed extensive excavations between 1952 and 1958 and found no late Bronze Age defensive wall or pottery. Her excavations found a series of seventeen early Bronze Age walls, some of which she thought may have been destroyed by earthquakes. The last of the walls was put together in a hurry, indicating that the settlement had been destroyed by nomadic invaders. Another wall was built by a more sophisticated culture in the Middle Bronze Age with a steep plastered escarpment leading up to mud bricks on top. After this there was a hiatus until later Iron Age material dating to around the seventh century BCE. They did not find substantial evidence for renewed occupation in the Late Bronze Age at the time of Joshua and the biblical story of the Battle of Jericho, which in general agreed with the earlier statement by Watzinger that "in the time of Joshua, Jericho was a heap of ruins, on which stood perhaps a few isolated huts ''. Perhaps the most important discovery was evidence that the earliest wall suggested by Kenyon to date to around 8000 BCE based on Radiocarbon dating of material at 7825 BCE from level IV, phase III of the site. This time period was thereafter called the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A, a late phase of the Stone Age predating the invention of pottery, and the wall considered part of an early proto - city. It surrounded and protected a Neolithic settlement which contained an organized community of between 2,000 and 3,000 people.
The Neolithic wall was complemented by a stone tower built into it. The wall is thought to have been built in order to prevent floods and the tower used for ceremonial purposes but the height of the wall (approximately 1.5 to 2 metres (4.9 to 6.6 ft) to 2 metres (6.6 ft) thick and 3.7 to 5.2 metres (12 to 17 ft) high, as well as that of the tower (8.5 metres (28 ft)) suggests a defensive purpose as well. Furthermore, the construction of such a project implies some sort of social organization, division of labour, and classes. Surrounding the wall was a ditch 8.2 metres (27 ft) wide by 2.7 metres (9 ft) deep, cut through solid bedrock with a circumference around the town of as much as 600 metres (2,000 ft). Kathleen Kenyon commented on the work involved in the construction of the ditch: "The labor involved in excavating this ditch out of solid rock must have been tremendous. As we have discovered nothing in the way of heavy flint picks, one can only suppose that it was carried out with stone mauls, perhaps helped by splitting with fire and water. ''
The town of Jericho, which was about 2.5 hectares (6 acres) in size, preceded the wall by about 500 years. In fact, evidence suggests that construction started prior to the agricultural revolution. The town contained round mud - brick houses, yet no street planning. Despite the existence of the wall and tower, Jericho was still a proto - city, much like Çatalhöyük. Speculation persists about the purpose of the tower and it may have had several purposes. Archaeologists Ran Barkai and Roy Liran used computers to reconstruct sunsets and recently found that when the Tower of Jericho was built, nearby mountains cast a shadow on it as the sun set on the longest day of the year. The shadow fell exactly on the structure and then spread out to cover the entire village of Jericho. In an article in the Jerusalem Post, archaeologist Ran Barkai argued that the structure was used to create awe and inspiration to convince people into a harder way of life with the development of agriculture and social hierarchies. He concluded with, "We believe this tower was one of the mechanisms to motivate people to take part in a communal lifestyle. ''
Other ancient walls from the tell, different from the one discussed here, were built of unbaked mud bricks set in mud mortar on a foundation of stone. The Neolithic bricks were hand - made and in differing shapes for different periods. They can be distinguished from the Bronze Age bricks, which were made in rectangular molds, and were about 2 inches by 14 by 10 (ca. 5 x 35 x 25 cm).
The Book of Joshua deals with Jericho during the Late Bronze Age, at around 1400 BCE, which is some 6400 years after the neolithic "Wall of Jericho '' fell out of use. This segment has been created in order to avoid any confusion between the two different walls.
In the Book of Joshua, the city of Jericho was the first Canaanite city that the Israelites attacked upon their entry into Canaan. The Israelites destroyed the Bronze Age wall of Jericho by walking around it with the Ark of the Covenant for seven days. The Israelites circled the walls once per day for the first six days, then circled the walls seven times on the final day. The Israelites under Joshua 's command blew trumpets of rams ' horns and shouted to make the walls fall down (Joshua 6: 14 - 15). This account from the Book of Joshua is one event in the larger narrative of the Israelite conquest of the biblical Canaan.
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what is the full meaning of iupac in chemistry | IUPAC nomenclature of organic Chemistry - Wikipedia
In chemical nomenclature, the IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry is a systematic method of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). It is published in the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (informally called the Blue Book). Ideally, every possible organic compound should have a name from which an unambiguous structural formula can be created. There is also an IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry.
To avoid long and tedious names in normal communication, the official IUPAC naming recommendations are not always followed in practice, except when it is necessary to give an unambiguous and absolute definition to a compound. IUPAC names can sometimes be simpler than older names, as with ethanol, instead of ethyl alcohol. For relatively simple molecules they can be more easily understood than non-systematic names, which must be learnt or looked up. However, the common or trivial name is often substantially shorter and clearer, and so preferred. These non-systematic names are often derived from an original source of the compound (see § Common nomenclature -- trivial names below). In addition, very long names may be less clear than structural formulae.
In chemistry, a number of prefixes, suffixes and infixes are used to describe the type and position of functional groups in the compound.
The steps for naming an organic compound are:
The numbers for that type of side chain will be grouped in ascending order and written before the name of the side - chain. If there are two side - chains with the same alpha carbon, the number will be written twice. Example: 2, 2, 3 - trimethyl -. If there are both double bonds and triple bonds, "en '' (double bond) is written before "yne '' (triple bond). When the main functional group is a terminal functional group (a group which can exist only at the end of a chain, like formyl and carboxyl groups), there is no need to number it.
The finalized name should look like this: #, # - di < side chain > - # - < secondary functional group > - # - < side chain > - #, #, # - tri < secondary functional group > < parent chain prefix > < If all bonds are single bonds, use "ane '' > - #, # - di < double bonds > - # - < triple bonds > - # - < primary functional group > Note: # is used for a number. The group secondary functional groups and side chains may not look the same as shown here, as the side chains and secondary functional groups are arranged alphabetically. The di - and tri - have been used just to show their usage. (di - after #, #, tri - after #, #, #, etc.)
Here is a sample molecule with the parent carbons numbered:
For simplicity, here is an image of the same molecule, where the hydrogens in the parent chain are removed and the carbons are shown by their numbers:
Now, following the above steps:
The final name is (6E, 13E) - 18 - bromo - 12 - butyl - 11 - chloro - 4, 8 - diethyl - 5 - hydroxy - 15 - methoxytricosa - 6, 13 - dien - 19 - yne - 3, 9 - dione.
Straight - chain alkanes take the suffix "- ane '' and are prefixed depending on the number of carbon atoms in the chain, following standard rules. The first few are:
For example, the simplest alkane is CH methane, and the nine - carbon alkane CH (CH) CH is named nonane. The names of the first four alkanes were derived from methanol, ether, propionic acid and butyric acid, respectively. The rest are named with a Greek numeric prefix, with the exceptions of nonane which has a Latin prefix, and undecane and tridecane which have mixed - language prefixes.
Cyclic alkanes are simply prefixed with "cyclo - '': for example, C H is cyclobutane (not to be confused with butene) and C H is cyclohexane (not to be confused with hexene).
Branched alkanes are named as a straight - chain alkane with attached alkyl groups. They are prefixed with a number indicating the carbon the group is attached to, counting from the end of the alkane chain. For example, (CH) CHCH, commonly known as isobutane, is treated as a propane chain with a methyl group bonded to the middle (2) carbon, and given the systematic name 2 - methylpropane. However, although the name 2 - methylpropane could be used, it is easier and more logical to call it simply methylpropane -- the methyl group could not possibly occur on any of the other carbon atoms (that would lengthen the chain and result in butane, not propane) and therefore the use of the number "2 '' is unnecessary.
If there is ambiguity in the position of the substituent, depending on which end of the alkane chain is counted as "1 '', then numbering is chosen so that the smaller number is used. For example, (CH) CHCH CH (isopentane) is named 2 - methylbutane, not 3 - methylbutane.
If there are multiple side - branches of the same size alkyl group, their positions are separated by commas and the group prefixed with di -, tri -, tetra -, etc., depending on the number of branches. For example, C (CH) (neopentane) is named 2, 2 - dimethylpropane. If there are different groups, they are added in alphabetical order, separated by commas or hyphens:. The longest possible main alkane chain is used; therefore 3 - ethyl - 4 - methylhexane instead of 2, 3 - diethylpentane, even though these describe equivalent structures. The di -, tri - etc. prefixes are ignored for the purpose of alphabetical ordering of side chains (e.g. 3 - ethyl - 2, 4 - dimethylpentane, not 2, 4 - dimethyl - 3 - ethylpentane).
Alkenes are named for their parent alkane chain with the suffix "- ene '' and an infixed number indicating the position of the carbon with the lower number for each double bond in the chain: CH = CHCH CH is but - 1 - ene. Multiple double bonds take the form - diene, - triene, etc., with the size prefix of the chain taking an extra "a '': CH = CHCH = CH is buta - 1, 3 - diene. Simple cis and trans isomers may be indicated with a prefixed cis - or trans -: cis - but - 2 - ene, trans - but - 2 - ene. However, cis - and trans - are relative descriptors. It is IUPAC convention to describe all alkenes using absolute descriptors of Z - (same side) and E - (opposite) with the Cahn -- Ingold -- Prelog priority rules.
Alkynes are named using the same system, with the suffix "- yne '' indicating a triple bond: ethyne (acetylene), propyne (methylacetylene).
Alcohols (R - OH) take the suffix "- ol '' with an infix numerical bonding position: CH CH CH OH is propan - 1 - ol. The suffixes - diol, - triol, - tetraol, etc., are used for multiple - OH groups: Ethylene glycol CH OHCH OH is ethane - 1, 2 - diol.
If higher precedence functional groups are present (see order of precedence, below), the prefix "hydroxy '' is used with the bonding position: CH CHOHCOOH is 2 - hydroxypropanoic acid.
Halogen functional groups are prefixed with the bonding position and take the form fluoro -, chloro -, bromo -, iodo -, etc., depending on the halogen. Multiple groups are dichloro -, trichloro -, etc., and dissimilar groups are ordered alphabetically as before. For example, CHCl (chloroform) is trichloromethane. The anesthetic Halothane (CF CHBrCl) is 2 - bromo - 2 - chloro - 1, 1, 1 - trifluoroethane.
In general ketones (R - CO-R) take the suffix "- one '' (pronounced own, not won) with an infix position number: CH CH CH COCH is pentan - 2 - one. If a higher precedence suffix is in use, the prefix "oxo - '' is used: CH CH CH COCH CHO is 3 - oxohexanal.
Aldehydes (R - CHO) take the suffix "- al ''. If other functional groups are present, the chain is numbered such that the aldehyde carbon is in the "1 '' position, unless functional groups of higher precedence are present.
If a prefix form is required, "oxo - '' is used (as for ketones), with the position number indicating the end of a chain: CHOCH COOH is 3 - oxopropanoic acid. If the carbon in the carbonyl group can not be included in the attached chain (for instance in the case of cyclic aldehydes), the prefix "formyl - '' or the suffix "- carbaldehyde '' is used: C H CHO is cyclohexanecarbaldehyde. If an aldehyde is attached to a benzene and is the main functional group, the suffix becomes benzaldehyde.
In general carboxylic acids are named with the suffix - oic acid (etymologically a back - formation from benzoic acid). Similar to aldehydes, they take the "1 '' position on the parent chain, but do not have their position number indicated. For example, CH CH CH CH COOH (valeric acid) is named pentanoic acid. For common carboxylic acids some traditional names such as acetic acid are in such widespread use they are considered retained IUPAC names, although "systematic '' names such as ethanoic acid are also acceptable. For carboxylic acids attached to a benzene ring such as Ph - COOH, these are named as benzoic acid or its derivatives.
If there are multiple carboxyl groups on the same parent chain, the suffix "- carboxylic acid '' can be used (as - dicarboxylic acid, - tricarboxylic acid, etc.). In these cases, the carbon in the carboxyl group does not count as being part of the main alkane chain. The same is true for the prefix form, "carboxyl - ''. Citric acid is one example; it is named 2 - hydroxypropane - 1, 2, 3 - tricarboxylic acid, rather than 3 - carboxy - 3 - hydroxypentanedioic acid.
Ethers (R-O-R) consist of an oxygen atom between the two attached carbon chains. The shorter of the two chains becomes the first part of the name with the - ane suffix changed to - oxy, and the longer alkane chain becomes the suffix of the name of the ether. Thus, CH OCH is methoxymethane, and CH OCH CH is methoxyethane (not ethoxymethane). If the oxygen is not attached to the end of the main alkane chain, then the whole shorter alkyl - plus - ether group is treated as a side - chain and prefixed with its bonding position on the main chain. Thus CH OCH (CH) is 2 - methoxypropane.
Alternatively, an ether chain can be named as an alkane in which one carbon is replaced by an oxygen, a replacement denoted by the prefix "oxa ''. For example, CH OCH CH could also be called 2 - oxabutane, and an epoxide could be called oxacyclopropane. This method is especially useful when both groups attached to the oxygen atom are complex.
Esters (R - CO-O-R ') are named as alkyl derivatives of carboxylic acids. The alkyl (R ') group is named first. The R - CO-O part is then named as a separate word based on the carboxylic acid name, with the ending changed from - oic acid to - oate. For example, CH CH CH CH COOCH is methyl pentanoate, and (CH) CHCH CH COOCH CH is ethyl 4 - methylpentanoate. For esters such as ethyl acetate (CH COOCH CH), ethyl formate (HCOOCH CH) or dimethyl phthalate that are based on common acids, IUPAC recommends use of these established names, called retained names. The - oate changes to - ate. Some simple examples, named both ways, are shown in the figure above.
If the alkyl group is not attached at the end of the chain, the bond position to the ester group is infixed before "- yl '': CH CH CH (CH) OOCCH CH may be called but - 2 - yl propanoate or but - 2 - yl propionate.
Amines (R - NH) are named for the attached alkane chain with the suffix "- amine '' (e.g. CH NH methanamine). If necessary, the bonding position is infixed: CH CH CH NH propan - 1 - amine, CH CHNH CH propan - 2 - amine. The prefix form is "amino - ''.
For secondary amines (of the form R - NH - R), the longest carbon chain attached to the nitrogen atom becomes the primary name of the amine; the other chain is prefixed as an alkyl group with location prefix given as an italic N: CH NHCH CH is N - methylethanamine. Tertiary amines (R - NR - R) are treated similarly: CH CH N (CH) CH CH CH is N - ethyl - N - methylpropanamine. Again, the substituent groups are ordered alphabetically.
Amides (R - CO-NH) take the suffix "- amide '', or "- carboxamide '' if the carbon in the amide group can not be included in the main chain. The prefix form is both "carbamoyl - '' and "amido - ''.
Amides that have additional substituents on the nitrogen are treated similarly to the case of amines: they are ordered alphabetically with the location prefix N: HCON (CH) is N, N - dimethylmethanamide.
Cycloalkanes and aromatic compounds can be treated as the main parent chain of the compound, in which case the positions of substituents are numbered around the ring structure. For example, the three isomers of xylene CH C H CH, commonly the ortho -, meta -, and para - forms, are 1, 2 - dimethylbenzene, 1, 3 - dimethylbenzene, and 1, 4 - dimethylbenzene. The cyclic structures can also be treated as functional groups themselves, in which case they take the prefix "cycloalkyl - '' (e.g. "cyclohexyl - '') or for benzene, "phenyl - ''.
The IUPAC nomenclature scheme becomes rapidly more elaborate for more complex cyclic structures, with notation for compounds containing conjoined rings, and many common names such as phenol being accepted as base names for compounds derived from them.
When compounds contain more than one functional group, the order of precedence determines which groups are named with prefix or suffix forms. The highest - precedence group takes the suffix, with all others taking the prefix form. However, double and triple bonds only take suffix form (- en and - yn) and are used with other suffixes.
Prefixed substituents are ordered alphabetically (excluding any modifiers such as di -, tri -, etc.), e.g. chlorofluoromethane, not fluorochloromethane. If there are multiple functional groups of the same type, either prefixed or suffixed, the position numbers are ordered numerically (thus ethane - 1, 2 - diol, not ethane - 2, 1 - diol.) The N position indicator for amines and amides comes before "1 '', e.g. CH CH (CH) CH NH (CH) is N, 2 - dimethylpropanamine.
* Note: These suffixes, in which the carbon atom is counted as part of the preceding chain, are the most commonly used. See individual functional group articles for more details.
The order of remaining functional groups is only needed for substituted benzene and hence is not mentioned here.
Common nomenclature uses the older names for some organic compounds instead of using the prefixes for the carbon skeleton above. The pattern can be seen below.
Common names for ketones can be derived by naming the two alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the carbonyl group as separate words followed by the word ketone.
The first three of the names shown above are still considered to be acceptable IUPAC names.
The common name for an aldehyde is derived from the common name of the corresponding carboxylic acid by dropping the word acid and changing the suffix from - ic or - oic to - aldehyde.
The IUPAC nomenclature also provides rules for naming ions.
Hydron is a generic term for hydrogen cation; protons, deuterons and tritons are all hydrons. The Hydrons are not found in heavier isotopes, however.
Simple cations formed by adding a hydron to a hydride of a halogen, chalcogen or pnictogen are named by adding the suffix "- onium '' to the element 's root: H N is ammonium, H O is oxonium, and H F is fluoronium. Ammonium was adopted instead of nitronium, which commonly refers to NO.
If the cationic center of the hydride is not a halogen, chalcogen or pnictogen then the suffix "- ium '' is added to the name of the neutral hydride after dropping any final ' e '. H C is methanium, HO - (O) - H is dioxidanium (HO - OH is dioxidane), and H N - (N) - H is diazanium (H N - NH is diazane).
The above cations except for methanium are not, strictly speaking, organic, since they do not contain carbon. However, many organic cations are obtained by substituting another element or some functional group for a hydrogen.
The name of each substitution is prefixed to the hydride cation name. If many substitutions by the same functional group occur, then the number is indicated by prefixing with "di - '', "tri - '' as with halogenation. (CH) O is trimethyloxonium. CH F N is trifluoromethylammonium.
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who plays david hale's brother on sons of anarchy | Jeff Kober - Wikipedia
Jeff Kober (born December 18, 1953) is an American actor.
Kober was born in Billings, Montana.
Kober may be best known as Dodger in China Beach and Daedalus in the short - lived cult horror series Kindred: The Embraced. He has made guest appearances on such television series as Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, ER, 24, The Closer, New Girl, and Criminal Minds. He played the character Julian Bradley in the two - part 1985 episode entitled "The Monster: Part 1&2 '' on Highway to Heaven. He plays Jacob Hale, Jr. in the FX series Sons of Anarchy and Joe in the AMC series The Walking Dead. He also featured as DJ Ray from Reef Radio in Bacardi Rum 's 1990s ' serve Chilled ' advertising campaign. In 2013, Kober reprised his role as Daedalus for the "Kindred: The Embraced '' DVD set in a special features segment called "Daedalus: The Last Will and Testament, '' which is meant for Abel (The boy Daedalus wanted to embrace in the episode, "Romeo and Juliet ''), whose now an adult and was embraced by Julian Luna as Kindred. This segment is dedicated to the memory of Mark Frankel.
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largest margin of victory in women's college basketball | Blowout (sports) - wikipedia
A blowout is an easy or one - sided victory. It occurs when one athletic team or individual performer outscores another by a large margin or in such a fashion that allows the second team or individual little chance of a victory from a point early in a competition, game, contest or event, e.g. Team A defeats Team B 75 - 10. The term is often used in reference to athletic competition, but it is used in other contexts such as electoral politics (see also the synonym landslide).
During blowouts, sports play - by - play announcers are challenged to maintain viewing and listening audience interest and ratings. The announcers attempt to keep a stock of relevant informative discourse for such events.
Blowouts are common during the first few weeks of the NCAA college football season, when schools from Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A) Power 5 conferences, e.g., the Big Ten or Big 12, play those from the Football Championship Subdivision, formerly Division I - AA, or FBS "Group of 5 '' teams e.g., the MAC or The American, usually winning by dozens of points.
A few examples of early College Football blowout victories include:
- November 11, 1889 - Lehigh (106) vs Penn State (0)
- October 7, 1916 - Georgia Tech (222) vs. Cumberland (0)
During blowouts, some coaches and players are challenged by the ethics and sportsmanship of the event. Some believe it is not appropriate to give full effort when winning by a blowout margin, or "run up the score '', and others believe that in athletic competition one is supposed to give full effort at all times. It can also be difficult for the losing team to keep their cool. Ejections and yelling / fights often happen when a team is being blown out because the losing team is frustrated and embarrassed. During the portion of the game that is played after the outcome has been decided, which is known as garbage time, most teams rest many of their better players and play reserves who do not regularly play in their place. This keeps the regular players from getting injured and gives them a chance to get some rest. It also give the reserves a chance to get some experience under game conditions. The fans often amuse themselves with chants about favorite players that they want to see play during scrub time or teams that they look forward to playing in future rounds of playoff competition.
Some of the most one - sided sporting victories are given below:
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who did great britain support in the civil war | United Kingdom and the American Civil war - wikipedia
The United Kingdom (the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) remained officially neutral throughout the American Civil War (1861 -- 1865). It legally recognised the belligerent status of the Confederate States of America (CSA) but never recognised it as a nation and neither signed a treaty with it nor exchanged ambassadors. Over 90 percent of Confederate trade with Britain ended, causing a severe shortage of cotton by 1862. Britain financed blockade runners that sent munitions and luxuries to Confederate ports in return for cotton and tobacco. Top British officials debated offering to mediate in the first 18 months, which the CSA wanted but the U.S. strongly rejected.
The British elite tended to support the Confederacy, but ordinary people tended to support the United States. Large - scale trade continued between Britain and the U.S.: The U.S. shipped grain to Britain and Britain sent manufactured items and munitions. Immigration continued into the US, with many Britons volunteering for its army. British trade with the Confederacy fell over 90 % from the prewar period, with a small amount of cotton going to Britain and some munitions and luxury goods slipped in by numerous small blockade runners. They were operated and funded by British private interests. They were legal under international law, and caused no dispute between the US and the UK.
The Confederate strategy for securing independence was based largely on the hope of military intervention by Britain and France. That never happened because it probably would have caused war with the US, and would have cut off much of Britain 's food supply. A serious diplomatic dispute erupted over the "Trent Affair '' in late 1861 but was resolved peacefully after five weeks. British intervention was likely only in co-operation with France, which had an imperialistic venture underway in Mexico. By early 1863, intervention was no longer seriously considered, as Britain turned its attention elsewhere, especially toward Russia and Greece.
A long - term issue was sales of warships to the CSA. A British shipyard (John Laird and Sons) built two warships for the Confederacy, including the CSS Alabama, over vehement protests from the US. Known as the Alabama Claims, the controversy was resolved peacefully after the Civil War when the US was awarded $15.5 million in arbitration by an international tribunal for damages caused by the warships.
The fact that British private interests operated blockade runners was not a cause of serious tension. In the end, British involvement did not significantly affect the outcome of the war. The U.S. diplomatic mission headed by Minister Charles Francis Adams, Sr., proved much more successful than the Confederate missions, which were never officially recognized by Britain.
The Confederacy, such as President Jefferson Davis, believed from the beginning in "King Cotton '': British dependence on cotton for its large textile industry would lead to diplomatic recognition and mediation or military intervention. The Confederates had not sent out agents ahead of time to ascertain if the King Cotton policy would be effective. Instead, by popular demand, not government action, shipments of cotton to Europe were ended in spring 1861. When the Confederate diplomats arrived, they tried to convince British leaders that the US naval blockade was an illegal paper blockade. Historian Charles Hubbard writes:
Hubbard added that Davis 's policy was stubborn and coercive. The King Cotton strategy was resisted by the Europeans. Secretary of War Judah Benjamin and Secretary of the Treasury Christopher Memminger warned that cotton should be immediately exported to build up foreign credits.
The Union 's main goal in foreign affairs was to maintain friendly relations and large - scale trade with the world and to prevent any official recognition of the Confederacy by any country, especially Britain. Other concerns included preventing the Confederacy from buying foreign - made warships; gaining European support for policies against slavery; and attracting immigrant laborers, farmers and soldiers. There had been continuous improvement in Anglo - American relations throughout the 1850s. The issues of Oregon, Texas, and the Canada -- US border had all been resolved, and trade was brisk. Secretary of State William H. Seward, the primary architect of American foreign policy during the war, intended to maintain the policy principles that had served the country well since the American Revolution: "non-intervention by the United States in the affairs of other countries and resistance to foreign intervention in the affairs of the United States and other countries in this hemisphere. ''
British public opinion was divided on the American Civil War. The Confederacy tended to have support from the elites -- from the aristocracy and gentry, which identified with the landed plantation owners, and from Anglican clergy and some professionals who admired tradition, hierarchy and paternalism. The Union was favored by the middle classes, the Nonconformists in religion, intellectuals, reformers and most factory workers, who saw slavery and forced labor as a threat to the status of the workingman. The cabinet made the decisions. Chancellor of the Exchequer William E Gladstone, whose family fortune was based on slavery in the West Indies before 1833, supported the Confederacy. Foreign Minister Lord Russell wanted neutrality. Prime Minister Lord Palmerston wavered between support for national independence, his opposition to slavery, and the strong economic advantages of Britain remaining neutral.
Even before the war started, Lord Palmerston pursued a policy of neutrality. His international concerns were centred in Europe, where he had to watch both Napoleon III 's ambitions in Europe and Otto von Bismarck 's rise in Prussia. There were also serious problems involving Italy, Poland, Russia, Denmark and China. British reactions to American events were shaped by past British policies and their own national interests, both strategically and economically. In the Western Hemisphere, as relations with the United States improved, Britain had become cautious about confronting it over issues in Central America. As a naval power, Britain had a long record of insisting that neutral nations abide by its blockades, a perspective that led from the earliest days of the war to de facto support for the Union blockade and frustration in the South.
Diplomatic observers were suspicious of British motives. The Russian Minister in Washington, Eduard de Stoeckl, noted, "The Cabinet of London is watching attentively the internal dissensions of the Union and awaits the result with an impatience which it has difficulty in disguising. '' '' De Stoeckl advised his government that Britain would recognize the Confederacy at its earliest opportunity. Cassius Clay, the United States Minister in Russia, stated, "I saw at a glance where the feeling of England was. They hoped for our ruin! They are jealous of our power. They care neither for the South nor the North. They hate both. ''
Lincoln appointed Charles Francis Adams, Sr., as minister to Britain. An important part of his mission was to make clear to the British that the war was strictly an internal insurrection and afforded the Confederacy no rights under international law. Any movement by Britain to recognizing the Confederacy officially would be considered an unfriendly act toward the US. Seward 's instructions to Adams included the suggestion that it should be made clear to Britain that a nation with widely scattered possessions, as well as a homeland that included Scotland and Ireland, should be very wary of "set (ting) a dangerous precedent. ''
Lord Lyons was appointed as the British minister to the United States in April 1859. An Oxford graduate, he had two decades of diplomatic experience before being given the American post. Lyons, like many British leaders, had reservations about Seward and shared them freely in his correspondence, which was widely circulated within the British government. As early as January 7, 1861, well before the Lincoln administration had even assumed office, Lyons wrote to British Foreign Secretary Lord Russell about Seward:
I can not help fearing that he will be a dangerous foreign minister. His view of the relations between the United States and Britain had always been that they are a good material to make political capital of... I do not think Mr. Seward would contemplate actually going to war with us, but he would be well disposed to play the old game of seeking popularity here by displaying violence toward us.
Despite his distrust of Seward, throughout 1861, Lyons maintained a "calm and measured '' diplomacy that contributed to a peaceful resolution to the Trent crisis.
The Confederate States came into existence after seven of the fifteen slave states seceded because of the election of Republican President Lincoln, whose party committed to the containment of slavery geographically and the weakening of slaveowners ' political power. Slavery was the cornerstone of the South 's plantation economy, although it was repugnant to the moral sensibilities of most people in Britain, which had abolished slavery in its Empire in 1833. Until the Fall of 1862, the immediate end of slavery was not an issue in the war; in fact, some Union states (Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Delaware, and what became West Virginia) allowed slavery. In 1861, Missouri had sought to extradite an escaped slave from Canada to face trial for a murder committed in his flight for which some in Britain falsely believed the punishment was to be burned alive.
Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation, announced in preliminary form in September 1862, made ending slavery an objective of the war and caused European intervention on the side of the South to be unpopular. However, some British leaders expected it would cause a large scale race war that might need foreign intervention. Pro-Southern leaders in Britain then spoke of mediation, which they understood to mean the independence of the Confederacy and the continuation of slavery.
Outright war was a possibility in late 1861, when the U.S. Navy took control of a British mail ship and seized two Confederate diplomats. Confederate President Jefferson Davis had named James M. Mason and John Slidell as commissioners to represent Confederate interests in England and France. They went to Havana, in Spanish Cuba, where they took passage for England on the British mail steamer Trent. The American warship USS San Jacinto under Captain Charles Wilkes was looking for them. It was generally then agreed that a nation at war had the right to stop and search a neutral merchant ship if it suspected that ship of carrying the enemy 's dispatches. Mason and Slidell, Wilkes reasoned, were in effect Confederate dispatches and so he had the right to remove them. On November 8, 1861, he fired twice across the bow of the Trent, sent a boat 's crew aboard, seized the Confederate commissioners, and bore them off in triumph to the US, where they were held prisoner in Boston. Wilkes was hailed as a national hero.
The violation of British neutral rights triggered an uproar in Britain. Britain sent 11,000 troops to Canada, the British fleet was put on a war footing, with plans to capture New York City if war broke out, and a sharp note was dispatched to Washington to demand return of the prisoners and an apology. Lincoln, concerned about Britain entering the war, ignored anti-British sentiment and issued what the British interpreted as an apology, without apologizing, and ordered the prisoners to be released.
War was unlikely in any event, as the United States was providing Britain with over 40 % of its wheat ("corn '') imports during the war years, and suspension would have caused severe disruption to its food supply. Britain imported about 25 - 30 % of its grain, and poor crops in 1861 and 1862 in France made Britain even more dependent on shiploads from New York City. Furthermore, British banks and financial institutions in the City of London had financed many projects such as railways in the US. There were fears that war would result in enormous financial losses as investments were lost and loans defaulted on.
Britain 's shortage of cotton was partially made up by imports from India and Egypt by 1863. The Trent Affair led to the Lyons - Seward Treaty of 1862, an agreement to clamp down hard on the Atlantic slave trade by using the US Navy and the Royal Navy.
The possibility of recognizing the Confederacy came to the fore late in the summer of 1862. At that time, as far as any European could see, the war seemed to be a stalemate. The US attempt to capture the Confederate capital had failed, and in the east and west alike, the Confederates were on the offensive. Charles Francis Adams, Sr., warned Washington that the British government might very soon offer to mediate the difficulty between North and South, which would be a polite but effective way of intimating that in the opinion of Britain, the fight had gone on long enough and should be ended by giving the South what it wanted. Recognition, as Adams warned, risked all - out war with the United States. War would involve an invasion of Canada, a full - scale American attack on British shipping interests worldwide, an end to American grain shipments that were providing a large part of the British food supply, and an end to British sales of machinery and supplies to the US. The British leadership, however, thought that if the Union armies were decisively defeated, the US might soften its position and accept mediation.
Earl Russell, British Foreign Secretary, had given Mason no encouragement, but after news of the Second Battle of Bull Run reached London in early September, Palmerston agreed that in late September, there could be a cabinet meeting at which Palmerston and Russell would ask approval of the mediation proposal. Then, Russell and Palmerston decided not to bring the plan before the cabinet until they got further word about Lee 's invasion of the North. If the Northerners were beaten, the proposal would go through; if Lee failed, it might be well to wait a little longer before taking any action.
The British working - class population, most notably the British cotton workers who suffered the Lancashire Cotton Famine, remained consistently opposed to the Confederacy. A resolution of support was passed by the inhabitants of Manchester and sent to Lincoln. His letter of reply has become famous:
I know and deeply deplore the sufferings which the working people of Manchester and in all Europe are called to endure in this crisis. It has been often and studiously represented that the attempt to overthrow this Government which was built on the foundation of human rights, and to substitute for it one which should rest exclusively on the basis of slavery, was likely to obtain the favor of Europe.
Through the action of disloyal citizens, the working people of Europe have been subjected to a severe trial for the purpose of forcing their sanction to that attempt. Under the circumstances I can not but regard your decisive utterances on the question as an instance of sublime Christian heroism which has not been surpassed in any age or in any country. It is indeed an energetic and re-inspiring assurance of the inherent truth and of the ultimate and universal triumph of justice, humanity and freedom.
I hail this interchange of sentiments, therefore, as an augury that, whatever else may happen, whatever misfortune may befall your country or my own, the peace and friendship which now exists between the two nations will be, as it shall be my desire to make them, perpetual.
-- Abraham Lincoln, 19 January 1863
There is now a statue of Lincoln in Manchester, with an extract from his letter carved on the plinth.
Lincoln became a hero amongst the British working class with progressive views. His portrait, often alongside that of Garibaldi, adorned many parlour walls. One can still be seen in the boyhood home of David Lloyd George, now part of the Lloyd George Museum.
The decisive factor, in the fall of 1862 and increasingly thereafter was the Battle of Antietam and what grew out of it. Lee 's invasion was a failure at Antietam, and he barely escaped back to Virginia. It was now obvious that no final, conclusive Confederate triumph could be anticipated. The swift recession of the high Confederate tide was as visible in Britain as in America, and in the end, Palmerston and Russell dropped any notion of bringing a mediation - recognition program before the cabinet.
During the late spring and early summer of 1862, Lincoln had come to see that he must broaden the base of the war. The Union itself was not enough; the undying vitality and drive of Northern anti-slavery men must be brought into full, vigorous support of the war effort and so the United States chose to declare itself officially against slavery. The Lincoln administration believed that slavery was the basis of the Confederate economy and leadership class and that victory required its destruction. Lincoln had drafted a plan and waited for a battlefield victory to announce it. The Battle of Antietam gave Lincoln victory, and on September 22, he gave the Confederacy 100 days notice to return to the Union or else on January 1, 1863, all slaves held in areas in rebellion would be free. William Ewart Gladstone, the Chancellor of the Exchequer and a senior Liberal leader was accepting toward slavery in his youth; his family had grown wealthy through the ownership of slaves in the West Indies, however, the idea of slavery was abhorrent to him with his idea of civilising all nations. He strongly spoke out for Confederate independence. When the Emancipation Proclamation was announced, he tried to make the counterargument that an independent Confederacy would do a better job of freeing the slaves than an invading northern army would. He warned that a race war was imminent and would justify British intervention. Emancipation also alarmed the British Foreign Secretary Lord John Russell, who expected a bloody slave uprising. The question then would be British intervention on humanitarian grounds. However, there was no slave uprising and no race war. The advice of the war minister against going to war with United States, and the tide of British public opinion, convinced the cabinet to take no action.
Once the war with the US began, the best hope for the survival of the Confederacy was military intervention by Britain and France. The US realized that as well and made it clear that recognition of the Confederacy meant war and the end of food shipments into Britain. The Confederates who had believed in "King Cotton '' (Britain had to support the Confederacy to obtain cotton for its industries) were proven wrong. Britain, in fact, had ample stores of cotton in 1861 and depended much more on grain from the US.
During its existence, the Confederate government sent repeated delegations to Europe; historians do not give them high marks for diplomatic skills. James M. Mason was sent to London as Confederate minister to Queen Victoria, and John Slidell was sent to Paris as minister to Napoleon III. Both were able to obtain private meetings with high British and French officials, but they failed to secure official recognition for the Confederacy. Britain and the US were at sword 's point during the Trent Affair in late 1861. Mason and Slidell had been illegally seized from a British ship by an American warship. Queen Victoria 's husband, Prince Albert, helped calm the situation, and Lincoln released Mason and Slidell and so the episode was no help to the Confederacy.
Throughout the early years of the war, British foreign secretary Lord Russell, Napoleon III, and, to a lesser extent, British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston, explored the risks and advantages of recognition of the Confederacy or at least offering a mediation. Recognition meant certain war with the US, loss of American grain, loss of exports, loss of investments in American securities, potential invasion of Canada and other North American colonies, higher taxes, and a threat to the British merchant marine with little to gain in return. Many party leaders and the general public wanted no war with such high costs and meager benefits. Recognition was considered following the Second Battle of Manassas, when the British government was preparing to mediate in the conflict, but the Union victory at the Battle of Antietam and Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation, combined with internal opposition, caused the government to back away.
In 1863, the Confederacy expelled all foreign consuls (all of them British or French diplomats) for advising their subjects to refuse to serve in combat against the US.
Throughout the war, all European powers adopted a policy of neutrality, meeting informally with Confederate diplomats but withholding diplomatic recognition. None ever sent an ambassador or official delegation to Richmond. However, they applied principles of international law and recognized both sides as belligerents. Canada allowed both Confederate and Union agents to work openly within its borders.
Northerners were outraged at British tolerance of non-neutral acts, especially the building of warships. The United States demanded vast reparations for the damages caused by British - built commerce raiders, especially CSS Alabama, which Palmerston bluntly refused to pay.
The dispute continued for years after the war. After Palmerston 's death, Prime Minister Gladstone agreed to include the US war claims in treaty discussions on other pending issues, such as fishing rights and border disputes. In 1872, pursuant to the resultant Treaty of Washington, an international arbitration board awarded $15,500,000 to the US, and the British apologized for the destruction caused by the British - built Confederate ships but admitted no guilt.
The Union victory emboldened the forces in Britain that demanded more democracy and public input into the political system. The resulting Reform Act 1867 enfranchised the urban male working class in England and Wales and weakened the upper - class landed gentry, who identified more with the Southern planters. Influential commentators included Walter Bagehot, Thomas Carlyle, John Stuart Mill, and Anthony Trollope. Additionally, many Irishmen saw service in both the Union and Confederate State Army.
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where do the tigris and euphrates rivers begin | Tigris -- Euphrates river system - wikipedia
The Tigris and Euphrates, with their tributaries, form a major river system in Western Asia. From sources originating in the Armenian Highlands of eastern Turkey they flow by / through Syria through Iraq into the Persian Gulf. The system is part of the Palearctic Tigris -- Euphrates ecoregion, which includes Iraq and parts of Turkey, Syria, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Jordan.
From their sources and upper courses in the mountains of eastern Anatolia, the rivers descend through valleys and gorges to the uplands of Syria and northern Iraq and then to the alluvial plain of central Iraq. The rivers flow in a south - easterly direction through the central plain and combine at Al - Qurnah to form the Shatt al - Arab and discharge into the Persian Gulf.
The region has historical importance as part of the Fertile Crescent region, in which civilization is believed to have first emerged.
The ecoregion is characterized by two large rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates. The rivers have several small tributaries which feed into the system from shallow freshwater lakes, swamps, and marshes, all surrounded by desert. The hydrology of these vast marshes is extremely important to the ecology of the entire upper Persian Gulf. Historically, the area is known as Mesopotamia. As part of the larger Fertile Crescent, it saw the earliest emergence of literate urban civilization in the Uruk period, for which reason it is often described as a "Cradle of Civilization ''.
In the 1980s, this ecoregion was put in grave danger as the Iran -- Iraq War raged within its boundaries. The wetlands of Iraq, which were inhabited by the Marsh Arabs, were almost completely dried out, and have only recently shown signs of recovery.
The Tigris -- Euphrates Basin is shared by Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran and Kuwait. Many Tigris tributaries originate in Iran and a Tigris -- Euphrates confluence forms part of the Kuwait -- Iraq border. Since the 1960s and in the 1970s, when Turkey began the GAP project in earnest, water disputes have regularly occurred in addition to the associated dam 's effects on the environment. In addition, Syrian and Iranian dam construction has also contributed to political tension within the basin, particularly during drought.
The general climate of the region is subtropical, hot and arid. At the northern end of the Persian Gulf is the vast floodplain of the Euphrates, Tigris, and Karun Rivers, featuring huge permanent lakes, marshes, and forest. The aquatic vegetation includes reeds, rushes, and papyrus, which support numerous species. Areas around the Tigris and the Euphrates are very fertile. Marshy land is home to water birds, some stopping here while migrating, and some spending the winter in these marshes living off the lizards, snakes, frogs, and fish. Other animals found in these marshes are water buffalo, two endemic rodent species, antelopes and gazelles and small animals such as the jerboa and several other mammals.
Iraq suffers from desertification and soil salination due in large part to thousands of years of agricultural activity. Water and plant life are sparse. Saddam Hussein 's government water - control projects drained the inhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or diverting streams and rivers. Shi'a Muslims were displaced under the Ba'athist regime. The destruction of the natural habitat poses serious threats to the area 's wildlife populations. There are also inadequate supplies of potable water.
The marshlands were an extensive natural wetlands ecosystem which developed over thousands of years in the Tigris -- Euphrates basin and once covered 15 -- 20,000 square kilometers. According to the United Nations Environmental Program and the AMAR Charitable Foundation, between 84 % and 90 % of the marshes have been destroyed since the 1970s. In 1994, 60 percent of the wetlands were destroyed by Hussein 's regime -- drained to permit military access and greater political control of the native Marsh Arabs. Canals, dykes and dams were built routing the water of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers around the marshes, instead of allowing water to move slowly through the marshland. After part of the Euphrates was dried up due to re-routing its water to the sea, a dam was built so water could not back up from the Tigris and sustain the former marshland. Some marshlands were burned and pipes buried underground helped to carry away water for quicker drying.
The drying of the marshes led to the disappearance of the salt - tolerant vegetation; the plankton rich waters that fertilized surrounding soils; 52 native fish species; the wild boar, red fox, buffalo and water birds of the marsh habitat.
The issue of water rights became a point of contention for Iraq, Turkey and Syria beginning in the 1960s when Turkey implemented a public - works project (the GAP project) aimed at harvesting the water from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers through the construction of 22 dams, for irrigation and hydroelectric energy purposes. Although the water dispute between Turkey and Syria was more problematic, the GAP project was also perceived as a threat by Iraq. The tension between Turkey and Iraq about the issue was increased by the effect of Syria and Turkey 's participation in the UN embargo against Iraq following the Gulf War. However, the issue had never become as significant as the water dispute between Turkey and Syria.
The 2008 drought in Iraq sparked new negotiations between Iraq and Turkey over trans - boundary river flows. Although the drought affected Turkey, Syria and Iran as well, Iraq complained regularly about reduced water flows. Iraq particularly complained about the Euphrates River because of the large amount of dams on the river. Turkey agreed to increase the flow several times, beyond its means in order to supply Iraq with extra water. Iraq has seen significant declines in water storage and crop yields because of the drought. To make matters worse, Iraq 's water infrastructure has suffered from years of conflict and neglect.
In 2008, Turkey, Iraq and Syria agreed to restart the Joint Trilateral Committee on water for the three nations for better water resources management. Turkey, Iraq and Syria signed a memorandum of understanding on September 3, 2009, in order to strengthen communication within the Tigris -- Euphrates Basin and to develop joint water - flow - monitoring stations. On September 19, 2009, Turkey formally agreed to increase the flow of the Euphrates River to 450 to 500 m3 / s, but only until October 20, 2009. In exchange, Iraq agreed to trade petroleum with Turkey and help curb Kurdish militant activity in their border region. One of Turkey 's last large GAP dams on the Tigris -- the Ilisu Dam -- is strongly opposed by Iraq and is the source of political strife.
The Mesopotamian Marshes in southern Iraq were historically the largest wetland ecosystem of Western Eurasia. Their drainage began in the 1950s, to reclaim land for agriculture and oil exploration. Saddam Hussein extended this work in the late 1980s and early 1990s, as part of ecological warfare against the Marsh Arabs, a rebellious group of people in Baathist Iraq. However, with the breaching of the dikes by local communities after the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the ending of a four - year drought that same year, the process has been reversed and the marshes have experienced a substantial rate of recovery. The permanent wetlands now cover more than 50 % of pre-1970s levels, with a remarkable regrowth of the Hammar and Hawizeh Marshes and some recovery of the Central Marshes.
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what city is russia’s largest metropolitan area as measured by population | Saint Petersburg - wikipedia
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт - Петербу́рг, tr. Sankt - Peterburg, IPA: (ˈsankt pjɪtjɪrˈburk) (listen)) is Russia 's second - largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015). An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea, it has a status of a federal subject (a federal city).
Situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 27 (O.S. 16) 1703. On 1 September 1914, the name was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd (Russian: Петрогра́д, IPA: (pjɪtrɐˈgrat)), on 26 January 1924 to Leningrad (Russian: Ленингра́д, IPA: (ljɪnjɪnˈgrat)), and on 7 September 1991 back to Saint Petersburg. Between 1713 and 1728 and in 1732 -- 1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of Imperial Russia. In 1918, the central government bodies moved to Moscow.
Saint Petersburg is one of the modern cities of Russia, as well as its cultural capital. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Saint Petersburg is home to the Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world. Many foreign consulates, international corporations, banks and businesses have offices in Saint Petersburg.
An admirer of everything Dutch, Peter the Great originally named the city, Sankt - Peterburg (Russian: Санкт - Петербург; note that the Russian name lacks the letter s between Peter and burg). On September 1, 1914, after the outbreak of World War I, the Imperial government renamed the city Petrograd (Russian: Петрогра́д, IPA: (pjɪtrɐˈgrat)), meaning "Peter 's city '', in order to expunge the German - sounding words Sankt and Burg. On 26 January 1924 it was renamed to Leningrad (Russian: Ленингра́д, IPA: (ljɪnjɪnˈgrat)), meaning "Lenin 's City ''. On 6 September 1991, the original name, Sankt - Peterburg, was returned. Today, in English the city is known as "Saint Petersburg ''. Local residents often refer to the city by its shortened nickname, Piter (Russian: Пи́тер, IPA: (ˈpjitjɪr)).
Swedish colonists built Nyenskans, a fortress at the mouth of the Neva River in 1611, in what was then called Ingermanland, which was inhabited by Finnic tribe of Ingrians. The small town of Nyen grew up around it.
At the end of the 17th century, Peter the Great, who was very interested in seafaring and maritime affairs, wanted Russia to gain a seaport in order to trade with the rest of Europe. He needed a better seaport than the country 's main one at the time, Arkhangelsk, which was on the White Sea in the far north and closed to shipping during the winter.
On May 12 (O.S. 1) 1703, during the Great Northern War, Peter the Great captured Nyenskans and soon replaced the fortress. On May 27 (O.S. 16) 1703, closer to the estuary 5 km (3 mi) inland from the gulf), on Zayachy (Hare) Island, he laid down the Peter and Paul Fortress, which became the first brick and stone building of the new city.
The city was built by conscripted peasants from all over Russia; a number of Swedish prisoners of war were also involved in some years under the supervision of Alexander Menshikov. Tens of thousands of serfs died building the city. Later, the city became the centre of the Saint Petersburg Governorate. Peter moved the capital from Moscow to Saint Petersburg in 1712, 9 years before the Treaty of Nystad of 1721 ended the war; he referred to Saint Petersburg as the capital (or seat of government) as early as 1704.
During its first few years, the city developed around Trinity Square on the right bank of the Neva, near the Peter and Paul Fortress. However, Saint Petersburg soon started to be built out according to a plan. By 1716 the Swiss Italian Domenico Trezzini had elaborated a project whereby the city centre would be located on Vasilyevsky Island and shaped by a rectangular grid of canals. The project was not completed, but is evident in the layout of the streets. In 1716, Peter the Great appointed Frenchman Jean - Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond as the chief architect of Saint Petersburg.
The style of Petrine Baroque, developed by Trezzini and other architects and exemplified by such buildings as the Menshikov Palace, Kunstkamera, Peter and Paul Cathedral, Twelve Collegia, became prominent in the city architecture of the early 18th century. In 1724 the Academy of Sciences, University and Academic Gymnasium were established in Saint Petersburg by Peter the Great.
In 1725, Peter died at the age of fifty - two. His endeavours to modernize Russia had met with opposition from the Russian nobility -- resulting in several attempts on his life and a treason case involving his son. In 1728, Peter II of Russia moved his seat back to Moscow. But four years later, in 1732, under Empress Anna of Russia, Saint Petersburg was again designated as the capital of the Russian Empire. It remained the seat of the Romanov dynasty and the Imperial Court of the Russian Tsars, as well as the seat of the Russian government, for another 186 years until the communist revolution of 1917.
In 1736 -- 1737 the city suffered from catastrophic fires. To rebuild the damaged boroughs, a committee under Burkhard Christoph von Münnich commissioned a new plan in 1737. The city was divided into five boroughs, and the city center was moved to the Admiralty borough, situated on the east bank between the Neva and Fontanka.
It developed along three radial streets, which meet at the Admiralty building and are now one street known as Nevsky Prospekt (which is considered the main street of the city), Gorokhovaya Street and Voznesensky Prospekt. Baroque architecture became dominant in the city during the first sixty years, culminating in the Elizabethan Baroque, represented most notably by Italian Bartolomeo Rastrelli with such buildings as the Winter Palace. In the 1760s, Baroque architecture was succeeded by neoclassical architecture.
Established in 1762, the Commission of Stone Buildings of Moscow and Saint Petersburg ruled that no structure in the city can be higher than the Winter Palace and prohibited spacing between buildings. During the reign of Catherine the Great in the 1760s -- 1780s, the banks of the Neva were lined with granite embankments.
However, it was not until 1850 that the first permanent bridge across the Neva, Blagoveshchensky Bridge, was allowed to open. Before that, only pontoon bridges were allowed. Obvodny Canal (dug in 1769 -- 1833) became the southern limit of the city.
The most prominent neoclassical and Empire - style architects in Saint Petersburg included:
In 1810, Alexander I established the first engineering Higher learning institution, the Saint Petersburg Main military engineering School in Saint Petersburg. Many monuments commemorate the Russian victory over Napoleonic France in the Patriotic War of 1812, including the Alexander Column by Montferrand, erected in 1834, and the Narva Triumphal Gate.
In 1825, the suppressed Decembrist revolt against Nicholas I took place on the Senate Square in the city, a day after Nicholas assumed the throne.
By the 1840s, neoclassical architecture had given way to various romanticist styles, which dominated until the 1890s, represented by such architects as Andrei Stackenschneider (Mariinsky Palace, Beloselsky - Belozersky Palace, Nicholas Palace, New Michael Palace) and Konstantin Thon (Moskovsky railway station).
With the emancipation of the serfs undertaken by Alexander II in 1861 and an Industrial Revolution, the influx of former peasants into the capital increased greatly. Poor boroughs spontaneously emerged on the outskirts of the city. Saint Petersburg surpassed Moscow in population and industrial growth; it developed as one of the largest industrial cities in Europe, with a major naval base (in Kronstadt), river and sea port.
The names of Saints Peter and Paul, bestowed upon original city 's citadel and its cathedral (from 1725 -- a burial vault of Russian emperors) coincidentally were the names of the first two assassinated Russian Emperors, Peter III (1762, supposedly killed in a conspiracy led by his wife, Catherine the Great) and Paul I (1801, Nicholas Zubov and other conspirators who brought to power Alexander I, the son of their victim). The third emperor 's assassination took place in Petersburg in 1881 when Alexander II fell victim to narodniki (see the Church of the Savior on Blood).
Saint Michael 's Castle
Kronstadt Naval Cathedral
Fontanka River
Griboyedov Canal
Petergof
The Revolution of 1905 began in Saint Petersburg and spread rapidly into the provinces.
On September 1, 1914, after the outbreak of World War I, the Imperial government renamed the city Petrograd, meaning "Peter 's City '', to remove the German words Sankt and Burg.
In March 1917, during the February Revolution Nicholas II abdicated both for himself and on behalf of his son, ending the Russian monarchy and over three hundred years of Romanov dynastic rule.
On November 7, 1917 (OS October 25), the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, stormed the Winter Palace in an event known thereafter as the October Revolution, which led to the end of the post-Tsarist provisional government, the transfer of all political power to the Soviets, and the rise of the Communist Party. After that the city acquired a new descriptive name, "the city of three revolutions '', referring to the three major developments in the political history of Russia of the early 20th - century.
In September and October 1917, German troops invaded the West Estonian archipelago and threatened Petrograd with bombardment and invasion. On March 12, 1918, the Soviets transferred the government to Moscow, to keep it away from the state border. During the ensuing Civil War, in 1919 general Yudenich advancing from Estonia repeated the attempt to capture the city, but Leon Trotsky mobilized the army and forced him to retreat.
On January 26, 1924, five days after Lenin 's death, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad. Later some streets and other toponyms were renamed accordingly. The city has over 230 places associated with the life and activities of Lenin. Some of them were turned into museums, including the cruiser Aurora -- a symbol of the October Revolution and the oldest ship in the Russian Navy.
In the 1920s and 1930s, the poor outskirts were reconstructed into regularly planned boroughs. Constructivist architecture flourished around that time. Housing became a government - provided amenity; many "bourgeois '' apartments were so large that numerous families were assigned to what were called "communal '' apartments (kommunalkas). By the 1930s, 68 % of the population lived in such housing. In 1935 a new general plan was outlined, whereby the city should expand to the south. Constructivism was rejected in favor of a more pompous Stalinist architecture. Moving the city center further from the border with Finland, Stalin adopted a plan to build a new city hall with a huge adjacent square at the southern end of Moskovsky Prospekt, designated as the new main street of Leningrad. After the Winter (Soviet - Finnish) war in 1939 - 1940, the Soviet - Finnish border moved northwards. Nevsky Prospekt with Palace Square maintained the functions and the role of a city center.
In December 1931, Leningrad was administratively separated from Leningrad Oblast. At that time it included the Leningrad Suburban District, some parts of which were transferred back to Leningrad Oblast in 1936 and turned into Vsevolozhsky District, Krasnoselsky District, Pargolovsky District and Slutsky District (renamed Pavlovsky District in 1944).
On December 1, 1934, Sergey Kirov, the popular communist leader of Leningrad, was assassinated, which became the pretext for the Great Purge.
During World War II, German forces besieged Leningrad following the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. The siege lasted 872 days, or almost two and a half years, from September 8, 1941 to January 27, 1944.
The Siege of Leningrad proved one of the longest, most destructive, and most lethal sieges of a major city in modern history. It isolated the city from food supplies except those provided through the Road of Life across Lake Ladoga, which could not make it through until the lake literally froze. More than one million civilians were killed, mainly from starvation. Many others escaped or were evacuated, so the city became largely depopulated.
On May 1, 1945 Joseph Stalin, in his Supreme Commander Order No. 20, named Leningrad, alongside Stalingrad, Sevastopol, and Odessa, hero cities of the war. A law acknowledging the honorary title of "Hero City '' passed on May 8, 1965 (the 20th anniversary of the victory in the Great Patriotic War), during the Brezhnev era. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR awarded Leningrad as a Hero City the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal "for the heroic resistance of the city and tenacity of the survivors of the Siege ''. The Hero - City Obelisk bearing the Gold Star sign was installed in April 1985.
In October 1946 some territories along the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland, which had passed to the USSR from Finland in 1940 under the peace treaty following the Winter War, were transferred from Leningrad Oblast to Leningrad and divided into Sestroretsky District and Kurortny District. These included the town of Terijoki (renamed Zelenogorsk in 1948). Leningrad and many of its suburbs were rebuilt over the post-war decades, partially according to pre-war plans. The 1948 general plan for Leningrad featured radial urban development in the north as well as in the south. In 1953 Pavlovsky District in Leningrad Oblast was abolished, and parts of its territory, including Pavlovsk, merged with Leningrad. In 1954 the settlements Levashovo, Pargolovo and Pesochny merged with Leningrad.
Leningrad gave its name to the Leningrad Affair (1949 -- 1952), a notable event in the postwar political struggle in the USSR. It was a product of rivalry between Stalin 's potential successors where one side was represented by the leaders of the city Communist Party organization -- the second most significant one in the country after Moscow. The entire elite leadership of Leningrad was destroyed, including the former mayor Kuznetsov, the acting mayor Pyotr Sergeevich Popkov, and all their deputies; overall 23 leaders were sentenced to the death penalty, 181 to prison or exile (exonerated in 1954). About 2,000 ranking officials across the USSR were expelled from the party and the Komsomol and removed from leadership positions. They were accused of Russian nationalism.
The Leningrad Metro underground rapid transit system, designed before the war, opened in 1955 with its first eight stations decorated with marble and bronze. However, after the death of Stalin in 1953, the perceived ornamental excesses of the Stalinist architecture were abandoned. From the 1960s to the 1980s many new residential boroughs were built on the outskirts; while the functionalist apartment blocks were nearly identical to each other, many families moved there from kommunalkas in the city centre in order to live in separate apartments.
On June 12, 1991, simultaneously with the first Russian presidential elections, the city authorities arranged for the mayoral elections and a referendum upon the name of the city. The turnout was 65 %; 66.13 % of the total count of votes went to Anatoly Sobchak, who became the first directly elected mayor of the city.
Meanwhile, economic conditions started to deteriorate as the country tried to adapt to major changes. For the first time since the 1940s, food rationing was introduced, and the city received humanitarian food aid from abroad. This dramatic time was depicted in photographic series of Russian photographer Alexey Titarenko. Economic conditions began to improve only at the beginning of the 21st century. In 1995 a northern section of the Kirovsko - Vyborgskaya Line of the Saint Petersburg Metro was cut off by underground flooding, creating a major obstacle to the city development for almost ten years.
In 1996, Vladimir Yakovlev defeated Anatoly Sobchak in the elections for the head of the city administration. The title of the city head was changed from "mayor '' to "governor ''. In 2000 Yakovlev won re-election. His second term expired in 2004; the long - awaited restoration of broken subway connection was expected to finish by that time. But in 2003 Yakovlev suddenly resigned, leaving the governor 's office to Valentina Matviyenko.
The law on election of the City Governor was changed, breaking the tradition of democratic election by a universal suffrage. In 2006 the city legislature re-approved Matviyenko as governor. Residential building had intensified again; real - estate prices inflated greatly, which caused many new problems for the preservation of the historical part of the city.
Although the central part of the city has a UNESCO designation (there are about 8,000 architectural monuments in Petersburg), the preservation of its historical and architectural environment became controversial. After 2005, the demolition of older buildings in the historical centre was permitted. In 2006 Gazprom announced an ambitious project to erect a 396 - meter skyscraper opposite to Smolny, which could result in the loss of the unique line of Petersburg landscape. Urgent protests by citizens and prominent public figures of Russia against this project were not considered by Governor Valentina Matviyenko and the city authorities until December 2010, when after the statement of President Dmitry Medvedev, the city decided to find a more appropriate location for this project. In the same year, the new location for the project was relocated to Lakhta, a historical area northwest of the center city, and the new project would be named Lakhta Center. Construction was approved by Gazprom and the city administration and commenced in 2012. The Lakhta Center would be the first tallest skyscraper in Russia and Europe that is outside of Moscow.
The area of Saint Petersburg city proper is 605.8 square kilometers (233.9 sq mi). The area of the federal subject is 1,439 square kilometers (556 sq mi), which contains Saint Petersburg proper (consisting of eighty - one municipal okrugs), nine municipal towns -- (Kolpino, Krasnoye Selo, Kronstadt, Lomonosov, Pavlovsk, Petergof, Pushkin, Sestroretsk, Zelenogorsk) -- and twenty - one municipal settlements.
Petersburg is situated on the middle taiga lowlands along the shores of the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland, and islands of the river delta. The largest are Vasilyevsky Island (besides the artificial island between Obvodny canal and Fontanka, and Kotlin in the Neva Bay), Petrogradsky, Dekabristov and Krestovsky. The latter together with Yelagin and Kamenny Island are covered mostly by parks. The Karelian Isthmus, North of the city, is a popular resort area. In the south Saint Petersburg crosses the Baltic - Ladoga Klint and meets the Izhora Plateau.
The elevation of Saint Petersburg ranges from the sea level to its highest point of 175.9 meters (577 ft) at the Orekhovaya Hill in the Duderhof Heights in the south. Part of the city 's territory west of Liteyny Prospekt is no higher than 4 meters (13 ft) above sea level, and has suffered from numerous floods. Floods in Saint Petersburg are triggered by a long wave in the Baltic Sea, caused by meteorological conditions, winds and shallowness of the Neva Bay. The four most disastrous floods occurred in 1824 (421 centimeters or 166 inches above sea level, during which over 300 buildings were destroyed), 1924 (380 centimeters or 150 inches), 1777 (321 centimeters or 126 inches), 1955 (293 centimeters or 115 inches), and 1975 (281 centimeters or 111 inches). To prevent floods, the Saint Petersburg Dam has been constructed.
Since the 18th century the terrain in the city has been raised artificially, at some places by more than 4 meters (13 ft), making mergers of several islands, and changing the hydrology of the city. Besides the Neva and its tributaries, other important rivers of the federal subject of Saint Petersburg are Sestra, Okhta and Izhora. The largest lake is Sestroretsky Razliv in the north, followed by Lakhtinsky Razliv, Suzdal Lakes and other smaller lakes.
Due to location at ca. 60 ° N latitude the day length in Petersburg varies across seasons, ranging from 5 hours 53 minutes to 18 hours 50 minutes. A period from mid-May to mid-July when twilight may last all night is called the white nights.
Under the Köppen climate classification, Saint Petersburg is classified as Dfb, a humid continental climate. Distinct moderating influence of the Baltic Sea cyclones result in warm, humid and short summers and long, moderately cold wet winters. Climate of Saint Petersburg is close to the climate of Helsinki, although colder in winter and warmer in summer because of its more eastern location.
The average maximum temperature in July is 23 ° C (73 ° F), and the average minimum temperature in February is − 8.5 ° C (16.7 ° F); an extreme temperature of 37.1 ° C (98.8 ° F) occurred during the 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat wave. A winter minimum of − 35.9 ° C (− 32.6 ° F) was recorded in 1883. The average annual temperature is 5.8 ° C (42.4 ° F). The Neva River within the city limits usually freezes up in November -- December and break - up occurs in April. From December to March there are 118 days average with snow cover, which reaches an average snow depth of 19 cm (7.5 in) by February. The frost - free period in the city lasts on average for about 135 days. Despite St. Petersburg 's northern location, its winters are warmer than Moscow 's due to the Gulf of Finland and some Gulf Stream influence from Scandinavian winds that can bring temperature slightly above freezing. The city also has a slightly warmer climate than its suburbs. Weather conditions are quite variable all year round.
Average annual precipitation varies across the city, averaging 660 mm (26 in) per year and reaching maximum in late summer. Soil moisture is almost always high because of lower evapotranspiration due to the cool climate. Air humidity is 78 % on average, and there are, on average, 165 overcast days per year.
The first and fairly rich chapter of the history of the local toponymy is the story of the own name of the city itself. The name day of Peter I falls on June 29, when the Russian Orthodox Church observes the memory of Saint Apostles Peter and Paul. The consecration of the small wooden church in their names (its construction began simultaneously with the citadel) made them the heavenly patrons of the Peter and Paul Fortress, while St. Peter at the same time became the eponym of the whole city. In June 1703 Peter the Great officially gave the site the name Sankt Pieter Burkh (an emulation of Dutch topografical suffix - burg, which refers to fortified towns and places, as Peter was a Neerlandophile) which was subsequently russefied.
A 14 - to 15 - letter - long name, composed of the three roots proved too cumbersome, and a lot of shortened versions appeared in habitual use. The first General Governor of the city Menshikov is maybe also the author of the first nickname of Petersburg which he called Петри (Petri). It took some years until the known Russian spelling of this name finally settled. In 1740s Mikhail Lomonosov uses a derivative of Greek: Πετρόπολις (Petropolis, Петрополис) in a russified form Petropol ' (Петрополь). A combo Piterpol (Питерпол) also appears at this time. In any case, eventually the usage of prefix "Sankt - '' ceased except for the formal official documents, where a three - letter abbreviation "СПб '' (SPb) was very widely used as well.
In the 1830s Alexander Pushkin translated the "foreign '' city name of "Saint Petersburg '' to the more Russian Petrograd in one of his poems. However, it was only on 31 (O.S. 18 August) 1914, after the war with Germany had begun, that tsar Nicholas II renamed the capital to Petrograd. Since the prefix ' Saint ' was omitted, this act also changed the eponym and the "patron '' of the city, from Apostle Peter to Peter the Great, its founder.
After the October Revolution the name Red Petrograd (Красный Петроград) was often used in newspapers and other prints until the city was renamed Leningrad in January 1924.
A referendum on reversing the renaming of Leningrad was held on June 12, 1991, with 54.86 % of voters (with a turnout of 65 %) supporting "Saint Petersburg ''. Renaming the city Petrograd was not an option. This change officially took effect on September 6, 1991. Meanwhile, the oblast whose administrative center is also in Saint Petersburg is still named Leningrad.
Having passed the role of capital to Petersburg, Moscow never relinquished the title of "capital '', being called pervoprestolnaya ("first - throned '') for 200 years. An equivalent name for Petersburg, the "Northern Capital '', has re-entered usage today since several federal institutions were recently moved from Moscow to Saint Petersburg. Solemn descriptive names like "the city of three revolutions '' and "the cradle of the October revolution '' used in Soviet era are reminders of the pivotal events in national history that occurred here. For their part, poetic names of the city, like the "Venice of the North '' and the "Northern Palmyra '' emphasize town - planning and architectural features contrasting these parallels to the northern location of this megalopolis. Petropolis is a translation of a city name to Greek, and is also a kind of descriptive name: Πέτρ - is a Greek root for "stone '', so the "city from stone '' emphasizes the material that had been forcibly made obligatory for construction from the very first years of the city. (Its official Greek name is Αγία Πετρούπολη.)
Saint Petersburg is the second largest city in Russia. As of the 2017 Rosstat, the federal subject 's population is 5,281,579 or 3.6 % of the total population of Russia; up from 4,879,566 (3.4 %) recorded in the 2010 Census, and up from 5,023,506 recorded in the 1989 Census.
The 2010 Census recorded the ethnic composition as follows: Russian 80.1 %, Ukrainian 1.3 %, Belarusians 0.8 %, Tatar 0.6 %, Armenian 0.6 %, Jewish 0.5 %, Uzbek 0.4 %, Tajik 0.3 %, Azeri 0.3 %, Georgian 0.2 %, Moldovan 0.2 %, Finns 0.1 %, other -- 1.3 %. The ethnicity of the remaining 13.4 % of the inhabitants was not specified.
During the 20th century, the city experienced dramatic population changes. From 2.4 million residents in 1916 its population dropped to less than 740,000 by 1920 during the Russian Revolution of 1917 and Russian Civil War. The minorities of Germans, Poles, Finns, Estonians and Latvians were almost completely transferred from Leningrad during the 1930s. From 1941 to the end of 1943, population dropped from 3 million to less than 600,000, as people died in battles, starved to death during the Siege of Leningrad, or were evacuated. After the siege, some of the evacuees returned, but most influx was due to migration from other parts of the Soviet Union. The city absorbed about 3 million people in the 1950s and grew to over 5 million in the 1980s. From 1991 to 2006 the city 's population decreased to 4.6 million, while the suburban population increased due to privatization of land and massive move to suburbs. Based on the 2010 census results the population is over 4.8 million. The birth rate remained lower than the death rate (until the 2012); people over 65 constitute more than twenty percent of the population; and the median age is about 40 years. Since 2012 the birth rate became higher than the death rate
People in urban Saint Petersburg lived mostly in apartments. Between 1918 and the 1990s, the Soviets nationalised housing and forced residents to share communal apartments (kommunalkas). With 68 % living in shared flats in the 1930s, Leningrad was the city in the USSR with the largest number of kommunalkas. Resettling residents of kommunalkas is now on the way out, albeit shared apartments are still not uncommon. As new boroughs were built on the outskirts in the 1950s -- 1980s, over half a million low income families eventually received free apartments, and about an additional hundred thousand condos were purchased. While economic and social activity is concentrated in the historic city centre, the richest part of Saint Petersburg, most people live in commuter areas. For the first half of 2007, the birth rate was 9.1 per 1000.
The previous table showing religious membership within Saint Petersburg shows that roughly half of the population are Russian Orthodoxy.
Saint Petersburg is a federal subject of Russia (a federal city). The political life of Saint Petersburg is regulated by the Charter of Saint Petersburg adopted by the city legislature in 1998. The superior executive body is the Saint Petersburg City Administration, led by the city governor (mayor before 1996). Saint Petersburg has a single - chamber legislature, the Saint Petersburg Legislative Assembly, which is the city 's regional parliament.
According to the federal law passed in 2004, heads of federal subjects, including the governor of Saint Petersburg, were nominated by the President of Russia and approved by local legislatures. Should the legislature disapprove the nominee, the President could dissolve it. The former governor, Valentina Matviyenko, was approved according to the new system in December 2006. She was the only woman governor in the whole of Russia until her resignation on August 22, 2011. Matviyenko stood for elections as member of the Regional Council of Saint Petersburg and won comprehensively with allegations of rigging and ballot stuffing by the opposition. Russian President Dmitry Medvedev has already backed her for the position of Speaker to the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation and her election qualifies her for that job. After her resignation, Georgy Poltavchenko was appointed as the new acting governor the same day. In 2012, following passage of a new federal law, restoring direct elections of heads of federal subjects, the city charter was again amended to provide for direct elections of governor.
Saint Petersburg city is divided into eighteen districts. Saint Petersburg is also the unofficial but de facto administrative centre of Leningrad Oblast, and of the Northwestern Federal District. The Constitutional Court of Russia moved to Saint Petersburg from Moscow in May 2008.
Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast, being two different federal subjects, share a number of local departments of federal executive agencies and courts, such as court of arbitration, police, FSB, postal service, drug enforcement administration, penitentiary service, federal registration service, and other federal services.
Saint Petersburg is a major trade gateway, serving as the financial and industrial centre of Russia, with specializations in oil and gas trade; shipbuilding yards; aerospace industry; technology, including radio, electronics, software, and computers; machine building, heavy machinery and transport, including tanks and other military equipment; mining; instrument manufacture; ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy (production of aluminium alloys); chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and medical equipment; publishing and printing; food and catering; wholesale and retail; textile and apparel industries; and many other businesses. It was also home to Lessner, one of Russia 's two pioneering automobile manufacturers (along with Russo - Baltic); it was founded by machine tool and boiler maker G.A. Lessner in 1904, with designs by Boris Loutsky, and it survived until 1910.
Ten percent of the world 's power turbines are made there at the LMZ, which built over two thousand turbines for power plants across the world. Major local industries are Admiralty Shipyard, Baltic Shipyard, LOMO, Kirov Plant, Elektrosila, Izhorskiye Zavody; also registered in Saint Petersburg are Sovkomflot, Petersburg Fuel Company and SIBUR among other major Russian and international companies.
Saint Petersburg has three large cargo seaports: Bolshoi Port Saint Petersburg, Kronstadt, and Lomonosov. International cruise liners have been served at the passenger port at Morskoy Vokzal on the south - west of Vasilyevsky Island. In 2008 the first two berths were opened at the New Passenger Port on the west of the island. The new port is part of the city 's "Marine Facade '' development project and is due to have seven berths in operation by 2010.
A complex system of riverports on both banks of the Neva River are interconnected with the system of seaports, thus making Saint Petersburg the main link between the Baltic Sea and the rest of Russia through the Volga - Baltic Waterway.
The Saint Petersburg Mint (Monetny Dvor), founded in 1724, is one of the largest mints in the world, it mints Russian coins, medals and badges. Saint Petersburg is also home to the oldest and largest Russian foundry, Monumentskulptura, which made thousands of sculptures and statues that are now gracing public parks of Saint Petersburg, as well as many other cities. Monuments and bronze statues of the Tsars, as well as other important historic figures and dignitaries, and other world famous monuments, such as the sculptures by Peter Clodt von Jürgensburg, Paolo Troubetzkoy, Mark Antokolsky, and others, were made there.
In 2007, Toyota opened a Camry plant after investing 5 billion roubles (approx. 200 mln dollars) in Shushary, one of the southern suburbs of Saint Petersburg. Opel, Hyundai and Nissan have signed deals with the Russian government to build their automotive plants in Saint Petersburg too. Automotive and auto - parts industry is on the rise there during the last decade.
Saint Petersburg is the location of a significant brewery and distillery industry. It is known as the "beer capital '' of Russia, due to the supply and quality of local water, contributing over 30 % of the domestic production of beer with its five large - scale breweries including Europe 's second largest brewery Baltika, Vena (both operated by BBH), Heineken Brewery, Stepan Razin (both by Heineken) and Tinkoff brewery (SUN - InBev).
The city has a lot of local distilleries that produce a broad range of vodka brands. The oldest ones is LIVIZ (founded in 1897). Among the youngest is Russian Standard Vodka introduced in Moscow in 1998, which opened in 2006 a new $60 million distillery in Petersburg (an area of 30,000 m (320,000 sq ft), production rate of 22,500 bottles per hour). In 2007 this brand was exported to over 70 countries.
Saint Petersburg has the second largest construction industry in Russia, including commercial, housing and road construction.
In 2006 Saint Petersburg 's city budget was 179.9 billion rubles (about 6.651 billion US $ at 2006 exchange rates), and is planned to double by 2012. The federal subject 's Gross Regional Product as of 2016 was 3.7 trillion Russian rubles (or US $ 66 billion), ranked 4th in Russia, after Moscow, Tyumen Oblast, and Moscow Oblast, and per capita of US $ 12,000, ranked 12th among Russia 's federal subjects, contributed mostly by wholesale and retail trade and repair services (24.7 %) as well as processing industry (20.9 %) and transportation and telecommunications (15.1 %).
Budget revenues of the city in 2009 amounted to 294.3 billion rubles (about 10.044 billion US $ at 2009 exchange rates), expenses -- 336.3 billion rubles (about 11.477 billion US $ at 2009 exchange rates). The budget deficit amounted to about 42 billion rubles. (about 1.433 billion US $ at 2009 exchange rates)
By 2015, St. Petersburg takes the 4th place on economy scales among all subjects of the Russian Federation, conceding only to Moscow, the Tyumen and Moscow Region.
Saint Petersburg has three skyscrapers: Leader Tower (140 m), Alexander Nevsky (124 m) and Atlantic City (105 m) all three being situated far away from the historical centre. Regulations forbid construction of tall buildings in the city centre. The 310 - meter (1,020 ft) tall Saint Petersburg TV Tower is the tallest completed structure in the city. However, there was a controversial project endorsed by the city authorities, and known as the Okhta Center, to build a 396 meters (1,299 ft) supertall skyscraper. In 2008, the World Monuments Fund included the Saint Petersburg historic skyline on the watch list of the 100 most endangered sites due to the expected construction, which threatens to alter it drastically. The Okhta Center project has been finally cancelled at the end of 2010 and instead of that Lakhta Center project is started at the city outskirts. The complex will include 463 - metre - tall (1,519 - foot) office skyscraper and several low rise mixed use buildings. The Lakhta Center project has caused much less controversy and, unlike the previous unbuilt project, is not seen by UNESCO as a potential threat to the city 's cultural heritage because it is located far away from the historical centre. Skyscraper construction has already started, and the building is set to be completed in 2018. It is assumed that the building will be the tallest in Russia and Europe.
Unlike in Moscow, in Saint Petersburg the historic architecture of the city centre, mostly consisting of Baroque and neoclassical buildings of the 18th and 19th centuries, has been largely preserved; although a number of buildings were demolished after the Bolsheviks ' seizure of power, during the Siege of Leningrad and in recent years. The oldest of the remaining building is a wooden house built for Peter I in 1703 on the shore of the Neva near Trinity Square. Since 1991 the Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments in Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast have been listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The ensemble of Peter and Paul Fortress with the Peter and Paul Cathedral takes a dominant position on Zayachy Island along the right bank of the Neva River. Each noon a cannon fires a blank shot from the fortress. The Saint Petersburg Mosque, the largest mosque in Europe when opened in 1913, is situated on the right bank nearby. The Spit of Vasilievsky Island, which splits the river into two largest armlets, the Bolshaya Neva and Malaya Neva, is connected to the northern bank (Petrogradsky Island) via the Exchange Bridge and occupied by the Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange and Rostral Columns. The southern coast of Vasilyevsky Island along the Bolshaya Neva features some of the city 's oldest buildings, dating from the 18th century, including the Kunstkamera, Twelve Collegia, Menshikov Palace and Imperial Academy of Arts. It hosts one of two campuses of Saint Petersburg State University.
On the southern, left bank of the Neva, connected to the spit of Vasilyevsky Island via the Palace Bridge, lie the Admiralty building, the vast Hermitage Museum complex stretching along the Palace Embankment, which includes the baroque Winter Palace, former official residence of Russian emperors, as well as the neoclassical Marble Palace. The Winter Palace faces Palace Square, the city 's main square with the Alexander Column. Nevsky Prospekt, also situated on the left bank of the Neva, is the main avenue in the city. It starts at the Admiralty and runs eastwards next to Palace Square. Nevsky Prospekt crosses the Moika (Green Bridge), Griboyedov Canal (Kazansky Bridge), Garden Street, the Fontanka (Anichkov Bridge), meets Liteyny Prospekt and proceeds to Uprising Square near the Moskovsky railway station, where it meets Ligovsky Prospekt and turns to the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. The Passage, Catholic Church of St. Catherine, Book House (former Singer Manufacturing Company Building in the Art Nouveau style), Grand Hotel Europe, Lutheran Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, Great Gostiny Dvor, Russian National Library, Alexandrine Theatre behind Mikeshin 's statue of Catherine the Great, Kazan Cathedral, Stroganov Palace, Anichkov Palace and Beloselsky - Belozersky Palace are all situated along that avenue.
The Alexander Nevsky Lavra, intended to house the relics of St. Alexander Nevsky, is an important centre of Christian education in Russia. It also contains the Tikhvin Cemetery with graves of many notable Petersburgers. On the territory between the Neva and Nevsky Prospekt the Church of the Savior on Blood, Mikhailovsky Palace housing the Russian Museum, Field of Mars, St. Michael 's Castle, Summer Garden, Tauride Palace, Smolny Institute and Smolny Convent are located.
Many notable landmarks are situated to the west and south of the Admiralty Building, including the Trinity Cathedral, Mariinsky Palace, Hotel Astoria, famous Mariinsky Theatre, New Holland Island, Saint Isaac 's Cathedral, the largest in the city, and Senate Square, also known as Decembrist 's Square with the Bronze Horseman, 18th century equestrian monument to Peter the Great, which is considered among the city 's most recognisable symbols. Other symbols of Saint Petersburg include the weather vane in the shape of a small ship on top of the Admiralty 's golden spire and the golden angel on top of the Peter and Paul Cathedral. The Palace Bridge drawn at night is yet another symbol of the city. Every night during the navigation period from April to November, 22 bridges across the Neva and main canals are drawn to let ships pass in and out of the Baltic Sea according to a schedule. It was not until 2004 that the first high bridge across the Neva, which does not need to be drawn, Big Obukhovsky Bridge, was opened. There are hundreds of smaller bridges in Saint Petersburg spanning across numerous canals and distributaries of the Neva, some of the most important of which are the Moika, Fontanka, Griboyedov Canal, Obvodny Canal, Karpovka and Smolenka. Due to the intricate web of canals, Saint Petersburg is often called Venice of the North. The rivers and canals in the city centre are lined with granite embankments. The embankments and bridges are separated from rivers and canals by granite or cast iron parapets.
Southern suburbs of the city feature former imperial residences, including Petergof, with majestic fountain cascades and parks, Tsarskoe Selo, with the baroque Catherine Palace and the neoclassical Alexander Palace, and Pavlovsk, which contains a domed palace of Emperor Paul and one of the largest English - style parks in Europe. Some other residences situated nearby and making part of the world heritage site, including a castle and park in Gatchina, actually belong to Leningrad Oblast rather than Saint Petersburg. Another notable suburb is Kronstadt with its 19th - century fortifications and naval monuments, occupying the Kotlin Island in the Gulf of Finland.
Since around the end of the 20th century a great deal of active building and restoration works have been carried out in a number of the city 's older districts. The authorities have recently been compelled to transfer the ownership of state - owned private residences in the city centre to private lessors. Many older buildings have been reconstructed to allow their use as apartments and penthouses.
Some of these structures, such as the Saint Petersburg Commodity and Stock Exchange have been recognised as town - planning errors.
Saint Petersburg has a significant historical and cultural heritage.
The 18th and 19th - century architectural ensemble of the city and its environs is preserved in virtually unchanged form. For various reasons (including large - scale destruction during World War II and construction of modern buildings during the postwar period in the largest historical centers of Europe), Saint Petersburg has become a unique reserve of European architectural styles of the past three centuries. Saint Petersburg 's loss of capital city status helped the city to retain many of its pre-revolutionary buildings, as modern architectural ' prestige projects ' tended to be built in Moscow; this largely prevented the rise of mid-to - late - 20th - century architecture and helped maintain the architectural appearance of the historic city center.
Saint Petersburg is inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list as an area with 36 historical architectural complexes and around 4000 outstanding individual monuments of architecture, history and culture. New tourist programs and sightseeing tours have been developed for those wishing to see Saint Petersburg 's cultural heritage.
The city has 221 museums, 2000 libraries, more than 80 theaters, 100 concert organizations, 45 galleries and exhibition halls, 62 cinemas and around 80 other cultural establishments. Every year the city hosts around 100 festivals and various competitions of art and culture, including more than 50 international ones.
Despite the economic instability of the 1990s, not a single major theatre or museum was closed in Saint Petersburg; on the contrary many new ones opened, for example a private museum of puppets (opened in 1999) is the third museum of its kind in Russia, where collections of more than 2000 dolls are presented including ' The multinational Saint Petersburg ' and ' Pushkin 's Petersburg '. The museum world of Saint Petersburg is incredibly diverse. The city is not only home to the world - famous Hermitage Museum and the Russian Museum with its rich collection of Russian art, but also the palaces of Saint Petersburg and its suburbs, so - called small town museums and others like the museum of famous Russian writer Dostoyevsky; Museum of Musical Instruments, the museum of decorative arts and the museum of professional orientation.
The musical life of Saint Petersburg is rich and diverse, with the city now playing host to a number of annual carnivals.
Ballet performances occupy a special place in the cultural life of Saint Petersburg. The Petersburg School of Ballet is named as one of the best in the world. Traditions of the Russian classical school have been passed down from generation to generation among outstanding educators. The art of famous and prominent Saint Petersburg dancers like Rudolf Nureyev, Natalia Makarova, Mikhail Baryshnikov was, and is, admired throughout the world. Contemporary Petersburg ballet is made up not only of traditional Russian classical school, but also ballets by those like Boris Eifman, who expanded the scope of strict classical Russian ballet to almost unimaginable limits. Remaining faithful to the classical basis (he was a choreographer at the Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet), he combined classical ballet with the avant - garde style, and then, in turn, with acrobatics, rhythmic gymnastics, dramatic expressiveness, cinema, color, light, and finally with spoken word.
All major Russian newspapers are active in Saint Petersburg. The city has a developed telecommunications system. In 2014 Rostelecom, the national operator announced it began a major modernization of the fixed - line network in the city.
Saint Petersburg is home to more than two hundred museums, many of them hosted in historic buildings. The largest of the museums is the Hermitage Museum, featuring interiors of the former imperial residence and a vast collection of art. The Russian Museum is a large museum devoted specifically to Russian fine art. The apartments of some famous Petersburgers, including Alexander Pushkin, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Nikolai Rimsky - Korsakov, Feodor Chaliapin, Alexander Blok, Vladimir Nabokov, Anna Akhmatova, Mikhail Zoshchenko, Joseph Brodsky, as well as some palace and park ensembles of the southern suburbs and notable architectural monuments such as St. Isaac 's Cathedral, have also been turned into public museums.
The Kunstkamera, with its collection established in 1714 by Peter the Great to collect curiosities from all over the world, is sometimes considered the first museum in Russia, which has evolved into the present - day Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography. The Russian Ethnography Museum, which has been split from the Russian Museum, is devoted to the cultures of the people of Russia, the former Soviet Union and Russian Empire.
A number of museums provide insight into the Soviet history of Saint Petersburg, including the Museum of the Blockade, which describes the Siege of Leningrad and the Museum of Political History, which explains many authoritarian features of the U.S.S.R..
Other notable museums include the Central Naval Museum, and Zoological Museum, Central Soil Museum, the Russian Railway Museum, Suvorov Museum, Museum of the Siege of Leningrad, Erarta Museum of Contemporary Art, the largest non-governmental Museum of contemporary art in Russia, Saint Petersburg Museum of History in the Peter and Paul Fortress and Artillery Museum, which includes not only artillery items, but also a huge collection of other military equipment, uniforms and decorations.
Russian Museum
The Kunstkamera
Military Historical Museum
Museum ship cruiser Aurora
Among the city 's more than fifty theatres is the world - famous Mariinsky Theatre (also known as the Kirov Theatre in the USSR), home to the Mariinsky Ballet company and opera. Leading ballet dancers, such as Vaslav Nijinsky, Anna Pavlova, Rudolph Nureyev, Mikhail Baryshnikov, Galina Ulanova and Natalia Makarova, were principal stars of the Mariinsky ballet.
The first music school, the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, was founded in 1862 by the Russian pianist and composer Anton Rubinstein. The school alumni have included such notable composers as Pyotr Tchaikovsky, Sergei Prokofiev, Artur Kapp, Rudolf Tobias and Dmitri Shostakovich, who taught at the conservatory during the 1960s, bringing it additional fame. The renowned Russian composer Nikolai Rimsky - Korsakov also taught at the conservatory from 1871 to 1905. Among his students were Igor Stravinsky, Alexander Glazounov, Anatoly Liadov and others. The former St. Petersburg apartment of Rimsky - Korsakov has been faithfully preserved as the composer 's only museum.
Dmitri Shostakovich, who was born and raised in Saint Petersburg, dedicated his Seventh Symphony to the city, calling it the "Leningrad Symphony ''. He wrote the symphony while based in the city during the siege of Leningrad. It was premiered in Samara in March 1942; a few month later, it received its first performance in the besieged Leningrad at the Bolshoy Philharmonic Hall under the baton of conductor Karl Eliasberg. It was heard over the radio and was said to have lifted the spirits of the surviving population. In 1992, the 7th Symphony was performed by the 14 surviving orchestral players of the Leningrad premiere in the same hall as half a century before. The Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra remained one of the best known symphony orchestras in the world under the leadership of conductors Yevgeny Mravinsky and Yuri Temirkanov. Mravinsky 's term as artistic director of the Leningrad Philharmonic -- a term that is possibly the longest of any conductor with any orchestra in modern times -- led the orchestra from being a little - known provincial ensemble to it becoming one of the world 's most highly regarded orchestras today, especially for the performance of Russian music.
The Imperial Choral Capella was founded and modeled after the royal courts of other European capitals.
Saint Petersburg has been home to the newest movements in popular music in the country. The first jazz band in the Soviet Union was founded here by Leonid Utyosov in the 1920s, under the patronage of Isaak Dunayevsky. The first jazz club in the Soviet Union was founded here in the 1950s and was later named jazz club Kvadrat. In 1956 the popular ensemble Druzhba was founded by Aleksandr Bronevitsky and Edita Piekha to become the first popular band in the USSR during the 1950s. In the 1960s student rock - groups Argonavty, Kochevniki and others pioneered a series of unofficial and underground rock concerts and festivals. In 1972 Boris Grebenshchikov founded the band Aquarium, which later grew to huge popularity. Since then "Peter 's rock '' music style was formed.
In the 1970s many bands came out from the "underground '' scene and eventually founded the Leningrad Rock Club, which provided a stage to bands such as DDT, Kino, headed by Viktor Tsoi, Alisa, Zemlyane, Zoopark, Piknik, Secret, and many other popular bands. The first Russian - style happening show Pop Mekhanika, mixing over 300 people and animals on stage, was directed by the multi-talented Sergey Kuryokhin in the 1980s. The annual International Music Festival SKIF (Sergey Kuriokhin International Festival) is named after him. In 2004 the Kuryokhin Center was founded, were the SKIF as well as the Electro - Mechanica and Ethnomechanica festivals take place. SKIF focuses on experimental pop music and avant garde music, Electro - Mechanica on electronic music, and Ethnomechanica on world music.
Today 's Saint Petersburg boasts many notable musicians of various genres, from popular Leningrad 's Sergei Shnurov, Tequilajazzz, Splean, and Korol i Shut, to rock veterans Yuri Shevchuk, Vyacheslav Butusov, and Mikhail Boyarsky. In the early 2000s the city saw a wave of popularity of metalcore, rapcore, and emocore, and there are bands such as Amatory, Kirpichi, Psychea, Stigmata, Grenouer and Animal Jazz.
The White Nights Festival in Saint Petersburg is famous for spectacular fireworks and a massive show celebrating the end of the school year.
The rave band Little Big also hails from Saint Petersburg.
Over 250 international and Russian movies were filmed in Saint Petersburg. Well over a thousand feature films about tsars, revolution, people and stories set in Saint Petersburg have been produced worldwide but not filmed in the city. The first film studios were founded in Saint Petersburg in the 20th century and since the 1920s Lenfilm has been the largest film studio based in Saint Petersburg. The first foreign feature movie filmed entirely in Saint Petersburg was the 1997 production of Tolstoy 's Anna Karenina, starring Sophie Marceau and Sean Bean and made by an international team of British, American, French and Russian filmmakers.
The cult comedy Irony of Fate (also Ирония судьбы, или С лёгким паром!) is set in Saint Petersburg and pokes fun at Soviet city planning. The 1985 film White Nights received considerable Western attention for having captured genuine Leningrad street scenes at a time when filming in the Soviet Union by Western production companies was generally unheard of. Other movies include GoldenEye (1995), Midnight in Saint Petersburg (1996), Brother (1997) and Tamil romantic thriller film - Dhaam Dhoom (2008). Onegin (1999) is based on the Pushkin poem and showcases many tourist attractions. In addition, the Russian romantic comedy, Piter FM, intricately showcases the cityscape, almost as if it were a main character in the film.
Several international film festivals are held annually, such as the Festival of Festivals, Saint Petersburg, as well as the Message to Man International Documentary Film Festival, since its inauguration in 1988 during the White Nights.
Saint Petersburg has a longstanding and world famous tradition in literature. Dostoyevsky called it "The most abstract and intentional city in the world '', emphasizing its artificiality, but it was also a symbol of modern disorder in a changing Russia. It frequently appeared to Russian writers as a menacing and inhuman mechanism. The grotesque and often nightmarish image of the city is featured in Pushkin 's last poems, the Petersburg stories of Gogol, the novels of Dostoyevsky, the verse of Alexander Blok and Osip Mandelshtam, and in the symbolist novel Petersburg by Andrey Bely. According to Lotman in his chapter, ' The Symbolism of Saint Petersburg ' in Universe and the Mind, these writers were inspired by symbolism from within the city itself. The effect of life in Saint Petersburg on the plight of the poor clerk in a society obsessed with hierarchy and status also became an important theme for authors such as Pushkin, Gogol and Dostoyevsky. Another important feature of early Saint Petersburg literature is its mythical element, which incorporates urban legends and popular ghost stories, as the stories of Pushkin and Gogol included ghosts returning to Saint Petersburg to haunt other characters as well as other fantastical elements, creating a surreal and abstract image of Saint Petersburg.
20th - century writers from Saint Petersburg, such as Vladimir Nabokov, Ayn Rand, Andrey Bely and Yevgeny Zamyatin, along with his apprentices, The Serapion Brothers created entire new styles in literature and contributed new insights to the understanding of society through their experience in this city. Anna Akhmatova became an important leader for Russian poetry. Her poem Requiem adumbrates the perils encountered during the Stalinist era. Another notable 20th - century writer from Saint Petersburg is Joseph Brodsky, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1987). While living in the United States, his writings in English reflected on life in Saint Petersburg from the unique perspective of being both an insider and an outsider to the city in essays such as, "A Guide to a Renamed City '' and the nostalgic "In a Room and a Half ''.
As of 2006 / 2007 there were 1024 kindergartens, 716 public schools and 80 vocational schools in Saint Petersburg. The largest of the public higher education institutions is Saint Petersburg State University, enrolling approximately 32,000 undergraduate students; and the largest non-governmental higher education institutions is the Institute of International Economic Relations, Economics, and Law. Other famous universities are Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, Herzen University, Saint Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance and Saint Petersburg Military engineering - technical university. However, the public universities are all federal property and do not belong to the city.
Leningrad hosted part of the association football tournament during the 1980 Summer Olympics. The 1994 Goodwill Games were also held here.
In boating, the first competition here was the 1703 rowing event initiated by Peter the Great, after the victory over the Swedish fleet. Yachting events were held by the Russian Navy since the foundation of the city. Yacht clubs: St. Petersburg River Yacht Club, Neva Yacht Club, the latter is the oldest yacht club in the world. In the winter, when the sea and lake surfaces are frozen and yachts and dinghies can not be used, local people sail ice boats.
Equestrianism has been a long tradition, popular among the Tsars and aristocracy, as well as part of military training. Several historic sports arenas were built for equestrianism since the 18th century, to maintain training all year round, such as the Zimny Stadion and Konnogvardeisky Manezh, among others.
Chess tradition was highlighted by the 1914 international tournament, partially funded by the Tsar, in which the title "Grandmaster '' was first formally conferred by Russian Tsar Nicholas II to five players: Lasker, Capablanca, Alekhine, Tarrasch and Marshall.
Kirov Stadium with a capacity of 70 thousand seats (now a modern New Zenit Stadium since 2017) which will host 2018 FIFA World Cup matches was one of the largest stadiums in the world and home to FC Zenit Saint Petersburg from 1950 to 1993 and again in 1995. In 1951 a crowd of 110,000 set the single - game attendance record for Soviet football. In 1984, 2007, 2010 and 2011 / 2012 Zenit were the champions of the Soviet and Russian leagues, respectively, and won the Russian Cup in 1999 and 2010, the UEFA Cup 2007 -- 08 season and the 2008 UEFA Super Cup. The team leader was local player Andrei Arshavin.
There is also a second professional football club in Saint Petersburg, FC Dynamo Saint Petersburg, which is owned by the historic Dynamo sports society.
Hockey teams in the city include SKA Saint Petersburg in the KHL, HC VMF St. Petersburg in the VHL, and junior clubs SKA - 1946 and Silver Lions in the Russian Major League. SKA Saint Petersburg is one of the most popular in the KHL, consistently being at or near the top of the league in attendance. Along with their popularity, they are one of the best teams in the KHL right now, as they have won the Gagarin Cup twice. Well - known players on the team include Pavel Datsyuk, Ilya Kovalchuk, Nikita Gusev, Sergei Shirokov and Viktor Tikhonov. During the NHL lockout, stars Ilya Kovalchuk, Sergei Bobrovsky and Vladimir Tarasenko also played for the team. They play their home games at Ice Palace Saint Petersburg.
The city 's long - time basketball team is BC Kondrashin Belov, which launched the career of Andrei Kirilenko. Kondrashin Belov won two championships in the USSR Premier League (1975 and 1992), two USSR Cups (1978 and 1987), and a Russian Cup title (2011). They also won the Saporta Cup twice (1973 and 1975). Legends of the club include Alexander Belov and Vladimir Kondrashin. The city also has a new basketball team, BC Zenit Saint Petersburg.
In 2018, Saint Petersburg will host several matches of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. It will host group stage games, a round of 16 game, a semi-final and a third place match. All games will be played at a stadium on Krestovsky Island. The Konyushennaya Square will serve as a venue for the FIFA Fan Fest.
Saint Petersburg is a major transport hub. The first Russian railway was built here in 1837, and since then the city 's transport infrastructure has continued to develop and keep pace with the growth of the city. Petersburg has an extensive system of local roads and railway services, maintains a large public transport system that includes the Saint Petersburg tram and the Saint Petersburg Metro, and is home to a number of riverine services that convey passengers around the city efficiently and in relative comfort.
The city is connected to the rest of Russia and the wider world by a number of federal highways and national and international rail routes. Pulkovo Airport serves the majority of air passengers departing from or arriving to the city.
Saint Petersburg has an extensive city - funded network of public transport (buses, trams, trolleybuses) and several hundred routes served by marshrutkas. Trams in Saint Petersburg used to be the main mean of transport; in the 1980s this was the largest tram network in the world, but many tracks were dismantled in the 2000s.
Buses carry up to three million passengers daily, serving over 250 urban and a number of suburban bus routes. Saint Petersburg Metro underground rapid transit system was opened in 1955; it now has 5 lines with 69 stations, connecting all five railway terminals, and carrying 2.3 million passengers daily. Metro stations are often elaborately decorated with materials such as marble and bronze.
As of 2018, the Saint Petersburg Metro will include new stations: Prospekt Slavy, Dunayskaya, Shushary, Begovaya, and Novokrestovskaya, the latter built specifically to offer convenient access to the stadium during the 2018 FIFA World Cup games and games played by FC Zenit. (4)
Traffic jams are common in the city due to daily commuter traffic volumes, intercity traffic and excessive winter snow. The construction of freeways such as the Saint Petersburg Ring Road, completed in 2011, and the Western High - Speed Diameter, completed in 2017, helped partially reduce the traffic in the city. The controversial M11, also known as the Moscow - Saint Petersburg Motorway, would connect Saint Petersburg and Moscow by a freeway and is expected to be completed before the Russia FIFA World Cup 2018. Construction has started in 2010 and the first sections of the freeway was finished in 2014 and 2015.
Saint Petersburg is an important transport corridor linking Scandinavia to Russia and Eastern Europe. The city is a node of the international European routes E18 towards Helsinki, E20 towards Tallinn, E95 towards Pskov, Kiev and Odessa and E105 towards Petrozavodsk, Murmansk and Kirkenes (north) and towards Moscow and Kharkiv (south).
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Saint Petersburg, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 69 min. 19.6 % of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 11 min, while 16.1 % of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7 km, while 15. % travel for over 12 km in a single direction.
The city is also served by passenger and cargo seaports in the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea, the river port higher up the Neva and tens of smaller passenger stations on both banks of the Neva river. It is a terminus of both the Volga - Baltic and White Sea - Baltic waterways.
The first high bridge that does not need to be drawn, a 2,824 - meter (9,265 ft) long Big Obukhovsky Bridge, opened in 2004. Meteor hydrofoils link the city centre to the coastal towns of Kronstadt, Lomonosov, Petergof, Sestroretsk and Zelenogorsk from May through October. In the warmer months many smaller boats and water - taxis maneuver the canals throughout the city.
The shipping company St Peter Line operates two ferries that sail from Helsinki to St Petersburg and from Stockholm to St Petersburg.
The city is the final destination for a web of intercity and suburban railways, served by five different railway terminals (Baltiysky, Finlyandsky, Ladozhsky, Moskovsky and Vitebsky), as well as dozens of non-terminal railway stations within the federal subject. Saint Petersburg has international railway connections to Helsinki, Finland, Berlin, Germany and many former republics of the USSR. The Helsinki railway, which was built in 1870 and is 443 kilometers (275 mi) long, has trains running four times a day, in a journey lasting about three and a half hours with the new Allegro train.
The Moscow -- Saint Petersburg Railway opened in 1851, and is 651 kilometers (405 mi) long; the commute to Moscow now requires from three and a half to nine hours.
In 2009 Russian Railways launched a high speed service for the Moscow -- Saint Petersburg route. The new train, known as Sapsan, is a derivative of the popular Siemens Velaro train; various versions of this already operate in some European countries. It set records for the fastest train in Russia on May 2, 2009, travelling at 281 km / h (174.6 mph) and on May 7, 2009, traveling at 290 kilometers per hour (180 mph).
Since December 12, 2010 Karelian Trains, a joint venture between Russian Railways and VR (Finnish Railways), has been running Alstom Pendolino operated high - speed services between Saint Petersburg 's Finlyandsky and Helsinki 's Central railway stations. These services are branded as "Allegro '' trains. "Allegro '' is known for suffering some big technical problems from time to time, which sometimes result in significant delays and even cancel of tourists ' trips.
Saint Petersburg is served by Pulkovo International Airport, and also by three smaller commercial and cargo airports in the suburbs. Lappeenranta Airport, which is located near Saint Petersburg but on the Finnish side of the border is also popular among Russian travellers.
Pulkovo airport was opened to passengers as a small aerodrome in 1931. As of 2013, the Pulkovo airport, which handles over 12 million passengers annually, is the 3rd busiest in Russia after Moscow 's Sheremetyevo and Domodedovo. As a result, the steadily increasing passenger traffic has triggered a massive modernization of the entire airport infrastructure. A newly built Terminal 1 of the Pulkovo airport was put into operation on December 4, 2013 and integrated international flights of the former terminal Pulkovo - 2. The renovated terminal Pulkovo - 1 has been opened for domestic flights as an extension of the Terminal 1 in 2015.
There is a regular rapid - bus connection (buses 39, 39E, K39) between Pulkovo airport and the Moskovskaya metro station as well as 24 / 7 taxi service.
Saint Petersburg is home to numerous parks and gardens, some of the most famous of which are situated in the southern suburbs, including one of the largest English gardens in Europe in Pavlovsk. Sosnovka is the largest park within the limits of the city proper, occupying 240 ha. The Summer Garden is the oldest one, dating back to the early 18th century and designed in the regular style. It is situated on the southern bank of the Neva at the head of the Fontanka and is famous for its cast iron railing and marble sculptures.
Among other notable parks are the Maritime Victory Park on Krestovsky Island and the Moscow Victory Park in the south, both commemorating the victory over Nazi Germany in the Second World War, as well as the Central Park of Culture and Leisure occupying Yelagin Island and the Tauride Garden around the Tauride Palace. The most common trees grown in the parks are the English oak, Norway maple, green ash, silver birch, Siberian Larch, blue spruce, crack willow, limes, and poplars. Important dendrological collections dating back to the 19th century are hosted by the Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden and the Park of the Forestry Academy.
In order to commemorate 300 years anniversary of Saint Petersburg a new park was laid out. The park is situated in the north western part of the city. The construction was started in 1995. It is planned to connect the park with the pedestrian bridge to the territory of Lakhta Center 's recreation areas. In the park 300 trees of valuable sorts, 300 decorative apple - trees, 70 limes. 300 other trees and bushes were planted. These trees were presented to Saint Petersburg by non-commercial and educational organizations of the city, its sister - cities, city of Helsinki, heads of other regions of Russia, German Savings Bank and other people and organizations.
Aerial view of the Field of Mars
The Summer Garden
Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden
Catherine Park, Tsarskoye Selo
Mikhail Kutuzov
Alexander Blok
Dmitri Shostakovich
Vladimir Nabokov
Peter II of Russia
Alexander III
Ivan VI of Russia
Alexander Borodin
Anna Pavlova
Vladimir Putin
Dmitry Medvedev
Alexei Kosygin
Nicholas Roerich
Andrey Arshavin
Vladimir Vernadsky
Grigori Perelman
Georg Cantor
George Balanchine
Galina Ulanova
Leonid Kantorovich
Boris Spassky
Joseph Brodsky
Sergei Krikalev
The crime dynamic in Saint Petersburg is tightly associated with the general social situation in the country. A sharp spike in the crime level occurred in the late 1980s / early 1990s as a result of the Perestroika - time turmoils (redistribution of property, privatization, decline of living standards, decrease of the effectiveness of militsiya etc.) By then the city had fallen under the control of a number of organized criminal groups such as Tambov Gang, Malyshev Gang, Kazan Gang and ethnic criminal groups, engaged in racket, extortion, paying off local government and violent clashes with each other.
After the assassinations of City Property Committee chairman and vice-Governor Mikhail Manevich (1997), State Duma deputy Galina Starovoytova (1998), acting City Legislature Speaker Viktor Novosyolov (1999) and a number of prominent businesspeople, Saint Petersburg was dubbed Capital of Crime in the Russian press. There were a number of movies filmed in Saint Petersburg about the life of crime, Bandit Petersburg and Brother, reinforcing its image as the Crime Capital of Russia.
According to official sources the number of crimes committed by foreigners in Saint Petersburg in 2010 increased by 11.1 %. Law enforcement authorities consider this was associated with an increased number of people from some CIS republics who live in Saint Petersburg illegally. On the other hand, some media reported that in recent years there had been a notable increase in racially motivated violence, in particular towards foreign students. One of the notable white supremacist groups, Belaya Energia (White Energy, inspired by US "White Power '' groups) has reportedly been one of the gangs involved in murdering foreign university students.
The official portal of the Government of Saint Petersburg provided data on significant improvements in the crime situation. In particular, it was reported that the number of crimes against tourists had decreased by more than half during 2009 -- 2011.
In 2012, Canada 's Department of Foreign Affairs warned LGBT travellers about a vaguely worded law in Saint Petersburg that came into effect on March 17, 2012, making it a criminal offence to publicize acts of male or female homosexuality, bisexuality, or transgenderism. The intention of the law is to protect minors. A Russian travel advisory on the Foreign Affairs website notes that while homosexuality is legal in Russia (it was decriminalized in 1993), LGBT Canadian travellers should avoid "displaying affection in public, as homosexuals can be targets of violence... Public actions (including dissemination of information, statements, displays or conspicuous behaviour) contradicting or appearing to contradict this law may lead to arrest, prosecution and the imposition of a fine. ''
Milan and Venice were formerly twin cities of Saint Petersburg, but suspended this link due to St Petersburg 's ban on "gay propaganda ''. Milan suspended the relationship with Saint Petersburg on November 23, 2012 and Venice did so on January 28, 2013.
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sameer of yeh un dinon ki baat hai real name | Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai - wikipedia
Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai (English: It 's About Those Days) is a Hindi drama series on SET and produced by Shashi Sumeet Productions, which started airing from 5 September 2017 replacing the serial Pehredaar Piya Ki from the same production house. Newbie Ashi Singh and TV actor Randeep Rai play the lead roles of Naina and Sameer respectively. The show is based on the youngsters ' love story and is set in the 1990s.
The show has been critically acclaimed for its performances and script.
Yeh Un Dino Ki Baat Hai chronicles a 1990 's love story between Naina and Sameer. The show explores the magic of ' first love '. Naina, a quintessential good girl, meets flamboyant Sameer in her school in Ahmedabad. She starts liking him the moment she meets him. But, when she watches Sameer hit another boy she has to tell the truth to the principal of the school. This results in Sameer 's suspension and his dislike towards Naina. The same is followed by a series of misunderstandings between Sameer and Naina. In order to avenge his insults Sameer takes a bet with his friends that he will make Naina fall in love with him. What as a bet ends up in true love for Sameer as Naina cares for him like no one has ever done. Unfortunately, Naina comes to know of the bet and is heartbroken. As Sameer realizes his true love for Naina, he decides to win her back. But when Sameer tries to apologize to her, Naina refuses to even talk to him, let alone forgiving him. Through a chain of events, he ends up staying at Naina 's house for her sister Pooja 's wedding. Meanwhile, Naina 's sister Pooja gets a proposal for marriage and her marriage is fixed. Sameer now has Preeti and Shefali on his side too who help him along with Munna and Pandit in asking Naina to forgive him. Ironically, Arjun, Naina 's brother and Shefali also start likening each other during this time. In Pooja 's marriage, Naina and Sameer unite as Naina realizes that now Sameer truly loves her. At this time the school organises a farewell party for the seniors. For the farewell party, Sameer gifts his maternal grandmother 's sari to Naina on his Grandfather 's behalf said. At the farewell party, Naina wears the sari. While on his way to the farewell party Sameer remembers that he has forgotten his camera. So he returns home. Shockingly, he sees Nanaji lying on the ground motionless. He is stunned and he takes him to the hospital. Back at the farewell, Naina gets worried about Sameer and as her family planned to got to their village for 2 days, she was leaving. Coincidences occur and they end up without seeing each other. As Sameer admits his Nanaji in the hospital he comes to know that he was suffering from severe heart attack. His friends and his family come to the hospital. Nanaji gives some huge responsibilities to Sameer 's mom which he carried out for these many years. And Nanaji whispers his last words to Sameer about Naina and Sameer together. He passes away. All are shocked and the last rites are done for Nanaji. After Nanaji 's death Mr. and Mrs. Somani decided that they will take Sameer to Delhi with them. Meanwhile, while in their village, Village Sarpanch 's Wife proposes Marriage between Preeti and her son called as Kachru, who has fallen in love in Preeti. Since Preeti is intent on not wanting to get married to Kachru, Bela politely avoids agreeing, on the excuse that Preeti 's father was not there. Meanwhile on Delhi, Sameer is lonely without his Nanaji, Naina, and best friends Munna and Pandit. His paternal grandmother keeps taunting him because he is her "step - grandson ''. She also puts a lock on the phone when she hears Sameer talking to his friends, feeds him leftover food, gives his pizza to the dog and gets the servant Keshav to mop the floor with the Sameer 's sweater that Naina had made for him. Vishakha tries to protest but is silenced by her. But Sameer gets back at her by exposing that she wears a wig because she is a little bald. But all this while, Sameer builds a bond with his little sister Deepika and makes friends with his next door neighbor Amrita who lends him her phone so that he can talk to Naina. Sameer also writes a letter to Naina. In the letter Sameer has mentioned that he is coming to meet Naina in Ahmedabad. Naina decides to give Sameer her picture as a gift and Sameer decides to give Naina imported chocolates. Amrita also gives Sameer a pair of earnings for Naina. Meanwhile, Taiji suspects that Naina has an affair with Munna or Pandit and repeatedly taunts her. Naina also comes to know that she has failed in her exams. Sameer also sneaks from his house in Delhi and goes to Ahmadabad. Their meeting takes an unexpected turn with Sameer leaving Naina heartbroken because she gave him her picture as their anniversary gift. This causes him to reminisce the past and he leaves Ahmedabad in anger to return back to Delhi. Naina asks when will letter reach Sameer? Munna gets tensed and says he forgot where did he keep the letter. Naina and Pandit are shocked. Naina worries that if someone reads the letter. She asks him to think where did he go after taking letter. Munna says library. Naina says my Papa is in library. Dadi asks Mr. Sumani what is the time? Mr. Sumani says the time and asks why is she asking. Dadi says her teacher told that she is getting late. Mr. Sumani tells that he has to go to office also. Sameer says I will drop her to school. Dadi says you do n't know the lanes. Sameer says Deepika is my sister and I can drop her to school. Deepika gets happy. Sameer says I will drop her in auto.
The opening theme of the show Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai is composed by Anu Malik. The lyrics are written by Sanjay Chhel and it comprises the voices of legendary singers Kumar Sanu and Sadhana Sargam.
The show has received mostly positive reviews and is considered to be doing well. It was particularly hailed for a fresh outlook and for bringing out the nostalgia and the flavours of the 90s well. The show topped the Sony TV shows by gaining a TRP of 1.1 its first week.
Bollywood Life hailed it as one of the best TV shows launched in 2017 and praised the performances of newcomers Ashi Singh and Randeep Rai.
UK 's weekly Asian newspaper Eastern Eye praised the creative team of the show for leaving no stone unturned to recreate the city of Ahmedabad from an earlier era and called it a tribute to the city.
This show has also earned compliments from various television as well as film actors.
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when did foster care start in the uk | Foster care in the United Kingdom - wikipedia
Foster care in the modern sense was first introduced in the United Kingdom in 1853 when Reverend John Armistead removed children from a workhouse in Cheshire, and placed them with foster families. The local council (called unions at the time) was legally responsible for the children, and paid the foster parents a sum equal to the cost of maintaining the child in the workhouse.
According to the Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service -- the agency for England and Wales set up to safeguard and promote the welfare of children involved in family court proceedings -- the total number of new care applications between April 2011 and March 2012 was up by 10.8 per cent, rising from 9,202 over the same period the previous year, exceeding the 2008 - 09 tally of 6,488 by 57.2 per cent.
Proceedings to place children in foster care have increased since 2007 in Britain. The death of 17 - month - old Peter Connelly, known as "Baby P '', a 17 - month - old British boy who died in London after suffering more than 50 injuries over an eight - month period during which he was seen many times by Haringey Children 's services and National Health Service health professionals, led to widespread public reaction. Care applications surpassed the 10,000 yearly mark in England for the first time in 2012. For the year to 31 March 2015, the number had risen to 12,791, an increase of 15 % on the previous year.
A convicted child molester was allowed to become a foster parent despite having served three years in prison for sexually abusing a Boy Scout. The convicted child molester -- David Mason -- was allowed to have a foster child placed with him because the Kent County Council did not have his identity checked. Mason is currently incarcerated for numerous charges including rape.
In Nottinghamshire County in the UK an ex-foster father was convicted in 2010 of raping and sexually abusing vulnerable boys for more than a decade.
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who played the headless horseman in sleepy hollow movie | Sleepy Hollow (film) - wikipedia
Sleepy Hollow is a 1999 American Gothic supernatural horror film directed by Tim Burton. It is a film adaptation loosely inspired by the 1820 short story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow '' by Washington Irving and stars Johnny Depp and Christina Ricci, with Miranda Richardson, Michael Gambon, Casper Van Dien, and Jeffrey Jones in supporting roles. The plot follows police constable Ichabod Crane (Depp) sent from New York City to investigate a series of murders in the village of Sleepy Hollow by a mysterious Headless Horseman.
Development began in 1993 at Paramount Pictures with Kevin Yagher originally set to direct Andrew Kevin Walker 's script as a low - budget slasher film. Disagreements with Paramount resulted in Yagher being demoted to prosthetic makeup designer, and Burton was hired to direct in June 1998. Filming took place from November 1998 to May 1999, and the film was released to generally favorable reviews from critics, and grossed approximately $206 million worldwide. Sleepy Hollow won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction.
In 1799, New York City police constable Ichabod Crane (Johnny Depp) is deployed to the Westchester County hamlet of Sleepy Hollow, New York, which has been plagued by a series of brutal slayings in which the victims are found decapitated: Peter Van Garrett (Martin Landau), a wealthy farmer; his son Dirk; and the widow Emily Winship. Crane learns that locals believe the killer is the undead apparition of a headless Hessian mercenary from the American Revolutionary War who rides a black steed in search of his missing head.
Crane begins his investigation, remaining skeptical about the paranormal elements until he actually encounters the Headless Horseman, who kills the town magistrate, Samuel Phillipse (Richard Griffiths). Boarding at the home of the town 's richest family, the Van Tassels, Crane is taken with their daughter, Katrina (Christina Ricci). Crane and Young Masbath, the son of one of the Horseman 's victims, go to the cave dwelling of a reclusive witch. She reveals the location of the Tree of the Dead, which marks the Horseman 's grave, as well as his portal into the natural, living world.
Crane discovers that the ground is freshly disturbed and the Horseman 's skull is missing. That night, the family of the village midwife is killed by the Horseman and Katrina 's suitor, Brom van Brunt (Casper Van Dien) is also killed trying to stop the Horseman. The Horseman does n't attempt to interact with or harm van Brunt until he has no choice; from this, Crane hypothesizes that the Horseman is attacking select targets, and that whoever dug up and stole the skull is the person controlling the Horseman.
Crane starts to believe that a conspiracy links all the deaths together, so he looks into Van Garrett 's last will. Van Garrett had made a new will just before he died, leaving all his possessions to his secret new bride, Emily Winship, whom Crane discovers was pregnant with Van Garrett 's child. Crane deduces that all who knew about the new will, the marriage and the pregnancy were the victims of the Horseman and that Katrina 's father Baltus Van Tassel (Michael Gambon), who would have inherited the fortune, is the person holding the skull. Katrina, finding out that Crane suspects her father, burns all the evidence that Crane has accumulated.
A council is held in the church. The Horseman seemingly kills Katrina 's stepmother, Lady Van Tassel, and heads off to the church to get Baltus. Crane realizes the Horseman ca n't enter the church due to it being holy ground. A fight breaks out between the village elders in the church resulting in the deaths of Reverend Steenwyck and Doctor Lancaster, only ending when the Horseman harpoons Baltus through a window, dragging him out and acquiring his head. The next day, Crane believes Katrina to be the one who controls the Headless Horsemen.
Crane later becomes suspicious when he realizes the diagram made by Katrina he thought summoned the Horseman is really one of protection, and also that the corpse of Lady Van Tassel has a wound that seems to have been caused post-mortem. The corpse is revealed as that of a servant when Lady Van Tassel (Miranda Richardson) emerges alive to ambush Katrina. Lady Van Tassel tells Katrina that her family was driven from their ancestral home by the Van Garretts, who then sold it to the Van Tassels. She proceeded to pledge her soul to Satan and become a witch, summoning the Horseman to kill Van Garrett, his son, new wife, unborn child, and every villager who knew about his new will, marriage, and child, in order to be able to claim everything that she deemed to be rightfully hers uncontested. She then sends the Horseman after Katrina to remove the last obstacle to inheriting the combined Van Garrett and Van Tassel estates.
Following a fight and a stagecoach chase, Crane eventually thwarts Lady Van Tassel by throwing the skull to the Horseman, who reattaches his head to his body and breaks Lady Van Tassel 's curse. The Horseman, no longer under her control, hoists Van Tassel up on his horse and gives her a bloody kiss against her will. He then rides to Hell, taking her with a smile, fulfilling her end of the deal with the Devil. Crane returns home to New York City with Katrina and Young Masbath, just in time for the new century.
In 1993, Kevin Yagher, a make - up effects designer who had turned to directing with Tales from the Crypt, had the notion to adapt Washington Irving 's short story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow '' into a feature film. Through his agent, Yagher was introduced to Andrew Kevin Walker; they spent a few months working on a film treatment that transformed Ichabod Crane as a schoolmaster from Connecticut to a banished New York City detective. Yagher and Walker subsequently pitched Sleepy Hollow to various studios and production companies, eventually securing a deal with producer Scott Rudin, who had been impressed with Walker 's unproduced spec script for Seven. Rudin optioned the project to Paramount Pictures in a deal that had Yagher set to direct, with Walker scripting; the pair would share story credit. Following the completion of Hellraiser: Bloodline, Yahger had planned Sleepy Hollow as a low - budget production -- "a pretentious slasher film with a spectacular murder every five minutes or so. '' Paramount disagreed on the concept and demoted Yagher 's involvement to prosthetic makeup designer. "They never really saw it as a commercial movie, '' producer Adam Schroeder noted. "The studio thinks ' old literary classic ' and they think The Crucible. We started developing it before horror movies came back. ''
Paramount CEO Sherry Lansing revived studio interest in 1998. Schroeder, who shepherded Tim Burton 's Edward Scissorhands as a studio executive at 20th Century Fox in 1990, suggested that Burton direct the film. Francis Ford Coppola 's minimal production duties came from American Zoetrope; Burton only became aware of Coppola 's involvement during the editing process when he was sent a copy of Sleepy Hollow 's trailer and saw Coppola 's name on it. Burton, coming off the troubled production of Superman Lives, was hired to direct in June 1998. "I had never really done something that was more of a horror film, '' he explained, "and it 's funny, because those are the kind of movies that I like probably more than any other genre. '' His interest in directing a horror film influenced by his love for Hammer Film Productions and Black Sunday -- particularly the supernatural feel they evoked as a result of being filmed primarily on sound stages. As a result, Sleepy Hollow is a homage to various Hammer Film Productions, including Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde, and other films such as Frankenstein, Bride of Frankenstein, various Roger Corman horror films, Jason and the Argonauts, and Scream Blacula Scream. The image of the Headless Horseman had fascinated Burton during his apprenticeship as a Disney animator at CalArts in the early 1980s. "One of my teachers had worked on the Disney version as one of the layout artists on the chase, and he brought in some layouts from it, so that was exciting. It was one of the things that maybe shaped what I like to do. '' Burton worked with Walker on rewrites, but Rudin suggested that Tom Stoppard rewrite the script to add to the comical aspects of Ichabod 's bumbling mannerisms, and emphasize the character 's romance with Katrina. His work went uncredited through the WGA screenwriting credit system.
While Johnny Depp was Burton 's first choice for the role of Ichabod Crane, Paramount required him to consider Brad Pitt, Liam Neeson and Daniel Day - Lewis. Depp was cast in July 1998 for his third collaboration with Burton. The actor wanted Ichabod to parallel Irving 's description of the character in the short story. This included a long prosthetic snipe nose, huge ears, and elongated fingers. Paramount turned down his suggestions, and after Depp read Tom Stoppard 's rewrite of the script, he was inspired to take the character even further. "I always thought of Ichabod as a very delicate, fragile person who was maybe a little too in touch with his feminine side, like a frightened little girl, '' Depp explained. He did not wish to portray the character as a typical action star would have, and instead took inspiration by Angela Lansbury 's performance in Death on the Nile. "It 's good, '' Burton reasoned, "because I 'm not the greatest action director in the world, and he 's not the greatest action star. '' Depp modeled Ichabod 's detective personality from Basil Rathbone in the 1939 Sherlock Holmes film series. He also studied Roddy McDowall 's acting for additional influence. Burton added that "the idea was to try to find an elegance in action of the kind that Christopher Lee or Peter Cushing or Vincent Price had. '' Christina Ricci, who worked with producer Scott Rudin on The Addams Family, was cast as Katrina Van Tassel. Sleepy Hollow also reunited Burton with Jeffrey Jones (from Beetlejuice and Ed Wood) as Reverent Steenwyck, Christopher Walken (Max Schreck in Batman Returns) as the Hessian Horseman, Martin Landau (Ed Wood) in a cameo role, and Hammer veteran Michael Gough (Alfred in Burton 's Batman films), whom Burton tempted out of retirement. The Hammer influence was further confirmed by the casting of Christopher Lee in a small role as the Burgomaster who sends Crane to Sleepy Hollow.
The original intention had been to shoot Sleepy Hollow predominantly on location with a $30 million budget. Towns were scouted throughout Upstate New York along the Hudson Valley, and the filmmakers decided on Tarrytown for an October 1998 start date. The Historic Hudson Valley organization assisted in scouting locations, which included the Philipsburg Manor House and forests in the Rockefeller State Park Preserve. "They had a wonderful quality to them, '' production designer Rick Heinrichs reflected on the locations, "but it was n't quite lending itself to the sort of expressionism that we were going for, which wanted to express the feeling of foreboding. '' Disappointed, the filmmakers scouted locations in Sturbridge, Massachusetts, and considered using Dutch colonial villages and period town recreations in the Northeastern United States. When no suitable existing location could be found, coupled with a lack of readily available studio space in the New York area needed to house the production 's large number of sets, producer Scott Rudin suggested the UK.
Rudin believed England offered the level of craftsmanship in period detail, painting and costuming that was suitable for the film 's design. Having directed Batman entirely in Britain, Burton agreed, and designers from Batman 's art department were employed by Paramount for Sleepy Hollow. As a result, principal photography was pushed back to November 20, 1998 at Leavesden Film Studios, which had been recently vacated by Star Wars: Episode I -- The Phantom Menace. The majority of filming took place at Leavesden, with studio other work at Shepperton Studios, where the massive Tree of the Dead set was built using Stage H. Production then moved to the Hambleden estate at Lime Tree Valley for a month - long shoot in March, where the town of Sleepy Hollow was constructed. "We came to England figuring we would find a perfect little town, '' producer Adam Schroeder recalled, "and then we had to build it anyway. '' Filming in Britain continued through April, and a few last minute scenes were shot using a sound stage in Yonkers, New York the following May.
Responsible for the film 's production design was Rick Heinrichs, who Burton intended to use on Superman Lives. While the production crew was always going to build a substantial number of sets, the decision was taken early on that to fulfill Burton 's vision best would necessitate shooting Sleepy Hollow in a totally controlled environment at Leavesden Film Studios. The production design was influenced by Burton 's love for Hammer Film Productions and Black Sunday -- particularly the supernatural feel they evoked as a result of being filmed primarily on sound stages. Heinrichs was also influenced by American colonial architecture, German Expressionism, Dr. Seuss illustrations, and Hammer 's Dracula Has Risen from the Grave. One sound stage at Leavesden was dedicated to the "Forest to Field '' set, for the scene in which the Headless Horseman races out of the woods and into a field. This stage was then transformed into, variously, a graveyard, a corn field, a field of harvested wheat, a churchyard, and a snowy battlefield. In addition, a small backlot area was devoted to a New York City street and waterfront tank.
Burton was impressed by the cinematography in Great Expectations, and hired Emmanuel Lubezki as Sleepy Hollow 's director of photography. Initially, Lubezki and Burton contemplated shooting the film in black and white and in old square Academy ratio. When that proved unfeasible, they opted for an almost monochromatic effect which would enhance the fantasy aspect. Burton and Lubezki intentionally planned the over-dependency of smoke and soft lighting to accompany the film 's sole wide - angle lens strategy. Lubezki also used Hammer horror and Mexican lucha films from the 1960s, such as Santo Contra los Zombis and Santo vs. las Mujeres Vampiro. Lighting effects increased the dynamic energy of the Headless Horseman, while the contrast of the film stock was increased in post-production to add to the monochromatic feel.
Leavesden Studios, a converted airplane factory, presented problems because of its relatively low ceilings. This was less of an issue for The Phantom Menace, in which set height was generally achieved by digital means. "Our visual choices get channeled and violent, '' Heinrichs elaborated, "so you end up with liabilities that you tend to exploit as virtues. When you 've got a certain ceiling height, and you 're dealing with painted backings, you need to push atmosphere and diffusion. '' This was particularly the case in several exteriors that were built on sound stages. "We would mitigate the disadvantages by hiding lights with teasers and smoke. ''
The majority of Sleepy Hollow 's 150 visual effects shots were handled by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), while Kevin Yagher supervised the human and creature effects. Framestore also assisted on digital effects, and The Mill handled motion control photography. In part a reaction to the computer - generated effects in Mars Attacks!, Burton opted to use as limited an amount of digital effects as possible. Ray Park, who served as the Headless Horseman stunt double, wore a blue ski mask for the chroma key effect, digitally removed by ILM. Burton and Heinrichs applied to Sleepy Hollow many of the techniques they had used in stop motion animation on Vincent -- such as forced perspective sets.
The windmill was a 60 - foot - tall forced - perspective exterior (visible to highway travellers miles away), a base and rooftop set and a quarter - scale miniature. The interior of the mill, which was about 30 - feet high and 25 - feet wide, featured wooden gears equipped with mechanisms for grinding flour. A wider view of the windmill was rendered on a Leavesden soundstage set with a quarter - scale windmill, complete with rotating vanes, painted sky backdrop and special - effects fire. "It was scary for the actors who were having burning wood explode at them, '' Heinrichs recalled. "There were controls in place and people standing by with hoses, of course, but there 's always a chance of something going wrong. '' For the final shot of the burning mill exploding, the quarter - scale windmill and painted backdrop were erected against the outside wall of the "flight shed '', a spacious hangar on the far side of Leavesden Studios. The hangar 's interior walls were knocked down to create a 450 - foot run, with a 40 - foot width still allowing for coach and cameras. Heinrichs tailored the sets so cinematographer Emmanuel Lubezki could shoot from above without seeing the end of the stage.
Actor Ian McDiarmid, who portrayed Dr. Lancaster, had just finished another Leavesden production with Star Wars: Episode I -- The Phantom Menace. He compared the aesthetics of the two films, stating that physical sets helped the actors get into a natural frame of mind. "Having come from the blue - screen world of Star Wars it was wonderful to see gigantic, beautifully made perspective sets and wonderful clothes, and also people recreating a world. It 's like the way movies used to be done. ''
The film score was written and produced by Danny Elfman. It won the Golden Satellite Award and was also nominated by the Las Vegas Film Critics.
Tracks marked with are only available as a bonus track on disc 8 of the Danny Elfman / Tim Burton 25th Anniversary Music Box.
The track numbers listed here do not therefore correspond to the original 1999 album.
To promote Sleepy Hollow, Paramount Pictures featured the film 's trailer at San Diego Comic - Con International in August 1999. The following October, the studio launched a website, which Variety described as being the "most ambitious online launch of a motion picture to date. '' The site (sleepyhollowmovie.com) offered visitors live video chats with several of the filmmakers hosted by Yahoo! Movies and enabled them to send postcards, view photos, trailers and a six - minute behind - the - scenes featurette edited from a broadcast that aired on Entertainment Tonight. Extensive tours of 10 sets where offered, where visitors were able to roam around photographs, including the sets for the entire town of Sleepy Hollow, forest, church, graveyard and covered bridge. Arthur Cohen, president of worldwide marketing for Paramount, explained that the "Web - friendly '' pre-release reports from websites such as Ai n't It Cool News and Dark Horizons encouraged the studio to create the site. In the weeks pre-dating the release of Sleepy Hollow, a toy line was marketed by McFarlane Toys. Simon & Schuster also published The Art of Sleepy Hollow (ISBN 0671036572), which included the film 's screenplay and an introduction by Tim Burton. A novelization, also published by Simon & Schuster, was written by Peter Lerangis.
Sleepy Hollow was released in the United States on November 19, 1999 in 3,069 theaters, grossing $30,060,467 in its opening weekend at the # 2 spot behind The World Is Not Enough. Sleepy Hollow eventually earned $101,071,502 in domestic gross, and $105 million in foreign sales, coming to a worldwide total of $206,071,502. David Walsh of the National Institute on Media and the Family criticized the film 's financial success from the exaggeration of gore. "The real impact is not so much that violent images create violent behavior, '' Walsh explained, "but that they create an atmosphere of disrespect. '' Burton addressed the concerns as a matter of opinion. "Everyone has a different perception of things. When I was a kid, '' Burton continued, "I was probably more scared by seeing John Wayne or Barbra Streisand on the big screen than by seeing violence. ''
Paramount Home Video first released Sleepy Hollow on DVD in the United States on May 23, 2000. The HD DVD release came in July 2006, while the film was released on Blu - ray Disc two years later, in June 2008.
Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 67 % of critics gave the film a "Certified Fresh '' rating, based on 126 reviews with an average score of 6.2 / 10, with the site 's consensus stating, "Sleepy Hollow entertains with its stunning visuals and creepy atmosphere. '' Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film a weighted average score of 65 (out of 100) based on 35 reviews from mainstream critics, considered to be "generally favorable ''.
Roger Ebert praised Johnny Depp 's performance and Tim Burton 's methods of visual design. "Johnny Depp is an actor able to disappear into characters, '' Ebert continued, "never more readily than in one of Burton 's films. '' Richard Corliss wrote, in his review for TIME Magazine, "Burton 's richest, prettiest, weirdest (film) since Batman Returns. The simple story bends to his twists, freeing him for an exercise in high style. ''
David Sterritt of The Christian Science Monitor highly praised Burton 's filmmaking and the high - spirited acting of cast, but believed Andrew Kevin Walker 's writing was too repetitious and formulaic for the third act. "You go into a Tim Burton film wanting to be transported, but Sleepy Hollow is little more than a lavish, art - directed slasher movie. ''
Owen Gleiberman from Entertainment Weekly wrote Sleepy Hollow is "a choppily plotted crowd - pleaser that lacks the seductive, freakazoid alchemy of Burton 's best work. '' Gleiberman compared the film to The Mummy, and said "it feels like every high - powered action climax of the last 10 years. Personally, I 'd rather see Burton so intoxicated by a movie that he lost his head. ''
Andrew Johnston of Time Out New York wrote: "Like the best of Burton 's films, Sleepy Hollow takes place in a world so richly imagined that, despite its abundant terrors, you ca n't help wanting to step through the screen. ''
Mick LaSalle, writing in the San Francisco Chronicle, criticized Burton 's perceived image as a creative artist. "All Sleepy Hollow has going for it is art direction, and even in that it falls back on cliché. '' Doug Walker linked the film to the Hammer Films style of horror cinematography, considering it an homage to those movies, comparing the usage of dignified British actors, choices in color and movie sets and character relations. Walker gave it the merit of recreating the "very specific genre '' of Hammer Films, citing the skill and "clever casting '' Burton used to manage this.
Jonathan Rosenbaum from the Chicago Reader called Sleepy Hollow "a ravishing visual experience, a pretty good vehicle for some talented American and English actors, '' but concluded that the film was a missed opportunity to depict an actual representation of the short story. "Burton 's fidelity is exclusively to the period feeling he gets from disreputable Hammer horror films and a few images culled from Ichabod and Mr. Toad. When it comes to one of America 's great stories, Burton obviously could n't care less. ''
American Film Institute recognition:
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what does the 7 stripes on the american flag mean | Flag of the United States - wikipedia
The flag of the United States of America, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. It consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton (referred to specifically as the "union '') bearing fifty small, white, five - pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows, where rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternate with rows of five stars. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America, and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain, and became the first states in the U.S. Nicknames for the flag include the Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, and the Star - Spangled Banner.
The current design of the U.S. flag is its 27th; the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48 - star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49 - star version became official on July 4, 1959. The 50 - star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21, 1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the longest - used version of the U.S. flag and has been in use for over 57 years.
The Continental Colors (aka the "Grand Union Flag '')
Flag of the British East India Company, 1707 -- 1801
At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the Continental Congress would not legally adopt flags with "stars, white in a blue field '' for another year. The flag contemporaneously known as "the Continental Colors '' has historically been referred to as the first national flag.
The Continental Navy raised the Colors as the ensign of the fledgling nation in the American War for Independence -- likely with the expedient of transforming their previous British red ensigns by adding white stripes -- and would use this flag until 1777, when it would form the basis for the subsequent de jure designs.
The name "Grand Union '' was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the U.S. flag.
The flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been easily constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign, one of the three maritime flags used throughout the British Empire at the time. However, an East India Company flag could have from nine to 13 stripes, and was not allowed to be flown outside the Indian Ocean. Benjamin Franklin once gave a speech endorsing the adoption of the Company 's flag by the United States as their national flag. He said to George Washington, "While the field of your flag must be new in the details of its design, it need not be entirely new in its elements. There is already in use a flag, I refer to the flag of the East India Company. '' This was a way of symbolising American loyalty to the Crown as well as the United States ' aspirations to be self - governing, as was the East India Company. Some colonists also felt that the Company could be a powerful ally in the American War of Independence, as they shared similar aims and grievances against the British government tax policies. Colonists therefore flew the Company 's flag, to endorse the Company.
However, the theory that the Grand Union Flag was a direct descendant of the flag of the East India Company has been criticised as lacking written evidence. On the other hand, the resemblance is obvious, and a number of the Founding Fathers of the United States were aware of the East India Company 's activities and of their free administration of India under Company rule. In any case, both the stripes (barry) and the stars (mullets) have precedents in classical heraldry. Mullets were comparatively rare in early modern heraldry, but an example of mullets representing territorial divisions predating the U.S. flag are those in the coat of arms of Valais of 1618, where seven mullets stood for seven districts.
On June 14, 1777, the Second Continental Congress passed the Flag Resolution which stated: "Resolved, That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation. '' Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment.
The first official U.S. flag flown during battle was on August 3, 1777, at Fort Schuyler (Fort Stanwix) during the Siege of Fort Stanwix. Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. Soldiers cut up their shirts to make the white stripes; scarlet material to form the red was secured from red flannel petticoats of officers ' wives, while material for the blue union was secured from Capt. Abraham Swartwout 's blue cloth coat. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag.
The 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a national flag did not yet exist, or was only nascent. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee. On May 10, 1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern "it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. '' However, the term, "Standard, '' referred to a national standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the national standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag.
The Flag Resolution did not specify any particular arrangement, number of points, nor orientation for the stars and the arrangement or whether the flag had to have seven red stripes and six white ones or vice versa. The appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows and some replaced a state 's star with its initial. One arrangement features 13 five - pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle (as opposed to up), the so - called Betsy Ross flag. This flag, however, is more likely a flag used for celebrations of anniversaries of the nation 's birthday. Experts have dated the earliest known example of this flag to be 1792 in a painting by John Trumbull.
Despite the 1777 resolution, the early years of American independence featured many different flags. Most were individually crafted rather than mass - produced. While there are many examples of 13 - star arrangements, some of those flags included blue stripes as well as red and white. Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, in a letter dated October 3, 1778, to Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, described the American flag as consisting of "13 stripes, alternately red, white, and blue, a small square in the upper angle, next the flag staff, is a blue field, with 13 white stars, denoting a new Constellation. '' John Paul Jones used a variety of 13 - star flags on his U.S. Navy ships including the well - documented 1779 flags of the Serapis and the Alliance. The Serapis flag had three rows of eight - pointed stars with stripes that were red, white, and blue. The flag for the Alliance, however, had five rows of eight - pointed stars with 13 red and white stripes, and the white stripes were on the outer edges. Both flags were documented by the Dutch government in October 1779, making them two of the earliest known flags of 13 stars.
Francis Hopkinson of New Jersey, a naval flag designer, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence, designed the 1777 flag while he was the Chairman of the Continental Navy Board 's Middle Department, sometime between his appointment to that position in November 1776 and the time that the flag resolution was adopted in June 1777. The Navy Board was under the Continental Marine Committee. Not only did Hopkinson claim that he designed the U.S. flag, but he also claimed that he designed a flag for the U.S. Navy. Hopkinson was the only person to have made such a claim during his own lifetime, when he sent a letter and several bills to Congress for his work. These claims are documented in the Journals of the Continental Congress and George Hasting 's biography of Hopkinson. Hopkinson initially wrote a letter to Congress, via the Continental Board of Admiralty, on May 25, 1780. In this letter, he asked for a "Quarter Cask of the Public Wine '' as payment for designing the U.S. flag, the seal for the Admiralty Board, the seal for the Treasury Board, Continental currency, the Great Seal of the United States, and other devices. However, in three subsequent bills to Congress, Hopkinson asked to be paid in cash, but he did not list his U.S. flag design. Instead, he asked to be paid for designing the "great Naval Flag of the United States '' in the first bill; the "Naval Flag of the United States '' in the second bill; and "the Naval Flag of the States '' in the third, along with the other items. The flag references were generic terms for the naval ensign that Hopkinson had designed, that is, a flag of seven red stripes and six white ones. The predominance of red stripes made the naval flag more visible against the sky on a ship at sea. By contrast, Hopkinson 's flag for the United States had seven white stripes, and six red ones -- in reality, six red stripes laid on a white background. Hopkinson 's sketches have not been found, but we can make these conclusions because Hopkinson incorporated different stripe arrangements in the Admiralty (naval) Seal that he designed in the Spring of 1780 and the Great Seal of the United States that he proposed at the same time. His Admiralty Seal had seven red stripes; whereas, his second U.S. Seal proposal had seven white ones. Hopkinson 's flag for the Navy is the one that the Nation preferred as the national flag. Remnants of Hopkinson 's U.S. flag of seven white stripes can be found in the Great Seal of the United States and the President 's seal. When Hopkinson was chairman of the Navy Board, his position was like that of today 's Secretary of the Navy. The payment was not made, however, because it was determined he had already received a salary as a member of Congress. This contradicts the legend of the Betsy Ross flag, which suggests that she sewed the first Stars and Stripes flag by request of the government in the Spring of 1776. Furthermore, a letter from the War Board to George Washington on May 10, 1779, documents that there was still no design established for a national flag for the Army 's use in battle.
The origin of the stars and stripes design has been muddled by a story disseminated by the descendants of Betsy Ross. The apocryphal story credits Betsy Ross for sewing the first flag from a pencil sketch handed to her by George Washington. No evidence for this exists either in the diaries of George Washington nor in the records of the Continental Congress. Indeed, nearly a century passed before Ross ' grandson, William Canby, first publicly suggested the story in 1870. By her family 's own admission, Ross ran an upholstery business, and she had never made a flag as of the supposed visit in June 1776. Furthermore, her grandson admitted that his own search through the Journals of Congress and other official records failed to find corroboration of his grandmother 's story.
The family of Rebecca Young claimed that she sewed the first flag. Young 's daughter was Mary Pickersgill, who made the Star Spangled Banner Flag. According to rumor, the Washington family coat of arms, shown in a 15th - century window of Selby Abbey, was the origin of the stars and stripes.
In 1795, the number of stars and stripes was increased from 13 to 15 (to reflect the entry of Vermont and Kentucky as states of the Union). For a time the flag was not changed when subsequent states were admitted, probably because it was thought that this would cause too much clutter. It was the 15 - star, 15 - stripe flag that inspired Francis Scott Key to write "Defence of Fort M'Henry '', later known as "The Star Spangled Banner '', which is now the American national anthem. The flag is currently on display in the exhibition, "The Star - Spangled Banner: The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem '' at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History in a two - story display chamber that protects the flag while it is on view.
On April 4, 1818, a plan was passed by Congress at the suggestion of U.S. Naval Captain Samuel C. Reid in which the flag was changed to have 20 stars, with a new star to be added when each new state was admitted, but the number of stripes would be reduced to 13 so as to honor the original colonies. The act specified that new flag designs should become official on the first July 4 (Independence Day) following admission of one or more new states. The most recent change, from 49 stars to 50, occurred in 1960 when the present design was chosen, after Hawaii gained statehood in August 1959. Before that, the admission of Alaska in January 1959 prompted the debut of a short - lived 49 - star flag.
Prior to the adoption of the 48 - star flag in 1912, there was no official arrangement of the stars in the canton, although the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy used standardized designs. Throughout the 19th century there was an abundance of different star patterns, rectangular and circular.
On July 4, 2007, the 50 - star flag became the version of the flag in longest use, surpassing the 48 - star flag that was used from 1912 to 1959.
The U.S. flag was brought to the city of Canton (Guǎngzhōu) in China in 1784 by the merchant ship Empress of China, which carried a cargo of ginseng. There it gained the designation "Flower Flag '' (Chinese: 花旗; pinyin: huāqí; Cantonese Yale: fākeì). According to a pseudonymous account first published in the Boston Courier and later retold by author and U.S. naval officer George H. Preble:
When the thirteen stripes and stars first appeared at Canton, much curiosity was excited among the people. News was circulated that a strange ship had arrived from the further end of the world, bearing a flag "as beautiful as a flower ''. Every body went to see the kwa kee chuen (花旗 船; Fākeìsyùhn), or "flower flagship ''. This name at once established itself in the language, and America is now called the kwa kee kwoh (花旗 國; Fākeìgwok), the "flower flag country '' -- and an American, kwa kee kwoh yin (花旗 國人; Fākeìgwokyàhn) -- "flower flag countryman '' -- a more complimentary designation than that of "red headed barbarian '' -- the name first bestowed upon the Dutch.
In the above quote, the Chinese words are written phonetically based on spoken Cantonese. The names given were common usage in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Vietnam has borrowed the term for the United States, as Hoa Kỳ or 花旗 ("Flower Flag '') in Vietnamese language.
Chinese now refer to the United States as simplified Chinese: 美国; traditional Chinese: 美國; pinyin: Měiguó. Měi is short for Měilìjiān (simplified Chinese: 美利坚; traditional Chinese: 美利堅, phono - semantic matching of "American '') and "guó '' means "country '', so this name is unrelated to the flag. However, the "flower flag '' terminology persists in some places today: for example, American Ginseng is called flower flag ginseng (simplified Chinese: 花旗 参; traditional Chinese: 花旗 參) in Chinese, and Citibank, which opened a branch in China in 1902, is known as Flower Flag Bank (花旗 银行).
The U.S. flag took its first trip around the world in 1787 -- 90 on board the Columbia. William Driver, who coined the phrase "Old Glory '', took the U.S. flag around the world in 1831 -- 32. The flag attracted the notice of Japanese when an oversized version was carried to Yokohama by the steamer Great Republic as part of a round - the - world journey in 1871.
In the following table depicting the 28 various designs of the United States flag, the star patterns for the flags are merely the usual patterns, often associated with the United States Navy. Canton designs, prior to the proclamation of the 48 - star flag, had no official arrangement of the stars. Furthermore, the exact colors of the flag were not standardized until 1934.
In the November 2012 U.S. election, Puerto Rico voted to become a U.S. state. However, the legitimacy of the result of this election was disputed. On June 11, 2017, another referendum was held, this time with the result that 97 % of voters in Puerto Rico voted for statehood, but it had a turnout of only 23 %. Similarly in November 2016, a statehood referendum was held in the District of Columbia where 86 % of voters approved the proposal. If a new U.S. state were to be admitted, it would require a new design on the flag to accommodate the additional star.
The modern signficance of the flag was forged in April 1861, when Major Robert Anderson defended Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. The Confederates shot at the Fort Sumter Flag and forced Anderson to surrender. The modern meaning of the flag was forged by Anderson 's stand at Fort Sumter; he was celebrated in the North as a hero. Harold Holzer states that New York City:
Adam Goodheart argues that after this opening event of the American Civil War, U.S. citizens throughout northern states co-opted the national flag to symbolize U.S. nationalism and rejection of secessionism.
Before that day, the flag had served mostly as a military ensign or a convenient marking of American territory, flown from forts, embassies, and ships, and displayed on special occasions like American Independence day. But in the weeks after Major Anderson 's surprising stand, it became something different. Suddenly the Stars and Stripes flew -- as it does today, and especially as it did after the September 11 attacks in 2001 -- from houses, from storefronts, from churches; above the village greens and college quads. For the first time American flags were mass - produced rather than individually stitched and even so, manufacturers could not keep up with demand. As the long winter of 1861 turned into spring, that old flag meant something new. The abstraction of the Union cause was transfigured into a physical thing: strips of cloth that millions of people would fight for, and many thousands die for. -- Adam Goodheart.
The flag of the United States is one of the nation 's most widely recognized symbols. Within the United States, flags are frequently displayed not only on public buildings but on private residences. The flag is a common motif on decals for car windows, and on clothing ornamentation such as badges and lapel pins. Throughout the world the flag has been used in public discourse to refer to the United States.
The flag has become a powerful symbol of Americanism, and is flown on many occasions, with giant outdoor flags used by retail outlets to draw customers. Reverence for the flag has at times reached religion - like fervor: in 1919 William Norman Guthrie 's book The Religion of Old Glory discussed "the cult of the flag '' and formally proposed vexillolatry.
Desecration of the flag is considered a public outrage, but remains protected as free speech. Scholars have noted the irony that "(t) he flag is so revered because it represents the land of the free, and that freedom includes the ability to use or abuse that flag in protest ''. Comparing practice worldwide, Testi noted in 2010 that the United States was not unique in adoring its banner, for the flags of Scandinavian countries are also "beloved, domesticated, commercialized and sacralized objects ''.
The basic design of the current flag is specified by 4 U.S.C. § 1; 4 U.S.C. § 2 outlines the addition of new stars to represent new states. The specification gives the following values:
These specifications are contained in an executive order which, strictly speaking, governs only flags made for or by the U.S. federal government. In practice, most U.S. national flags available for sale to the public have a different width - to - height ratio; common sizes are 2 × 3 ft. or 4 × 6 ft. (flag ratio 1.5), 2.5 × 4 ft. or 5 × 8 ft. (1.6), or 3 × 5 ft. or 6 × 10 ft. (1.667). Even flags flown over the U.S. Capitol for sale to the public through Representatives or Senators are provided in these sizes. Flags that are made to the prescribed 1.9 ratio are often referred to as "G - spec '' (for "government specification '') flags.
The exact red, white, and blue colors to be used in the flag are specified with reference to the CAUS Standard Color Reference of America, 10th edition. Specifically, the colors are "White '', "Old Glory Red '', and "Old Glory Blue ''. The CIE coordinates for the colors of the 9th edition of the Standard Color Card were formally specified in JOSA in 1946. These colors form the standard for cloth, and there is no perfect way to convert them to RGB for display on screen or CMYK for printing. The "relative '' coordinates in the following table were found by scaling the luminous reflectance relative to the flag 's "white ''.
As with the design, the official colors are only officially required for flags produced for the U.S. federal government, and other colors are often used for mass - market flags, printed reproductions, and other products intended to evoke flag colors. The practice of using more saturated colors than the official cloth is not new. As Taylor, Knoche, and Granville wrote in 1950: "The color of the official wool bunting (of the blue field) is a very dark blue, but printed reproductions of the flag, as well as merchandise supposed to match the flag, present the color as a deep blue much brighter than the official wool. ''
Sometimes, Pantone Matching System (PMS) approximations to the flag colors are used. One set was given on the website of the U.S. embassy in London as early as 1998; the website of the U.S. embassy in Stockholm claimed in 2001 that those had been suggested by Pantone, and that the U.S. Government Printing Office preferred a different set. A third red was suggested by a California Military Department document in 2002. In 2001, the Texas legislature specified that the colors of the Texas flag should be "(1) the same colors used in the United States flag; and (2) defined as numbers 193 (red) and 281 (dark blue) of the Pantone Matching System. ''
When Alaska and Hawaii were being considered for statehood in the 1950s, more than 1,500 designs were submitted to President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Although some of them were 49 - star versions, the vast majority were 50 - star proposals. At least three of these designs were identical to the present design of the 50 - star flag. At the time, credit was given by the executive department to the United States Army Institute of Heraldry for the design.
Of these proposals, one created by 17 - year - old Robert G. Heft in 1958 as a school project received the most publicity. His mother was a seamstress, but refused to do any of the work for him. He originally received a B -- for the project. After discussing the grade with his teacher, it was agreed (somewhat jokingly) that if the flag was accepted by Congress, the grade would be reconsidered. Heft 's flag design was chosen and adopted by presidential proclamation after Alaska and before Hawaii was admitted into the Union in 1959. According to Heft, his teacher did keep to their agreement and changed his grade to an A for the project. The 49 - and 50 - star flags were each flown for the first time at Fort McHenry on Independence Day, in 1959 and 1960 respectively.
Traditionally, the flag may be decorated with golden fringe surrounding the perimeter of the flag as long as it does not deface the flag proper. Ceremonial displays of the flag, such as those in parades or on indoor posts, often use fringe to enhance the appearance of the flag.
The first recorded use of fringe on a flag dates from 1835, and the Army used it officially in 1895. No specific law governs the legality of fringe, but a 1925 opinion of the attorney general addresses the use of fringe (and the number of stars) "... is at the discretion of the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy... '' as quoted from footnote in previous volumes of Title 4 of the United States Code law books and is a source for claims that such a flag is a military ensign not civilian. However, according to the Army Institute of Heraldry, which has official custody of the flag designs and makes any change ordered, there are no implications of symbolism in the use of fringe. Several federal courts have upheld this conclusion, most recently and forcefully in Colorado v. Drew, a Colorado Court of Appeals judgment that was released in May 2010. Traditionally, the Army and Air Force use a fringed National Color for parade, color guard and indoor display, while the Sea Services (Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard) use a fringeless National Color for all occasions.
The flag is customarily flown year - round at most public buildings, and it is not unusual to find private houses flying full - size (3 by 5 feet (0.91 by 1.52 m)) flags. Some private use is year - round, but becomes widespread on civic holidays like Memorial Day, Veterans Day, Presidents ' Day, Flag Day, and on Independence Day. On Memorial Day it is common to place small flags by war memorials and next to the graves of U.S. war veterans. Also on Memorial Day it is common to fly the flag at half staff, until noon, in remembrance of those who lost their lives fighting in U.S. wars.
The United States Flag Code outlines certain guidelines for the use, display, and disposal of the flag. For example, the flag should never be dipped to any person or thing, unless it is the ensign responding to a salute from a ship of a foreign nation. This tradition may come from the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, where countries were asked to dip their flag to King Edward VII: the American flag bearer did not. Team captain Martin Sheridan is famously quoted as saying "this flag dips to no earthly king '', though the true provenance of this quotation is unclear.
The flag should never be allowed to touch the ground and, if flown at night, must be illuminated. If the edges become tattered through wear, the flag should be repaired or replaced. When a flag is so tattered that it can no longer serve as a symbol of the United States, it should be destroyed in a dignified manner, preferably by burning. The American Legion and other organizations regularly conduct flag retirement ceremonies, often on Flag Day, June 14. (The Boy Scouts of America recommends that modern nylon or polyester flags be recycled instead of burned, due to hazardous gases being produced when such materials are burned.)
The Flag Code prohibits using the flag "for any advertising purpose '' and also states that the flag "should not be embroidered, printed, or otherwise impressed on such articles as cushions, handkerchiefs, napkins, boxes, or anything intended to be discarded after temporary use ''. Both of these codes are generally ignored, almost always without comment.
Section 8, entitled Respect For Flag states in part: "The flag should never be used as wearing apparel, bedding, or drapery '', and "No part of the flag should ever be used as a costume or athletic uniform ''. Section 3 of the Flag Code defines "the flag '' as anything "by which the average person seeing the same without deliberation may believe the same to represent the flag of the United States of America ''.
An additional part of Section 8 Respect For Flag, that is frequently violated at sporting events is part (c) "The flag should never be carried flat or horizontally, but always aloft and free. ''
Although the Flag Code is U.S. federal law, there is no penalty for a private citizen or group failing to comply with the Flag Code and it is not widely enforced -- indeed, punitive enforcement would conflict with the First Amendment right to freedom of speech. Passage of the proposed Flag Desecration Amendment would overrule legal precedent that has been established.
When the flag is affixed to the right side of a vehicle of any kind (e.g.: cars, boats, planes, any physical object that moves), it should be oriented so that the canton is towards the front of the vehicle, as if the flag were streaming backwards from its hoist as the vehicle moves forward. Therefore, U.S. flag decals on the right sides of vehicles may appear to be reversed, with the union to the observer 's right instead of left as more commonly seen.
The flag has been displayed on every U.S. spacecraft designed for manned flight, including Mercury, Gemini, Apollo Command / Service Module, Apollo Lunar Module, and the Space Shuttle. The flag also appeared on the S - IC first stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle used for Apollo. But since Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo were launched and landed vertically and were not capable of horizontal atmospheric flight as the Space Shuttle did on its landing approach, the "streaming '' convention was not followed and these flags were oriented with the stripes running horizontally, perpendicular to the direction of flight.
On some U.S. military uniforms, flag patches are worn on the right shoulder, following the vehicle convention with the union toward the front. This rule dates back to the Army 's early history, when both mounted cavalry and infantry units would designate a standard bearer, who carried the Colors into battle. As he charged, his forward motion caused the flag to stream back. Since the Stars and Stripes are mounted with the canton closest to the pole, that section stayed to the right, while the stripes flew to the left. Several US military uniforms, such as flight suits worn by members of the United States Air Force and Navy, have the flag patch on the left shoulder.
Other organizations that wear flag patches on their uniforms can have the flag facing in either direction. The congressional charter of the Boy Scouts of America stipulates that Boy Scout uniforms should not imitate U.S. military uniforms; consequently, the flags are displayed on the right shoulder with the stripes facing front, the reverse of the military style. Law enforcement officers often wear a small flag patch, either on a shoulder, or above a shirt pocket.
Every U.S. astronaut since the crew of Gemini 4 has worn the flag on the left shoulder of his or her space suit, with the exception of the crew of Apollo 1, whose flags were worn on the right shoulder. In this case, the canton was on the left.
The flag did not appear on U.S. postal stamp issues until the Battle of White Plains Issue was released in 1926, depicting the flag with a circle of 13 stars. The 48 - star flag first appeared on the General Casimir Pulaski issue of 1931, though in a small monochrome depiction. The first U.S. postage stamp to feature the flag as the sole subject was issued July 4, 1957, Scott catalog number 1094. Since that time the flag has frequently appeared on U.S. stamps.
In 1907 Eben Appleton, New York stockbroker and grandson of Lieutenant Colonel George Armistead (the commander of Fort McHenry during the 1814 bombardment) loaned the Star Spangled Banner Flag to the Smithsonian Institution, and in 1912 he converted the loan to a gift. Appleton donated the flag with the wish that it would always be on view to the public. In 1994, the National Museum of American History determined that the Star Spangled Banner Flag required further conservation treatment to remain on public display. In 1998 teams of museum conservators, curators, and other specialists helped move the flag from its home in the Museum 's Flag Hall into a new conservation laboratory. Following the reopening of the National Museum of American History on November 21, 2008, the flag is now on display in a special exhibition, "The Star - Spangled Banner: The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem, '' where it rests at a 10 degree angle in dim light for conservation purposes.
By presidential proclamation, acts of Congress, and custom, U.S. flags are displayed continuously at certain locations.
The flag should especially be displayed at full staff on the following days:
The flag is displayed at half - staff (half - mast in naval usage) as a sign of respect or mourning. Nationwide, this action is proclaimed by the president; statewide or territory - wide, the proclamation is made by the governor. In addition, there is no prohibition against municipal governments, private businesses or citizens flying the flag at half - staff as a local sign of respect and mourning. However, many flag enthusiasts feel this type of practice has somewhat diminished the meaning of the original intent of lowering the flag to honor those who held high positions in federal or state offices. President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued the first proclamation on March 1, 1954, standardizing the dates and time periods for flying the flag at half - staff from all federal buildings, grounds, and naval vessels; other congressional resolutions and presidential proclamations ensued. However, they are only guidelines to all other entities: typically followed at state and local government facilities, and encouraged of private businesses and citizens.
To properly fly the flag at half - staff, one should first briefly hoist it top of the staff, then lower it to the half - staff position, halfway between the top and bottom of the staff. Similarly, when the flag is to be lowered from half - staff, it should be first briefly hoisted to the top of the staff.
Federal statutes provide that the flag should be flown at half - staff on the following dates:
National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day, on July 27, was formerly a day of half - staff observance until the law expired in 2003. In 2009, it became a day of full - staff observance.
Though not part of the official Flag Code, according to military custom, flags should be folded into a triangular shape when not in use. To properly fold the flag:
There is also no specific meaning for each fold of the flag. However, there are scripts read by non-government organizations and also by the Air Force that are used during the flag folding ceremony. These scripts range from historical timelines of the flag to religious themes.
Traditionally, the flag of the United States plays a role in military funerals, and occasionally in funerals of other civil servants (such as law enforcement officers, fire fighters, and U.S. presidents). A burial flag is draped over the deceased 's casket as a pall during services. Just prior to the casket being lowered into the ground, the flag is ceremonially folded and presented to the deceased 's next of kin as a token of respect.
Flag of Bikini Atoll
Flag of Liberia
Flag of Malaysia
Flag of El Salvador 1875 -- 1912
Flag of Brittany
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when did queens of the stone age form | Queens of the Stone Age - wikipedia
Queens of the Stone Age (sometimes shortened to QotSA or Queens) is an American rock band formed in 1996 in Palm Desert, California. The band 's line - up includes founder Josh Homme (lead vocals, guitar, piano), alongside longtime members Troy Van Leeuwen (guitar, lap steel, keyboard, percussion, backing vocals), Michael Shuman (bass guitar, keyboard, backing vocals), Dean Fertita (keyboards, guitar, percussion, backing vocals), and recent addition Jon Theodore (drums, percussion).
Formed after the dissolution of Homme 's previous band, Kyuss, Queens of the Stone Age developed a style of riff - oriented, heavy rock music. Their sound has since evolved to incorporate a variety of different styles and influences, including working with ZZ Top member Billy Gibbons, Nirvana drummer and Foo Fighters frontman Dave Grohl, and steady contributor Mark Lanegan.
After the breakup of his previous band, Kyuss, in 1995, Josh Homme briefly joined Screaming Trees as a touring guitarist, before deciding to form a new band, Gamma Ray. In 1996 they released the eponymous Gamma Ray EP, featuring "Born to Hula '' and "If Only Everything '' (which would later appear on their self - titled debut as ' If Only '). The EP featured Matt Cameron of Soundgarden and Pearl Jam, Van Conner from Screaming Trees, and percussionist Victor Indrizzo.
Gamma Ray changed their name in 1997 after the German power metal band Gamma Ray threatened to sue. The name "Queens of the Stone Age '' came from a nickname given to Kyuss by their producer Chris Goss. Homme said of the name: "Kings would be too macho. The Kings of the Stone Age wear armor and have axes and wrestle. The Queens of the Stone Age hang out with the Kings of the Stone Age 's girlfriends when they wrestle... Rock should be heavy enough for the boys and sweet enough for the girls. That way everyone 's happy and it 's more of a party. Kings of the Stone Age is too lopsided. ''
The first release under the Queens of the Stone Age name was the song "18 A.D., '' released on the compilation album Burn One Up! Music for Stoners which featured members of the Dutch stoner rock band Beaver. The band 's first live appearance was on November 20, 1997, at OK Hotel in Seattle, Washington, with Cameron on drums, Mike Johnson of Dinosaur Jr. on bass and John McBain of Monster Magnet on guitar. In December that year, the band released a split EP, Kyuss / Queens of the Stone Age, which featured three tracks from the Gamma Ray sessions as well as three Kyuss tracks recorded in 1995 prior to their breakup.
Queens of the Stone Age released their self - titled debut in 1998 on Stone Gossard 's and Regan Hagar 's label Loosegroove Records, and on vinyl by Man 's Ruin Records. Homme played guitar and bass on the album (the latter credited to Homme 's alter - ego Carlo Von Sexron), Alfredo Hernández on the drums, and several other contributions by Chris Goss and Hutch. Homme reportedly asked Screaming Trees vocalist Mark Lanegan to appear on the record, but he was unable due to other commitments.
Soon after the recording sessions were finished for the album, former Kyuss bassist Nick Oliveri joined the group, and touring commenced with a band consisting entirely of ex-Kyuss members. Guitarist Dave Catching joined shortly after. From this point forward, the band 's line - up would change frequently; by the time their second album was being recorded, Hernández had left the group to play in other bands.
2000 's Rated R featured a myriad of musicians familiar with Homme and Oliveri 's work and "crew '' of sorts: among others, drummers Nick Lucero and Gene Trautmann, guitarists Dave Catching, Brendon McNichol, and Chris Goss contributed, and even Judas Priest frontman Rob Halford, recording next door, stepped in for a guest spot on "Feel Good Hit of the Summer. ''
The album garnered positive reviews and received a lot more attention than their debut, despite the fact that the lyrics to "Feel Good Hit of the Summer '' were deemed by mega-retailer Wal - Mart to promote drug use, almost causing the record to get pulled from store shelves. The success of the record also earned the band notable opening slots with The Smashing Pumpkins, Foo Fighters, Hole, and a place at Ozzfest 2000. It was during this time that Homme stated:
There 's a robotic element to our albums, like the repetition of riffs. We also wanted to do a record that had a lot of dynamic range. We wanted to set it up in this band so we could play anything. We do n't want to get roped in by our own music. If anyone has a good song (regardless of style) we should be able to play it.
During the 2001 Rock in Rio show, bassist Nick Oliveri was arrested after performing on stage naked, with only his bass guitar covering his genitals. Oliveri apologized to officials, saying that he did not know it was a crime in Brazil.
Following his work on Rated R, former Screaming Trees vocalist Mark Lanegan joined the band as a full - time member, a position he held until early 2005.
Towards the end of the Rated R tour, the band 's performance at the 2001 Rock am Ring festival in Germany was, according to Homme, "the worst show we 've ever played and it was in front of 40,000 people. '' The band decided to tattoo themselves with the starting time of the performance, "Freitag 4: 15. '' As Oliveri explained:
Me, Mark (Lanegan), Josh (Homme) and Hutch, our soundman, have the same tattoo, it 's from Rock am Ring festival. The time we had to play was 4.15 in the afternoon and it was just a terrible show. It sucked, it was horrible. That 's why I tattooed it on my ribs, where it would hurt, so I 'd never forget.
Foo Fighters frontman and former Nirvana drummer, Dave Grohl, joined in late 2001 to record drums for their third album. Songs for the Deaf was released in August 2002, again featuring Lanegan, along with former A Perfect Circle guitarist Troy Van Leeuwen to the touring line - up following the album 's release. Also featured on Songs for the Deaf for the final track "Mosquito Song '' were former A Perfect Circle bassist Paz Lenchantin on viola and piano, and Dean Ween on guitar.
This record was supposed to sound bizarre -- like lightning in a bottle. We also were extremely fucked up. It even sounds that way to me, like a crazy person. The radio interludes are supposed to be like the drive from L.A. to Joshua Tree, a drive that makes you feel like you 're letting go -- more David Lynch with every mile.
Songs for the Deaf was a critical hit and was certified gold in 2003, with sales of over 900,000. The singles "No One Knows '' and "Go with the Flow '' became hits on radio and MTV, with the former just outside the Billboard Top 40. "No One Knows '' and "Go with the Flow '' were also featured on the first iterations of the popular video games Guitar Hero and Rock Band (respectively).
The Songs for the Deaf tour culminated in a string of headline dates in Australia in January 2004. Grohl returned to his other projects and was replaced on the European leg of the tour by former Danzig drummer Joey Castillo, who joined the band full - time. After the tour, Homme fired Oliveri, as he was convinced that Oliveri had been physically abusive to his girlfriend: "A couple years ago, I spoke to Nick about a rumor I heard. I said, ' If I ever find out that this is true, I ca n't know you, man. ' '' Homme considered breaking up the band after firing Oliveri, but found a new determination to continue. Oliveri countered in the press that the band had been "poisoned by hunger for power '' and that without him, they were "Queens Lite. '' He later softened his opinion and said: "My relationship with Josh is good. The new Queens record kicks ass. '' The two reportedly are still friends and as of October 2006, Oliveri was interested in rejoining the band. Oliveri later contributed to a Queens of the Stone Age for the first time in nine years, contributing backing vocals to the band 's sixth album,... Like Clockwork.
In late 2004, Homme, along with Eleven multi-instrumentalist Alain Johannes and remaining band members Van Leeuwen and Castillo recorded the Queens ' fourth studio album, Lullabies to Paralyze, a title taken from a lyric in "Mosquito Song '' from their previous album. The album featured guests including ZZ Top 's Billy Gibbons. Despite Lanegan reportedly turning down an invitation to remain with the band, he recorded vocals on new tracks (notably the solo vocalist on the opening track "This Lullaby '') and appeared on the supporting tour as scheduling as his health permitted.
Lullabies to Paralyze was leaked onto the internet in February 2005 and was aired by Triple J radio in Australia on March 3, 2005 as an unsubstantiated ' World Premiere '. It was then officially released on Tuesday, March 22, 2005 in the US, debuting in the number 5 slot on the Billboard Music Chart, the greatest debut of any Queens record until... Like Clockwork debuted at number 1 in June 2013.
On May 14, 2005, the group was the musical guest on Saturday Night Live, hosted by Will Ferrell. One of Ferrell 's popular Saturday Night Live characters, fictional Blue Öyster Cult cowbellist Gene Frenkle, made a re-appearance on the show, playing with the Queens on their first song of the night, "Little Sister. '' Frenkle played the song 's wood block part using a cowbell along with the band.
On November 22, 2005, Queens of the Stone Age released a live album / DVD set, Over the Years and Through the Woods, featuring a live concert filmed in London, England, and bonus features which included rare videos of songs from 1998 to 2005. In 2005, the group supported Nine Inch Nails on their North American tour of With Teeth along with Autolux (for the first half of the tour) and Death from Above 1979 (for the second). NIN 's guitarist Aaron North appeared as an onstage guest with the Queens for the songs "Born to Hula, '' "Regular John, '' "Avon, '' "Monsters in the Parasol '' and "Long, Slow Goodbye '' at the Wiltern LG in Los Angeles on December 19 and 20 2005.
Another onstage guest for the December 20 performance was Homme 's former Kyuss bandmate John Garcia, the first time that Homme and Garcia had played together since 1997. As a special encore they performed three Kyuss songs: "Thumb, '' "Hurricane '' and "Supa Scoopa and Mighty Scoop. '' Homme stated that the band 's lowest point was during the Lullabies era, but that the record "took the lead jacket off '' the band following the firing of Oliveri in 2004.
On Valentine 's Day 2007, the band 's official website announced the new album would be titled Era Vulgaris, and would be released in June. Later in February, teaser videos surfaced showing Homme, Castillo, Van Leeuwen and Johannes in studio. Several sites reported that the album would include many guest vocalists, including Trent Reznor from Nine Inch Nails, Julian Casablancas from The Strokes, Mark Lanegan, Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top, and deceased humorist Erma Bombeck. Death from Above 1979 bassist Jesse F. Keeler had been expected to play bass on the studio recording of the album, but not to tour; however, due to schedule conflicts, he stated he would not be appearing on the album.
Era Vulgaris was completed in early April 2007 and released June 12, 2007 in the US. The tracks "Sick, Sick, Sick '' and "3 's & 7 's '' were released as singles in early June. Homme has described the record as "dark, hard, and electrical, sort of like a construction worker. '' When asked about the vocals on the record, specifically the different style of singing that Homme used, he replied:
I wanted to try some shit that was downright embarrassing at first. This record is a grower, not about what is n't there, but what is.
Bassist Michael Shuman (Wires On Fire, Jubilee and Mini Mansions) and keyboardist Dean Fertita (Hello = Fire, The Waxwings, The Dead Weather) took over touring duties from Alain Johannes and Natasha Shneider, respectively. In July 2007, Van Leeuwen stated the band had written new material, "still in its infancy '' which Homme later suggested might be released as an EP. Following a subsequent interview with Homme, The Globe and Mail reported that the EP "could contain as many as 10 B - sides recorded during the Era Vulgaris sessions. '' It was later reported that the EP would not be released due to the record label 's unwillingness to put out another QOTSA release at that time.
The band began a North American Tour in 2007, which they named the "Duluth Tour '' because they were going to many small towns and cities they had never played before, such as Duluth, Minnesota. The tour was extended to other areas, such as the United Kingdom, where the band played more shows than on any of their previous UK tours. The band toured in Australia in late March to early April 2008, on the V festival tour, including a string of side shows. Throughout the beginning of May 2008, the band completed the Canadian leg of its touring.
In November 2007, Queens of the Stone Age performed a semi-acoustic set in an underground salt mine in Germany, performing a selection of hits, rarities, covers and an unreleased song named "Cathedral City. '' A DVD of the concert was planned but aside from a trailer promoting the DVD and a number of photographs, no footage of the concert has been released.
On July 2, 2008, Queens of the Stone Age 's former keyboardist Natasha Shneider died of lung cancer at the age of 52. The news broke with a message posted on the MySpace page of the band Sweethead, of which Natasha 's close friend and former bandmate Troy Van Leeuwen is a member. qotsa.com was updated with a memorial message by Homme replacing the normal front page. The band performed a concert in celebration of Natasha Shneider 's life at the Henry Fonda Theatre in Los Angeles on August 16, 2008. They were joined on stage by Shneider 's husband Alain Johannes, Jack Black and Kyle Gass, Matt Cameron, Brody Dalle, Jesse Hughes, Chris Goss and PJ Harvey, playing a variety of QOTSA and non-QOTSA songs, including covers of songs from bands such as Cream and The Doors. Tenacious D and PJ Harvey also performed acoustic sets at the show. Proceeds from the concert went to defray the costs associated with Natasha 's illness.
On August 22 and 23 2008, Queens of the Stone Age performed the last shows of their Era Vulgaris tour at the Reading and Leeds Festivals in the UK, and Josh Homme announced in an interview with the BBC and during the show that he would be returning to the studio to work on the next album.
During 2009 and 2010, band members worked on side projects during the down time. Troy Van Leeuwen started up a new band, Sweethead. Joey Castillo played for Eagles of Death Metal on their Heart On tour. Bassist Michael Shuman continued his work as drummer and vocalist with Mini Mansions, while Dean Fertita became the guitarist / keyboardist for Jack White 's newest group, The Dead Weather. Josh Homme formed supergroup Them Crooked Vultures with Dave Grohl and John Paul Jones. After Them Crooked Vultures finished touring in June, the band toured and released a two - CD deluxe edition of Rated R on August 3, 2010. This edition featured the original CD along with six B - sides and live recordings from the band 's Reading performance in 2000.
In 2010, Homme suffered from complications during a botched knee surgery, during which his heart stopped for a short time due to asphyxiation; doctors had to use a defibrillator to revive him. Following this, he was bedridden for four months and plunged into a deep depression, during which he considered giving up his music career altogether. He elaborated on this experience further in an interview on Marc Maron 's WTF podcast, explaining that he had contracted a methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection which his immune system could not fight due to stress. Homme has since said that the experience contributed greatly to the writing and recording of... Like Clockwork.
After Homme recovered, Queens of the Stone Age released a remastered version of their self - titled debut album in early 2011, and performed the album in its entirety in a promotional tour. The band performed on Conan on April 14, and later played at the Australian music festival Soundwave. Throughout the summer of 2011, the band appeared at various European festivals, including the Glastonbury Festival, in Somerset, UK. They also played at Pearl Jam 's 20th Anniversary Festival at Alpine Valley in East Troy, WI on September 3 and 4, 2011, which would be their last with drummer Joey Castillo.
Plans to record a follow - up to Era Vulgaris had been mentioned since 2008, but recording would not begin until August 2012. In March 2011, Homme stated, "Doing the rehearsals for the first record is really defining the new one. It 's been turning the new record into something else. What we were doing was bluesy, and now it 's turned into this trancey, broken thing. The robots are coming home! '' According to Homme, the album would be finished by the end of 2012. He explained to BBC Radio 1, "We 're going to take our one last break that we would get for a month, come back and do Glastonbury, then immediately jump in the studio. Our record will be done by the end of the year. We have enough songs. ''
In November 2011, frequent collaborator Alain Johannes stated in regard to his studio work with the band: "We had a late night with Queens of the Stone Age again. (...) Just putting in days, super top secret, but it 's going to be amazing. I 'm really excited about it. (...) Once we start the process, it goes to completion. So I ca n't say exactly when, but it 's a really good start. ''
On August 20, 2012, the band stated via a Facebook status update that they were "recording '' their new album.
In September 2012, it was revealed that Homme and producer Dave Sardy co-wrote and recorded a song entitled "Nobody To Love, '' which is featured during the end credits of the film End of Watch.
In November 2012, Homme informed BBC 's Zane Lowe that Joey Castillo had left the band and that drums on the new album would be performed by Dave Grohl, who also performed on Songs for the Deaf. Homme also confirmed with Lowe that the album would be released prior to their performance at the Download Festival in June 2013. In addition to Grohl, other former members contributing to the album include former bassists Nick Oliveri and Johannes, and vocalist Mark Lanegan.
A number of collaborations from different musicians were announced for... Like Clockwork, including Nine Inch Nails frontman Trent Reznor, Scissor Sisters frontman Jake Shears, Brody Dalle, and Elton John.
In early 2013, Homme and fellow Queens contributors including Alain Johannes and Chris Goss recorded to the soundtrack of Dave Grohl 's Sound City: Real to Reel. Goss, Johannes and Homme were on three tracks each. Josh 's notably included a collaboration with Grohl and Trent Reznor called Mantra, and he was also featured in the film in an interview segment. Goss and Johannes were both featured members in the Sound City Players, playing Masters of Reality, Eleven, and Desert Sessions songs, as well as their penned tunes from the soundtrack. Former Kyuss bassist Scott Reeder also contributed to the soundtrack.
In March 2013, Queens of the Stone Age announced that the new album, entitled... Like Clockwork, would be released in June 2013 on Matador Records. A press release, issued by Matador at 9: 00am EST on March 26, 2013, revealed further details of the album, including further guest appearances: Alex Turner of Arctic Monkeys and UNKLE 's James Lavelle. In addition to Grohl 's contribution, the record also features performances by former drummer Castillo, as well as tracks by new drummer Jon Theodore (ex-The Mars Volta, One Day as a Lion). Queens Of The Stone Age premiered a new song "My God Is The Sun '' at Lollapalooza Brasil on March 30, 2013, a performance in which Theodore made his live debut. The studio version of the song premiered on Lowe 's BBC Radio 1 program on April 8, 2013.
... Like Clockwork was released on June 3, 2013 on Matador Records in the UK and on June 4 in the United States. Self - produced by the band, it is the first Queens of the Stone Age album to feature full contributions from bassist Michael Shuman and keyboardist and guitarist Dean Fertita. The album debuted in the number one position in the US and is the first QOTSA album to achieve this ranking.
Following a performance by QOTSA at the Jay Z - owned Made In America Festival in the summer of 2013, Homme made comments about the rap star during a radio interview with CBC Radio 2 's Strombo Show. Homme explained that his band was frisked by the event 's security team prior to the performance and referred to Jay Z 's personal interaction with the band as a marketing stunt. Homme stated:
The... Like Clockwork tour culminated with a Halloween party at The Forum in Los Angeles, featuring guests such as The Kills, JD McPherson and Nick Oliveri 's band Uncontrollable. The band 's performance featured an appearance from Oliveri who played songs with them during the encore set, including songs such as "Auto Pilot '' and "Quick and to the Pointless '' which had not been performed in a decade.
In January 2014, Homme stated in the Rolling Stone magazine that the band would start recording a new album when they finished their tour for... Like Clockwork. In June 2014, Homme performed a solo acoustic show at James Lavelle 's Meltdown festival, featuring guest performances from Troy Van Leeuwen and Mark Lanegan. During this gig, Homme played a new song called "Villains of Circumstance, '' which was performed again at another acoustic set in 2016. The band indicated in February 2015, when it was announced they are to play Rock in Rio 2015 in Rio de Janeiro in September, that they were about to record a new album. Despite this, in March 2016, Michael Shuman revealed that the band were on a break.
During this period, the members of the band worked on various other projects. Josh Homme and Dean Fertita contributed to Iggy Pop 's 2016 album Post Pop Depression and subsequent tour, while Troy van Leeuwen joined the rock supergroup Gone Is Gone with plans to release an EP and a studio album. In May 2016, Van Leeuwen announced plans to record Queens of the Stone Age 's seventh studio album "sometime this year. ''
In January 2017, Troy Sanders from Mastodon and Gone Is Gone stated that Queens of the Stone Age will release a new album later in the year. Following this, the band posted several photos on social media featuring their studio and announced that they would be performing at the Fuji Rock Festival in July, their first performance in Japan since 2003. The band updated their social media accounts with a new logo and the words "Coming Twentyfive '' on April 6, 2017, and announced a tour of Australia and New Zealand to begin in July.
On June 14, Queens of the Stone Age announced their new album Villains which was released on August 25, 2017. The teaser trailer took the form of a comedy skit featuring the band performing a polygraph test with Liam Lynch and featured a snippet of the song "Feet Do n't Fail Me. '' The first single, "The Way You Used to Do, '' was released the following day along with the announcement of a world tour. The second advance single from the album, "The Evil Has Landed, '' was released August 10, 2017.
Throughout its career, the band has been described as alternative rock, stoner rock, alternative metal, and hard rock. Homme has described the band 's self - titled debut album as driving music, angular and recorded dry, with the album featuring solid and repetitive riffs in its song structure. Rolling Stone magazine also noted a "connection between American meat - and - potatoes macho rock of the early 1970s, like Blue Cheer and Grand Funk Railroad, and the precision - timing drones in German rock of the same period. '' The band 's following album - Rated R - contained a wider variety of instruments, several recording guests and lead vocals shared by Homme, Oliveri and Lanegan. Homme has also commented that "Our first record announced our sound. This one added that we 're different and weird. '' The band continued to experiment on their third album, Songs for the Deaf, which also featured a line - up including three lead vocalists, many guest appearances and wide range of instrumentation, including horn and string sections. Homme has described Lullabies to Paralyze as a "dark '' album, which includes imagery inspired by The Brothers Grimm folk and fairy tales. In 2005, Homme explained, "Where the poetry seems to be is when you start in the dark and reach for the light -- that 's what makes it not depressing to me... '' The album changed gears from the band 's previous distinct "driving '' sound, much due to the departure of longtime member Nick Oliveri. The band almost exclusively used semi hollow body guitars during the making of the record. With Era Vulgaris the band continued to develop their signature sound with more dance - oriented elements and electronic influences, while Homme has currently gone back to being the only lead vocalist in the band and uses more distinct vocal melodies.
Homme has on numerous occasions described their music as "rock versions of electronic music, '' stating that he (indirectly) takes inspiration from the repetitive nature of electronic trance music along with various forms of dance music, hip - hop, trip hop and krautrock. This heavy rock style mixed with the structure of electronic music has been dubbed by Homme as "robot rock '' in an interview with KUNO - TV at the Roskilde Festival 2001.
In an interview for the Guitar Moves series, Homme revealed aspects of his distinctive guitar playing style. He demonstrated the ' Josh Homme scale ', which he claimed was the result of years playing and altering the blues scale. His scale bears a resemblance to the Lydian Dominant # 2 scale (R, # 2, 3, # 4, 5, 6, 7).
Josh Homme has been the only consistent member of the band since its formation, and the group 's lineup has changed many times. This list is composed of band members who have played live with the band for a substantial period, and does not include guest performances and one - off substitutes. The list also is limited to the instruments the respective members play live, and does not include additional instruments members play occasionally in the studio.
Grammy Awards
MTV Europe Music Awards
MTV Video Music Awards
Q Awards
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what is the difference between a baroness and lady | Forms of address in the United Kingdom - wikipedia
Forms of address used in the United Kingdom are given below. For further information on Courtesy Titles see Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom.
Several terms have been abbreviated in the table below. The forms used in the table are given first, followed by alternative acceptable abbreviations in parentheses.
A formal announcement in The London Gazette reads: "The Queen has been pleased by Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the Realm dated 31 December 2012 to declare that all the children of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales should have and enjoy the style, title and attribute of Royal Highness with the titular dignity of Prince or Princess prefixed to their Christian names or with such other titles of honour. '' This refers to any children of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge.
(Eldest sons of dukes, marquesses and earls use their father 's most senior subsidiary title as courtesy titles: note the absence of "The '' before the title. If applicable, eldest sons of courtesy marquesses or courtesy earls also use a subsidiary title from their (great) grandfather, which is lower ranking than the one used by their father. Eldest daughters do not have courtesy titles; all courtesy peeresses are wives of courtesy peers.)
(Heirs - apparent and heirs - presumptive of Scottish peers use the titles "Master '' and "Mistress ''; these are substantive, not courtesy titles. If, however, the individual is the eldest son of a Duke, Marquess or Earl, then he uses the appropriate courtesy title, as noted above.)
(If a daughter of a peer or courtesy peer marries another peer or courtesy peer, she takes her husband 's rank. If she marries anyone else, she keeps her rank and title, using her husband 's surname instead of her maiden name.)
Similar styles are also applied to clergy of equivalent status in other religious organisations. The words clergy and cleric / clerk are derived from the proper term for bishops, priests and deacons still used in legal documents: Clerk in Holy Orders (e.g. "Vivienne Frances Faull, Clerk in Holy Orders '').
The usage ' Lord ' as applied to a bishop pre-dates the United Kingdom, and is a well - established convention. It is more usual to abbreviate Reverend (if at all) to Rev 'd rather than Rev. Where a personal name is not used for a priest or deacon, the manner of address is Rev Mr etc., i.e. the Rev is used with the usual title. Without this title, the use of Rev with a surname should not be used in the United Kingdom for any ordained person, whether Anglican or not - it is a solecism. Catholic (and Anglo - Catholic) clergy favour Fr (Father) (or Mthr (Mother)). For further details see Crockford 's Guide to addressing the Clergy.
Clergy: ' introduce as Mr Pike or Father Pike according to his preference ' (Debrett 's Etiquette and Modern Manners 1981 pg230)
It should be noted that the Church of Scotland as a Presbyterian Church recognizes state - awarded titles only as courtesy. In court (Assembly, Presbytery and Session) one may only be addressed as Mr, Mrs, Miss, Dr, Prof, etc. depending on academic achievement. Thus ministers are correctly addressed as, for example Mr Smith or Mrs Smith unless they have a higher degree or academic appointment e.g. Dr Smith or Prof. Smith. It is ' infra dig ' to use the title ' Rev ' and even the use of ' the Rev Mr ' requires sensitivity to official style.
A judge 's first name only forms part of their judicial style if, at the time of their appointment, there is a senior judge with the same or a similar surname. Thus, if there is a "Mr Justice Smith '', subsequent judges will be "Mr Justice John Smith '', "Mrs Justice Mary Smith '', etc. a member of the Bar (but not a solicitor) addresses a Circuit Judge or higher, out of court, as "Judge ''.
The forms of address used for academics can, in most cases, be either formal or social.
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what is the bullys name on the simpsons | Nelson Muntz - wikipedia
Nelson Mandela Muntz is a fictional character and the lead school bully from the animated TV series The Simpsons, best known for his signature mocking laugh "Ha - ha! ''. He is voiced by Nancy Cartwright. Nelson was introduced in Season 1 's "Bart the General '' as an antagonist but later turned into an on - and - off friend of Bart Simpson.
Nelson is a student and bully at Springfield Elementary School. He is known to have terrorized virtually every kid in Springfield at one point or another. Most often, however, it is the school nerds and less popular students, such as Milhouse and Martin, who are the subject of his cruelty. Nelson shows the occasional glimpse of humanity, though, and other characters have occasionally warmed to him; Lisa dates him briefly in "Lisa 's Date with Density '', Marge informally adopts him in "Sleeping with the Enemy '', and Bart is shown as a friend to him several times, such as in "The Haw - Hawed Couple ''.
His family life is dysfunctional. While some early episodes offer inconsistent histories (such as Nelson 's dad going insane and abandoning him, Nelson 's parents divorcing because of his mom 's cough drop addiction, or Nelson 's dad in prison while his mom "has bigger problems ''), the canon story that has evolved is that he lives in a dilapidated house with his mother who works on the fringes of the sex industry, either as a waitress at Hooters or in a topless bar. The character design and voice portrayal of both parents has varied throughout the course of the series.
It is shown in many episodes that Nelson 's father abandoned him and his mother at an early age when he "went to pick up some Pop - Tarts '' although, later on in the series, he was said to have gone to pick up a pack of cigarettes. In the fourth - season episode "Brother from the Same Planet '', Nelson 's father is the children 's soccer coach who awards Nelson with a free trip to Pele 's Soccer and Acting Camp. Nelson 's father also appears briefly in the sixth - season episode "Bart 's Girlfriend ''; depicted capturing Nelson with a leash as the children run through the cornfields in an attempt to avoid attending church. He also appears in the ninth - season episode "Bart Star '' to congratulate Nelson after a football game victory and take him to Hooters (with Nelson turning down the invitation because he "does n't want to see (his) Mom at work ''). Nelson 's father returns in the sixteenth - season episode "Sleeping with the Enemy ''. It turns out that he did not leave Nelson deliberately; he bit into a chocolate bar, not knowing it had peanuts and had an allergic reaction, covering 90 % of his body with large tumors. Looking like Joseph Merrick, he ran out of the store and encountered a circus that made him a part of its freak show. At performances, circus attendees threw peanuts at him, which perpetuated his reaction, preventing him from returning to normal. When the circus came through Springfield, Bart recognized him and brought him home to rid himself of Nelson (who had been taken into the Simpson home by Marge).
Nelson is also a natural athlete. In the episode "Bart Star '', Nelson almost singlehandedly carries the entire Springfield Pee - Wee football team. As the team quarterback, he also on one occasion catches his own pass and plows through the opposing team with extreme ease. In various episodes, he gives out the impression that he is a lot smarter than he may first appear. Nelson often points out painfully obvious things to adults and kids alike that take them longer to grasp. Another example is a running joke where Nelson does a class assignment that is implied to be of high quality. However, he is always brushed off by the teachers before he gets to show them his work. Another running joke, though, is Nelson presenting ridiculously simple assignments, such as repeatedly showing a can of tomato paste in Show and Tell, and a presentation on The Grapes of Wrath, consisting of himself crushing a bunch of grapes with a hammer, stating "Here 's the grapes, and here 's the wrath! '' In later episodes, Nelson shows signs of being a tormented artist type, even submitting a film to the Sundance Film Festival about his life as a child living in poverty with a single, unfit mother and no strong father figure. He memorably says in the documentary, "I like to cry at the ocean, because only there do my tears seem small. ''
In the episode "Little Big Girl '', it is revealed that Nelson is German - American. Ironically, in "Much Apu About Nothing '', Nelson picks on foreign exchange student Üter for being German during Springfield 's anti-immigration mania. He is shown to be a big fan of Andy Williams as he, Bart, Milhouse and Martin went to a concert performed by him in "Bart on the Road ''.
Even though in the first season (and for many seasons afterwards) Nelson seemed to be Bart 's antagonist, he eventually becomes one of Bart 's friends in later episodes, and even became a close friend, though temporarily, in The Haw - Hawed Couple.
In his debut episode, Lisa was the initial target of Nelson 's bullying, which prompted Bart to defend her. Bart 's actions resulted in frequent beatings by Nelson and his gang, but finally ended when Bart received help from Herman, who came up with the idea of standing up to Nelson and his gang by pelting them with water balloons. From that point on, Nelson shows a grudging respect for Bart, though he occasionally reverts to his past behavior towards him.
Although still prone to violence, Nelson hangs out with Bart and his less popular friends, such as Milhouse Van Houten and occasionally even common bullying target Martin Prince. In "The Debarted '', it is shown that Nelson has become Bart 's "other best friend '', along with Milhouse.
Nelson has many other moments where he displays his hidden good nature, such as his brief amorous relationship with Lisa. Although he can not control his delinquent tendencies, he treats her with respect and even tries to change for her, although both of them realize that he is not being true to himself by doing so. In "Lisa 's Date with Density '', Nelson kisses Lisa, only to be berated by Jimbo, Kearney, and Dolph, who believe that kissing girls is "gay '' (despite the events that occurred revolving around Jimbo in "New Kid On The Block '').
He also punishes Sherri and Terri for tormenting Lisa. Another curious example of his "good side '' is with Martin, a boy whom Nelson picks on perhaps more so than any other kid in town. Despite the utter cruelty, there are occasional hints that Nelson does not harbor any real hatred towards Martin and only does so to maintain his ' tough guy ' reputation. In "Dial ' N ' for Nerder '', when it is believed that Martin has died, Nelson endeavours to learn the truth and find Martin 's killers. When it is revealed that Martin is alive, Nelson mocks and punches him, but also states that he is glad Martin is not dead. In this same episode, however, when Lisa tries to bribe him to not rat her out by offering to get back together with him, he rejects it. In another episode, it is revealed that both Martin and Nelson went to space camp, and that Nelson was a loyal officer to Martin. (See "I 'm Spelling as Fast as I Can '')
In "Loan - a Lisa '', Lisa uses $50 to help Nelson fund his bicycle company, which becomes a success. When Nelson almost drops out of school to spend more time on the company, Lisa is saddened and attempts to stop him from doing so, but eventually respects his decision after realising he wo n't change despite the money used to fund it. Nelson eventually decides not to drop out after all and takes Lisa skating to make it up to her.
Though Nelson is often said to not really have friends aside from his on - and - off relationship with Bart and the others, Nelson sometimes hangs out with his fellow school bullies Jimbo, Dolph, Kearney, and (to a lesser extent) two smaller and younger fraternal twin minions known as the Weasels. Though only seen with them occasionally, Nelson is also ironically the leader of the school bullies (possibly by virtue of being the most often seen and most recognizable of the gang).
Interestingly, on "Sleeping with the Enemy '', Moe Szyslak appears briefly during a Muntz family reunion. The facial similarities between Moe and the Muntz are surprisingly quite apparent and Moe 's childhood experiences and behaviors are somewhat relatable with Nelson 's. Moe briefly appears and claims that he is part of the family and is then shunned off screen by the Muntz ' confused looks.
The Simpsons creator Matt Groening named Nelson after the wrestling hold of the same name. Nelson was also said to be named after popular Brat Pack actor Judd Nelson, who portrayed the character John Bender in the eighties classic The Breakfast Club, partially of whom Nelson Muntz 's character has similarities. Cast member Nancy Cartwright voices the character, which first appeared in the fifth episode of the first season, "Bart the General '' (1990). American voice actress Dana Hill was first supposed to provide Nelson 's voice, and attended the read - through of the episode. However, as Cartwright wrote in her autobiography My Life as a 10 - Year - Old Boy, "the producers were still putting together this ensemble of (actors) and, come Monday, at the recording, she was nowhere to be found and the part was assigned to me. I did n't have time to ask why and I still do n't have a clue. '' Cartwright also commented that when she first found out she would be voicing Nelson, "I asked myself, ' What does a bully sound like? ' Well... what you hear is what you get. When I first uttered, ' I 'll get you after school, man! ' I let out a sigh of relief when I got through the line and a double - sigh when it got a laugh. ''
By the eighth season of The Simpsons, the writers had begun to explore the secondary characters of the show. "Lisa 's Date with Density '' (season eighth, 1996) was the first episode to center around Nelson and was used to explain why he acts the way he does. The idea of Nelson dating Lisa Simpson had already been around for a while, but this was the first time that the staff worked it into the show. Cartwright said in 2012 that she thinks Nelson "has evolved the most out of all the characters I do. There 's a soft spot in him that the writers have found. He 's got this special attraction to Marge, and he sings these songs, and he 's got a crush on Lisa. There 's something about this poor kid -- his mother works at Hooters, his dad went out to buy milk and never came back. I would n't want him to come over for dinner, but I really love doing his voice. ''
The episode "The Haw - Hawed Couple '' in 2007 was nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program. The writer of the episode Matt Selman was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award.
In his review of the season 22 episode "Loan - a Lisa '', Rowan Kaiser of The A.V. Club commented that Nelson 's character has undergone a "Spikeification '', in reference to the bully 's near - exclusive portrayal as being likable and vulnerable in later seasons of the program.
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how far is hickory nc from rocky mount nc | Hickory, North Carolina - wikipedia
Hickory is a city located primarily in Catawba County, North Carolina, with parts in adjoining Burke and Caldwell counties. The city 's population at the 2010 census was 40,010, with an estimated population in 2015 of 40,374. Hickory is the principal city in the Hickory -- Lenoir -- Morganton MSA, in which the population at the 2010 census was 365,497 and is included as part of the Charlotte -- Concord Combined Statistical Area.
In the 1850s, under a huge hickory tree, Henry Robinson built a tavern of logs. The city of "Hickory Tavern '' co-founded by "Dolph '' Shuford, was established in 1863, and the name was eventually changed to the city of Hickory in 1873.
The first train operated in the city of "Hickory Tavern '' in 1859. The first lot was sold to Henry Link for $45.00 in 1858. His house is now known as "The 1859 Cafe '', a restaurant (closed in 2011). The community of Hickory was the first for many things in North Carolina, including the council - manager form of government it adopted in 1913. Hickory was also one of the first towns to install electric lights in 1888 and a complete sewage system in 1904.
In 1868, Dr. Jeremiah Ingold, pastor of the German Reformed Grace Charge, established Hickory 's first school, the Free Academy.
In 1891, Lenoir -- Rhyne University (then Highland Academy) was founded by four Lutheran pastors with 12 initial students.
Hickory is home to one of the oldest furniture manufacturers in the United States that is still located and operated on the original site. Hickory White, formerly known as Hickory Manufacturing Company, was built in 1902 and has been in continuous operation ever since. During World War II, the factory made ammunition boxes for the U.S. military instead of furniture.
Hickory was known in the years after World War II for the "Miracle of Hickory ''. In 1944 the area around Hickory (the Catawba Valley) became the center of one of the worst outbreaks of polio ever recorded. Residents who were then children recall summers of not being allowed to play outside or visit friends for fear of contracting the disease. Since local facilities were inadequate to treat the victims, the citizens of Hickory and the March of Dimes decided to build a hospital to care for the children of the region. From the time the decision was made until equipment, doctors, and patients were in a new facility, took less than 54 hours. Several more buildings were quickly added. A Red Cross official on the scene praised the project "as the most outstanding example of cooperative effort he has ever seen. ''
The city also came to national attention when the remains of Zahra Baker were found leading to a police investigation where Zahra 's stepmother, Elise Baker, was found guilty of second - degree murder. The Zahra Baker All Children 's playground, located in Kiwanis Park, is named in her honor.
The Claremont High School Historic District, Elliott -- Carnegie Library, First Presbyterian Church, Dr. Glenn R. Frye House, Clement Geitner House, Lee & Helen George House, Harris Arcade, Hickory Municipal Building, Hickory Southwest Downtown Historic District, Highland School, Hollar Hosiery Mills - Knit Sox Knitting Mills, Houck 's Chapel, Kenworth Historic District, John A. Lentz House, Lyerly Full Fashioned Mill, John Alfred Moretz House, Oakwood Historic District, Piedmont Wagon Company, Propst House, Ridgeview Public Library, Shuford House, and Whisnant Hosiery Mills are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Hickory is located in western Catawba County at 35 ° 44 ′ 16 '' N 81 ° 19 ′ 42 '' W / 35.73778 ° N 81.32833 ° W / 35.73778; - 81.32833 (35.737682, − 81.328372), and extends westward into Burke County and Caldwell County. Interstate 40 passes through the southern part of the city, leading east 68 miles (109 km) to Winston - Salem and west 75 miles (121 km) to Asheville. U.S. Route 70 (Conover Boulevard) is an older east - west route through the city. U.S. Route 321 passes through the western part of the city, leading northwest 43 miles (69 km) to Boone and south 36 miles (58 km) to Gastonia.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 29.8 square miles (77.2 km), of which 29.7 square miles (76.9 km) is land and 0.08 square miles (0.2 km), or 0.31 %, is water.
Hickory is the largest city within the Hickory - Lenoir - Morganton MSA (Metropolitan Statistical Area). The MSA includes Catawba County, Burke County, Caldwell County, and Alexander County, with a combined population -- as of the 2010 Census -- of 365,497.
Apart from Hickory, the MSA includes Lenoir, Morganton, Conover, and Newton, along with a number of smaller incorporated towns: Sawmills, Granite Falls, Valdese, Long View, Gamewell, Hudson, Maiden, Cajah 's Mountain, Hildebran, and Taylorsville.
Several sizable unincorporated rural and suburban communities are also located nearby: Drexel, Connelly Springs, Glen Alpine, Claremont, Rutherford College, Catawba, Cedar Rock, and Brookford.
The Hickory Regional Airport is located in the western portion of the city and provides general aviation services. The airport is not serviced by a commercial airline given the proximity to larger nearby airports, particularly Charlotte - Douglas International Airport and Piedmont Triad International Airport.
Greenway Public Transportation operates six fixed bus routes around Hickory, Conover and Newton. Greenway also provides paratransit services to these cities and surrounding areas. Greenway Public Transportation provides over 250,000 trips each year to residents living in the Hickory region.
As of the census of 2010, there were 40,093 people, 18,719 households, and 9,952 families residing in the city. There were 18,719 housing units at an average density of 640.4 per square mile (227.9 / km2). The racial composition of the city was: 74.9 % White, 14.3 % Black or African American, 11.4 % Hispanic or Latino American, 3.2 % Asian American, 0.19 % Native American, 0.06 % Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, 3.08 % some other race, and 1.46 % two or more races.
There were 18,719 households out of which 27.9 % had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6 % were married couples living together, 12.3 % had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.1 % were non-families. 32.2 % of all households were made up of individuals and 10.9 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.98.
In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 23.3 % under the age of 18, 11.2 % from 18 to 24, 30.7 % from 25 to 44, 21.3 % from 45 to 64, and 13.6 % who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $37,236, and the median income for a family was $47,522. Males had a median income of $31,486 versus $23,666 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,263. About 8.4 % of families and 11.3 % of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.8 % of those under age 18 and 7.0 % of those age 65 or over.
364,759 people live within 25 miles (40 km) of Hickory; 1.8 million people within 50 miles (80 km) of Hickory.
The City of Hickory operates under a Council -- manager form of government, the first city to do so in North Carolina. The City Council is composed of six aldermen and a mayor. The City Manager is appointed by City Council and is responsible for the day - to - day operations of the city. The city employs over 650 staff across 45 departments, divisions, and offices to carryout its governmental functions.
The Hickory area historically competed in new industries and technologies by applying old strengths and favorable geography to new opportunities. In this way, wagon - making know - how, proximity to expansive forests, and excellent transportation via two intersecting railroads provided fertile ground for the emergence of the furniture industry. Likewise experience with textile manufacturing and easy access to power drove new industries in both fiber - optic cable and pressure - sensitive tape.
The furniture industry in Hickory is not as strong as in the decades previous, but still a primary component in the area economy, and includes HSM (formerly Hickory Springs, founded 1944), a leading manufacturer of mattress coils.
Currently the area is home to many leading manufacturers of furniture, fiber optic cable, and pressure - sensitive tape. It is estimated 60 % of the nation 's furniture used to be produced within a 200 - mile (320 km) radius of Hickory. Forty percent of the world 's fiber optic cable is made in the Hickory area.
The Hickory area is additionally marketed as a data - center corridor and is home to large data - centers operated by Apple and Google. Apple 's billion - dollar data - center campus just south of Hickory is one of the world 's largest.
Hickory is the retail hub of the foothills and Unifour region, and is home to the largest shopping mall in the region Valley Hills Mall.
Hickory is home to the corporate headquarters of third - party logistics provider Transportation Insight, a member of North Carolina 's top revenue tier of privately held businesses. In 2015, the company relocated its headquarters to the historic Lyerly Full Fashioned Mill in downtown Hickory.
Hickory is home to the Hickory Crawdads, a Class - A South Atlantic League minor - league baseball affiliate of the Texas Rangers. The Crawdads play in L.P. Frans Stadium located in the western portion of the city, near the Hickory Regional Airport.
Hickory is also home to the Hickory Motor Speedway, nationally known as the Birthplace of the NASCAR Stars. The speedway was opened in 1951 and features a 1 / 2 mile track with seating for approximately 5,000 spectators.
Lenoir - Rhyne University participates within NCAA Division II athletics in the South Atlantic Conference. The university 's athletics program includes teams in baseball, basketball, football, lacrosse, soccer, softball, and volleyball.
Lake Hickory was created on the Catawba River in 1927 with the completion of the Oxford Dam 11 miles (18 km) northeast of Hickory. The dam parallels the NC Highway 16 bridge over the Catawba River between Interstate 40 and Taylorsville. It is 122 feet (37 m) high, with an overall length of 1,200 feet (370 m). The spillway section of the dam is 550 feet (170 m) long.
Lake Hickory was named after the City of Hickory and runs along its northern edge. The lake covers almost 4,223 acres (17.09 km) with 105 miles (169 km) of shoreline. Full pond elevation is 935 feet (285 m). Lake Hickory is a reliable source of water for the Cities of Hickory and Conover and the Town of Long View, while also functioning as a recreation hub for boating, fishing, and other water based activities.
Duke Energy provides five public access areas on the lake in cooperation with the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission.
Hickory has been named an "All - America City '' three times. The All - America City Award is given annually to ten cities in the United States. It is an award that represents a community 's ability to work together and achieve critical local issues. Hickory won this award in 2007, as well as, 1967 and 1987.
The Hickory metro area has been named the 10th best place to live and raise a family in the United States by Reader 's Digest and the Hickory - Lenoir - Morganton MSA has been named the third best MSA in the country for business cost by Forbes.
In 2014, Smart Growth America identified the Hickory MSA as being country 's most sprawling metro area.
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who plays hunter in the girl next door | The Girl Next Door (2004 film) - wikipedia
The Girl Next Door is a 2004 American romantic comedy film about a high school senior who falls in love for the first time with the girl next door, but finds the situation becoming complicated after he learns that she is a former pornographic actress. It stars Emile Hirsch, Elisha Cuthbert, Timothy Olyphant, James Remar, Chris Marquette and Paul Dano and is directed by Luke Greenfield.
Ambitious high school senior Matthew Kidman (Emile Hirsch) has been accepted to Georgetown University, but can not afford the tuition. He has raised $25,000 in order to bring a brilliant Cambodian student, Samnang, to study in the United States, but finds little else truly memorable about his high school experience. His life suddenly changes when charismatic Danielle (Elisha Cuthbert) moves in next door. Matthew witnesses her undressing from his bedroom window, until she sees him and storms over, knocking on the door and introducing herself to his parents. They suggest to Matthew that he show Danielle around town.
While driving around, Danielle stops the car and forces Matthew to get out and strip for her. The two get to know each other through weird adventures, which includes Matthew finding himself in his principal 's pool. He and Danielle sneak away and pick up his friends before going to a party. When a few of Matthew 's athlete classmates attempt to get him away from Danielle and kick him out of the party, he finds the courage to walk right up and kiss her. Matthew 's world is suddenly rocked the next day when his friend Eli informs him that Danielle is an adult film actress.
On Eli 's advice, Matthew takes Danielle to a sleazy motel. Danielle, insulted, realizes that he has discovered her past and abruptly ends the relationship. Matthew later attempts to apologize and reconcile, but Danielle believes that she will never be able to escape her past and decides to return to the adult industry. Matthew tracks Danielle down at an adult film convention in Las Vegas where Kelly (Timothy Olyphant), a porn producer and Danielle 's ex, menacingly warns Matthew not to interfere with his business. Matthew ignores him, convincing Danielle both to leave the adult industry and to begin their relationship anew.
Next morning, Kelly furiously abducts Matthew from school and assaults him, saying that Danielle 's failure to film has cost him $30,000. Kelly offers to let Matthew erase his debt by stealing an award statuette from porn mogul Hugo Posh (James Remar), but once Matthew has entered the house Kelly calls in a burglary report and leaves the premises. Matthew narrowly avoids the police and rushes to a scholarship award dinner. High on ecstasy that Kelly gave him as aspirin, he gives a deeply sentimental speech but loses out on the scholarship.
Kelly exacts further revenge by stealing all the money Matthew raised for Samnang. Matthew fears that he will be implicated in the crime and expelled from school. He turns to Danielle for help in recouping his losses. Danielle calls in two friends from her porn star days, and they agree to make a video for Hugo Posh on prom night using Matthew 's classmates as actors. After the successful shoot, Danielle and Matthew have sex in their limousine. Despite Danielle 's past, it is the first time she has truly made love.
The next morning Eli calls Matthew, panicked because the prom night tape has been stolen, jeopardizing their hopes of financial recovery. Matthew enters his home to find Kelly (and the stolen tape) in his home, along with his parents and Principal Salinger. Kelly, in private, tells Matthew that unless he is given half of all profits, he will play the tape immediately for Matthew 's family. Matthew dares him to show the tape, asserting that he no longer cares about his "now - ruined future, '' and Kelly obliges. Surprising everyone, Matthew and his friends have made a progressive, comprehensive sex ed tape rather than a porn film. With no more cards left to play, Kelly admits defeat as well as a grudging respect for Matthew.
Hugo Posh and Matthew make millions from the video. Hugo Posh pays for Samnang to come to the USA, while Matthew has enough money to attend Georgetown and take Danielle to DC with him. Matthew 's story ends with him getting the girl of his dreams and a chance at the future he has always wanted.
The Girl Next Door received mixed reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 55 % based on reviews from 157 critics, with the consensus: "The movie borrows heavily from Risky Business, though Hirsch and Cuthbert are appealing leads. '' At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 47 based on 32 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews ''. Roger Ebert described it as a "nasty piece of business '', and faulted movie studios for marketing the film as a teen comedy.
The film grossed $14,589,444 in the USA, plus $15,821,739 outside the USA, for a combined gross of $30,411,183.
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where do you go to my lovely long version | Where Do You Go to (My Lovely)? - Wikipedia
"Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)? '' is a song by the British singer - songwriter Peter Sarstedt. Its recording was produced by Ray Singer, engineered by John Mackswith at Lansdowne Recording Studios and released in 1969. It was a number - one 1 hit in the UK Singles Chart for four weeks in 1969, and was awarded the 1969 Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically. In the United States, the record reached No. 61 on the Cash Box Top 100 Singles. The single also peaked at No. 70 on the Billboard Hot 100 that May.
The music has been described as "a faux European waltz tune '' and the arrangement is a very simple one of strummed acoustic guitar and bass guitar, with brief bursts of French - style accordion at the start and the end. The arranger and conductor was Ian Green.
The song is about a fictional girl named Marie - Claire who grows up on the poverty - stricken backstreets of Naples, becomes a member of the jet set, and goes on to live in Paris. The lyrics describe her from the perspective of a childhood friend; it is left unclear whether they have remained close. The rhetorical question of the title suggests that her glamorous lifestyle might not have brought Marie - Claire happiness or contentment.
Even though Sarstedt himself was not French, the song benefited from the contemporary awareness in Britain of such French and Belgian singers as Serge Gainsbourg and Jacques Brel (Belgium - born of Flemish descent).
The lyrics contain a large number of contemporary and other references:
The version on the album Peter Sarstedt is longer than the radio edit version released as a single, having extra stanzas beginning "You go to the embassy parties... '' and "You 're in between twenty and thirty... ''.
It is often suspected that the name Marie - Claire is inspired by Marie Claire magazine, a women 's fashion weekly that began in 1937 in France. One theory says that the song is about the Italian actress Sophia Loren, who was abandoned by her father and had a poverty - stricken life in Naples. Another theory has the song being inspired by Danish singer and actress Nina van Pallandt.
According to Alan Cooper, "Sarstedt insisted it was not written with actress Sophia Loren in mind. ' Yes, it 's a portrait of a poor - born girl who becomes a member of the European jet - set. And yes, there 's reference to her growing up on the ' back streets of Naples ', so I can see why people may think it was written with Sophia Loren in mind. But that 's just a coincidence. I really was n't thinking of anyone specific. ' ''
The song was written in Copenhagen.
In 2009, Sarstedt spoke to a gossip columnist for the Daily Express. He admitted he had lied about the song being about a socialite who died in a fire. He said that the song was about his girlfriend at the time, whom he later married and then divorced. According to Mark Steyn, "Anita is now a dentist in Copenhagen. Peter Sarstedt has spent 40 years singing about wanting to look inside her head. And for most of that time Anita has made a living by looking inside yours. ''
The song was a hit far exceeding Sarstedt 's other work, although he is not a one - hit wonder. In 1998 he was earning £ 60,000 annually in royalties from it.
DJ John Peel repeatedly stated that the song was one of his least favourites. On his show on BFBS radio on 1 July 1989, he said: ' It 's a terrible, smug, self - satisfied, hideous record. Really have hated it ever since I first heard it '.
The song was used as a soundtrack in Wes Anderson 's 2007 film The Darjeeling Limited, and in Jennifer Saunders ' 2016 film Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie.
In 1997 Sarstedt recorded a sequel, "The Last of the Breed (Lovely 2) '' on his CD England 's Lane. This picks up the story of Marie Claire twenty years on, living now in London. It names more people and places, including Belgravia, Ballets Russes, Cape Town, Claridge 's, Gstaad, John Galliano, Harrods, Jerusalem, Long Island, Milan, Rudolf Nureyev, Palm Beach, Rio de Janeiro, and Isabella Rossellini. In recent years, Sarstedt and a co-writer were working on a further sequel, "Farewell Marie - Claire '', in which the story was brought to a conclusion. The song was to feature the same waltz feel as the original. But Sarstedt 's retirement from the music industry meant that the track was abandoned.
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rock particles have the highest percentage of 45 | Geology of the Moon - wikipedia
The geology of the Moon (sometimes called selenology, although the latter term can refer more generally to "lunar science '') is quite different from that of Earth. The Moon lacks a significant atmosphere, which eliminates erosion due to weather; it does not have any form of plate tectonics, it has a lower gravity, and because of its small size, it cooled more rapidly. The complex geomorphology of the lunar surface has been formed by a combination of processes, especially impact cratering and volcanism. The Moon is a differentiated body, with a crust, mantle, and core.
Geological studies of the Moon are based on a combination of Earth - based telescope observations, measurements from orbiting spacecraft, lunar samples, and geophysical data. Six locations were sampled directly during the crewed Apollo program landings from 1969 to 1972, which returned 380.96 kilograms (839.9 lb) of lunar rock and lunar soil to Earth. In addition, three robotic Soviet Luna spacecraft returned another 326 grams (11.5 oz) from 1970 to 1976. The Moon is the only extraterrestrial body for which we have samples with a known geologic context. A handful of lunar meteorites have been recognized on Earth, though their source craters on the Moon are unknown. A substantial portion of the lunar surface has not been explored, and a number of geological questions remain unanswered.
Elements known to be present on the lunar surface include, among others, oxygen (O), silicon (Si), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), aluminium (Al), manganese (Mn) and titanium (Ti). Among the more abundant are oxygen, iron and silicon. The oxygen content is estimated at 45 % (by weight). Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) appear to be present only in trace quantities from deposition by solar wind.
Neutron spectrometry data from Lunar Prospector indicate the presence of hydrogen (H) concentrated at the poles.
For a long period of time, the fundamental question regarding the history of the Moon was of its origin. Early hypotheses included fission from Earth, capture, and co-accretion. Today, the giant impact hypothesis is widely accepted by the scientific community.
The geological history of the Moon has been defined into six major epochs, called the lunar geologic timescale. Starting about 4.5 billion years ago, the newly formed Moon was in a molten state and was orbiting much closer to Earth resulting in tidal forces. These tidal forces deformed the molten body into an ellipsoid, with the major axis pointed towards Earth.
The first important event in the geologic evolution of the Moon was the crystallization of the near global magma ocean. It is not known with certainty what its depth was, but several studies imply a depth of about 500 km or greater. The first minerals to form in this ocean were the iron and magnesium silicates olivine and pyroxene. Because these minerals were denser than the molten material around them, they sank. After crystallization was about 75 % complete, less dense anorthositic plagioclase feldspar crystallized and floated, forming an anorthositic crust about 50 km in thickness. The majority of the magma ocean crystallized quickly (within about 100 million years or less), though the final remaining KREEP - rich magmas, which are highly enriched in incompatible and heat - producing elements, could have remained partially molten for several hundred million (or perhaps 1 billion) years. It appears that the final KREEP - rich magmas of the magma ocean eventually became concentrated within the region of Oceanus Procellarum and the Imbrium basin, a unique geologic province that is now known as the Procellarum KREEP Terrane.
Quickly after the lunar crust formed, or even as it was forming, different types of magmas that would give rise to the Mg - suite norites and troctolites began to form, although the exact depths at which this occurred are not known precisely. Recent theories suggest that Mg - suite plutonism was largely confined to the region of the Procellarum KREEP Terrane, and that these magmas are genetically related to KREEP in some manner, though their origin is still highly debated in the scientific community. The oldest of the Mg - suite rocks have crystallization ages of about 3.85 Ga. However, the last large impact that could have excavated deep into the crust (the Imbrium basin) also occurred at 3.85 Ga before present. Thus, it seems probable that Mg - suite plutonic activity continued for a much longer time, and that younger plutonic rocks exist deep below the surface.
Analysis of the lunar samples seems to imply that a significant percentage of the lunar impact basins formed within a very short period of time between about 4 and 3.85 Ga ago. This hypothesis is referred to as the lunar cataclysm or late heavy bombardment. However, it is now recognized that ejecta from the Imbrium impact basin (one of the youngest large impact basins on the Moon) should be found at all of the Apollo landing sites. It is thus possible that ages for some impact basins (in particular Mare Nectaris) could have been mistakenly assigned the same age as Imbrium.
The lunar maria represent ancient flood basaltic eruptions. In comparison to terrestrial lavas, these contain higher iron abundances, have low viscosities, and some contain highly elevated abundances of the titanium - rich mineral ilmenite. The majority of basaltic eruptions occurred between about 3 and 3.5 Ga ago, though some mare samples have ages as old as 4.2 Ga, and the youngest (based on the method of crater counting) are believed to have erupted only 1 billion years ago. Along with mare volcanism came pyroclastic eruptions, which launched molten basaltic materials hundreds of kilometres away from the volcano. A large portion of the mare formed, or flowed into, the low elevations associated with the nearside impact basins. However, Oceanus Procellarum does not correspond to any known impact structure, and the lowest elevations of the Moon within the farside South Pole - Aitken basin are only modestly covered by mare (see lunar mare for a more detailed discussion).
Impacts by meteorites and comets are the only abrupt geologic force acting on the Moon today, though the variation of Earth tides on the scale of the Lunar anomalistic month causes small variations in stresses. Some of the most important craters used in lunar stratigraphy formed in this recent epoch. For example, the crater Copernicus, which has a depth of 3.76 km and a radius of 93 km, is believed to have formed about 900 million years ago (though this is debatable). The Apollo 17 mission landed in an area in which the material coming from the crater Tycho might have been sampled. The study of these rocks seem to indicate that this crater could have formed 100 million years ago, though this is debatable as well. The surface has also experienced space weathering due to high energy particles, solar wind implantation, and micrometeorite impacts. This process causes the ray systems associated with young craters to darken until it matches the albedo of the surrounding surface. However, if the composition of the ray is different from the underlying crustal materials (as might occur when a "highland '' ray is emplaced on the mare), the ray could be visible for much longer times.
After resumption of Lunar exploration in the 1990s, it was discovered there are scarps across the globe that are caused by the contraction due to cooling of the Moon.
On the top of the lunar stratigraphical sequence rayed impact craters can be found. Such youngest craters belong to the Copernican unit. Below it can be found craters without the ray system, but with rather well developed impact crater morphology. This is the Eratosthenian unit. The two younger stratigraphical units can be found in crater sized spots on the Moon. Below them two extending strata can be found: mare units (earlier defined as Procellarian unit) and the Imbrium basin related ejecta and tectonic units (Imbrian units). Another impact basin related unit is the Nectarian unit, defined around the Nectarian Basin. At the bottom of the lunar stratigraphical sequence the pre-Nectarian unit of old crater plains can be found. The stratigraphy of Mercury is very similar to the lunar case.
The lunar landscape is characterized by impact craters, their ejecta, a few volcanoes, hills, lava flows and depressions filled by magma.
The most distinctive aspect of the Moon is the contrast between its bright and dark zones. Lighter surfaces are the lunar highlands, which receive the name of terrae (singular terra, from the Latin for Earth), and the darker plains are called maria (singular mare, from the Latin for sea), after Johannes Kepler who introduced the name in the 17th century. The highlands are anorthositic in composition, whereas the maria are basaltic. The maria often coincide with the "lowlands, '' but it is important to note that the lowlands (such as within the South Pole - Aitken basin) are not always covered by maria. The highlands are older than the visible maria, and hence are more heavily cratered.
The major products of volcanic processes on the Moon are evident to Earth - bound observers in the form of the lunar maria. These are large flows of basaltic lava that correspond to low - albedo surfaces covering nearly a third of the near side. Only a few percent of the farside has been affected by mare volcanism. Even before the Apollo missions confirmed it, most scientists already thought that the maria are lava - filled plains, because they have lava flow patterns and collapses attributed to lava tubes.
The ages of the mare basalts have been determined both by direct radiometric dating and by the technique of crater counting. The oldest radiometric ages are about 4.2 Ga, whereas the youngest ages determined from crater counting are about 1 Ga (1 Ga = 1 billion years). Volumetrically, most of the mare formed between about 3 and 3.5 Ga before present. The youngest lavas erupted within Oceanus Procellarum, whereas some of the oldest appear to be located on the farside. The maria are clearly younger than the surrounding highlands given their lower density of impact craters.
A large portion of maria erupted within, or flowed into, the low - lying impact basins on the lunar nearside. However, it is unlikely that a causal relationship exists between the impact event and mare volcanism because the impact basins are much older (by about 500 million years) than the mare fill. Furthermore, Oceanus Procellarum, which is the largest expanse of mare volcanism on the Moon, does not correspond to any known impact basin. It is commonly suggested that the reason the mare only erupted on the nearside is that the nearside crust is thinner than the farside. Although variations in the crustal thickness might act to modulate the amount of magma that ultimately reaches the surface, this hypothesis does not explain why the farside South Pole - Aitken basin, whose crust is thinner than Oceanus Procellarum, was only modestly filled by volcanic products.
Another type of deposit associated with the maria, although it also covers the highland areas, are the "dark mantle '' deposits. These deposits can not be seen with the naked eye, but they can be seen in images taken from telescopes or orbiting spacecraft. Before the Apollo missions, scientists believed that they were deposits produced by pyroclastic eruptions. Some deposits appear to be associated with dark elongated ash cones, reinforcing the idea of pyroclasts. The existence of pyroclastic eruptions was later confirmed by the discovery of glass spherules similar to those found in pyroclastic eruptions here on Earth.
Many of the lunar basalts contain small holes called vesicles, which were formed by gas bubbles exsolving from the magma at the vacuum conditions encountered at the surface. It is not known with certainty which gases escaped these rocks, but carbon monoxide is one candidate.
The samples of pyroclastic glasses are of green, yellow, and red tints. The difference in color indicates the concentration of titanium that the rock has, with the green particles having the lowest concentrations (about 1 %), and red particles having the highest concentrations (up to 14 %, much more than the basalts with the highest concentrations).
Rilles on the Moon sometimes resulted from the formation of localized lava channels. These generally fall into three categories, consisting of sinuous, arcuate, or linear shapes. By following these meandering rilles back to their source, they often lead to an old volcanic vent. One of the most notable sinuous rilles is the Vallis Schröteri feature, located in the Aristarchus plateau along the eastern edge of Oceanus Procellarum. An example of a sinuous rille exists at the Apollo 15 landing site, Rima Hadley, located on the rim of the Imbrium Basin. Based on observations from the mission, it is generally believed that this rille was formed by volcanic processes, a topic long debated before the mission took place.
A variety of shield volcanoes can be found in selected locations on the lunar surface, such as on Mons Rümker. These are believed to be formed by relatively viscous, possibly silica - rich lava, erupting from localized vents. The resulting lunar domes are wide, rounded, circular features with a gentle slope rising in elevation a few hundred meters to the midpoint. They are typically 8 -- 12 km in diameter, but can be up to 20 km across. Some of the domes contain a small pit at their peak.
Wrinkle ridges are features created by compressive tectonic forces within the maria. These features represent buckling of the surface and form long ridges across parts of the maria. Some of these ridges may outline buried craters or other features beneath the maria. A prime example of such an outlined feature is the crater Letronne.
Grabens are tectonic features that form under extensional stresses. Structurally, they are composed of two normal faults, with a down - dropped block between them. Most grabens are found within the lunar maria near the edges of large impact basins.
The origin of the Moon 's craters as impact features became widely accepted only in the 1940s. This realization allowed the impact history of the Moon to be gradually worked out by means of the geologic principle of superposition. That is, if a crater (or its ejecta) overlaid another, it must be the younger. The amount of erosion experienced by a crater was another clue to its age, though this is more subjective. Adopting this approach in the late 1950s, Gene Shoemaker took the systematic study of the Moon away from the astronomers and placed it firmly in the hands of the lunar geologists.
Impact cratering is the most notable geological process on the Moon. The craters are formed when a solid body, such as an asteroid or comet, collides with the surface at a high velocity (mean impact velocities for the Moon are about 17 km per second). The kinetic energy of the impact creates a compression shock wave that radiates away from the point of entry. This is succeeded by a rarefaction wave, which is responsible for propelling most of the ejecta out of the crater. Finally there is a hydrodynamic rebound of the floor that can create a central peak.
These craters appear in a continuum of diameters across the surface of the Moon, ranging in size from tiny pits to the immense South Pole -- Aitken basin with a diameter of nearly 2,500 km and a depth of 13 km. In a very general sense, the lunar history of impact cratering follows a trend of decreasing crater size with time. In particular, the largest impact basins were formed during the early periods, and these were successively overlaid by smaller craters. The size frequency distribution (SFD) of crater diameters on a given surface (that is, the number of craters as a function of diameter) approximately follows a power law with increasing number of craters with decreasing crater size. The vertical position of this curve can be used to estimate the age of the surface.
The most recent impacts are distinguished by well - defined features, including a sharp - edged rim. Small craters tend to form a bowl shape, whereas larger impacts can have a central peak with flat floors. Larger craters generally display slumping features along the inner walls that can form terraces and ledges. The largest impact basins, the multiring basins, can even have secondary concentric rings of raised material.
The impact process excavates high albedo materials that initially gives the crater, ejecta, and ray system a bright appearance. The process of space weathering gradually decreases the albedo of this material such that the rays fade with time. Gradually the crater and its ejecta undergo impact erosion from micrometeorites and smaller impacts. This erosional process softens and rounds the features of the crater. The crater can also be covered in ejecta from other impacts, which can submerge features and even bury the central peak.
The ejecta from large impacts can include larges blocks of material that reimpact the surface to form secondary impact craters. These craters are sometimes formed in clearly discernible radial patterns, and generally have shallower depths than primary craters of the same size. In some cases an entire line of these blocks can impact to form a valley. These are distinguished from catena, or crater chains, which are linear strings of craters that are formed when the impact body breaks up prior to impact.
Generally speaking, a lunar crater is roughly circular in form. Laboratory experiments at NASA 's Ames Research Center have demonstrated that even very low - angle impacts tend to produce circular craters, and that elliptical craters start forming at impact angles below five degrees. However, a low angle impact can produce a central peak that is offset from the midpoint of the crater. Additionally, the ejecta from oblique impacts show distinctive patterns at different impact angles: asymmetry starting around 60 _̊ and a wedge - shaped "zone of avoidance '' free of ejecta in the direction the projectile came from starting around 45 _̊.
Dark - halo craters are formed when an impact excavates lower albedo material from beneath the surface, then deposits this darker ejecta around the main crater. This can occur when an area of darker basaltic material, such as that found on the maria, is later covered by lighter ejecta derived from more distant impacts in the highlands. This covering conceals the darker material below, which is later excavated by subsequent craters.
The largest impacts produced melt sheets of molten rock that covered portions of the surface that could be as thick as a kilometer. Examples of such impact melt can be seen in the northeastern part of the Mare Orientale impact basin.
The surface of the Moon has been subject to billions of years of collisions with both small and large asteroidal and cometary materials. Over time, these impact processes have pulverized and "gardened '' the surface materials, forming a fine grained layer termed "regolith ''. The thickness of the regolith varies between 2 meters beneath the younger maria, to up to 20 meters beneath the oldest surfaces of the lunar highlands. The regolith is predominantly composed of materials found in the region, but also contains traces of materials ejected by distant impact craters. The term "mega-regolith '' is often used to describe the heavily fractured bedrock directly beneath the near - surface regolith layer.
The regolith contains rocks, fragments of minerals from the original bedrock, and glassy particles formed during the impacts. In most of the lunar regolith, half of the particles are made of mineral fragments fused by the glassy particles; these objects are called agglutinates. The chemical composition of the regolith varies according to its location; the regolith in the highlands is rich in aluminium and silica, just as the rocks in those regions. The regolith in the maria is rich in iron and magnesium and is silica - poor, as are the basaltic rocks from which it is formed.
The lunar regolith is very important because it also stores information about the history of the Sun. The atoms that compose the solar wind -- mostly helium, neon, carbon and nitrogen -- hit the lunar surface and insert themselves into the mineral grains. Upon analyzing the composition of the regolith, particularly its isotopic composition, it is possible to determine if the activity of the Sun has changed with time. The gases of the solar wind could be useful for future lunar bases, because oxygen, hydrogen (water), carbon and nitrogen are not only essential to sustain life, but are also potentially very useful in the production of fuel. The composition of the lunar regolith can also be used to infer its source origin.
Lunar lava tubes form a potentially important location for constructing a future lunar base, which may be used for local exploration and development, or as a human outpost to serve exploration beyond the Moon. A lunar lava cave potential has long been suggested and discussed in literature and thesis. Any intact lava tube on the Moon could serve as a shelter from the severe environment of the lunar surface, with its frequent meteorite impacts, high - energy ultraviolet radiation and energetic particles, and extreme diurnal temperature variations. Following the launch of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, many lunar lava tubes have been imaged. These lunar pits are found in several locations across the Moon, including Marius Hills, Mare Ingenii and Mare Tranquillitatis.
The first rocks brought back by Apollo 11 were basalts. Although the mission landed on Mare Tranquillitatis, a few millimetric fragments of rocks coming from the highlands were picked up. These are composed mainly of plagioclase feldspar; some fragments were composed exclusively of anorthositic plagioclase. The identification of these mineral fragments led to the bold hypothesis that a large portion of the Moon was once molten, and that the crust formed by fractional crystallization of this magma ocean.
A natural outcome of the giant impact event is that the materials that reaccreted to form the Moon must have been hot. Current models predict that a large portion of the Moon would have been molten shortly after the Moon formed, with estimates for the depth of this magma ocean ranging from about 500 km to complete melting. Crystallization of this magma ocean would have given rise to a differentiated body with a compositionally distinct crust and mantle and accounts for the major suites of lunar rocks.
As crystallization of the lunar magma ocean proceeded, minerals such as olivine and pyroxene would have precipitated and sank to form the lunar mantle. After crystallization was about three - quarters complete, anorthositic plagioclase would have begun to crystallize, and because of its low density, float, forming an anorthositic crust. Importantly, elements that are incompatible (i.e., those that partition preferentially into the liquid phase) would have been progressively concentrated into the magma as crystallization progressed, forming a KREEP - rich magma that initially should have been sandwiched between the crust and mantle. Evidence for this scenario comes from the highly anorthositic composition of the lunar highland crust, as well as the existence of KREEP - rich materials.
The Apollo program brought back 380.05 kilograms (837.87 lb) of lunar surface material, most of which is stored at the Lunar Receiving Laboratory in Houston, Texas, and the uncrewed Soviet Luna programme returned 326 grams (11.5 oz) of lunar material. These rocks have proved to be invaluable in deciphering the geologic evolution of the Moon. Lunar rocks are in large part made of the same common rock forming minerals as found on Earth, such as olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase feldspar (anorthosite). Plagioclase feldspar is mostly found in the lunar crust, whereas pyroxene and olivine are typically seen in the lunar mantle. The mineral ilmenite is highly abundant in some mare basalts, and a new mineral named armalcolite (named for Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins, the three members of the Apollo 11 crew) was first discovered in the lunar samples.
The maria are composed predominantly of basalt, whereas the highland regions are iron - poor and composed primarily of anorthosite, a rock composed primarily of calcium - rich plagioclase feldspar. Another significant component of the crust are the igneous Mg - suite rocks, such as the troctolites, norites, and KREEP - basalts. These rocks are believed to be genetically related to the petrogenesis of KREEP.
Composite rocks on the lunar surface often appear in the form of breccias. Of these, the subcategories are called fragmental, granulitic, and impact - melt breccias, depending on how they were formed. The mafic impact melt breccias, which are typified by the low - K Fra Mauro composition, have a higher proportion of iron and magnesium than typical upper crust anorthositic rocks, as well as higher abundances of KREEP.
The main characteristics of the basaltic rocks with respect to the rocks of the lunar highlands is that the basalts contain higher abundances of olivine and pyroxene, and less plagioclase. They are more rich in iron than terrestrial basalts, and also have lower viscosities. Some of them have high abundances of a ferro - titanic oxide called ilmenite. Because the first sampling of rocks contained a high content of ilmenite and other related minerals, they received the name of "high titanium '' basalts. The Apollo 12 mission returned to Earth with basalts of lower titanium concentrations, and these were dubbed "low titanium '' basalts. Subsequent missions, including the Soviet robotic probes, returned with basalts with even lower concentrations, now called "very low titanium '' basalts. The Clementine space probe returned data showing that the mare basalts have a continuum in titanium concentrations, with the highest concentration rocks being the least abundant.
The current model of the interior of the Moon was derived using seismometers left behind during the crewed Apollo program missions, as well as investigations of the Moon 's gravity field and rotation.
The mass of the Moon is sufficient to eliminate any voids within the interior, so it is believed to be composed of solid rock throughout. Its low bulk density (~ 3346 kg m) indicates a low metal abundance. Mass and moment of inertia constraints indicate that the Moon likely has an iron core that is less than about 450 km in radius. Studies of the Moon 's physical librations (small perturbations to its rotation) furthermore indicate that the core is still molten. Most planetary bodies and moons have iron cores that are about half the size of the body. The Moon is thus anomalous in having a core whose size is only about one quarter of its radius.
The crust of the Moon is on average about 50 km thick (though this is uncertain by about ± 15 km). It is widely believed that the far - side crust is on average thicker than the near side by about 15 km. Seismology has constrained the thickness of the crust only near the Apollo 12 and 14 landing sites. Although the initial Apollo - era analyses suggested a crustal thickness of about 60 km at this site, recent reanalyses of this data suggest that it is thinner, somewhere between about 30 and 45 km.
Compared with that of Earth, the Moon has only a very weak external magnetic field. Other major differences are that the Moon does not currently have a dipolar magnetic field (as would be generated by a geodynamo in its core), and the magnetizations that are present are almost entirely crustal in origin. One hypothesis holds that the crustal magnetizations were acquired early in lunar history when a geodynamo was still operating. The small size of the lunar core, however, is a potential obstacle to this hypothesis. Alternatively, it is possible that on airless bodies such as the Moon, transient magnetic fields could be generated during impact processes. In support of this, it has been noted that the largest crustal magnetizations appear to be located near the antipodes of the largest impact basins. Although the Moon does not have a dipolar magnetic field like Earth 's, some of the returned rocks do have strong magnetizations. Furthermore, measurements from orbit show that some portions of the lunar surface are associated with strong magnetic fields.
Lunar near side
Lunar far side
Lunar north pole
Lunar south pole
Cited references
Scientific references
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which of the following is not a component of the circulatory system | Circulatory system - wikipedia
The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis.
The circulatory system includes the lymphatic system, which circulates lymph. The passage of lymph for example takes much longer than that of blood. Blood is a fluid consisting of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets that is circulated by the heart through the vertebrate vascular system, carrying oxygen and nutrients to and waste materials away from all body tissues. Lymph is essentially recycled excess blood plasma after it has been filtered from the interstitial fluid (between cells) and returned to the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular (from Latin words meaning "heart '' and "vessel '') system comprises the blood, heart, and blood vessels. The lymph, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels form the lymphatic system, which returns filtered blood plasma from the interstitial fluid (between cells) as lymph.
The circulatory system of the blood is seen as having two components, a systemic circulation and a pulmonary circulation.
While humans, as well as other vertebrates, have a closed cardiovascular system (meaning that the blood never leaves the network of arteries, veins and capillaries), some invertebrate groups have an open cardiovascular system. The lymphatic system, on the other hand, is an open system providing an accessory route for excess interstitial fluid to be returned to the blood. The more primitive, diploblastic animal phyla lack circulatory systems.
Many diseases affect the circulatory system. This includes cardiovascular disease, affecting the cardiovascular system, and lymphatic disease affecting the lymphatic system. Cardiologists are medical professionals which specialise in the heart, and cardiothoracic surgeons specialise in operating on the heart and its surrounding areas. Vascular surgeons focus on other parts of the circulatory system.
The essential components of the human cardiovascular system are the heart, blood and blood vessels. It includes the pulmonary circulation, a "loop '' through the lungs where blood is oxygenated; and the systemic circulation, a "loop '' through the rest of the body to provide oxygenated blood. The systemic circulation can also be seen to function in two parts -- a macrocirculation and a microcirculation. An average adult contains five to six quarts (roughly 4.7 to 5.7 liters) of blood, accounting for approximately 7 % of their total body weight. Blood consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Also, the digestive system works with the circulatory system to provide the nutrients the system needs to keep the heart pumping.
The cardiovascular systems of humans are closed, meaning that the blood never leaves the network of blood vessels. In contrast, oxygen and nutrients diffuse across the blood vessel layers and enter interstitial fluid, which carries oxygen and nutrients to the target cells, and carbon dioxide and wastes in the opposite direction. The other component of the circulatory system, the lymphatic system, is open.
Oxygenated blood enters the systemic circulation when leaving the left ventricle, through the aortic semilunar valve. The first part of the systemic circulation is the aorta, a massive and thick - walled artery. The aorta arches and gives branches supplying the upper part of the body after passing through the aortic opening of the diaphragm at the level of thoracic ten vertebra, it enters the abdomen. Later it descends down and supplies branches to abdomen, pelvis, perineum and the lower limbs. The walls of aorta are elastic. This elasticity helps to maintain the blood pressure throughout the body. When the aorta receives almost five litres of blood from the heart, it recoils and is responsible for pulsating blood pressure. Moreover, as aorta branches into smaller arteries, their elasticity goes on decreasing and their compliance goes on increasing.
Arteries branch into small passages called arterioles and then into the capillaries. The capillaries merge to bring blood into the venous system.
After their passage through body tissues, capillaries merge once again into venules, which continue to merge into veins. The venous system finally coalesces into two major veins: the superior vena cava (roughly speaking draining the areas above the heart) and the inferior vena cava (roughly speaking from areas below the heart). These two great vessels empty into the right atrium of the heart.
The heart itself is supplied with oxygen and nutrients through a small "loop '' of the systemic circulation and derives very little from the blood contained within the four chambers.
The general rule is that arteries from the heart branch out into capillaries, which collect into veins leading back to the heart. Portal veins are a slight exception to this. In humans the only significant example is the hepatic portal vein which combines from capillaries around the gastrointestinal tract where the blood absorbs the various products of digestion; rather than leading directly back to the heart, the hepatic portal vein branches into a second capillary system in the liver.
The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. In the human heart there is one atrium and one ventricle for each circulation, and with both a systemic and a pulmonary circulation there are four chambers in total: left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle. The right atrium is the upper chamber of the right side of the heart. The blood that is returned to the right atrium is deoxygenated (poor in oxygen) and passed into the right ventricle to be pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for re-oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide. The left atrium receives newly oxygenated blood from the lungs as well as the pulmonary vein which is passed into the strong left ventricle to be pumped through the aorta to the different organs of the body.
The coronary circulation system provides a blood supply to the heart muscle itself. The coronary circulation begins near the origin of the aorta by two coronary arteries: the right coronary artery and the left coronary artery. After nourishing the heart muscle, blood returns through the coronary veins into the coronary sinus and from this one into the right atrium. Back flow of blood through its opening during atrial systole is prevented by the Thebesian valve. The smallest cardiac veins drain directly into the heart chambers.
The circulatory system of the lungs is the portion of the cardiovascular system in which oxygen - depleted blood is pumped away from the heart, via the pulmonary artery, to the lungs and returned, oxygenated, to the heart via the pulmonary vein.
Oxygen deprived blood from the superior and inferior vena cava enters the right atrium of the heart and flows through the tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve) into the right ventricle, from which it is then pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs, whereby CO is released from the blood, and oxygen is absorbed. The pulmonary vein returns the now oxygen - rich blood to the left atrium.
A separate system known as the bronchial circulation supplies blood to the tissue of the larger airways of the lung.
Systemic circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which transports oxygenated blood away from the heart through the aorta from the left ventricle where the blood has been previously deposited from pulmonary circulation, to the rest of the body, and returns oxygen - depleted blood back to the heart.
The brain has a dual blood supply that comes from arteries at its front and back. These are called the "anterior '' and "posterior '' circulation respectively. The anterior circulation arises from the internal carotid arteries and supplies the front of the brain. The posterior circulation arises from the vertebral arteries, and supplies the back of the brain and brainstem. The circulation from the front and the back join together (anastomise) at the Circle of Willis.
The renal circulation receives around 20 % of the cardiac output. It branches from the abdominal aorta and returns blood to the ascending vena cava. It is the blood supply to the kidneys, and contains many specialized blood vessels.
The lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system. It is a network of lymphatic vessels and lymph capillaries, lymph nodes and organs, and lymphatic tissues and circulating lymph. One of its major functions is to carry the lymph, draining and returning interstitial fluid back towards the heart for return to the cardiovascular system, by emptying into the lymphatic ducts. Its other main function is in the adaptive immune system.
The development of the circulatory system starts with vasculogenesis in the embryo. The human arterial and venous systems develop from different areas in the embryo. The arterial system develops mainly from the aortic arches, six pairs of arches which develop on the upper part of the embryo. The venous system arises from three bilateral veins during weeks 4 -- 8 of embryogenesis. Fetal circulation begins within the 8th week of development. Fetal circulation does not include the lungs, which are bypassed via the truncus arteriosus. Before birth the fetus obtains oxygen (and nutrients) from the mother through the placenta and the umbilical cord.
The human arterial system originates from the aortic arches and from the dorsal aortae starting from week 4 of embryonic life. The first and second aortic arches regress and forms only the maxillary arteries and stapedial arteries respectively. The arterial system itself arises from aortic arches 3, 4 and 6 (aortic arch 5 completely regresses).
The dorsal aortae, present on the dorsal side of the embryo, are initially present on both sides of the embryo. They later fuse to form the basis for the aorta itself. Approximately thirty smaller arteries branch from this at the back and sides. These branches form the intercostal arteries, arteries of the arms and legs, lumbar arteries and the lateral sacral arteries. Branches to the sides of the aorta will form the definitive renal, suprarenal and gonadal arteries. Finally, branches at the front of the aorta consist of the vitelline arteries and umbilical arteries. The vitelline arteries form the celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries of the gastrointestinal tract. After birth, the umbilical arteries will form the internal iliac arteries.
The human venous system develops mainly from the vitelline veins, the umbilical veins and the cardinal veins, all of which empty into the sinus venosus.
About 98.5 % of the oxygen in a sample of arterial blood in a healthy human, breathing air at sea - level pressure, is chemically combined with hemoglobin molecules. About 1.5 % is physically dissolved in the other blood liquids and not connected to hemoglobin. The hemoglobin molecule is the primary transporter of oxygen in mammals and many other species.
Many diseases affect the circulatory system. This includes cardiovascular disease, affecting the cardiovascular system, and lymphatic disease affecting the lymphatic system. Cardiologists are medical professionals which specialise in the heart, and cardiothoracic surgeons specialise in operating on the heart and its surrounding areas. Vascular surgeons focus on other parts of the circulatory system.
Diseases affecting the cardiovascular system are called cardiovascular disease.
Many of these diseases are called "lifestyle diseases '' because they develop over time and are related to a person 's exercise habits, diet, whether they smoke, and other lifestyle choices a person makes. Atherosclerosis is the precursor to many of these diseases. It is where small atheromatous plaques build up in the walls of medium and large arteries. This may eventually grow or rupture to occlude the arteries. It is also a risk factor for acute coronary syndromes, which are diseases which are characterised by a sudden deficit of oxygenated blood to the heart tissue. Atherosclerosis is also associated with problems such as aneurysm formation or splitting ("dissection '') of arteries.
Another major cardiovascular disease involves the creation of a clot, called a "thrombus ''. These can originate in veins or arteries. Deep venous thrombosis, which mostly occurs in the legs, is one cause of clots in the veins of the legs, particularly when a person has been stationary for a long time. These clots may embolise, meaning travel to another location in the body. The results of this may include pulmonary embolus, transient ischaemic attacks, or stroke.
Cardiovascular diseases may also be congenital in nature, such as heart defects or persistent fetal circulation, where the circulatory changes that are supposed to happen after birth do not. Not all congenital changes to the circulatory system are associated with diseases, a large number are anatomical variations.
The function and health of the circulatory system and its parts are measured in a variety of manual and automated ways. These include simple methods such as those that are part of the cardiovascular examination, including the taking of a person 's pulse as an indicator of a person 's heart rate, the taking of blood pressure through a sphygmomanometer or the use of a stethoscope to listen to the heart for murmurs which may indicate problems with the heart 's valves. An electrocardiogram can also be used to evaluate the way in which electricity is conducted through the heart.
Other more invasive means can also be used. A cannula or catheter inserted into an artery may be used to measure pulse pressure or pulmonary wedge pressures. Angiography, which involves injecting a dye into an artery to visualise an arterial tree, can be used in the heart (coronary angiography) or brain. At the same time as the arteries are visualised, blockages or narrowings may be fixed through the insertion of stents, and active bleeds may be managed by the insertion of coils. An MRI may be used to image arteries, called an MRI angiogram. For evaluation of the blood supply to the lungs a CT pulmonary angiogram may be used.
Vascular ultrasonography include for example:
There are a number of surgical procedures performed on the circulatory system:
Cardiovascular procedures are more likely to be performed in an inpatient setting than in an ambulatory care setting; in the United States, only 28 % of cardiovascular surgeries were performed in the ambulatory care setting.
While humans, as well as other vertebrates, have a closed cardiovascular system (meaning that the blood never leaves the network of arteries, veins and capillaries), some invertebrate groups have an open cardiovascular system. The lymphatic system, on the other hand, is an open system providing an accessory route for excess interstitial fluid to be returned to the blood. The more primitive, diploblastic animal phyla lack circulatory systems.
The blood vascular system first appeared probably in an ancestor of the triploblasts over 600 million years ago, overcoming the time - distance constraints of diffusion, while endothelium evolved in an ancestral vertebrate some 540 -- 510 million years ago.
In arthropods, the open circulatory system is a system in which a fluid in a cavity called the hemocoel bathes the organs directly with oxygen and nutrients and there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid; this combined fluid is called hemolymph or haemolymph. Muscular movements by the animal during locomotion can facilitate hemolymph movement, but diverting flow from one area to another is limited. When the heart relaxes, blood is drawn back toward the heart through open - ended pores (ostia).
Hemolymph fills all of the interior hemocoel of the body and surrounds all cells. Hemolymph is composed of water, inorganic salts (mostly sodium, chlorine, potassium, magnesium, and calcium), and organic compounds (mostly carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids). The primary oxygen transporter molecule is hemocyanin.
There are free - floating cells, the hemocytes, within the hemolymph. They play a role in the arthropod immune system.
The circulatory systems of all vertebrates, as well as of annelids (for example, earthworms) and cephalopods (squids, octopuses and relatives) are closed, just as in humans. Still, the systems of fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds show various stages of the evolution of the circulatory system.
In fish, the system has only one circuit, with the blood being pumped through the capillaries of the gills and on to the capillaries of the body tissues. This is known as single cycle circulation. The heart of fish is, therefore, only a single pump (consisting of two chambers).
In amphibians and most reptiles, a double circulatory system is used, but the heart is not always completely separated into two pumps. Amphibians have a three - chambered heart.
In reptiles, the ventricular septum of the heart is incomplete and the pulmonary artery is equipped with a sphincter muscle. This allows a second possible route of blood flow. Instead of blood flowing through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, the sphincter may be contracted to divert this blood flow through the incomplete ventricular septum into the left ventricle and out through the aorta. This means the blood flows from the capillaries to the heart and back to the capillaries instead of to the lungs. This process is useful to ectothermic (cold - blooded) animals in the regulation of their body temperature.
Birds, mammals, and crocodilians show complete separation of the heart into two pumps, for a total of four heart chambers; it is thought that the four - chambered heart of birds and crocodilians evolved independently from that of mammals.
Circulatory systems are absent in some animals, including flatworms. Their body cavity has no lining or enclosed fluid. Instead a muscular pharynx leads to an extensively branched digestive system that facilitates direct diffusion of nutrients to all cells. The flatworm 's dorso - ventrally flattened body shape also restricts the distance of any cell from the digestive system or the exterior of the organism. Oxygen can diffuse from the surrounding water into the cells, and carbon dioxide can diffuse out. Consequently, every cell is able to obtain nutrients, water and oxygen without the need of a transport system.
Some animals, such as jellyfish, have more extensive branching from their gastrovascular cavity (which functions as both a place of digestion and a form of circulation), this branching allows for bodily fluids to reach the outer layers, since the digestion begins in the inner layers.
The earliest known writings on the circulatory system are found in the Ebers Papyrus (16th century BCE), an ancient Egyptian medical papyrus containing over 700 prescriptions and remedies, both physical and spiritual. In the papyrus, it acknowledges the connection of the heart to the arteries. The Egyptians thought air came in through the mouth and into the lungs and heart. From the heart, the air travelled to every member through the arteries. Although this concept of the circulatory system is only partially correct, it represents one of the earliest accounts of scientific thought.
In the 6th century BCE, the knowledge of circulation of vital fluids through the body was known to the Ayurvedic physician Sushruta in ancient India. He also seems to have possessed knowledge of the arteries, described as ' channels ' by Dwivedi & Dwivedi (2007). The valves of the heart were discovered by a physician of the Hippocratean school around the 4th century BCE. However their function was not properly understood then. Because blood pools in the veins after death, arteries look empty. Ancient anatomists assumed they were filled with air and that they were for transport of air.
The Greek physician, Herophilus, distinguished veins from arteries but thought that the pulse was a property of arteries themselves. Greek anatomist Erasistratus observed that arteries that were cut during life bleed. He ascribed the fact to the phenomenon that air escaping from an artery is replaced with blood that entered by very small vessels between veins and arteries. Thus he apparently postulated capillaries but with reversed flow of blood.
In 2nd century AD Rome, the Greek physician Galen knew that blood vessels carried blood and identified venous (dark red) and arterial (brighter and thinner) blood, each with distinct and separate functions. Growth and energy were derived from venous blood created in the liver from chyle, while arterial blood gave vitality by containing pneuma (air) and originated in the heart. Blood flowed from both creating organs to all parts of the body where it was consumed and there was no return of blood to the heart or liver. The heart did not pump blood around, the heart 's motion sucked blood in during diastole and the blood moved by the pulsation of the arteries themselves.
Galen believed that the arterial blood was created by venous blood passing from the left ventricle to the right by passing through ' pores ' in the interventricular septum, air passed from the lungs via the pulmonary artery to the left side of the heart. As the arterial blood was created ' sooty ' vapors were created and passed to the lungs also via the pulmonary artery to be exhaled.
In 1025, The Canon of Medicine by the Persian physician, Avicenna, "erroneously accepted the Greek notion regarding the existence of a hole in the ventricular septum by which the blood traveled between the ventricles. '' Despite this, Avicenna "correctly wrote on the cardiac cycles and valvular function '', and "had a vision of blood circulation '' in his Treatise on Pulse. While also refining Galen 's erroneous theory of the pulse, Avicenna provided the first correct explanation of pulsation: "Every beat of the pulse comprises two movements and two pauses. Thus, expansion: pause: contraction: pause. (...) The pulse is a movement in the heart and arteries... which takes the form of alternate expansion and contraction. ''
In 1242, the Arabian physician, Ibn al - Nafis, became the first person to accurately describe the process of pulmonary circulation, for which he is sometimes considered the father of circulatory physiology. Ibn al - Nafis stated in his Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna 's Canon:
"... the blood from the right chamber of the heart must arrive at the left chamber but there is no direct pathway between them. The thick septum of the heart is not perforated and does not have visible pores as some people thought or invisible pores as Galen thought. The blood from the right chamber must flow through the vena arteriosa (pulmonary artery) to the lungs, spread through its substances, be mingled there with air, pass through the arteria venosa (pulmonary vein) to reach the left chamber of the heart and there form the vital spirit... ''
In addition, Ibn al - Nafis had an insight into what would become a larger theory of the capillary circulation. He stated that "there must be small communications or pores (manafidh in Arabic) between the pulmonary artery and vein, '' a prediction that preceded the discovery of the capillary system by more than 400 years. Ibn al - Nafis ' theory, however, was confined to blood transit in the lungs and did not extend to the entire body.
Michael Servetus was the first European to describe the function of pulmonary circulation, although his achievement was not widely recognized at the time, for a few reasons. He firstly described it in the "Manuscript of Paris '' (near 1546), but this work was never published. And later he published this description, but in a theological treatise, Christianismi Restitutio, not in a book on medicine. Only three copies of the book survived but these remained hidden for decades, the rest were burned shortly after its publication in 1553 because of persecution of Servetus by religious authorities.
Better known discovery of pulmonary circulation was by Vesalius 's successor at Padua, Realdo Colombo, in 1559.
Finally, William Harvey, a pupil of Hieronymus Fabricius (who had earlier described the valves of the veins without recognizing their function), performed a sequence of experiments, and published Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus in 1628, which "demonstrated that there had to be a direct connection between the venous and arterial systems throughout the body, and not just the lungs. Most importantly, he argued that the beat of the heart produced a continuous circulation of blood through minute connections at the extremities of the body. This is a conceptual leap that was quite different from Ibn al - Nafis ' refinement of the anatomy and bloodflow in the heart and lungs. '' This work, with its essentially correct exposition, slowly convinced the medical world. However, Harvey was not able to identify the capillary system connecting arteries and veins; these were later discovered by Marcello Malpighi in 1661.
In 1956, André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmann and Dickinson W. Richards were awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system. '' In his Nobel lecture, Forssmann credits Harvey as birthing cardiology with the publication of his book in 1628.
In the 1970s, Diana McSherry developed computer - based systems to create images of the circulatory system and heart without the need for surgery.
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when do two atoms represent the same element | Diatomic molecule - wikipedia
Diatomic molecules are molecules composed of only two atoms, of the same or different chemical elements. The prefix di - is of Greek origin, meaning "two ''. If a diatomic molecule consists of two atoms of the same element, such as hydrogen (H) or oxygen (O), then it is said to be homonuclear. Otherwise, if a diatomic molecule consists of two different atoms, such as carbon monoxide (CO) or nitric oxide (NO), the molecule is said to be heteronuclear.
The only chemical elements that form stable homonuclear diatomic molecules at standard temperature and pressure (STP) (or typical laboratory conditions of 1 bar and 25 ° C) are the gases hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), fluorine (F), and chlorine (Cl).
The noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon) are also gases at STP, but they are monatomic. The homonuclear diatomic gases and noble gases together are called "elemental gases '' or "molecular gases '', to distinguish them from other gases that are chemical compounds.
At slightly elevated temperatures, the halogens bromine (Br) and iodine (I) also form diatomic gases. All halogens have been observed as diatomic molecules, except for astatine, which is uncertain.
Other elements form diatomic molecules when evaporated, but these diatomic species repolymerize when cooled. Heating ("cracking '') elemental phosphorus gives diphosphorus, P. Sulfur vapor is mostly disulfur (S). Dilithium (Li) is known in the gas phase. Ditungsten (W) and dimolybdenum (Mo) form with sextuple bonds in the gas phase. The bond in a homonuclear diatomic molecule is non-polar.
All other diatomic molecules are chemical compounds of two different elements. Many elements can combine to form heteronuclear diatomic molecules, depending on temperature and pressure.
Common examples include the gases carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen chloride (HCl).
Many 1: 1 binary compounds are not normally considered diatomic because they are polymeric at room temperature, but they form diatomic molecules when evaporated, for example gaseous MgO, SiO, and many others.
Hundreds of diatomic molecules have been identified in the environment of the Earth, in the laboratory, and in interstellar space. About 99 % of the Earth 's atmosphere is composed of two species of diatomic molecules: nitrogen (78 %) and oxygen (21 %). The natural abundance of hydrogen (H) in the Earth 's atmosphere is only of the order of parts per million, but H is the most abundant diatomic molecule in the universe. The interstellar medium is, indeed, dominated by hydrogen atoms.
Diatomic elements played an important role in the elucidation of the concepts of element, atom, and molecule in the 19th century, because some of the most common elements, such as hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, occur as diatomic molecules. John Dalton 's original atomic hypothesis assumed that all elements were monatomic and that the atoms in compounds would normally have the simplest atomic ratios with respect to one another. For example, Dalton assumed water 's formula to be HO, giving the atomic weight of oxygen as eight times that of hydrogen, instead of the modern value of about 16. As a consequence, confusion existed regarding atomic weights and molecular formulas for about half a century.
As early as 1805, Gay - Lussac and von Humboldt showed that water is formed of two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen, and by 1811 Amedeo Avogadro had arrived at the correct interpretation of water 's composition, based on what is now called Avogadro 's law and the assumption of diatomic elemental molecules. However, these results were mostly ignored until 1860, partly due to the belief that atoms of one element would have no chemical affinity toward atoms of the same element, and partly due to apparent exceptions to Avogadro 's law that were not explained until later in terms of dissociating molecules.
At the 1860 Karlsruhe Congress on atomic weights, Cannizzaro resurrected Avogadro 's ideas and used them to produce a consistent table of atomic weights, which mostly agree with modern values. These weights were an important prerequisite for the discovery of the periodic law by Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer.
Diatomic molecules are normally in their lowest or ground state, which conventionally is also known as the X (\ displaystyle X) state. When a gas of diatomic molecules is bombarded by energetic electrons, some of the molecules may be excited to higher electronic states, as occurs, for example, in the natural aurora; high - altitude nuclear explosions; and rocket - borne electron gun experiments. Such excitation can also occur when the gas absorbs light or other electromagnetic radiation. The excited states are unstable and naturally relax back to the ground state. Over various short time scales after the excitation (typically a fraction of a second, or sometimes longer than a second if the excited state is metastable), transitions occur from higher to lower electronic states and ultimately to the ground state, and in each transition results a photon is emitted. This emission is known as fluorescence. Successively higher electronic states are conventionally named A (\ displaystyle A), B (\ displaystyle B), C (\ displaystyle C), etc. (but this convention is not always followed, and sometimes lower case letters and alphabetically out - of - sequence letters are used, as in the example given below). The excitation energy must be greater than or equal to the energy of the electronic state in order for the excitation to occur.
In quantum theory, an electronic state of a diatomic molecule is represented by
where S (\ displaystyle S) is the total electronic spin quantum number, Λ (\ displaystyle \ Lambda) is the total electronic angular momentum quantum number along the internuclear axis, and v (\ displaystyle v) is the vibrational quantum number. Λ (\ displaystyle \ Lambda) takes on values 0, 1, 2,..., which are represented by the electronic state symbols Σ (\ displaystyle \ Sigma), Π (\ displaystyle \ Pi), Δ (\ displaystyle \ Delta),.... For example, the following table lists the common electronic states (without vibrational quantum numbers) along with the energy of the lowest vibrational level (v = 0 (\ displaystyle v = 0)) of diatomic nitrogen (N), the most abundant gas in the Earth 's atmosphere. In the table, the subscripts and superscripts after Λ (\ displaystyle \ Lambda) give additional quantum mechanical details about the electronic state.
Note: The "energy '' units in the above table are actually the reciprocal of the wavelength of a photon emitted in a transition to the lowest energy state. The actual energy can be found by multiplying the given statistic by the product of c (the speed of light) and h (Planck 's constant), i.e., about 1.99 × 10 Joule metres, and then multiplying by a further factor of 100 to convert from cm to m.
The aforementioned fluorescence occurs in distinct regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, called "emission bands '': each band corresponds to a particular transition from a higher electronic state and vibrational level to a lower electronic state and vibrational level (typically, many vibrational levels are involved in an excited gas of diatomic molecules). For example, N A (\ displaystyle A) - X (\ displaystyle X) emission bands (a.k.a. Vegard - Kaplan bands) are present in the spectral range from 0.14 to 1.45 μm (micrometres). A given band can be spread out over several nanometers in electromagnetic wavelength space, owing to the various transitions that occur in the molecule 's rotational quantum number, J (\ displaystyle J). These are classified into distinct sub-band branches, depending on the change in J (\ displaystyle J). The R (\ displaystyle R) branch corresponds to Δ J = + 1 (\ displaystyle \ Delta J = + 1), the P (\ displaystyle P) branch to Δ J = − 1 (\ displaystyle \ Delta J = - 1), and the Q (\ displaystyle Q) branch to Δ J = 0 (\ displaystyle \ Delta J = 0). Bands are spread out even further by the limited spectral resolution of the spectrometer that is used to measure the spectrum. The spectral resolution depends on the instrument 's point spread function.
The molecular term symbol is a shorthand expression of the angular momenta that characterize the electronic quantum states of a diatomic molecule, which are eigenstates of the electronic molecular Hamiltonian. It is also convenient, and common, to represent a diatomic molecule as two point masses connected by a massless spring. The energies involved in the various motions of the molecule can then be broken down into three categories: the translational, rotational, and vibrational energies.
The translational energy of the molecule is given by the kinetic energy expression:
where m (\ displaystyle m) is the mass of the molecule and v (\ displaystyle v) is its velocity.
Classically, the kinetic energy of rotation is
For microscopic, atomic - level systems like a molecule, angular momentum can only have specific discrete values given by
Also, for a diatomic molecule the moment of inertia is
So, substituting the angular momentum and moment of inertia into E, the rotational energy levels of a diatomic molecule are given by:
Another type of motion of a diatomic molecule is for each atom to oscillate -- or vibrate -- along the line connecting the two atoms. The vibrational energy is approximately that of a quantum harmonic oscillator:
The spacing, and the energy of a typical spectroscopic transition, between vibrational energy levels is about 100 times greater than that of a typical transition between rotational energy levels.
The good quantum numbers for a diatomic molecule, as well as good approximations of rotational energy levels, can be obtained by modeling the molecule using Hund 's cases.
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when did it become mandatory to have a social security number | Social Security number - wikipedia
In the United States, a Social Security number (SSN) is a nine - digit number issued to U.S. citizens, permanent residents, and temporary (working) residents under section 205 (c) (2) of the Social Security Act, codified as 42 U.S.C. § 405 (c) (2). The number is issued to an individual by the Social Security Administration, an independent agency of the United States government. Although its primary purpose is to track individuals for Social Security purposes, the Social Security number has become a de facto national identification number for taxation and other purposes.
A Social Security number may be obtained by applying on Form SS - 5, Application for A Social Security Number Card.
Social Security numbers were first issued by the Social Security Administration in November 1935 as part of the New Deal Social Security program. Within three months, 25 million numbers were issued.
On November 24, 1936, 1,074 of the nation 's 45,000 post offices were designated "typing centers '' to type up Social Security cards that were then sent to Washington, D.C. On December 1, 1936, as part of the publicity campaign for the new program, Joseph L. Fay of the Social Security Administration selected a record from the top of the first stack of 1,000 records and announced that the first Social Security number in history was assigned to John David Sweeney, Jr., of New Rochelle, New York.
Before 1986, people often did not obtain a Social Security number until the age of about 14, since the numbers were used for income tracking purposes, and those under that age seldom had substantial income. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 required parents to list Social Security numbers for each dependent over the age of 5 for whom the parent wanted to claim a tax deduction. Before this act, parents claiming tax deductions were simply trusted not to lie about the number of children they supported. During the first year of the Tax Reform Act, this anti-fraud change resulted in seven million fewer minor dependents being claimed. The disappearance of these dependents is believed to have involved either children who never existed or tax deductions improperly claimed by non-custodial parents. In 1988, the threshold was lowered to 2 years old, and in 1990, the threshold was lowered yet again to 1 year old. Today, an SSN is required regardless of the child 's age to receive an exemption. Since then, parents have often applied for Social Security numbers for their children soon after birth; today, it can be done on the application for a birth certificate.
The original purpose of this number was to track individuals ' accounts within the Social Security program. It has since come to be used as an identifier for individuals within the United States, although rare errors occur where duplicates do exist. As numbers are now assigned by the central issuing office of the SSA, it is unlikely that duplication will ever occur again. A few duplications did occur when prenumbered cards were sent out to regional SSA offices and (originally) Post Offices.
Employee, patient, student, and credit records are sometimes indexed by Social Security number.
The U.S. Armed Forces has used the Social Security number as an identification number for Army and Air Force personnel since July 1, 1969, the Navy and Marine Corps for their personnel since January 1, 1972, and the Coast Guard for their personnel since October 1, 1974. Previously, the United States military used a much more complicated system of service numbers that varied by service.
Beginning in June 2011, DOD began removing the Social Security number from military identification cards. It is replaced by a unique DOD identification number, formerly known as the EDIPI.
Social Security was originally a universal tax, but when Medicare was passed in 1965, objecting religious groups in existence prior to 1951 were allowed to opt out of the system. Because of this, not every American is part of the Social Security program, and not everyone has a number. However, a social security number is required for parents to claim their children as dependents for federal income tax purposes, and the Internal Revenue Service requires all corporations to obtain SSNs (or alternative identifying numbers) from their employees, as described below. The Old Order Amish have fought to prevent universal Social Security by overturning rules such as a requirement to provide a Social Security number for a hunting license.
Social Security cards printed from January 1946 until January 1972 expressly stated that people should not use the number and card for identification. Since nearly everyone in the United States now has an SSN, it became convenient to use it anyway and the message was removed.
Since then, Social Security numbers have become de facto national identification numbers. Although some people do not have an SSN assigned to them, it is becoming increasingly difficult to engage in legitimate financial activities such as applying for a loan or a bank account without one. While the government can not require an individual to disclose their SSN without a legal basis, companies may refuse to provide service to an individual who does not provide an SSN. The card on which an SSN is issued is still not suitable for primary identification as it has no photograph, no physical description and no birth date. All it does is confirm that a particular number has been issued to a particular name. Instead, a driver 's license or state ID card is used as an identification for adults.
Internal Revenue Code section 6109 (d) provides: "The social security account number issued to an individual for purposes of section 205 (c) (2) (A) of the Social Security Act (codified as 42 U.S.C. § 405 (c) (2) (A)) shall, except as shall otherwise be specified under regulations of the Secretary (of the Treasury or his delegate), be used as the identifying number for such individual for purposes of this title (the Internal Revenue Code, title 26 of the United States Code). ''
The Internal Revenue Code also provides, when required by regulations prescribed by the Secretary (of the Treasury or his delegate):
According to U.S. Treasury regulations, any person who, after October 31, 1962, works as an employee for wages subject to Social Security taxes, Medicare taxes, or U.S. federal income tax withholdings is required to apply for "an account number '' using "Form SS - 5. ''
A taxpayer who is not eligible to have a Social Security number must obtain an alternative Taxpayer Identification Number.
Three different types of Social Security cards are issued. The most common type contains the cardholder 's name and number. Such cards are issued to U.S. citizens and U.S. permanent residents. There are also two restricted types of Social Security cards:
In 2004 Congress passed The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act; parts of which mandated that the Social Security Administration redesign the Social Security Number (SSN) Card to prevent forgery. From April 2006 through August 2007, Social Security Administration (SSA) and Government Printing Office (GPO) employees were assigned to redesign the Social Security Number Card to the specifications of the Interagency Task Force created by the Commissioner of Social Security in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security.
The new SSN card design utilizes both covert and overt security features created by the SSA and GPO design teams.
Many citizens and privacy advocates are concerned about the disclosure and processing of Social Security numbers. Furthermore, researchers at Carnegie Mellon University have demonstrated an algorithm that uses publicly available personal information to reconstruct a given SSN.
The SSN is frequently used by those involved in identity theft, since it is interconnected with many other forms of identification, and because people asking for it treat it as an authenticator. Financial institutions generally require an SSN to set up bank accounts, credit cards, and loans -- partly because they assume that no one except the person it was issued to knows it.
Exacerbating the problem of using the social security number as an identifier is the fact that the social security card contains no biometric identifiers of any sort, making it essentially impossible to tell whether a person using a certain SSN truly belongs to someone without relying on other documentation (which may itself have been falsely procured through use of the fraudulent SSN). Congress has proposed federal laws that restrict the use of SSNs for identification and bans their use for a number of commercial purposes -- e.g., rental applications.
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) offers alternatives to SSNs in some places where providing untrusted parties with identification numbers is essential. Tax return preparers must obtain and use a Preparer Tax Identification Number (PTIN) to include on their client 's tax returns (as part of signature requirements). Day care services have tax benefits, and even a sole proprietor should give parents an EIN (employer identification number) to use on their tax return.
The Social Security Administration has suggested that, if asked to provide his or her Social Security number, a citizen should ask which law requires its use. In accordance with § 7213 of the 9 / 11 Commission Implementation Act of 2004 and 20 C.F.R. 422.103 (e) (2), the number of replacement Social Security cards per person is generally limited to three per calendar year and ten in a lifetime.
Identity confusion has also occurred because of the use of local Social Security numbers by the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and the Republic of Palau, whose numbers overlap with those of residents of New Hampshire and Maine.
A person can request a new Social Security number, but only under certain conditions;
For all of these conditions, credible third - party evidence such as a restraining order or police report, is required.
The Social Security number is a nine - digit number in the format "AAA - GG - SSSS ''. The number is divided into three parts.
On June 25, 2011, the SSA changed the SSN assignment process to "SSN randomization ''. SSN randomization affects the SSN assignment process in the following ways:
Prior to 2011, the first three digits known as the area number were assigned by geographical region. Prior to 1973, cards were issued in local Social Security offices around the country and the area number represented the office code where the card was issued. This did not necessarily have to be in the area where the applicant lived, since a person could apply for their card in any Social Security office. Since 1973, when the SSA began assigning SSNs and issuing cards centrally from Baltimore, the area number assigned has been based on the ZIP code in the mailing address provided on the application for the original Social Security card. The applicant 's mailing address does not have to be the same as their place of residence. Thus, the area number does not necessarily represent the state of residence of the applicant regardless of whether the card was issued prior to, or after, 1973. Wikipedia has a list of Social Security Area Numbers for each state.
Generally, numbers were assigned beginning in the northeast and moving south and westward, so that people on the east coast had the lowest numbers and those on the west coast had the highest numbers. As the areas assigned to a locality are exhausted, new areas from the pool are assigned, so some states have noncontiguous groups of numbers.
The middle two digits are the group number. The group numbers range from 01 to 99. However, they are not assigned in consecutive order. For administrative reasons, group numbers are issued in the following order:
As an example, group number 98 is issued before 11.
The last four digits are serial numbers. They represent a straight numerical sequence of digits from 0001 to 9999 within the group.
The Social Security Administration does not reuse Social Security numbers. It has issued over 450 million since the start of the program, and at a use rate of about 5.5 million per year it says it has enough to last several generations without reuse or changing the number of digits. However, there have been instances where multiple individuals have been inadvertently assigned the same Social Security number.
Prior to June 25, 2011, a valid SSN could not have an area number between 734 and 749, or above 772, the highest area number the Social Security Administration has allocated. Effective June 25, 2011, the SSA assigns SSNs randomly and allows for the assignment of area numbers between 734 and 749 and above 772 through the 800s. This should not be confused with Tax Identification Numbers (TINs), which include additional area numbers.
Some special numbers are never allocated:
Until 2011, the SSA published the last group number used for each area number. Since group numbers were allocated in a regular pattern, it was possible to identify an unissued SSN that contained an invalid group number. Now numbers are assigned randomly, and fraudulent SSNs are not easily detectable with publicly available information. Many online services, however, provide SSN validation.
Unlike many similar numbers, no check digit is included.
Some SSNs used in advertising have rendered those numbers invalid. One famous instance of this occurred in 1938 when the E.H. Ferree Company in Lockport, New York, decided to promote its product by showing how a Social Security card would fit into its wallets. A sample card, used for display purposes, was placed in each wallet, which was sold by Woolworth and other department stores across the country; the wallet manufacturer 's vice president and treasurer Douglas Patterson used the actual SSN of his secretary, Hilda Schrader Whitcher.
Even though the card was printed in red (the real card is printed in blue) and had "Specimen '' printed across the front, many people used Whitcher 's SSN as their own. The Social Security Administration 's account of the incident also claims that the fake card was half the size of a real card, despite a miniature card 's being useless for its purpose and despite Whitcher 's holding two cards of apparently identical size in the accompanying photograph. Over time, the number that appeared (078 - 05 - 1120) has been claimed by a total of over 40,000 people as their own. The SSA initiated an advertising campaign stating that it was incorrect to use the number. (Hilda Whitcher was issued a new SSN.) However, the number was found to be in use by 12 individuals as late as 1977.
More recently, Todd Davis distributed his SSN in advertisements for his company 's LifeLock identity theft protection service, which allowed his identity to be stolen over a dozen times.
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fifa world cup 2018 last 8 teams list | List of FIFA World Cup finals - wikipedia
The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1930. It is contested by the men 's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport 's global governing body. The tournament has taken place every four years, except in 1942 and 1946, when the competition was cancelled due to World War II. The most recent World Cup, hosted by Russia in 2018, was won by France, who beat Croatia 4 -- 2 in regulation time.
The World Cup final match is the last of the competition, and the result determines which country is declared world champions. If after 90 minutes of regular play the score is a draw, an additional 30 - minute period of play, called extra time, is added. If such a game is still tied after extra time, it is then decided by a penalty shoot - out. The team winning the penalty shoot - out are then declared champions. The tournament has been decided by a one - off match on every occasion except 1950, when the tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams (Uruguay, Brazil, Sweden, and Spain). Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil was the decisive match (and one of the last two matches of the tournament) which put them ahead on points and ensured that they finished top of the group as world champions. Therefore, this match is regarded by FIFA as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup.
In the 21 tournaments held, 79 nations have appeared at least once. Of these, 13 have made it to the final match, and eight have won. With five titles, Brazil is the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have participated in every World Cup finals tournament. Italy and Germany have four titles. Current champion France, along with past champions Uruguay and Argentina, have two titles each, while England and Spain have one each. The team that wins the finals receive the FIFA World Cup Trophy, and their name is engraved on the bottom side of the trophy.
The 1970 and 1994, along with the 1986, 1990 and 2014 games are to date the only matches competed by the same teams (Brazil -- Italy and Argentina -- Germany respectively). As of 2018, the 1934 final remains the latest final to have been between two teams playing their first final. The final match of the most recent tournament in Russia took place at the country 's biggest sports complex, the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow. The 1930 and the 1966 games are the only ones that did not take place on a Sunday. The former did on a Wednesday and the latter on a Saturday. As of 2018, only nations from Europe and South America have competed in a World Cup final. Six nations have won the final as host: Uruguay, Italy, England, Germany, Argentina and France. Two nations have lost the final as host: Brazil and Sweden.
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where did the last name henson come from | Jim Henson - wikipedia
James Maury "Jim '' Henson (September 24, 1936 -- May 16, 1990) was an American puppeteer, artist, cartoonist, inventor, screenwriter, and filmmaker who achieved international fame as the creator of the Muppets. He was born in Greenville, Mississippi and raised in Leland, Mississippi and Hyattsville, Maryland.
Henson began developing puppets while attending high school. He created Sam and Friends while he was a freshman at the University of Maryland, College Park, a five - minute sketch - comedy puppet show that appeared on television. He graduated from the University of Maryland with a degree in home economics, after which he produced coffee advertisements and developed some experimental films. He founded Muppets, Inc. in 1958, which became the Jim Henson Company.
Henson became famous in 1969 when he joined the children 's educational television program Sesame Street where he helped to develop characters for the series. He also appeared on the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live. He produced The Muppet Show in 1976, after scrapping plans for a Broadway show. He won fame for his creations, particularly Kermit the Frog, Rowlf the Dog, and Ernie, and he was involved with Sesame Street for over 20 years. During the later years of his life, he also founded the Jim Henson Foundation and Jim Henson 's Creature Shop. He won the Emmy Award twice for his involvement in The Storyteller and The Jim Henson Hour.
Henson died of toxic shock syndrome on May 16, 1990 at age 53, twenty hours after experiencing a medical emergency; this unexpected event was widely lamented in the media and entertainment industry. In the weeks following his death, he was celebrated with a wave of tributes. He was posthumously inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1991, and was selected to be one of the Disney Legends in 2011.
James Maury Henson was born in Greenville, Mississippi on September 24, 1936, the younger of two children of Paul Ransom Henson (1904 -- 1994), an agronomist for the United States Department of Agriculture, and his wife Betty Marcella (née Brown, 1904 -- 1992). He was raised as a Christian Scientist and spent his early childhood in Leland, Mississippi, before moving with his family to University Park, Maryland in the late 1940s, near Washington, D.C. He remembered the arrival of the family 's first television as "the biggest event of his adolescence, '' having been heavily influenced by radio ventriloquist Edgar Bergen and the early television puppets of Burr Tillstrom on Kukla, Fran and Ollie and Bil and Cora Baird. He remained a Christian Scientist at least into his twenties when he would teach Sunday School, but he wrote to a Christian Science church in 1975 to inform them that he was no longer a practicing member.
Henson began working for WTOP - TV (now WUSA - TV) in 1954 while attending Northwestern High School, creating puppets for a Saturday morning children 's show called The Junior Morning Show. He enrolled at the University of Maryland, College Park as a studio arts major upon graduation, thinking that he might become a commercial artist. A puppetry class offered in the applied arts department introduced him to the craft and textiles courses in the College of Home Economics, and he graduated in 1960 with a BS in home economics. As a freshman, he had been asked to create Sam and Friends, a five - minute puppet show for WRC - TV. The characters on Sam and Friends were forerunners of the Muppets, and the show included a prototype of Henson 's most famous character Kermit the Frog. He remained at WRC from 1954 to 1961.
In the show, Henson began experimenting with techniques that changed the way in which puppetry was used on television, including using the frame defined by the camera shot to allow the puppet performer to work from off - camera. He believed that television puppets needed to have "life and sensitivity '' and began making characters from flexible, fabric - covered foam rubber, allowing them to express a wider array of emotions at a time when many puppets were made of carved wood. A marionette 's arms are manipulated by strings, but Henson used rods to move his Muppets ' arms, allowing greater control of expression. Additionally, he wanted the Muppet characters to "speak '' more creatively than was possible for previous puppets, which had random mouth movements, so he used precise mouth movements to match the dialogue.
When Henson began work on Sam and Friends, he asked fellow University of Maryland sophomore Jane Nebel to assist him. The show was a financial success but, after graduating from college, he began to have doubts about going into a career performing with puppets. He spent several months in Europe, where he was inspired by European puppet performers who looked on their work as an art form. He and Jane began dating after his return to the United States. They were married in 1959 and had five children: Lisa (b. 1960), Cheryl (b. 1961), Brian (b. 1963), John (b. 1965, d. 2014), and Heather (b. 1970).
Despite the success of Sam and Friends, Henson spent much of the next two decades working in commercials, talk shows, and children 's projects before being able to realize his dream of the Muppets as "entertainment for everybody ''. The popularity of his work on Sam and Friends in the late 1950s led to a series of guest appearances on network talk and variety shows. Henson himself appeared as a guest on many shows, including The Steve Allen Show, The Jack Paar Program and The Ed Sullivan Show (although on his appearance on the September 11, 1966, episode of the show -- released to DVD on 2011 as part of a collection of episodes featuring the Rolling Stones -- Sullivan mis - introduced Henson as "Jim Newsom and his Puppets ''). This first national television broadcast greatly increased exposure, which led to hundreds of commercial appearances by Henson characters throughout the sixties.
Among the most popular of Henson 's commercials was a series for the local Wilkins Coffee company in Washington, D.C., in which his Muppets were able to get away with a greater level of slapstick violence than might have been acceptable with human actors and would later find its way into many acts on The Muppet Show. In the first Wilkins ad, a Muppet named Wilkins is poised behind a cannon seen in profile. Another Muppet named Wontkins is in front of its barrel. Wilkins asks, "What do you think of Wilkins Coffee? '' and Wontkins responds gruffly, "Never tasted it! '' Wilkins fires the cannon and blows Wontkins away, then turns the cannon directly toward the viewer and ends the ad with, "Now, what do you think of Wilkins? '' Henson later explained, "Till then, advertising agencies believed that the hard sell was the only way to get their message over on television. We took a very different approach. We tried to sell things by making people laugh. '' The first seven - second commercial for Wilkins was an immediate hit and was syndicated and re-shot by Henson for local coffee companies across the United States; he ultimately produced more than 300 coffee ads. The same setup was used to pitch Kraml Milk in the Chicago area, Red Diamond coffee, several bread products, and even Faygo.
In 1963, Henson and his wife moved to New York City, where the newly formed Muppets, Inc., would reside for some time. Jane quit performing to raise their children. Henson hired writer Jerry Juhl in 1961 and puppet performer Frank Oz in 1963 to replace her. Henson later credited both with developing much of the humor and character of his Muppets. Henson and Oz developed a close friendship and a performing partnership that lasted 27 years; their teamwork is particularly evident in their portrayals of the characters of Bert and Ernie, Kermit and Miss Piggy, and Kermit and Fozzie Bear.
Henson 's 1960s talk show appearances culminated when he devised Rowlf, a piano - playing anthropomorphic dog. Rowlf became the first Muppet to make regular appearances on a network show, The Jimmy Dean Show. Henson was so grateful for this break that he offered Jimmy Dean a 40 % interest in his production company, but Dean declined, stating that Henson deserved all the rewards for his own work, a decision of conscience Dean never regretted. From 1963 to 1966, Henson began exploring film - making and produced a series of experimental films. His nine - minute experimental film, Time Piece, was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film in 1966. The year 1969 saw the production of The Cube, another Henson - produced experimental movie.
Also around this time, the first drafts of a live - action experimental movie script were written with Jerry Juhl, which would eventually become Henson 's last unproduced full - length screenplay, Tale of Sand. The script remained in the Henson Company archives until the screenplay was adapted in the 2012 graphic novel Jim Henson 's Tale of Sand.
In 1969, television producer Joan Ganz Cooney and her staff at the Children 's Television Workshop, impressed by the quality and creativity of the Henson - led team, asked Henson and staff to work full - time on Sesame Street, a visionary children 's program for public television. This union of talents would become legendary in television entertainment.
Part of the show was set aside for a series of funny, colorful, puppet characters living on the titular street. These included Grover, Bert and Ernie, Cookie Monster, Elmo, Oscar the Grouch, and Big Bird. Henson performed the characters of Ernie, game - show host Guy Smiley, and Kermit, who appeared as a roving television news reporter. It was around this time that a frill was added around Kermit 's neck to make him more frog - like. The collar was functional as well: it covered the joint where the Muppet 's neck and body met.
At first, Henson 's Muppets appeared separately from the realistic segments on the Street, but after a poor test - screening in Philadelphia, the show was revamped to integrate the two, placing much greater emphasis on Henson 's work. Though Henson would often downplay his role in Sesame Street 's success, Cooney frequently praised Jim 's work and, in 1990, the Public Broadcasting Service called him "the spark that ignited our fledgling broadcast service. '' The success of Sesame Street also allowed Henson to stop producing commercials. He later remembered that "it was a pleasure to get out of that world ''.
In addition to creating and performing Muppet characters, Henson was involved in producing various shows and animation insets during the first two seasons. During the first, Henson produced a series of counting films for the numbers 1 through 10, which always ended with a baker (voiced by Henson) falling down the stairs while carrying the featured number of desserts. For seasons two to seven, Henson worked on a variety of inserts for the numbers 2 through 12, in a number of different styles, including film ("Dollhouse '', "Number Three Ball Film ''), stop - motion ("King of Eight '', "Queen of Six ''), cut - out animation ("Eleven Cheer ''), and computer animation ("Nobody Counts To 10 ''). He also directed the original C Is For Cookie.
Concurrently with the first years of Sesame Street, Henson directed Tales from Muppetland, a short series of TV movie specials: comic retellings of classic fairy tales, aimed at a young audience and hosted by Kermit the Frog. The series included Hey, Cinderella!, The Frog Prince, and The Muppet Musicians of Bremen.
Concerned that the company was becoming typecast solely as a purveyor of children 's entertainment, Henson, Oz, and his team targeted an adult audience with a series of sketches on the first season of the groundbreaking comedy series Saturday Night Live. Eleven Land of Gorch sketches, aired between October 1975 and January 1976 (inclusive), with four additional appearances in March, April, May, and September (of 1976). Henson recalled that "I saw what (creator Lorne Michaels) was going for and I really liked it and wanted to be a part of it, but somehow, what we were trying to do and what his writers could write for it never gelled. '' The SNL writers never got comfortable writing for the characters, and frequently disparaged Henson 's creations; one, Michael O'Donoghue, quipped, "I wo n't write for felt. ''
Around the time of Henson 's characters ' final appearances on SNL, he began developing two projects featuring the Muppets: a Broadway show and a weekly television series. In 1976, the series was initially rejected by the American networks who believed that Muppets would appeal to only a child audience. Then Henson pitched the show to British impresario Lew Grade to finance the show. The show would be shot in the United Kingdom and syndicated worldwide. That same year, he scrapped plans for his Broadway show and moved his creative team to England, where The Muppet Show began taping. The Muppet Show featured Kermit as host, and a variety of other memorable characters, notably Miss Piggy, Gonzo the Great, and Fozzie Bear, along with other characters such as Animal. Kermit 's role on The Muppet Show was often compared by his co-workers to Henson 's role in Muppet Productions: a shy, gentle boss with "A whim of steel '' who "(ran) things as firmly as it is possible to run an explosion in a mattress factory. '' Caroll Spinney, the puppet performer of Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch, remembered that Henson "would never say he did n't like something. He would just go ' Hmm. ' That was famous. And if he liked it, he would say, ' Lovely! ' '' Henson himself recognized Kermit as an alter - ego, though he thought that Kermit was bolder than he; he once said of the character, "He can say things I hold back. ''
In 1977, Henson produced the one - hour television special Emmet Otter 's Jug - Band Christmas for HBO, which was based on the Russell Hoban story of the same name.
Three years after the start of The Muppet Show, the Muppets appeared in their first theatrical feature film The Muppet Movie. The movie was both a critical and financial success; it made US $65.2 million domestically and was at the time the 61st highest - grossing film ever made.
A song from the film, "The Rainbow Connection '', sung by Henson as Kermit, hit number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song. In 1981, a Henson - directed sequel, The Great Muppet Caper, followed, and Henson decided to end the still - popular Muppet Show to concentrate on making films. From time to time, the Muppet characters continued to appear in made - for - TV - movies and television specials.
In addition to his own puppetry projects, Henson aided others in their work. In 1979, he was asked by the producers of the Star Wars sequel The Empire Strikes Back to aid make - up artist Stuart Freeborn in the creation and articulation of enigmatic Jedi Master Yoda. Henson suggested to Star Wars creator George Lucas, himself a Muppets fan, that he use Frank Oz as the puppeteer and voice of Yoda. Oz voiced Yoda in The Empire Strikes Back and each of the five subsequent Star Wars films. The naturalistic, lifelike Yoda became one of the most popular characters of the Star Wars franchise. Lucas even lobbied unsuccessfully to have Oz nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.
In 1982, Henson founded the Jim Henson Foundation to promote and develop the art of puppetry in the United States. Around that time, he began creating darker and more realistic fantasy films that did not feature the Muppets and displayed "a growing, brooding interest in mortality. '' With 1982 's The Dark Crystal, which he co-directed with Frank Oz and co-wrote, Henson said he was "trying to go toward a sense of realism -- toward a reality of creatures that are actually alive (where) it 's not so much a symbol of the thing, but you 're trying to (present) the thing itself. '' To provide a visual style distinct from the Muppets, the puppets in The Dark Crystal were based on conceptual artwork by Brian Froud.
The Dark Crystal was a financial and critical success and, a year later, the Muppet - starring The Muppets Take Manhattan (directed by Frank Oz) did fair box - office business, grossing $25.5 million domestically and ranking as one of the top 40 films of 1984. However, 1986 's Labyrinth, a Crystal - like fantasy that Henson directed by himself, was considered (in part due to its cost) a commercial disappointment. Despite some positive reviews (The New York Times called it "a fabulous film ''), the commercial failure of Labyrinth demoralized Henson to the point that son Brian Henson remembered the time of its release as being "the closest I 've seen him to turning in on himself and getting quite depressed. '' The film later became a cult classic.
Henson and his wife separated the same year, although they remained close for the rest of his life. Jane later said that Jim was so involved with his work that he had very little time to spend with her or their children. All five of his children began working with Muppets at an early age, partly because, as Cheryl Henson remembered, "one of the best ways of being around him was to work with him. ''
Henson continued creating children 's television, such as Fraggle Rock and the animated Muppet Babies. He also continued to sink into darker, mature themes with the folk tale and mythology - oriented show The Storyteller (1988), which won an Emmy for Outstanding Children 's Program. The next year, he returned to television with The Jim Henson Hour, which mixed lighthearted Muppet fare with riskier material. The show was critically well - received and won him another Emmy for Outstanding Directing in a Variety or Music Program, but it was canceled after 13 episodes due to low ratings. Henson blamed its failure on NBC 's constant rescheduling.
In late 1989, Henson entered into negotiations to sell his company to The Walt Disney Company for almost $150 million, hoping that he would "be able to spend a lot more of my time on the creative side of things '' with Disney handling business matters. By 1990, he had completed production on the television special The Muppets at Walt Disney World and the Walt Disney World attraction Muppet * Vision 3D, and he was developing film ideas and a television series entitled Muppet High.
On May 12, Henson traveled to Ahoskie, North Carolina with his daughter Cheryl to visit his father and stepmother. They returned to New York on May 13, and he canceled a Muppet recording session scheduled for the next day. His estranged wife Jane came to visit that night. Henson suffered a medical emergency several hours later on May 15; he was having trouble breathing and began coughing up blood. He suggested to his wife that he might be dying, but he did not want to take time from his schedule to visit a hospital. Two hours later, he agreed to be taken by taxi to New York Hospital in New York City, arriving there at 4: 58 a.m. He stopped breathing, and an X-ray revealed that he had abscesses in his lungs. He was placed on a ventilator, but his condition deteriorated rapidly despite aggressive treatment with multiple antibiotics.
Henson died at 1: 21 a.m. on May 16 at New York Hospital following 20 hours in intensive care. He was 53 years old. News of his death spread quickly and fans from around the world responded with tributes and condolences. Many of Henson 's co-stars and directors from Sesame Street, the Muppets, and other works also shared their thoughts on his death. Doctor David Gelmont first announced that Henson had died from Streptococcus pneumoniae, an infection that causes bacterial pneumonia. However, he confirmed on May 29 that Henson 's cause of death was organ dysfunction resulting from streptococcal toxic shock syndrome caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.
On May 21, Henson 's public memorial service was conducted in New York City at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine. Another was conducted on December 2 at St Paul 's Cathedral in London. In accordance with Henson 's letters, no one in attendance wore black, and the Dirty Dozen Brass Band finished the service by performing "When the Saints Go Marching In ''. Harry Belafonte sang "Turn the World Around, '' a song that he had debuted on The Muppet Show, as each member of the congregation waved a brightly colored foam butterfly attached to a puppet performer 's rod. Later, Caroll Spinney walked onto the stage dressed as Big Bird and sang Kermit the Frog 's signature song "Bein ' Green ''. Dave Goelz, Frank Oz, Kevin Clash, Steve Whitmire, Jerry Nelson, and Richard Hunt sang a medley of Jim Henson 's favorite songs in their characters ' voices, ending with a performance of "Just One Person ''. The funeral was described by Life as "an epic and almost unbearably moving event. ''
The Jim Henson Company and the Jim Henson Foundation continued after his death, producing new series and specials. Jim Henson 's Creature Shop, founded by Henson, also continues to build creatures for a large number of other films and series (e.g. the science - fiction production Farscape, the film adaptation of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy, and the movie MirrorMask) and is considered one of the most advanced and well respected creators of film creatures. As of 2017, his eldest son Brian and eldest daughter Lisa are the co-chairs and co-CEOs of the company; his daughter Cheryl is the president of the foundation. Steve Whitmire, a veteran member of the Muppet puppeteering crew, assumed the roles of Kermit the Frog and Ernie, the most famous characters formerly played by Jim Henson. Whitmire also assumed the roles of Link Hogthrob, starting with the video game Muppet RaceMania, as well as The Muppet Newsman, starting in 2008, with Muppet.com viral online videos. However in 2017 Whitmire was fired from the Muppets Studio and as a result, Matt Vogel has taken over the role of Kermit. Muppeteer veteran Bill Barretta has taken over for Henson 's fairly deeper voiced roles, such as the Swedish Chef, Mahna Mahna, Rowlf the Dog, and Dr. Teeth. Guy Smiley, in recent years, has been taken over by Eric Jacobson, and the role of Waldorf, in 1992, was assumed by Muppet performer veteran Dave Goelz. As of 2017, Ernie is now performed by puppeteer Peter Linz.
On February 17, 2004, it was announced that the non-Sesame Street / Fraggle Rock Muppets and the Bear in the Big Blue House properties had been sold by Henson 's heirs to The Walt Disney Company (the Sesame Street characters are separately owned by Sesame Workshop, and the Fraggle Rock characters are still owned by The Jim Henson Company). However, as a result, Sesame Workshop also lost the rights to Kermit the Frog, and thus he would not appear on new material on Sesame Street for some time. However, Sesame Workshop has since obtained permission from Disney to use Kermit, allowing him to make an appearance on the premiere of the show 's 40th season on November 10, 2009. In addition, Sesame Workshop has made many of Kermit 's previous segments on the show available for viewing on their YouTube account.
One of Henson 's last projects was a show attraction in Walt Disney World and Disneyland featuring the Muppets, called Muppet * Vision 3D, which opened in 1991, shortly after his death.
The Jim Henson Company retains the Creature Shop, as well as the rest of its film and television library including Fraggle Rock (one of the few Muppet - related properties still owned by The Jim Henson Company), Farscape, The Dark Crystal, and Labyrinth.
In 2010, it was announced that the first major biography of Henson, sanctioned by the family and the Jim Henson Legacy, was to be published. The biography by Brian Jay Jones was published on September 24, 2013, Henson 's 77th birthday.
On February 14, 2014, Henson 's youngest son John died of a heart attack after playing in the snow with his daughter; he was 48 years old.
The moving image collection of Jim Henson is held at the Academy Film Archive. The collection contains the film work of Jim Henson and the Jim Henson Company.
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who sang i got a line on you babe | I Got a Line on You - wikipedia
"I Got a Line on You '' is a rock song by American rock band Spirit, originally recorded during the sessions for their second album, The Family That Plays Together, between March 11 and September 18, 1968. The song was composed by guitarist / singer Randy California, recorded in sessions produced by Lou Adler. The single credits engineering by Eric Wienbang. Released as a single ahead of the album by Ode Records in the US in October 1968, it began a slow rise up the charts.
It was picked up by college radio in late November. It was the second single released by the band. The B - side was "She Smiled '' (Ode catalog number ZS7 - 115). 2: 37 in length, the song finally peaked at # 25 on the U.S. Top 100 on March 15, 1969, and # 28 in Canada, March 24th.
Some international versions were released later in 1968 and early 1969, distributed by CBS Records or Columbia Records. Some were produced in psychedelic colored vinyl patterns, while the Ode release was on plain black vinyl with a plain yellow label. The album version was slightly longer at 2: 39, while the greatest hits version is timed at 2: 41. A 7: 34 version appears on the band 's final reunion album, 1984 's The Thirteenth Dream.
A Billboard review brief called it "the near definitive rock single ''. Matthew Greenwald of AllMusic said it is "Driven by a fabulously funky guitar riff and some very accessible lyrics, the song is a rock classic from beginning to end. ''
The song has been covered by Blackfoot, Patrick Cowley, Alice Cooper, Jeff Healey, Juicy Lucy, Who Watchiz Ze Watchmain, Ile Kallio, Kim Mitchell, Mushroom with Gary Floyd, The Woggles, and most recently by the supergroup Hollywood Vampires. Cover versions by Joe Moss and the Danish band Lost and Found were released as "I 've Got A Line On You ''. Country band 1880 released a version titled "I Gotta Line on You ''. Because of the lyrics, occasionally "Babe '' has been added to the end of the song title.
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when does jim come back to the office | Jim Halpert - wikipedia
James "Jim '' Duncan Halpert (born October 1, 1978) is a fictional character in the U.S. version of the television sitcom The Office, portrayed by John Krasinski. The character is based on Tim Canterbury from the original version of The Office. The character is also named after a childhood friend of executive producer Greg Daniels. He is introduced as a sales representative at the Scranton branch of paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin, before transferring to the Stamford branch in the third season. Upon the merger of Scranton and Stamford branches, he becomes Assistant Regional Manager, and later co-manager alongside Michael Scott during the sixth season episode arc from "The Promotion '' to "The Manager and the Salesman ''. After Dunder Mifflin is bought by Sabre Corporation, Jim is very briefly the sole regional manager of the branch, before returning to the Sales department until his requested termination in the series finale.
His character serves as the intelligent, mild - mannered straight man role to Michael, although it is also defined by a rivalrous pranking on fellow salesman Dwight Schrute and a romantic interest in receptionist Pam Beesly, whom he begins dating in the fourth season, marries in the sixth, and has children with in the sixth and eighth.
Jim Halpert was born on October 1, 1978, to Gerald and Betsy Halpert. He has two brothers, Pete and Tom, who share his general love of pranks but have come across as unpleasant and somewhat bullying towards their little brother. Jim 's parents presumably live in Scranton as well, as his sister Larissa and best friend Alan Murphy are listed as his emergency contact at Dunder Mifflin. While Pete and Tom have been seen on the show a few times, Larissa has not. He has a niece, Vanessa, and a nephew old enough to play T - ball. In "Branch Wars '', while he is not specific on which brother he is referring to, he states that his brother 's wife just had another baby. Jim enjoys cycling, and, as he reveals in a deleted scene from "Take Your Daughter to Work Day '', at times, will babysit Toby Flenderson 's daughter, Sasha. He also lists soft - shell crab as his favorite food. Jim has noted that basketball "Was kind of (his) thing '' in high school. Although no high school is specifically named by Jim, both Dunmore High School (as evidenced in a deleted scene from "Product Recall '' where, during a business visit, he asks a high school student about a former teacher) and West Scranton High School (as evidenced when, during "Email Surveillance '', Pam holds up his yearbook displaying their mascot name, Invaders, across the front) are referenced in separate episodes. In the Episode "Dwight 's Speech '', Jim tells Dwight that he majored in Public Speaking, however, he later denies this. Jim began working at Dunder Mifflin between 1998 and 1999 (as evidenced in "Pilot '', and "The Merger '', where Jim says that he still loves when Michael says, "Wazzup! '' crazily after seven years, and that on his first day at work Michael played an orientation video which parodied The Blair Witch Project).
In several episodes, it is stated that Jim is a fan of the Philadelphia Phillies, Philadelphia Eagles and the Philadelphia 76ers. Jim appears to be a fan of hip - hop, specifically Eminem as Pam mentions him listening to the 8 Mile Soundtrack on his iPod in "The Delivery ''. Apparently, he is of Scottish descent, as in "Niagara '', his father can be seen wearing a kilt to his son 's wedding to Pam. In the episode "Weight Loss '', it is revealed that his screen name for AIM is JIM9334.
Though Jim loves to play pranks on Dwight, he is shown to have some things in common with his nemesis, such as a knowledge of comic books and an appreciation for the sci - fi / fantasy genre; as demonstrated in "Take Your Daughter To Work Day '' when Jim and Dwight correct Michael on details about Superman and Aquaman. Despite their frequent conflicts, Jim and Dwight are also shown to be an extremely competent sales team in "Traveling Salesmen ''.
He and Pam share a 2010 Subaru Outback. Prior to getting engaged to Pam, Jim previously drove a 2008 Saab 9 - 3, 2006 Saab 9 - 2x and 2005 Toyota Corolla.
Jim Halpert is first introduced in the "Pilot ''. He is adamant throughout the series about his job as a salesman at Dunder Mifflin Paper being a temporary one, saying, "Right now, this is just a job. If I advance any higher, this would be my career. And if this were my career, I 'd have to throw myself in front of a train. '' This outlook is most apparent in the elaborate pranks that he plays on his workmates, primarily Dwight, as well as his sarcastic remarks and facial expressions to the film crew and his provoking comments during often ridiculous employee meetings. However, he succeeds professionally and is consistently one of the best salesmen. This is presumably because, as Pam mentioned later, "everybody likes Jim ''.
A major part of the character Jim Halpert is his relationship with Pam Beesly, which is often the subject of office speculation. This is made worse by the fact that Pam was engaged to Roy Anderson, a Dunder Mifflin warehouse worker. Throughout the first two seasons, incidents such as Pam falling asleep on Jim 's shoulder in "Diversity Day '' and drunkenly kissing him in "The Dundies '' show a possibility of the feelings being mutual; however, Pam never acts on them and she remains engaged to Roy. On one occasion, in "The Fight, '' his flirting with her goes a little too far, when Meredith looks over to see him play - fighting with her, causing her to shut him down immediately, startling him with her abruptness, though she eventually forgives him. He becomes so upset when he hears Pam discuss wedding details that he calls a travel agency and schedules a trip to Australia, deliberately making himself unable to attend the wedding. Feeling bored by his job, tortured by his situation with Pam, and guilty about a stack of complaints Dwight has filed against him, Jim investigates a transfer to Dunder Mifflin 's branch in Stamford, Connecticut. In the season 2 finale, "Casino Night '', he confesses his love for Pam in the office. Pam, whose wedding to Roy was planned out and just weeks away, clearly shows her anguish but gently turns him down. Jim tearfully walks away, later kisses her in the office, and the season ends. In the third season premiere "Gay Witch Hunt '', it is revealed that he did transfer to Stamford despite the fact that Pam has called off her wedding and he clearly still harbors intense feelings for her. His reason is later stated as "It 's just, I kinda put it all on the line. Twice. And she said no. Twice. '' in "The Convention ''.
Though in later seasons, after Ryan Howard 's promotion, the relationship between him and Jim seems to be tense, in earlier seasons the two seem to be friendly. In "Casino Night '', they are shown talking, laughing and drinking together.
Throughout season 2, Jim dates Katy, who initially appeared in season 1 as the "Purse Girl '' in "Hot Girl ''. After Jim and Katy split up in "Booze Cruise '', he leaves a message asking out a fellow Dunder Mifflin employee named Brenda, much to Kelly 's disbelief. Jim 's misfortunes are assumed to be because he is unable to get over Pam. However, things begin to look up for Jim as he befriends salesperson Karen Filippelli in Stamford, and when the company board of directors decides to close the Scranton branch, Jim is named Assistant Regional Manager of the newly created "Dunder Mifflin Northeast ''. However the company 's plans change when Stamford regional manager Josh Porter accepts a job at Staples. The Stamford branch then closes, with a few employees being offered a transfer to Scranton. The offer to Jim to be Assistant Regional Manager stands, though now at Scranton. Jim is at first unwilling to return to Scranton because of Pam but eventually decides to do so. Karen, who has grown fond of Jim and wishes to pursue a relationship with him, also transfers to Scranton.
In "The Merger '', Jim 's and Pam 's reunion is awkward. Pam is overjoyed, but Jim is clearly uncomfortable. He lets Pam know that he is seeing someone, and gradually Karen is introduced as his girlfriend. As Jim settles back in at Scranton, he uses his promotion as an excuse to avoid his old interactions and pranks with Pam, claiming that pulling pranks is not appropriate for his position. However, in time, Jim does return to his old ways, especially targeting Andy Bernard, a Stamford transfer, and Dwight.
Toward the middle of the season, it becomes clear that Jim 's unresolved feelings toward Pam are affecting his relationship with Karen. In "The Return '', Jim decides to pull a prank on Andy; however, Karen is unable and Ryan unwilling to aid him, so he turns to Pam, who readily agrees. Their interaction during the prank causes Karen to feel threatened. She confronts Jim, and he finally admits to still having feelings for Pam. Despite this fact, their relationship continues.
In "Cocktails '', Roy trashes the bar when Pam tells him she kissed Jim during "Casino Night ''. Roy then attempts to attack Jim at work in "The Negotiation '', but Dwight sprays Roy with pepper spray. Roy is fired, but when Pam assures Jim that it is over between her and Roy for good, Jim does n't believe it and tells her so.
In "Beach Games '', during a company outing at the beach, Pam confesses to Jim in front of everyone that he was the reason she broke off her wedding to Roy. She also states that she has missed their friendship since he left Scranton for Stamford. Later that night, Jim tells Pam that he feels as if he never really came back from Stamford, tacitly admitting that he has actively been fighting his feelings for her all year. However, Jim 's relationship with Karen and pending interview for a corporate position which would require his relocation to New York City, still obstruct a potential romance.
In "The Job '', Jim, Karen, and Michael each interview for the corporate position. During the interview, he notices a caring note from Pam in his briefcase. After the interview he drives back to Scranton, leaving Karen without a ride. Back at the Scranton office, Pam is describing her lack of satisfaction with the current state of her relationship with Jim. Jim then suddenly interrupts the session to ask her to dinner, much to her surprise. She becomes flustered and overjoyed, and accepts the invitation. Jim replies "All right. Then... it 's a date, '' and leaves abruptly. Pam turns back to the camera, smiling, only to ask, "What was the question? '' In a webisode titled "Office Summer Vacation '', found on NBC 's website, Karen states that Jim "dumped my ass '' and left her crying at a fountain.
In the season premiere, "Fun Run '', Pam and Jim reveal to the camera crew that they have been dating for a few months and are very happy. In the episode "Chair Model '', Jim reveals his plan to propose to Pam, showing the camera crew a diamond ring, explaining that "(he) got it a week after (they) started dating ''.
In "Local Ad '', Jim develops an avatar of himself for Dwight 's game Second Life. Pam notes that his online alter - ego plays guitar and is a Philadelphia sports writer, implicitly revealing Jim 's lesser known aspirations, and a callback to "Email Surveillance '' from Season 2, in which he has a guitar in his bedroom.
In the episodes "Survivor Man '' and "Night Out '', Jim takes on his role as manager while Michael is out of the office. Both times, however, his attempts at making the office better go awry. Ryan, annoyed by Jim 's popularity with his boss David Wallace, gives Jim a performance warning in "Did I Stutter? '', citing "goofing off with Dwight '' and "spending time at reception '' as productivity problems, despite his high sale numbers.
Though early on in the series Jim drives a Toyota Corolla, he, during this time, drives late model Saabs, including the Saab 9 - 2x and top line Saab 9 - 3 Aero then a Subaru Outback. He mentions in "Niagara '' that he has been able to drive a standard transmission since high school.
In "Goodbye, Toby '', Jim shows his happiness and support for Pam getting into the Pratt Institute, where she will be for the next three months. He plans to propose at Toby 's going away party, until Andy proposes in front of everybody to Angela, who accepts. Jim puts his ring back in his pocket and postpones the engagement. Instead, he proposes during the season 5 premiere, "Weight Loss '', during a rainy last minute lunch date at an Interstate rest stop between Scranton and New York City, where Pam is attending Pratt.
Jim and Pam keep in touch during her time at art school via webcam, instant messaging and frequent phone calls. Jim eagerly awaits Pam 's return in "Business Trip ''. He is sad but supportive when Pam calls, saying she has failed a class and ca n't come home yet. That afternoon he finds Pam waiting in the parking lot, claiming that she hated art school anyway. He purchases his parents ' house and begins to take his career more seriously than in previous episodes. When new Vice President Charles Miner (Idris Elba) arrives at the office to oversee Michael, he and Jim immediately clash as Charles condescends to, and dismisses Jim as an underachiever and a smartass with a "made up position ''. Charles scoffs when Jim is invited to sit in on a meeting with David Wallace about the Michael Scott Paper Company. However, Jim comes off as intelligent and professional, and persuades Michael to be bought out. In the process, he finally stands up to Charles after Charles kisses up to their boss, prompting Jim to make a snide remark to his face. Upon realizing Dwight 's incompetence during the meeting, Charles encourages Jim to speak to Michael. As a new receptionist has already been hired, Pam is re-hired in sales alongside Jim.
During "Company Picnic '', Pam injures her ankle during a volleyball game and Jim takes her to the hospital. The camera crew is stationed outside an exam room while a doctor updates Jim and Pam on her condition. There is no audio as the camera shows Jim and Pam suddenly embracing, looking shocked and ecstatic, before Jim emerges to call Dwight and inform him they wo n't be returning to the game. It is heavily implied that Pam is pregnant, and the pregnancy is confirmed in the Season 6 premiere, "Gossip ''.
Jim is promoted to Regional Co-Manager, alongside Michael, in "The Meeting. '' His promotion causes problems in the office as the staff does n't take him seriously and he is often in a power struggle with Michael. When Dunder Mifflin files for bankruptcy and is taken over by Sabre, a company that sells printers, Jim chooses to become a salesman again (largely because Sabre 's uncapped commission means a huge pay increase).
Jim and Pam marry in the highly anticipated, hour - long episode, "Niagara ''. When their guests ' craziness threatens to ruin the wedding day, they run off and are privately married on the "Maid of the Mist '' before returning to take part in their planned church wedding. Their daughter, Cecelia Marie Halpert (named after Jenna Fischer 's niece who was born the day they shot "The Delivery '') is born in another hour - long episode several months later, in "The Delivery ''.
In season 7, some of Jim 's vulnerabilities are displayed. Jim displays some mild jealousy when he meets Danny Cordray, a superior paper salesman who went on a few dates with Pam while he was in Stamford. In "Costume Contest '', after hearing that Danny never called Pam back because she was too "dorky '' for him, Jim is inspired to dress up in his Popeye costume for her (who is dressed as Olive Oyl), which he was initially reluctant to do, marking the first time he is seen dressed up in an actual costume. In "Classy Christmas '', Jim falls victim to numerous snowball - themed pranks devised by Dwight. Jim is humiliated by being forced to feed Dwight a pizza and a beer in "Viewing Party '' in order to get him to get Cece to sleep for the night.
His sales skills remain strong, when in "WUPHF.com '' it is revealed that he has already maxed out his sales cap for the year and can not make any more commissions, leading him to seek goofy respite in the office until Gabe Lewis chides him to stop bothering everyone. Since Gabe was unsympathetic to Jim 's situation, Jim then sets up a prank that ends with Gabe being forced to listen to Jo Bennett 's entire boring autobiography. In "The Seminar '' it is revealed he has had the highest sales out of the entire Scranton branch for at least three months running.
In "Todd Packer '', when Todd comes to Dunder Mifflin looking for a desk job in the office and gets hired, Dwight and Jim pull off a joint scheme to get him to leave the office.
In "Goodbye, Michael '', Jim is the only one to figure out that Michael is leaving earlier than he said and opts to stay quiet to let Michael leave, but he tells Pam so she can get to him at the airport before he leaves. He also emotionally tells Michael he 's been the best boss he 's ever had, and they part on good terms.
In "Training Day '', Jim and Pam try to make a good first impression on their new boss Deangelo Vickers. They believe they have started off well by showing him pictures of their baby, but Deangelo soon gets annoyed with them. In "The Inner Circle '', Jim is shown to be one of Deangelo 's favorites among the staff. He is temporarily banned from Deangelo 's inner circle when he speaks up for the women after they object to Deangelo 's sexist attitude. Jim later calls Deangelo out after the boss brags about a Michael Jordan jump shot he can perform, which causes a traumatic brain injury and leaves Deangelo in a coma.
In "Dwight K. Schrute, (Acting) Manager '', Jo Bennett offers Jim the position of interim manager after Deangelo is gone, which Jim rejects. Jo later calls Jim as "the only man who turned me down ''.
In "Search Committee '', Jim is one of three people scouting for Michael (and Deangelo) 's replacement. Creed is the interim regional manager, so this speeds up the process (since Creed is incompetent).
Early in season 8, it is revealed that Jim will be a father for the second time as Pam is expecting a son (where Pam jokingly calls him "Little Michael Scott ''). Pam and Jim were blessed with the off - camera delivery of Philip Halpert around the midseason mark, and Jim brought Philip into the office to try and mend relations with his angry co-workers (he had lied about spending a full week on jury duty, having actually been dismissed on the first morning, and ended up spending the week helping an overwhelmed Pam take care of their two young children). Jim also had to deal with a crush from co-worker Cathy Simms, who unsuccessfully tried to seduce him while they were part of the Sabre Store team in Tallahassee.
In "New Guys '', Jim reveals that he was given an offer to help his friend start a sports marketing company in Philadelphia called Athlead. At first he turns it down, but later reveals that he accepted the offer. Pam does n't find out until "Andy 's Ancestry '', and although she is supportive, she is later concerned about Jim not having told her sooner and about how much money he has put into it. Jim gets permission from David Wallace to take up the second job, and in "The Target '' he convinces Stanley and Phyllis to agree to cover his duties on the days that he is away.
In "Suit Warehouse '', Jim offers Darryl a chance to join him at the new job and although Darryl has a disastrous interview, he does get the position thanks to Jim 's recommendation. Later, Jim and Darryl become roommates although in "Vandalism '' Darryl is annoyed at Jim 's messy and sloppy living habits.
Jim 's weekly commute to Philadelphia causes increasing strain on his marriage until in "Customer Loyalty '', it comes to a head when he misses Cece 's dance recital and then angrily blames Pam for not videotaping it. Tearfully, Pam breaks down and confides in Brian, the boom mic operator of the documentary crew.
In "Moving On '', Pam interviews for a job in Philadelphia, but then reveals to Jim that she does n't really want to move there after all.
In "Finale '', Darryl reveals that Jim 's sports marketing company is now located in Austin, Texas and has changed its name to Athleap. Pam sells the couple 's home, unbeknownst to Jim, to show her support to Jim and allow the family to move to Austin so Jim can continue with Athleap.
Jim has appeared in every episode of The Office with the exception of "Mafia '', in which only his voice is heard. The clip show episode "The Banker '' features Jim in flashbacks of previous episodes, and Jim only appears in new footage momentarily, and without any lines. Additionally, in the season seven episode "Ultimatum '', Jim only appears in the cold open, and is absent without explanation for the rest of the episode. The cold open was actually filmed the previous season and recycled for the episode because John Krasinski was on location shooting a movie.
In the media, Jim is sometimes called an Everyguy. In her article "Breaking Out of the First - Job Trap '' for U.S. News and World Report, Liz Wolgemuth used Jim 's character as a template for an essay on under - motivated, young, college grads. In an article on stereotypical office worker profiles, Jim was identified as the worker who is "drifting along in a job, (while) you put off asking yourself hard questions about career plans. ''
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when did jack mccoy started on law and order | Jack McCoy - wikipedia
John James McCoy is a fictional character in the television drama Law & Order. He was created by Michael S. Chernuchin and portrayed by Sam Waterston from 1994 until the end of the series in 2010. He is the second - longest tenured character on the show (16 seasons), after Lt. Anita Van Buren (17 seasons; portrayed by S. Epatha Merkerson). He appeared in 368 episodes of Law & Order, four episodes of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, two episodes of Law & Order: Trial by Jury, two episodes of Homicide: Life on the Street, and the made - for - TV movie Exiled.
Waterston 's performance as McCoy on the New York - based series was so popular that it resulted in him being declared a "Living Landmark '' by the New York Landmarks Conservancy, along with fellow longtime series cast member Jerry Orbach (who portrayed the popular police detective Lennie Briscoe for 12 years).
Jack McCoy brings 24 years of experience with him as he is appointed executive assistant district attorney by Adam Schiff (Steven Hill) in the season five premiere episode "Second Opinion ''. He quickly establishes himself as a more unconventional, ruthless litigator than his predecessor, Ben Stone (Michael Moriarty). He often bends -- and sometimes breaks -- trial rules to get convictions, finds tenuous rationales for charging defendants with crimes when the original charges fail to stick, and charges innocent people to frighten them into testifying against others. McCoy is found in contempt of court 80 times for such behavior, and his tactics occasionally incur negative publicity for the DA 's office. His underlying motivation, however, is not, he maintains, corruption, but a sincere desire to see justice done. To that end, McCoy has gone after defendants accused of perverting the justice system to arrange wrongful convictions with just as much determination as his more mundane cases. Such aggressive actions in the courts have earned him the nickname "Hang ' em High McCoy ''. He has subsequently developed a reputation with both colleagues and rival attorneys, once being referred to as "the top of the legal food chain '' by a rival attorney during a trial.
Following the 17th season (2006 -- 2007), Jack McCoy was appointed interim district attorney, taking over from Arthur Branch (Fred Thompson). McCoy 's appearance on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit on the November 13, 2007, episode "Blinded '', marked his first appearance in the Law & Order universe as district attorney. The replacement for his former position is Michael Cutter (Linus Roache), a prosecutor with a penchant for recklessness not unlike McCoy 's own in his younger days. This occasionally presents political difficulties for the new district attorney. More than once, McCoy berates Cutter for reckless conduct, in the same manner as he was berated by district attorneys when he was executive assistant district attorney.
In the season 19 episode "Lucky Stiff '', McCoy begins his election campaign for New York County District Attorney after serving the last season and a half as interim DA. In the season - 19 episode "Promote This '', in 1991 his wife Ellen (whom he was divorcing) is revealed to have unknowingly employed an undocumented immigrant as a nanny. This causes McCoy political havoc during a murder case where the motive was racism against illegal immigrants of Hispanic descent. In the episode "Skate or Die '', the place where his final campaign fundraiser would be held is discovered by the organizers to be owned by a man who served a 20 - year prison sentence for racketeering. Eventually, the final campaign fundraiser is held at a Chinese seafood restaurant with a kosher section.
McCoy was hand - picked for the interim DA position by Governor Donald Shalvoy (Tom Everett Scott), and the two initially have a friendly, productive working relationship. By the end of the 18th season, however, McCoy discovers that Shalvoy is involved in a prostitution scandal that is tied to a murder case he is prosecuting. Angered and disappointed, McCoy orders Cutter to start investigating Shalvoy, who retaliates by lending his support to McCoy 's opponent in the election. In the last episode of season 19, "The Drowned and the Saved '', Cutter uncovers evidence that Shalvoy tried to buy a Senate seat for his wife, and threatens him with public disgrace unless he resigns. McCoy 's opponent suddenly has no patron, giving McCoy good prospects for victory. In the opening episode of season 20, McCoy was revealed to have won the election; he serves as DA for the remainder of this final season of Law & Order.
While he is a brilliant legal mind, McCoy has more than a few personal demons. He was abused by his father, an Irish Chicago policeman who had also beat Jack 's mother, and who eventually died of cancer. McCoy says that his determination and unyielding work ethic are a byproduct of having been harshly punished by his father for losing at anything. He also revealed that his father was a racist who once hit him for dating a Polish girl. McCoy disliked his father, calling him a "son - of - a-bitch ''; however, he admits he could have easily become like him.
While not a nationalist, he cares enough about his heritage to be offended by a lawyer 's insinuation that two murder suspects committed the crime because of their "Irish temper ''.
McCoy has been divorced twice (one ex-wife having been a former assistant) and has an adult daughter, Rebecca, with Ellen. One of his ex-wives left him because he worked too many late nights. A gossip columnist writes that McCoy has not seen or spoken to his daughter since 1997, and McCoy receives an envelope containing pictures of his daughter. He does not open the envelope; rather, he places it in his bottom left desk drawer, next to a bottle of Jim Beam. In "Fallout '', the last scene shows McCoy meeting his daughter at a restaurant. During a conversation with (fictional) New York Governor Donald Shalvoy, he mentions Rebecca has taken a job in San Diego, and that she drove up to Los Angeles to meet him there for dinner while he was attending a conference on official business; the governor uses this to try to smear McCoy, wrongly implying that he used public funds to visit Rebecca. In the season - 20 episode "Dignity '', McCoy mentions to EADA Michael Cutter (Roache) and ADA Connie Rubirosa (Alana de la Garza) that his daughter is either pregnant or a new mother, thus making him soon to be or already a grandfather. He also has a nephew, which indicates that he has at least one sibling. By 2008, his nephew had a young daughter.
McCoy has a reputation for having romantic affairs with his ADAs. Claire Kincaid (Jill Hennessy) mentions this when they first meet; he tells her he has had affairs with only three of his ADAs, but by the end of the episode, she realizes that he has only had three female ADAs before her. In the episode "Scoundrels '', McCoy reveals that Sally Bell, a recurring defense attorney played by Edie Falco, had been one of those ADAs. He at one point was revealed to have had a romantic relationship with his frequent courtroom adversary, defense attorney Vanessa Galiano (Roma Maffia). Kincaid initially makes it clear that she is not interested in a romantic relationship, and McCoy agrees to her stipulation. However, throughout the two seasons in which the two characters appear together, they are implied to be having an affair, with the relationship eventually confirmed in the season - 9 episode "Sideshow '', long after the Kincaid character had exited the show. Kincaid is killed in a car accident, a source of ongoing pain for McCoy. Defense attorneys have used his sexual history against him. Since Kincaid 's death, McCoy has kept his relationships with assistants professional, albeit friendly.
McCoy 's affairs with his ADAs have often had explosive consequences. For instance, his former ADA Diana Hawthorne (Laila Robins), with whom he had a sexual relationship, was found to have suppressed evidence so they could win a case, resulting in an innocent man going to prison. During her trial for intentionally engineering the wrongful convictions, Hawthorne claims that the convictions earned McCoy a promotion he was seeking. Ironically, in the same trial, during which McCoy is forced to admit he was having an affair with Hawthorne, he is being represented by Kincaid, with whom he is presently having an affair.
In "House Counsel '', McCoy tries to prosecute a mobster for bribing and murdering a juror. The man 's lawyer, Paul Kopell (Ron Leibman), is one of McCoy 's oldest friends, with whom he had a competitive relationship for years, and he proves to be equally aggressive in his approach to his work. As Kopell repeatedly stymies McCoy 's prosecutorial efforts, McCoy takes the position that Kopell is not acting as an independent attorney, but as a participant in organized crime, and eventually prosecutes Kopell for conspiracy in the juror 's murder. He tells Kopell 's wife that the prosecution is not personal, but she angrily replies that McCoy simply wants the final victory over a rival. By the end of the episode, though he has won the case, McCoy is so troubled that he does not even want to share an elevator with Kincaid.
While McCoy was not exactly a part of the 1960s counterculture, he did protest against the policies of the Richard Nixon administration, particularly the Vietnam War. In 1972, he published an article in the New York University Law Review in defense of Catholic priests who had been opposed to the conflict. He does retain some of the wild streak from his youth; he is a fan of The Clash and he rides a Yamaha motorcycle. He is opposed to the Iraq War.
Unlike his predecessor Ben Stone (Michael Moriarty), McCoy embraces the option of the death penalty, claiming it is a suitable punishment for particularly heinous crimes and a useful threat in plea bargaining. This often leads to heated arguments with his more liberal colleagues. In "Savages '', when the death penalty has just been restored in New York following the election of Governor George Pataki, Kincaid asks McCoy about the probability of executing an innocent individual. McCoy responds that, with the lengthy prosecution process and opportunities for the defendant to appeal the verdict, the probability of wrongful execution is unlikely. Kincaid asks McCoy if he is able to accept the probability of "unlikely ''; his hesitation indicates that he has never considered the possibility. In later seasons, his view towards the death penalty has apparently changed: in season 18 's "Executioner '', he is deeply troubled hearing of a gruesomely botched execution in South Carolina, and in season 20 's "Four Cops Shot '', he resists efforts by a U.S. attorney to prosecute a suspect in the murder of a police officer under a federal death penalty statute.
He has shown mercy on occasion, such as the 1997 episode "Burned '' in which he prosecutes a boy with bipolar disorder for murdering his sister. The boy 's grandfather (Robert Vaughn), a wealthy CEO (and good friend of Schiff 's) who also proved to suffer from the disorder, had attempted to get his grandson to plead guilty and go to jail rather than plead insanity and be committed to a mental institution, fearing that a public revelation of the boy 's illness would provide enough evidence to reveal his own illness and affect his reputation. McCoy leads the effort to prevent an unjust punishment for the boy. Similarly, in season seven 's "Deadbeat '', he declines to prosecute a woman who is the sole caregiver for a boy dying of cancer, although he implies that he may do so once the son has died.
McCoy was raised Catholic, but does not appear to be in practice, and has not been for some time; he describes himself as a "lapsed Catholic ''. McCoy was educated by the Jesuits. On several occasions, religion has been the subject of various cases. In the episode "Thrill '', in which two teenaged boys are accused of killing a man just for fun, McCoy finds his case particularly complicated when one of the suspects confesses the crime to his uncle, a priest. When the confession tape is labeled privileged, McCoy ignores the bishop 's request to preserve the sacrament of reconciliation and instead tries to use the tape as evidence. When Detective Rey Curtis (Benjamin Bratt) tries to dissuade McCoy from doing so, reminding him that he is a Catholic, McCoy responds, "Not when I 'm at work. ''
When a man is accused of killing a drug dealer who killed the man 's son, a priest confesses to the crime. Though McCoy personally believes that the priest is covering for the man, he prosecutes the priest, instead. At the end of the episode, McCoy says that he lost his faith after the death of a childhood friend.
McCoy 's unconventional and sometimes ruthless professional conduct has put his job in jeopardy more than once throughout the series. Some of the more serious occurrences are:
McCoy has appeared in four episodes of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit; however, he is often referred to in the series, and his actions affect the ADAs working with the Special Victims Unit.
Entertainment Weekly television critic Ken Tucker has praised Law & Order 's creator Dick Wolf for putting McCoy at the center of "some of the best episodes of the immortal series ' 19th season. '' Tucker elaborates how the character, riding "herd over a couple of stubborn young bucks -- assistant DAs Mike Cutter (Linus Roache) and Connie Rubirosa (Alana de la Garza) -- McCoy argues, bellows orders, and croaks with outrage when his charges disobey his legal advice. ''
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who turns purple in charlie and the chocolate factory | List of Charlie and the Chocolate factory characters - wikipedia
The following is a list of characters in the Roald Dahl book Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator, and the former 's film adaptations, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.
In the novels and films, Willy Wonka is the odd owner of an extremely prosperous factory making candies and chocolates. The inciting action of the story occurs when Wonka holds a contest, hiding five Golden Tickets within the wrappers of chocolate bars, promising their discoverers a tour of his factory and a lifelong supply of his creations. Implications stand in all three versions that he allows four of his five finalists to disgrace themselves, in the hope that one does not.
In the book, Wonka is described by Roald Dahl as having a goatee and "marvelously '' bright eyes, a high and "flutey '' voice, a face "alight of fun and laughter '', and quick little jerky movements "like a squirrel ''. He is enthusiastic, eccentric, charming, talkative, and friendly, but at times insensitive, and has been given to glossing criticisms of himself.
In the 1971 film Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory, he is portrayed by Gene Wilder. While his personality remains generally the same as in the original, he is more melancholy here, and frequently quotes books and poems, including William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet ("Is it my soul that calls upon my name? '') or John Masefield 's "Sea Fever '' ("All I ask is a tall ship and a star to steer her by ''), and the famous "Candy is dandy, but liquor is quicker '' from "Reflections on Ice Breaking '' by Ogden Nash, among many others. Toward the end of the film, he tests protagonist Charlie 's conscience by pretending to deny him any reward, but assumes an almost paternal role when Charlie proves honest. And as Charlie places the gobstopper on Wonka 's desk, Wonka declares Charlie the winner and apologies for his anger and tell him to meet his assistant Mr. Wilkinson (known earlier as "Slugworth ''). He explains they had to test him and Charlie passed. As they go to the Wonkavator, Wonka tells Charlie that the real grand prize is the entire chocolate factory and makes Charlie Bucket the new owner of the Willy Wonka Chocolate factory (as Willy Wonka retires), and the entire family can move in and live there. Wonka also reminds Charlie not to forget about the man who suddenly gets everything he ever wanted: he lives happily ever after.
In the 2005 film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, he is portrayed by Johnny Depp. In this version, a back - story was added that Willy Wonka 's father (being a dentist) would not let him eat sweets because of the potential risk to his teeth, and that the young Wonka left home to become a chocolatier. The conflict was so bad on young Wonka (portrayed by Blair Dunlop), that he took no interest in the kids when they arrived and could n't even say the word "parent ''. He later gains a soft spot for Charlie and offers him a spoon from the chocolate river. Toward the end of the film, Charlie reconciles the two.
Charlie Bucket is a title character and the protagonist of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, its sequel Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator, and the film adaptations of these books. He is depicted as a kind - hearted, nice, selfless, sweet, brave, but poor boy that lives with his mother, father and his four grandparents. In 1971, he has a newspaper route after school. He and his family follow the progress of the hunt for the Golden Tickets in newspapers, in films, and on television. Unlike the first four finalists, Charlie is honest and generous. In the 1971 film, Charlie was portrayed by Peter Ostrum, in his only film appearance. His nationality is never explicitly stated, but in the 1971 film, he speaks with an American accent, and in the 2005 film, he speaks with an English accent. The filmmakers have stated that it was their intention that Charlie 's hometown be kept ambiguous.
In the novel, at the end of the tour, Wonka declares Charlie heir to the factory for his refusal of vice, and Charlie 's family are permitted to move into the factory. In the 1971 film, Charlie wins the factory when he returns an Everlasting Gobstopper given to him by Wonka, thereby passing Wonka 's moral test. In the 2005 film, Wonka initially refuses to allow Charlie 's family to join them in the factory, and Charlie rejects Wonka 's offer. When Charlie helps Wonka reconcile with his father, the family move into the factory and Charlie becomes Wonka 's partner.
Grandpa Joe is one of Charlie 's four bed - ridden grandparents. He is usually stubborn, senile, and paranoid, but still kind, caring, grandfatherly, excitable, and supportive. He tells Charlie (and the reader) the story of Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory and the mystery of the secret workers. When Charlie finds the Golden Ticket, Grandpa Joe leaps out of bed in joy, and later accompanies Charlie on the factory tour. In the sequel book, Grandpa Joe accompanies Charlie, Willy Wonka, and all members of Charlie 's family in the Great Glass Elevator and assists the rescue of the Commuter Capsule from the Vermicious Knids. Grandpa Joe 's age is given as "ninety - six and a half '' in "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory '', making him the eldest of Charlie 's grandparents, but in the musical, it is stated he is almost ninety and a half.
The character was played by Jack Albertson in the 1971 film adaptation Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory. In this film, he is often excitable, paranoid, stubborn and appears anxious that Charlie won the contest, and becomes angry when Charlie is dismissed without reward, despite the fact that they both violated the rules by stealing Fizzy Lifting Drinks and not following the tour, which indicated that Charlie violated the contract, unaware that Wonka had found out what they had done. He tells Charlie that he expects him to find all five Golden Tickets and most certainly expects Charlie to find one when he receives a Wonka Bar for his birthday.
The character was played by David Kelly in the 2005 film adaptation, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. Veteran actor Gregory Peck was originally selected to play the role, but he died in 2003 before filming began. This version of the character is written as more calm than the 1971 version. An original backstory to Grandpa Joe 's past was added to Tim Burton 's film, wherein it is said that Joe worked for Wonka until the latter fired all his workers from his factory due to constant corporate espionage by rival confectionery manufacturers. When he returns to the factory with Charlie for the tour, Wonka asks if he was a spy working for a competing factory before he humbly welcomes him back.
Augustus Gloop is an obese, greedy, gluttonous boy, the first person to find a Golden Ticket and one of the four main antagonists of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. He hails from fictitious Dusselheim, Germany in the 1971 film, and Düsseldorf, Germany in the 2005 film. His mother takes great pride in his gluttonous eating and seems to enjoy the attention of the media. In the novel and both films, he is portrayed as "enormously fat ''. Augustus is the first to be removed from the tour: while drinking from the Chocolate Room 's Chocolate River, he accidentally falls into the river and is drawn through a pipe to the factory 's Fudge Room. His parents are summoned to retrieve him from the mixing - machine. In the book, he is depicted leaving the factory, having lost most of his weight, and covered in melted chocolate.
In the 1971 film, despite eating constantly, he has decent table manners, is not as obese as he is in the book, and is polite to Charlie and the other finalists. He is portrayed by Michael Bollner in this film. Since Bollner could not speak fluent English at the time of the film 's production, the 1971 Augustus has fewer lines and less screen time.
In the 2005 film, Augustus is always shown consuming chocolate. He has a binge eating disorder and often has food smeared on his face. He is a bully towards Charlie in the one instance when they interact, as Augustus offers Charlie a bite of his Wonka Bar and then retracts it, saying Charlie should have brought some himself. As in the book, he is shown leaving the factory toward the end of the story; but in this version, he is his normal size, licking his fingers to remove the adherent chocolate he is still coated in. The actor, Philip Wiegratz, wore a fat suit for the production.
In the book, both of Augustus 's parents accompany him to the factory. Both film versions contradict this, however, and have only his mother go with him.
In the 2013 London musical, Augustus Gloop is known as "the Bavarian Beefcake '' in his Alpine community. His mother and father indulge his eating habits with sweets and pieces of sausage of which they (and sometimes Augustus) butcher themselves. In his number, "More of Him to Love '', Frau Gloop reveals that she had vital organs removed to retrieve Augustus from the womb. They arrive at the factory wearing traditional Eastern European clothing, with Augustus in a red, argyle sweater and green shorts. When Augustus falls into the chocolate river Wonka summons the diversionary pumping system to divert the flow, while Oompa Loompas dressed in red boiler suits sing, "Auf Wiedersehen Augustus Gloop '', as they prepare the chocolate, while Augustus travels through the main industrial pipe, occasionally getting stuck.
Violet Beauregarde is the third person to find a Golden Ticket, and one of the four main antagonists of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. She is the vain, self - centered, snobby, and gum - obsessed child. Violet chews gum obsessively and boasts that she has been chewing the same piece "for three months solid '', a world record which Violet proclaims was previously held by her best friend Cornelia Prinzmetel. She is also aggressively competitive, prideful and has won trophies for gum chewing. In the 1971 film, she is shown to be from Miles City, Montana, while in the 2005 film, she is from Atlanta, Georgia.
When Wonka shows the group around the Inventing Room, he stops to display a new type of gum he is working on. The gum doubles as a three - course meal which is composed of tomato soup, roast beef and baked potato, and blueberry pie and ice cream. Violet is intrigued and, despite Wonka 's protests, snatches and chews the gum. She is delighted by its effects but, when she reaches the dessert, blueberry pie, her skin starts turning a somewhat blue color and her body begins to swell up, filling with juice. Eventually, Violet 's head, legs, and arms get sucked into her gigantic body, but she is still mobile and is able to waddle. When her swelling stops, she resembles a round blueberry, causing Wonka to have the Oompa - Loompas roll her to the Juicing Room to have the juice squeezed out of her in fear she may explode. She is last seen leaving the factory with the other children, restored to her normal size but with indigo skin like of a blueberry. Wonka says there is nothing that can be done to change Violet 's skin back to its original pigment.
In the 1971 film, Violet is impatient, arrogant, self - centered, vain, and impulsive. She is accompanied by her father, Sam Beauregarde, a fast - talking car salesman who tries to advertise his business during Violet 's television interview. She demeans Cornelia Prinzmetel more than she did in the book. She was polite to everyone, except for Veruca. She has a notable rivalry with Veruca Salt, with whom she persistently argues. Her blueberry form is relatively small, and her hair color remains unchanged. Violet is informed that she must be juiced immediately before she explodes and is last seen en route to the Juicing Room, with her father following her.
In the 2005 film, Violet has a rude, impatient and competitive personality. Aside from gum - chewing, she also has many other interests that reflect her obsession with always winning, such as karate. She is accompanied by her single mother, Scarlett Beauregarde (a former baton champion herself) whose own competitive personality appears to have had an influence on her daughter, as Scarlett expresses pride over Violet 's 263 trophies and medals. Cornelia Prinzmetel was not mentioned in this film. Violet is also shown to be anti-social and bullying when she briefly insults Charlie, snatching a piece of confectionery from his hand and calling him a loser when he tries to interact with her. She turns blue, although her lips remain red, and swells up into a 10 - foot blueberry before being rolled off to the Juicing Room by the Oompa Loompas to prevent her from bursting. Violet is shown leaving the factory gymnastically cartwheeling as a consequence of her increased flexibility, which she is actually happy about, although her mother is less than pleased with her daughter 's permanently indigo color.
In the 2013 Sam Mendes London musical, Violet Beauregarde is portrayed as an African - American, Californian fame - hungry wan na - be, with her agent / father Eugene Beauregarde parlaying her mundane talent of gum chewing into celebrity status, with multitude of endorsements including her own TV show, line of perfume, and a clothing boutique franchise. Her theme is called "The Double - Bubble Duchess ''. It is revealed that Violet 's chewing "skill '' was picked up when she was a baby and her mom tried to get her to stop talking all the time. Violet and her father are escorted by an entourage to the factory entrance. Violet comes dressed in a sparkly purple and pink disco jumper and a pink backpack. Upon swelling in the influence of the experimental gum (which consisted of tomato soup, roast chicken, potatoes and gravy, Fizzy Orange, cheese and crackers and blueberry pie), she panics and runs away as the Oompa Loompas break into a disco number, "Juicy '', and roller skate along the stage as Violet lifts into the air, resembling a giant purple disco - ball. Mr. Beauregarde phones his lawyer excitedly, with intent to profit from Violet 's new size, until Violet explodes. Wonka 's only reassurance of her survival is the prospect of rescuing the pieces and de-juicing them. In the Broadway version, the song "Juicy '' is cut out (the only child - exit song to be cut from the London version), and Violet instead becomes a blueberry and explodes in the background while Wonka explains how he met the Ooompa - Loompas to the group.
Veruca Salt is a greedy, demanding, manipulative and stingy brat and one of the four main antagonists of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. She demands every single thing she wants (and more), the second person to find a Golden Ticket, the third eliminated from the tour. A selfish, rotten brat who shows her wealthy family no mercy and has absolutely no regard for other people 's property, Veruca frequently pesters her parents to purchase a variety of different objects for her. In the 2005 film, it is revealed that she owns a pony, two dogs, four cats, six rabbits, two parakeets, three canaries, a parrot, a turtle, and a hamster, totalling up to 21 pets. But when she interferes with the trained squirrels used by Willy Wonka to select the best nuts to bake into chocolate bars, she is judged as a "bad nut '' by the squirrels and discarded into the adjacent ' garbage chute ' and her dad being with her follows suit. Both are later seen leaving the factory "covered in garbage ''. When she sees the Glass Elevator, she asks her dad to buy her one which causes him to retort that the only thing she 'll be getting is a bath. When she demands one again, her dad simply glares at her causing her to remain silent but sulk. Her nationality was never specified in Dahl 's novel, but she hails from an upper - class family in the United Kingdom in both films.
In the 1971 film adaptation, Veruca has a fiery temper, rudely demands various desires nonstop, brags about her wealth, and chastises anyone who questions her. In this film it is not squirrels but geese that lay special golden chocolate - filled eggs for Easter, one of which she demands as a new pet. She and Violet, in this film, bicker on two occasions. Veruca is eliminated at the end of her musical number in the film ("I Want it Now '') after climbing a machine designed to tell whether or not the geese 's eggs are "good '' or "bad '' eggs, and it judges her as a bad one. Her father then follows and is also deemed bad. In the Tom and Jerry version of the 1971 film, Veruca and her father manage to escape the furnace right before it ignites while trapping Tom inside. Veruca demands to be taken home and have her father make her a different chocolate factory, but Mr. Salt, having had enough of Veruca 's spoiled and selfish behavior, finally decides to discipline her as the near - death experience seems to have finally gotten to him.
In the 2005 film adaptation, Veruca 's elimination remains virtually the same as in the book, with only a few changes made. Her demeanor is less vehement, but more obnoxious, compared to the 1971 version. When she leaves the factory (covered in trash), she demands a facsimile of the Great Glass Elevator. However, her father, having learned a good parenting lesson from the Oompa - Loompas and finally realizing how much he has spoiled her, sternly tells her that she will only be getting a bath that day instead, and shoots her a fierce glare for trying to argue any further.
In the 2013 Sam Mendes London musical, Veruca Salt is a British billionaire 's daughter, dressed in a pink ballerina tutu and baby seal fur coat - "clubbed and tickled pink ''. Her father, Sir Robert Salt, is portrayed as a spineless dolt for giving his daughter her wishes. In the Nut Sorting Room, Veruca runs foul of the nut - testing squirrels who deem her a ' bad nut ' when she tries to steal one. This summons oversized squirrels with Oompa Loompas riding on their backs. They sing a nightmarish ballet "Veruca 's Nutcracker Sweet '' that concludes with Veruca and her father sent down the garbage chute. In the Broadway version, Veruca 's nationality is changed to Russian, and the squirrels tear her apart limb by limb, but Wonka assures the group that the Ooompa - Loompas will be able to put her back together.
Mike Teavee, a boy that does nothing but watch television, the fourth Golden Ticket finder, and one of the four main antagonists of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. He was described as adorned with eighteen toy pistols that he ' fires ' while watching gangsters on TV. He is bad - tempered, slothful but also intelligent. How he found his Golden Ticket is never explained in the book or 1971 film as he is too absorbed in his television viewing to talk to the press about it. In the 2005 film, he does have an explanation on how he found the Golden Ticket: he used an algorithm to find it as an intellectual exercise. In the book, both of Mike 's parents tour the factory with him. During a display of miniaturization technology, used to transport chocolate, Mike shrinks himself to a tiny size, Willy Wonka has an Oompa - Loompa take the Teavee family to the Gum - Stretcher Room to get Mike stretched back to normal. Mike is last seen exiting the factory, now 10 ft (3 m) tall because the Oompa - Loompas overstretched him. After he got shrunk when his parents lament that he wo n't be able to attend school, Mike happily says he can continue watching TV. His angry father then blames the TV for Mike 's poor behavior and decides to unplug it and throw it out the window when they get home, much to Mike 's displeasure.
In the 1971 film, Mike is played by Paris Themmen and his surname is spelled "Teevee '' in the credits. Mike is nine years old and accompanied to the factory by his high - strung mother. He is from Arizona, enjoys Western films and wears cowboy attire. He makes constant references to television shows throughout the factory tour and comes across as somewhat of a know - it - all. Although easily annoyed, he does not have any major anger issues and gets along relatively well with the other kids.
In the 2005 film, 13 - year - old Mike is (portrayed by Jordan Fry) interests are updated to the Internet and video games (especially gory first - person shooters), in addition to television viewing. In this version, he is from Denver, Colorado, and is portrayed as more disrespectful. Whenever he says something critical of Wonka 's company, or his ideas, Wonka reacts as if Mike is mumbling, even though he does not. He is able to find the Golden Ticket by using math and logic, though he admits he does not even like chocolate. When Mike demands to know why candy is pointless, Charlie tries to reason with him, saying candy does n't have to have a point. When they arrive in the Television Chocolate Room, Mike points that Wonka could use his teleportation device to revolutionize mankind, as opposed to distributing his products. When Mr. Teavee tries to reason with Mike, the boy insults Wonka. After the incident in the Television Chocolate room, Willy Wonka has an Oompa - Loompa take Mr. Teavee and Mike to the Taffy - Puller Room to have Mike stretched back to normal. When Mike and his father are later seen leaving the factory, Mike is 10 ft (3 m) tall as well as incredibly thin and flat.
In the 2013 Sam Mendes London musical, Mike Teavee (now age 10) lives in a suburban neighborhood with his disinterested father Norman Teavee and neurotic, alcoholic mother, Doris Teavee. Their opening number, "It 's Teavee Time! '' has Mrs. Teavee presenting her family as a normal, functioning household, downplaying Mike 's violent tendencies like setting a cat on fire, chloroforming a nurse, and stealing a German tank. In the Department of the Future, where Wonka transmits chocolate by television, Mike anxiously jumps into the machine and transmits himself, much to his mother 's horror. Wonka summons the monitors to see on which channel Mike has ended, as the Oompa Loompas rave around the room, singing, ' Vidiots '. Near the end, Mrs. Teavee joins the rave, as they conclude that Mike still has a future on ' Mike.com '. When Mike is shrunk as a result of the transporter, Mrs. Teavee happily takes him home as he can no longer cause trouble and she can take care of him like when he was a baby. In the Broadway version of the musical, lyrics in Mike 's song and some of Mike 's mannerisms reference Donald Trump.
In the book, Arthur Slugworth is one of Willy Wonka 's rival chocolatiers. Slugworth, along with Wonka 's other rivals Mr. Fickelgruber and Mr. Prodnose, sent in spies to steal the secret recipes to Wonka 's treats, which he plagiarized, nearly ruining Wonka 's factory. After Wonka re-opens his factory (operated exclusively by Oompa - Loompas), Slugworth is never heard from again, but it is stated that Fickelgruber would give each of his front teeth to enter Wonka 's inventing room (laboratory / chocolate room in the book) for three minutes. In the 1971 movie, Willy Wonka states that Slugworth would give his false teeth to get in for just five minutes.
Slugworth has a much larger role as an enigmatic villain in the 1971 film. Inside Bill 's Candy Shop, Wonka 's products and signs are the most visible; but Slugworth 's Sizzlers are also prominent, and one is even sold to a child. Also seen are signs for Fickelgruber 's candy. Grandpa Joe describes Slugworth as the worst of Wonka 's rivals. As each Golden Ticket is found, a sinister man approaches the finder and whispers something into his or her ear. After Charlie finds the last ticket, the same man approaches Charlie as well, introduces himself as Arthur Slugworth, and bribes the child to bring him one piece of the newly invented ' Everlasting Gobstopper ', allowing him to plagiarize the formula and prevent the future invention from ruining his business. Two of the children (Veruca and Mike) respond to Slugworth 's bribe; but Charlie, when tempted, returns the Everlasting Gobstopper to Wonka. Wonka eventually reveals that the tempter is not Slugworth, but his own employee Mr. Wilkinson, and that his offer was a moral test of character. Slugworth / Wilkinson was played by Günter Meisner, a West German actor, while his speaking voice is provided by an uncredited Walker Edmiston.
Slugworth only makes a split - second appearance in Tim Burton 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory where he alongside Mr. Ficklegruber and Mr. Prodnose are sending spies to steal ingredients from Wonka 's factory. He is here played by Philip Philmar.
In the Tom and Jerry version of the 1971 film, Slugworth is the main antagonist, instead of an enigmatic villain. When he first meets Charlie, he sings a cover of Veruca 's song, "I Want it Now! '' and also sings it as a duet with Veruca during her downfall. He teams up with Spike to steal a Gobstopper from the factory, but the two are thwarted by Charlie, Tom, and Jerry. Despite being more emphasized as a villain, he is still revealed to be Wonka 's employee Mr. Wilkinson much to Tom & Jerry 's dismay. Nevertheless, the cat and mouse get the last word on Slugworth / Wilkinson (and Spike) by shrinking them with the Wonkavision tech.
Mr. Turkentine is Charlie Bucket 's school teacher and appears in the first film in 1971, but not in the book or the 2005 film. He has an odd sense of humor, which he uses to express knowledge. He asks Charlie to assist him in making a medicine using several scientific elements for the class but the project is interrupted due to the frantic golden ticket search for Willy Wonka. Mr. Turkentine when hearing the news about the golden tickets during the project dismisses the class and runs out. Later when it is revealed that all the tickets have supposedly been found ending with a Paraguayan millionaire he decides to use Wonka bars as an example to teach his class about percentages. He uses a few students as examples for the class, including Charlie. Charlie however reveals that he only opened two Wonka bars during the search and so to help make it easier for his class, he decides to pretend Charlie opened 200. Mr. Turkentine is played by British actor David Battley.
Prince Pondicherry is a prince who lives in India. He appears in the third chapter of the novel when Grandpa Joe is telling Charlie a story. In the story, Willy Wonka makes him a chocolate palace in India, that melts in the hot weather, as he had rejected Willy Wonka 's advice to eat it before it melted in the heat. His name derives from the city of Pondicherry (officially spelled Puducherry since 2006) in southeastern India.
He is absent from the 1971 film version, but makes a brief appearance in Tim Burton 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, where he is played by Nitin Ganatra. His story here matches that in the book, except in depicting his wife (Shelley Conn) and stating that the Prince demanded a second palace, but was refused due to Wonka dealing with problems of his own at the time that involved spies sent by his rivals.
Oompa - Loompas are small humans who would end up being preyed upon by the various predators that also reside in Loompaland before Wonka invited them to work at his factory. They are paid in their favorite food, cocoa beans, which were extremely rare on their island. The Oompa - Loompas are also mischievous, loving practical jokes and singing songs which, according to Wonka, they are very good at improvising. They sing at the end of each child 's demise.
In early editions of the novel, the Oompa - Loompas (originally called "Whipple - Scrumpets '' before publication) are shown as African pygmies before Dahl rewrote them to be white - skinned and golden haired. In both editions, despite working in the factory, Oompa - Loompas insist on maintaining their native clothing: men wear skins, women wear leaves, and children wear nothing.
In the 1971 film, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, they were written to be played by actors with dwarfism and are portrayed as orange - skinned, green - haired men in striped shirts and baggy lederhosen - like pants. Prominent portrayers included Angelo Muscat, Rusty Goffe, George Claydon, Rudy Borgstaller, Jo Kilkenny, Andy Wilday, Malcolm Dixon, Ismed Hassan, Norman Mcglen, Pepe Poupee, Marcus Powell, and Albert Wilkinson.
In the 2005 film, the Oompa - Loompas are all played by Deep Roy and are virtually identical. They wear their tribal clothing during their time in Loompaland, and typical factory worker uniforms in Wonka 's Factory. Some of the female Oompa - Loompas, like Doris, work in the administration offices.
Vermicious Knids are a fictional species of amorphous aliens that invade the Space Hotel "U.S.A. '' in Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator.
They are also mentioned in the 1971 feature film adaptation, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, but here are mentioned only as predators of the Oompa - Loompas.
In the book, Vermicious Knids are huge, dark, egg - shaped predators who swallow their victims whole, and are capable of surviving, operating, and traveling faster than light, in the vacuum of space. Although normally oviform, they can assume any shape at will, while retaining their native texture and features. They originate (according to Mr. Wonka) on the planet Vermes, a fictional planet located (in dialogue) 184,270,000,000 miles (2.9655 × 10 kilometres) from Earth (52 times Pluto 's distance). In the presence of victims, they can not resist shaping themselves to spell the word "SCRAM '' (the only word they know) before they attack.
In Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator, a swarm of Knids take possession of the new Space Hotel "U.S.A. ''. When the transport capsule brings the staff to the Space Hotel, the Knids consume some of the staff, and the survivors retreat to the capsule. There, the Knids bludgeon the capsule with their own bodies, until its retro - rockets are useless; whereupon Wonka, Charlie, and Grandpa Joe connect the capsule to the Elevator, in hope of towing it to Earth, and one Knid wraps itself around the Elevator while the others form a chain, intending to draw the Elevator and capsule to their home planet. The Elevator then returns to Earth, and the Knids are incinerated in Earth 's atmosphere.
When Nestlé created its interpretation of Wonka 's world to sell chocolate bars under the name "Wonka '', they released a number of downloadable flash games, wherein Knids seemed to have entered the factory and had the appearance of flying green blobs with single red eyes.
The etymology of the name was not provided by Dahl. Pronunciation of Knid is said in the book to approximate adding a schwa between the "K '' and "nid '', or in Dahl 's words, "K'nid ''. Cnidaria is the name of the taxonomic phylum containing stinging aquatic invertebrates such as jellyfish and coral, itself derived from the classical Greek word for nettle, κνίδη. Vermicious is a real word, meaning "worm like ''.
The Vermicious Knids are also mentioned in other Dahl stories, including James and the Giant Peach (where the New York Police Department misidentify Miss Spider as one) and The Minpins.
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factors affecting the weather patterns in the philippines | Climate of the Philippines - wikipedia
TThe Philippines has five types of climates: tropical rainforest, tropical savanna, tropical monsoon, humid subtropical, and oceanic (both are in higher - altitude areas) characterized by relatively high temperature, oppressive humidity and plenty of rainfall. There are two seasons in the country, the wet season and the dry season, based upon the amount of rainfall. This is also dependent on location in the country as some areas experience rain all throughout the year (see Climate types). Based on temperature, the warmest months of the year are March through October; the winter monsoon brings cooler air from November to February. May is the warmest month, and January, the coolest.
Weather in the Philippines is monitored and managed by Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA).
Monsoons are large - scale sea breezes which occur when the temperature on land is significantly warmer or cooler than the temperature of the ocean. Most summer monsoons have a dominant westerly component and a strong tendency to ascend and produce copious amounts of rain (because of the condensation of water vapor in the rising air). The intensity and duration, however, are not uniform from year to year. Winter monsoons, by contrast, have a dominant easterly component and a strong tendency to diverge, subside and cause drought.
The summer monsoon brings heavy rains to most of the archipelago from May to October. Annual average rainfall ranges from as much as 5,000 millimetres (197 in) in the mountainous east coast section of the country, to less than 1,000 millimetres (39 in) in some of the sheltered valleys. Monsoon rains, although hard and drenching, are not normally associated with high winds and waves.
At least 30 percent of the annual rainfall in the northern Philippines can be traced to tropical cyclones, while the southern islands receiving less than 10 percent of their annual rainfall from tropical cyclones. The wettest known tropical cyclone to impact the archipelago was the July 1911 cyclone, when the total precipitation for Baguio was distributed over the four days as: 14th -- 879.8 mm (34.6 in), 15th -- 733.6 mm (28.9 in), 16th -- 424.9 mm (16.7 in), 17th -- 200.4 mm (7.9 in); followed by extraordinary drought from October 1911 to May 1912, so that the annual amount of those two years were hardly noticeable.
The Philippines sit across the typhoon belt, making dangerous storms from July through October. These are especially hazardous for northern and eastern Luzon and the Bicol and Eastern Visayas regions, but Manila gets devastated periodically as well. Bagyo is the Filipino term to any tropical cyclone in the Philippine Islands. From the statistics gathered by PAGASA from 1948 to 2004, around an average of 28 storms and / or typhoons per year enter the PAR (Philippine Area of Responsibility) -- the designated area assigned to PAGASA to monitor during weather disturbances. Those that made landfall or crossed the Philippines, the average was nine per year. In 1993, a record 19 typhoons made landfall in the country making it the most in one year. The fewest per year were 4 during the years 1955, 1958, 1992 and 1997.
PAGASA categorises typhoons into five types according to wind speed. Once a tropical cyclone enters the PAR, regardless of strength, it is given a local name for identification purposes by the media, government, and the general public.
For the past ten years, the Philippines has experienced a number of extremely damaging tropical cyclones, particularly typhoons with more than 20 km / h (12 mph; 11 kn; 5.6 m / s) of sustained winds. Because of this, the Super Typhoon (STY) category with more than 220 km / h (140 mph; 120 kn; 61 m / s) maximum sustained winds was officially adopted by the PAGASA. However, according to different stakeholders, the extensive and devastating damages caused by strong typhoons such as Typhoon Yolanda in 2013 made the four ‐ level warning system inadequate.
The deadliest typhoon to impact the Philippines was Typhoon Haiyan, locally known as Yolanda, in November 2013, in which more than 6,300 lives were lost from its storm surges and powerful winds. Over 1,000 went missing and nearly 20,000 were injured. Winds reached 315 km / h (196 mph; 170 kn; 88 m / s) in one -- minute sustained and may have been the strongest storm in history in terms of wind speeds as wind speeds before the 1970s were too high to record.
Back in 1995, where Typhoon Angela, known as Rosing was an extremely catastrophic category 5 typhoon that made landfall in Catanduanes and made across Manila. Winds reached 290 km / h (180 mph) on one - minute sustain winds. Rosing took 936 lives and the most powerful typhoon that ever hit Metro Manila.
On late December 3, 2012, Typhoon Bopha or known as Pablo made landfall on Eastern Mindanao, damage was over 1.04 billion USD by winds of 280 km / h (175 mph) on one - minute sustain winds. Typhoon Bopha was the most powerful typhoon ever hit Mindanao, killing 1,067 people and 834 people were missing. Most of the damage was caused by rushing storm surges and screaming winds.
In terms of central pressure, Typhoon Megi (2010) measured 885 mb. This was the strongest storm ever to make landfall in terms of pressure.
It was 295 kph (185 mph) in terms of one - minute sustained winds, killing 67 people and costing over 700 million USD in damage.
There are four recognized climate types in the Philippines, and they are based on the distribution of rainfall (See the Philippine Climate Map at the top). They are described as follows:
The average year - round temperature measured from all the weather stations in the Philippines, except Baguio City, is 26.6 ° C (79.9 ° F). Cooler days are usually felt in the month of January with temperature averaging at 25.5 ° C (77.9 ° F) and the warmest days, in the month of May with a mean of 28.3 ° C (82.9 ° F). Elevation factors significantly in the variation of temperature in the Philippines. In Baguio City, with an elevation of 1,500 m (4,900 ft) above sea level, the mean average is 18.3 ° C (64.9 ° F) or cooler by about 4.3 ° C (8 ° F). In 1915, a one - year study was conducted by William H. Brown of the Philippine Journal of Science on top of Mount Banahaw at 2,100 m (6,900 ft) elevation. The mean temperature measured was 18.6 ° C (65.5 ° F), a difference of 10 ° C (18 ° F) from the lowland mean temperature.
Relative humidity is high in the Philippines. A high amount of moisture or vapor in the air makes hot temperatures feel hotter. This quantity of moisture is due to different factors -- the extraordinary evaporation from the seas that surrounds the country on all sides, to the different prevailing winds in the different seasons of the year, and finally, to the abundant rains so common in a tropical country. The first may be considered as general causes of the great humidity, which is generally observed in all the islands throughout the year. The last two may influence the different degree of humidity for the different months of the year and for the different regions of the archipelago.
The climate of the country is divided into two main seasons:
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who sang lead vocals on amie by pure prairie league | Amie (song) - wikipedia
"Amie '' is a song recorded by the American soft rock group Pure Prairie League. It was released in 1973 as their debut single, but did not chart on the Billboard Hot 100 until 1975.
The song was written by Craig Fuller and was originally recorded by the band on their 1972 album Bustin ' Out, but it was not released as a single until 1973, when it gained popularity on college radio stations. Its airplay led RCA Records to re-sign Pure Prairie League after having previously dropped them.
In his book Music: What Happened?, musician and music critic Scott Miller described the song as "quintessentially 1972 '' and "lovely ''. Mike DeGagne of Allmusic called it "a charming little country - pop tune '' and "their most memorable, '' praising its melody and Craig Fuller 's lead vocals. Rock historian John Einarson, citing the song 's "lilting harmonies and subtle acoustic playing, '' called it "a classic of the country rock genre. ''
Lonestar covered the song on their 1997 album Crazy Nights, and included it as the B - side to the album 's single "Say When ''.
Travis Tritt covered the song on Randy Scruggs ' 1998 album, Crown of Jewels.
Wesley Willis covered the song to critical acclaim on his 1999 album Greatest Hits Vol. 2.
Singer Brent Anderson included a portion of "Amie '' in his 2011 single "Amy 's Song '', which featured backing vocals from Craig Fuller and Vince Gill.
Counting Crows covered the song on their 2011 album of covers, Underwater Sunshine.
Garth Brooks covered the song on the "Melting Pot '' disc of his four CD boxed set Blame It All on My Roots: Five Decades of Influences released in 2013.
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who does mark hamill voice in regular show | Regular Show - Wikipedia
Regular Show (also known as Regular Show in Space during its eighth season) is an American animated television sitcom created by J.G. Quintel for Cartoon Network that aired between September 6, 2010 to January 16, 2017. The series revolves around the lives of two working - class friends, a blue jay named Mordecai and a raccoon named Rigby -- both employed as groundskeepers at a local park. They usually try to solve a simple problem but then it leads to a surreal, extreme, and often supernatural misadventure. During these misadventures, they interact with the show 's other main characters: Benson, Pops, Muscle Man, Hi - Five Ghost, Skips, Margaret and Eileen.
Many of Regular Show 's characters were loosely based on those developed for Quintel 's student films at California Institute of the Arts: The Naïve Man from Lolliland and 2 in the AM PM. The former was one of the winners of the 2005 Nicktoons Film Festival and received international attention after being broadcast on Nicktoons Network. Quintel pitched Regular Show for Cartoon Network 's Cartoonstitute project, in which the network allowed young artists to create pilots with no notes, which would possibly be optioned as shows. The project was green - lit and it premiered on September 6, 2010.
As of May 2013, the program has been watched by approximately 2 to 2.5 million viewers each week. The series has received positive reviews from critics and has developed a following of all ages. Regular Show has been nominated for several awards, including seven Annie Awards, six Primetime Emmy Awards -- one of which it won for the episode "Eggscellent '' (season 3, episode 18) and three British Academy Children 's Awards. A film based on the series, titled Regular Show: The Movie, premiered in 2015.
After eight seasons and 261 episodes, the series concluded on January 16, 2017 with the one - hour finale "A Regular Epic Final Battle ''.
The series revolves around the daily lives of two 23 - year - old friends, Mordecai (a blue jay), and Rigby (a raccoon). They work as groundskeepers at a park, and spend their days trying to avoid work and entertain themselves by any means. This is much to the chagrin of their manager / boss Benson (a gumball machine) and their coworker Skips (a yeti), but to the delight of their (other) manager / boss Pops (a man with a lollipop - shaped head). Other coworkers include an overweight green man called Muscle Man, and a ghost called Hi - Five Ghost.
Regular Show largely grew out of creator J.G. Quintel 's life and experiences in college. Quintel attended the California Institute of the Arts, and many of the characters on Regular Show are based on the characters developed for his student films The Naïve Man from Lolliland (2005) and 2 in the AM PM (2006). Both originated as part of a game called "48 - hour films '', in which students put words into a hat, pulled out one word at midnight and spent a weekend developing ideas for a film. Quintel attended college with Thurop Van Orman and Pendleton Ward, who both went on to work at Cartoon Network Studios with Quintel; Van Orman created The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack and Ward created Adventure Time. Quintel concurrently worked on Camp Lazlo and as creative director on The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack while completing his degree. He was later invited to pitch for Cartoon Network 's Cartoonstitute, a project to showcase short films created without the interference of network executives and focus testing,
J.G. Quintel returned to the characters from his films, put them together with newer characters and created a pilot. Quintel wanted to present a visual pitch rather than a verbal one, believing the idea would make little sense otherwise. He storyboarded the idea for the pilot, and Craig McCracken and Rob Renzetti liked his presentation. Regular Show was one of two series from the project that were green - lit (the other show being Secret Mountain Fort Awesome, based on the Cartoonstitute short Uncle Grandpa, which in turn became its own series later on). The project was eventually scrapped and never premiered on television. The character of Mordecai embodies Quintel during his college years, specifically at CalArts; Quintel said, "That 's that time when you 're hanging out with your friends and getting into stupid situations, but you 're also taking it seriously enough. '' The character of Rigby was randomly developed when Quintel drew a raccoon hula - hooping. He liked the design and developed the character of Rigby to be far less responsible than his companion.
The show is inspired by some British television series and video games. Episodes are produced using storyboarding and hand - drawn animation, and each episode takes roughly nine months to create. Quintel recruited several independent comic book artists to draw the show 's animated elements; their style matched closely Quintel 's ideas for the series. The show 's soundtrack comprises original music composed by Mark Mothersbaugh and licensed songs. While preparing for the beginning of the show, Quintel looked for young, independent, comic artists to compose the show 's storyboard artists; he thought that the style would closely match that of Regular Show. He looked through blogs and convention panels for the "total package '', which he said was the ability to write and draw; something that many independent comic book artists possess. In addition, Quintel attended many open shows at CalArts -- an eight - hour festival of student animation. The style and sensibility of Regular Show was difficult to work with in the beginning; the artists struggled to create a natural, sitcom - like sound for the series.
Regular Show was inspired by The Simpsons and Beavis and Butt - Head, and Quintel credited the stylistic elements of Joe Murray 's Rocko 's Modern Life and Camp Lazlo as working their way into his style. Video games Street Fighter, Shadowrun and ToeJam & Earl -- which Quintel played when he was a child -- inspired the series, as did some British television programs. Quintel 's interest in British television was influenced by his British roommate at CalArts, who introduced him to The League of Gentlemen, The IT Crowd, Little Britain, The Office and The Mighty Boosh; the latter was very influential to Quintel and would later influence the humor in Regular Show.
The process of writing a script for Regular Show begins with the staff writers playing "writers games '' for inspiration to find an idea that they find enjoyable. Once an idea is approved, the premise of the episode is written and passed to the storyboard artists, who create the dialogue. The writers try to make the conversations feel natural to the audience, using examples from their own experiences. The script is then shown to the network executives, who give notes on what should be added or changed.
The plot generally begins with a basic problem that the characters must overcome. While the protagonists work on their task, a magical, supernatural, or strange element appears and complicates the initially simple problem. The writers decided to follow this narrative structure to take advantage of the animation.
The series is rated TV - PG - V. Cartoon Network told Quintel early on that they wanted to "age it up from the TV - Y7 stuff we 'd been doing in the past ''. This direction led the crew to use adult - oriented humor with innuendos and drug and alcohol references because they wanted to cater for both the younger and adult audiences. The writers generally make these jokes subtle. The show also makes use of sub-textual adult humor through music. One of the program 's storyboard artists, Calvin Wong, said that he enjoys the limitations set by writing for the show since the adult - oriented jokes that are approved are satisfying.
The plots of the episodes are influenced by the writers ' and Quintel 's personal experiences, such as performing prank telephone calls or accepting an eating challenge from a restaurant. The show often references 1980s culture, using music and electronic devices from that era because many factors from the decade left a positive influence on Quintel. The show also makes references to modern social trends such as viral internet videos.
The voice acting of the series is relatively low - key, and the intention was to make most of the characters sound natural and conversational. Quintel wanted to make the show listenable and given contrast to most other cartoons, which often are difficult for adults to listen to. The main cast consists of voice acting veterans Mark Hamill, who portrays Skips and Roger Craig Smith, who plays Thomas. William Salyers plays the voice of Rigby, Janie Haddad portrays Margaret and Quintel 's former CalArts classmate Sam Marin voices Benson, Pops, and Muscle Man. Quintel portrays Mordecai and Hi - Five Ghost. Members of the production staff have voiced several characters throughout the series; these include Minty Lewis, Toby Jones, Andress Salaff, and Matt Price. The Regular Show cast record their lines together in group as opposed to individual recording sessions for each actor; this is to help the show 's dialogue sound natural. The series regularly uses guest voice actors for recurring characters; these guests include Steven Blum, Courtenay Taylor, David Ogden Stiers, Robin Atkin Downes, Jeff Bennett, Jennifer Hale, David Kaye, Fred Tatasciore and Julian Holloway.
Each episode of Regular Show takes about nine months to complete. Quintel and his 35 - member team develop each episode at Cartoon Network Studios in Burbank, California. The script is illustrated in rough hand - drawn images, known as storyboards. The storyboards are then animated and mixed with the corresponding dialogue to create the animatic, which is then sent to be approved by the network. The show 's assets (backgrounds, character designs, props) are then assembled to be sent to Saerom Animation in South Korea, where the actual animation production of the episode is performed. When finished, the episode is sent to Sabre Media Studios back in California. Music and sound effects are created and the final episode is mixed and completed. The process allows the production team to work concurrently on dozens of episodes at different stages of production.
Although most modern animation has switched to hybrid methods such as the Cintiq, Regular Show has been described as "far more low - fi '', and is animated traditionally by hand using paper which is then digitally composited and painted with digital ink and paint. Although Cintiqs were initially optioned to be used for the program, Quintel has stated that he has felt more comfortable working on paper, considering it to be more organic and more representative of each artist 's individual style. Board artist Calvin Wong said, "the tools of the trade as being pencils, pens, white out and occasionally light boxes and electric erasers ''.
Regular Show has no regular theme music; instead at the beginning of each episode, a blurred sound (provided by Quintel) followed by a ticking a clock is heard over the title cards. The main composer of the series is Mark Mothersbaugh, one of the founding members of the band Devo. As Quintel was developing the pilot he considered asking Mothersbaugh to create the music for the show. The episode 's animatic was sent to Mothersbaugh along with a request for him to join the show 's staff and crew.
Regular Show will occasionally make use of licensed songs -- mostly from the 1980s; this began when Quintel and the staff writers started recording the animatics using copyrighted songs for the montage scenes. The network executives watched the animatic and asked the crew if they wanted to use some of the songs for the finished episodes. Quintel said that the songs are chosen for their suitability for the scene, whether they sound good and are affordable. Quintel enjoys using the songs in the episodes because adult viewers might remember them and younger viewers might appreciate older music. Songs have included "You 're the Best Around '', "Mississippi Queen '' and "A Holly Jolly Christmas ''.
The show also produces original songs which are used on the episodes. These are generally composed by Mothersbaugh and written by one of the staff 's storyboard artists. "Summertime Loving, Loving in the Summer (Time) '' was written by the staff member Sean Szeles and appeared in the episode "This Is My Jam '' (season 2, episode 13).
Most episodes of Regular Show last 11 minutes; episodes are usually paired together to fill a half - hour program slot. 261 episodes in eight seasons have been completed and broadcast. The first season began on September 6, 2010, with the episode "The Power '' and ended on November 22, 2010, with "Mordecai and the Rigbys ''. The second season began on November 29, 2010, with "Ello Gov'nor '' and ended on August 1, 2011, with "Karaoke Video ''. The third season premiered on September 19, 2011, with the episode "Stick Hockey '' and concluded on September 3, 2012, with "Bad Kiss ''. The fourth season premiered on October 1, 2012, with the half - hour special "Exit 9B '' and concluded on August 12, 2013 with "Steak Me Amadeus ''. The fifth season premiered on September 2, 2013, with the episodes "Laundry Woes '' and "Silver Dude '' and concluded on August 14, 2014, with "Real Date ''. The sixth season premiered on October 9, 2014, with "Maxin ' and Relaxin ' '', and ended on June 25, 2015 with "Dumped at the Altar ''. The seventh season premiered with "Dumptown U.S.A. '' on June 26, 2015 and ended with the half - hour "Rigby 's Graduation Day Special '' on June 30, 2016. The eighth and final season, titled Regular Show in Space, started on September 26, 2016 with "One Space Day at a Time '' and ended on January 16, 2017 with "A Regular Epic Final Battle ''.
Mordecai and Rigby had cameo appearances on the Uncle Grandpa episode "Pizza Eve '', along with other Cartoon Network characters from currently running and ended cartoons.
Mordecai, Rigby and High Five Ghost, make a small cameo in The Amazing World of Gumball episode "The Boredom '', along with the titular characters from Uncle Grandpa and Clarence.
Regular Show became an instant hit. Its first and second seasons, broadcast on Monday nights, ranked number one in its time slot among all key boy demos across all of television according to Nielsen Media Research. The pilot 's premiere was watched by 2.097 million viewers. For the following episodes of the first season, viewership increased by over 10 percent from the time period of the previous year. For instance, the entry was viewed by 1.339 million children aged 2 -- 11, a 65 percent increase from the previous year. It was also watched by 716,000 children aged 9 -- 14; a 43 percent increase. The second season premiere, "Ello Gov'nor '', marked a decline from the first season premiere 's figures. It gained 2.067 million views, but it marked an increase from the first season finale, which was watched by 2.028 million viewers. The third season premiere, "Stick Hockey '', saw a bigger decline in viewers, recording 2 million views. As the series continued its ratings grew; the fourth season premiere, "Exit 9B '', was watched by 3.047 million viewers -- a significant increase from previous seasons.
Regular Show received critical acclaim from critics. A reviewer from IGN, R.L. Shaffer, called the show zany, absurd, bizarre, and hilarious. He praised the show 's writing, and said that it included "snappy dialogue, odd characters, and clever stories -- each more irrelevant than the last -- Regular Show never ceases to tickle the funny bone ''. He finished his review by calling the show "a pretty awesome piece of refreshing off - the - wall comedy '' and wrote that it 's "humorously animated, brazenly silly and almost always funny ''.
DVD Talk 's Neil Lumbrad described the show as "offbeat sense of humor with a lot of randomness that makes its title both peculiar and hilarious '' and compared it to the original Looney Tunes shorts and other cartoons -- including The Powerpuff Girls, Dexter 's Laboratory, and Johnny Bravo -- which Cartoon Network has produced. He wrote that the network has found "animated gold with Regular Show, which is too offbeat and unique to be called regular '' and that it is a "comedic animated gem worthy of being discovered for years to come ''. Lumbrad ended his review by recommending the show and calling it "one truly awesome cartoon with a lot of good humor to enjoy. ''
The A.V. Club 's critic, Alasdair Wilkins, said that compared to Cartoon Network 's other animated comedy, Adventure Time, he does not consider the series to be funny, and describing it as "more pleasingly weird ''. He said that the episodes ' plots can occasionally be too complex to explore completely in the show 's 11 minutes, and also said that the usual story setup can make some stories feel structurally the same as others. Wilkins said that he considers that the show is at its best when it focuses on the jokes, the character moments and inventive ways to use animation. Kevin McFarland, also of The A.V. Club, said that he considers the series a thrill to watch; he complemented the animation style, the characters, and the use of motifs.
In January 2013, Boom! Studios announced that it would develop a comic book series based on the show and that KC Green would be writing the script and Allison Strejlav would be in charge of the illustrations. The first issue officially was released on May 15, 2013.
A series of original graphic novels began publication in 2014. The first, titled Hydration, was written by Rachel Connor and illustrated by Tessa Stone. It was followed by Noir Means Noir, Buddy (2015), A Clash of Consoles (2016), and Wrasslesplosion (2017).
The show has an app called Nightmare - athon available on the iOS App Store. A new app has been released called "Ride ' Em Rigby ''. On April 8, 2013, J.G. Quintel announced on his Twitter page that an official Regular Show video game was in development at the time, which is titled Regular Show: Mordecai and Rigby In 8 - Bit Land. It was developed by WayForward Technologies and published by D3 Publisher for Nintendo 3DS. The video game was released on October 29, 2013.
Jazwares has produced an assortment of 2 -, 6 -, 7 -, and 10 - inch licensed action figures and plush toys for the series. "Collectable Figures '' have also been released along with other themed merchandise, such as "80 's Bobbleheads '', "Pullback Custom Cruisers '' and "Wrestling Buddies ''. There have been many graphic T - shirts officially licensed through clothing retailers Hot Topic, We Love Fine, and Threadless. Looney Labs also released a Regular Show - themed version of the card game Fluxx on July 25, 2014.
At the Cartoon Network 2015 / 2016 upfront, it was announced they were making Regular Show: The Movie.
After accidentally creating a "Timenado, '' slacker groundskeepers Mordecai and Rigby go back in time and battle an evil volleyball coach in order to save the universe -- and their friendship.
It first screened at the Downtown Independent in LA on August 14, 2015. It was released to digital download on September 1, 2015, it was also released to DVD by Warner Home Video on October 13, 2015, and had its television premiere on November 2015. The movie also screened at select Alamo Drafthouse Cinemas across the United States and it had a select showtime at the SVA Theatre of New York and at the Cinema Montrereal CANADA during October 2015.
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when did the women's rights movement begin in canada | Feminism in Canada - wikipedia
The history of feminism in Canada has been a gradual struggle aimed at establishing equal rights. The history of Canadian feminism, like modern Western feminism in other countries, has been divided by scholars into four "waves '', each describing a period of intense activism and social change. The use of "waves '' has been critiqued for its failure to include feminist activism of, for example, Aboriginal and Québécois women who organized for changes in their own communities as well as for larger social change.
The first wave of feminism in Canada occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This early activism was focused on increasing women 's role in public life, with goals including women 's suffrage, increased property rights, increased access to education, and recognition as "persons '' under the law. This early iteration of Canadian feminism was largely based in maternal feminism; the idea that women are natural caregivers and "mothers of the nation '' who should participate in public life because of their perceived propensity for decisions that will result in good care of society. In this view, women were seen to be a civilizing force on society -- which was a significant part of women 's engagement in missionary work and in the Woman 's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU).
The first wave in Canada was different in Québec. Although the first wave was developed at an earlier time, many women in Québec had to wait until April 1940 for their right to vote and run in elections.
Canadian women 's social, political and cultural roles and influence changed dramatically during WWII. Women had taken over many of the missing roles of men while they were off at war. Women worked in factories and took over farms and proved their importance in society.
Religion was an important factor in the early stages of the Canadian women 's movement. Some of the earliest groups of organized women came together for a religious purpose. When women were rejected as missionaries by their Churches and missionary societies, they started their own missionary societies and raised funds to send female missionaries abroad. Some of them raised enough to train some of their missionaries as teachers or doctors.
The first of these missionary societies was founded in Canso, Nova Scotia in 1870 by a group of Baptist women inspired by Hannah Norris, a teacher who wanted to be a missionary. Norris asked the women in her Church for help when her application to the Baptist Foreign Mission Board was rejected. The formed their own missionary society, and soon there were Presbyterian, Methodist and Anglican women missionary societies forming across the western provinces, Quebec, Ontario and the Maritimes. These new societies not only enabled women to work as missionaries, they also gave women the opportunity to manage the funding, training and employment of female missionaries in foreign countries.
Women 's religious organizing was also a means through which women could advocate social change. The Woman 's Christian Temperance Union, for example, was formed in 1874 by Letitia Youmans of Picton, Ontario, in order to raise awareness of the negative consequences of alcohol consumption on society, and ultimately to ban alcohol and promote evangelical family values. Inspired by its American counterpart, the WCTU grew to become one of the first organizations to fight for suffrage while also being a training ground for future suffrage leaders. The Hebrew Ladies Sewing Circle (founded 1869) also worked to promote social change through religion - inspired organizing. It was originally organized by Ida Siegel to provide girls in their community training in sewing skills and as a response to the conversion attempts of Jewish youth by Protestant Evangelicals in Toronto grew to establish a Jewish Endeavour Sewing School where they taught girls sewing, Jewish religion and history. Other examples include the Young Women 's Christian Association (YWCA) which provided (and continues to provide) services such as reception centres, shelters, and educational programs for single working class women along with The Girls ' Friendly Society (Anglican - based), the Catholic Women 's League, and the Grey Nuns of Montreal who provided daycare centres for working women.
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries women in Canada were also making inroads into various professions including teaching, journalism, social work, and public health. Grace Annie Lockhart became the first woman in the British Empire to receive a bachelor 's degree, providing clear evidence of the justice of women 's claim to full rights in the field of higher education. Advances included the establishment of a Women 's Medical College in Toronto (and in Kingston, Ontario) in 1883, attributed in part to the persistence of Emily Stowe, the first female doctor to practice in Canada. Stowe 's daughter, Augusta Stowe - Gullen, became the first woman to graduate from a Canadian medical school.
Women also established and became involved with organizations to advance women 's rights, including suffrage. In 1893, the National Council of Women of Canada was formed which was designed to bring together representatives of different women 's groups across Canada, providing a network for women to communicate their concerns and ideas. When they endorsed suffrage, in 1910, the NCWC did so on the basis that women had an indispensable role in society which should give them the right to participate in public life by electing their government, in keeping with the maternal feminism prevalent in the period.
During World War I, women took on not only traditionally feminine jobs, but also heavy work such as in munitions factories. This changed role of women increased women 's political prominence, and issues such as women 's suffrage were raised.
During the 1920s, women adventurers pushed the boundaries of acceptable behavior for women. From 1922 until 1929, Aloha Wanderwell (born in Canada) became the first woman to travel around the world in a car, beginning her journey at the age of 16.
Organizing around women 's suffrage in Canada peaked in the mid-1910s. Various franchise clubs were formed, and in Ontario, the Toronto Women 's Literary Club was established in 1876 as a guise for suffrage activities, though by 1883 it was renamed the Toronto Women 's Suffrage Association. Compared to other English speaking industrialized countries, Canada 's suffrage movement gained success rather easily, and without violence. The tactics adopted by the movement in order to bring about reform included collecting petitions, staging mock parliaments and selling postcards.
Widows and unmarried women were granted the right to vote in municipal elections in Ontario in 1884. Such limited franchises were extended in other provinces at the end of the 19th century, but bills to enfranchise women in provincial elections failed to pass in any province until Manitoba, and Saskatchewan finally succeeded in early 1916. Alberta followed the same year and Emily Murphy became the first woman magistrate not just in Canada, but the entire British Empire. At the federal level it was a two step process. On Sept. 20, 1917, women gained a limited right to vote: According to the Parliament of Canada website, the Military Voters Act established that "women who are British subjects and have close relatives in the armed forces can vote on behalf of their male relatives, in federal elections. '' About a year and a quarter later, at the beginning of 1919, the right to vote was extended to all women in the Act to confer the Electoral Franchise upon Women. The remaining provinces quickly followed suit, except for Quebec, which did not do so until 1940. Agnes Macphail became the first woman elected to Parliament in 1921.
Large numbers of women continued for many years to be excluded from the right to vote, based on race or indigeneity. British Columbia, for example, denied persons of Asian, Indian (Southeast Asian), and Indigenous origin the rights to universal adult suffrage that came about with the Dominion Elections Act of 1920.
The Famous Five were a group of five women from Alberta who wanted the courts to determine if women were considered to be "persons '' for the purposes of being called to the Senate under section 24 of the British North America Act, 1867, the main provision of Canada 's constitution (now the Constitution Act, 1867). The Senate was the body which at that time approved divorces in some provinces of Canada, among other decisions important to women. The Famous Five petitioned the federal Cabinet to refer this issue to the Supreme Court. After some debate, the Cabinet did so. The Supreme Court, interpreting the Act in light of the times in which it was written, ruled in 1928 that women were not "persons '' for the purposes of section 24 and could not be appointed to the Senate.
The five women, led by Emily Murphy, appealed the case to the Judicial Committee of the British Privy Council, at that time the highest court of appeal for the British Empire. In 1929, the five Lords of the Committee ruled unanimously that "the word ' persons ' in Section 24 includes both the male and female sex.... '' They called the earlier interpretation "a relic of days more barbarous than ours. ''
The Eastview Birth Control Trial of 1936 - 1937 was the first successful legal challenge to the dissemination of information and the possession of materials relating to birth control being illegal in Canada, and it marked the beginning of a shift in Canadian society 's acceptance of such practices. In September 1936, Dorothea Palmer was arrested in Eastview (now Vanier, Ontario), and charged with possessing materials and pamphlets related to birth control, then highly illegal under Canadian law. As she was working for the Kitchener - based Parents ' Information Bureau (PIB), her arrest could have led to the collapse of the organization and as many as two years ' imprisonment for Palmer. However, the PIB was the brainchild of industrialist A.R. Kaufman, a eugenically - minded industrialist whose support would eventually see Palmer 's charges dropped. The trial lasted from September 1936 to March 1937.
Ultimately, the case was dismissed by the presiding magistrate Lester Clayon, who ruled that, as Palmer 's actions were "in the public good, '' no charges could be held against her. In his final ruling, he explained that:
The mothers are in poor health, pregnant nine months of the year... What chance do these children have to be properly fed, clothed and educated? They are a burden on the taxpayer. They crowd the juvenile court. They glut the competitive labour market.
Though feminism in Canada continued after the work of the Famous Five, during the Depression and the Second World War feminist activism in Canada was not as clear to see as it was during the fight for suffrage and thereafter. However, women 's engagement in the workforce during the Second World War brought about a new consciousness in women with regards to their place in public life, which led to a public inquiry on the status of women, as well as new campaigns and organizing for equal rights. Whereas the first wave was organized around access to education and training, the second wave of Canadian feminism focused on women 's role in the workforce, the need for equal pay for equal work, a desire to address violence against women, and concerns about women 's reproductive rights.
During the Second World War, Canadian women were actively pursued by the Canadian government to contribute to the war effort. One of the ways in which women contributed to the war effort was by joining the workforce. Prior to the war, some young and unmarried women had already joined the workforce; however, during the war an increased need for female workers arose in many industries due to the depleted pool of male workers who had largely been mobilized to fight in the war. Although women continued to work in their pre-war traditional fields of employment such as textile manufacturing, retail, nursing, and homecare services, as the demand for labour intensified in all industries, women became employed in many non-traditional fields including: manufacturing, trade, finance, transportation, communication, and construction.
In response to the labour needs of many industries, the Canadian government created a special Women 's Division of the National Selective Service to recruit women into the workforce. The first groups of women to be recruited were single women and childless married women. The National Selective Service then recruited women with home responsibilities and later women with children. By 1944, more than one million women worked full - time in Canada 's paid labour force.
The inclusion of women with children into the workforce led the federal government to develop a program known as the Dominion - Provincial Wartime Day Nurseries Agreement in order to assist working mothers with childcare during the duration of the war. Under the Agreement, the federal government offered to help the provinces subsidize childcare programs. Quebec and Ontario took advantage of the agreement and developed childcare facilities such as nurseries and after school programs.
Women also contributed to the war effort by volunteering. As soon as the war broke out, many local women 's volunteer societies quickly mobilized to contribute to the war effort. Women in these organizations engaged in a range of activities including: sewing clothes for the Red Cross, cultivating "victory '' gardens, and collecting materials like rubber and metal scraps for wartime production. By the middle of the war the Canadian government established the Women 's Voluntary Services to coordinate the wartime activities of the local women 's societies across Canada.
Women also participated in the war by joining the military. Prior to the war, with the exception of the Nursing Service of the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps, the Canadian army was composed only of men. Yet, by 1942 women were recruited into the military, air force, and navy. In fact, by the end of the war 20,497 women were members of the army, 16,221 were members of the air force, and 6,665 were members of the navy. When women were first recruited they mostly worked in administrative and support positions such as stewardesses and clerical aides, but as the war carried on, women were promoted to more skilled positions such as motor vehicle mechanics, electricians, and sail - makers.
The Canadian government expected women to return to their roles in the home once the war ended. In 1941, the government created an Advisory Committee on Reconstruction (composed entirely of prominent Canadian men) to deal with the post-war reconstruction issues. Shortly after its creation, some Canadian women advocated for female representation within the Committee due to the vital contribution of women to the war effort. Consequently, in 1943, the government created a subcommittee to deal with issues women would encounter once the war ended. The subcommittee was headed by Margaret McWilliams, a journalist and notable women 's organization activist and consisted of nine other women from across the country. The subcommittee produced a report with a number of recommendations including that women should be trained or retrained for jobs on the same basis as men and that household workers should receive labour benefits like unemployment insurance. The report received little public attention and ultimately failed to achieve any of its recommendations. However, many of its recommendations were discussed once again, decades later in the 1970 report of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women.
When the war finally ended many Canadian women did as the government expected of them and returned to their roles in the home. Additionally, when the war ended some of the services the government offered working women during the war, like childcare, were discontinued.
Yet, in the years following the war, the number of women joining the workforce steadily increased as women 's contribution became more and more necessary to sustaining both the home and the economy - a fact addressed by a number of government initiatives. In 1951, the Ontario government passed the Female Employees Fair Remuneration Act, and by the end of the 1950s, all provinces except for Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador had passed similar legislation. In 1954, the Government of Canada created a specialized women 's department within the Department of Labour, and in 1956, it also passed legislation providing pay equity for women working in the federal civil service.
The Royal Commission on the Status of Women was a Canadian Royal Commission that examined the status of women and recommended steps that might be taken by the federal government to ensure equal opportunities with men in all aspects of Canadian society. The Commission commenced on 16 February 1967 as an initiative of Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson. Public sessions were conducted the following year to accept public comment for the Commission to consider as it formulated its recommendations. Florence Bird was the Commission 's chair. The Commissioners appointed were: Florence Bird (chairperson), Elsie MacGill, Lola M. Lange, Jeanne Lapointe, Doris Ogilvie, Donald R. Gordon, Jr (resigned from Commission), Jacques Henripin, John Peters Humphrey (appointed following Gordon 's resignation).
The National Union of Students (Canada) (NUS) formed in 1972 and became the Canadian Federation of Students in 1981. While student aid, education cut - backs and, by the late 1970s, tuition fees may have been the primary policy concerns of the national student organization, there was a definite undercurrent of women student organizing in NUS and on local campuses. Women and some men supporters rallied around issues of sexism on student councils and in NUS, violence against women, abortion rights and the establishing women centres and daycare on campuses. By 1979, NUS established the Declaration of the Rights of the Woman Student. As Moses points out (p. 89), the "Declaration avoided discussion of other serious social inclusions -- issues of race, physical ability, and aboriginal people were not included '' which perhaps speaks to why issues of racism and ability caused much discordance in the women 's movement of the 1980s.
Moses (2010, p. 76 - 7) cites several key sources on the long history of women student organizing in Canada going back to the late 1800s and suggests that "NUS women 's student activism of the 1970s should not be viewed as an entirely new phenomenon arising amidst the clamour and legacy of 1960s liberation struggles. '' "Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, women 's participation in (the Canadian Union of Students and its predecessor, the National Federation of Canadian University Students) stayed consistent: around the 15 -- 17 percent mark. ' Moses (2010, p. 92, note 34).
The link between women students and late 1960s women 's movements has been widely acknowledged. Yet, as Moses points out, this acknowledgement stops abruptly after 1971; the activism of youth and students was widely ignored in the historiography of women 's movement in the 1970s. This is not something that Moses attempts to explain. It would seem likely that the gap in recognition has something to do with how young women and how women historiographers of the 1970s identified; that is, not as students or youth per se, but as women. While the women 's movement of the 1970s was of course, multigenerational, it was also most certainly in many ways, a significant youth movement and this, as Moses (2010) suggests, has not been well understood and acknowledged.
The Battered Women 's Shelter Movement in Canada emerged predominantly during the late 1960s and early 1970s, within the framework of second wave feminism. Building on the oft - used second wave slogan, "the personal is political, second wave understandings of the state 's role in regulating private life paved the road for a re-conceptualization of domestic violence as a social problem as opposed to a completely private matter. The movement was generated in large part because for women who had experienced domestic violence, "there was no place to go. '' However, several feminists have criticized the Battered Women 's movement for its reliance on the battered woman - as - victim archetype.
The National Action Committee (NAC) was formed as a result of the frustration of women at the inaction of the federal government in regards to the recommendations of the Royal Commission. Beginning in 1972 as a coalition of 23 women 's groups, by 1986 it had 350 organizational members, including the women 's caucuses of the three biggest political parties. Partly funded by government grants, the NAC was widely regarded as the official expression of women 's interests in Canada, and received a lot of attention from the media. In 1984 there was a televised debate on women 's issues among the leaders of the contending political parties during the federal election campaign. The NAC and women 's issues were receiving a lot of attention and the NAC was rapidly growing, although beginning in 1983 it had competition from REAL Women of Canada, a right - wing lobby group.
Passed by prime minister of the time, Pierre Trudeau, The Canadian Human Rights Act gave basic rights to all humans. There was no discrimination based on sex, race, religion etc... It specified that there must be "equal pay for work of equal value ''. There had been significant disparity between the pay received by women and by men. However, by the mid-1980s there was still disparity: full - time female employees earned on average only 72 % of what men earned.
In 1980 Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau announced his plan repatriate the Canadian Constitution, and with it a new Charter of Rights and Freedoms to
With so much division in Canada on what should be included in a bill of rights the federal government decided to hold a Special Joint Committee of the House of Commons and the Senate, which allowed the public to submit amendments to the constitution. Women 's organizations saw this as an opportunity for Canadian women 's rights to be legally and equally represented through entrenchment in the charter.
On November 20 the National Action Committee on the Status of Women (NAC) had their opportunity to speak. The NAC saw the importance of equal recognition in the Charter for both men and women as a way to combat systematic discrimination.
In response to the Nation Action Committee 's presentation Senator Harry Hays responded,
This statement exemplified the ignorance and discrimination Canadian women were facing.
In February 1981 the National Action Committee scheduled a conference for women on the constitution that was cancelled by the federal government. In response to the cancellation Doris Anderson, president of the Canadian Advisory Council on the Status of Women and prominent feminist resigned in protest, this act of protest galvanized Canadian women.
Feminist groups were angered at the cancellation of the conference and began to organize their own conference and a coalition was formed, which came to be known as the Ad Hoc Committee of Canadian Women on the Constitution.
On February 14, 1981, about 1,300 women exercised their democratic right and marched into parliament to debate the charter. They were demanding a specific clause on equal rights between men and women.
This conference resulted in amendments to Section 15, which guarantees an equality of rights under the law, along with the creation of Section 28 which states:
Even though the Canadian Constitution was established in 1982, the sections on equality were under moratorium and did not come into effect until April 17, 1985.
A significant concern of second wave feminists in Canada was access to abortion. Until 1969, abortion was a criminal offence under the Criminal Code, and women were dying from trying to procure abortions outside of the law. For these reasons, abortion was legalized by Parliament in 1969 under the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968 - 69. Abortion remained an offence, unless it was first approved by a Therapeutic Abortion Committee on the grounds that continuation of the pregnancy "... would or would be likely to endanger her life or health. '' The abortion had to performed in a hospital rather than in a clinic. Only one in five hospitals had the committee required to approve of the operation resulting in many women crossing the border to the United States to receive one. By 1970, women nationwide mobilized to organize a cross-country abortion caravan from Vancouver to Ottawa that called for increased reproductive freedom, through increased access to abortion and birth control.
The restrictive nature of the abortion law led others to challenge it, including Henry Morgantaler, a prominent Montreal doctor who attempted to establish abortion clinics. In 1973, Morgentaler was charged under the Criminal Code for providing abortions. The case went to the Supreme Court of Canada. In Morgentaler v R, the Court unanimously held that the criminal law provisions were within the constitutional jurisdiction of the federal Parliament. The Court also unanimously held that the provisions did not infringe the Canadian Bill of Rights. The Supreme Court upheld his conviction.
A decade later, after the passage of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Morgentaler was again convicted under the abortion provision. This time, when the case reached the Supreme Court, he was successful, in R. v. Morgentaler in 1988. The Court ruled, by a 5 - 2 majority, that the abortion provision of the Criminal Code infringed the Charter 's guarantee of security of the person under section 7. There was no single majority decision. Justice Bertha Wilson, the first woman on the Supreme Court (appointed in 1982) wrote one of the strongest opinions striking down the provision.
Canada signed the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women in 1980, and ratified it in 1981.
The third wave of Canadian feminism, which is largely perceived to have started in the early 1990s, is closely tied to notions of anti-racism, anti-colonialism, and anti-capitalism. The notion of a sisterhood among women prevalent in the second wave, is critiqued by third - wave feminists, who have perceived this seeming universalism to be dismissive of women 's diverse experiences, and the ways that women can discriminate against and dominate one another. Third wave feminism is associated with decentralized, grassroots organizing, as opposed to the national feminist organizations prevalent in the second wave.
Canada recognized female genital mutilation as a form of persecution in July 1994, when it granted refugee status to Khadra Hassan Farah, who had fled Somalia to avoid her daughter being cut. In 1997 section 268 of its Criminal Code was amended to ban FGM, except where "the person is at least eighteen years of age and there is no resulting bodily harm ''.
Fourth - wave feminism refers to a resurgence of interest in feminism that began around 2012 and is associated with the use of social media. According to feminist scholar Prudence Chamberlain, the focus of the fourth wave is justice for women and opposition to sexual harassment and violence against women. Its essence, she writes, is "incredulity that certain attitudes can still exist ''.
Fourth - wave feminism is "defined by technology '', according to Kira Cochrane, and is characterized particularly by the use of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, Tumblr, and blogs to challenge misogyny and further gender equality.
Issues that fourth - wave feminists focus on include street and workplace harassment, campus sexual assault and rape culture. Scandals involving the harassment, abuse, and / or murder of women and girls have galvanized the movement; one example of such a scandal in Canada was the 2016 trial of Jian Ghomeshi.
During the time of fourth - wave feminism, in May 2016, in an attempt to make the Canadian national anthem gender - neutral by changing "thy sons '' to "of us '', Liberal MP Mauril Bélanger introduced a private member 's Bill C - 210. In June 2016, the bill passed its third reading with a vote of 225 to 74 in the House of Commons. In July 2017, the bill was in its third, and final, reading in the Senate; the bill was passed on January 31, 2018 and received royal assent on February 7, 2018.
Feminism in Quebec has evolved differently from in the rest of Canada, and its history does not necessarily match the idea of the four "waves '' conventionally used to describe Canadian feminist history. After Confederation, the provincial government of Quebec continued to be closely associated with the Catholic Church, resulting in the preservation of traditional gender roles. The conservatism of the then - provincial government, and the privileging of Catholic values contributed to Quebec being the last province in which women received the provincial franchise. By the 1960s, during the Quiet Revolution, many women in Quebec linked the patriarchy that shaped their lives with the colonial domination of English Canada over Quebec 's affairs. Equality between the sexes would amount to little if both men and women were subordinated and misrepresented through English values, culture and institutions. Though the Fédération des femmes du Québec was founded in 1966 to advance the rights of women in Quebec, and the organization worked closely with the National Action Committee on the Status of Women in the 1970s and 1980s, tensions between English Canadian and Québécois feminists were strong during the debates over the Meech Lake Accord and the Charlottetown Accord, and at the time of the 1995 Referendum.
Belleau applies a feminist methodology and research framework to the inter-woven issues of national and cultural identity (what she terms "nat - cult ''), both within Quebec and between the province and the rest of Canada (ROC). These conceptions of self, be they feminist, Québécois, or Canadian, in turn affect the identity politics of the region. She deploys "strategic intersectionality '' in order to analyze how feminism is represented in Canada 's two main legal systems. She cautions against eternalizing differences (essentialism) or erasing them (universalism). Quebec is a unique case study because of the problematic private / public divide, which is reinforced by the parallel civil / common law split in the province 's legal system. Furthermore, the Québécois are historically situated as both colonizers and as colonized peoples, further lending complexity to their identities.
Belleau employs "tactical thinking '' to negotiate among Québécois and ROC feminisms, engaging with identity politics and processes of subordination and dissolution in how Quebec feminists are represented in the legal world. She argues that Quebec feminism should (and does) have a "distinct face '' (). This is manifest in the approach of intersectionality as embracing cultural distinctions, ensuring no fights for social justice are subordinate to each other, and the understanding of emancipatory confrontations as independent but still interrelated. "Distinct feminism '' preserves this nat - cult individuality.
The author also details the mythic "confrontational '' portrayal of Anglo - Saxon feminism, and that much of Québécois feminist identity stands in contrast to this perceived antagonistic Anglo - Saxon feminism. Quebec men, similarly, struggle with their own conceptions of self, particularly amid historical confrontations with English - Canadian men. Conquest has led to hierarchy, exemplified through the past relationship of the Quebec matriarch and her male consort, l'homme rose, or the "pink man. '' For women, many embrace their "Latin '' heritage through an allegiance to their French past in order to assert their distinctiveness in a continent with competing cultural identities. Younger Québécois feminists wish to disassociate themselves from both Anglo - feminism and Latin - femininity to construct their own intersectional identity, and to remove themselves from the sexism inherent in some Latin cultures. In addition, as the author articulates, for First Nations women, this "French past '' does not provide positive memories or cultural touchstones.
Ultimately, Belleau urges women to see projection, dissociation, and distinction as strategies used by both Quebec and ROC feminists to create constructive dialogues and coalitions among women.
Aboriginal feminism (also sometimes referred to as Indigenous feminism) has also taken a different trajectory from the mainstream, white, Anglo - Canadian women 's movement. Aboriginal women have largely not participated in that movement, in part because Aboriginal women 's organizations have focused on issues related to colonialism and cultural discrimination. Further, some Aboriginal women have explicitly rejected the label of "feminist '' because, it is perceived to suggest "a strongly anti-natal and anti-family stance that is offensive (to Aboriginal women) as they rebuild their nations. '' Others have viewed the universal sisterhood associated with the second wave with hostility, perceiving the idea that all women are the same as an erasure of difference and as an attempt at colonization. By and large, Aboriginal women active in pursuing their rights, such as those belonging to the Native Women 's Association of Canada, "... do not see themselves as part of a separate feminist movement but rather one that will complement the aboriginal organizations, which tend to be male dominated. ''
Aboriginal women have worked together to address gender and cultural discrimination as they experience it. One of the most notable instances of this activism was around the issue of who qualifies as a Status Indian under the Indian Act. The status of "Indian '' was conferred upon persons whose father was a status Indian. According to an amendment to the Act made in 1951, a native man always passed on his status to his wife and children (whether she was Aboriginal or not), while a native woman who married a non-native lost her own status and could not pass on her status to her children. These conditions for qualifying for status caused many women to be displaced from their communities. These amendments inspired activism on the part of the Tobique Women 's Group, as well as the founding of the Native Women 's Association of Canada in 1973, in order to enable women to achieve equality not only as women, but as Aboriginal women. The struggle for women to receive equal status under the Indian Act was also clear in various challenges to the Act, first by Mary Two - Axe Earley, followed by the human rights challenges raised by Jeannette Lavell, Yvonne Bedard, and Sandra Lovelace in the 1970s. In 1985, the Indian Act was amended to address unequal treatment of native women with Bill C - 31 which allowed the return of Native Status to those who had lost it.
Other women have also contested the mainstream feminist history of "waves. '' In the case of Black Canadian women, the mainstream history of the first and second waves is problematic insofar as their struggles to enable women to leave their homes and partake in the labour force ignored that certain women had always worked to support their families. Most clear in American Black feminist Soujourner Truth 's "Ai n't I a Woman? '' speech, the experiences of black women in Canada have not been adequately addressed by conventional feminist histories. Like Aboriginal women, some black feminists have articulated their experiences in terms of a racially disadvantaged struggle for equal treatment, and that their struggle is not only against patriarchy, but systemic racism as well.
Black women saw a need to fund their own organizations, including missionary work in the late 19th century through the Women 's Home Missionary Society of the Baptist Church. Further, black women founded organizations like the Coloured Women 's Club in Montreal (founded in 1900) to expand opportunities for people in the Black community, through mutual support.
Though the "double burden '' of work and household labour that would be an important element of feminism in its second wave, had long been present for black women, who were also less likely to be paid fairly. While it was middle class white women 's experiences during and after WWII, coupled with the emergence of Betty Friedan 's The Feminine Mystique that led middle - class white women to consider engaging in the workforce, "by the Second World War at least 80 percent of Black women in Canada worked in the domestic - services sector and earned less than their white counterparts. ''
Black women in Canada established a national women 's organization in the post-war years, with the founding of the Canadian Negro Women 's Association in 1951. Though the organization started largely as a social organization, over several decades, it became more activist in orientation, and in 1980, after a national conference, it changed its name to the Congress of Black Women to reflect the changing structures and concerns of the organization.
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who sang may the good lord bless and keep you | May the Good Lord Bless and Keep You - wikipedia
"May the Good Lord Bless and Keep You '' is a popular song by Meredith Willson, originally published in 1950.
The song is now considered a standard, recorded by many artists.
It was used as Tallulah Bankhead 's theme song for her NBC radio program, "The Big Show. '' Bankhead would recite the words in her husky voice, with guest stars joining in reciting the words, one line per star, which made a memorable ending for the show.
However, it was most popular when it was regularly sung by Kate Smith on her early 1950s TV show as the closing song.
Many singers have recorded the song, including:
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where do we come from what are we where are we going gauguin | Where Do We Come from? What Are We? Where Are We Going? - Wikipedia
Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? is a painting by French artist Paul Gauguin. Gauguin inscribed the original French title in the upper left corner: D'où Venons Nous / Que Sommes Nous / Où Allons Nous. The inscription the artist wrote on his canvas has no question mark, no dash, and all words are capitalized. In the upper right corner he signed and dated the painting: P. Gauguin / 1897. The painting was created in Tahiti, and is in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, US.
Gauguin had been a student at the Petit Séminaire de La Chapelle - Saint - Mesmin, just outside Orléans, from the age of eleven to the age of sixteen. His subjects there included a class in Catholic liturgy; the teacher for this class was the Bishop of Orléans, Félix - Antoine - Philibert Dupanloup. Dupanloup had devised his own catechism to be lodged in the minds of the young schoolboys, and to lead them towards proper spiritual reflections on the nature of life. The three fundamental questions in this catechism were: "Where does humanity come from? '' "Where is it going to? '', "How does humanity proceed? ''. Although in later life Gauguin was vociferously anticlerical, these questions from Dupanloup 's catechism obviously had lodged in his mind, and "where? '' became the key question that Gauguin asked in his art.
Looking for a society more simple and elemental than that of his native France, Gauguin left for Tahiti in 1891. In addition to several other paintings that express his highly individualistic mythology, he completed this painting in 1897 or 1898. Gauguin considered it a masterpiece and the grand culmination of his thought. He was in despair when he undertook the painting, mourning the tragic death of his favourite daughter earlier in the year and oppressed by debts, and had planned to kill himself on finishing it. He subsequently made an unsuccessful attempt with an overdose of arsenic. Thomson thinks it quite possible that he only painted in the inscription while recovering from the attempt.
Gauguin indicated that the painting should be read from right to left, with the three major figure groups illustrating the questions posed in the title. The three women with a child represent the beginning of life; the middle group symbolizes the daily existence of young adulthood; and in the final group, according to the artist, "an old woman approaching death appears reconciled and resigned to her thoughts ''; at her feet, "a strange white bird... represents the futility of words '' or "the uselessness of vain words ''. The blue idol in the background apparently represents what Gauguin described as "the Beyond. '' Of its entirety he said, "I believe that this canvas not only surpasses all my preceding ones, but that I shall never do anything better -- or even like it. ''
The painting is an accentuation of Gauguin 's trailblazing post-impressionistic style; his art stressed the vivid use of colors and thick brushstrokes, tenets of the impressionists (though the Impressionists focused on quick brushstrokes), while it aimed to convey an emotional or expressionistic strength. It emerged in conjunction with other avant - garde movements of the twentieth century, including cubism and fauvism.
In 1898, Gauguin sent the painting to Georges - Daniel de Monfreid in Paris. Monfreid passed it to Ambroise Vollard along with eight other thematically related pictures shipped earlier. They went on view at Vollard 's gallery from November to December 1898. The exhibition was a success, although D'où Venons Nous? received mixed reviews. The critic Andre Fontainas of the Mercure de France acknowledged a grudging respect for the work but thought the allegory impenetrable were it not for the inscription, and compared the painting unfavourably to the murals of Pierre Puvis de Chavannes who had died recently. Vollard had already purchased the other works as a job lot from Monfreid for 1,000 francs (Gauguin was furious when he found out), but refrained from purchasing the larger monumental work and had difficulty selling it on.
Charles Morice (fr) two years later tried to raise a public subscription to purchase the painting for the nation. To assist this endeavour, Gauguin wrote a detailed description of the work concluding with the messianic remark that he spoke in parables: "Seeing they see not, hearing they hear not ''. The subscription nevertheless failed. Vollard eventually sold the painting for 2,500 francs (about $10,000 in year 2000 US dollars) in 1901 to Gabriel Frizeau (fr), of which Vollard 's commission was perhaps as much as 500 francs.
Subsequently, the painting was consigned and sold to several other Parisian and European merchants and collectors until it was purchased by the Marie Harriman Gallery in New York City in 1936. The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, acquired it from the Marie Harriman Gallery on 16 April 1936.
Media related to Paul Gauguin at Wikimedia Commons
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what happened to the crew from american hot rod | American hot rod - wikipedia
American Hot Rod was a reality television series that originally aired between 2004 and 2008 on The Learning Channel and Discovery Channel. The unique series documented the crew at Boyd Coddington 's car shop and their personal struggles to build hot rods and custom vehicles. It was made on location at Coddington 's hot rod and wheel shop in La Habra, California. Many employees went to work for Overhaulin 's Chip Foose, a former partner of Coddington.
Custom built cars built during the series included the "Alumatub '', 61 Impala Bubbletop, 63 Chevy Corvette Stingray and a 42 Woodie. In July 2007, the shop made an Elvis Tribute Car, a modified 1957 pink Cadillac, sponsored by Reese 's.
Boyd Coddington died in February 2008. His shop closed its doors for the final time on Friday June 20, 2008.
Boyd takes some time out to make a trip to Tulsa, to watch a 1957 Plymouth Belvedere being removed from a time capsule. Will they be able to make her run?.
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what is the united mine workers of america | United Mine workers - wikipedia
The United Mine Workers of America (UMW or UMWA) is a North American labor union best known for representing coal miners. Today, the Union also represents health care workers, truck drivers, manufacturing workers and public employees in the United States and Canada. Although its main focus has always been on workers and their rights, the UMW of today also advocates for better roads, schools, and universal health care. By 2014, coal mining had largely shifted to open pit mines in Wyoming, and there were only 60,000 active coal miners. The UMW was left with 35,000 members, of whom 20,000 were coal miners, chiefly in underground mines in Kentucky and West Virginia. However it was responsible for pensions and medical benefits for 40,000 retired miners, and for 50,000 spouses and dependents.
The UMW was founded in Columbus, Ohio, on January 25, 1890, with the merger of two old labor groups, the Knights of Labor Trade Assembly No. 135 and the National Progressive Miners Union. Adopting the model of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), the union was initially established as a three - pronged labor tool: to develop mine safety; to improve mine workers ' independence from the mine owners and the company store; and to provide miners with collective bargaining power.
After passage of the National Recovery Act in 1933 during the Great Depression, organizers spread throughout the United States to organize all coal miners into labor unions. Under the powerful leadership of John L. Lewis, the UMW broke with the American Federation of Labor and set up its own federation, the CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations). Its organizers fanned out to organize major industries, including automobiles, steel, electrical equipment, rubber, paint and chemical, and fought a series of battles with the AFL. The UMW grew to 800,000 members and was an element in the New Deal Coalition supporting Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Lewis broke with Roosevelt in 1940 and left the CIO, leaving the UMW increasingly isolated in the labor movement. During World War II the UMW was involved in a series of major strikes and threatened walkouts that angered public opinion and energized pro-business opponents. After the war, the UMW concentrated on gaining large increases in wages, medical services and retirement benefits for its shrinking membership, which was contending with changes in technology and declining mines in the East.
The UMW was founded in Columbus, Ohio, on January 22, 1890, by the merger of two earlier groups, the Knights of Labor Trade Assembly No. 135 and the National Progressive Miners Union. It was modeled after the American Federation of Labor (AFL). The Union 's emergence in the 1890s was the culmination of decades of effort to organize mine workers and people in adjacent occupations into a single, effective negotiating unit. At the time coal was one of the most highly sought natural resources, as it was widely used to heat homes and to power machines in industries. The coal mines were a competitive and dangerous place to work. With the owners imposing reduced wages on a regular basis, in response to fluctuations in pricing, miners sought a group to stand up for their rights.
American Miners ' Association
The first step in starting the union was the creation of the American Miners ' Association. Scholars credit this organization with the beginning of the labor movement in the United States. The membership of the group grew rapidly. "Of an estimated 56,000 miners in 1865, John Hinchcliffe claimed 22,000 as members of the AMA. In response, the mine owners sought to stop the AMA from becoming more powerful. Members of the AMA were fired and blacklisted from employment at other mines. After a short time the AMA began to decline, and eventually ceased operations.
Workingman 's Benevolent Association
Another early labor union that arose in 1868 was the Workingmen 's Benevolent Association. This union was distinguished as a labor union for workers mining anthracite coal. The laborers formed the WBA to help improve pay and working conditions. The main reason for the success of this group was the president, John Siney, who sought a way both to increase miners benefits while also helping the operators earn a profit. They chose to limit the production of anthracite to keep its price profitable. Because the efforts of the WBA benefited the operators, they did not object when the union wanted to take action in the mines; they welcomed the actions that would secure their profit. Because the operators trusted the WBA, they agreed to the first written contract between miners and operators. As the union became more responsible in the operators ' eyes, the union was given more freedoms. As a result, the health and spirits of the miners significantly improved.
The WBA could have been a very successful union had it not been for Franklin B. Gowen. In the 1870s Gowen owned the Reading Railroad, and bought several coal mines in the area. Because he owned the coal mines and controlled the means of transporting the coal, he was able to slowly destroy the labor union. He did everything in his power to produce the cheapest product and to ensure that non-union workers would benefit. As conditions for the miners of the WBA worsened, the union broke up and disappeared.
After the fall of the WBA, miners created many other small unions, including the Workingman 's Protective Association (WPA) and the Miner 's National Association (MNA). Although both groups had strong ideas and goals, they were unable to gain enough support and organization to succeed. The two unions did not last long, but provided greater support by the miners for a union which could withstand and help protect the workers ' rights.
Although many labor unions were failing, two predominant unions arose that held promise to become strong and permanent advocates for the miners. The main problem during this time was the rivalry between the two groups. Because the National Trade Assembly # 135, better known as the Knights of Labor, and the National Federation of Miners and Mine Laborers were so opposed to one another, they created problems for miners rather than solving key issues.
This union was more commonly known as the Knights of Labor and began around 1870 in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania area. The main problem with the Knights of Labor was the its secrecy. The members kept very private their affiliation and goals of the Knights of Labor. Because both miners and operators could become members, there was no commonality to unite the members. Also, the union did not see strikes as a means to attain rights. To many people of the time, a strike was the only way that they believed they would be heard.
The Knights of Labor tried to establish a strong and organized union, so they set up a system of local assemblies, or LAs. There were two main types of LAs, trade and mixed, with the trade LA being the most common. Although this system was put into place to create order, it did the opposite. Even though there were only two categories of LAs, there were many sub-divisions. For the most part it was impossible to tell how many trade and mixed LAs there were at a given time. Local assemblies began to arise and fall all around, and many members began to question whether of not the Knights of Labor was strong enough to fight for the most important issue of the time, achieving an eight - hour work day.
This Union was formed by members of the Knights of Labor who realized that a secret and unified group would not turn into a successful union. The founders, John McBride, Chris Evans and Daniel McLaughlin, believed that creating an eight - hour work day would not only be beneficial for workers, but also as a means to stop overproduction, which would in turn help operators. The union was able to get cooperation from operators because they explained that the miners wanted better conditions because they felt as if they were part of the mining industry and also wanted the company to grow. But in order for the company to grow, the workers must have better conditions so that their labor could improve and benefit the operators.
The union 's first priority was to get a fair weighing system within the mines. At a conference between the operators and the union, the idea of a new system of scaling was agreed upon, but the system was never implemented. Because the union did not deliver what it had promised, it lost support and members.
During this time, the rivalry between the two unions increased and eventually led to the formation of the UMW. The first of many arguments arose after the 1886 joint conference. The Knights of Labor did not want the NTA # 135 to be in control, so they went against a lot of their decisions. Also, because the Knights of Labor were not in attendance at the conference, they were not able to vote against actions which they thought detrimental to gain rights for workers. The conference passed resolutions requiring the Knights of Labor to give up their secrecy and publicize material about its members and locations. The National Federation held another conference in 1887 attended by both groups. But it was unsuccessful in gaining agreement by the groups as to the next actions to take. In 1888, Samuel Gompers was elected as President of the National Federation of Miners, and George Harris first vice president.
Throughout 1887 - 1888 many joint conferences were held to help iron out the problems that the two groups were having. Many leaders of each groups began questioning the morals of the other union. One leader, William T. Lewis, thought there needed to be more unity within the union, and that competition for members between the two groups was not accomplishing anything. As a result of taking this position, he was replaced by John B. Rae as president of the NTA # 135. This removal did not stop Lewis however; he got many people together who had been also thrown out of the Knights of Labor for trying to belong to both parties at once, along with the National Federation, and created the National Progressive Union of Miners and Mine Laborers (NPU).
Although the goal of the NPU in 1888 was ostensibly to create unity between the miners, it instead drew a stronger line distinguishing members of the NPU against those of the NTA # 135. Because of the rivalry, miners of one labor union would not support the strikes of another, and many strikes failed. In December 1889, the president of the NPU set up a joint conference for all miners. John McBride, the president of NPU, suggested that the Knights of Labor should join the NPU to form a stronger union. John B. Rae reluctantly agreed and decided that the merged groups would meet on January 22, 1890.
When the union was founded, the values of the UMWA were stated in the preamble:
We have founded the United Mine Workers of America for the purpose of... educating all mine workers in America to realize the necessity of unity of action and purpose, in demanding and securing by lawful means the just fruits of our toil.
The UMWA constitution listed eleven points as the union 's goals:
John L. Lewis (1880 -- 1969) was the highly combative UMW president who thoroughly controlled the union from 1920 to 1960. A major player in the labor movement and national politics, in the 1930s he used UMW activists to organize new unions in autos, steel and rubber. He was the driving force behind the founding of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). It established the United Steel Workers of America and helped organize millions of other industrial workers in the 1930s.
After resigning as head of the CIO in 1941, he took the Mine Workers out of the CIO in 1942 and in 1944 took the union into the American Federation of Labor (AFL). A leading liberal, Lewis played a major role in helping Franklin D. Roosevelt win re-election with a landslide in 1936, but as an isolationist supported by Communist elements in the CIO, Lewis broke with Roosevelt in 1940 on anti-Nazi foreign policy. (Following the 1939 German - Soviet pact of nonaggression, the Comintern had instructed communist parties in the West to oppose any support for nations at war with Nazi Germany).).
Lewis was a brutally effective and aggressive fighter and strike leader who gained high wages for his membership while steamrolling over his opponents, including the United States government. Lewis was one of the most controversial and innovative leaders in the history of labor, gaining credit for building the industrial unions of the CIO into a political and economic powerhouse to rival the AFL, yet was widely hated as he called nationwide coal strikes damaging the American economy in the middle of World War II. His massive leonine head, forest - like eyebrows, firmly set jaw, powerful voice, and ever - present scowl thrilled his supporters, angered his enemies, and delighted cartoonists. Coal miners for 40 years hailed him as the benevolent dictator who brought high wages, pensions and medical benefits, and damn the critics.
The union 's history has numerous examples of strikes in which members and their supporters clashed with company - hired strikebreakers and government forces. The most notable include:
By June the demand for coal began to increase, and some operators decided to pay the workers their original salaries before the wage cut. However, not all demands across the country were met, and some workers continued to strike. The young union suffered damage in this uneven effort. The most important goal of the 1894 strike was not the restoration of wages, but rather the establishment of the UMWA as a cooperation at a national level.
Facing criminal charges, union head John L. Lewis withdrew his strike call, though many strikers ignored his action. As the strike dragged on into its third week, coal supplies were running low and public sentiment was calling for stronger government action. Final agreement to end the strike was reached on December 10.
District 26 of the UMWA in Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada struck in early March 1923 against the British Empire Steel Corporation (BESCO). On June 4, the union pulled its men from a company power plant in New Waterford. More than fifty company police, many on horseback, occupied the plant on the morning of June 11. An estimated 700 - 3,000 miners and supporters gathered in New Waterford and marched to the power plant that morning. The company police opened fire when the crowd arrived and then charged the crowd on horseback, swinging nightclubs and firing revolvers. Miners fought back with stones and pulled police off horses. William Davis, a miner, was shot dead and several others were wounded by gunfire or trampled by horses. After the riot ended, the miners sabotaged and disabled the power plant for the duration of the strike. Police and company that did n't escape the battle were locked up in the town jail. In the following nights, company stores were raided and burned, including the colliery building. The Canadian Army deployed thousands of soldiers to the area in the second largest deployment in history for civil unrest within Canada. The union later suspended the 100 percent strike, allowing maintenance workers to return.
The 1925 strike lasted through the summer and contributed to the bankruptcy and breakup of the BESCO conglomerate several years later. The strike against BESCO by UMWA 26 in the Sydney Coal Field was unprecedented for the violence and militancy exhibited by the company toward the striking miners and changed the labour dynamics in Industrial Cape Breton.
In the summer of 1973, workers at the Duke Power - owned Eastover Mining Company 's Brookside Mine and Prep Plant in Harlan County, Kentucky voted to join the union. Eastover management refused to sign the contract and the miners went on strike. Duke Power attempted to bring in replacement non-union workers or "scabs '' but many were blocked from entering the mine by striking workers and their families on the picket line. Local judge F. Byrd Hogg was a coal operator himself and consistently ruled for Eastover. During much of the strike the mine workers ' wives and children joined the picket lines. Many were arrested, some hit by baseball bats, shot at, and struck by cars. One striking miner, Lawrence Jones, was shot and killed by a Strikebreaker.
Three months after returning to work, the national UMWA contract expired. On November 12, 1974, 120,000 miners nationwide walked off the job. The nationwide strike was bloodless and a tentative contract was achieved three weeks later. This opened the mines and reactivated the railroad haulers in time for Christmas. These events are depicted in the documentary film Harlan County, USA.
The Pittston Coal strike of 1989 - 1990 began as a result of a withdrawal of the Pittston Coal Group also known as the Pittston Company from the Bituminous Coal Operators Association (BCOA) and a refusal of the Pittston Coal group to pay the health insurance payments for miners who were already retired. The owner of the Pittston company at the time, Paul Douglas, left the BCOA because he wanted to be able to produce coal seven days a week and did not want his company to pay the fee for the insurance.
The Pittson company was seen as having inadequate safety standards after the Buffalo Creek flood of 1972 in which 125 miners were killed. The company also was very financially unstable and in debt. The mines associated with the company were located mostly in Virginia, with mines also in West Virginia and Kentucky.
On 31 January 1988 Douglas cut off retirement and health care funds to about 1500 retired miners, widows of miners, and disabled miners. To avoid a strike, Douglas threatened that if a strike were to take place, that the miners would be replaced by other workers. The UMW called this action unjust and took the Pittston company to court.
Miners worked from January 1988 to April 1989 without a contract. Tension in the company grew and on 5 April 1989 the workers declared a strike. Many months of both violent and nonviolent strike actions took place. On 20 February 1990 a settlement was finally reached between the UMWA and the Pittston Coal Company.
The union 's history has sometimes been marked by internal strife and corruption, including the 1969 murder of Joseph Yablonski, a reform candidate who lost a race for union president against incumbent W.A. Boyle. Boyle was later convicted of ordering the murder.
The killing of Yablonski resulted in the birth of a pro-democracy movement called the "Miners for Democracy '' (MFD) which swept the Boyle regime out of office and replaced it with a group of leaders who had been most recently rank and file miners. Led by new president Arnold Miller, the new leadership enacted a series of reforms which gave UMWA members the right to elect their leaders at all levels of the union and to ratify the contracts under which they worked.
Decreased faith in the UMW to support the rights of the miners caused many to leave the union. Coal demand was curbed by competition from other energy sources. The main cause of the decline in the union during the 1920s and 1930s was the introduction of more efficient and easily produced machines into the coal mines. In previous years, less than 41 % of coal was cut by the machines. However, by 1930, 81 % was being cut by the machines and now there were machines that could also surface mine and load the coal into the trucks. With more machines that could do the same labor, unemployment in the mines grew and wages were cut back. As the problems grew, many people did not believe that the UMW could ever become as powerful as it was before the start of the war. The decline in the union began in the 1920s and continued through the 1930s. Slowly the membership of the UMWA grew back up in numbers.
A general decline in union effectiveness characterized the 1970s and 1980s, leading to new kinds of activism, particularly in the late 1970s. Workers saw their unions back down in the face of aggressive management.
Other factors contributed to the decline in unionism generally and UMW specifically. The coal industry was not prepared economically to deal with such a drop in demand for coal. Demand for coal was very high during World War II, but decreased dramatically after the war, in part due to competition from other energy sources. In efforts to improve air quality, municipal governments started to ban the use of coal as household fuel. The end of wartime price controls introduced competition to produce cheaper coal, putting pressure on wages.
These problems -- perceived weakness of the unions, loss of control over jobs, drop in demand, and competition -- decreased the faith of miners in their union. By 1998 the UMW had about 240,000 members, half the number that it had in 1946. As of the early 2000s, the union represents about 42 percent of all employed miners.
At some point before 1930, the UMW became a member of the American Federation of Labor. The UMW leadership was part of the driving force to change the way workers were organized, and the UMW was one of the charter members when the new Congress of Industrial Organizations was formed in 1935. However, the AFL leadership did not agree with the philosophy of industrial unionization, and the UMW and nine other unions that had formed the CIO were kicked out of the AFL in 1937.
In 1942, the UMW chose to leave the CIO, and, for the next five years, were an independent union. In 1947, the UMW once again joined the AFL, but the remarriage was a quick one, as the UMW was forced out of the AFL in 1948, and at that point, became the largest non-affiliated union in the United States.
In 1982, Richard Trumka was elected the leader of the UMW. Trumka spent the 1980s healing the rift between the UMW and the now - conjoined AFL - CIO (which was created in 1955 with the merger of the AFL and the CIO). In 1989, the UMW was again taken into the fold of the large union umbrella.
Throughout the years, the UMW has taken political stands and supported candidates to help achieve union goals.
The United Mine Workers ran candidate Frank Henry Sherman under the union banner in the 1905 Alberta general election. Sherman 's candidacy was driven to appeal to the significant population of miners working in the camps of southern Alberta. He finished second in the riding of Pincher Creek.
The biggest conflict between the UMW and the government was while Franklin Roosevelt was president of the United States and John L. Lewis was president of the UMW. Originally, the two worked together well, but, after the 1937 strike of United Automobile Workers against General Motors, Lewis stopped trusting Roosevelt, claiming that Roosevelt had gone back on his word. This conflict led Lewis to resign as CIO president. Roosevelt repeatedly won large majorities of the union votes, even in 1940 when Lewis took an isolationist position on Europe, as demanded by far - left union elements. Lewis denounced Roosevelt as a power - hungry war monger, and endorsed Republican Wendell Willkie.
The tension between the two leaders escalated during World War II. Roosevelt in 1943 was outraged when Lewis threatened a major strike to end anthracite coal production needed by the war effort. He threatened government intervention and Lewis retreated.
In 2008 the UMWA supported Barack Obama as the best candidate to help achieve more rights for the mine workers.
In 2012, the UMWA National COMPAC Council did not make an endorsement in the election for President of the United States, citing "Neither candidate has yet demonstrated that he will be on the side of UMWA members and their families as president. ''
In 2014, the UMWA endorsed Kentucky Democrat Alison Lundergan Grimes for U.S. Senate.
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western arts aesthetic has generally had a preference for | Psychology of art - wikipedia
The psychology of art is an interdisciplinary field that studies the perception, cognition and characteristics of art and its production. For the use of art materials as a form of psychotherapy, see art therapy. The psychology of art is related to architectural psychology and environmental psychology.
The work of Theodor Lipps, a Munich - based research psychologist, played an important role in the early development of the concept of art psychology in the early decade of the twentieth century. His most important contribution in this respect was his attempt to theorize the question of Einfuehlung or "empathy '', a term that was to become a key element in many subsequent theories of art psychology.
One of the earliest to integrate psychology with art history was Heinrich Wölfflin (1864 -- 1945), a Swiss art critic and historian, whose dissertation Prolegomena zu einer Psychologie der Architektur (1886) attempted to show that architecture could be understood from a purely psychological (as opposed to a historical - progressivist) point of view.
Another important figure in the development of art psychology was Wilhelm Worringer, who provided some of the earliest theoretical justification for expressionist art. The Psychology of Art (1925) by Lev Vygotsky (1896 -- 1934) is another classical work. Richard Müller - Freienfels was another important early theorist.
Numerous artists in the twentieth century began to be influenced by the psychological argument, including Naum Gabo, Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky, and somewhat Josef Albers and György Kepes. The French adventurer and film theorist André Malraux was also interested in the topic and wrote the book La Psychologie de l'Art (1947 - 9) later revised and republished as The Voices of Silence.
Though the disciplinary foundations of art psychology were first developed in Germany, there were soon advocates, in psychology, the arts or in philosophy, pursuing their own variants in the USSR, England (Clive Bell and Herbert Read), France (André Malraux, Jean - Paul Weber, for example), and the US.
In the US, the philosophical premises of art psychology were strengthened - and given political valence - in the work of John Dewey. His ' Art as Experience was published in 1934, and was the basis for significant revisions in teaching practices whether in the kindergarten or in the university. Manuel Barkan, head of the Arts Education School of Fine and Applied Arts at Ohio State University, and one of the many pedagogues influenced by the writings of Dewey, explains, for example, in his book, The Foundations of Art Education (1955), that the aesthetic education of children prepares the child for a life in a complex democracy. Dewey himself played a seminal role in setting up the program of the Barnes Foundation in Philadelphia, which became famous for its attempt to integrate art into the classroom experience.
The growth of art psychology between 1950 and 1970 also coincided with the expansion of art history and museum programs. The popularity of Gestalt psychology in the 1950s added further weight to the discipline. The seminal work was Gestalt Therapy: Excitement and Growth in the Human Personality (1951), that was co-authored by Fritz Perls, Paul Goodman, and Ralph Hefferline. The writings of Rudolf Arnheim (born 1904) were also particularly influential during this period. His Toward a Psychology of Art (Berkeley: University of California Press) was published in 1966. Art therapy drew on many of the lessons of art psychology and tried to implement them in the context of ego repair. Marketing also began to draw on the lessons of art psychology in the layout of stores as well as in the placement and design of commercial goods.
Art psychology, generally speaking, was at odds with the principles of Freudian psychoanalysis with many art psychologists critiquing, what they interpreted as, its reductivism Sigmund Freud believed that the creative process is an alternative to neuroses. He felt that it was likely a sort of defence mechanism against the negative effects of neuroses, a way to translate that energy into something socially acceptable, which could entertain and please others. The writings of Carl Jung, however, had a favorable reception among art psychologists given his optimistic portrayal of the role of art and his belief that the contents of the personal unconscious and, more particularly, the collective unconscious, could be accessed by art and other forms of cultural expression.
By the 1970s, the centrality of art psychology in academy began to wane. Artists became more interested in psychoanalysis and feminism, and architects in phenomenology and the writings of Wittgenstein, Lyotard and Derrida. As for art and architectural historians, they critiqued psychology for being anti-contextual and culturally naive. Erwin Panofsky, who had a tremendous impact on the shape of art history in the US, argued that historians should focus less on what is seen and more on what was thought. Today, psychology still plays an important role in art discourse, though mainly in the field of art appreciation.
Because of the growing interest in personality theory -- especially in connection with the work of Isabel Briggs Myers and Katherine Briggs (developers of the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator), contemporary theorists are investigating the relationship between personality type and art. Patricia Dinkelaker and John Fudjack have addressed the relationship between artists ' personality types and works of art; approaches to art as a reflection of functional preferences associated with personality type; and the function of art in society in light of personality theory.
Art is considered to be a subjective field, in which one composes and views artwork in unique ways that reflect one 's experience, knowledge, preference, and emotions. The aesthetic experience encompasses the relationship between the viewer and the art object. In terms of the artist, there is an emotional attachment that drives the focus of the art. An artist must be completely in - tune with the art object in order to enrich its creation. As the piece of art progresses during the creative process, so does the artist. Both grow and change to acquire new meaning. If the artist is too emotionally attached or lacking emotional compatibility with a work of art, then this will negatively impact the finished product. According to Bosanquet (1892), the "aesthetic attitude '' is important in viewing art because it allows one to consider an object with ready interest to see what it suggests. However, art does not evoke an aesthetic experience unless the viewer is willing and open to it. No matter how compelling the object is, it is up to the beholder to allow the existence of such an experience.
In the eyes of Gestalt psychologist Rudolf Arnheim, the aesthetic experience of art stresses the relationship between the whole object and its individual parts. He is widely known for focusing on the experiences and interpretations of artwork, and how they provide insight into peoples ' lives. He was less concerned with the cultural and social contexts of the experience of creating and viewing artwork. In his eyes, an object as a whole is considered with less scrutiny and criticism than the consideration of the specific aspects of its entity. Artwork reflects one 's "lived experience '' of his / her life. Arnheim believed that all psychological processes have cognitive, emotional, and motivational qualities, which are reflected in the compositions of every artist.
Cognitive psychologists consider both "bottom - up '' and "top - down '' processing when considering almost any area of research, including vision. Similar to how these terms are used in software design, "bottom - up '' refers to how information in the stimulus is processed by the visual system into colors, shapes, patterns, etc. "Top - down '' refers to conceptual knowledge and past experience of the particular individual. Bottom - up factors identified in how art is appreciated include abstract vs figurative painting, form, complexity, symmetry and compositional balance, laterality and movement. Top - down influences identified as being related to art appreciation include prototypicality, novelty, additional information like titles, and expertise.
Abstract paintings are unique in the explicit abandonment of representational intentions. Figurative or representational art is described as unambiguous or requiring mild interpretation.
The popular distaste for abstract art is a direct consequence of semantic ambiguity. Researchers have examined the role of terror management theory (TMT) concerning meaning and the aesthetic experience of abstract versus figurative art. This theory suggests that humans, like all life forms are biologically oriented toward continued survival but are uniquely aware that their lives will inevitably end. TMT reveals that modern art is often disliked because it lacks appreciable meaning, and is thus incompatible with the underlying terror management motive to maintain a meaningful conception of reality. Mortality salience, or the knowledge of approaching death, was manipulated in a study aimed at examining how aesthetic preferences for seemingly meaningful and meaningless art are influenced by intimations of mortality. The mortality salience condition consisted of two opened ended questions about emotions and physical details concerning the participant 's own death. Participants were then instructed to view two abstract paintings and rate how attractive they find them. A t test comparing the mortality salience condition and the control found that participants in the mortality salience condition found the art less attractive.
The meaning maintenance model of sociology states that when a committed meaning framework is threatened, people experience an arousal state that prompts them to affirm any other meaning framework to which they are committed. Researchers sought to illustrate this phenomenon by demonstrating a heightened personal need for structure following the experience of abstract artwork. Participants were randomly assigned to a between - subjects viewing of artwork (abstract vs. representational vs. absurd artwork), followed by allocation of the Personal Need for Structure scale. Personal Need for Structure scale is used to detect temporary increases in people 's need for meaning. Theoretically, one should experience more need for structure when viewing abstract art than figurative art since unrelated meaning threats (abstract art) evoke a temporarily heightened general need for meaning. However, results showed that overall scores for representational art, and abstract art did not differ significantly from one another. Participants reported higher scores on the Personal Need for Structure scale in absurd rather than abstract art. Yet, the question remains as to whether the same kinds of results would be obtained with an expanded sample of abstract expressionist or absurd images.
Studies have shown that when looking at abstract art, people prefer complexity in the work to a certain extent. When measuring "interestingness '' and "pleasingness, '' viewers rated works higher for abstract works that were more complex. With added exposure to the abstract work, liking ratings continued to rise with both subjective complexity (viewer rated) and judged complexity (artist rated). This was only true up to a certain point. When the works became too complex, people began to like the works less.
Neuroanatomical evidence from studies using fMRI scans of aesthetic preference show that representational paintings are preferred over abstract paintings. This is displayed through significant activation of brain regions related to preference ratings. To test this, researchers had participants view paintings that varied according to type (representational vs. abstract) and format (original vs. altered vs. filtered). Behavioral results demonstrated a significantly higher preference for representational paintings. A positive correlation existed between preference ratings and response latency. FMRI results revealed that activity in the right caudate nucleus extending to putamen decreased in response to decreasing preference for paintings, while activity in the left cingulate sulcus, bilateral occipital gyri, bilateral fusiform gyri, right fusiform gyrus, and bilateral cerebellum increased in response to increasing preference for paintings. The observed differences were a reflection of relatively increased activation associated with higher preference for representational paintings.
Brain wave studies have also been conducted to look at how artists and non-artists react in different ways to abstract and representational art. EEG brain scans showed that while viewing abstract art, non-artists showed less arousal than artists. However, while viewing figurative art, both artists and non-artists had comparable arousal and ability to pay attention and evaluate the art stimuli. This suggests abstract art requires more expertise to appreciate it than does figurative art.
Individual personality traits are also related to aesthetic experience and art preference. Individuals chronically disposed to clear, simple, and unambiguous knowledge express a particularly negative aesthetic experience towards abstract art, due to the void of meaningful content. Studies have provided evidence that a person 's choice of art can be a useful measure of personality. Individual personality traits are related to aesthetic experience and art preference. Testing personality after viewing abstract and representational art was performed on the NEO Five - Factor Inventory which measures the "big five '' factors of personality. When referencing the "Big Five '' dimensions of personality, Thrill and Adventure Seeking were positively correlated with a liking of representational art, while Disinhibition was associated with positive ratings of abstract art. Neuroticism was positively correlated with positive ratings of abstract art, while Conscientiousness was linked to liking of representational art. Openness to Experience was linked to positive ratings of abstract and representational art.
Studies looking at implicit, automatic evaluation of art works have investigated how people react to abstract and figurative art works in the split - second before they had time to think about it. In implicit evaluation, people reacted more positively to the figurative art, where they could at least make out the shapes. In terms of explicit evaluation, when people had to think about the art, there was no real difference in judgement between abstract and representational art.
Laterality and movement in visual art includes aspects such as interest, weight, and balance. Many studies have been conducted on the impact of handedness and reading direction on how one perceives a piece of art. Research has been conducted to determine if hemispheric specialization or reading habits affect the direction in which participants "read '' a painting. Results indicate that both factors contribute to the process. Furthermore, hemispheric specialization leads individuals to read from left to right, giving those readers an advantage. Building off of these findings, other researchers studied the idea that individuals who are accustomed to reading in a certain direction (right to left, versus left to right) would then display a bias in their own representational drawings reflecting the direction of their reading habits. Results indicated that this prediction held true, in that participants ' drawings reflected their reading bias.
Researchers also looked to see if one 's reading direction, left to right or right to left affects one 's preference for either a left to right directionality or a right to left directionality in pictures. Participants were shown images as well as its mirror image, and were asked to indicate which they found more aesthetically pleasing. Overall, results indicate that one 's reading directionality impacts one 's preference for pictures either with left to right directionality or right to left directionality.
In another study, researchers examined if the right - side bias in aesthetic preference is affected by handedness or reading / writing habits. The researchers looked at Russian readers, Arabic readers, and Hebrew readers that were right handed and non-right - handed. Participants viewed pictures taken from art books that were profiles or human faces and bodies in two blocks. Images were shown to participants as inward or outward facing pairs and then in the opposite orientation. After viewing each pair, participants were asked which image of the pair was more aesthetically pleasing. When looking at the results for handedness, right - handed participants had "left preferences '' and non right - handed participants had "right preferences. '' These results indicated that "aesthetic preference for facial and bodily profiles is associated primarily with the directionality of acquired reading / writing habits. '' Reading direction seems to impact how people of all ages view artwork. Using kindergarten to college aged participants, researchers tested viewers ' aesthetic preference when comparing an original piece of art with its mirror image. The original paintings followed the convention that viewers "read '' paintings from left to right; therefore, the patterns of light directed the audience to view the painting in the same manner. Findings indicated that participants preferred the original paintings, most likely due to the western style of viewing paintings from left to right.
The direction of the lighting placed on a painting also seems to have an effect on aesthetic preference. The left - light bias is the tendency for viewers to prefer artwork that is lit with lighting coming from the left hand side of the painting. Researchers predicted that participants would prefer artwork that was lit from the left side and when given the option, they would choose to place lighting on the upper left side of a piece of artwork. Participants found paintings with lighting on the left to be more aesthetically pleasing than when it was lighter on the right side and when given the opportunity to create light on an already existing painting.
The left cheek bias occurs when viewers prefer portraits with the subject displaying their left cheek, while those that hold a right cheek bias prefer portraits displaying the right cheek. Studies have found mixed results concerning the left cheek bias and the right cheek bias. Male and female participants were shown male and female portraits, each displaying an equal number of left or right cheek positions. Participants were shown each portrait in its original orientation and in its reversed orientation and asked which portrait they preferred more. Results indicated that the majority of participants chose portraits displaying the subject 's right cheek over the left. Another study explored which posing orientations conveyed certain messages. Scientists in the 18th century more commonly displayed a right cheek bias, and were rated as "more scientific. '' According to the researchers, showing one 's right cheek hides emotion, while the left cheek expresses it. The shift from right to left cheek bias post 18th century may represent more personal or open facial characteristics.
Complexity can literally be defined as being "made up of a large number of parts that have many interactions. '' This definition has been applied to many subjects, such as art, music, dance, and literature. In aesthetics research, complexity has been divided into three dimensions that account for the interaction between the amount of elements, differences in elements, and patterns in their arrangement. Furthermore, this characteristic in aesthetics consists of a wide spectrum, ranging from low complexity to high complexity. Key studies have found through Galvanic skin response that more complex artworks produce greater physiological arousal and higher hedonic ratings, which is consistent with other findings that claim that aesthetic liking increases with complexity. Most important, several studies have found that there exists a U-shape relationship between aesthetic preference and complexity.
In general, complexity is a something that has many parts in an intricate progression. Some researchers break complexity down into two different subparts: objective complexity and perceived complexity. Objective complexity is any part of art that could be manipulated. For visual art that may be the size of the shapes, the number of patters, or the number of colors used. For acoustic art that could include duration, loudness, number of different harmonies, number of changes in rhythmic activity, and rate of rhythmic activity. Another form of complexity is perceived complexity, or subjective complexity. In this form each individual person rates an object on the complexity they perceive. Therefore, subjective complexity might depict our view of complexity more accurately, however, the measure may change from person to person.
One form of using computer technology to rate complexity, is by using computer intelligence when rating an image. In this format, the amount of computer intelligence used is assessed when creating a digital image. Computer intelligence is assessed by recording the mathematic formulas used in creating the images. Human involvement, adding or taking away aspects of the image, could also add or take away from the complexity of the image.
One way to measure complexity is to manipulate original artwork to contain various levels of density. This process is done by subtracting and adding pixels to change the density of black and white paintings. This technique allowed researchers to use authentic artwork, instead of creating artificial versions of artwork, to control stimuli.
Still others find it best to measure complexity based on the number of parts an artwork has. More aspects to the art, such as more colors, details, shapes, objects, sounds, melodies, and the like, create a more complex artwork. However, there is limited research done on the comparison between part based complexity and human perception of complexity, making it unclear if people perceive images with more parts as being more complex.
The Inverted U-Shape Hypothesis suggests that aesthetic responses in relation to complexity will exhibit an inverted - shape distribution. In other words, the lowest ratings in aesthetic responses correlate with high and low levels of complexity, which displays an "avoidance of extremes. '' Furthermore, the highest level of aesthetic response occurs in the middle level of complexity. Previous studies have confirmed the U-Shape hypothesis (see Inverted U-graph image). For instance, in a study of undergraduates ' ratings of liking and complexity of contemporary pop music reported an inverted U-shape relationship between liking and complexity.
Previous research, suggest that this trend of complexity could also be associated with ability to understand, in which observers prefer artwork that is not too easy or too difficult to comprehend. Other research both confirms and disconfirms predictions that suggest that individual characteristics such as artistic expertise and training can produce a shift in the inverted U-shape distribution.
A general trend shows that the relationship between image complexity and pleasantness ratings form an inverted - U shape graph (see Expertise section for exceptions). This means that people increasingly like art as it goes from very simple to more complex, until a peak, when pleasantness ratings being to fall again.
A recent study had also found that we tend to rate natural environment and landscape images as more complex, hence liking them more than abstract images that we rate as less complex.
Music shows similar trends in complexity vs. preference ratings as does visual art. When comparing popular music, for the time period, and perceived complexity ratings the known inverted - U shape relationship appears, showing that generally we like moderately complex music the most. As the music selection gets more or less complex, our preference for that music dips. People who have more experience and training in popular music, however, prefer slightly more complex music. The inverted - U graph shifts to the right for people a stronger musical background. A similar pattern can be seen for jazz and bluegrass music. Those with limited musical training in jazz and bluegrass demonstrate the typical inverted - U when looking at complexity and preference, however, experts in those fields do not demonstrate the same pattern. Unlike the popular music experts, jazz and bluegrass experts did not show a distinct relationship between complexity and pleasantness. Experts in those two genres of music seem to just like what they like, without having a formula to describe their behavior. Since different styles of music have different effects on preference for experts, further studies would need to be done to draw conclusions for complexity and preference ratings for other styles.
Psychological studies have shown that the hedonic likings of dance performances can be influenced by complexity. One experiment used twelve dance choreographies that consist of three levels of complexity performed at four different tempos. Complexity in the dance sequences were created varying the sequence of six movement patterns (i.e. circle clockwise, circle counterclockwise, and approach stage). Overall, this studied showed that observers prefer choreographies with complex dance sequences and faster tempos.
It has been found that personality differences and demographic differences may lead different art preferences as well. One study tested peoples preferences on various art pieces, taking into account their personal preferences as well. The study found that gender diffences exist in art preference. Women generally prefer happy, colorful, and simple paintings whereas men generally prefer geometric, sad, and complex paintings. An age difference in complexity preferences exists as well, where preference for complex paintings increases as age increases.
Certain personality traits can also predict the relationship between art complexity and preference. In one study it was found that people who scored high on conscientiousness liked complex painting less than people who scored low on conscientiousness. This falls in line with the idea that conscientious people dislike uncertainly and enjoy control, thereby disliking artwork that might threaten such feelings. On the other hand, people who scored highly on openness to experience liked complex artworks more than those who did n't score highly on openness to experience. Individual differences are better predictors for preference of complex art than simple art, where no clear personality traits predict preference for simple art. Although educational level did not have a direct relationship with complexity, higher educational levels led to more museum visits, which in turn led to more appreciation of complex art. This shows that more exposure to complex art leads to greater preference, where indeed familiarity causes greater liking.
Symmetry and beauty have a strong biological link that influences aesthetic preferences. It has been shown that humans tend to prefer art that contains symmetry, deeming it more beautiful. Furthermore, symmetry directly correlates to the understanding of a face or artwork as beautiful. The greater the symmetry within the work or the face, generally the more beautiful it appears to be. Research on aesthetic preference for geometric forms and the fluent processing of symmetry sheds light on the role that symmetry plays in the overall aesthetic judgment and experience.
Humans innately tend to see and have a visual preference for symmetry, an identified quality yielding a positive aesthetic experience that uses an automatic bottom - up factor. This bottom - up factor is speculated to rely on learning experience and visual processing in the brain, suggesting a biological basis. Many studies have ventured to explain this innate preference for symmetry with methods including the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Research suggests that we may prefer symmetry because it is easy to process; hence we have a higher perceptual fluency when works are symmetrical. Fluency research draws on evidence from humans and animals that point to the importance of symmetry regardless of biological necessity. This research highlights the efficiency with which computers recognize and process symmetrical objects relative to non-symmetrical models. There have been investigations regarding the objective features that stimuli contain that may affect the fluency and therefore the preferences. Factors such as amount of information given, the extent of symmetry, and figure - ground contrast are only a few listed in the literature. This preference for symmetry has led to question on how fluency affects our implicit preferences by using the Implicit Association Test. Findings suggest that perceptual fluency is a factor that elicits implicit responses, as shown with the Implicit Association Test results. Research has branched from studying aesthetic pleasure and symmetry on an explicit but also implicit level. In fact, research tries to integrate priming (psychology), cultural influences and the different types of stimuli that may elicit an aesthetic preference.
Further research investigating perceptual fluency has found a gender bias towards neutral stimuli. Studies pertaining to generalizing symmetry preference to real - world versus abstract objects allow us to further examine the possible influence meaning may have on preference for a given stimuli. In order to determine whether meaning mattered for a given stimuli, participants were asked to view pairs of objects and make a forced - choice decision, evaluating their preference. The findings suggest that an overall preference for symmetric features of visual objects existed. Furthermore, a main effect for gender preference existed in the males that consistently indicated a preference for symmetry in both abstract and real objects. This finding did not transcend in the female participants. Further studies need to be conducted to investigate the factors that influence female preferences for visual stimuli as well as for why males showed a preference for symmetry in both abstract and real world objects.
Art containing geometric forms, as seen in much of Islamic art, has an inherent symmetry to the work. This symmetry can be correlated to the attractiveness associated with the art form, since there is a correlation between human preference and symmetry. In studies regarding facial attractiveness, symmetry is found to be a significant factor as well as the shape and coloration in determining attractiveness. The good genes hypothesis for symmetry preference argues that symmetry is a biological indicator of stable development, mate quality and fitness and therefore explains why we choose symmetrical traits in our mates. The good genes hypothesis does not, however, explain why this phenomenon is observed in our preferences for decoration art. Another proposed hypothesis is the extended phenotype hypothesis that argues that decoration art is not mate - irrelevant but rather a reflection of the fitness of the artist, as symmetrical forms are difficult to produce. These hypothesis and findings provide evidence for evolutionary biases on preference for symmetry and as reinforcement for cultural biases. Research suggests that symmetrical preference due to its evolutionary basis, biological basis and cultural reinforcement, might be replicable cross-culturally.
Compositional balance refers to the placement of various elements in a work of art in relation to each other, through their organization and positioning, and based upon their relative weights. The elements may include the size, shape, color, and arrangement of objects or shapes. When balanced, a composition appears stable and visually right. Just as symmetry relates to aesthetic preference and reflects an intuitive sense for how things ' should ' appear, the overall balance of a given composition contributes to judgments of the work.
The positioning of even a single object, such as a bowl or a light fixture, in a composition contributes to preferences for that composition. When participants viewed a variety of objects, whose vertical positions on a horizontal plane were manipulated, participants preferred objects that were lower or higher in the plane of vision, corresponding to the normal placement of the image (e.g., a light bulb should be higher and a bowl lower). The center bias manifests can explain the preference for the most important or functional part of an object to occupy the center of the frame, suggesting a bias for a ' rightness ' of object viewing.
We are also sensitive to balance in both abstract and representational works of art. When viewing variations on original artwork, such as the manipulation of the red, blue, and yellow areas of color in several Piet Mondrian paintings, design - trained and untrained participants successfully identified the balance centers of each variation. Both groups were sensitive to the distribution of color, weight, and area occupied. Expertise (see Art and Expertise) does not seem to have a large effect on perceiving balance, though only the trained participants detected the variation between the original work and manipulated versions.
Both experts and novices tend to judge original abstract works as more optimally balanced than experimental variations, without necessarily identifying the original. There appears to be an intuitive sense for experts and non-experts alike that a given representational painting is the original. Participants tend to deem original artwork as original versus the manipulated works that had been both subtly and obviously altered with respect to the balance of the painting. This suggests some innate knowledge, perhaps not influenced by artistic expertise, of the rightness of a painting in its balance. Both masters and novices are equally susceptible to shifts in balance affecting preference for paintings, which may suggest that both artists viewers have an intuitive sense of balance in art.
Psychologists have found that a person 's level of expertise in art influences how they perceive, analyze, and interact with art. To test psychologically, scales have been designed to test experience rather than just years of expertise by testing recognition and knowledge of artists in a number of fields, fluid intelligence, and personality with the Big Five factor inventory. These found that people with high art expertise were not significantly smarter, nor had a college major in the arts. Instead, openness to experience, one of the Big Five factors, predicted someone 's expertise in art.
In one study, experienced art majors and naive students were shown pairs of popular art paintings from magazines and high - art paintings, from museums. Researchers found a significant interaction between expertise and art preference. Naive participants preferred popular art over high - art, while expert participants preferred high - art over popular art. They also found that naive participants rated popular art as more pleasant and warm and the high - art paintings as more unpleasant and cold, while experts showed the opposite pattern. Experts look to art for a challenging experience, naive participants view art more for pleasure. Systematic preferences for viewing portraiture (left or right 3 / 4 profiles) have been found across media, artists, styles, gender / sex, and historical epoch. Both experiential tendencies and innate predispositions have been proposed to account for pose preferences. Further studies controlling variables such as sex and handedness, as well as ongoing hemispheric activation, have shown that these preferences can be studied across several construct dimensions.
To investigate if experts and non-experts experience art differently even in their eye movements, researchers used an eye tracking device to see if there are any differences in the way they look at works of art. After viewing each work, participants rated their liking and emotional reactions to the works. Some works were presented with auditory information about that work, half of which were neutral facts and the other half were emotional statements about the work. They found that non-experts rated the least abstract works more preferably, while abstraction level did not matter to the experts. Across both groups, the eye paths showed more fixations within more abstract work, but each fixation was shorter in time than those within less abstract work. Expertise influences how participants thought about works, but did not influence at all how they physically viewed them.
In another study using eye - movement patterns to investigate how experts view art, participants were shown realistic and abstract works of art under two conditions: one asking them to free scan the works, and the other asking them to memorize them. Participants ' eye movements were tracked as they either looked at the images or tried to memorize them, and their recall for the memorized images was recorded. The researchers found no differences in the fixation frequency or time between picture types for experts and nonexperts. However, across sessions, the non-experts had more short fixations while free scanning the works, and fewer long fixations while trying to memorize; experts followed the opposite pattern. There was no significant difference in the recall of the images across groups, except experts recalled abstract images better that non-experts, and more pictorial details. These results show that people with arts expertise view repeated images less than non-experts, and can recall more details about images they have previously seen.
Aesthetic reactions to art can be measured on a number of different criteria, like arousal, liking, emotional content, and understanding. The art can be rated on its levels of abstraction or place in time. An experiment examining how these factors combine to create aesthetic appreciation included experts and nonexperts rating their emotional valence, arousal, liking, and comprehension of abstract, modern, and classical art works. Experts demonstrated a higher degree of appreciation with higher ratings on all scales, except for arousal with classical works. Classical artworks yielded the highest comprehension ratings, with abstract art receiving the lowest values. However, emotional valence was highest for classical and modern art, while arousal was highest for abstract works. Although experts rated the works higher overall, each factor influenced the nonexperts ' ratings more, creating greater flexibility in their ratings than those of the experts.
Another experiment examined the effect of color and degree of realism on participants ' perception of art with differing levels of expertise. Groups of experts, relative experts, and non-experts viewed stimuli consisting of generated versions of figurative paintings varying in color and abstraction. Participants rated the stimuli on their overall preference, abstractness, color properties, balance, and complexity. Figurative pictures were preferred over abstract pictures with decreasing expertise and colored pictures were preferred over black - and - white pictures. However, experts were more likely to prefer black - and - white pictures over colored ones than non-experts and relative experts. This suggests that experts may view art with cognitive models, while non-experts view art looking for familiarity and pleasure.
An experiment studying the effect of expertise on the perception and interpretation of art had art history majors and psychology students view ten contemporary art paintings of diverse styles. Then, they grouped them into whatever labels they thought to be appropriate. The data were coded to classify the categorizations and compared between experts and non-experts. Experts broke down their classifications into more groups than the non-experts and categorized by style, while the non-experts depended on personal experiences and feelings.
This style - related processing, which leads to a mastery of the artwork, is important in viewing modern abstract art and is affected by expertise. Participants viewed and rated their liking on three sets of paintings, half of which included information about the style of the painting, such as artistic technique, stylistic features, and the materials used. The next day, participants viewed new paintings, saw a blank screen, and estimated how long they had viewed the paintings. Participants also completed questionnaires indicating interest in art, a questionnaire indicating expertise in art, and the "Positive and Negative Affect Schedule '' mood questionnaire. The effects of style - related information depended on art expertise, where non-experts liked the paintings more after receiving information about the paintings and the experts liked the paintings less after receiving style - related information. Explicit style information provoked mood changes in liking, where the high Positive Affect group liked the paintings more with information and the low Positive Affect group liked the paintings less with information. Art expertise did not, however, affect the estimations of presentation time.
Titles do not simply function as a means of identification, but also as guides to the pleasurable process of interpreting and understanding works of art. Changing title information about a painting does not seem to affect eye movement when looking at it or how subjects interpret its spatial organization. However, titles influence a painting 's perceived meaning. In one study, participants were instructed to describe paintings while using flashlight pointers to indicate where they were looking. The participants repeated this task for the same set of paintings in two sessions. During the second session, some of the paintings were presented with new titles to evaluate the consistency in their descriptions. As expected, subjects did not change where their eye - gaze focused, but they did change their descriptions by making them more consistent with a given title.
Even though descriptions might fluctuate, aesthetically appreciating both abstract and representative art remains stable, regardless of different title information. This suggests that word / image relations can promote different modes of understanding art, but do not account for how much we like a particular piece.
A famous example of title confusion that altered a work 's title / image relationship, and thus its ostensive meaning, is a painting titled La trahison des images (The treachery of images), by René Magritte, that is often referred to as "This is not a pipe ''. It contains an image of a pipe as well as the legend "This is not a pipe, '' even though that was not meant to be its title. In this case, two different understandings of the artists ' intentions and the content depend on which title is chosen to go with it.
Overall, random titles, other than the original, decrease understanding ratings, but do not necessarily alter the significance of aesthetic experience. Elaborative, as opposed to descriptive, titles are particularly important in helping viewers assign meaning to abstract art. Descriptive titles increase understanding of abstract art only when viewers are presented with an image for a very short period of time (less than 10 seconds). Because art can have a variety of multi-leveled meanings, titles and other additional information can add to its meaningfulness and consequently, its hedonic value.
Discoveries from the psychology of art can be applied to various other fields of study. The creative process of art yields a great deal of insight about the mind. One can obtain information about work ethics, motivation, and inspiration from an artist 's work process. These general aspects can transfer to other areas of one 's life. Work ethic in art especially, can have a significant impact on one 's overall productivity elsewhere. There is a potential in any kind of work that encourages the aesthetic frame of mind. Moreover, art defies any definite boundaries. The same applies to any such work that is aesthetically experienced.
The application of psychology of art in education may improve visual literacy.
The psychology of art can be a criticized field for numerous reasons. Art is not considered a science, so research can be scrutinized for its accuracy and relativity. There is also a great deal of criticism about art research as psychology because it can be considered subjective rather than objective. It embodies the artist 's emotions in an observable manner, and the audience interprets the artwork in multiple ways. The aims of an artist differ dramatically from the aims of a scientist. The scientist means to propose one outcome to a problem, whereas an artist means to give multiple interpretations of an object. The inspirations of an artist are fueled through his / her experiences, perceptions, and perspectives of the world art movements such as Expressionism are known for the artist 's release of emotions, tension, pressure, and inner spiritual forces that are transcribed to external conditions. Art comes from within oneself, and it is expressed in the external world for the entertainment of others. Everyone can appreciate a piece of artwork because it speaks to each individual in unique ways -- therein lies the criticism of subjectivity.
In addition, the aesthetic experience of art is heavily criticized because it can not be scientifically determined. It is completely subjective, and it relies on an individual 's bias. It can not be fundamentally measured in tangible forms. In contrast, aesthetic experiences can be deemed "self - motivating '' and "self - closing ''.
Simon, H.A. (1996). The Sciences of the Artificial. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. pg 184,184. https://monoskop.org/images/9/9c/Simon_Herbert_A_The_Sciences_of_the_Artificial_3rd_ed.pdf
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when does season 2 of luke cage premiere | Luke Cage (season 2) - wikipedia
The second season of the American web television series Luke Cage, which is based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, sees Cage become a hero and celebrity in Harlem after clearing his name, only to face a new threat. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise. The season was produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios, with Cheo Hodari Coker serving as showrunner.
Mike Colter stars as Cage, alongside returning principal cast members Simone Missick, Rosario Dawson, Alfre Woodard, and Theo Rossi. They are joined by Mustafa Shakir and Gabrielle Dennis. The second season was ordered in December 2016, and filmed in New York City from June to November, 2017. Coker again emphasized music in the season: Adrian Younge and Ali Shaheed Muhammad returned to compose the original score, with musical influences on the series including blues and reggae; various artists once again give performances throughout the season; and each episode is named after a Pete Rock & CL Smooth song. Finn Jones guest stars in the season as Danny Rand / Iron Fist, allowing the "Heroes for Hire '' relationship between Cage and Rand to be depicted.
The season is set to premiere June 22, 2018.
In January 2015, Netflix CCO Ted Sarandos stated the series was "eligible to go into multiple seasons for sure '' and Netflix would look at "how well (they) are addressing both the Marvel fanbase but also the broader fanbase '' in terms of determining if additional seasons would be appropriate. In July 2015, Sarandos said some of the Defenders series would "selectively have multiple seasons as they come out of the gate. '' Regarding a second season, showrunner Cheo Hodari Coker stated he had "a few ideas '', including possibly exploring the "Hero for Hire '' aspect of Luke Cage, though noted he was not taking "any of this for granted '' in terms of feeling a second season renewal from Netflix was guaranteed. Actor Mike Colter also felt "Heroes for Hire '' could be explored in future seasons, as well as further exploring Cage 's lifestyle change regarding his relationship with Jessica Jones and introducing the couple 's daughter. In December 2016, Netflix renewed the series for a second season, of 13 episodes.
Coker compared the season to A Tribe Called Quest 's second album The Low End Theory saying, their first album People 's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm "was great, but then Low End Theory was the record that everyone says... when they think of A Tribe Called Quest taking it to the next level. That 's my hope for season 2, is that we have some of the similar sounds, but we go in a deeper direction. '' Coker also noted that music would continue to be an important element for the season and that Harlem would still be "at the heart and its center '' for the series.
In July 2017, Colter said the writing for the season was different from the first, because "we know the show now. We know the world that we 're in and we know sort of what works and what does n't work and we 're just gon na double down on that stuff, so look forward to a very exciting and very relevant and pop culture - heavy show. '' He added that after the first season and the crossover miniseries The Defenders, Cage would have "a whole new outlook on life '' and would not be dealing with the judicial system anymore. Coker explained that the storyline for the season did not come from any particular iteration of the comics, and instead was based on the characters that appear: "who is Luke Cage and getting much deeper into that, but also finding out different things about Mariah Dillard, also finding out things about Misty Knight, '' including getting her mechanical arm "and what that entails from an emotional standpoint. '' In particular, the new villains introduced for the season and their abilities impacted the story in terms of "what that represents against Luke ''. Each episode of the season is named after a Pete Rock & CL Smooth song, just as Coker named each episode of the first season after a Gang Starr song.
Colter returns to star as Cage, along with Simone Missick as Misty Knight, Rosario Dawson as Claire Temple, Alfre Woodard as Mariah Dillard, and Theo Rossi as Hernan "Shades '' Alvarez. In July 2017, Marvel announced the casting of Mustafa Shakir as John McIver, and Gabrielle Dennis as Tilda Johnson.
Thomas Q. Jones reprises his role as Comanche in the season, along with Danny Johnson as Benjamin Donovan, and Justin Swain as Mark Bailey. In October 2017, it was revealed that Finn Jones would be reprising his role as Danny Rand / Iron Fist in the season. Colter explained that there had been interest from fans to see more of the previously established relationship between Cage and Jessica Jones, but for this season they "went out on a limb '' and decided to give to the fans of the "Heroes for Hire '' instead by having Cage and Rand team up for part of the season. He added that Finn Jones "will bring some fresh blood in the new season ''. Jessica Henwick also reprises her Iron Fist role, appearing as Colleen Wing. Following the death of Reg E. Cathey in February 2018, Marvel revealed that his final performance was as Luke Cage 's father James Lucas in this season. The character appeared briefly in the first season portrayed by an unnamed actor.
In March 2018, Annabella Sciorra was announced to have been cast in the "key role '' of Rosalie Carbone. The next month, Antonique Smith joined the cast as Detective Nandi Tyler, a longtime rival of Misty Knight. Additionally, Elden Henson reprises his role as Foggy Nelson from previous Marvel / Netflix series.
Principal photography began by June 10, 2017, under the series ' working title Tiara. Production wrapped that November.
-- Showrunner Cheo Hodari Coker on his use of music in Luke Cage
In July 2017, Colter said that the second season would have "another feel to it '' in terms of the music, praising the season 's musical guests and explaining that he and Coker had chosen a "certain type '' of music for the season after listening to it at a birthday party and agreeing that there had "not been one bad song '' played. Coker later explained that the season would explore the roots of hip - hop with blues and reggae, after the first season introduced hip - hop to the MCU. He added that the season would explore "the entire diaspora of black music '' along with different cultures. Adrian Younge and Ali Shaheed Muhammad again composed the score for the season, working out of Younge 's studio Linear Labs. Their music for the season included a "50 - minute epic '' for one of the episodes. Coker described the pair as being as "important to the success of the show as anyone in the cast, anyone directing, anyone writing, producing, period. ''
Coker wanted to have live musical performances in the season again after the first, and hoped that some musicians who had turned him down for the first season would be happy to join the second after getting to see the series. He noted that the idea of performing in the series was not a "home run in terms of the music community '' during the first season, and he had to call in a lot of favors from his time as a music journalist to get the performers who did appear. For the second season, he was able to show footage of the first season performances as well as point out where musicians who performed on the show received "immediate streaming bumps '' from fans discovering them through the series. With Coker subsequently having his "choice of acts '', the season includes live performance from Faith Evans, returning from the first season, along with Joi & D - Nice, Gary Clark Jr., Esperanza Spalding, Christone "Kingfish '' Ingram, Ghostface Killah, Stephen Marley, Jadakiss, KRS - One, and Rakim. The latter wrote an original song for the series, which he performs in the season finale. The season also includes music from Nina Simone and Mobb Deep.
The second season of Luke Cage is set to be released on June 22, 2018, on the streaming service Netflix worldwide, in Ultra HD 4K and high dynamic range.
An advanced screening of the season will be hosted by Spotify, Netflix, and the Kennedy Center on June 19, to be followed by an after - party featuring musical performances KRS - One, Younge and Muhammad, and surprise guests.
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when was x-ray first used to study vertebral subluxations by the chiropractic profession | Vertebral subluxation - wikipedia
In chiropractic, vertebral subluxation is a supposed misalignment of the spinal column leading to a set of signs and symptoms sometimes termed vertebral subluxation complex. It has no biomedical basis and is categorized as pseudoscientific by leading authorities. Traditionally, the "specific focus of chiropractic practice '' is the chiropractic subluxation and historical chiropractic practice assumes that a vertebral subluxation or spinal joint dysfunction interferes with the body 's function and its innate intelligence, as promulgated by D.D. Palmer, the inventor of chiropractic.
The chiropractic subluxation is the heart of the split between "straight '' and "mixer '' chiropractors. Straight chiropractors continue to follow Palmer 's vitalistic tradition, claiming that subluxation has considerable health effects and also adding a visceral component to the definition, while mixers, as exemplified by the United Kingdom 's General Chiropractic Council, consider it a historical concept with no evidence identifying it as the cause of disease.
Within the chiropractic tradition, a vertebral subluxation complex is believed to be a dysfunctional biomechanical spinal segment which actively alters neurological function, which in turn, is believed to lead to neuromusculoskeletal and visceral disorders. The WHO acknowledges this difference between the medical and chiropractic definitions of a subluxation: medical doctors only refer to "significant structural displacements '' as subluxations, whereas chiropractors suggest that a dysfunctional segment, whether displaced significantly or not, should be referred to as a subluxation. This difference has been noted in the proceedings of the chiropractic profession 's Mercy Center Consensus Conference: "The chiropractic profession refers to this concept as a ' subluxation '. This use of the word subluxation should not be confused with the term 's precise anatomic usage, which considers only the anatomical relationships. ''
The chiropractic vertebral subluxation complex has been a source of controversy since its inception in 1895 due to the lack of empirical evidence for its existence, its metaphysical origins, and claims of its far reaching effects on health and disease. Although some chiropractic associations and colleges support the concept of subluxation, many in the chiropractic profession reject it and shun the use of this term as a diagnosis. In the United States and in Canada the term nonallopathic lesion may be used in place of subluxation.
A 2009 review concluded that epidemiologic evidence does not support the chiropractic subluxation, concluding:
In 2015, internationally accredited chiropractic colleges from Bournemouth University, University of South Wales, University of Southern Denmark, University of Zürich, Institut Franco - Européen de Chiropraxie, and University of Johannesburg made an open statement which included: "The teaching of the vertebral subluxation complex as a vitalistic construct that claims that it is the cause of disease is unsupported by evidence. Its inclusion in a modern chiropractic curriculum in anything other than an historic context is therefore inappropriate and unnecessary ''.
In 1909 B.J. Palmer wrote that:
The WHO definition of the chiropractic vertebral subluxation is:
The purported displacement is not necessarily visible on X-rays. This is in contrast to the medical definition of spinal subluxation which, according to the WHO, is a "significant structural displacement '', and therefore visible on X-rays.
As of 2014, the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners states:
In 1996 an official consensus definition of subluxation was formed. Cooperstein and Gleberzon have described the situation: "... although many in the chiropractic profession reject the concept of "subluxation '' and shun the use of this term as a diagnosis, the presidents of at least a dozen chiropractic colleges of the Association of Chiropractic Colleges (ACC) developed a consensus definition of "subluxation '' in 1996. It reads:
In 2001 the World Federation of Chiropractic, representing the national chiropractic associations in 77 countries, adopted this consensus statement which reaffirms belief in the vertebral subluxation.
The ACC paradigm has been criticized by chiropractic authors:
In May 2010 the General Chiropractic Council, the statutory regulatory body for chiropractors in the United Kingdom, issued guidance for chiropractors stating that the chiropractic vertebral subluxation complex "is an historical concept '' and "is not supported by any clinical research evidence that would allow claims to be made that it is the cause of disease or health concerns. ''
The differences between a medical subluxation and a chiropractic "vertebral subluxation '' create confusion and difficulties when it comes to following official ICD - 9 and ICD - 10 coding. In a 2014 article in Dynamic Chiropractic by a chiropractor who is a certified professional coder, these difficulties were discussed in detail. He noted that the WHO recognizes the differences between the two types of "subluxations '', and also pointed out certain difficulties for chiropractors:
At the time of writing (August 2014) it was still uncertain which codes in the newer ICD - 10 would be useful for chiropractors and how they would be interpreted.
Traditionally there have been 5 components that form the chiropractic subluxation. The vertebral subluxation complex is differentiated by the fifth component, general systemic disturbances secondary to the spinal misalignment (vertebral subluxation).
Historically, the detection of spinal misalignments (subluxations) by the chiropractic profession has relied on X-ray findings and physical examination. At least 2 of the following 4 physical signs and / or symptoms must be documented to qualify for reimbursement:
It has been proposed that a vertebral subluxation can negatively affect general health by altering the neurological communication between the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. Although individuals may not always be symptomatic, straight chiropractors believe that the presence of vertebral subluxation is in itself justification for correction via spinal adjustment.
Chiropractic treatment of vertebral subluxation focuses on delivering a chiropractic adjustment which is a high velocity low amplitude (HVLA) thrust to the dysfunctional spinal segments to help correct the chiropractic subluxation complex. Spinal adjustment is the primary procedure used by chiropractors in the adjustment. Adjustment / manipulation has been shown to help with low back pain, neck pain and tension type headaches, but further studies are inconclusive on the use of spinal manipulation outside the treatment of neuromusculoskeletal disorders.
In 1910, D.D. Palmer, the founder of chiropractic, wrote:
Chiropractors use and have used various terms to express this concept: subluxation, vertebral subluxation (VS), vertebral subluxation complex (VSC), "killer subluxations, '' and the "silent killer. ''
They, along with some physical therapists and osteopathic physicians, have also used another term, BOOP, meaning "bone out of place. ''
Some chiropractors have described the disagreements within the profession about the concept, and have written skeptically about BOOP as an antiquated idea. In 1992 one wrote:
One wrote in 1994 about the "brutal civil war '':
Ten years later (in 2004) he openly disparaged the idea still propounded by "modern - day advocates of this concept '':
V. Strang, D.C., describes several hypotheses on how a misaligned vertebra may cause interference to the nervous system in his book, Essential Principles of Chiropractic:
The vertebral subluxation has been described as a syndrome with signs and symptoms which include: altered alignment; aberrant motion; palpable soft tissue changes; localized / referred pain; muscle contraction or imbalance; altered physiological function; reversible with adjustment / manipulation; focal tenderness.
Investigation by chiropractors attempting to confirm the existence of vertebral subluxations has been ongoing since it was first postulated in 1895. The early practitioners used palpation and the anatomy of the nervous system as a guide (meric system). In their efforts to be more specific, they seized the newly discovered X-ray technology and introduced the neurocalometer (a heat sensing device). It was during those early years that the medical establishment first criticized the chiropractic profession, saying that the conditions that those early chiropractors were treating were only psychophysiologic disorders. To prove that chiropractic patients had real conditions, BJ Palmer opened a research clinic as a part of the Palmer College of Chiropractic. When a patient entered the clinic, they were first examined by medical doctors and a diagnosis was formulated. They were then sent to the chiropractic part of the clinic, treated, and sent back to the medical doctors for evaluation. Since then, chiropractors have sought a greater understanding of the mechanisms and effects of the vertebral subluxation. Today we see motion x-rays, surface EMG, and digital thermography though none of these methods have been proven to be reliable or valid in the detection of vertebral subluxations.
A 2004 research team at the National University of Health Sciences evaluated changes of the lumbar vertebral column following fixation (immobility) by surgically fusing spinal joints in experimental rats. The fixated joints showed significant degeneration compared to the mobile joints, confirming that surgical fixation results in time - dependent degenerative changes of the zygapophysial joints.
Believers within the chiropractic tradition assert that spinal health and function are directly related to general health and well - being. David Seaman reviewed the work of several researchers concerning autonomic nervous system relationship to the somatic tissues of the spine. He noted that Feinstein et al. were the first to clearly describe some symptoms associated with noxious irritation of spinal tissues. They injected hypertonic saline into interspinous tissues and paraspinal muscles of normal volunteers for the purpose of characterizing local and referred pain patterns that might develop. His observations included:
Feinstein referred to these symptoms as autonomic concomitants. It is likely that these autonomic concomitants were caused by nociceptive stimulation of autonomic centers in the brainstem, particularly the medulla. Feinstein indicated that "this is an example of the ability of deep noxious stimulation to activate generalized autonomic responses independently of the relay of pain to conscious levels. '' In other words, pain may not be the symptomatic outcome of nociceptive stimulation of spinal structures. Such a conclusion has profound implications for the chiropractic profession. Clearly, patients do not need to be in pain to be candidates for spinal adjustments.
The efficacy and validity of spinal manipulation to address visceral disorders systems remains a source of controversy within the chiropractic profession. Although research is ongoing on this topic, conclusions that support the usefulness of spinal manipulation for organic disorders remains to be seen. Additionally, to complicate matters, chiropractic professors and researchers, Nansel and Szlazak, found that:
Considering this phenomenon, Seaman suggests that the chiropractic concept of joint complex (somatic) dysfunction should be incorporated into the differential diagnosis of pain and visceral symptoms because these dysfunctions often generate symptoms similar to those produced by true visceral disease and notes that this mimicry leads to unnecessary surgical procedures and medications.
Other chiropractic researchers have also questioned some of the claimed effects of vertebral subluxation:
Still other chiropractic researchers state quite directly:
Researchers at the RMIT University - Japan, Tokyo studied reflex effects of vertebral subluxation with regards to the autonomic nervous system. They found that "recent neuroscience research supports a neurophysiologic rationale for the concept that aberrant stimulation of spinal or paraspinal structures may lead to segmentally organized reflex responses of the autonomic nervous system, which in turn may alter visceral function. ''
Professor Philip S. Bolton of the School of Biomedical Sciences at University of Newcastle, Australia writes in Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, "The traditional chiropractic vertebral subluxation hypothesis proposes that vertebral misalignment cause illness, disease, or both. This hypothesis remains controversial. '' His objective was, "To briefly review and update experimental evidence concerning reflex effects of vertebral subluxations, particularly concerning peripheral nervous system responses to vertebral subluxations. Data source: Information was obtained from chiropractic or, scientific peer - reviewed literature concerning human or animal studies of neural responses to vertebral subluxation, vertebral displacement or movement, or both. '' He concluded, "Animal models suggest that vertebral displacements and putative vertebral subluxations may modulate activity in group I to IV afferent nerves. However, it is not clear whether these afferent nerves are modulated during normal day - to - day activities of living and, if so, what segmental or whole - body reflex effects they may have. ''
Conclusions: Monitoring mixed - nerve root discharges in response to spinal manipulative thrusts in vivo in human subjects undergoing lumbar surgery is feasible. Neurophysiologic responses appeared sensitive to the contact point and applied force vector of the spinal manipulative thrust. Further study of the neurophysiologic mechanisms of spinal manipulation in humans and animals is needed to more precisely identify the mechanisms and neural pathways involved.
Researchers at the Department of Physiology, University College London studied the effects of compression upon conduction in myelinated axons. Using pneumatic pressure of varying degrees on the sciatic nerves of frog specimens, the study supported the idea of nerve conduction failure as a result of compression.
Edzard Ernst has stated that the "core concepts of chiropractic, subluxation and spinal manipulation, are not based on sound science. ''
An area of debate among chiropractors is whether "vertebral subluxation '' is a metaphysical concept (as posited in B.J. Palmer 's philosophy of chiropractic) or a real phenomenon.
In an article on vertebral subluxation, the chiropractic authors wrote:
Since its inception, the concept of vertebral subluxation has been a source of definitional debate. Tedd Koren, DC offers this explanation as a possible cause of the confusion:
The vertebral subluxation can not be precisely defined because it is an abstraction, an intellectual construct used by chiropractors, chiropractic researchers, educators and others to explain the success of the chiropractic adjustment.
This is not a unique state of affairs, abstract entities populate many branches of science...
Subluxations, genes, gravity, the ego and life are all heuristic devices, "useful fictions '' that are used to explain phenomenon that are far larger than our understanding. We use them as long as they work for us and discard or limit their application when they become unwieldy or unable to account for new observations...
Critics of chiropractic have incorrectly assumed that chiropractic is based on the theory or principle that vertebral subluxations cause "pinched '' nerves that cause disease. They have it backwards. Chiropractic is based on the success of the spinal adjustment. The theory attempting to explain the success of the adjustment (nerve impingement, disease, subluxations) followed its clinical discovery.
Examples of such erroneous criticisms based on this straw man argument abound in the medical literature. Some examples: "The teachers, research workers and practitioners of medicine reject the so - called principle on which chiropractic is based and correctly and bluntly label it a fraud and hoax on the human race. '' "The basis of chiropractic is completely unscientific. '' The theory on which chiropractic is based (is false), namely that a "subluxation '' of a spinal vertebra presses on a nerve interfering with the passage of energy down that nerve causing disease to organs supplied by that nerve, and that chiropractic "adjustments '' can alleviate the pressure thereby treating or preventing such disease. There is no scientific evidence for the validity of this theory. ''
To be fair, statements by some chiropractors have tended to perpetuate this misunderstanding: "Pressure on nerves causes irritation and tension with deranged functions as a result. ''
When chiropractors declare that "pinched nerves '' "nerve impingement '' "spinal fixations '' or others mechanisms of action explain how subluxations affect the person and how chiropractic works they are making the same mistake medical critics make -- assuming chiropractic is based on theory. Mechanisms and theories are useful tools, but their limitations should always be kept in mind.
Other chiropractors have declared its unproven status as an area that needs reform:
A Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center article describes the mainstream understanding of vertebral subluxation theory:
Since its origin, chiropractic theory has based itself on "subluxations, '' or vertebrae that have shifted position in the spine. These subluxations are said to impede nerve outflow and cause disease in various organs. A chiropractic treatment is supposed to "put back in '' these "popped out '' vertebrae. For this reason, it is called an "adjustment. ''
However, no real evidence has ever been presented showing that a given chiropractic treatment alters the position of any vertebrae. In addition, there is as yet no real evidence that impairment of nerve outflow is a major contributor to common illnesses, or that spinal manipulation changes nerve outflow in such a way as to affect organ function.
In 2009, four scholarly chiropractors concluded that epidemiologic evidence does not support chiropractic 's most fundamental theory. Since its inception, the vast majority of chiropractors have postulated that "subluxations '' (misalignments) are the cause or underlying cause of ill health and can be corrected with spinal "adjustments. '' After searching the scientific literature, the chiropractic authors concluded:
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what determines the total value of annual us gdp | Gross domestic product - wikipedia
Gross domestic (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced in a period (quarterly or yearly) of time. Nominal GDP estimates are commonly used to determine the economic performance of a whole country or region, and to make international comparisons. Nominal GDP per capita does not, however, reflect differences in the cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries; therefore using a basis of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) is arguably more useful when comparing differences in living standards between nations.
The OECD defines GDP as "an aggregate measure of production equal to the sum of the gross values added of all resident and institutional units engaged in production (plus any taxes, and minus any subsidies, on products not included in the value of their outputs). '' An IMF publication states that "GDP measures the monetary value of final goods and services -- that are bought by the final user -- produced in a country in a given period of time (say a quarter or a year). ''
Total GDP can also be broken down into the contribution of each industry or sector of the economy. The ratio of GDP to the total population of the region is the per capita GDP and the same is called Mean Standard of Living. GDP is considered the "world 's most powerful statistical indicator of national development and progress ''.
William Petty came up with a basic concept of GDP to attack landlords against unfair taxations during warfare between the Dutch and the English between 1652 and 1674. Charles Davenant developed the method further in 1695. The modern concept of GDP was first developed by Simon Kuznets for a US Congress report in 1934. In this report, Kuznets warned against its use as a measure of welfare (see below under limitations and criticisms). After the Bretton Woods conference in 1944, GDP became the main tool for measuring a country 's economy. At that time gross national product (GNP) was the preferred estimate, which differed from GDP in that it measured production by a country 's citizens at home and abroad rather than its ' resident institutional units ' (see OECD definition above). The switch from "GNP '' to "GDP '' in the US was in 1991, trailing behind most other nations. The role that measurements of GDP played in World War II was crucial to the subsequent political acceptance of GDP values as indicators of national development and progress. A crucial role was played here by the US Department of Commerce under Milton Gilbert where ideas from Kuznets were embedded into governmental institutions.
The history of the concept of GDP should be distinguished from the history of changes in ways of estimating it. The value added by firms is relatively easy to calculate from their accounts, but the value added by the public sector, by financial industries, and by intangible asset creation is more complex. These activities are increasingly important in developed economies, and the international conventions governing their estimation and their inclusion or exclusion in GDP regularly change in an attempt to keep up with industrial advances. In the words of one academic economist "The actual number for GDP is therefore the product of a vast patchwork of statistics and a complicated set of processes carried out on the raw data to fit them to the conceptual framework. ''
GDP can be determined in three ways, all of which should, in principle, give the same result. They are the production (or output or value added) approach, the income approach, or the speculated expenditure approach.
The most direct of the three is the production approach, which sums the outputs of every class of enterprise to arrive at the total. The expenditure approach works on the principle that all of the product must be bought by somebody, therefore the value of the total product must be equal to people 's total expenditures in buying things. The income approach works on the principle that the incomes of the productive factors ("producers, '' colloquially) must be equal to the value of their product, and determines GDP by finding the sum of all producers ' incomes.
This approach mirrors the OECD definition given above.
Gross value added = gross value of output -- value of intermediate consumption.
Value of output = value of the total sales of goods and services plus value of changes in the inventory.
The sum of the gross value added in the various economic activities is known as "GDP at factor cost ''.
GDP at factor cost plus indirect taxes less subsidies on products = "GDP at producer price ''.
For measuring output of domestic product, economic activities (i.e. industries) are classified into various sectors. After classifying economic activities, the output of each sector is calculated by any of the following two methods:
The gross value of all sectors is then added to get the gross value added (GVA) at factor cost. Subtracting each sector 's intermediate consumption from gross output gives the GVA at factor cost. Adding indirect tax minus subsidies in GVA at factor cost gives the "GVA at producer prices ''.
The second way of estimating GDP is to use "the sum of primary incomes distributed by resident producer units ''.
If GDP is calculated this way it is sometimes called gross domestic income (GDI), or GDP (I). GDI should provide the same amount as the expenditure method described later. By definition, GDI is equal to GDP. In practice, however, measurement errors will make the two figures slightly off when reported by national statistical agencies.
This method measures GDP by adding incomes that firms pay households for factors of production they hire - wages for labour, interest for capital, rent for land and profits for entrepreneurship.
The US "National Income and Expenditure Accounts '' divide incomes into five categories:
These five income components sum to net domestic income at factor cost.
Two adjustments must be made to get GDP:
Total income can be subdivided according to various schemes, leading to various formulae for GDP measured by the income approach. A common one is:
The sum of COE, GOS and GMI is called total factor income; it is the income of all of the factors of production in society. It measures the value of GDP at factor (basic) prices. The difference between basic prices and final prices (those used in the expenditure calculation) is the total taxes and subsidies that the government has levied or paid on that production. So adding taxes less subsidies on production and imports converts GDP at factor cost to GDP (I).
Total factor income is also sometimes expressed as:
The third way to estimate GDP is to calculate the sum of the final uses of goods and services (all uses except intermediate consumption) measured in purchasers ' prices.
Market goods which are produced are purchased by someone. In the case where a good is produced and unsold, the standard accounting convention is that the producer has bought the good from themselves. Therefore, measuring the total expenditure used to buy things is a way of measuring production. This is known as the expenditure method of calculating GDP.
GDP (Y) is the sum of consumption (C), investment (I), government spending (G) and net exports (X -- M).
Here is a description of each GDP component:
Note that C, G, and I are expenditures on final goods and services; expenditures on intermediate goods and services do not count. (Intermediate goods and services are those used by businesses to produce other goods and services within the accounting year.)
According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, which is responsible for calculating the national accounts in the United States, "In general, the source data for the expenditures components are considered more reliable than those for the income components (see income method, below). ''
GDP can be contrasted with gross national product (GNP) or, as it is now known, gross national income (GNI). The difference is that GDP defines its scope according to location, while GNI defines its scope according to ownership. In a global context, world GDP and world GNI are, therefore, equivalent terms.
GDP is product produced within a country 's borders; GNI is product produced by enterprises owned by a country 's citizens. The two would be the same if all of the productive enterprises in a country were owned by its own citizens, and those citizens did not own productive enterprises in any other countries. In practice, however, foreign ownership makes GDP and GNI non-identical. Production within a country 's borders, but by an enterprise owned by somebody outside the country, counts as part of its GDP but not its GNI; on the other hand, production by an enterprise located outside the country, but owned by one of its citizens, counts as part of its GNI but not its GDP.
For example, the GNI of the USA is the value of output produced by American - owned firms, regardless of where the firms are located. Similarly, if a country becomes increasingly in debt, and spends large amounts of income servicing this debt this will be reflected in a decreased GNI but not a decreased GDP. Similarly, if a country sells off its resources to entities outside their country this will also be reflected over time in decreased GNI, but not decreased GDP. This would make the use of GDP more attractive for politicians in countries with increasing national debt and decreasing assets.
Gross national income (GNI) equals GDP plus income receipts from the rest of the world minus income payments to the rest of the world.
In 1991, the United States switched from using GNP to using GDP as its primary measure of production. The relationship between United States GDP and GNP is shown in table 1.7. 5 of the National Income and Product Accounts.
The international standard for measuring GDP is contained in the book System of National Accounts (1993), which was prepared by representatives of the International Monetary Fund, European Union, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations and World Bank. The publication is normally referred to as SNA93 to distinguish it from the previous edition published in 1968 (called SNA68)
SNA93 provides a set of rules and procedures for the measurement of national accounts. The standards are designed to be flexible, to allow for differences in local statistical needs and conditions.
Within each country GDP is normally measured by a national government statistical agency, as private sector organizations normally do not have access to the information required (especially information on expenditure and production by governments).
The raw GDP figure as given by the equations above is called the nominal, historical, or current, GDP. When one compares GDP figures from one year to another, it is desirable to compensate for changes in the value of money -- i.e., for the effects of inflation or deflation. To make it more meaningful for year - to - year comparisons, it may be multiplied by the ratio between the value of money in the year the GDP was measured and the value of money in a base year.
For example, suppose a country 's GDP in 1990 was $100 million and its GDP in 2000 was $300 million. Suppose also that inflation had halved the value of its currency over that period. To meaningfully compare its GDP in 2000 to its GDP in 1990, we could multiply the GDP in 2000 by one - half, to make it relative to 1990 as a base year. The result would be that the GDP in 2000 equals $300 million × one - half = $150 million, in 1990 monetary terms. We would see that the country 's GDP had realistically increased 50 percent over that period, not 200 percent, as it might appear from the raw GDP data. The GDP adjusted for changes in money value in this way is called the real, or constant, GDP.
The factor used to convert GDP from current to constant values in this way is called the GDP deflator. Unlike consumer price index, which measures inflation or deflation in the price of household consumer goods, the GDP deflator measures changes in the prices of all domestically produced goods and services in an economy including investment goods and government services, as well as household consumption goods.
Constant - GDP figures allow us to calculate a GDP growth rate, which indicates how much a country 's production has increased (or decreased, if the growth rate is negative) compared to the previous year.
Another thing that it may be desirable to account for is population growth. If a country 's GDP doubled over a certain period, but its population tripled, the increase in GDP may not mean that the standard of living increased for the country 's residents; the average person in the country is producing less than they were before. Per - capita GDP is a measure to account for population growth.
The level of GDP in countries may be compared by converting their value in national currency according to either the current currency exchange rate, or the purchasing power parity exchange rate.
The ranking of countries may differ significantly based on which method is used.
There is a clear pattern of the purchasing power parity method decreasing the disparity in GDP between high and low income (GDP) countries, as compared to the current exchange rate method. This finding is called the Penn effect.
For more information, see Measures of national income and output.
GDP per capita is often used as an indicator of living standards.
The major advantage of GDP per capita as an indicator of standard of living is that it is measured frequently, widely, and consistently. It is measured frequently in that most countries provide information on GDP on a quarterly basis, allowing trends to be seen quickly. It is measured widely in that some measure of GDP is available for almost every country in the world, allowing inter-country comparisons. It is measured consistently in that the technical definition of GDP is relatively consistent among countries.
GDP does not include several factors that influence the standard of living. In particular, it fails to account for:
It can be argued that GDP per capita as an indicator standard of living is correlated with these factors, capturing them indirectly. As a result, GDP per capita as a standard of living is a continued usage because most people have a fairly accurate idea of what it is and know it is tough to come up with quantitative measures for such constructs as happiness, quality of life, and well - being.
Simon Kuznets, the economist who developed the first comprehensive set of measures of national income, stated in his first report to the US Congress in 1934, in a section titled "Uses and Abuses of National Income Measurements '':
The valuable capacity of the human mind to simplify a complex situation in a compact characterization becomes dangerous when not controlled in terms of definitely stated criteria. With quantitative measurements especially, the definiteness of the result suggests, often misleadingly, a precision and simplicity in the outlines of the object measured. Measurements of national income are subject to this type of illusion and resulting abuse, especially since they deal with matters that are the center of conflict of opposing social groups where the effectiveness of an argument is often contingent upon oversimplification. (...)
All these qualifications upon estimates of national income as an index of productivity are just as important when income measurements are interpreted from the point of view of economic welfare. But in the latter case additional difficulties will be suggested to anyone who wants to penetrate below the surface of total figures and market values. Economic welfare can not be adequately measured unless the personal distribution of income is known. And no income measurement undertakes to estimate the reverse side of income, that is, the intensity and unpleasantness of effort going into the earning of income. The welfare of a nation can, therefore, scarcely be inferred from a measurement of national income as defined above.
In 1962, Kuznets stated:
Distinctions must be kept in mind between quantity and quality of growth, between costs and returns, and between the short and long run. Goals for more growth should specify more growth of what and for what.
Ever since the development of GDP, multiple observers have pointed out limitations of using GDP as the overarching measure of economic and social progress.
Many environmentalists argue that GDP is a poor measure of social progress because it does not take into account harm to the environment.
Although a high or rising level of GDP is often associated with increased economic and social progress within a country, a number of scholars have pointed out that this does not necessarily play out in many instances. For example, Jean Drèze and Amartya Sen have pointed out that an increase in GDP or in GDP growth does not necessarily lead to a higher standard of living, particularly in areas such as healthcare and education. Another important area that does not necessarily improve along with GDP is political liberty, which is most notable in China, where GDP growth is strong yet political liberties are heavily restricted.
GDP does not account for the distribution of income among the residents of a country, because GDP is merely an aggregate measure. An economy may be highly developed or growing rapidly, but also contain a wide gap between the rich and the poor in a society. These inequalities often occur on the lines of race, ethnicity, gender, religion, or other minority status within countries. This can lead to misleading characterizations of economic well - being if the income distribution is heavily skewed toward the high end, as the poorer residents will not directly benefit from the overall level of wealth and income generated in their country. Even GDP per capita measures may have the same downside if inequality is high. For example, South Africa during apartheid ranked high in terms of GDP per capita, but the benefits of this immense wealth and income were not shared equally among the country.
GDP does not take into account the value of household and other unpaid work. Some, including Martha Nussbaum, argue that this value should be included in measuring GDP, as household labor is largely a substitute for goods and services that would otherwise be purchased for value. Even under conservative estimates, the value of unpaid labor in Australia has been calculated to be over 50 % of the country 's GDP. A later study analyzed this value in other countries, with results ranging from a low of about 15 % in Canada (using conservative estimates) to high of nearly 70 % in the United Kingdom (using more liberal estimates). For the United States, the value was estimated to be between about 20 % on the low end to nearly 50 % on the high end, depending on the methodology being used. Because many public policies are shaped by GDP calculations and by the related field of national accounts, the non-inclusion of unpaid work in calculating GDP can create distortions in public policy, and some economists have advocated for changes in the way public policies are formed and implemented.
The UK 's Natural Capital Committee highlighted the shortcomings of GDP in its advice to the UK Government in 2013, pointing out that GDP "focuses on flows, not stocks. As a result, an economy can run down its assets yet, at the same time, record high levels of GDP growth, until a point is reached where the depleted assets act as a check on future growth ''. They then went on to say that "it is apparent that the recorded GDP growth rate overstates the sustainable growth rate. Broader measures of wellbeing and wealth are needed for this and there is a danger that short - term decisions based solely on what is currently measured by national accounts may prove to be costly in the long - term ''.
It has been suggested that countries that have authoritarian governments, such as the People 's Republic of China, and Russia, inflate their GDP figures.
In response to these and other limitations of using GDP, alternative approaches have emerged.
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when was the last time two teams from the same conference played for the national championship | BCS National Championship game - wikipedia
The BCS National Championship Game, or BCS National Championship, was a postseason college football bowl game, used to determine a national champion of the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), first played in the 1998 college football season as one of four designated bowl games, and beginning in the 2006 season as a standalone event rotated among the host sites of the aforementioned bowls.
The game was organized by a group known as the Bowl Championship Series, consisting of the Rose Bowl, Sugar Bowl, Fiesta Bowl, and Orange Bowl, which sought to match the two highest - ranked teams in a championship game to determine the best team in the country at the end of the season. The participating teams were determined by averaging the results of the final weekly Coaches ' Poll, the Harris Poll of media, former players and coaches, and the average of six computer rankings. The Coaches ' Poll was contractually required to name the winner of the game as its No. 1 team on the final postseason ranking; hence, the AFCA National Championship Trophy was presented to the winning team during a post-game ceremony.
The methodologies of the BCS system and its selections proved to be controversial. Although in most years the winner of the BCS National Championship would also be designated as the national champion by other organizations and polls (such as the Associated Press poll), the 2003 season was a major exception, as the BCS rankings chose the AP 's No. 3 - ranked team, the University of Oklahoma, over the No. 1 - ranked team in that poll, the University of Southern California, to participate in the national title game (the Sugar Bowl) despite Oklahoma 's loss to Kansas State University in the 2003 Big 12 Championship Game. That was the only season during the BCS era when the national championship was split, with Louisiana State University winning the BCS national championship and the University of Southern California winning the AP national championship, plus the football writers ' national championship.
The BCS National Championship Game was played for the final time in 2014 after the same organizing group established a new system, the College Football Playoff, a four - team single elimination tournament, as the successor to the BCS.
The first BCS Championship Game was played at the conclusion of the 1998 college football season in accordance with an agreement by the Big Ten Conference, the Pac - 10 Conference, and the Rose Bowl Game to join the "Bowl Alliance '' system. The expanded format was called the Bowl Championship Series.
The Bowl Alliance and its predecessor, the Bowl Coalition, featured championship games in the 1992 -- 1997 seasons. However, these could not always ensure a matchup between the top two ranked teams because of the lack of participation by the Big Ten and Pac - 10.
The BCS National Championship Game was initially rotated among the four participating bowl games: the Rose Bowl, Orange Bowl, Fiesta Bowl, and Sugar Bowl. However, beginning with the 2006 season, the BCS National Championship Game was added as a separate contest, played after New Year 's Day. The game rotated its location among the Fiesta, Sugar, Orange, and Rose venues.
Note: Conference affiliations are contemporaneous with the game, which may differ from the current alignment.
* The American Athletic Conference was known as the Big East during the 1991 -- 2012 seasons. Because of a split between the non-FBS schools and FBS schools, the conference adopted its present name for the 2013 season.
* * Alabama 's defeated fellow SEC member LSU in the 2012 BCS Championship Game, resulting in both a win and loss for the conference.
† USC vacated its win in the 2005 Orange Bowl.
Critics of the BCS National Championship argued against the internal validity of a so - called national championship being awarded to the winner of a single postseason game. Critics lamented that the participants were selected based upon polls, computer rankings, popularity and human biases, and not by on - field competition, as in other major sports and all other levels of college football, which employed tournament - format championships. Often, the BCS system led to controversies in which multiple teams finished the season with identical records, and voters distinguished the worthiness of their participation in the BCS National Championship with no set of formal criteria or standards. The end of the 2010 season was one of the best examples of this. Without any objective criteria for evaluation of the teams, the BCS forced voters to impose their own standards and tiebreakers. Critics noted that the system inherently fostered selection bias, and therefore lacked both internal validity and external validity.
Controversies surrounding teams ' inclusion in the BCS National Championship Game were numerous. In 2001, Oregon, ranked second in the AP poll, was bypassed in favor of Nebraska despite Nebraska 's 62 - 36 blowout to Colorado in its final regular season game. In 2003, USC was not included in the championship game, but beat Michigan in the Rose Bowl and ended up No. 1 in the final AP poll. The following season, undefeated Auburn, Boise State, and Utah teams were left out of the national title game (the Orange Bowl). In 2008, the University of Utah was excluded from the BCS championship for a second time despite being the only undefeated FBS team and finished second in the final AP poll behind Florida. In 2009, five schools finished the regular season undefeated: Alabama, Texas, Cincinnati, TCU, and Boise State; however, the BCS formula selected traditional powers Alabama and Texas to participate in the BCS National Championship Game.
In 2010, three teams, Oregon, Auburn, and TCU, all finished the year with undefeated records. While TCU statistically led the other two teams in all three major phases of the game (1st in defense, 14th in offense and 13th in special teams) the teams from the two automatic qualifying conferences, Oregon (Pac - 12) and Auburn (SEC), were selected over the Horned Frogs for the 2011 national title game. Many voters cited TCU 's membership in the non-automatic qualifying Mountain West Conference, perceived as having weaker teams, as one significant reason for their exclusion, despite TCU 's undefeated regular - season records in both 2010 and the previous year. Adding to the controversy were comments made by the president of Ohio State University, Gordon Gee, who said that teams which played "the little sisters of the poor '' instead of the "murderer 's row '' of teams in the automatic qualifier conferences did not deserve any national title game consideration. Gee retracted his statement and apologized after TCU defeated Wisconsin in the 2011 Rose Bowl (the Badgers had convincingly defeated Ohio State during the regular season).
Many critics of the Bowl Championship Series favored a tournament with eight to sixteen teams, similar to those administered by the NCAA for its Football Championship Subdivision (FCS), Division II, and Division III football championships. Others favored adopting the incremental step of adding a single post-bowl championship game between the winners of two BCS games among the top four ranked teams in the BCS standings, a so - called "plus one '' option. On June 24, 2009, the BCS presidential oversight committee rejected the Mountain West Conference 's proposed eight - team playoff plan.
In 2009, the NCAA ruled that former USC running back Reggie Bush was retroactively ineligible for the 2004 BCS National Championship, the 2005 Orange Bowl vs. Oklahoma, for receiving various illegal benefits. In May 2011, the NCAA rejected all appeals of USC 's penalties, which included Bush 's ineligibility and a two - year bowl ban. On June 6, 2011, USC became the first school to lose a Bowl Championship Series national title due to NCAA sanctions when the BCS presidential oversight committee stripped the school of its 2004 title. As a result, there is no 2004 BCS champion, although USC retained its 2004 AP national title. Additionally, the BCS also nullified USC 's participation in the 2006 Rose Bowl. (See attributions 1 and 2.)
During 2012, the BCS actively considered changes to the format for the 2014 football season, to either to extend the season by one game by establishing a four - school semifinal round or by selecting the participants in the national championship game after the season 's bowl games were completed. On June 26, 2012, the BCS presidential oversight committee approved a four - school playoff format, in which the participants are determined by a selection committee. The semifinals are played as existing bowl games on or around New Year 's Eve and New Year 's Day. The championship game is played approximately a week later at a neutral site selected through a competitive bidding process. The new format, known as the College Football Playoff is to be in effect from the 2014 college football season through the 2025 season.
From 1999 through 2005, ABC broadcast eight BCS National Championship Games pursuant to broadcasting rights negotiated with the BCS and the Rose Bowl, whose rights were offered separately. Beginning with the 2006 season, FOX obtained the BCS package, consisting of the Orange Bowl, Fiesta Bowl, Sugar Bowl, and the BCS National Championship Games hosted by these bowls, with ABC retaining the rights to the Rose Bowl and BCS National Championship Games hosted by the Rose Bowl.
On November 18, 2008, the BCS announced that ESPN had won the television rights to the BCS National Championship Game, as well as the other four BCS bowls, for 2011 -- 2014.
As part of ESPN 's contract with the BCS, ESPN Deportes provided the first Spanish - language U.S. telecast of the BCS National Championship Game in 2012.
From 1999 to 2014, the BCS National Championship Game was broadcast on ESPN Radio.
During the BCS era, there was no NCAA Division I FBS playoff, and the BCS National Championship Game was just one of several national championship selection processes in existence.
The American Football Coaches Association (AFCA) participated in a weekly Coaches ' Poll published by USA Today; for its final poll of the season, the AFCA was contractually bound to select the BCS National Champion as its No. 1 team. Thus, the winner of the game was awarded the AFCA National Championship Trophy in a postgame ceremony.
The BCS National Champion was also automatically awarded the National Football Foundation 's MacArthur Trophy.
The Associated Press and the Football Writers Association of America were independent of the BCS system; their national championship trophies could have been awarded to a school other than the BCS National Championship Game winner.
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how do they choose home team for super bowl | Super Bowl - Wikipedia
The Super Bowl is the annual championship game of the National Football League (NFL). The game is the culmination of a regular season that begins in the late summer of the previous calendar year. Normally, Roman numerals are used to identify each game, rather than the year in which it is held. For example, Super Bowl I was played on January 15, 1967, following the 1966 regular season. The sole exception to this naming convention tradition occurred with Super Bowl 50, which was played on February 7, 2016, following the 2015 regular season, and the following year, the nomenclature returned to Roman numerals for Super Bowl LI, following the 2016 regular season. The most recent Super Bowl was Super Bowl LII, on February 4, 2018, following the 2017 regular season.
The game was created as part of a merger agreement between the NFL and its then - rival league, the American Football League (AFL). It was agreed that the two leagues ' champion teams would play in the AFL -- NFL World Championship Game until the merger was to officially begin in 1970. After the merger, each league was redesignated as a "conference '', and the game has since been played between the conference champions to determine the NFL 's league champion. Currently, the National Football Conference (NFC) leads the league with 27 wins to 25 wins for the American Football Conference (AFC). The Pittsburgh Steelers have the most Super Bowl championship titles, with six. The New England Patriots have the most Super Bowl appearances, with ten. Charles Haley and Tom Brady both have five Super Bowl rings, which is the record for the most rings won by a single player.
The day on which the Super Bowl is played, now considered by some as an unofficial American national holiday, is called "Super Bowl Sunday ''. It is the second - largest day for U.S. food consumption, after Thanksgiving Day. In addition, the Super Bowl has frequently been the most - watched American television broadcast of the year; the seven most - watched broadcasts in U.S. television history are Super Bowls. In 2015, Super Bowl XLIX became the most - watched American television program in history with an average audience of 114.4 million viewers, the fifth time in six years the game had set a record, starting with the 2010 Super Bowl, which itself had taken over the number - one spot held for 27 years by the final episode of M * A * S * H. The Super Bowl is also among the most - watched sporting events in the world, almost all audiences being North American, and is second to soccer 's UEFA Champions League final as the most watched annual sporting event worldwide.
The NFL restricts the use of its "Super Bowl '' trademark; it is frequently called the Big Game or other generic terms by non-sponsoring corporations. Because of the high viewership, commercial airtime during the Super Bowl broadcast is the most expensive of the year, leading to companies regularly developing their most expensive advertisements for this broadcast. As a result, watching and discussing the broadcast 's commercials has become a significant aspect of the event. In addition, popular singers and musicians including Mariah Carey, Michael Jackson, Madonna, Prince, Beyoncé, Paul McCartney, The Rolling Stones, The Who, Whitney Houston, and Lady Gaga have performed during the event 's pre-game and halftime ceremonies.
For four decades after its 1920 inception, the NFL successfully fended off several rival leagues. However, in 1960, it encountered its most serious competitor when the American Football League (AFL) was formed. The AFL vied heavily with the NFL for both players and fans, but by the middle of the decade, the strain of competition led to serious merger talks between the two leagues. Prior to the 1966 season, the NFL and AFL reached a merger agreement that was to take effect for the 1970 season. As part of the merger, the champions of the two leagues agreed to meet in a world championship game for professional American football until the merger was effected.
A bowl game is a post-season college football game. The original "bowl game '' was the Rose Bowl Game in Pasadena, California, which was first played in 1902 as the "Tournament East - West football game '' as part of the Pasadena Tournament of Roses and moved to the new Rose Bowl Stadium in 1923. The stadium got its name from the fact that the game played there was part of the Tournament of Roses and that it was shaped like a bowl, much like the Yale Bowl in New Haven, Connecticut; the Tournament of Roses football game itself eventually came to be known as the Rose Bowl Game. Exploiting the Rose Bowl Game 's popularity, post-season college football contests were created for Miami (the Orange Bowl), New Orleans (the Sugar Bowl), and El Paso, Texas (the Sun Bowl) in 1935, and for Dallas (the Cotton Bowl) in 1937. By the time the first Super Bowl was played, the term "bowl '' for any major American football game was well established.
Lamar Hunt, owner of the AFL 's Kansas City Chiefs, first used the term "Super Bowl '' to refer to the NFL - AFL championship game in the merger meetings. Hunt later said the name was likely in his head because his children had been playing with a Super Ball toy; a vintage example of the ball is on display at the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio. In a July 25, 1966, letter to NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle, Hunt wrote, "I have kiddingly called it the ' Super Bowl, ' which obviously can be improved upon. ''
The leagues ' owners chose the name "AFL -- NFL Championship Game '', but in July 1966 the Kansas City Star quoted Hunt in discussing "the Super Bowl -- that 's my term for the championship game between the two leagues '', and the media immediately began using the term. Although the league stated in 1967 that "not many people like it '', asking for suggestions and considering alternatives such as "Merger Bowl '' and "The Game '', the Associated Press reported that "Super Bowl '' "grew and grew and grew - until it reached the point that there was Super Week, Super Sunday, Super Teams, Super Players, ad infinitum ''. "Super Bowl '' became official beginning with the third annual game. Roman numerals were first affixed for the fifth edition, in January 1971.
After the NFL 's Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls, some team owners feared for the future of the merger. At the time, many doubted the competitiveness of AFL teams compared with their NFL counterparts, though that perception changed when the AFL 's New York Jets defeated the NFL 's Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III in Miami. One year later, the AFL 's Kansas City Chiefs defeated the NFL 's Minnesota Vikings 23 -- 7 in Super Bowl IV in New Orleans, which was the final AFL - NFL World Championship Game played before the merger. Beginning with the 1970 season, the NFL realigned into two conferences; the former AFL teams plus three NFL teams (the Colts, Pittsburgh Steelers, and Cleveland Browns) would constitute the American Football Conference (AFC), while the remaining NFL clubs would form the National Football Conference (NFC). The champions of the two conferences would play each other in the Super Bowl.
The winning team receives the Vince Lombardi Trophy, named after the coach of the Green Bay Packers, who won the first two Super Bowl games and three of the five preceding NFL championships in 1961, 1962, and 1965. Following Lombardi 's death in September 1970, the trophy was named the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The first trophy awarded under the new name was presented to the Baltimore Colts following their win in Super Bowl V in Miami.
The Super Bowl is currently played on the first Sunday in February. This is due to the current NFL schedule which consists of the opening weekend of the season being held immediately after Labor Day (the first Monday in September), the 17 - week regular season (where teams each play 16 games and have one bye), the first three rounds of the playoffs, and the Super Bowl two weeks after the two Conference Championship Games. This schedule has been in effect since Super Bowl XXXVIII in February 2004. The date of the Super Bowl can thus be determined from the date of the preceding Labor Day. For example, Labor Day in 2015 occurred on September 7; therefore the next Super Bowl was scheduled exactly five months later on February 7, 2016.
Originally, the game took place in early to mid-January. For Super Bowl I there was only one round of playoffs: the pre-merger NFL and AFL Championship Games. The addition of two playoff rounds (first in 1967 and then in 1978), an increase in regular season games from 14 to 16 (1978), and the establishment of one bye - week per team (1990) have caused the Super Bowl to be played later. Partially offsetting these season - lengthening effects, simultaneous with the addition of two regular season games in 1978, the season was started earlier. Prior to 1978, the season started as late as September 21. Now, since Labor Day is always the first Monday of September, September 13 is the latest possible date for the first full Sunday set of games (Since 2002, the regular season has started with the Kickoff Game on the first Thursday after Labor Day). The earliest possible season start date is September 7.
The Pittsburgh Steelers have won six Super Bowls, the most of any team; the Dallas Cowboys, New England Patriots and San Francisco 49ers have five victories each, while the Green Bay Packers and New York Giants have four Super Bowl championships. Fourteen other NFL franchises have won at least one Super Bowl. Eight teams have appeared in Super Bowl games without a win. The Minnesota Vikings were the first team to have appeared a record four times without a win. The Buffalo Bills played in a record four Super Bowls in a row and lost every one. Four teams (the Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Houston Texans) have never appeared in a Super Bowl. The Browns and Lions both won NFL Championships prior to the creation of the Super Bowl, while the Jaguars (1995) and Texans (2002) are both recent NFL expansion teams. (Detroit, Houston, and Jacksonville, however, have hosted a Super Bowl, leaving the Browns the only team to date who has neither played in nor whose city has hosted the game.) The Minnesota Vikings won the last NFL Championship before the merger but lost to the AFL champion Kansas City Chiefs in Super Bowl IV.
The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls (Known as the AFL - NFL World Championship Game for these first two contests), defeating the Kansas City Chiefs and Oakland Raiders following the 1966 and 1967 seasons, respectively. The Packers were led by quarterback, Bart Starr, who was named the Most Valuable Player (MVP) for both games. These two championships, coupled with the Packers ' NFL championships in 1961, 1962, and 1965, amount to the most successful stretch in NFL History; five championships in seven years, and the only threepeat in NFL history (1965, 1966, and 1967).
In Super Bowl III, the AFL 's New York Jets defeated the eighteen - point favorite Baltimore Colts of the NFL, 16 -- 7. The Jets were led by quarterback Joe Namath, who had famously guaranteed a Jets win prior to the game, and former Colts head coach Weeb Ewbank, and their victory proved that the AFL was the NFL 's competitive equal. This was reinforced the following year when the AFL 's Kansas City Chiefs defeated the NFL 's Minnesota Vikings 23 -- 7 in Super Bowl IV.
After the AFL -- NFL merger was completed in 1970, three franchises -- the Dallas Cowboys, Miami Dolphins, and Pittsburgh Steelers -- would go on to dominate the 1970s, winning a combined eight Super Bowls in the decade.
The Baltimore Colts, now a member of the AFC, would start the decade by defeating the Cowboys in Super Bowl V, a game which is notable as being the only Super Bowl to date in which a player from the losing team won the Super Bowl MVP (Cowboys ' linebacker Chuck Howley). Beginning with this Super Bowl, all Super Bowls have served as the NFL 's league championship game.
The Cowboys, coming back from a loss the previous season, won Super Bowl VI over the Dolphins. However, this would be the Dolphins ' final loss in over a year, as the next year, the Dolphins would go 14 -- 0 in the regular season and eventually win all of their playoff games, capped off with a 14 -- 7 victory in Super Bowl VII, becoming the first and only team to finish an entire perfect regular and postseason. The Dolphins would repeat as league champions by winning Super Bowl VIII a year later.
In the late 1970s, the Steelers became the first NFL dynasty of the post-merger era by winning four Super Bowls (IX, X, XIII, and XIV) in six years. They were led by head coach Chuck Noll, the play of offensive stars Terry Bradshaw, Franco Harris, Lynn Swann, John Stallworth, and Mike Webster, and their dominant "Steel Curtain '' defense, led by "Mean '' Joe Greene, L.C. Greenwood, Ernie Holmes, Mel Blount, Jack Ham, and Jack Lambert. The coaches and administrators also were part of the dynasty 's greatness as evidenced by the team 's "final pieces '' being part of the famous 1974 draft. The selections in that class have been considered the best by any pro franchise ever, as Pittsburgh selected four future Hall of Famers, the most for any team in any sport in a single draft. The Steelers were the first team to win three and then four Super Bowls and appeared in six AFC Championship Games during the decade, making the playoffs in eight straight seasons. Nine players and three coaches and administrators on the team have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Pittsburgh still remains the only team to win back - to - back Super Bowls twice and four Super Bowls in a six - year period.
The Steelers ' dynasty was interrupted only by the Oakland Raiders ' Super Bowl XI win and the Cowboys winning their second Super Bowl of the decade.
In the 1980s and 1990s, the tables turned for the AFC, as the NFC dominated the Super Bowls of the new decade and most of those of the 1990s. The NFC won 16 of the 20 Super Bowls during these two decades, including 13 straight from Super Bowl XIX to Super Bowl XXXI.
The most successful team of the 1980s was the San Francisco 49ers, which featured the West Coast offense of Hall of Fame head coach Bill Walsh. This offense was led by three - time Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame quarterback Joe Montana, Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame wide receiver Jerry Rice, running back Roger Craig, and defensive safety / cornerback Ronnie Lott. Under their leadership, the 49ers won four Super Bowls in the decade (XVI, XIX, XXIII, and XXIV) and made nine playoff appearances between 1981 and 1990, including eight division championships, becoming the second dynasty of the post-merger NFL.
The 1980s also produced the 1985 Chicago Bears, who posted an 18 -- 1 record under head coach Mike Ditka; quarterback Jim McMahon; and Hall of Fame running back Walter Payton. Their team won Super Bowl XX in dominant fashion. The Washington Redskins and New York Giants were also top teams of this period; the Redskins won Super Bowls XVII, XXII, and XXVI. The Giants claimed Super Bowls XXI and XXV. As in the 1970s, the Oakland Raiders were the only team to interrupt the Super Bowl dominance of other teams; they won Super Bowls XV and XVIII (the latter as the Los Angeles Raiders).
Following several seasons with poor records in the 1980s, the Dallas Cowboys rose back to prominence in the 1990s. During this decade, the Cowboys made post-season appearances every year except for the seasons of 1990 and 1997. From 1992 to 1996, the Cowboys won their division championship each year. In this same period, the Buffalo Bills had made their mark reaching the Super Bowl for a record four consecutive years, only to lose all four. After Super Bowl championships by division rivals New York (1990) and Washington (1991), the Cowboys won three of the next four Super Bowls (XXVII, XXVIII, and XXX) led by quarterback Troy Aikman, running back Emmitt Smith, and wide receiver Michael Irvin. All three of these players went to the Hall of Fame. The Cowboys ' streak was interrupted by the 49ers, who won their league - leading fifth title overall with Super Bowl XXIX in dominating fashion under Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame quarterback Steve Young, Hall of Fame wide receiver Jerry Rice, and Hall of Fame cornerback Deion Sanders; however, the Cowboys ' victory in Super Bowl XXX the next year also gave them five titles overall and they did so with Sanders after he won the Super Bowl the previous year with the 49ers. The NFC 's winning streak was continued by the Green Bay Packers who, under Hall of Fame quarterback Brett Favre, won Super Bowl XXXI, their first championship since Super Bowl II in the late 1960s.
Super Bowl XXXII saw quarterback John Elway and running back Terrell Davis lead the Denver Broncos to an upset victory over the defending champion Packers, snapping the NFC 's 13 - year winning streak. The following year, the Broncos defeated the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl XXXIII, Elway 's fifth Super Bowl appearance, his second NFL championship, and his final NFL game. The back - to - back victories heralded a change in momentum in which AFC teams would win nine out of 12 Super Bowls. In the years between 1995 and 2016, five teams -- the Steelers, New England Patriots, Broncos, Baltimore Ravens, and Indianapolis Colts -- accounted for 20 of the 22 AFC Super Bowl appearances (including the last 14), with those same teams often meeting each other earlier in the playoffs. In contrast, the NFC saw a different representative in the Super Bowl every season from 2001 through 2010.
The year following the Broncos ' second victory, however, a surprising St. Louis Rams team led by the undrafted quarterback, Kurt Warner, who would close out the 1990s in a wild battle against the Tennessee Titans in Super Bowl XXXIV. The tense game came down to the final play in which Tennessee had the opportunity to tie the game and send it to overtime. The Titans nearly pulled it off, but the tackle of receiver Kevin Dyson by linebacker Mike Jones kept the ball out of the end zone by a matter of inches. In 2007, ESPN would rank "The Tackle '' as the 2nd greatest moment in Super Bowl history.
Super Bowl XXXV was played by the AFC 's Baltimore Ravens and the NFC 's New York Giants. The Ravens defeated the Giants by the score of 34 -- 7. The game was played on January 28, 2001, at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida.
The New England Patriots became the dominant team throughout the early 2000s, winning the championship three out of four years early in the decade. They would become only the second team in the history of the NFL to do so (after the 1990s Dallas Cowboys). In Super Bowl XXXVI, first - year starting quarterback Tom Brady led his team to a 20 -- 17 upset victory over the St. Louis Rams. Brady would go on to win the MVP award for this game. The Patriots also won Super Bowls XXXVIII and XXXIX defeating the Carolina Panthers and the Philadelphia Eagles respectively. This four - year stretch of Patriot dominance was interrupted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers ' 48 -- 21 Super Bowl XXXVII victory over the Oakland Raiders.
The Pittsburgh Steelers and Indianapolis Colts continued the era of AFC dominance by winning Super Bowls XL and XLI in 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07, respectively defeating the Seattle Seahawks and Chicago Bears.
In the 2007 season, the Patriots became the fourth team in NFL history to have a perfect unbeaten and untied regular season record, the second in the Super Bowl era after the 1972 Miami Dolphins, and the first to finish 16 -- 0. They easily marched through the AFC playoffs and were heavy favorites in Super Bowl XLII. However, they lost that game to Eli Manning and the New York Giants 17 -- 14, leaving the Patriots ' 2007 record at 18 -- 1.
The following season, the Steelers logged their record sixth Super Bowl title (XLIII) in a 27 -- 23, final - minute victory against the Arizona Cardinals.
The 2009 season saw the New Orleans Saints defeat the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLIV by a score of 31 -- 17 to take home their first Championship. With this victory, the Saints joined the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New York Jets as the only teams to have won in their sole Super Bowl appearance.
The 2010s have seen parity between the two conferences, but not within them. Since the start of 2010, five of the nine Super Bowl winners hailed from the NFC, the other four from the AFC.
Following up the Saints ' win in Super Bowl XLIV, the 2010 season brought the Green Bay Packers their fourth Super Bowl (XLV) victory and record thirteenth NFL championship overall with the defeat of the Pittsburgh Steelers in February 2011. The Giants won another title after the 2011 season, again defeating the Patriots in Super Bowl XLVI.
The Baltimore Ravens snapped the NFC 's three - game winning streak by winning Super Bowl XLVII in a 34 -- 31 victory over the San Francisco 49ers. Super Bowl XLVIII, played at New Jersey 's MetLife Stadium in February 2014, was the first Super Bowl held outdoors in a cold weather environment. The Seattle Seahawks won their first NFL title with a 43 -- 8 defeat of the Denver Broncos, in a highly touted matchup that pitted Seattle 's top - ranked defense against a Peyton Manning - led Denver offense that had broken the NFL 's single - season scoring record.
In Super Bowl XLIX, the Patriots beat the defending Super Bowl champions, the Seahawks, 28 -- 24 as Malcolm Butler intercepted a Seattle pass in the end zone with the Seahawks poised to take the lead. In Super Bowl 50, the Broncos, led by the league 's top - ranked defense, defeated the Carolina Panthers, who had the league 's top - ranked offense, in what became the final game of quarterback Peyton Manning 's career.
In Super Bowl LI, the Atlanta Falcons had a 28 -- 3 lead late in the third quarter, but lost to the Patriots, 34 -- 28, in the first Super Bowl to ever end in overtime.
In Super Bowl LII, the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the New England Patriots, 41 -- 33. It was the Eagles ' third Super Bowl appearance, and their first win in franchise history. It was the Patriots ' tenth Super Bowl appearance, and their fourth appearance in ten years; had the Patriots won, they would have tied the Pittsburgh Steelers with the most Super Bowl wins (six).
The Super Bowls of the late 2000s and 2010s are notable for the performances (and the pedigrees) of several of the participating quarterbacks, and stagnation (especially on the AFC side) in repeated appearances by the same teams and players. In particular, Tom Brady, Ben Roethlisberger, or Peyton Manning appeared as the AFC team 's quarterback in all but two of the Super Bowls between 2001 and 2018.
The Super Bowl is one of the most watched annual sporting events in the world, with viewership overwhelmingly domestic. The only other annual event that gathers more viewers is the UEFA Champions League final. For many years, the Super Bowl has possessed a large US and global television viewership, and it is often the most watched United States originating television program of the year. The game tends to have high Nielsen television ratings, which is usually around a 40 rating and 60 shares. This means that on average, more than 100 million people from the United States alone are tuned into the Super Bowl at any given moment.
In press releases preceding each year 's event, the NFL typically claims that that year 's Super Bowl will have a potential worldwide audience of around one billion people in over 200 countries. This figure refers to the number of people able to watch the game, not the number of people actually watching. However, the statements have been frequently misinterpreted in various media as referring to the latter figure, leading to a common misperception about the game 's actual global audience. The New York - based media research firm Initiative measured the global audience for the 2005 Super Bowl at 93 million people, with 98 percent of that figure being viewers in North America, which meant roughly 2 million people outside North America watched the Super Bowl that year.
The 2015 Super Bowl XLIX holds the record for average number of U.S. viewers, with a final number of 114.4 million, making the game the most - viewed television broadcast of any kind in American history. The halftime show was the most watched ever with 118.5 million viewers tuning in, and an all - time high of 168 million viewers in the United States had watched several portions of the Super Bowl 2015 broadcast. The game set a record for total viewers for the fifth time in six years.
The highest - rated game according to Nielsen was Super Bowl XVI in 1982, which was watched in 49.1 percent of households (73 shares), or 40,020,000 households at the time. Ratings for that game, a San Francisco victory over Cincinnati, may have been aided by a large blizzard that had affected much of the northeastern United States on game day, leaving residents to stay at home more than usual. Super Bowl XVI still ranks fourth on Nielsen 's list of top - rated programs of all time, and three other Super Bowls, XII, XVII, and XX, made the top ten.
Famous commercial campaigns include the Budweiser "Bud Bowl '' campaign, the 1984 introduction of Apple 's Macintosh computer, and the 1999 and 2000 dot - com ads. As the television ratings of the Super Bowl have steadily increased over the years, prices have also increased every year, with advertisers paying as much as $3.5 million for a thirty - second spot during Super Bowl XLVI in 2012. A segment of the audience tunes into the Super Bowl solely to view commercials. In 2010, Nielsen reported that 51 percent of Super Bowl viewers tune in for the commercials. The Super Bowl halftime show has spawned another set of alternative entertainment such as the Lingerie Bowl, the Beer Bottle Bowl, and others.
Since 1991, the Super Bowl has begun between 6: 19 and 6: 40 PM EST so that most of the game is played during the primetime hours on the East Coast.
Note: Years listed are the year the game was actually played (will be played) rather than what NFL season it is considered to have been. ^ *: The extended current TV contracts with the networks expire after the 2022 season (or Super Bowl LVII in early 2023) and the Super Bowl is currently rotated annually between CBS, Fox, and NBC in that order. ^ * *: ABC is not currently in the rotation for Super Bowl broadcasts. ^ * * *: The first Super Bowl was simultaneously broadcast by CBS and NBC, with each network using the same video feed, but providing its own commentary. Super Bowls I -- VI were blacked out in the television markets of the host cities, due to league restrictions then in place.
The Super Bowl provides an extremely strong lead - in to programming following it on the same channel, the effects of which can last for several hours. For instance, in discussing the ratings of a local TV station, Buffalo television critic Alan Pergament noted on the coattails from Super Bowl XLVII, which aired on CBS: "A paid program that ran on Channel 4 (WIVB - TV) at 2: 30 in the morning had a 1.3 rating. That 's higher than some CW prime time shows get on WNLO - TV, Channel 4 's sister station. ''
Because of this strong coattail effect, the network that airs the Super Bowl typically takes advantage of the large audience to air an episode of a hit series, or to premiere the pilot of a promising new one in the lead - out slot, which immediately follows the Super Bowl and post-game coverage.
Initially, it was sort of a novelty and so it did n't quite feel right. But it was just like, this is the year... Bands of our generation, you can sort of be seen on a stage like this or, like, not seen. There 's not a lot of middle places. It is a tremendous venue.
Early Super Bowls featured a halftime show consisting of marching bands from local colleges or high schools; but as the popularity of the game increased, a trend where popular singers and musicians performed during its pre-game ceremonies and the halftime show, or simply sang the national anthem of the United States, emerged. Unlike regular season or playoff games, thirty minutes are allocated for the Super Bowl halftime. After a special live episode of the Fox sketch comedy series In Living Color caused a drop in viewership for the Super Bowl XXVI halftime show, the NFL sought to increase the Super Bowl 's audience by hiring A-list talent to perform. They approached Michael Jackson, whose performance the following year drew higher figures than the game itself. Another notable performance came during Super Bowl XXXVI in 2002, when U2 performed; during their third song, "Where the Streets Have No Name '', the band played under a large projection screen which scrolled through names of the victims of the September 11 attacks.
For many years, Whitney Houston 's performance of the national anthem at Super Bowl XXV in 1991, during the Gulf War, had long been regarded as one of the best renditions of the anthem in history. Then, in an historic, groundbreaking, and emotional performance prior to Super Bowl XLVIII, soprano Renee Fleming became the first opera singer to perform the anthem, propelling FOX to the highest ratings of any program in its history, and remains so today.
The halftime show of Super Bowl XXXVIII attracted controversy, following an incident in which Justin Timberlake removed a piece of Janet Jackson 's top, briefly exposing one of her breasts before the broadcast quickly cut away from the shot. The incident led to fines being issued by the FCC (and a larger crackdown over "indecent '' content broadcast on television), and MTV (then a sister to the game 's broadcaster that year, CBS, under Viacom) being banned by the NFL from producing the Super Bowl halftime show in the future. In an effort to prevent a repeat of the incident, the NFL held a moratorium on Super Bowl halftime shows featuring pop performers, and instead invited a single, headlining veteran act, such as Paul McCartney, The Who, Prince, and Bruce Springsteen. This practice ended at Super Bowl XLV, which returned to using current pop acts such as The Black Eyed Peas and Katy Perry.
Excluding Super Bowl XXXIX, the famous "I 'm going to Disney World! '' advertising campaign took place in every Super Bowl since Super Bowl XXI when quarterback Phil Simms from the New York Giants became the first player to say the tagline.
As of Super Bowl LII, 27 of 52 Super Bowls have been played in three cities: New Orleans (ten times), the Greater Miami area (ten times), and the Greater Los Angeles area (seven times). No market or region without an active NFL franchise has ever hosted a Super Bowl, and the presence of an NFL team in a market or region is now a de jure requirement for bidding on the game. The winning market is not, however, required to host the Super Bowl in the same stadium that its NFL team uses, and nine Super Bowls have been held in a stadium other than the one the NFL team in that city was using at the time. For example, Los Angeles 's last five Super Bowls were all played at the Rose Bowl, which has never been used by any NFL franchise outside of the Super Bowl.
No team has ever played the Super Bowl in its home stadium. The closest any team has come was the 2017 Minnesota Vikings, who were within one win of playing Super Bowl LII in U.S. Bank Stadium, but lost the NFC Championship game to the Philadelphia Eagles. Two teams have played the Super Bowl in their home market: the San Francisco 49ers, who played Super Bowl XIX in Stanford Stadium instead of Candlestick Park; and the Los Angeles Rams, who played Super Bowl XIV in the Rose Bowl instead of the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. In both cases, the stadium in which the Super Bowl was held was perceived to be a better stadium for a large, high - profile event than the stadiums the Rams and 49ers were playing in at the time; this situation has not arisen since 1993, in part because the league has traditionally awarded the Super Bowl in modern times to the newest stadiums. Besides those two, the only other Super Bowl venue that was not the home stadium to an NFL team at the time was Rice Stadium in Houston: the Houston Oilers had played there previously, but moved to the Astrodome several years prior to Super Bowl VIII. The Orange Bowl was the only AFL stadium to host a Super Bowl and the only stadium to host consecutive Super Bowls, hosting Super Bowls II and III.
Traditionally, the NFL does not award Super Bowls to stadiums that are located in climates with an expected average daily temperature less than 50 ° F (10 ° C) on game day unless the field can be completely covered by a fixed or retractable roof. Six Super Bowls have been played in northern cities: two in the Detroit area -- Super Bowl XVI at Pontiac Silverdome in Pontiac, Michigan and Super Bowl XL at Ford Field in Detroit, two in Minneapolis -- Super Bowl XXVI at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome and Super Bowl LII at the U.S. Bank Stadium, one in Indianapolis at Lucas Oil Stadium for Super Bowl XLVI, and one in the New York area -- Super Bowl XLVIII at MetLife Stadium. Only MetLife Stadium did not have a roof (be it fixed or retractable) but it was still picked as the host stadium for Super Bowl XLVIII in an apparent waiver of the warm - climate rule.
There have been a few instances where the league has rescinded the Super Bowl from cities. Super Bowl XXVII in 1993 was originally awarded to Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona, but after Arizona voters elected not to recognize Martin Luther King, Jr. Day as a paid state - employee 's holiday in 1990, the NFL moved the game to the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. When voters in Arizona opted to create such a legal holiday in 1992, Super Bowl XXX in 1996 was awarded to Tempe. Super Bowl XXXIII was awarded first to Candlestick Park in San Francisco, but when plans to renovate the stadium fell through, the game was moved to Pro Player Stadium in greater Miami. Super Bowl XXXVII was awarded to a new stadium not yet built in San Francisco, when that stadium failed to be built, the game was moved to San Diego. Super Bowl XLIV, slated for February 7, 2010, was withdrawn from New York City 's proposed West Side Stadium, because the city, state, and proposed tenants New York Jets could not agree on funding. Super Bowl XLIV was then eventually awarded to Sun Life Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida. Super Bowl XLIX in 2015 was originally given to Arrowhead Stadium in Kansas City, Missouri, but after two sales taxes failed to pass at the ballot box, and opposition by local business leaders and politicians increased, Kansas City eventually withdrew its request to host the game. Super Bowl XLIX was then eventually awarded to University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona.
In 2011, Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott said, "(The Super Bowl is) commonly known as the single largest human trafficking incident in the United States. '' According to Forbes, 10,000 prostitutes were brought to Miami in 2010 for the Super Bowl. Snopes research in 2015 determined that the actual number of prostitutes involved in a typical Super Bowl weekend is less than 100, not statistically higher than any other time of the year, and that the notion of mass increases in human trafficking around the Super Bowl was a politician 's myth.
The location of the Super Bowl is chosen by the NFL well in advance, usually three to five years before the game. Cities place bids to host a Super Bowl and are evaluated in terms of stadium renovation and their ability to host. In 2014, a document listing the specific requirements of Super Bowl hosts was leaked, giving a clear list of what was required for a Super Bowl host. Much of the cost of the Super Bowl is to be assumed by the host community, although some costs are enumerated within the requirements to be assumed by the NFL. Some of the host requirements include:
The NFL owners meet to make a selection on the site, usually three to five years prior to the event. In 2007, NFL commissioner Roger Goodell suggested that a Super Bowl might be played in London, perhaps at Wembley Stadium. The game has never been played in a region that lacks an NFL franchise; seven Super Bowls have been played in Los Angeles, but none were held there in the 21 - year period when the league had no team in the area. New Orleans, the site of the 2013 Super Bowl, invested more than $1 billion in infrastructure improvements in the years leading up to the game.
The designated "home team '' alternates between the NFC team in odd - numbered games and the AFC team in even - numbered games. This alternation was initiated with the first Super Bowl, when the Green Bay Packers were the designated home team. Regardless of being the home or away team of record, each team has their team logo and wordmark painted in one of the end zones. Designated away teams have won 30 of 51 Super Bowls to date (approximately 59 percent).
Since Super Bowl XIII in January 1979, the home team is given the choice of wearing their colored or white jerseys. Originally, the designated home team had to wear their colored jerseys, which resulted in Dallas donning their less exposed dark blue jerseys for Super Bowl V. While most of the home teams in the Super Bowl have chosen to wear their colored jerseys, there have been six (6) exceptions: the Dallas Cowboys during Super Bowl XIII and XXVII, the Washington Redskins during Super Bowl XVII, the Pittsburgh Steelers during Super Bowl XL, the Denver Broncos during Super Bowl 50, and the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII. The Cowboys, since 1964, have worn white jerseys at home. The Redskins wore white at home under coach Joe Gibbs starting in 1981 through 1992, continued by Richie Petitbon and Norv Turner through 2000, then again when Gibbs returned from 2004 through 2007. Meanwhile, the Steelers, who have always worn their black jerseys at home since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970, opted for the white jerseys after winning three consecutive playoff games on the road, wearing white. The Steelers ' decision was compared with the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XX; the Patriots had worn white jerseys at home during the 1985 season, but after winning road playoff games against the New York Jets and Miami Dolphins wearing red jerseys, New England opted to switch to crimson for the Super Bowl as the designated home team. For the Broncos in Super Bowl 50, Denver general manager John Elway simply stated, "We 've had Super Bowl success in our white uniforms ''; they previously had been 0 -- 4 in Super Bowls when wearing their orange jerseys. The Broncos ' decision is also perceived to be made out of superstition, losing all Super Bowl games with the orange jerseys in terrible fashion. It is unclear why the Patriots chose to wear their white jerseys for Super Bowl LII. During the pairing of Bill Belichick and Tom Brady, New England has mostly worn their blue jerseys for home games, but have worn white for a home game in the 2008, 2010, and 2011 seasons. The New England Patriots were 3 - 0 in their white uniforms in Super Bowls prior to Super Bowl LII with Belichick and Brady, and they may have been going on recent trends of teams who wear white for the Super Bowl game. White - shirted teams have won 33 of 52 Super Bowls to date (63 percent). The only teams to win in their dark - colored uniform in more recent years are the Green Bay Packers against the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XLV and the Philadelphia Eagles against the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII, with teams in white winning 12 of the last 14 Super Bowls.
The 49ers, as part of the league 's 75th Anniversary celebration, used their 1957 throwback uniform in Super Bowl XXIX, which for that year was their regular home jersey. No team has yet worn a third jersey or Color Rush uniform for the Super Bowl.
Fifteen different regions have hosted Super Bowls.
Note: Years listed are the year the game was actually played (or will be played; future games are denoted through italics) rather than what NFL season it is considered to have been.
A total of twenty - six different stadiums, five of which no longer exist and one of which does not yet exist, have hosted or are scheduled to host Super Bowls. Years listed in the table below are the years the game was actually played (will be played) rather than what NFL season it is considered to have been.
^ ^: Stadium is now demolished. ^ ‡: Miami Gardens became a city in 2003. Before that, the stadium had a Miami address while in unincorporated Miami - Dade County. ^ † †: The original Stanford Stadium, which hosted Super Bowl XIX, was demolished and replaced with a new stadium in 2006. ^ ˇ: Future Super Bowls, also denoted by italics.
Future venues:
The game has never been played in a region that lacked an NFL or AFL franchise. London, England has occasionally been mentioned as a host city for a Super Bowl in the near future. Wembley Stadium has hosted several NFL games as part of the NFL International Series and is specifically designed for large, individual events. NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell has openly discussed the possibility on different occasions. Time zone complications are a significant obstacle to a Super Bowl in London; a typical 6: 30 p.m. Eastern Time start would result in the game beginning at 11: 30 p.m. local time in London, an unusually late hour to be holding spectator sports (the NFL has never in its history started a game later than 9: 15 p.m. local time). As bids have been submitted for all Super Bowls through Super Bowl LVI, the soonest that any stadium outside the NFL 's footprint could serve as host would be Super Bowl LVII in 2023.
The NFL is very active on stopping what it says is unauthorized commercial use of its trademarked terms "NFL '', "Super Bowl '', and "Super Sunday ''. As a result, many events and promotions tied to the game, but not sanctioned by the NFL, are asked to refer to it with euphemisms such as "The Big Game '', or other generic descriptions. A radio spot for Planters nuts parodied this, by saying "it would be super... to have a bowl... of Planters nuts while watching the big game! '' and comedian Stephen Colbert began referring to the game in 2014 as the "Superb Owl ''. In 2015, the NFL filed opposition with the USPTO Trademark Trial and Appeal Board to a trademark application submitted by an Arizona - based nonprofit for "Superb Owl ''. The NFL claims that the use of the phrase "Super Bowl '' implies an NFL affiliation, and on this basis the league asserts broad rights to restrict how the game may be shown publicly; for example, the league says Super Bowl showings are prohibited in churches or at other events that "promote a message '', while venues that do not regularly show sporting events can not show the Super Bowl on any television screen larger than 55 inches. Some critics say the NFL is exaggerating its ownership rights by stating that "any use is prohibited '', as this contradicts the broad doctrine of fair use in the United States. Legislation was proposed by Utah Senator Orrin Hatch in 2008 "to provide an exemption from exclusive rights in copyright for certain nonprofit organizations to display live football games '', and "for other purposes ''.
In 2004, The NFL started issuing Cease and Desist letters to casinos in Las Vegas that were hosting Super Bowl parties. "Super Bowl '' is a registered trademark, owned by the NFL, and any other business using that name for profit - making ventures is in violation of federal law, according to the letters. In reaction to the letters, many Vegas resorts, rather than discontinue the popular and lucrative parties, started referring to them as "Big Game Parties. ''
In 2006, the NFL made an attempt to trademark "The Big Game '' as well; however, it withdrew the application in 2007 due to growing commercial and public - relations opposition to the move, mostly from Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley and their fans, as the Stanford Cardinal football and California Golden Bears football teams compete in the Big Game, which has been played since 1892 (28 years before the formation of the NFL and 75 years before Super Bowl I). Additionally, the Mega Millions lottery game was known as The Big Game from 1996 to 2002.
Like the other major professional leagues in the United States, the winner of the Super Bowl is usually declared "world champions '', a title that has been mocked by non-American journalists. Others feel the title is fitting, since it is the only professional league of its kind.
The practice by the U.S. major leagues of using the "World Champion '' moniker originates from the World Series of professional baseball, and it was later used during the first three Super Bowls when they were referred to as AFL - NFL World Championship Games. The phrase is still engraved on the Super Bowl rings.
Media related to Super Bowl at Wikimedia Commons
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who was in the video don't worry be happy | Do n't Worry, Be Happy - wikipedia
"Do n't Worry, Be Happy '' is a popular worldwide hit song by musician Bobby McFerrin. Released in September 1988, it became the first a cappella song to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, a position it held for two weeks.
The Indian mystic and sage Meher Baba (1894 -- 1969) often used the expression "Do n't worry, be happy '' when cabling his followers in the West.
In the 1960s, the expression was printed up on inspirational cards and posters of the era. In 1988, McFerrin noticed a similar poster in the apartment of the jazz duo Tuck & Patti in San Francisco. Inspired by the expression 's charm and simplicity, McFerrin wrote the now famous song, which was included in the soundtrack of the movie Cocktail, and became a hit single the next year. In an interview by Bruce Fessier for USA Weekend magazine in 1988 McFerrin said, "Whenever you see a poster of Meher Baba, it usually says ' Do n't worry, be happy, ' which is a pretty neat philosophy in four words, I think. ''
Linda Goldstein, the song 's producer, said the song gave McFerrin "the freedom to explore, '' adding, "He is a man of infinite, unfathomable, boundless voices and everything he has ever heard has gone into his brain, from the Mickey Mouse Club theme to the Metropolitan Opera. ''
The "instruments '' in the a cappella song are entirely overdubbed voice parts and other sounds made by McFerrin, using no instruments at all; McFerrin also sings with an affected accent.
The comedic original music video for the song stars McFerrin, Robin Williams, and Bill Irwin, and is somewhat shorter than the album version.
Originally released in conjunction with the film Cocktail in 1988, the song originally peaked at No. 88 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was re-released the same year and peaked at No. 1 on September 24, 1988 displacing "Sweet Child o ' Mine '' by Guns N ' Roses which had previously held the No. 1 spot.
The song also peaked at No. 11 on the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Tracks chart and No. 7 on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart. The song was also a hit in the United Kingdom and on the UK Singles Chart, the song reached number 2 during its fifth week on the chart (kept from the top spot by Whitney Houston 's "One Moment in Time '').
In Canada, the song reached No. 1 on its 8th week.
The song is the first a cappella song to reach the Billboard Hot 100 chart and one critic noted it is a "formula for facing life 's trials. ''
While the song reached No. 1 on the charts, its album Simple Pleasures reached No. 12 on the album charts after starting out at No. 20 when it was first released.
The song is ranked No. 31 on VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 80s and also appears on Rolling Stone 's list of the 15 Best Whistling Songs of All Time. At the 1989 Grammy Awards, "Do n't Worry, Be Happy '' won the awards for Song of the Year, Record of the Year, and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance.
shipments figures based on certification alone
Versions of "Do n't Worry, Be Happy '' have been recorded by several artists. The Katsimiha Brothers made a Greek cover of the song with original lyrics, and Montenegrin musician Rambo Amadeus made a parody entitled "Do n't Happy, Be Worry '', as a critique to the optimism of the music scene in the former Yugoslavia in the face of war and economic depression. In addition, the lyrics of "Fight the Power '' by hip - hop artists Public Enemy refer critically to "Do n't Worry, Be Happy ''. A version of this song sung by The Hit Crew is also added into the Big Mouth Billy Bass, a very popular animatronic singing toy. Hermes House Band covered the song on their Rhythm of the Nineties album in 2009. Reggae artist Cas Haley covered the song as a hidden bonus track on his Favorites album (together with former Jah Roots lead singer, Josh Heinrichs). Also in 1989 Dutch rock DJ Alfred Lagarde recorded a version in Dutch with a heavy Surinam accent under the name Johnny Camaro. Spanish Ska band The Locos covered this song in a similar style, Ska.
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britains launch of the dreadnought was an example of | HMS Dreadnought (1906) - wikipedia
HMS Dreadnought was a battleship built for the Royal Navy that revolutionised naval power. Her name and the type of the entire class of warships that was named after her stems from archaic English in which "dreadnought '' means "a fearless person '' or "a heavy overcoat for stormy weather ''. Dreadnought 's entry into service in 1906 represented such an advance in naval technology that its name came to be associated with an entire generation of battleships, the "dreadnoughts '', as well as the class of ships named after it. The generation of ships she made obsolete became known as "pre-dreadnoughts ''. Admiral Sir John "Jacky '' Fisher, First Sea Lord of the Board of Admiralty, is credited as the father of Dreadnought. Shortly after he assumed office, he ordered design studies for a battleship armed solely with 12 - inch (305 mm) guns and a speed of 21 knots (39 km / h; 24 mph). He convened a "Committee on Designs '' to evaluate the alternative designs and to assist in the detailed design work. One ancillary benefit of the Committee was that it would shield him and the Admiralty from political charges that they had not consulted leading experts before designing such a radically different battleship.
Dreadnought was the first battleship of her era to have a uniform main battery, rather than having a few large guns complemented by a heavy secondary armament of smaller guns. She was also the first capital ship to be powered by steam turbines, making her the fastest battleship in the world at the time of her completion. Her launch helped spark a naval arms race as navies around the world, particularly the German Imperial Navy, rushed to match it in the build - up to World War I.
Ironically for a vessel designed to engage enemy battleships, her only significant action was the ramming and sinking of German submarine SM U-29, becoming the only battleship confirmed to have sunk a submarine. Dreadnought did not participate in the Battle of Jutland in 1916 as she was being refitted. Nor did Dreadnought participate in any of the other World War I naval battles. In May 1916 she was relegated to coastal defence duties in the English Channel, not rejoining the Grand Fleet until 1918. The ship was reduced to reserve in 1919 and sold for scrap two years later.
Gunnery developments in the late 1890s and the early 1900s, led in the United Kingdom by Percy Scott and in the United States by William Sims, were already pushing expected battle ranges out to an unprecedented 6,000 yards (5,500 m), a distance great enough to force gunners to wait for the shells to arrive before applying corrections for the next salvo. A related problem was that the shell splashes from the more numerous smaller weapons tended to obscure the splashes from the bigger guns. Either the smaller - calibre guns would have to hold their fire to wait for the slower - firing heavies, losing the advantage of their faster rate of fire, or it would be uncertain whether a splash was due to a heavy or a light gun, making ranging and aiming unreliable. Another problem was that longer - range torpedoes were expected to soon be in service and these would discourage ships from closing to ranges where the smaller guns ' faster rate of fire would become preeminent. Keeping the range open generally negated the threat from torpedoes and further reinforced the need for heavy guns of a uniform calibre.
In 1903, the Italian naval architect Vittorio Cuniberti first articulated in print the concept of an all - big - gun battleship. When the Italian Navy did not pursue his ideas, Cuniberti wrote an article in Jane 's Fighting Ships advocating his concept. He proposed an "ideal '' future British battleship of 17,000 long tons (17,000 t), with a main battery of a dozen 12 - inch guns in eight turrets, 12 inches of belt armour, and a speed of 24 knots (44 km / h; 28 mph).
The Royal Navy (RN), the Imperial Japanese Navy and the United States Navy all recognised these issues before 1905. The RN modified the design of the Lord Nelson - class battleships to include a secondary armament of 9.2 - inch (234 mm) guns that could fight at longer ranges than the 6 - inch (152 mm) guns on older ships, but a proposal to arm them solely with 12 - inch guns was rejected. The Japanese battleship Satsuma was laid down as an all - big - gun battleship, five months before Dreadnought, although gun shortages allowed her to be equipped with only four of the twelve 12 - inch guns that had been planned. The Americans began design work on an all - big - gun battleship around the same time in 1904, but progress was leisurely and the two South Carolina - class battleships were not ordered until March 1906, five months after Dreadnought was laid down, and the month after it was launched.
The invention by Charles Algernon Parsons of the steam turbine in 1884 led to a significant increase in the speed of ships with his dramatic unauthorised demonstration of Turbinia with her speed of up to 34 knots (63 km / h; 39 mph) at Queen Victoria 's Diamond Jubilee at Spithead in 1897. After further trials of two turbine - powered destroyers, HMS Viper and HMS Cobra, coupled with the positive experiences of several small passenger liners with turbines, Dreadnought was ordered with turbines.
The Battle of the Yellow Sea and Battle of Tsushima were analysed by Fisher 's Committee, with Captain William Pakenham 's statement that "12 - inch gunfire '' by both sides demonstrated hitting power and accuracy, whilst 10 - inch shells passed unnoticed. Admiral Fisher wanted his board to confirm, refine and implement his ideas of a warship that had both the speed of 21 knots (39 km / h) and 12 - inch guns, pointing out that at the Battle of Tsushima, Admiral Togo had been able to cross the Russians ' "T '' due to speed. The unheard of long - range (13,000 metres (14,000 yd)) fire during the Battle of the Yellow Sea, in particular, although never experienced by any navy prior to the battle, seemed to confirm what the RN already believed.
Admiral Fisher proposed several designs for battleships with a uniform armament in the early 1900s, and he gathered an unofficial group of advisors to assist him in deciding on the ideal characteristics in early 1904. After he was appointed First Sea Lord on 21 October 1904, he pushed through the Board of Admiralty a decision to arm the next battleship with 12 inch guns and that it would have a speed no less than 21 knots (39 km / h). In January 1905, he convened a "Committee on Designs '', including many members of his informal group, to evaluate the various design proposals and to assist in the detailed design process. While nominally independent it served to deflect criticism of Fisher and the Board of Admiralty as it had no ability to consider options other than those already decided upon by the Admiralty. Fisher appointed all of the members of the committee and he was President of the Committee.
The committee decided on the layout of the main armament, rejecting any superfiring arrangements because of concerns about the effects of muzzle blast on the open sighting hoods on the turret roof below, and chose turbine propulsion over reciprocating engines to save 1,100 long tons (1,100 t) in total displacement on 18 January 1905. Before disbanding on 22 February, it decided on a number of other issues, including the number of shafts (up to six were considered), the size of the anti-torpedo boat armament, and most importantly, to add longitudinal bulkheads to protect the magazines and shell rooms from underwater explosions. This was deemed necessary after the Russian battleship Tsesarevich was thought to have survived a Japanese torpedo hit during the Russo -- Japanese War by virtue of her heavy internal bulkhead. To avoid increasing the displacement of the ship, the thickness of her waterline belt was reduced by 1 inch (25 mm).
The Committee completed its deliberations on 22 February 1905 and reported their findings in March of that year. It was decided due to the experimental nature of the design to delay placing orders for any other ships until the "Dreadnought '' and her trials had been completed. Once the design had been finalised the hull form was designed and tested at the Admiralty 's experimental ship tank at Gosport. Seven iterations were required before the final hull form was selected. Once the design was finalized a team of three assistant engineers and 13 draughtsman produced detailed drawings.
To assist in speeding up the ship 's construction, the internal hull structure was simplified as much as possible and an attempt was made to standardize on a limited number of standard plates, which varied only in their thickness.
Dreadnought was significantly larger than the two ships of the Lord Nelson class, which were under construction at the same time. She had an overall length of 527 feet (160.6 m), a beam of 82 feet 1 inch (25.0 m), and a draught of 29 feet 7.5 inches (9.0 m) at deep load. She displaced 18,120 long tons (18,410 t) at normal load and 20,730 long tons (21,060 t) at deep load, almost 3,000 long tons (3,000 t) more than the earlier ships. She had a metacentric height of 5.6 feet (1.7 m) at deep load and a complete double bottom.
Officers were customarily housed aft, but Dreadnought reversed the old arrangement, so that the officers were closer to their action stations. This was very unpopular with the officers, not least because they were now berthed near the noisy auxiliary machinery while the turbines made the rear of the ship much quieter than they had been in earlier steamships. This arrangement lasted among the British dreadnoughts until the King George V class of 1910.
Vickers Sons & Maxim were the prime contractor for the ships machinery but as they had no large turbine experience they sourced the turbines from Parsons.
Dreadnought was the first battleship to use steam turbines in place of the older reciprocating triple - expansion steam engines. She had two paired sets of Parsons direct - drive turbines, each of which was housed in a separate engine - room and drove two shafts. The wing shafts were coupled to the high - pressure ahead and astern turbines and the low - pressure turbines to the inner shafts. A cruising turbine was also coupled to each inner shaft, although these were not used often and were eventually disconnected. Each of the four main turbines drove a 8 - foot, 10 - inches (2.69 m) diameter three - bladed propeller with 8.37 ft pitch, 33 sq ft for 5750 shp at 320 rpm.
The turbines were powered by eighteen Babcock & Wilcox boilers in three boiler rooms. They had a working pressure of 250 psi (1,724 kPa; 18 kgf / cm). The turbines were designed to produce a total of 23,000 shaft horsepower (17,000 kW), but reached nearly 27,018 shp (20,147 kW) during trials in October 1906. Dreadnought was designed for 21 knots (38.9 km / h; 24.2 mph), but reached 21.6 knots (40.0 km / h; 24.9 mph) during trials.
Dreadnought carried 2,868 long tons (2,914 t) of coal, and an additional 1,120 long tons (1,140 t) of fuel oil that was to be sprayed on the coal to increase its burn rate. At full capacity, she could steam for 6,620 nautical miles (12,260 km; 7,620 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km / h; 12 mph).
Dreadnought mounted ten 45 - calibre BL 12 - inch Mark X gun in five twin Mark BVIII gun turrets. Three turrets were located along the centreline of the ship, with the forward turret (' A ') and two aft turrets (' X ' and ' Y '), the latter pair separated by the torpedo control tower located on a short tripod mast. Two wing turrets (' P ' and ' Q ') were located port and starboard of the forward superstructure respectively.
Dreadnought could deliver a broadside of eight guns between 60 ° before the beam and 50 ° abaft the beam. Beyond these limits she could fire six guns aft, and four forward. On bearings 1 ° ahead or astern she could fire six guns, although she would have inflicted blast damage on the superstructure.
The guns could initially be depressed to − 3 ° and elevated to + 13.5 °, although the turrets were modified to allow 16 ° of elevation during World War I. They fired 850 - pound (390 kg) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2,725 ft / s (831 m / s); at 13.5 °, this provided a maximum range of 16,450 yd (15,040 m) with armour - piercing (AP) 2 crh shells. At 16 ° elevation, the range was extended to 20,435 yd (18,686 m) using the more aerodynamic, but slightly heavier, 4 crh AP shells. The rate of fire of these guns was one to two rounds per minute. The ships carried 80 rounds per gun.
The secondary armament consisted of twenty - seven 50 - calibre, 3 - inch (76 mm) 12 - pounder 18 cwt Mark I guns positioned in the superstructure and on turret tops. The guns had a maximum depression of − 10 ° and a maximum elevation of + 20 °. They fired 12.5 - pound (5.7 kg) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2,600 ft / s (790 m / s); this gave a maximum range of 9,300 yd (8,500 m). Their rate of fire was 15 rounds per minute. The ship carried three hundred rounds for each gun.
The original plan was to dismount the eight guns on the forecastle and quarterdeck and stow them on chocks on the deck during daylight to prevent them from being damaged by muzzle blast from the main guns. Gun trials in December 1906 proved that this was more difficult than expected and the two port guns from the forecastle and the outer starboard gun from the quarterdeck were transferred to turret roofs, giving each turret two guns. The remaining forecastle guns and the outer port gun from the quarterdeck were removed by the end of 1907, which reduced the total to twenty - four guns. During her April -- May 1915 refit the two guns from the roof of ' A ' turret were reinstalled in the original positions on the starboard side of the quarterdeck. A year later, the two guns at the rear of the superstructure were removed, reducing her to twenty - two guns. Two of the quarterdeck guns were given high - angle mounts for anti-aircraft duties and the two guns abreast the conning tower were removed in 1917.
A pair of QF 6 - pounder Hotchkiss AA guns on high - angle mountings were mounted on the quarterdeck in 1915. They had a maximum depression of 8 ° and a maximum elevation of 60 °. The guns fired a 6 - pound (2.7 kg) shell at a muzzle velocity of 1,765 ft / s (538 m / s) at a rate of fire of 20 rounds per minute. They had a maximum ceiling of 10,000 ft (3,000 m), but an effective range of only 1,200 yards (1,100 m). They were replaced by a pair of QF 3 - inch 20 cwt guns on high - angle Mark II mounts in 1916. These guns had a maximum depression of 10 ° and a maximum elevation of 90 °. They fired a 12.5 - pound (5.7 kg) shell at a muzzle velocity of 2,500 ft / s (760 m / s) at a rate of 12 -- 14 rounds per minute. They had a maximum effective ceiling of 23,500 ft (7,200 m).
Dreadnought carried five 18 - inch (450 mm) submerged torpedo tubes in three compartments. Each compartment had two torpedo tubes, one on each broadside, except for the stern compartment which only had one torpedo tube. The forward torpedo room was forward of ' A ' turret 's magazine and the rear torpedo room was abaft ' Y ' turret 's magazine. The stern torpedo compartment was shared with the steering gear. Twenty - three Whitehead Mark III * torpedoes were carried between them. In addition six 14 - inch (356 mm) torpedoes were carried for her steam picket boats.
Dreadnought was one of the first vessels of the Royal Navy to be fitted with instruments for electrically transmitting range, order and deflection information to the turrets. The control positions for the main armament were located in the spotting top at the head of the foremast and on a platform on the roof of the signal tower. Data from a 9 - foot (2.7 m) Barr and Stroud FQ - 2 rangefinder located at each control position was input into a Dumaresq mechanical computer and electrically transmitted to Vickers range clocks located in the Transmitting Station located beneath each position on the main deck, where it was converted into range and deflection data for use by the guns. Voice pipes were retained for use between the Transmitting Station and the control positions. The target 's data was also graphically recorded on a plotting table to assist the gunnery officer in predicting the movement of the target. The turrets, Transmitting Stations, and control positions could be connected in almost any combination.
Firing trials against HMS Hero in 1907 revealed this system 's vulnerability to gunfire, as its spotting top was hit twice and a large splinter severed the voice pipe and all wiring running along the mast. To guard against this possibility, Dreadnought 's fire - control system was comprehensively upgraded during her refits in 1912 -- 13. The rangefinder in the foretop was given a gyro - stabilized Argo mount and ' A ' and ' Y ' turrets were upgraded to serve as secondary control positions for any portion or all of the main armament. An additional 9 - foot rangefinder was installed on the compass platform. In addition, ' A ' turret was fitted with another 9 - foot rangefinder at the rear of the turret roof and a Mark I Dreyer Fire Control Table was installed in the main Transmitting Station. It combined the functions of the Dumaresq and the range clock.
Fire - control technology advanced quickly during the years immediately preceding World War I, and the most important development was the director firing system. This consisted of a fire - control director mounted high in the ship which electrically provided data to the turrets via pointers, which the turret crew were to follow. The director layer fired the guns simultaneously which aided in spotting the shell splashes and minimised the effects of the roll on the dispersion of the shells. A prototype was fitted in Dreadnought in 1909, but it was removed to avoid conflict with her duties as flagship of the Home Fleet. Preparations to install a production director were made during her May -- June 1915 refit and every turret received a 9 - foot (2.7 m) rangefinder at the same time. The exact date of the installation of the director is not known, other than it was not fitted before the end of 1915, and it was most likely mounted during her April -- June 1916 refit.
Dreadnought used Krupp cemented armour throughout, unless otherwise mentioned. The armour was supplied by William Beardmore 's Dalmuir factory.
Her waterline belt measured 11 inches (279 mm) thick, but tapered to 7 inches (178 mm) at its lower edge. It extended from the rear of ' A ' barbette to the centre of ' Y ' barbette. Oddly, it was reduced to 9 inches (229 mm) abreast ' A ' barbette. A 6 - inch (152 mm) extension ran from ' A ' barbette forward to the bow and a similar 4 inch extension ran aft to the stern. An 8 - inch (203 mm) bulkhead was angled obliquely inwards from the end of the main belt to the side of ' X ' barbette to fully enclose the armoured citadel at middle deck level. An 8 - inch belt sat above the main belt, but only ran as high as the main deck. One major problem with Dreadnought 's armour scheme was that the top of the 11 inch belt was only 2 feet (0.6 m) above the waterline at normal load and it was submerged by over 12 inches at deep load, which meant that the waterline was then protected only by the 8 inch upper belt.
The turret faces and sides were protected by 11 inches of Krupp cemented armour, while the turret roofs used 3 inches of Krupp non-cemented armour (KNC). The exposed faces of the barbettes were 11 inches thick, but the inner faces were 8 inches thick above the main deck. ' X ' barbette 's was 8 inches thick all around. Below the main deck, the barbettes ' armour thinned to four inches except for ' A ' barbette (eight inches) and ' Y ' which remained 11 inches thick. The thickness of the main deck ranged from 0.75 to 1 inch (19 to 25 mm). The middle deck was 1.75 inches (44 mm) thick on the flat and 2.75 inches (70 mm) where it sloped down to meet the bottom edge of the main belt. Over the magazine for ' A ' and ' Y ' turrets it was 3 inches thick, on slope and flat both. The lower deck armour was 1.5 inches (38 mm) forward and 2 inches aft where it increased to 3 inches to protect the steering gear.
The sides of the conning tower were 11 inches thick and it had a 3 - inch roof of KNC. It had a communications tube with 8 inch walls of mild steel down to the Transmitting Station on the middle deck. The walls of the signal tower were 8 inches thick while it had a roof of 3 inches of KNC armour. 2 inch torpedo bulkheads were fitted abreast the magazines and shell rooms of ' A ', ' X ' and ' Y ' turrets, but this increased to 4 inches abreast ' P ' and ' Q ' turrets to compensate for their outboard location.
In common with all major warships of her day, Dreadnought was fitted with anti-torpedo nets, but these were removed early in the war, since they caused considerable loss of speed and were easily defeated by torpedoes fitted with net - cutters.
Electrical power was provided by three 100 kW, 100 V dc (Siemens) generators, powered by two Brotherhood steam and two Mirrlees diesel engines (which later changed to three steam and one diesel). Among the equipment powered by 100 volt dc and 15 volt dc electrical systems were five lifts, eight coaling winches, pumps, ventilation fans, lighting and telephone systems.
Dreadnought was the sixth ship of the RN to bear the name. To meet Admiral Fisher 's goal of building the ship in a single year, material was stockpiled in advance and a great deal of prefabrication was done from May 1905 onwards with approximately 6,000 man weeks of work expended before she was formally laid down on 2 October 1905 on No. 5 Slip. In addition, she was built at HM Dockyard, Portsmouth which was regarded as the fastest - building shipyard in the world. The slip was screened from prying eyes and attempts made to indicate that the design was no different than other battleships.
1,100 men were already employed by the time she was laid down, but soon this number rose to 3,000. Whereas on previous ships the men had worked a 48 - hour week, they were required on the "Dreadnought '' to work a 69 - hour, six day week from 6am to 6pm, which included compulsory overtime with only a 30 - minute lunch break. While double shifting was considered to ease the long hours which were unpopular with the men, this was not possible due to labour shortages. By Day 6 (7 October) first of the bulkheads and most of the middle deck beams were in place. By Day 20 the forward part of the bow was in position and the hull plating was well underway. By Day 55 all of the upper deck beams were in place and by Day 83 the upper deck plates were in position. By Day 125 (4 February) the hull was finished.
Dreadnought was christened with a bottle of Australian wine by King Edward VII on 10 February 1906, after only four months on the ways. The bottle required multiple blows to shatter on a bow that later became famous. Signifying the ship 's importance the launch had been planned to be a large elaborate festive event, however as the court was still in mourning for Queen Alexandra 's father who had died twelve days before, she did not attend and a more sober event occurred.
Following the launch, fitting out of the ship occurred at No. 15 Dock.
On 1 October 1906 steam was raised and she went to sea on 3 October 1906 for two days of trials at Devonport, only a year and a day after construction started. On the 9th she undertook her eight hour long full power contractor trials off Polperro on the Cornwell Coast during which she averaged 20.05 knots and 21.6 knots on the measured mile. She returned to Portsmouth for gun and torpedo trials before she completed her final fitting out. She was commissioned into the fleet on 11 December 1906, fifteen months after she was laid down.
The suggestion that her building had been sped up by using guns and / or turrets originally designed for the Lord Nelson - class battleships which preceded her is not borne out as the guns and turrets were not ordered until July 1905. It seems more likely that Dreadnought 's turrets and guns merely received higher priority than those of the earlier ships.
Dreadnought sailed for the Mediterranean Sea for extensive trials in December 1906 calling in at Arosa Bay, Gibraltar and Golfo d'Aranci before crossing the Atlantic to Port of Spain, Trinidad in January 1907, returning to Portsmouth on 23 March 1907. During this cruise her engines and guns were given a thorough workout by Captain Reginald Bacon, Fisher 's former Naval Assistant and a member of the Committee on Designs. His report stated, "No member of the Committee on Designs dared to hope that all the innovations introduced would have turned out as successfully as had been the case. '' During this time she averaged 17 knots (31 km / h; 20 mph), slowed only by a damaged rudder, an unprecedented high - speed performance. This shakedown cruise revealed several issues that were dealt with in subsequent refits, notably the replacement of her steering engines and the addition of cooling machinery to reduce the temperature levels in her magazines (cordite degrades more quickly at high temperatures). The most important issue, which was never addressed in her lifetime, was that the placement of her foremast behind the forward funnel put the spotting top right in the plume of hot exhaust gases, much to the detriment of her fighting ability.
The ship 's construction cost £ 1,785,683, broken down as follows: hull £ 844,784, propelling and other machinery £ 319,585, hull fittings, gun mountings, and torpedo tubes £ 390,145, incidental charges £ 117,969, guns £ 113,200. Other sources however state £ 1,783,883. and £ 1,672,483.
From 1907 to 1911, Dreadnought served as flagship of the Royal Navy 's Home Fleet. In 1910, she attracted the attention of notorious hoaxer Horace de Vere Cole, who persuaded the Royal Navy to arrange for a party of Abyssinian royals to be given a tour of a ship. In reality, the "Abyssinian royals '' were some of Cole 's friends in blackface and disguise, including a young Virginia Woolf and her Bloomsbury Group friends; it became known as the Dreadnought hoax. Cole had picked Dreadnought because she was at that time the most prominent and visible symbol of Britain 's naval might. She was replaced as flagship of the Home Fleet by HMS Neptune in March 1911 and was assigned to the 1st Division of the Home Fleet. She participated in King George V 's Coronation Fleet Review in June 1911.
Dreadnought became flagship of the 4th Battle Squadron in December 1912 after her transfer from the 1st Battle Squadron, as the 1st Division had been renamed earlier in the year. Between September and December 1913 she was training in the Mediterranean Sea. At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, she was flagship of the 4th Battle Squadron in the North Sea, based at Scapa Flow. She was relieved as flagship on 10 December by HMS Benbow.
Ironically for a vessel designed to engage enemy battleships, her only significant action was the ramming and sinking of German submarine SM U-29, skippered by K / Lt Otto Weddigen (of SM U-9 fame), on 18 March 1915. U-29 had broken the surface immediately ahead of Dreadnought after firing a torpedo at HMS Neptune, and Dreadnought cut the submarine in two after a short chase. She almost collided with HMS Temeraire who was also attempting to ram. Dreadnought thus became the only battleship ever to purposefully sink an enemy submarine.
She was refitting at Portsmouth from 18 April to 22 June 1916 and missed the Battle of Jutland on 31 May, the most significant fleet engagement of the war. Dreadnought became flagship of the 3rd Battle Squadron on 9 July, based at Sheerness on the Thames, part of a force of pre-dreadnoughts intended to counter the threat of shore bombardment by German battlecruisers. During this time she fired her AA guns at German aircraft that passed over her headed for London. She returned to the Grand Fleet in March 1918, resuming her role as flagship of the 4th Battle Squadron, but was paid off in July to begin another refit. With the war over she was paid off on 7 August 1918 into the Reserve at Devonport and moved to Rosyth on 25 February 1919 where she was recommissioned as the tender Hercules to act as a parent ship for the Reserve.
Dreadnought was put up for sale on 31 March 1920 and sold for scrap to Thos W Ward on 9 May 1921 as one of the 113 ships that the firm purchased at a flat rate of ₤ 2.50 per ton, later reduced to ₤ 2.20 per ton. As the Dreadnought was assessed at 16,650 tons she cost the shipbreaker ₤ 36,630 though another source states ₤ 44,750. She was broken up at Thos W Ward 's new premises at Inverkeithing, Scotland, upon arrival on 2 January 1923.
Dates of appointment are provided where known:
Her design so thoroughly eclipsed earlier types that subsequent battleships of all nations were generically known as "dreadnoughts '' and older battleships as "pre-dreadnoughts ''. Her very short construction time was intended to demonstrate that Britain could build an unassailable lead in the new type of battleships. Her construction sparked off a naval arms race, and soon all major fleets were adding Dreadnought - like ships.
The modern acoustic guitar developed with a wide, deep body was named the Dreadnought shape after this ship.
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in the big five theory of personality c stands for which of the following | Big Five personality traits - wikipedia
The Big Five personality traits, also known as the five factor model (FFM), is a model based on common language descriptors of personality. When factor analysis (a statistical technique) is applied to personality survey data, some words used to describe aspects of personality are often applied to the same person. For example, someone described as conscientious is more likely to be described as "always prepared '' rather than "messy ''. This theory is based therefore on the association between words but not on neuropsychological experiments. This theory uses descriptors of common language and therefore suggests five broad dimensions commonly used to describe the human personality and psyche. The five factors have been defined as openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism, often represented by the acronyms OCEAN or CANOE. Beneath each proposed global factor, there are a number of correlated and more specific primary factors. For example, extraversion is said to include such related qualities as gregariousness, assertiveness, excitement seeking, warmth, activity, and positive emotions.
That these underlying factors can be found is consistent with the lexical hypothesis: personality characteristics that are most important in peoples ' lives will eventually become a part of their language and, secondly, that more important personality characteristics are more likely to be encoded into language as a single word.
The five factors are:
People who do not exhibit a clear tendency towards specific characteristics chosen from the above - mentioned related pairs in all five dimensions are considered adaptable, moderate and reasonable personalities, but can be perceived as unprincipled, inscrutable and calculating.
The Big Five personality traits was the model to comprehend the relationship between personality and academic behaviors. This model was defined by several independent sets of researchers. These researchers began by studying relationships between a large number of known personality traits. They reduced the lists of these traits (arbitrarily) by 5 -- 10 fold and then used factor analysis to group the remaining traits (using data mostly based upon people 's estimations, in self - report questionnaire and peer ratings) in order to find the underlying factors of personality.
The initial model was advanced by Ernest Tupes and Raymond Christal in 1961, but failed to reach an academic audience until the 1980s. In 1990, J.M. Digman advanced his five - factor model of personality, which Lewis Goldberg extended to the highest level of organization. These five overarching domains have been found to contain and subsume most known personality traits and are assumed to represent the basic structure behind all personality traits.
At least four sets of researchers have worked independently for decades on this problem and have identified generally the same five factors: Tupes and Christal were first, followed by Goldberg at the Oregon Research Institute, Cattell at the University of Illinois, and Costa and McCrae at the National Institutes of Health. These four sets of researchers used somewhat different methods in finding the five traits, and thus each set of five factors has somewhat different names and definitions. However, all have been found to be highly inter-correlated and factor - analytically aligned. Studies indicate that the Big Five traits are not nearly as powerful in predicting and explaining actual behavior as are the more numerous facets or primary traits.
Each of the Big Five personality traits contains two separate, but correlated, aspects reflecting a level of personality below the broad domains but above the many facet scales that are also part of the Big Five. The aspects are labeled as follows: Volatility and Withdrawal for Neuroticism; Enthusiasm and Assertiveness for Extraversion; Intellect and Openness for Openness to Experience; Industriousness and Orderliness for Conscientiousness; and Compassion and Politeness for Agreeableness.
Openness is a general appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and variety of experience. People who are open to experience are intellectually curious, open to emotion, sensitive to beauty and willing to try new things. They tend to be, when compared to closed people, more creative and more aware of their feelings. They are also more likely to hold unconventional beliefs.
A particular individual, however, may have a high overall openness score and be interested in learning and exploring new cultures but have no great interest in art or poetry.
Conscientiousness is a tendency to display self - discipline, act dutifully, and strive for achievement against measures or outside expectations. It is related to the way in which people control, regulate, and direct their impulses. High scores on conscientiousness indicate a preference for planned rather than spontaneous behavior. The average level of conscientiousness rises among young adults and then declines among older adults.
Extraversion is characterized by breadth of activities (as opposed to depth), surgency from external activity / situations, and energy creation from external means. The trait is marked by pronounced engagement with the external world. Extraverts enjoy interacting with people, and are often perceived as full of energy. They tend to be enthusiastic, action - oriented individuals. They possess high group visibility, like to talk, and assert themselves.
Introverts have lower social engagement and energy levels than extraverts. They tend to seem quiet, low - key, deliberate, and less involved in the social world. Their lack of social involvement should not be interpreted as shyness or depression; instead they are more independent of their social world than extraverts. Introverts need less stimulation than extraverts and more time alone. This does not mean that they are unfriendly or antisocial; rather, they are reserved in social situations.
Generally, people are a combination of extraversion and introversion, with personality psychologist Eysenck suggesting that these traits are connected somehow to our central nervous system
The agreeableness trait reflects individual differences in general concern for social harmony. Agreeable individuals value getting along with others. They are generally considerate, kind, generous, trusting and trustworthy, helpful, and willing to compromise their interests with others. Agreeable people also have an optimistic view of human nature.
Disagreeable individuals place self - interest above getting along with others. They are generally unconcerned with others ' well - being, and are less likely to extend themselves for other people. Sometimes their skepticism about others ' motives causes them to be suspicious, unfriendly, and uncooperative.
Because agreeableness is a social trait, research has shown that one 's agreeableness positively correlates with the quality of relationships with one 's team members. Agreeableness also positively predicts transformational leadership skills. In a study conducted among 169 participants in leadership positions in a variety of professions, individuals were asked to take a personality test and have two evaluations completed by directly supervised subordinates. Leaders with high levels of agreeableness were more likely to be considered transformational rather than transactional. Although the relationship was not strong, (r = 0.32, β = 0.28, p < 0.01) it was the strongest of the Big Five traits. However, the same study showed no predictive power of leadership effectiveness as evaluated by the leader 's direct supervisor. Agreeableness, however, has been found to be negatively related to transactional leadership in the military. A study of Asian military units showed leaders with a high level of agreeableness to be more likely to receive a low rating for transformational leadership skills. Therefore, with further research organizations may be able to determine an individual 's potential for performance based on their personality traits.
Neuroticism is the tendency to experience negative emotions, such as anger, anxiety, or depression. It is sometimes called emotional instability, or is reversed and referred to as emotional stability. According to Eysenck 's (1967) theory of personality, neuroticism is interlinked with low tolerance for stress or aversive stimuli. Neuroticism is a classic temperament trait that has been studied in temperament research for decades, before it was adapted by the FFM. Since main properties of temperament traits are stability in life time and its neurophysiological basis, the FFM researchers used these properties of Neuroticism to support their model. Those who score high in neuroticism are emotionally reactive and vulnerable to stress, they also tend to be flippant in the way they express emotion. They are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening, and minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult. Their negative emotional reactions tend to persist for unusually long periods of time, which means they are often in a bad mood. For instance, neuroticism is connected to a pessimistic approach toward work, confidence that work impedes personal relationships, and apparent anxiety linked with work. Furthermore, those who score high on neuroticism may display more skin - conductance reactivity than those who score low on neuroticism. These problems in emotional regulation can diminish the ability of a person scoring high on neuroticism to think clearly, make decisions, and cope effectively with stress. Lacking contentment in one 's life achievements can correlate with high neuroticism scores and increase one 's likelihood of falling into clinical depression. Moreover, individuals high in neuroticism tend to experience more negative life events, but neuroticism also changes in response to positive and negative life experiences.
At the other end of the scale, individuals who score low in neuroticism are less easily upset and are less emotionally reactive. They tend to be calm, emotionally stable, and free from persistent negative feelings. Freedom from negative feelings does not mean that low - scorers experience a lot of positive feelings.
Neuroticism is similar but not identical to being neurotic in the Freudian sense (i.e., neurosis.) Some psychologists prefer to call neuroticism by the term emotional instability to differentiate it from the term neurotic in a career test.
In 1884, Sir Francis Galton was the first person who is known to have investigated the hypothesis that it is possible to derive a comprehensive taxonomy of human personality traits by sampling language: the lexical hypothesis. In 1936, Gordon Allport and S. Odbert put Sir Francis Galton 's hypothesis into practice by extracting 4,504 adjectives which they believed were descriptive of observable and relatively permanent traits from the dictionaries at that time. In 1940, Raymond Cattell retained the adjectives, and eliminated synonyms to reduce the total to 171. He constructed a self - report instrument for the clusters of personality traits he found from the adjectives, which he called the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. Based on a subset of only 20 of the 36 dimensions that Cattell had originally discovered, Ernest Tupes and Raymond Christal claimed to have found just five broad factors which they labeled: "surgency '', "agreeableness '', "dependability '', "emotional stability '', and "culture ''. Warren Norman subsequently relabeled "dependability '' as "conscientiousness ''.
For the next two decades, the changing zeitgeist made publication of personality research difficult. In his 1968 book Personality and Assessment, Walter Mischel asserted that personality instruments could not predict behavior with a correlation of more than 0.3. Social psychologists like Mischel argued that attitudes and behavior were not stable, but varied with the situation. Predicting behavior from personality instruments was claimed to be impossible. However, it has subsequently been demonstrated empirically that the magnitude of the predictive correlations with real - life criteria can increase significantly under stressful emotional conditions (as opposed to the typical administration of personality measures under neutral emotional conditions), thereby accounting for a significantly greater proportion of the predictive variance.
In addition, emerging methodologies challenged this point of view during the 1980s. Instead of trying to predict single instances of behavior, which was unreliable, researchers found that they could predict patterns of behavior by aggregating large numbers of observations. As a result, correlations between personality and behavior increased substantially, and it was clear that "personality '' did in fact exist. Personality and social psychologists now generally agree that both personal and situational variables are needed to account for human behavior. Trait theories became justified, and there was a resurgence of interest in this area. In the 1980s, Lewis Goldberg started his own lexical project, emphasizing five broad factors once again. He later coined the term "Big Five '' as a label for the factors.
In a 1980 symposium in Honolulu, four prominent researchers, Lewis Goldberg, Naomi Takemoto - Chock, Andrew Comrey, and John M. Digman, reviewed the available personality instruments of the day. This event was followed by widespread acceptance of the five - factor model among personality researchers during the 1980s. Peter Saville and his team included the five - factor "Pentagon '' model with the original OPQ in 1984. Pentagon was closely followed by the NEO five - factor personality inventory, published by Costa and McCrae in 1985. However, the methodology employed in constructing the NEO instrument has been subjected to critical scrutiny (see section below).
There are debates between researchers of temperament and researchers of personality as to whether or not biologically - based differences define a concept of temperament or a part of personality. The presence of such differences in pre-cultural individuals (such as animals or young infants) suggests that they belong to temperament since personality is a socio - cultural concept. For this reason developmental psychologists generally interpret individual differences in children as an expression of temperament rather than personality. Some researchers argue that temperaments and personality traits are age - specific manifestations of virtually the same latent qualities. Some believe that early childhood temperaments may become adolescent and adult personality traits as individuals ' basic genetic characteristics actively, reactively, and passively interact with their changing environments.
Researchers of adult temperament point out that, similarly to sex, age and mental illness, temperament is based on biochemical systems whereas personality is a product of socialization of an individual possessing these four types of features. Temperament interacts with social - cultural factors, but still can not be controlled or easily changed by these factors. Therefore, it is suggested that temperament should be kept as an independent concept for further studies and not be conflated with personality. Moreover, temperament refers to dynamical features of behaviour (energetic, tempo, sensitivity and emotionality - related), whereas personality is to be considered a psycho - social construct comprising the content characteristics of human behavior (such as values, attitudes, habits, preferences, personal history, self - image). Temperament researchers point out that the lack of attention to extant temperament research by the developers of the Big Five model lead to an overlap between its dimensions and dimensions described in multiple temperament models much earlier. For example, neuroticism reflects the traditional temperament dimension of emotionality, extraversion the temperament dimension of "energy '' or "activity '', and openness to experience the temperament dimension of sensation - seeking.
Genetically informative research, including twin studies, suggest that heritability and environmental factors both influence all five factors to the same degree. Among four recent twin studies, the mean percentage for heritability was calculated for each personality and it was concluded that heritability influenced the five factors broadly. The self - report measures were as follows: openness to experience was estimated to have a 57 % genetic influence, extraversion 54 %, conscientiousness 49 %, neuroticism 48 %, and agreeableness 42 %.
The Big Five personality traits have been assessed in some non-human species but methodology is debatable. In one series of studies, human ratings of chimpanzees using the Hominoid Personality Questionnaire, revealed factors of extraversion, conscientiousness and agreeableness -- as well as an additional factor of dominance -- across hundreds of chimpanzees in zoological parks, a large naturalistic sanctuary, and a research laboratory. Neuroticism and openness factors were found in an original zoo sample, but were not replicated in a new zoo sample or in other settings (perhaps reflecting the design of the CPQ). A study review found that markers for the three dimensions extraversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness were found most consistently across different species, followed by openness; only chimpanzees showed markers for conscientious behavior.
Research on the Big Five, and personality in general, has focused primarily on individual differences in adulthood, rather than in childhood and adolescence, and often include temperament traits. Recently, there has been growing recognition of the need to study child and adolescent personality trait development in order to understand how traits develop and change throughout the lifespan.
Recent studies have begun to explore the developmental origins and trajectories of the Big Five among children and adolescents, especially those that relate to temperament. Many researchers have sought to distinguish between personality and temperament. Temperament often refers to early behavioral and affective characteristics that are thought to be driven primarily by genes. Models of temperament often include four trait dimensions: surgency / sociability, negative emotionality, persistence / effortful control, and activity level. Some of these differences in temperament are evident at, if not before, birth. For example, both parents and researchers recognize that some newborn infants are peaceful and easily soothed while others are comparatively fussy and hard to calm. Unlike temperament, however, many researchers view the development of personality as gradually occurring throughout childhood. Contrary to some researchers who question whether children have stable personality traits, Big Five or otherwise, most researchers contend that there are significant psychological differences between children that are associated with relatively stable, distinct, and salient behavior patterns.
The structure, manifestations, and development of the Big Five in childhood and adolescence has been studied using a variety of methods, including parent - and teacher - ratings, preadolescent and adolescent self - and peer - ratings, and observations of parent - child interactions. Results from these studies support the relative stability of personality traits across the human lifespan, at least from preschool age through adulthood. More specifically, research suggests that four of the Big Five -- namely Extraversion, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness - reliably describe personality differences in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. However, some evidence suggests that Openness may not be a fundamental, stable part of childhood personality. Although some researchers have found that Openness in children and adolescents relates to attributes such as creativity, curiosity, imagination, and intellect, many researchers have failed to find distinct individual differences in Openness in childhood and early adolescence. Potentially, Openness may (a) manifest in unique, currently unknown ways in childhood or (b) may only manifest as children develop socially and cognitively. Other studies have found evidence for all of the Big Five traits in childhood and adolescence as well as two other child - specific traits: Irritability and Activity. Despite these specific differences, the majority of findings suggest that personality traits -- particularly Extraversion, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness - are evident in childhood and adolescence and are associated with distinct social - emotional patterns of behavior that are largely consistent with adult manifestations of those same personality traits. Some researchers have proposed the youth personality trait is best described by six trait dimensions: neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and activity. Despite some preliminary evidence for this "Little Six '' model, research in this area has been delayed by a lack of available measures.
Previous research has found evidence that most adults become more agreeable, conscientious, and less neurotic as they age. This has been referred to as the maturation effect. Many researchers have sought to investigate how trends in adult personality development compare to trends in youth personality development. Two main population - level indices have been important in this area of research: rank - order consistency and mean - level consistency. Rank - order consistency indicates the relative placement of individuals within a group. Mean - level consistency indicates whether groups increase or decrease on certain traits throughout the lifetime.
Findings from these studies indicate that, consistent with adult personality trends, youth personality becomes increasingly more stable in terms of rank - order throughout childhood. Unlike adult personality research, which indicates that people become agreeable, conscientious, and emotionally stable with age, some findings in youth personality research have indicated that mean - levels of agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience decline from late childhood to late adolescence. The disruption hypothesis, which proposes that biological, social, and psychological changes experienced during youth result in temporary dips in maturity, has been proposed to explain these findings.
In Big Five studies, extraversion has been associated with surgency. Children with high Extraversion are energetic, talkative, social, and dominant with children and adults; whereas, children with low Extraversion tend to be quiet, calm, inhibited, and submissive to other children and adults. Individual differences in Extraversion first manifest in infancy as varying levels of positive emotionality. These differences in turn predict social and physical activity during later childhood and may represent, or be associated with, the behavioral activation system. In children, Extraversion / Positive Emotionality includes four sub-traits: three traits that are similar to the previously described traits of temperament -- activity, sociability, shyness, and the trait of dominance.
Many studies of longitudinal data, which correlate people 's test scores over time, and cross-sectional data, which compare personality levels across different age groups, show a high degree of stability in personality traits during adulthood, especially Neuroticism trait that is often regarded as a temperament trait similarly to longitudinal research in temperament for the same traits. It is shown that the personality stabilizes for working - age individuals within about four years after starting working. There is also little evidence that adverse life events can have any significant impact on the personality of individuals. More recent research and meta - analyses of previous studies, however, indicate that change occurs in all five traits at various points in the lifespan. The new research shows evidence for a maturation effect. On average, levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness typically increase with time, whereas extraversion, neuroticism, and openness tend to decrease. Research has also demonstrated that changes in Big Five personality traits depend on the individual 's current stage of development. For example, levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness demonstrate a negative trend during childhood and early adolescence before trending upwards during late adolescence and into adulthood. In addition to these group effects, there are individual differences: different people demonstrate unique patterns of change at all stages of life.
In addition, some research (Fleeson, 2001) suggests that the Big Five should not be conceived of as dichotomies (such as extraversion vs. introversion) but as continua. Each individual has the capacity to move along each dimension as circumstances (social or temporal) change. He is or she is therefore not simply on one end of each trait dichotomy but is a blend of both, exhibiting some characteristics more often than others:
Research regarding personality with growing age has suggested that as individuals enter their elder years (79 -- 86), those with lower IQ see a raise in extraversion, but a decline in conscientiousness and physical well being.
Research by Cobb - Clark and Schurer indicates that personality traits are generally stable among adult workers. The research done on personality also mirrors previous results on locus of control.
Cross-cultural research has shown some patterns of gender differences on responses to the NEO-PI - R and the Big Five Inventory. For example, women consistently report higher Neuroticism, Agreeableness, warmth (an extraversion facet) and openness to feelings, and men often report higher assertiveness (a facet of extraversion) and openness to ideas as assessed by the NEO-PI - R.
A study of gender differences in 55 nations using the Big Five Inventory found that women tended to be somewhat higher than men in neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. The difference in neuroticism was the most prominent and consistent, with significant differences found in 49 of the 55 nations surveyed. Gender differences in personality traits are largest in prosperous, healthy, and more gender - egalitarian cultures. A plausible explanation for this is that acts by women in individualistic, egalitarian countries are more likely to be attributed to their personality, rather than being attributed to ascribed gender roles within collectivist, traditional countries. Differences in the magnitude of sex differences between more or less developed world regions were due to differences between men, not women, in these respective regions. That is, men in highly developed world regions were less neurotic, extraverted, conscientious and agreeable compared to men in less developed world regions. Women, on the other hand tended not to differ in personality traits across regions. The most simple explanation for this gender data is that women remain relatively resource - poor, regardless of the circumstances of males within a first - world country. However, the authors of this study speculated that resource - poor environments (that is, countries with low levels of development) may inhibit the development of gender differences, whereas resource - rich environments facilitate them. This may be because males require more resources than females in order to reach their full developmental potential. The authors also argued that due to different evolutionary pressures, men may have evolved to be more risk taking and socially dominant, whereas women evolved to be more cautious and nurturing. Ancient hunter - gatherer societies may have been more egalitarian than later agriculturally oriented societies. Hence, the development of gender inequalities may have acted to constrain the development of gender differences in personality that originally evolved in hunter - gatherer societies. As modern societies have become more egalitarian, again, it may be that innate sex differences are no longer constrained and hence manifest more fully than in less - developed cultures. Currently, this hypothesis remains untested, as gender differences in modern societies have not been compared with those in hunter - gatherer societies.
Frank Sulloway argues that firstborns are more conscientious, more socially dominant, less agreeable, and less open to new ideas compared to laterborns. Large - scale studies using random samples and self - report personality tests, however, have found milder effects than Sulloway claimed, or no significant effects of birth order on personality.
In 2002, the journal of psychology posted a Big Five Personality Trait Difference; Researchers explored relationship between the five factor model and the Universal - Diverse Orientation (UDO) in councillor trainees. (Thompson, R., Brossart, D., and Mivielle, A., 2002) UDO is known as one social attitude that produces a strong awareness and / or acceptance towards the similaralities and difference among individuals. (Miville, M., Romas, J., Johnson, J., and Lon, R. 2002) The study has shown the councillor trainees that are more open to the idea of creative expressions among individuals are more likely to work with a diverse group of clients, and feel comfortable in their role. (Thompson, R. et al. 2002)
The Big Five have been pursued in a variety of languages and cultures, such as German, Chinese, Indian, etc. For example, Thompson has claimed to find the Big Five structure across several cultures using an international English language scale. Cheung, van de Vijver, and Leong (2011) suggest, however, that the Openness factor is particularly unsupported in Asian countries and that a different fifth factor is identified.
Recent work has found relationships between Geert Hofstede 's cultural factors, Individualism, Power Distance, Masculinity, and Uncertainty Avoidance, with the average Big Five scores in a country. For instance, the degree to which a country values individualism correlates with its average extraversion, whereas people living in cultures which are accepting of large inequalities in their power structures tend to score somewhat higher on conscientiousness.
Personality differences around the world might even have contributed to the emergence of different political systems. A recent study has found that countries ' average personality trait levels are correlated with their political systems: countries with higher average trait Openness tended to have more democratic institutions, an association that held even after factoring out other relevant influences such as economic development.
Attempts to replicate the Big Five in other countries with local dictionaries have succeeded in some countries but not in others. Apparently, for instance, Hungarians do not appear to have a single agreeableness factor. Other researchers have found evidence for agreeableness but not for other factors. It is important to recognize that individual differences in traits are relevant in a specific cultural context, and that the traits do not have their effects outside of that context
As of 2002, there were over fifty published studies relating the FFM to personality disorders. Since that time, quite a number of additional studies have expanded on this research base and provided further empirical support for understanding the DSM personality disorders in terms of the FFM domains.
In her review of the personality disorder literature published in 2007, Lee Anna Clark asserted that "the five - factor model of personality is widely accepted as representing the higher - order structure of both normal and abnormal personality traits ''. However, other researches disagree that this model is widely accepted (see the section Critique below) and suggest that it simply replicates early temperament research. Noticeably, FFM publications never compare their findings to temperament models even though temperament and mental disorders (especially personality disorders) are thought to be based on the same neurotransmitter imbalances, just to varying degrees.
The five - factor model was claimed to significantly predict all ten personality disorder symptoms and outperform the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) in the prediction of borderline, avoidant, and dependent personality disorder symptoms. However, most predictions related to an increase in Neuroticism and a decrease in Agreeableness, and therefore did not differentiate between the disorders very well.
Converging evidence from several nationally representative studies has established three classes of mental disorders which are especially common in the general population: Depressive disorders (e.g., major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymic disorder), anxiety disorders (e.g., generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, agoraphobia, specific phobia, and social phobia), and substance use disorders (SUDs).
These common mental disorders (CMDs) have been empirically linked to the Big Five personality traits, neuroticism in particular. Numerous studies have found that having high scores of neuroticism significantly increases one 's risk for developing a CMD. A large - scale meta - analysis (n > 75,000) examining the relationship between all of the Big Five personality traits and CMDs found that low conscientiousness yielded consistently strong effects for each CMD examined (i.e., MDD, dysthymic disorder, GAD, PTSD, panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, specific phobia, and SUD). This finding parallels research on physical health, which has established that conscientiousness is the strongest personality predictor of mortality and is highly correlated with making poor health choices. In regards to the other personality domains, the meta - analysis found that all CMDs examined were defined by high neuroticism, most exhibited low extraversion, only SUD was linked to agreeableness (negatively), and no disorders were associated with Openness. A meta - analysis of 59 longitudinal studies showed that high neuroticism predicted the development of anxiety, depression, substance abuse, psychosis, schizophrenia, and non-specific mental distress, also after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history.
Five major models have been posed to explain the nature of the relationship between personality and mental illness. There is currently no single "best model '', as each of them has received at least some empirical support. It is also important to note that these models are not mutually exclusive -- more than one may be operating for a particular individual and various mental disorders may be explained by different models.
Being highly conscientious may add as much as five years to one 's life. The Big Five personality traits also predict positive health outcomes. In an elderly Japanese sample, conscientiousness, extraversion, and openness were related to lower risk of mortality.
Personality plays an important role that affects academic achievement. A study conducted with 308 undergraduates who completed the Five Factor Inventory Processes and offered their GPA suggested that conscientiousness and agreeableness have a positive relationship with all types of learning styles (synthesis analysis, methodical study, fact retention, and elaborative processing), whereas neuroticism has an inverse relationship with them all. Moreover, extraversion and openness were proportional to elaborative processing. The Big Five personality traits accounted for 14 % of the variance in GPA, suggesting that personality traits make some contributions to academic performance. Furthermore, reflective learning styles (synthesis - analysis and elaborative processing) were able to mediate the relationship between openness and GPA. These results indicate that intellectual curiousness has significant enhancement in academic performance if students can combine their scholarly interest with thoughtful information processing.
A recent study of Israeli high - school students found that those in the gifted program systematically scored higher on openness and lower on neuroticism than those not in the gifted program. While not a measure of the Big Five, gifted students also reported less state anxiety than students not in the gifted program. Specific Big Five personality traits predict learning styles in addition to academic success.
Studies conducted on college students have concluded that hope, which is linked to agreeableness, has a positive effect on psychological well being. Individuals high in neurotic tendencies are less likely to display hopeful tendencies and are negatively associated with well - being. Personality can sometimes be flexible and measuring the big five personality for individuals as they enter certain stages of life may predict their educational identity. Recent studies have suggested the likelihood of an individual 's personality affecting their educational identity.
Learning styles have been described as "enduring ways of thinking and processing information ''.
Although there is no evidence that personality determines thinking styles, they may be intertwined in ways that link thinking styles to the Big Five personality traits. There is no general consensus on the number or specifications of particular learning styles, but there have been many different proposals.
Smeck, Ribicj, and Ramanaih (1997) defined four types of learning styles:
When all four facets are implicated within the classroom, they will each likely improve academic achievement. This model asserts that students develop either agentic / shallow processing or reflective / deep processing. Deep processors are more often than not found to be more conscientious, intellectually open, and extraverted when compared to shallow processors. Deep processing is associated with appropriate study methods (methodical study) and a stronger ability to analyze information (synthesis analysis), whereas shallow processors prefer structured fact retention learning styles and are better suited for elaborative processing. The main functions of these four specific learning styles are as follows:
Openness has been linked to learning styles that often lead to academic success and higher grades like synthesis analysis and methodical study. Because conscientiousness and openness have been shown to predict all four learning styles, it suggests that individuals who possess characteristics like discipline, determination, and curiosity are more likely to engage in all of the above learning styles.
According to the research carried out by Komarraju, Karau, Schmeck & Avdic (2011), conscientiousness and agreeableness are positively related with all four learning styles, whereas neuroticism was negatively related with those four. Furthermore, extraversion and openness were only positively related to elaborative processing, and openness itself correlated with higher academic achievement.
Besides openness, all Big Five personality traits helped predict the educational identity of students. Based on these findings, scientists are beginning to see that there might be a large influence of the Big Five traits on academic motivation that then leads to predicting a student 's academic performance.
Some authors suggested that Big Five personality traits combined with learning styles can help predict some variations in the academic performance and the academic motivation of an individual which can then influence their academic achievements. This may be seen because individual differences in personality represent stable approaches to information processing. For instance, conscientiousness has consistently emerged as a stable predictor of success in exam performance, largely because conscientious students experience fewer study delays. The reason conscientiousness shows a positive association with the four learning styles is because students with high levels of conscientiousness develop focused learning strategies and appear to be more disciplined and achievement - oriented.
The Association for Psychological Science (APS), however, recently commissioned a report whose conclusion indicates that no significant evidence exists to make the conclusion that learning - style assessments should be included in the education system. The APS also suggested in their report that all existing learning styles have not been exhausted and that there could exist learning styles that have the potential to be worthy of being included in educational practices. Thus it is premature, at best, to conclude that the evidence linking the Big Five to "learning styles '', or "learning styles '' to learning itself, is valid.
Within organizational communication, personality is taken into account of how a person carries themselves in the workplace. The five factor personality theory encompasses five different personalities which are as follows: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Openness is being original and having imagination. Conscientiousness is being goal oriented with a willingness to achieve. Extraversion is being sociable and being an emotionally positive person. Agreeableness is being able to adapt and as a leader make necessary accommodations. The last personality trait was neuroticism which is usually when a leader tends to be negative emotionally and having a need for stability.
It is believed that the Big Five traits are predictors of future performance outcomes. Job outcome measures include job and training proficiency and personnel data. However, research demonstrating such prediction has been criticized, in part because of the apparently low correlation coefficients characterizing the relationship between personality and job performance. In a 2007 article co-authored by six current or former editors of psychological journals, Dr. Kevin Murphy, Professor of Psychology at Pennsylvania State University and Editor of the Journal of Applied Psychology (1996 -- 2002), states:
Such criticisms were put forward by Walter Mischel, whose publication caused a two - decades ' long crisis in personality psychometrics. However, later work demonstrated (1) that the correlations obtained by psychometric personality researchers were actually very respectable by comparative standards, and (2) that the economic value of even incremental increases in prediction accuracy was exceptionally large, given the vast difference in performance by those who occupy complex job positions.
There have been studies that link national innovation to openness to experience and conscientiousness. Those who express these traits have showed leadership and beneficial ideas towards the country of origin.
Some businesses, organizations, and interviewers assess individuals based on the Big Five personality traits. Research has suggested that individuals who are considered leaders typically exhibit lower amounts of neurotic traits, maintain higher levels of openness (envisioning success), balanced levels of conscientiousness (well - organized), and balanced levels of extraversion (outgoing, but not excessive). Further studies have linked professional burnout to neuroticism, and extraversion to enduring positive work experience. When it comes to making money, research has suggested that those who are high in agreeableness (especially men) are not as successful in accumulating income.
Some research suggests that vocational outcomes are correlated to Big Five personality traits. Conscientiousness predicts job performance in general. In addition, research has demonstrated that Agreeableness is negatively related to salary. Those high in Agreeableness make less, on average, than those low in the same trait. Neuroticism is also negatively related to salary while Conscientiousness and Extraversion are positive predictors of salary. Occupational self - efficacy has also been shown to be positively correlated with conscientiousness and negatively correlated with neuroticism. Significant predictors of career - advancement goals are: extraversion, conscientiousness, and agreeableness.
Research designed to investigate the individual effects of Big Five personality traits on work performance via worker completed surveys and supervisor ratings of work performance has implicated individual traits in several different work roles performances. A "work role '' is defined as the responsibilities an individual has while they are working. Nine work roles have been identified, which can be classified in three broader categories: proficiency (the ability of a worker to effectively perform their work duties), adaptivity (a workers ability to change working strategies in response to changing work environments), and proactivity (extent to which a worker will spontaneously put forth effort to change the work environment). These three categories of behavior can then be directed towards three different levels: either the individual, team, or organizational level leading to the nine different work role performance possibilities.
Two theories have been integrated in an attempt to account for these differences in work role performance. Trait activation theory posits that within a person trait levels predict future behavior, that trait levels differ between people, and that work - related cues activate traits which leads to work relevant behaviors. Role theory suggests that role senders provide cues to elicit desired behaviors. In this context, role senders (i.e.: supervisors, managers, et cetera) provide workers with cues for expected behaviors, which in turn activates personality traits and work relevant behaviors. In essence, expectations of the role sender lead to different behavioral outcomes depending on the trait levels of individual workers and because people differ in trait levels, responses to these cues will not be universal.
The Big Five model of personality was used for attempts to predict satisfaction in romantic relationships, relationship quality in dating, engaged, and married couples.
Dating couples
Engaged couples
Married couples
These reports are, however, rare and not conclusive.
The predictive effects of the Big Five personality traits relate mostly to social functioning and rules - driven behavior and are not very specific for prediction of particular aspects of behavior. For example, it was noted that high neuroticism precedes the development of all common mental disorders., and this trait does not even always attributed to personality by temperament researchers. Further evidence is required to fully uncover the nature and differences between personality traits, temperament and life outcomes. Social and contextual parameters also play a role in outcomes and the interaction between the two is not yet fully understood.
Several measures of the Big Five exist:
The most frequently used measures of the Big Five comprise either items that are self - descriptive sentences or, in the case of lexical measures, items that are single adjectives. Due to the length of sentence - based and some lexical measures, short forms have been developed and validated for use in applied research settings where questionnaire space and respondent time are limited, such as the 40 - item balanced International English Big - Five Mini-Markers or a very brief (10 item) measure of the Big Five domains. Research has suggested that some methodologies in administering personality tests are inadequate in length and provide insufficient detail to truly evaluate personality. Usually, longer, more detailed questions will give a more accurate portrayal of personality. The five factor structure has been replicated in peer reports. However, many of the substantive findings rely on self - reports.
Much of the evidence on the measures of the Big 5 relies on self - report questionnaires, which makes self - report bias and falsification of responses difficult to deal with and account for. It has been argued that the Big Five tests do not create an accurate personality profile because the responses given on these tests are not true in all cases. For example, questionnaires are answered by potential employees who might choose answers that paint them in the best light.
Research suggests that a relative - scored Big Five measure in which respondents had to make repeated choices between equally desirable personality descriptors may be a potential alternative to traditional Big Five measures in accurately assessing personality traits, especially when lying or biased responding is present. When compared with a traditional Big Five measure for its ability to predict GPA and creative achievement under both normal and "fake good '' - bias response conditions, the relative - scored measure significantly and consistently predicted these outcomes under both conditions; however, the Likert questionnaire lost its predictive ability in the faking condition. Thus, the relative - scored measure proved to be less affected by biased responding than the Likert measure of the Big Five.
Andrew H. Schwartz analyzed 700 million words, phrases, and topic instances collected from the Facebook messages of 75,000 volunteers, who also took standard personality tests, and found striking variations in language with personality, gender, and age.
The proposed Big Five model has been subjected to considerable critical scrutiny and defense for the model.
Subsequent critical replies by Jack Block at the University of California Berkeley followed. It has been argued that there are limitations to the scope of the Big Five model as an explanatory or predictive theory. It has also been argued that measures of the Big Five account for only 56 % of the normal personality trait sphere alone (not even considering the abnormal personality trait sphere). Also, the static Big Five is not theory - driven, it is merely a statistically - driven investigation of certain descriptors that tend to cluster together often based on less than optimal factor analytic procedures. Measures of the Big Five constructs appear to show some consistency in interviews, self - descriptions and observations, and this static five - factor structure seems to be found across a wide range of participants of different ages and cultures. However, while genotypic temperament trait dimensions might appear across different cultures, the phenotypic expression of personality traits differs profoundly across different cultures as a function of the different socio - cultural conditioning and experiential learning that takes place within different cultural settings.
Moreover, the fact that the Big Five model was based on lexical hypothesis, (i.e. on the verbal descriptors of individual differences) indicated strong methodological flaws in this model, especially related to its main factors, Extraversion and Neuroticism. First, there is a natural pro-social bias of language in people 's verbal evaluations. After all, language is an invention of group dynamics that was developed to facilitate socialization, the exchange of information and to synchronize group activity. This social function of language therefore creates a sociability bias in verbal descriptors of human behaviour: there are more words related to social than physical or even mental aspects of behavior. The sheer number of such descriptors will cause them to group into a largest factor in any language, and such grouping has nothing to do with the way that core systems of individual differences are set up. Second, there is also a negativity bias in emotionality (i.e. most emotions have negative affectivity), and there are more words in language to describe negative rather than positive emotions. Such asymmetry in emotional valence creates another bias in language. Experiments using the lexical hypothesis approach indeed demonstrated that the use of lexical material skews the resulting dimensionality according to a sociability bias of language and a negativity bias of emotionality, grouping all evaluations around these two dimensions. This means that the two largest dimensions in the Big Five model might be just an artifact of the lexical approach that this model employed.
One common criticism is that the Big Five does not explain all of human personality. Some psychologists have dissented from the model precisely because they feel it neglects other domains of personality, such as religiosity, manipulativeness / machiavellianism, honesty, sexiness / seductiveness, thriftiness, conservativeness, masculinity / femininity, snobbishness / egotism, sense of humour, and risk - taking / thrill - seeking. Dan P. McAdams has called the Big Five a "psychology of the stranger '', because they refer to traits that are relatively easy to observe in a stranger; other aspects of personality that are more privately held or more context - dependent are excluded from the Big Five.
In many studies, the five factors are not fully orthogonal to one another; that is, the five factors are not independent. Orthogonality is viewed as desirable by some researchers because it minimizes redundancy between the dimensions. This is particularly important when the goal of a study is to provide a comprehensive description of personality with as few variables as possible.
Factor analysis, the statistical method used to identify the dimensional structure of observed variables, lacks a universally recognized basis for choosing among solutions with different numbers of factors. A five factor solution depends on some degree of interpretation by the analyst. A larger number of factors may underlie these five factors. This has led to disputes about the "true '' number of factors. Big Five proponents have responded that although other solutions may be viable in a single dataset, only the five factor structure consistently replicates across different studies.
Moreover, the factor analysis that this model is based on is a linear method incapable of capturing nonlinear, feedback and contingent relationships between core systems of individual differences.
A frequent criticism is that the Big Five is not based on any underlying theory; it is merely an empirical finding that certain descriptors cluster together under factor analysis. Although this does not mean that these five factors do not exist, the underlying causes behind them are unknown.
Jack Block 's final published work before his death in January 2010 drew together his lifetime perspective on the five - factor model.
He summarized his critique of the model in terms of:
He went on to suggest that repeatedly observed higher order factors hierarchically above the proclaimed Big Five personality traits may promise deeper biological understanding of the origins and implications of these superfactors.
It has been noted that even though early lexical studies in the English language indicated five large groups of personality traits, more recent, and more comprehensive, cross-language studies have provided evidence for six large groups rather than five. These six groups forms the basis of the HEXACO model of personality structure. Based on these findings it has been suggested that the Big Five system should be replaced by HEXACO, or revised to better align with lexical evidence.
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members of the justice league in young justice | List of Young Justice (tv series) characters - wikipedia
The following list is of characters that appear in Young Justice.
The initial six main characters were chosen by the producers, from a list of potential candidates of 50 to 60 DC Comics teenaged superheroes. The criteria consisted of age, powers, personality, cultural icon status, and dynamics. An additional regular, Zatanna, was introduced partway through the first season, and Rocket was added at the end of the first season.
The following members were added to the team after the series premiere at different times:
The Light are the characters in Season 1 who directed the course of events throughout the series. The group was conceived by Vandal Savage who views himself as a first among equals. The leaders act as a board of directors, their identities known only to a select few individuals that work with them. The end goal is improve humanity and set it as a dominant race in the universe: they view heroes as interfering with the natural order of things, and that Earth must employ survival of the fittest if it intends to exist.
Among its members are:
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where is if you are the one filmed | If You Are the One (game show) - wikipedia
Host:
Male guest:
Female guest:
Fei Cheng Wu Rao (simplified Chinese: 非诚勿扰; traditional Chinese: 非誠勿擾; literally: "Not Sincere, Do n't Disturb '', known in English as If You Are the One) is a Chinese dating game show hosted by Meng Fei. Loosely based on the Taken Out format, the show is produced by JSBC: Jiangsu Television and taped in Nanjing. It was first broadcast on January 15, 2010, and originally aired twice a week on Saturday and Sundays until December 2014. From January 2015 to March 2017, It aired on Saturday nights at 9: 10 pm on Jiangsu TV. In 2013, the show began broadcasting on SBS 2 (now SBS Viceland) in Australia, in an hour - long version with English subtitles provided by SBS.
If You Are the One has been a ratings success in China and is now the highest - rated show for Jiangsu TV. Episodes are also widely distributed online. The show is viewed internationally over the internet and satellite television. The show 's popularity and social commentary has drawn attention of academics and foreign media, and after concerns from Chinese regulators in 2011 the show 's format was tweaked to de-emphasize factors such as financial wealth.
After a short break from March 2017 to May 2017, If You Are the One returned in a revised format.
"If You Are the One '' is currently the most - viewed dating show in the Chinese - speaking world. According to Beijing - based CSM Media Research, the audience ratings for Fei Cheng Wu Rao - which as of May 22, 2013 had screened a total of 343 episodes - were 2.77 percent of television viewers, or 36 million, twice as many as the nearest competitor for that timeslot.
The idea of the show was brought to Jiangsu Television by veteran television producer Wang Peijie, who worked in collaboration with Columbia University - educated Xing Wenning. The pair drew inspiration from the Taken Out format, however when the rights for that show were instead won by a rival network, If You Are the One was launched instead. Wang said that the show is a window into Chinese society at large, and that through it, "you can tell what China is thinking about and chasing after. '' The show 's focus was intended to be young professionals. While most of the contestants are in their twenties, there have been instances of male contestants as old as 48 appearing on the show.
If You Are the One experienced great popularity in its first broadcast because of its unique approach to dating and the conversations that are often humorous with friendly insults. The show sought to ' stretch the limits ' of what could be discussed on Chinese television. Unlike Taken Out, If You Are the One does not rely on audience participation, use of catchphrases and physical attractiveness among male contestants.
In the first half of 2010, the show broke ratings records, with some 50 million watching every episode, an audience second only to the CCTV evening news broadcast Xinwen Lianbo. In the initial format of the show, the contestants reported things such as their annual earnings, their material possessions, etc. During this phase several contestants earned notoriety and became internet sensations. Female contestant Ma Nuo became a media interest after her controversial remarks to a male contestant that she would "prefer to cry in a BMW '' than laugh riding on the back of a bicycle. One male contestant, a son of a businessman, was rejected by all 24 women on one episode for egregiously showing off his sports cars and bank statements instead of his life and interests. There have been three different male contestants who have lost the show in the beginning when the female contestants first study the male. Both controversial contestants were some of the most - talked - about people in Chinese entertainment. In addition, concerns were raised that some of the contestants on the show were not who they said they were, and that the TV station was ' planting ' contestants to make controversial remarks to increase ratings.
Chinese authorities looked upon the show unfavourably, asserting that it was spreading the ' wrong values '. State media editorialized against the show on television, in print, and online. Six months after the show first aired, officials from the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television stepped in to regulate the show. From that point forward, Fei Cheng Wu Rao was to curb mentions of financial wealth and sex, and a third host was added: a party school psychology teacher named Huang Han, who was seen to ' balance ' the show to make it more grounded and less controversial as well as adding more banter between the three hosts. A wholesale replacement of the contestant pool with more tame individuals followed. The revised program scrubbed contestant information such as bank account information and salaries etc. Also omitted is the ' final opinions ' on a departing male contestant from the women; previously this part of the show was especially prone to pointed insults and ridicule. Moreover, the original reel of the show must undergo heavy editing before airing depending on length and number of contestants present. Despite the changed format, the show remains extremely popular.
In January 2016, as a result of a Chinese judge ruling that the show 's name "Fei Cheng Wu Rao '' infringed another individual 's copyright who owned the same name as the show, the producers temporarily changed the name of the show to "Yuan Lai Fei Cheng Wu Rao '' (although the English name seems to have stayed the same). Jiangsu Television station has promised to appeal the ruling.
Between November 19 to December 10, 2016, a series of specials titled "1vs24 '' was aired where the roles of the genders were reversed with 24 Males taking to the podiums to face a single woman. The gameplay of the special episodes was the same as the normal episodes. Another series of 1vs24 specials was aired between March 4 to March 25, 2017.
On December 31, 2016, the Guangdong High Court overturned the decision on appeal by ruling that "Fei Cheng Wu Rao '' did not infringe on another individual 's copyrights and therefore the producers changed the name of the show back to "Fei Cheng Wu Rao ''
On April 1, 2017. Jiangsu Television announced that the final episode of If You Are The One in the original format had aired on March 25 with the filming of shows suspended since January, announcing a temporary suspension of the show as it undergoes reformatting for a relaunch late in May. Meng Fei will continue as host of the revised format of the show. The revised version was first aired on May 13, 2017.
Twenty - four women stand in an arc, each behind a podium with a light that they initially turn on.
The women face a single man, who chooses one of them as his "heartbeat girl '' (simplified Chinese: 心动 女生) from sight alone before any conversation between the women and the single man has taken place. His choice of "heartbeat girl '' is initially known only to himself and the host of the programme - although there has been one instance where this has been revealed soon after.
The single man uses two or three video clips to reveal some personal information such as occupation, interests, love history and friends ' opinions. During each video clip, each of the women decides whether or not he is still "date - worthy '' in her opinion by keeping her light on or turning it off. The contestants, psychologists and host frequently exchange banter with each other when video clips are n't being shown.
If a girl does n't like the man, she will turn her light off (followed by a sound cue).
If, after all the videos have been played, there are more than two girls still with lights on, the man goes and turns off some of those lights, choosing only two of the remaining girls to come up on stage as finalists. After that, the identity of the man 's "heartbeat girl '' is revealed. She too is invited onto the stage (if not already there) as a finalist.
A new procedural option (simplified Chinese: 爆 灯; literally: "burst light ''), enabling a woman to signal a special interest in the man, was introduced to the programme in the episode broadcast on 20 October 2012. It can be activated only once per round, and is heralded by a "smashing '' sound cue, followed by a show of pulsating hearts, along with the number of the woman who "burst the light '', on display screens around the studio. It is essentially the opposite of turning the podium light off; instead, a woman who "bursts the light '' is choosing to signal her interest in the man demonstratively rather than just passively leaving her light on. If a woman has activated the "burst light '', her light can not be turned off; instead, her light changes to a pulsating heart display, and she is guaranteed a place as a finalist at the end of the round.
If a woman has activated the "burst light '', she is now invited onto the stage as a finalist. Thus, there can end up being two, three or four women on the stage as finalists.
The man puts to the finalists a question that he chooses from a set menu of queries. Following that, he can put to the finalists an original question of his own. After that, if one of the finalists had "burst the light '', she is given an opportunity to explain her interest in the man and why she should be chosen.
If the man elects to take one of the finalists who had shown interest in him (i.e., had n't turned her light off), he walks to her, takes her hand, and they depart for a presumed future date.
The man may insist on his "heartbeat girl '' even if she had turned her light off. In that case, the other finalists are dismissed back to their podiums, and the man is given an opportunity to win his "heartbeat girl '' over. She may accept him as her date and depart with him, or reject him and return to her podium.
Occasionally, a man elects to choose none of the finalists and to depart alone.
The post-game interview appears with the man alone, or with him and his chosen girl if he is "successful ''.
The introduction song when a male contestant enters the stage is Jean - Roch 's "Can You Feel It '' (Big Ali Edit).
The girls make their entrance to Jessie J, Ariana Grande and Nicki Minaj 's "Bang Bang ''. Previous songs included:
If the male contestant has 0 / 24 lights left, Carl Orff 's "O Fortuna - Carmina Burana '' is played.
If the male contestant leaves without a date, Eason Chan 's (陈奕迅) "Eliminate '' ("淘汰 '') plays. Previous songs included:
When two finalist girls walk the catwalk, the song "Gee '' by Korean girl group Girls ' Generation (소녀 시대) plays.
When the burst light girl walks the catwalk, the song "Hush '' by Korean girl group Miss A (미쓰 에이) plays. This was formerly "I LOVE YOU '' by 2NE1.
If the favourite girl is not one of the two finalists, she will walk down the catwalk to a swing beat.
If the two finalists are not chosen (i.e. the contestant insists on the favorite girl), "Real Man '' (大丈夫) by Taiwanese pop singer Jolin Tsai (蔡依林) plays. This was formerly "Goodbye bye bye '' by Elva Hsiao (蕭亞軒).
A matched couple leave to the tune of "You 're The Right One '' ("你 是 对 的 人 '') by Lee Junho (이준호) featuring Qi Wei (戚薇), or "Finally waited for you '' ("終於 等到 你 '') by Jane Zhang (張靚穎). Previous songs included:
The outro song with the credits is "One Step Forward '' (往 前 一步) by Meng Fei.
An alternative outro features the song Wo Zai Na Yi Jiao Luo Huan Guo Shang Feng '' (我 在 那 一 角落 患 过 伤风 (小说 音乐)) by Fiona Fung.
If You Are The One has had many guests through its long history. They include:
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when was the taliban driven out of afghanistan | Taliban - wikipedia
State allies
Non-state allies
The Taliban (Pashto: طالبان ṭālibān "students ''), alternatively spelled Taleban, which refers to itself as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (IEA), is a Sunni Islamic fundamentalist political movement in Afghanistan currently waging war (an insurgency, or jihad) within that country. Since 2016, the Taliban 's leader is Mawlawi Hibatullah Akhundzada.
From 1996 to 2001, the Taliban held power over roughly three quarters of Afghanistan, and enforced there a strict interpretation of Sharia, or Islamic law. The Taliban emerged in 1994 as one of the prominent factions in the Afghan Civil War and largely consisted of students (talib) from the Pashtun areas of eastern and southern Afghanistan who had been educated in traditional Islamic schools, and fought during the Soviet -- Afghan War. Under the leadership of Mohammed Omar, the movement spread throughout most of Afghanistan, sequestering power from the Mujahideen warlords. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was established in 1996 and the Afghan capital was transferred to Kandahar. It held control of most of the country until being overthrown after the American - led invasion of Afghanistan in December 2001 following the September 11 attacks. At its peak, formal diplomatic recognition of the Taliban 's government was acknowledged by only three nations: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The group later regrouped as an insurgency movement to fight the American - backed Karzai administration and the NATO - led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in the War in Afghanistan.
The Taliban have been condemned internationally for the harsh enforcement of their interpretation of Islamic Sharia law, which has resulted in the brutal treatment of many Afghans, especially women. During their rule from 1996 to 2001, the Taliban and their allies committed massacres against Afghan civilians, denied UN food supplies to 160,000 starving civilians and conducted a policy of scorched earth, burning vast areas of fertile land and destroying tens of thousands of homes. According to the United Nations, the Taliban and their allies were responsible for 76 % of Afghan civilian casualties in 2010, 80 % in 2011, and 80 % in 2012.
The Taliban 's ideology has been described as combining an "innovative form '' of sharia Islamic law based on Deobandi fundamentalism and the militant Islamism and Salafi jihadism of Osama bin Laden with Pashtun social and cultural norms known as Pashtunwali, as most Taliban are Pashtun tribesmen.
The Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence and military are widely alleged by the international community and the Afghan government to have provided support to the Taliban during their founding and time in power, and of continuing to support the Taliban during the insurgency. Pakistan states that it dropped all support for the group after the September 11 attacks. In 2001, reportedly 2,500 Arabs under command of Al - Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden fought for the Taliban.
The word Taliban is Pashto, طالبان ṭālibān, meaning "students '', the plural of ṭālib. This is a loanword from Arabic طالب ṭālib, using the Persian plural ending - ān ان. In Arabic طالبان ṭālibān means not "students '' but "two students '', as it is a "dual form '', the Arabic plural being طلاب ṭullāb -- occasionally causing some confusion to Arabic speakers. Since becoming a loanword in English, Taliban, besides a plural noun referring to the group, has also been used as a singular noun referring to an individual. For example, John Walker Lindh has been referred to as "an American Taliban '', rather than "an American Talib ''. In the English language newspapers of Pakistan, the word Talibans is often used when referring to more than one Taliban. The spelling Taliban has come to be predominant over Taleban in English.
After the Soviet Union intervened and occupied Afghanistan in 1979, Islamic mujahideen fighters engaged in war with those Soviet forces.
Pakistan 's President Muhammad Zia - ul - Haq feared that the Soviets were planning to invade also Balochistan, Pakistan, so he sent Akhtar Abdur Rahman to Saudi Arabia to garner support for the Afghan resistance against Soviet occupation forces. A while later, the U.S. CIA and Saudi Arabic General Intelligence Directorate (GID) funneled funding and equipment through the Pakistan I Inter-Service Intelligence Agency (ISI) to the Afghan mujahideen.
About 90,000 Afghans, including Mohammed Omar, were trained by Pakistan 's ISI during the 1980s. The renowned British Professor Carole Hillenbrand concluded that the Taliban have arisen from those US - Saudi - Pakistan - supported mujahideen: "The West helped the Taliban to fight the Soviet takeover of Afghanistan ''.
After the fall of the Soviet - backed regime of Mohammad Najibullah in 1992, many Afghan political parties, but not Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 's Hezb - e Islami, Hizb - e Wahdat, and Ittihad - i Islami, in April agreed on a peace and power - sharing agreement, the Peshawar Accord, which created the Islamic State of Afghanistan and appointed an interim government for a transitional period.
Hekmatyar 's Hezb - e Islami party refused to recognize the interim government, and in April infiltrated Kabul to take power for itself, thus starting this civil war. In May, Hekmatyar started attacks against government forces and Kabul. Hekmatyar received operational, financial and military support from Pakistan 's ISI. With that help, Hekmatyar 's forces were able to destroy half of Kabul. Iran assisted the Hizb - e Wahdat forces of Abdul Ali Mazari. Saudi Arabia supported the Ittihad - i Islami faction. The conflict between these militias also escalated into war.
Due to this sudden initiation of civil war, working government departments, police units or a system of justice and accountability for the newly created Islamic State of Afghanistan did not have time to form. Horrific crimes were committed by individuals inside different factions. Ceasefires, negotiated by representatives of the Islamic State 's newly appointed Defense Minister Ahmad Shah Massoud, President Sibghatullah Mojaddedi and later President Burhanuddin Rabbani (the interim government), or officials from the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), commonly collapsed within days. The countryside in northern Afghanistan, parts of which was under the control of Defense Minister Massoud remained calm and some reconstruction took place. The city of Herat under the rule of Islamic State ally Ismail Khan also witnessed relative calm.
Meanwhile, southern Afghanistan was neither under the control of foreign - backed militias nor the government in Kabul, but was ruled by local leaders such as Gul Agha Sherzai and their militias. The Taliban only first emerged on the scene in August 1994, announcing to liberate Afghanistan from its present corrupt leadership of warlords, and establish a pure Islamic society.
The Taliban are a movement of religious students (talib) from the Pashtun areas of eastern and southern Afghanistan who had been educated in traditional Islamic schools in Pakistan.
Mullah Mohammad Omar in September 1994 in his hometown of Kandahar with 50 students founded the group. Omar had since 1992 been studying in the Sang - i - Hisar madrassa in Maiwand (northern Kandahar Province), was disappointed that Islamic law had not been installed in Afghanistan after the ousting of communist rule, and now with his group pledged to rid Afghanistan of warlords and criminals.
Within months, 15,000 students, often Afghan refugees, from religious schools or madrasas -- one source calls them Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam - run madrasas -- in Pakistan joined the group. Those early Taliban were motivated by the suffering among the Afghan people, which they believed resulted from power struggles between Afghan groups not adhering to the moral code of Islam; in their religious schools they had been taught a belief in strict Islamic law.
But sources state that Pakistan was heavily involved, already in October 1994, in the "creating '' of the Taliban. Pakistan 's Inter-Services Intelligence agency (ISI), strongly supporting the Taliban in 1994, hoped for a new ruling power in Afghanistan favorable to Pakistan.
On 3 November 1994, the Taliban in a surprise attack conquered Kandahar City. Before 4 January 1995, they controlled 12 Afghan provinces. Militias controlling the different areas often surrendered without a fight. Omar 's commanders were a mixture of former small - unit military commanders and madrassa teachers. At these stages, the Taliban were popular, because they stamped out corruption, curbed lawlessness, and made the roads and area safe.
Late 1994, the Islamic State of Afghanistan initiated measures to restore law and order to the capital Kabul, and initiated a nationwide political process for national democratic consolidation and democratic elections. Hoping for the Taliban to be allies in bringing stability to Afghanistan, the Islamic State 's Defense Minister Ahmad Shah Massoud invited the Taliban to join the consolidation process and contribute to stability. Unarmed, Massoud went to talk to Taliban leaders in Maidan Shar to convince them to join the initiated political process. The Taliban declined to join such a political process.
In a bid to establish their rule over all Afghanistan, the Taliban started shelling Kabul in early 1995. The Taliban first suffered a devastating defeat against government forces of the Islamic State of Afghanistan under the command of Ahmad Shah Massoud.
Pakistan, however, started to provide stronger military support to the Taliban. On September 26, 1996, as the Taliban with military support by Pakistan and financial support by Saudi Arabia prepared for another major offensive, Massoud ordered a full retreat from Kabul to continue anti-Taliban resistance in the northeastern Hindu Kush mountains instead of engaging in street battles in Kabul. The Taliban entered Kabul on September 27, 1996, and established the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. Analysts described the Taliban then as developing into a proxy force for Pakistan 's regional interests.
The military goal of the Taliban during the period 1995 to 2001 was to return the order of Abdur Rahman (the Iron Emir) by the re-establishment of a state with Pashtun dominance within the northern areas.
By 1998, the Taliban 's Emirate controlled 90 % of Afghanistan.
In December 2000, the UNSC in Resolution 1333, recognizing humanitarian needs of the Afghan people, condemning the use of Taliban territory for training of "terrorists '' and Taliban providing safehaven to Osama bin Laden, issued severe sanctions against Afghanistan under Taliban control. In October 2001, the United States, with allies including the Afghan Northern Alliance, invaded Afghanistan and routed the Taliban regime. The Taliban leadership fled into Pakistan.
When the Taliban took power in 1996, twenty years of continuous warfare had devastated Afghanistan 's infrastructure and economy. There was no running water, little electricity, few telephones, functioning roads or regular energy supplies. Basic necessities like water, food, housing and others were in desperately short supply. In addition, the clan and family structure that provided Afghans with a social / economic safety net was also badly damaged. Afghanistan 's infant mortality was the highest in the world. A full quarter of all children died before they reached their fifth birthday, a rate several times higher than most other developing countries.
International charitable and / or development organisations (non-governmental organizations or NGOs) were extremely important to the supply of food, employment, reconstruction, and other services, but the Taliban proved highly suspicious towards the ' help ' those organizations offered (see § United Nations and NGOs). With one million plus deaths during the years of war, the number of families headed by widows had reached 98,000 by 1998. In Kabul, where vast portions of the city had been devastated from rocket attacks, more than half of its 1.2 million people benefited in some way from NGO activities, even for water to drink. The civil war and its never - ending refugee stream continued throughout the Taliban 's reign. The Mazar, Herat, and Shomali valley offensives displaced more than three - quarters of a million civilians, using "scorched earth '' tactics to prevent them from supplying the enemy with aid.
Taliban decision - makers, particularly Mullah Omar, seldom if ever talked directly to non-Muslim foreigners, so aid providers had to deal with intermediaries whose approvals and agreements were often reversed. Around September 1997 the heads of three UN agencies in Kandahar were expelled from the country after protesting when a female attorney for the UN High Commissioner for Refugees was forced to talk from behind a curtain so her face would not be visible.
When the UN increased the number of Muslim women staff to satisfy Taliban demands, the Taliban then required all female Muslim UN staff traveling to Afghanistan to be chaperoned by a mahram or a blood relative. In July 1998, the Taliban closed "all NGO offices '' by force after those organizations refused to move to a bombed - out former Polytechnic College as ordered. One month later the UN offices were also shut down. As food prices rose and conditions deteriorated, Planning Minister Qari Din Mohammed explained the Taliban 's indifference to the loss of humanitarian aid:
We Muslims believe God the Almighty will feed everybody one way or another. If the foreign NGOs leave then it is their decision. We have not expelled them.
Pakistan 's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) greatly supported and funded the Taliban during 1994, some sources even say ISI "created '' the Taliban. The I.S.I. used the Taliban to establish a regime in Afghanistan which would be favorable to Pakistan, as they were trying to gain strategic depth. Since the creation of the Taliban, the ISI and the Pakistani military have given financial, logistical and military support.
According to Pakistani Afghanistan expert Ahmed Rashid, "between 1994 and 1999, an estimated 80,000 to 100,000 Pakistanis trained and fought in Afghanistan '' on the side of the Taliban. Peter Tomsen stated that up until 9 / 11 Pakistani military and ISI officers along with thousands of regular Pakistani armed forces personnel had been involved in the fighting in Afghanistan.
During 2001, according to several international sources, 28,000 -- 30,000 Pakistani nationals, 14,000 -- 15,000 Afghan Taliban and 2,000 -- 3,000 Al - Qaeda militants were fighting against anti-Taliban forces in Afghanistan as a roughly 45,000 strong military force. Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf -- then as Chief of Army Staff -- was responsible for sending thousands of Pakistanis to fight alongside the Taliban and Bin Laden against the forces of Ahmad Shah Massoud. Of the estimated 28,000 Pakistani nationals fighting in Afghanistan, 8,000 were militants recruited in madrassas filling regular Taliban ranks. The document further states that the parents of those Pakistani nationals "know nothing regarding their child 's military involvement with the Taliban until their bodies are brought back to Pakistan ''. A 1998 document by the U.S. State Department confirms that "20 -- 40 percent of (regular) Taliban soldiers are Pakistani. '' According to the U.S. State Department report and reports by Human Rights Watch, the other Pakistani nationals fighting in Afghanistan were regular Pakistani soldiers, especially from the Frontier Corps but also from the army providing direct combat support.
Human Rights Watch wrote in 2000:
Of all the foreign powers involved in efforts to sustain and manipulate the ongoing fighting (in Afghanistan), Pakistan is distinguished both by the sweep of its objectives and the scale of its efforts, which include soliciting funding for the Taliban, bankrolling Taliban operations, providing diplomatic support as the Taliban 's virtual emissaries abroad, arranging training for Taliban fighters, recruiting skilled and unskilled manpower to serve in Taliban armies, planning and directing offensives, providing and facilitating shipments of ammunition and fuel, and... directly providing combat support.
On 1 August 1997 the Taliban launched an attack on Sheberghan, the main military base of Abdul Rashid Dostum. Dostum has said the reason the attack was successful was due to 1500 Pakistani commandos taking part and that the Pakistani air force also gave support.
In 1998, Iran accused Pakistan of sending its air force to bomb Mazar - i - Sharif in support of Taliban forces and directly accused Pakistani troops for "war crimes at Bamiyan ''. The same year, Russia said Pakistan was responsible for the "military expansion '' of the Taliban in northern Afghanistan by sending large numbers of Pakistani troops, some of whom had subsequently been taken as prisoners by the anti-Taliban United Front.
During 2000, the UN Security Council imposed an arms embargo against military support to the Taliban, with UN officials explicitly singling out Pakistan. The UN secretary - general implicitly criticized Pakistan for its military support and the Security Council stated it was "deeply distress (ed) over reports of involvement in the fighting, on the Taliban side, of thousands of non-Afghan nationals ''. In July 2001, several countries, including the United States, accused Pakistan of being "in violation of U.N. sanctions because of its military aid to the Taliban ''. The Taliban also obtained financial resources from Pakistan. In 1997 alone, after the capture of Kabul by the Taliban, Pakistan gave $30 million in aid and a further $10 million for government wages.
During 2000, British Intelligence reported that the ISI was taking an active role in several Al - Qaeda training camps. The ISI helped with the construction of training camps for both the Taliban and Al - Qaeda. From 1996 to 2001 the Al - Qaeda of Osama bin Laden and Ayman al - Zawahiri became a state within the Taliban state. Bin Laden sent Arab and Central Asian Al - Qaeda militants to join the fight against the United Front, among them his Brigade 055.
The role of the Pakistani military has been described by international observers as well as by the anti-Taliban leader Ahmad Shah Massoud as a "creeping invasion ''.
Ahmad Shah Massoud and Abdul Rashid Dostum, former enemies, created the United Front (Northern Alliance) against the Taliban that were preparing offensives against the remaining areas under the control of Massoud and those under the control of Dostum. The United Front included beside the dominantly Tajik forces of Massoud and the Uzbek forces of Dostum, Hazara troops led by Haji Mohammad Mohaqiq and Pashtun forces under the leadership of commanders such as Abdul Haq and Haji Abdul Qadir. Notable politicians and diplomats of the United Front included Abdul Rahim Ghafoorzai, Abdullah Abdullah and Massoud Khalili. From the Taliban conquest of Kabul in September 1996 until November 2001 the United Front controlled roughly 30 % of Afghanistan 's population in provinces such as Badakhshan, Kapisa, Takhar and parts of Parwan, Kunar, Nuristan, Laghman, Samangan, Kunduz, Ghōr and Bamyan.
After longstanding battles, especially for the northern city of Mazar - i - Sharif, Abdul Rashid Dostum and his Junbish forces were defeated by the Taliban and their allies in 1998. Dostum subsequently went into exile. Ahmad Shah Massoud remained the only major anti-Taliban leader inside Afghanistan who was able to defend vast parts of his territory against the Taliban.
In the areas under his control Massoud set up democratic institutions and signed the Women 's Rights Declaration. In the area of Massoud, women and girls did not have to wear the Afghan burqa. They were allowed to work and to go to school. In at least two known instances, Massoud personally intervened against cases of forced marriage.
It is our conviction and we believe that both men and women are created by the Almighty. Both have equal rights. Women can pursue an education, women can pursue a career, and women can play a role in society -- just like men.
Massoud is adamant that in Afghanistan women have suffered oppression for generations. He says that "the cultural environment of the country suffocates women. But the Taliban exacerbate this with oppression. '' His most ambitious project is to shatter this cultural prejudice and so give more space, freedom and equality to women -- they would have the same rights as men.
Afghan traditions would need a generation or more to overcome and could only be challenged by education, he said. Humayun Tandar, who took part as an Afghan diplomat in the 2001 International Conference on Afghanistan in Bonn, said that "strictures of language, ethnicity, region were (also) stifling for Massoud. That is why... he wanted to create a unity which could surpass the situation in which we found ourselves and still find ourselves to this day. '' This applied also to strictures of religion. Jean - José Puig describes how Massoud often led prayers before a meal or at times asked his fellow Muslims to lead the prayer but also did not hesitate to ask a Christian friend Jean - José Puig or the Jewish Princeton University Professor Michael Barry: "Jean - José, we believe in the same God. Please, tell us the prayer before lunch or dinner in your own language. ''
Human Rights Watch cites no human rights crimes for the forces under direct control of Massoud for the period from October 1996 until the assassination of Massoud in September 2001. 400,000 to one million Afghans fled from the Taliban to the area of Massoud. National Geographic concluded in its documentary Inside the Taliban: "The only thing standing in the way of future Taliban massacres is Ahmad Shah Massoud. ''
The Taliban repeatedly offered Massoud a position of power to make him stop his resistance. Massoud declined. He explained in one interview:
The Taliban say: "Come and accept the post of prime minister and be with us '', and they would keep the highest office in the country, the presidentship. But at what cost?! The difference between us concerns mainly our way of thinking about the very principles of the society and the state. We can not accept their conditions of compromise, or else we would have to give up the principles of modern democracy. We are fundamentally against the system called "the Emirate of Afghanistan ''.
The United Front in its Proposals for Peace demanded the Taliban to join a political process leading towards nationwide democratic elections. In early 2001, Massoud employed a new strategy of local military pressure and global political appeals. Resentment was increasingly gathering against Taliban rule from the bottom of Afghan society, including the Pashtun areas. Massoud publicized their cause of "popular consensus, general elections and democracy '' worldwide. At the same time he was very wary not to revive the failed Kabul government of the early 1990s. Already in 1999, he started the training of police forces which he trained specifically in order to keep order and protect the civilian population in case the United Front would be successful. Massoud stated:
The Taliban are not a force to be considered invincible. They are distanced from the people now. They are weaker than in the past. There is only the assistance given by Pakistan, Osama bin Laden and other extremist groups that keep the Taliban on their feet. With a halt to that assistance, it is extremely difficult to survive.
From 1999 onwards, a renewed process was set into motion by the Tajik Ahmad Shah Massoud and the Pashtun Abdul Haq to unite all the ethnicities of Afghanistan. While Massoud united the Tajiks, Hazara and Uzbeks as well as some Pashtun commanders under his United Front command, the famed Pashtun commander Abdul Haq received increasing numbers of defecting Pashtun Taliban as "Taliban popularity trended downward ''. Both agreed to work together with the exiled Afghan king Zahir Shah. International officials who met with representatives of the new alliance, which Pulitzer Prize winner Steve Coll referred to as the "grand Pashtun - Tajik alliance '', said, "It 's crazy that you have this today... Pashtuns, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Hazara... They were all ready to buy in to the process... to work under the king 's banner for an ethnically balanced Afghanistan. '' Senior diplomat and Afghanistan expert Peter Tomsen wrote: "The ' Lion of Kabul ' (Abdul Haq) and the ' Lion of Panjshir ' (Ahmad Shah Massoud)... Haq, Massoud, and Karzai, Afghanistan 's three leading moderates, could transcend the Pashtun -- non-Pashtun, north -- south divide. '' The most senior Hazara and Uzbek leader were also part of the process. In late 2000, Massoud officially brought together this new alliance in a meeting in Northern Afghanistan to discuss, among other things, "a Loya Jirga, or a traditional council of elders, to settle political turmoil in Afghanistan ''. That part of the Pashtun -- Tajik -- Hazara -- Uzbek peace plan did eventually materialize. An account of the meeting by author and journalist Sebastian Junger says: "In 2000, when I was there... I happened to be there in a very interesting time... Massoud brought together Afghan leaders from all ethnic groups. They flew from London, Paris, the USA, all parts of Afghanistan, Pakistan, India. He brought them all into the northern area where he was. He held a council of... prominent Afghans from all over the world, brought there to discuss the Afghan government after the Taliban... we met all these men and interviewed them briefly. One was Hamid Karzai; I did not have any idea who he would end up being ''.
In early 2001, Ahmad Shah Massoud with ethnic leaders from all of Afghanistan addressed the European Parliament in Brussels asking the international community to provide humanitarian help to the people of Afghanistan. He stated that the Taliban and Al - Qaeda had introduced "a very wrong perception of Islam '' and that without the support of Pakistan and Bin Laden the Taliban would not be able to sustain their military campaign for up to a year. On this visit to Europe he also warned that his intelligence had gathered information about a large - scale attack on U.S. soil being imminent. The president of the European Parliament, Nicole Fontaine, called him the "pole of liberty in Afghanistan ''.
On 9 September 2001, Massoud, then aged 48, was the target of a suicide attack by two Arabs posing as journalists at Khwaja Bahauddin, in the Takhar Province of Afghanistan. Massoud, who had survived countless assassination attempts over a period of 26 years, died in a helicopter taking him to a hospital. The first attempt on Massoud 's life had been carried out by Hekmatyar and two Pakistani ISI agents in 1975, when Massoud was only 22 years old. In early 2001, Al - Qaeda would - be assassins were captured by Massoud 's forces while trying to enter his territory. The funeral, though in a rather rural area, was attended by hundreds of thousands of mourning people.
The assassination of Massoud is believed to have a connection to the September 11 attacks on U.S. soil, which killed nearly 3000 people, and which appeared to be the terrorist attack that Massoud had warned against in his speech to the European Parliament several months earlier. John P. O'Neill was a counter-terrorism expert and the Assistant Director of the FBI until late 2001. He retired from the FBI and was offered the position of director of security at the World Trade Center (WTC). He took the job at the WTC two weeks before 9 / 11. On September 10, 2001, O'Neill told two of his friends, "We 're due. And we 're due for something big... Some things have happened in Afghanistan. (referring to the assassination of Massoud) I do n't like the way things are lining up in Afghanistan... I sense a shift, and I think things are going to happen... soon. '' O'Neill died on September 11, 2001, when the South Tower collapsed.
After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Massoud 's United Front troops and United Front troops of Abdul Rashid Dostum (who returned from exile) ousted the Taliban from power in Kabul with American air support in Operation Enduring Freedom. From October to December 2001, the United Front gained control of much of the country and played a crucial role in establishing the post-Taliban interim government under Hamid Karzai.
On 20 September 2001, U.S. president George W. Bush, speaking to a joint session of Congress, tentatively blamed Al - Qaeda for the September 11 attacks; the president stated that the "leadership of Al Qaeda ha (d) great influence in Afghanistan and support (ed) the Taliban regime in controlling most of that country ''. Bush then said: "We condemn the Taliban regime '', and went on to state, "Tonight the United States of America makes the following demands on the Taliban '', which he said were "not open to negotiation or discussion '':
The U.S. petitioned the international community to back a military campaign to overthrow the Taliban. The U.N. issued two resolutions on terrorism after the September 11 attacks. The resolutions called on all states to "(increase) cooperation and full implementation of the relevant international conventions relating to terrorism '' and specified consensus recommendations for all countries. According to a research briefing by the House of Commons Library, although the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) did not authorize the U.S. - led military campaign, it was "widely (although not universally) perceived to be a legitimate form of self - defense under the UN Charter '' and the council "moved quickly to authorize a military operation to stabilize the country '' in the wake of the invasion. Moreover, on 12 September 2001, NATO approved a campaign against Afghanistan as self - defense against armed attack.
The Taliban ambassador to Pakistan, Abdul Salem Zaeef, responded to the ultimatum by demanding "convincing evidence '' that Bin Laden was involved in the attacks, stating "our position is that if America has evidence and proof, they should produce it ''. Additionally, the Taliban insisted that any trial of Bin Laden be held in an Afghan court. Zaeef also claimed that "4,000 Jews working in the Trade Center had prior knowledge of the suicide missions, and ' were absent on that day '. '' This response was generally dismissed as a delaying tactic, rather than a sincere attempt to cooperate with the ultimatum.
On September 22, the United Arab Emirates, and later Saudi Arabia, withdrew recognition of the Taliban as Afghanistan 's legal government, leaving neighbouring Pakistan as the only remaining country with diplomatic ties. On 4 October, the Taliban agreed to turn bin Laden over to Pakistan for trial in an international tribunal that operated according to Islamic Sharia law, but Pakistan blocked the offer as it was not possible to guarantee his safety. On October 7, the Taliban ambassador to Pakistan offered to detain bin Laden and try him under Islamic law if the U.S. made a formal request and presented the Taliban with evidence. A Bush administration official, speaking on condition of anonymity, rejected the Taliban offer, and stated that the U.S. would not negotiate their demands.
On October 7, less than one month after the September 11 attacks, the U.S., aided by the United Kingdom, Canada, and other countries including several from the NATO alliance, initiated military action, bombing Taliban and Al - Qaeda - related camps. The stated intent of military operations was to remove the Taliban from power, and prevent the use of Afghanistan as a terrorist base of operations.
The CIA 's elite Special Activities Division (SAD) units were the first U.S. forces to enter Afghanistan (noting that many different countries ' intelligence agencies were on the ground or operating within theatre before SAD, and that SAD are not technically military forces, but civilian paramilitaries). They joined with the Afghan United Front (Northern Alliance) to prepare for the subsequent arrival of U.S. Special Operations forces. The United Front (Northern Alliance) and SAD and Special Forces combined to overthrow the Taliban with minimal coalition casualties, and without the use of international conventional ground forces. The Washington Post stated in an editorial by John Lehman in 2006:
What made the Afghan campaign a landmark in the U.S. Military 's history is that it was prosecuted by Special Operations forces from all the services, along with Navy and Air Force tactical power, operations by the Afghan Northern Alliance and the CIA were equally important and fully integrated. No large Army or Marine force was employed.
On October 14, the Taliban offered to discuss handing over Osama bin Laden to a neutral country in return for a bombing halt, but only if the Taliban were given evidence of bin Laden 's involvement. The U.S. rejected this offer, and continued military operations. Mazar - i - Sharif fell to United Front troops of Ustad Atta Mohammad Noor and Abdul Rashid Dostum on 9 November, triggering a cascade of provinces falling with minimal resistance.
In November 2001, before the capture of Kunduz by United Front troops under the command of Mohammad Daud Daud, thousands of top commanders and regular fighters of the Taliban and Al - Qaeda, Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence agents and military personnel, and other volunteers and sympathizers in the Kunduz airlift, dubbed the Airlift of Evil by US military forces around Kunduz and subsequently used as a term in media reports, were evacuated and airlifted out of Kunduz by Pakistan Army cargo aircraft to Pakistan Air Force air bases in Chitral and Gilgit in Pakistan 's Northern Areas.
On the night of November 12, the Taliban retreated south from Kabul. On November 15, they released eight Western aid workers after three months in captivity. By November 13, the Taliban had withdrawn from both Kabul and Jalalabad. Finally, in early December, the Taliban gave up Kandahar, their last stronghold, dispersing without surrendering.
The United States has conducted targeted killings against Taliban leaders, mainly using Special Forces, and sometimes unmanned aerial vehicles. British forces also used similar tactics, mostly in Helmand Province, Afghanistan. During Operation Herrick, British special forces assassinated at least fifty high and local Taliban commanders in targeted killings in Helmand Province, which received both positive and negative coverage in the British media.
The Taliban also used targeted killings. In 2011 alone, they killed notable anti-Taliban leaders, such as former Afghan President Burhanuddin Rabbani, the police chief in northern Afghanistan, the commander of the elite anti-Taliban 303 Pamir Corps, Mohammad Daud Daud, and the police chief of Kunduz, Abdul Rahman Saidkhaili. All of them belonged to the Massoud faction of the United Front. According to Guantanamo Bay charge sheets, the United States Department of Defense believes the Taliban may maintain a 40 - man undercover unit called "Jihad Kandahar '', which is used for undercover operations, including targeted killings.
After the attacks of 11 September 2001 on the United States, Pakistan has been accused of continuing to support the Taliban, an allegation Pakistan denies.
However, with the fall of Kabul to anti-Taliban forces in November 2001, ISI forces worked with and helped Taliban militias who were in full retreat. In November 2001, Taliban, Al - Qaeda combatants and ISI operatives were safely evacuated from Kunduz on Pakistan Army cargo aircraft to Pakistan Air Force bases in Chitral and Gilgit in Pakistan 's Northern Areas (see Kunduz airlift). Former Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf wrote in his memoirs that Richard Armitage, the former US deputy secretary of state, said Pakistan would be "bombed back to the stone - age '' if it continued to support the Taliban, although Armitage has since denied using the "stone age '' phrase.
In May and June 2003, high Taliban officials proclaimed the Taliban regrouped and ready for guerrilla war to expel US forces from Afghanistan. In late 2004, the then hidden Taliban leader Mohammed Omar announced an insurgency against "America and its puppets '' (i.e. transitional Afghan government forces) to "regain the sovereignty of our country ''.
On 29 May 2006, while according to American website The Spokesman - Review Afghanistan faced "a mounting threat from armed Taliban fighters in the countryside '', a US military truck of a convoy in Kabul lost control and plowed into twelve civilian vehicles, killing one and injuring six people. The surrounding crowd got angry and a riot arose, lasting all day ending with 20 dead and 160 injured. When stone - throwing and gunfire had come from a crowd of some 400 men, the US troops had used their weapons "to defend themselves '' while leaving the scene, a US military spokesman said. A correspondent for the Financial Times in Kabul suggested that this was the outbreak of "a ground swell of resentment '' and "growing hostility to foreigners '' that had been growing and building since 2004, and may also have been triggered by a US air strike a week earlier in southern Afghanistan killing 30 civilians, where she assumed that "the Taliban had been sheltering in civilian houses ''.
The continued support from tribal and other groups in Pakistan, the drug trade, and the small number of NATO forces, combined with the long history of resistance and isolation, indicated that Taliban forces and leaders were surviving. Suicide attacks and other terrorist methods not used in 2001 became more common. Observers suggested that poppy eradication, which destroys the livelihoods of rural Afghans, and civilian deaths caused by airstrikes encouraged the resurgence. These observers maintained that policy should focus on "hearts and minds '' and on economic reconstruction, which could profit from switching from interdicting to diverting poppy production -- to make medicine.
In September 2006, Pakistan recognized the Islamic Emirate of Waziristan, an association of Waziristani chieftains with close ties to the Taliban, as the de facto security force for Waziristan. This recognition was part of the agreement to end the Waziristan War, which had exacted a heavy toll on the Pakistan Army since early 2004. Some commentators viewed Islamabad 's shift from war to diplomacy as implicit recognition of the growing power of the resurgent Taliban relative to American influence, with the U.S. distracted by the threat of looming crises in Iraq, Lebanon, and Iran.
Other commentators viewed Islamabad 's shift from war to diplomacy as an effort to appease growing discontent. Because of the Taliban 's leadership structure, Mullah Dadullah 's assassination in May 2007 did not have a significant effect, other than to damage incipient relations with Pakistan.
On February 8, 2009, U.S. commander of operations in Afghanistan General Stanley McChrystal and other officials said that the Taliban leadership was in Quetta, Pakistan. By 2009, a strong resistance was created, known as Operation Al Faath, the Arabic word for "victory '' taken from the Koran, in the form of a guerrilla war. The Pashtun tribal group, with over 40 million members (including Afghans and Pakistanis) had a long history of resistance to occupation forces, so the Taliban may have comprised only a part of the insurgency. Most post-invasion Taliban fighters were new recruits, mostly drawn from local madrasas.
In December 2009, Asia Times Online reported that the Taliban had offered to give the US "legal guarantees '' that it would not allow Afghanistan to be used for attacks on other countries, and that the US had given no response.
As of July 2016, the US Time magazine estimated 20 % of Afghanistan to be under Taliban control with southernmost Helmand Province as their stronghold, while US and international Resolute Support coalition commanding General Nicholson in December 2016 likewise stated that 10 % was in Taliban hands while another 26 % of Afghanistan was contested between the Afghan government and various insurgency groups.
In August 2017, reacting on a hostile speech of US President Trump, a Taliban spokesman retorted that the Taliban would keep fighting to free Afghanistan of "American invaders ''.
According to a 55 - page report by the United Nations, the Taliban, while trying to consolidate control over northern and western Afghanistan, committed systematic massacres against civilians. UN officials stated that there had been "15 massacres '' between 1996 and 2001. They also said, that "(t) hese have been highly systematic and they all lead back to the (Taliban) Ministry of Defense or to Mullah Omar himself. '' "These are the same type of war crimes as were committed in Bosnia and should be prosecuted in international courts '', one UN official was quoted as saying. The documents also reveal the role of Arab and Pakistani support troops in these killings. Bin Laden 's so - called 055 Brigade was responsible for mass - killings of Afghan civilians. The report by the United Nations quotes "eyewitnesses in many villages describing Arab fighters carrying long knives used for slitting throats and skinning people ''. The Taliban 's former ambassador to Pakistan, Mullah Abdul Salam Zaeef, in late 2011 stated that cruel behaviour under and by the Taliban had been "necessary ''.
In 1998, the United Nations accused the Taliban of denying emergency food by the UN 's World Food Programme to 160,000 hungry and starving people "for political and military reasons ''. The UN said the Taliban were starving people for their military agenda and using humanitarian assistance as a weapon of war.
On August 8, 1998 the Taliban launched an attack on Mazar - i Sharif. Of 1500 defenders only 100 survived the engagement. Once in control the Taliban began to kill people indiscriminately. At first shooting people in the street, they soon began to target Hazaras. Women were raped, and thousands of people were locked in containers and left to suffocate. This ethnic cleansing left an estimated 5,000 to 6,000 dead. At this time ten Iranian diplomats and a journalist were killed. Iran assumed the Taliban had murdered them, and mobilized its army, deploying men along the border with Afghanistan. By the middle of September there were 250,000 Iranian personnel stationed on the border. Pakistan mediated and the bodies were returned to Tehran towards the end of the month. The killings of the Diplomats had been carried out by Sipah - e-Sahaba a Pakistani Sunni group with close ties to the ISI. They burned orchards, crops and destroyed irrigation systems, and forced more than 100,000 people from their homes with hundreds of men, women and children still unaccounted for.
In a major effort to retake the Shomali plains from the United Front, the Taliban indiscriminately killed civilians, while uprooting and expelling the population. Among others, Kamal Hossein, a special reporter for the UN, reported on these and other war crimes. In Istalif, which was home to more than 45,000 people, the Taliban gave 24 hours ' notice to the population to leave, then completely razed the town leaving the people destitute.
In 1999 the town of Bamian was taken, hundreds of men, women and children were executed. Houses were razed and some were used for forced labor. There was a further massacre at the town of Yakaolang in January 2001. An estimated 300 people were murdered, along with two delegations of Hazara elders who had tried to intercede.
By 1999, the Taliban had forced hundreds of thousands of people from the Shomali Plains and other regions conducting a policy of scorched earth burning homes, farm land and gardens.
Several Taliban and al - Qaeda commanders ran a network of human trafficking, abducting women and selling them into sex slavery in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Time magazine writes: "The Taliban often argued that the restrictions they placed on women were actually a way of revering and protecting the opposite sex. The behavior of the Taliban during the six years they expanded their rule in Afghanistan made a mockery of that claim. ''
The targets for human trafficking were especially women from the Tajik, Uzbek, Hazara and other ethnic groups in Afghanistan. Some women preferred to commit suicide over slavery, killing themselves. During one Taliban and al - Qaeda offensive in 1999 in the Shomali Plains alone, more than 600 women were kidnapped. Arab and Pakistani al - Qaeda militants with local Taliban forces, forced them into trucks and buses. Time magazine writes: "The trail of the missing Shomali women leads to Jalalabad, not far from the Pakistan border. There, according to eyewitnesses, the women were penned up inside Sar Shahi camp in the desert. The more desirable among them were selected and taken away. Some were trucked to Peshawar with the apparent complicity of Pakistani border guards. Others were taken to Khost, where bin Laden had several training camps. '' Officials from relief agencies say, the trail of many of the vanished women leads to Pakistan where they were sold to brothels or into private households to be kept as slaves.
However, not all Taliban commanders engaged in human trafficking. Many Taliban were opposed to the human trafficking operations conducted by al - Qaeda and other Taliban commanders. Nuruludah, a Taliban commander, is quoted as saying that in the Shomali Plains, he and 10 of his men freed some women who were being abducted by Pakistani members of al - Qaeda. In Jalalabad, local Taliban commanders freed women that were being held by Arab members of al - Qaeda in a camp.
To PHR 's knowledge, no other regime in the world has methodically and violently forced half of its population into virtual house arrest, prohibiting them on pain of physical punishment.
The Taliban were condemned internationally for their brutal repression of women. In 2001 Laura Bush in a radio address condemned the Taliban 's brutality to women. In areas they controlled the Taliban issued edicts which forbade women from being educated, girls were forced to leave schools and colleges. Those who wished to leave their home to go shopping had to be accompanied by a male relative, and were required to wear the burqa, a traditional dress covering the entire body except for a small screen to see out of. Those who appeared to disobey were publicly beaten. Sohaila, a young woman who was convicted of walking with a man who was not a relative, was charged with adultery. She was publicly flogged in Ghazi Stadium and received 100 lashes. The religious police routinely carried out inhumane abuse on women. Employment for women was restricted to the medical sector, because male medical personnel were not allowed to treat women and girls. One result of the banning of employment of women by the Taliban was the closing down in places like Kabul of primary schools not only for girls but for boys, because almost all the teachers there were women. Taliban restrictions became more severe after they took control of the capital. In February 1998, religious police forced all women off the streets of Kabul, and issued new regulations ordering people to blacken their windows, so that women would not be visible from the outside.
According to the United Nations, the Taliban and its allies were responsible for 76 % of civilian casualties in Afghanistan in 2009, 75 % in 2010 and 80 % in 2011.
According to Human Rights Watch, the Taliban 's bombings and other attacks which have led to civilian casualties "sharply escalated in 2006 '' when "at least 669 Afghan civilians were killed in at least 350 armed attacks, most of which appear to have been intentionally launched at non-combatants. ''
The United Nations reported that the number of civilians killed by both the Taliban and pro-government forces in the war rose nearly 50 % between 2007 and 2009. The high number of civilians killed by the Taliban is blamed in part on their increasing use of improvised explosive devices (IEDs), "for instance, 16 IEDs have been planted in girls ' schools '' by the Taliban.
In 2009, Colonel Richard Kemp, formerly Commander of British forces in Afghanistan and the intelligence coordinator for the British government, drew parallels between the tactics and strategy of Hamas in Gaza to those of the Taliban. Kemp wrote:
Like Hamas in Gaza, the Taliban in southern Afghanistan are masters at shielding themselves behind the civilian population and then melting in among them for protection. Women and children are trained and equipped to fight, collect intelligence, and ferry arms and ammunition between battles. Female suicide bombers are increasingly common. The use of women to shield gunmen as they engage NATO forces is now so normal it is deemed barely worthy of comment. Schools and houses are routinely booby - trapped. Snipers shelter in houses deliberately filled with women and children.
Taliban between 2008 and 2012 several times claimed to have assassinated Western and Afghani medical or aid workers in Afghanistan, either for fear of the vaccination of children against polio, or for suspicion that the ' medical workers ' were in truth spies, or for suspecting them to be proselytizing Christianity.
In August 2008, three Western women (British, Canadian, US) working for aid group ' International Rescue Committee ' were murdered in Kabul. Taliban claimed to have killed them because they were foreign spies. In October 2008, the British woman Gayle Williams working for Christian UK charity ' Serve Afghanistan ' -- focusing on training and education for disabled persons -- was murdered near Kabul. Taliban claimed they killed her because her organisation "was preaching Christianity in Afghanistan ''. In all 2008 until October, 29 aid workers, 5 of whom non-Afghanis, were killed in Afghanistan.
In August 2010, the Taliban claimed to have murdered 10 medical aid workers passing through Badakhshan Province on the way from Kabul to Nuristan Province -- but also Afghan Islamic party / militia Hezb - e Islami Gulbuddin has claimed those killings. The victims were six Americans, one Briton, one German and two Afghanis, working for self - proclaimed "non-profit, Christian organization '' called ' International Assistance Mission '. Taliban said they murdered them because of proselytizing Christianity, having Bibles translated in Dari language in their possession when they were encountered. IAM however contended afterwards that they "were not missionaries ''.
In December 2012, unidentified gunmen killed four female UN polio - workers in Karachi in Pakistan; Western news media suggested a connection with the outspoken Taliban objections against and suspicions about such ' polio vaccinations '.
Eventually in 2012, a Pakistani Taliban commander in North Waziristan in Pakistan banned polio vaccinations, and in March 2013, the Afghan government was forced to suspend vaccination efforts from the Nuristan Province because of a large Taliban influence in the province.
But in May 2013, Taliban leaders changed their stance on polio vaccination, saying the vaccine is the only way to prevent polio and that they would work with immunisation volunteers so long as polio workers are "unbiased '' and "harmonised with the regional conditions, Islamic values and local cultural traditions. ''
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The Taliban 's ideology has been described as an "innovative form of sharia combining Pashtun tribal codes, '' or Pashtunwali, with radical Deobandi interpretations of Islam favored by JUI and its splinter groups. Also contributing to the mix was the militant Islamism and extremist jihadism of Osama bin Laden. Their ideology was a departure from the Islamism of the anti-Soviet mujahideen rulers they replaced who tended to be mystical Sufis, traditionalists, or radical Islamism inspired by the Muslim Brotherhood (Ikhwan).
According to journalist Ahmed Rashid, at least in the first years of their rule, the Taliban adopted Deobandi and Islamist anti-nationalist beliefs, and opposed "tribal and feudal structures, '' eliminating traditional tribal or feudal leaders from leadership roles.
The Taliban strictly enforced their ideology in major cities like Herat, Kabul, and Kandahar. But in rural areas the Taliban had little direct control, and promoted village jirgas, so it did not enforce its ideology as stringently in rural areas.
The Taliban regime interpreted the sharia law as to forbid pork, alcohol, music, many types of consumer technology such as television, filming and the Internet as well as most forms of art such as paintings or photography, and female participation in sport. Men were forbidden to shave their beards, and required to wear a head covering.
The Taliban emphasized dreams as a means of revelation.
Like Wahhabi and other Deobandis, the Taliban do not consider Shi ʻi to be Muslims. The Shia in Afghanistan consist mostly of the Hazara ethnic group which totaled almost 10 % of Afghanistan 's population.
The Taliban were averse to debating doctrine with other Muslims. "The Taliban did not allow even Muslim reporters to question (their) edicts or to discuss interpretations of the Qur'an. ''
The Taliban frequently used the pre-Islamic Pashtun tribal code, Pashtunwali, in deciding certain social matters. Such is the case with the Pashtun practice of dividing inheritances equally among sons, even though the Qur'an clearly states that women are to receive one - half a man 's share.
According to Ali A. Jalali and Lester Grau, the Taliban "received extensive support from Pashtuns across the country who thought that the movement might restore their national dominance. Even Pashtun intellectuals in the West, who differed with the Taliban on many issues, expressed support for the movement on purely ethnic grounds. ''
In 1999, Mullah Omar issued a decree protecting the Buddha statues at Bamyan, two 6th - century monumental statues of standing buddhas carved into the side of a cliff in the Bamyan valley in the Hazarajat region of central Afghanistan. But in March 2001, the statues were destroyed by the Taliban of Mullah Omar, following a decree stating: "all the statues around Afghanistan must be destroyed. ''
Yahya Massoud, brother of the anti-Taliban and resistance leader Ahmad Shah Massoud, recalls the following incident after the destruction of the Buddha statues at Bamyan:
It was the spring of 2001. I was in Afghanistan 's Panjshir Valley, together with my brother Ahmad Shah Massoud, the leader of the Afghan resistance against the Taliban, and Bismillah Khan, who currently serves as Afghanistan 's interior minister. One of our commanders, Commandant Momin, wanted us to see 30 Taliban fighters who had been taken hostage after a gun battle. My brother agreed to meet them.
I remember that his first question concerned the centuries - old Buddha statues that were dynamited by the Taliban in March of that year, shortly before our encounter. Two Taliban combatants from Kandahar confidently responded that worshiping anything outside of Islam was unacceptable and that therefore these statues had to be destroyed. My brother looked at them and said, this time in Pashto, ' There are still many sun - worshippers in this country. Will you also try to get rid of the sun and drop darkness over the Earth? ' "'
The Taliban ideology was not static. Before its capture of Kabul, members of the Taliban talked about stepping aside once a government of "good Muslims '' took power and law and order were restored. The decision making process of the Taliban in Kandahar was modeled on the Pashtun tribal council (jirga), together with what was believed to be the early Islamic model. Discussion was followed by a building of a consensus by the believers.
However, as the Taliban 's power grew, decisions were made by Mullah Omar without consulting the jirga and without Omar 's visits to other parts of the country. He visited the capital, Kabul, only twice while in power. Taliban spokesman Mullah Wakil explained:
Decisions are based on the advice of the Amir - ul Momineen. For us consultation is not necessary. We believe that this is in line with the Sharia. We abide by the Amir 's view even if he alone takes this view. There will not be a head of state. Instead there will be an Amir al - Mu'minin. Mullah Omar will be the highest authority and the government will not be able to implement any decision to which he does not agree. General elections are incompatible with Sharia and therefore we reject them.
Another evolution of Taliban ideology was Mullah Omar 1999 decree calling for the protection of the Buddha statues at Bamyan and the March 2001 destruction of them.
The author Ahmed Rashid suggests that the devastation and hardship of the Soviet invasion and the following period influenced Taliban ideology. It is said that the Taliban did not include scholars learned in Islamic law and history. The refugee students, brought up in a totally male society, not only had no education in mathematics, science, history or geography, but also had no traditional skills of farming, herding, or handicraft - making, nor even knowledge of their tribal and clan lineages. In such an environment, war meant employment, peace meant unemployment. Dominating women simply affirmed manhood. For their leadership, rigid fundamentalism was a matter not only of principle, but also of political survival. Taliban leaders "repeatedly told '' Rashid that "if they gave women greater freedom or a chance to go to school, they would lose the support of their rank and file. ''
The Taliban have been criticized for their strictness toward those who disobeyed their imposed rules, and Mullah Omar 's taking of the title of Amir al - Mu'minin. Many Muslims complained that most Taliban rules had no basis in the Qur'an or sharia.
Mullah Omar was criticised for calling himself Amir al - Mu'minin on the grounds that he lacked scholarly learning, tribal pedigree, or connections to the Prophet 's family. Sanction for the title traditionally required the support of all of the country 's ulema, whereas only some 1,200 Pashtun Taliban - supporting Mullahs had declared Omar the Amir. According to Ahmed Rashid, "no Afghan had adopted the title since 1834, when King Dost Mohammed Khan assumed the title before he declared jihad against the Sikh kingdom in Peshawar. But Dost Mohammed was fighting foreigners, while Omar had declared jihad against other Afghans. ''
Another criticism was that the Taliban called their 20 % tax on truckloads of opium "zakat '', which is traditionally limited to 2.5 % of the zakat - payers ' disposable income (or wealth).
Taliban have been compared to the 7th - century Kharijites for developing extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shiʿa Muslims. The Kharijites were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to takfir, whereby they declared other Muslims to be unbelievers and therefore deemed them worthy of death.
In particular the Taliban have been accused of takfir towards Shia. After the August 1998 slaughter of 8000 mostly Shia Hazaras non-combatants at Mazar - i - Sharif, Mullah Niazi, the Taliban commander of the attack and the new governor of Mazar, declared from Mazar 's central mosque:
"Last year you rebelled against us and killed us. From all your homes you shot at us. Now we are here to deal with you. The Hazaras are not Muslims and now have to kill Hazaras. You either accept to be Muslims or leave Afghanistan. Wherever you go we will catch you. If you go up we will pull you down by your feet; if you hide below, we will pull you up by your hair. ''
Until his death in 2013, Mullah Mohammed Omar was the supreme commander of the Taliban. Mullah Akhtar Mansour was elected as his replacement in 2015, and following Mansour 's killing in a May 2016 U.S. drone strike, Mawlawi Hibatullah Akhundzada became the group 's leader.
The Taliban initially enjoyed goodwill from Afghans weary of the warlords ' corruption, brutality, and incessant fighting. However, this popularity was not universal, particularly among non-Pashtuns.
In 2001, the Taliban, de jure, controlled 85 % of Afghanistan. De facto the areas under its direct control were mainly Afghanistan 's major cities and highways. Tribal khans and warlords had de facto direct control over various small towns, villages, and rural areas.
Rashid described the Taliban government as "a secret society run by Kandaharis... mysterious, secretive, and dictatorial. '' They did not hold elections, as their spokesman explained:
The Sharia does not allow politics or political parties. That is why we give no salaries to officials or soldiers, just food, clothes, shoes, and weapons. We want to live a life like the Prophet lived 1400 years ago, and jihad is our right. We want to recreate the time of the Prophet, and we are only carrying out what the Afghan people have wanted for the past 14 years.
They modeled their decision - making process on the Pashtun tribal council (jirga), together with what they believed to be the early Islamic model. Discussion was followed by a building of a consensus by the "believers ''. Before capturing Kabul, there was talk of stepping aside once a government of "good Muslims '' took power, and law and order were restored.
As the Taliban 's power grew, decisions were made by Mullah Omar without consulting the jirga and without consulting other parts of the country. He visited the capital, Kabul, only twice while in power. Instead of an election, their leader 's legitimacy came from an oath of allegiance ("Bay'ah ''), in imitation of the Prophet and the first four Caliphs. On April 4, 1996, Mullah Omar had "the Cloak of the Prophet Mohammed '' taken from its shrine for the first time in 60 years. Wrapping himself in the relic, he appeared on the roof of a building in the center of Kandahar while hundreds of Pashtun mullahs below shouted "Amir al - Mu'minin! '' (Commander of the Faithful), in a pledge of support. Taliban spokesman Mullah Wakil explained:
Decisions are based on the advice of the Amir - ul Momineen. For us consultation is not necessary. We believe that this is in line with the Sharia. We abide by the Amir 's view even if he alone takes this view. There will not be a head of state. Instead there will be an Amir al - Mu'minin. Mullah Omar will be the highest authority, and the government will not be able to implement any decision to which he does not agree. General elections are incompatible with Sharia and therefore we reject them.
The Taliban were very reluctant to share power, and since their ranks were overwhelmingly Pashtun they ruled as overlords over the 60 % of Afghans from other ethnic groups. In local government, such as Kabul city council or Herat, Taliban loyalists, not locals, dominated, even when the Pashto - speaking Taliban could not communicate with the roughly half of the population who spoke Dari or other non-Pashtun tongues. Critics complained that this "lack of local representation in urban administration made the Taliban appear as an occupying force. ''
Consistent with the governance of early Muslims was the absence of state institutions or "a methodology for command and control '' that is standard today even among non-Westernized states. The Taliban did not issue press releases, policy statements, or hold regular press conferences. The outside world and most Afghans did not even know what their leaders looked like, since photography was banned. The "regular army '' resembled a lashkar or traditional tribal militia force with only 25,000 men (of whom 11,000 were non-Afghans).
Cabinet ministers and deputies were mullahs with a "madrasah education. '' Several of them, such as the Minister of Health and Governor of the State bank, were primarily military commanders who left their administrative posts to fight when needed. Military reverses that trapped them behind lines or led to their deaths increased the chaos in the national administration. At the national level, "all senior Tajik, Uzbek and Hazara bureaucrats '' were replaced "with Pashtuns, whether qualified or not. '' Consequently, the ministries "by and large ceased to function. ''
The Ministry of Finance had neither a budget nor "qualified economist or banker. '' Mullah Omar collected and dispersed cash without bookkeeping.
According to the testimony of Guantanamo captives before their Combatant Status Review Tribunals, the Taliban, in addition to conscripting men to serve as soldiers, also conscripted men to staff its civil service.
The Kabul money markets responded positively during the first weeks of the Taliban occupation (1996). But the Afghani soon fell in value. They imposed a 50 % tax on any company operating in the country, and those who failed to pay were attacked. They also imposed a 6 % import tax on anything brought into the country, and by 1998 had control of the major airports and border crossings which allowed them to establish a monopoly on all trade. By 2001 the per capita income of the 25 million population was under $200, and the country was close to total economic collapse. As of 2007 the economy had begun to recover, with estimated foreign reserves of three billion dollars and a 13 % increase in economic growth.
Under the Transit treaty between Afghanistan and Pakistan a massive network for smuggling developed. It had an estimated turnover of 2.5 billion dollars with the Taliban receiving between $100 and $130 million per year. These operations along with the trade from the Golden Crescent financed the war in Afghanistan and also had the side effect of destroying start up industries in Pakistan. Ahmed Rashid also explained that the Afghan Transit Trade agreed on by Pakistan was "the largest official source of revenue for the Taliban. ''
Between 1996 and 1999 Mullah Omar reversed his opinions on the drug trade, apparently as it only harmed kafirs. The Taliban controlled 96 % of Afghanistan 's poppy fields and made opium its largest source of taxation. Taxes on opium exports became one of the mainstays of Taliban income and their war economy. According to Rashid, "drug money funded the weapons, ammunition and fuel for the war. '' In The New York Times, the Finance Minister of the United Front, Wahidullah Sabawoon, declared the Taliban had no annual budget but that they "appeared to spend US $300 million a year, nearly all of it on war. '' He added that the Taliban had come to increasingly rely on three sources of money: "poppy, the Pakistanis and bin Laden. ''
In an economic sense it seems however he had little choice, as the war of attrition continued with the Northern Alliance the income from continued opium production was all that prevented the country from starvation. By 2000 Afghanistan accounted for an estimated 75 % of the world 's supply and in 2000 grew an estimated 3276 tonnes of opium from poppy cultivation on 82,171 hectares. At this juncture Omar passed a decree banning the cultivation of opium, and production dropped to an estimated 74 metric tonnes from poppy cultivation on 1,685 hectares. Many observers say the ban -- which came in a bid for international recognition at the United Nations -- was only issued in order to raise opium prices and increase profit from the sale of large existing stockpiles. The year 1999 had yielded a record crop and had been followed by a lower but still large 2000 harvest. The trafficking of accumulated stocks by the Taliban continued in 2000 and 2001. In 2002, the UN mentioned the "existence of significant stocks of opiates accumulated during previous years of bumper harvests. '' In September 2001 -- before the 11 September attacks against the United States -- the Taliban allegedly authorized Afghan peasants to sow opium again.
There was also an environmental toll to the country, heavy deforestation from the illegal trade in timber with hundreds of acres of pine and cedar forests in Kunar Province and Paktya being cleared. Throughout the country millions of acres were denuded to supply timber to the Pakistani markets, with no attempt made at reforestation, which has led to significant environmental damage. By 2001, when the Afghan Interim Administration took power the country 's infrastructure was in ruins, Telecommunications had failed, the road network was destroyed and Ministry of Finance buildings were in such a state of disrepair some were on the verge of collapse. On July 6, 1999 then president Bill Clinton signed into effect executive order 13129. This order implemented a complete ban on any trade between America and the Taliban regime and on August 10 they froze £ 5000, 000 in Ariana assets. On December 19, 2000 UN resolution 1333 was passed. It called for all assets to be frozen and for all states to close any offices belonging to the Taliban. This included the offices of Ariana Afghan Airlines. In 1999 the UN had passed resolution 1267 which had banned all international flights by Ariana apart from preapproved humanitarian missions.
During its time in power (1996 -- 2001), at its height ruling 90 % of Afghanistan, the Taliban regime, or "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan '', gained diplomatic recognition from only three states: the United Arab Emirates, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia, all of which provided substantial aid. The other nations including the United Nations recognized the government of the Islamic State of Afghanistan (1992 -- 2002) (parts of whom were part of the United Front, also called Northern Alliance) as the legitimate government of Afghanistan.
With financial support of Saudi Arabia, the Taliban in 1996 conquered Kabul and then established their Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
Qatar in 2013, with the approval of the U.S. and the Afghan government, allowed the Afghan Taliban to set up a diplomatic, political office inside the country. This was done in order to facilitate peace negotiations and with the support of other countries.
Ahmed Rashid, writing in the Financial Times, stated that through the office Qatar has facilitated meetings between the Taliban and many countries and organisations, including the US state department, the UN, Japan, several European governments and non-governmental organisations, all of whom have been trying to push forward the idea of peace talks.
In July 2017, Saudi Arabia, at the time in severe conflict with Qatar, without corroboration alleged Qatar to support terrorism including Taliban "armed terrorists ''.
Suggestions in September 2017 by the presidents of both the United States and Afghanistan have reportedly lead to protests from senior officials of the American State Department.
Canada has designated the Taliban as a terrorist group.
Maulana Fazal - ur - Rehman, leader of the Pakistani Islamic (Deobandi) political party Jamiat Ulema - e Islam (F) (JUI), was an ally of Benazir Bhutto, Pakistani prime minister in 1993 -- 1996, and then had access to the Pakistani government, army and the ISI, whom he influenced to help the Taliban. The Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) has since 1994 heavily supported the Taliban, while the group conquered most of Afghanistan in 1994 -- 98.
Human Rights Watch writes, "Pakistani aircraft assisted with troop rotations of Taliban forces during combat operations in late 2000 and... senior members of Pakistan 's intelligence agency and army were involved in planning military operations. '' Pakistan provided military equipment, recruiting assistance, training, and tactical advice. Officially Pakistan denied supporting the Taliban militarily.
Author Ahmed Rashid claims that the Taliban had "unprecedented access '' among Pakistan 's lobbies and interest groups. He also writes that they at times were able to "play off one lobby against another and extend their influence in Pakistan even further ''. By 1998 -- 99, Taliban - style groups in Pakistan 's Pashtun belt, and to an extent in Pakistan - administered Kashmir, "were banning TV and videos... and forcing people, particularly women, to adapt to the Taliban dress code and way of life. ''
After the attacks of September 11, 2001, and the U.S. operation in Afghanistan the Afghan Taliban leadership is claimed to have fled to Pakistan where they regrouped and created several shuras to coordinate their insurgency in Afghanistan.
Afghan officials implied the Pakistani ISI 's involvement in a July 2008 Taliban attack on the Indian embassy. Numerous U.S. officials have accused the ISI of supporting terrorist groups including the Afghan Taliban. U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates and others suggest the ISI maintains links with groups like the Afghan Taliban as a "strategic hedge '' to help Islamabad gain influence in Kabul once U.S. troops exit the region. U.S. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Mike Mullen in 2011 called the Haqqani network (the Afghan Taliban 's most destructive element) a "veritable arm of Pakistan 's ISI ''.
From 2010, a report by a leading British institution also claimed that Pakistan 's intelligence service still today has a strong link with the Taliban in Afghanistan. Published by the London School of Economics, the report said that Pakistan 's Inter-Services Intelligence agency (ISI) has an "official policy '' of support for the Taliban. It said the ISI provides funding and training for the Taliban, and that the agency has representatives on the so - called Quetta Shura, the Taliban 's leadership council. It is alleged that the Quetta Shura is exiled in Quetta. The report, based on interviews with Taliban commanders in Afghanistan, was written by Matt Waldman, a fellow at Harvard University.
"Pakistan appears to be playing a double - game of astonishing magnitude, '' the report said. The report also linked high - level members of the Pakistani government with the Taliban. It said Asif Ali Zardari, the Pakistani president, met with senior Taliban prisoners in 2010 and promised to release them. Zardari reportedly told the detainees they were only arrested because of American pressure. "The Pakistan government 's apparent duplicity -- and awareness of it among the American public and political establishment -- could have enormous geopolitical implications, '' Waldman said. "Without a change in Pakistani behaviour it will be difficult if not impossible for international forces and the Afghan government to make progress against the insurgency. '' Afghan officials have long been suspicious of the ISI 's role. Amrullah Saleh, the former director of Afghanistan 's intelligence service, told Reuters that the ISI was "part of a landscape of destruction in this country ''.
Pakistan, at least up to 2011, has always strongly denied all links with Taliban.
On June 15, 2014 Pakistan army launches operation ' Zarb - e-Azb ' in North Waziristan to remove and root - out Taliban from Pakistan. In this operation 327 hardcore terrorists had been killed while 45 hideouts and 2 bomb making factories of terrorists were destroyed in North Waziristan Agency as the operation continues.
Before the creation of the Tehrik - i - Taliban (Pakistan), some of their leaders and fighters were part of the 8,000 Pakistani militants fighting in the War in Afghanistan (1996 -- 2001) and the War in Afghanistan (2001 - present) against the United Islamic Front and NATO forces. Most of them hail from the Pakistani side of the Af - Pak border regions. After the fall of the Afghan Taliban in late 2001 most Pakistani militants including members of today 's TTP fled home to Pakistan.
After the creation of the Tehrik - i - Taliban Pakistan in 2007, headed by Baitullah Mehsud, its members have officially defined goals to establish their rule over Pakistan 's Federally Administered Tribal Areas. They engage the Pakistani army in heavy combat operations. Some intelligence analysts believe that the TTP 's attacks on the Pakistani government, police and army strained the TTP 's relations with the Afghan Taliban.
The Afghan Taliban and the Tehrik - i - Taliban Pakistan differ greatly in their history, leadership and goals although they share a common interpretation of Islam and are both predominantly Pashtun. The Afghan Taliban have no affiliation with the Tehrik - i - Taliban Pakistan and routinely deny any connection to the TTP. The New York Times quoted a spokesman for the Afghan Taliban stating that:
We do n't like to be involved with them, as we have rejected all affiliation with Pakistani Taliban fighters... We have sympathy for them as Muslims, but beside that, there is nothing else between us.
It is alleged that Afghan Taliban relied on support by the Pakistani army in the past and are still supported by them today in their campaign to control Afghanistan. Regular Pakistani army troops fought alongside the Afghan Taliban in the War in Afghanistan (1996 -- 2001). Major leaders of the Afghan Taliban including Mullah Omar, Jalaluddin Haqqani and Siraj Haqqani are believed to enjoy or have enjoyed safe haven in Pakistan. In 2006 Jalaluddin Haqqani was allegedly called a ' Pakistani asset ' by a senior official of Inter-Services Intelligence. Pakistan denies any links with Haqqani or other terrorist groups. Haqqani himself has denied any links with Pakistan as well.
Afghan Taliban leader Mullah Omar asked the Tehrik - i - Taliban Pakistan in late 2008 and early 2009 to stop attacks inside Pakistan, to change their focus as an organization and to fight the Afghan National Army and ISAF forces in Afghanistan instead. In late December 2008 and early January 2009 he sent a delegation, led by former Guantanamo Bay detainee Mullah Abdullah Zakir, to persuade leading members of the TTP to put aside differences with Pakistan.
Some regional experts state the common name "Taliban '' may be more misleading than illuminating. Gilles Dorronsoro, a scholar of South Asia currently at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington says:
The fact that they have the same name causes all kinds of confusion.
As the Pakistani Army began offensives against the Pakistani Taliban, many unfamiliar with the region thought incorrectly that the assault was against the Afghan Taliban of Mullah Omar which was not the case.
The Pakistani Taliban were put under sanctions by U.N. Security Council for terrorists attacks in Pakistan and the 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt.
Malakand Taliban is a militant outfit led by Sufi Muhammad and his son in law Molvi Fazalullah. Sufi Muhammad is in Pakistani government custody, however, Molvi Fazalullah is believed to be in Afghanistan. In the last week of May 2011, eight security personnel and civilians fell victim to four hundred armed Taliban who attacked Shaltalo check post in Dir, a frontier District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, located few kilometers away from Afghan border. Although, they have been linked with Waziristan - based Tehreek - e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), the connection between these two groups was of symbolic nature.
In 1996, bin Laden moved to Afghanistan from Sudan. He came without invitation, and sometimes irritated Mullah Omar with his declaration of war and fatwas against citizens of third - party countries, but relations between the two groups improved over time, to the point that Mullah Omar rebuffed his group 's patron Saudi Arabia, insulting Saudi minister Prince Turki while reneging on an earlier promise to turn bin Laden over to the Saudis.
Bin Laden was able to forge an alliance between the Taliban and al - Qaeda. The al - Qaeda - trained 055 Brigade integrated with the Taliban army between 1997 and 2001. Several hundred Arab and Afghan fighters sent by bin Laden assisted the Taliban in the Mazar - e-Sharif slaughter in 1998. From 1996 to 2001, the organization of Osama Bin Laden and Ayman al - Zawahiri had become a virtual state within the Taliban state. The British newspaper The Telegraph stated in September 2001 that 2,500 Arabs under command of Bin Laden fighted for the Taliban.
Taliban - al - Qaeda connections were also strengthened by the reported marriage of one of bin Laden 's sons to Omar 's daughter. While in Afghanistan, bin Laden may have helped finance the Taliban.
After the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in Africa, bin Laden and several al - Qaeda members were indicted in U.S. criminal court. The Taliban rejected extradition requests by the U.S., variously claiming that bin Laden had "gone missing '', or that Washington "can not provide any evidence or any proof '' that bin Laden is involved in terrorist activities and that "without any evidence, bin Laden is a man without sin... he is a free man. ''
Evidence against bin Laden included courtroom testimony and satellite phone records. Bin Laden in turn, praised the Taliban as the "only Islamic government '' in existence, and lauded Mullah Omar for his destruction of idols such as the Buddhas of Bamyan.
At the end of 2008, the Taliban was in talks to sever all ties with al - Qaeda.
In 2011, Alex Strick van Linschoten and Felix Kuehn at New York University 's Center on International Cooperation claimed that the two groups did not get along at times before the September 11 attacks, and they have continued to fight since on account of their differences.
In July 2012, an anonymous senior - ranking Taliban commander stated that "Our people consider al - Qaeda to be a plague that was sent down to us by the heavens. Some even concluded that al - Qaeda are actually the spies of America. Originally, the Taliban were naive and ignorant of politics and welcomed al - Qaeda into their homes. But al - Qaeda abused our hospitality. '' He went on to further claim that about 70 % of the Taliban are angry with al - Qaeda, revealing the icy relationship between the two groups.
Iran has historically been an enemy of the Taliban. In early August 1998, after attacking the city of Mazar - i - Sharif, Taliban forces killed several thousand civilians and 10 Iranian diplomats and intelligence officers in the Iranian consulate. Alleged radio intercepts indicate Mullah Omar personally approved the killings. In the following crisis between Iran and the Taliban, the Iranian government amassed up to 200,000 regular troops on the Afghan - Iranian border. War was eventually averted.
Many U.S. senior military officials such as Robert Gates, Stanley McChrystal, David Petraeus and others believe that Iran 's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps nowadays is involved in helping the Taliban to a certain extent. Reports in which NATO states accused Iran of supplying and training some Taliban insurgents started coming forward since 2004 / 2005.
"We did interdict a shipment, without question the Revolutionary Guard 's core Quds Force, through a known Taliban facilitator. Three of the individuals were killed... 48 122 millimetre rockets were intercepted with their various components... Iranians certainly view as making life more difficult for us if Afghanistan is unstable. We do n't have that kind of relationship with the Iranians. That 's why I am particularly troubled by the interception of weapons coming from Iran. But we know that it 's more than weapons; it 's money; it 's also according to some reports, training at Iranian camps as well. ''
There are several sources as well stating the relationship between the Taliban and Iran in recent years. This said to occur from leadership change in the Taliban itself. Pro-Iran media outlets have also reported that the Taliban has included Shia Hazara fighters into its ranks. The Taliban have also condemned ISIS linked attacks on the Hazara Shia minority.
The United States never recognized the Taliban government in Afghanistan. However, Ahmed Rashid states that the U.S. indirectly supported the Taliban through its ally in Pakistan between 1994 and 1996 because Washington viewed the Taliban as anti-Iranian, anti-Shia and pro-Western. Washington furthermore hoped that the Taliban would support development planned by the U.S. - based oil company Unocal. For example, it made no comment when the Taliban captured Herat in 1995, and expelled thousands of girls from schools. In late 1997, American Secretary of State Madeleine Albright began to distance the U.S. from the Taliban, and the American - based oil company Unocal withdrew from negotiations on pipeline construction from Central Asia.
One day before the August 1998 capture of Mazar, bin Laden affiliates bombed two U.S. embassies in Africa, killing 224 and wounding 4,500, mostly Africans. The U.S. responded by launching cruise missiles on suspected terrorist camps in Afghanistan, killing over 20 though failing to kill bin Laden or even many Al - Qaeda. Mullah Omar condemned the missile attack and American President Bill Clinton. Saudi Arabia expelled the Taliban envoy in protest over the refusal to turn over bin Laden, and after Mullah Omar allegedly insulted the Saudi royal family. In mid-October the U.N. Security Council voted unanimously to ban commercial aircraft flights to and from Afghanistan, and freeze its bank accounts worldwide.
Adjusting its counterinsurgency strategy, in October 2009, the U.S. announced plans to pay Taliban fighters to switch sides.
On November 26, 2009, in an interview with CNN 's Christiane Amanpour, President Hamid Karzai said there is an "urgent need '' for negotiations with the Taliban, and made it clear that the Obama administration had opposed such talks. There was no formal American response.
In December 2009, Asian Times Online reported that the Taliban had offered to give the U.S. "legal guarantees '' that they would not allow Afghanistan to be used for attacks on other countries, and that there had been no formal American response.
On December 6, U.S. officials indicated that they have not ruled out talks with the Taliban. Several days later it was reported that Gates saw potential for reconciliation with the Taliban, but not with Al - Qaeda. Furthermore, he said that reconciliation would politically end the insurgency and the war. But he said reconciliation must be on the Afghan government 's terms, and that the Taliban must be subject to the sovereignty of the government.
In 2010, General McChrystal said his troop surge could lead to a negotiated peace with the Taliban.
After the 9 / 11 attacks, the United Kingdom froze the Taliban 's assets in the U.K., nearly $200 million by early October 2001. The U.K. also supported the U.S. decision to remove the Taliban, both politically and militarily.
The UN agreed that NATO would act on its behalf, focusing on counter-terrorist operations in Afghanistan after the Taliban had been "defeated ''. The United Kingdom took operational responsibility for Helmand Province, a major poppy - growing province in southern Afghanistan, deploying troops there in the summer of 2006, and encountered resistance by re-formed Taliban forces allegedly entering Afghanistan from Pakistan. The Taliban turned towards the use of improvised explosive devices.
During 2008 the United Kingdom announced plans to pay Taliban fighters to switch sides or lay down arms; the proceeding year the U.K. government supported negotiations with the Taliban.
India is one of the Taliban 's most outspoken critics. India did not recognize the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and instead maintained close strategic and military ties with the Northern Alliance so as to contain the rise of Taliban during the 1990s. India was one of the closest allies of former Afghan president Mohammad Najibullah and strongly condemned his public execution by the Taliban. Pakistan and Kashmir - based militant groups thought to have ties with the Taliban have historically been involved in the Kashmir insurgency targeted against Indian security forces.
In December 1999, Indian Airlines Flight 814 en route from Kathmandu to Delhi was hijacked and taken to Kandahar. The Taliban moved its militias near the hijacked aircraft, supposedly to prevent Indian special forces from storming the aircraft, and stalled the negotiations between India and the hijackers for days. The New York Times later reported that there were credible links between the hijackers and the Taliban. As a part of the deal to free the plane, India released three militants. The Taliban gave a safe passage to the hijackers and the released militants.
Following the hijacking, India drastically increased its efforts to help Massoud, providing an arms depot in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. India also provided a wide range of high - altitude warfare equipment, helicopter technicians, medical services, and tactical advice. According to one report, Indian military support to anti-Taliban forces totaled US $70 million, including five Mil Mi - 17 helicopters, and US $8 million worth of high - altitude equipment in 2001. India extensively supported the new administration in Afghanistan, leading several reconstruction projects and by 2001 had emerged as the country 's largest regional donor.
In the wake of recent terrorist attacks in India, there have been growing concerns about fundamentalist organisations such as the Taliban seeking to expand their activities into India. During the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup which was co-hosted in India, Pakistani Interior Minister Rehman Malik and Interpol chief Ronald Noble revealed that a terrorist bid to disrupt the tournament had been foiled; following a conference with Noble, Malik said that the Taliban had begun to base their activities in India with reports from neighboring countries exposing their activities in the country and a Sri Lankan terrorist planning to target cricketers was arrested in Colombo. In 2009, the Times of India called for India to reassess its Taliban threat.
Russia has been accused of arming the Taliban by multiple politicians including Rex Tillerson and the Afghan government.
Despite the aid of United Nations (UN) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) given (see § Afghanistan during Taliban rule), the Taliban 's attitude in 1996 -- 2001 toward the UN and NGOs was often one of suspicion. The UN did not recognize the Taliban as the legitimate government of Afghanistan, most foreign donors and aid workers were non-Muslims, and the Taliban vented fundamental objections to the sort of ' help ' the UN offered. As the Taliban 's Attorney General Maulvi Jalil - ullah Maulvizada put it in 1997:
Let us state what sort of education the UN wants. This is a big infidel policy which gives such obscene freedom to women which would lead to adultery and herald the destruction of Islam. In any Islamic country where adultery becomes common, that country is destroyed and enters the domination of the infidels because their men become like women and women can not defend themselves. Anyone who talks to us should do so within Islam 's framework. The Holy Koran can not adjust itself to other people 's requirements, people should adjust themselves to the requirements of the Holy Koran.
In July 1998, the Taliban closed "all NGO offices '' by force after those organizations refused to move to a bombed - out former Polytechnic College as ordered. One month later the UN offices were also shut down.
Around 2000, the UN drew up sanctions against officials and leaders of Taliban, because of their harbouring Osama bin Laden. Several of them Taliban leaders have subsequently been killed.
In 2009, British foreign secretary Miliband and US Secretary Hillary Clinton had called for talks with ' regular Taliban fighters ' while bypassing their top leaders who supposedly were ' committed to global jihad '. Kai Eide, the top UN official in Afghanistan, however called for talks with Taliban at the highest level, suggesting Mullah Omar -- even though Omar had recently dismissed such overtures as long as foreign troops were in Afghanistan.
In 2010, the U.N lifted sanctions on the Taliban, and requested that Taliban leaders and others be removed from terrorism watch lists. In 2010 the U.S. and Europe announced support for President Karzai 's latest attempt to negotiate peace with the Taliban.
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where is the x factor live shows filmed | The X Factor (UK TV series) - wikipedia
The X Factor is a British reality television music competition to find new singing talent. The contestants are aspiring singers drawn from public auditions. Created by Simon Cowell, the show began in 2004 and has since aired annually from August / September until December. The show is produced by FremantleMedia 's Thames (previously Talkback Thames) and Cowell 's production company Syco Entertainment. It is broadcast on the ITV network in the UK and simulcast on TV3 in Ireland. "X Factor '' refers to the undefinable "something '' that makes for star quality. The series consists of auditions, bootcamp, judges ' houses, several weeks of live shows, semi-finals and the final. The series had a spin - off behind - the - scenes show called The Xtra Factor, which aired directly after the main show on ITV2. This lasted from series 1 until series 13 when it was cancelled by ITV in January 2017. It is replaced by an online spin - off show Xtra Bites exclusively on the ITV Hub.
The original judging panel consisted of Louis Walsh, Sharon Osbourne and Cowell. In 2005 Paula Abdul joined the show as a guest judge whilst Osbourne was away then joined the panel in 2006 for three sets of auditions. Brian Friedman replaced Walsh in series 4, which also saw Dannii Minogue join the panel. Friedman left during the auditions and Walsh replaced Friedman. Cheryl Cole replaced Osbourne in series 5. Gary Barlow, Kelly Rowland and Tulisa joined the panel in series 8 as replacements for Cowell, Minogue, and Cole. Rowland left before series 9 and was replaced by Nicole Scherzinger. Osbourne returned to the panel in series 10, replacing Tulisa. Cowell and Cole (then - Fernandez - Versini, now Cheryl) returned to replace Barlow and Osbourne in series 11, while Mel B replaced Scherzinger. In series 12, Mel B and Walsh were replaced by Rita Ora and Nick Grimshaw. In series 13, Walsh, Osbourne and Scherzinger returned, replacing Cheryl, Grimshaw, and Ora. The first three series were presented by Kate Thornton, then from series four to eleven, the show was presented by Dermot O'Leary. Series 12 was presented by Caroline Flack and Olly Murs with O'Leary returning for series 13. The show is split into different stages, following the contestants from auditions through to the final. In the original televised audition stage of the show, contestants sang in an audition room in front of just the judges, but from the sixth series onwards, auditionees sing on a stage in front of the judges and a live audience. In series 10 and 11, both auditions formats were used. In series 12, the room auditions were scrapped, leaving just the arena auditions. The room auditions were revived in series 13, and no arena auditions followed. Successful auditionees go through to "bootcamp '' and then to "judges ' houses '', where judges narrow down the acts in their category down to three or four acts to mentor for the live shows, where the public vote for their favourite acts following weekly live performances by the contestants.
There have been 14 winners of the show to date: Steve Brookstein, Shayne Ward, Leona Lewis, Leon Jackson, Alexandra Burke, Joe McElderry, Matt Cardle, Little Mix, James Arthur, Sam Bailey, Ben Haenow, Louisa Johnson, Matt Terry and Rak - Su. Winners receive a recording contract with record label Syco Music with a stated value of £ 1 million. This includes a cash payment to the winner, but the majority is allocated to marketing and recording costs. From 2004 to 2010, and again in 2013 and 2014, the winning contestant 's single was released in time for the end - of - year chart battle for the UK 's Christmas number one, with all of them (bar McElderry in 2009, Johnson in 2015 and Terry in 2016) reaching the top spot. As of November 2016, 41 number - one singles have been achieved by artists who have appeared on the show, such as Lewis, Burke, JLS, Olly Murs, Cher Lloyd, One Direction and Little Mix.
The show is the originator of the international The X Factor franchise. A prominent show in British popular culture, The X Factor has proved hugely popular with the public. The sixth series attracted 200,000 auditionees and peaked at 19.7 million UK viewers (a 63.2 % audience share). More than 10 million votes were cast in the sixth series final.
The X Factor was created by Sony Music A&R judge Simon Cowell as a replacement for Pop Idol. Cowell, who was a judge on Pop Idol, wished to launch a show to which he owned the television rights. Pop Idol 's first series was massively successful, and while the second series was also successful, the viewing figures for its finale dropped. Some -- including Cowell 's fellow Pop Idol judge Pete Waterman -- considered Michelle McManus an unworthy winner. In 2004, ITV announced a new show created by Cowell, with no involvement from Pop Idol creator Simon Fuller -- The X Factor. The perceived similarity between the two shows later became the subject of a legal dispute.
On 15 November 2013, ITV announced that Cowell had signed a three - year contract renewing The X Factor until 2016. On 16 September 2016, it was announced that ITV had signed another three - year contract to renew the show until 2019.
Unlike Pop Idol, The X Factor has no upper - age limit, groups can apply, and contestants are also split into categories. Cowell said, "We 're trying to create a different competition. Hopefully we 're going to be able to appeal to somebody over the age of 35 who keeps saying to me ' there are n't any artists I like in the competition '. It 's amazing, but we have n't catered for older record buyers who want to buy into the new Cliff Richard or whatever. ''
For series 1 -- 3 the competition was split into three categories: 16 -- 24s (solo acts aged 16 -- 24), Over 25s (solo acts aged 25 and over) and Groups (including duos). In series 4 -- 5, the minimum age was lowered to 14, creating a 14 -- 24 age group. With the addition of a fourth judge in series 4, this was split into separate male and female sections, making four categories in all: "Boys '' (14 -- 24 males), "Girls '' (14 -- 24 females), Over 25s and Groups. For series 6, the minimum age returned to 16, meaning that the Boys category became 16 -- 24 males and the Girls category became 16 -- 24 females. For series 7, the age group boundaries were changed, and the Over 25s became Over 28s, with the Boys and Girls categories becoming 16 -- 28. It was changed back to Over 25s for series 8, before reverting to Over 28s in series 9. In series 10, it became the Over 25s again. In series 11, the minimum age returned to 14. This then returned to 16 as of series 12. Also in series 12, the Over 25s category was renamed to "Overs ''. In series 11, each judge chose a wildcard for another judge; this could be any act who was given a chair at any point in the six - chair challenge. In all series, apart from series 12, the show 's producers decided which judge mentored which category. In the 12th series, the public chose which judge mentored which category via a Twitter vote.
Alongside the more serious acts who are contesting to win the competition or gain enough exposure to secure a future recording contract, The X Factor usually has at least one "novelty act '' or "joke act '' in the live shows. This helps to boost ratings and add some fun into the live shows, although they tend to be controversial due to the show being primarily a singing competition. Some of the popular novelty acts to appear on the show include Rhydian Roberts, Johnny Robinson, Rylan Clark, Diva Fever, Chico Slimani, Wagner, Stevi Ritchie, Honey G and Jedward. These tend to be predominantly in the Overs category and occasionally in the Groups. For series 9 of the X Factor, judge Gary Barlow reportedly had an issue with the Overs category, which he had been chosen to mentor. A source stated: "Gary does n't like joke acts and the Overs category is often full of novelty acts. ''
While mentoring what Barlow called the ' joke category ', he showed strong support for self - confessed "pantomime villain '' Christopher Maloney right through to the grand final, despite strong criticism form fellow judges Louis Walsh and Tulisa for his cabaret performances. The format was changed for series 10 with no joke contestant in the final 12. Writing for The Telegraph, Olly Mann felt that this change was unwelcoming. He wrote: "The fact that the joke contestants made it through to the live shows used to be the most gloriously British part of The X Factor. We love an underdog... It was a vital part of the format. '' However, the ' joke act ' returned to series 13 with Honey G. The rapper from Harrow, North London was described by Isabel Mohan in The Telegraph as "the biggest joke in X Factor history. ''
There are five stages to the competition:
Note: In series 10 -- 11, the Bootcamp round was shortened to only several minutes and was broadcast before the start of the Six - Chair Challenge.
A round of first auditions is held in front of producers months before the show is aired, either by application and appointment, or at "open '' auditions that anyone can attend. These auditions, held at various venues around the UK, attract very large crowds. The auditions themselves are not televised, but shots of crowds waving and "judges ' cars '' arriving are filmed and later spliced in with the televised auditions shot later in the year. The production team supply the crowds with "home - made '' signs. After waiting at the venue for hours and filming more inserts of screaming and waving, candidates are given a brief audition by someone from the production team. Should they pass that audition (either for reasons of talent or for the potential of making entertaining television), they are given a "golden ticket '' that allows them to sing to a more senior production member. Only candidates who successfully pass that second and third auditions are invited to perform to the judges. The televised version misrepresents the process by implying that the entire huge crowds all perform to the judges.
A selection of the auditions in front of the judges -- usually the best, the worst and the most bizarre (described by Louis Walsh as "the good, the bad and the ugly '') -- are broadcast over the first few weeks of the show. In the first five series, each act entered the audition room and delivered a stand - up unaccompanied performance of their chosen song to the judges. From series 6 -- 9, the judges ' auditions were held in front of a live audience and the acts sang over a backing track. If a majority of the judges (two in series 1 -- 3, or three from series 4 onwards) say "yes '' then the act goes through to the next stage, otherwise, they are sent home. From series 10, the judges ' room auditions were brought back; successful acts then later went onto the judges ' arena auditions. In series 12, the room auditions were axed, with only the arena auditions taking place.
Over 50,000 people auditioned for series 1, around 75,000 for series 2 and around 100,000 for series 3. The number of applicants for series 4 reached 150,000, 182,000 people auditioned for series 5, and a record 200,000 people applied for series 6. Series 7 applicants were given the opportunity to apply by uploading a video audition to the Internet. In series 9, for the first time, applicants could audition online via Facebook. The show 's producers also sent a "mobile audition van '' to 18 locations throughout the UK and Ireland so they can audition singers who can not make the arena auditions.
The contestants selected at auditions are further refined through a series of performances at "Bootcamp '', and then at the "judges ' houses '' (previously "judges ' homes ''), until a small number eventually progress to the live finals (nine in series 1, 12 from series 2 to 6, 16 from series 7 -- 8, 13 in series 9, and back to 12 in series 10). Walsh revealed in October 2007 that the houses the contestants visit may not actually belong to the judges, but are sometimes rented for the purpose. During these stages, the producers allocate each of the judges a category to mentor. In the early series, this allocation took place after completion of the auditions and prior to Bootcamp, but from series 4, all four judges work together at the Bootcamp stage. They collectively choose 24 acts (six from each category) for the next round and only then find out which category they will mentor
Bootcamp has two stages: in the first stage, acts are allocated into groups and must perform a song to the judges in their groups, with each act showcasing a few parts of the song solo. Those who pass this stage then must sing again on their own in the next stage in front of the judges. A live audience was added to the second stage from series 4 onwards (one exception in series 5 saw the live audience in the first stage instead, and another in series 7 saw it being axed altogether due to Cole 's and Minogue 's absences), and the performances at both stages now take place at Wembley Arena from series 7 onwards (the first use of the live audience at the arena was in series 8). Usually in both stages, the judges do not give any feedback to the acts after performing, and only deliberate on which acts to send through after all the performances at each stage are finished. However, in series 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, and 14, the judges give feedback to the acts in the first stage and immediately decide who to send through. They also made the immediate decisions in the second stage In series 7, an intermediate stage was used in - between the two stages in which the acts were taught to do a dance routine by the creative director but were not judged on performance. In series 8 and 9, the judges reviewed the audition tapes of the acts and deliberated on who to send home before their arrival, only revealing their eliminated acts to the contestants just before the first stage. In series 13, the second stage of Bootcamp was cut down and the judges made the decisions on who to send through to the next stage of the competition.
In series 4, 6, and 8 the judges found out which category they would be mentoring at the same time that the contestants found out their mentor, but in series 5, 7 and 9 the contestants did not know who their mentor was until they revealed themselves at the house. The judges then disband for the "judges ' houses '' round, where they reduce their six acts to three for the live shows. In series 7 and 8, a total of 32 acts went through to judges ' houses, giving each judge eight acts instead of six.
In series 10, the format to Bootcamp was changed: the judges find out their categories before Bootcamp starts, and each judge will make decisions on who is performing in the Six - Chair Challenge by eliminating the contestants, this is up to each individual judge. From Series 11 onwards, the judges do not know their categories before the Bootcamp, so they have to make the decisions together. After the Bootcamp round, the mentor challenges their contestants through the Six - Chair Challenge. Judges make decisions on who to put through to judges ' houses straight after each act has performed, with those getting a yes taking a chair in the final six chairs on stage. It is up to the mentor to decide, which act they want to take to judges ' houses, but once all six spots are full, if the mentor wants to send another act through to the next stage it means they have to replace one of those who were previously given a yes. This format was very poorly rated by many members of the British public. Bootcamp still took place, but only highlights were shown in the first episode of the Six - chair challenge. In series 12, all of Bootcamp aired on - screen. A more brutal twist to the Six - Chair Challenge was introduced in series 14, where the mentor is to sit at a smaller table at the side of the arena while making the decisions, while the other judges remain at a larger table on the other side.
For series 12, the judges ' houses round was given a new tweak: the contestants perform for their mentors in the scheduled destinations as usual, but only find out whether or not they are through to the live shows during a live decider in front of a studio audience of friends and family. Judges ' houses returned to its previous format in being entirely pre-recorded at the locations for series 13.
The selected finalists (either 9, 12, 13 or 16 acts) move into shared accommodation to take part in the show. The house accommodates both contestants and TV production staff and footage from the house is often used in spin - off show The Xtra Factor. In 2009 the house, in West Heath Avenue, Golders Green, received significant press coverage when it was mobbed by fans, leading to the police being called. This led to concerns by the neighbours of the 2010 house in Hyver Hill, Mill Hill that it would receive similar attention, with a local farmer worried his land would be damaged, but local businesses were said to be looking forward to increased trade. The 2011 residence, Connaught House in Hertford Heath had cameras installed for filming. In 2012, the finalists stayed at the Corinthia Hotel in London.
The finals consist of a series of two live shows, the first featuring the contestants ' performances and the second revealing the results of the public voting, culminating in one or more acts being eliminated. Celebrity guest performers also feature regularly. These live shows were filmed at Fountain Studios in Wembley, London from series 1 to 13. In series 1 -- 5, both live shows were broadcast on Saturday nights. In series 6, the results show moved to Sunday nights. In series 1, nine acts were put through to the live shows, increased to 12 in series 2. In series 7, following the addition of four wildcards, it increased to 16. In series 8, the judges selected four acts each to go through the live shows, without the inclusion of wildcards. Then in series 9, it reduced back to three each, but one wildcard was added, meaning there were 13 finalists. Series 10 reverted to 12 finalists. Series 11 initially did the same, but the addition of four wildcards in the live shows brought it back up to 16 finalists; but with the wildcards chosen by a different judge instead of their category 's mentor. Series 12 used the same format as series 9, in which each category had three acts before one wildcard was added. For series 13, it returned to just 12 finalists, with no wildcard twist (like in series 10), although wildcard acts in each category were selected prior to judges ' houses, each judge picking for another judge 's category. Series 14 also used the wildcard premise as series 7 and 11, but added a twist in which the public voted for one act in each category to progress to the live shows.
The show is primarily concerned with identifying a potential pop star or star group, and singing talent, appearance, personality, stage presence and dance routines are all important elements of the contestants ' performances. In the initial live shows, each act performs once in the first show in front of a studio audience and the judges, usually singing over a pre-recorded backing track. Dancers are also commonly featured. Acts occasionally accompany themselves on guitar or piano.
In the first two series, acts usually chose a cover of a pop standard or contemporary hit. In series 1, much was made of the idea that each performer / mentor combination was free to present the performance however they wanted, including performer playing live instruments, or the addition of choirs, backing bands, and dancers. From the third series, each live show has had a different theme; each contestant 's song is chosen according to the theme. A celebrity guest connected to the theme is often invited onto the show, and clips are shown of the guest conversing with the contestants at rehearsal. After each act has performed, the judges comment on their performance. Heated disagreements, usually involving judges defending their contestants against criticism, are a regular feature of the show. Once all the acts have appeared, the phone lines open and the viewing public vote on which act they want to keep.
Once the number of contestants has been reduced to four (series 1 and 3), five (series 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 and 11) or seven (series 7), the format changes. Each act performs twice in the first show, with the public vote opening after the first performance. This continues until only two (series 1 and 3), three (series 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 and 11) or four (series 7) acts remain. These acts go on to appear in the grand final which decides the overall winner by public vote. In past series some of the more memorable failed auditionees from the early rounds have also returned for a special appearance in the final. From its inception up to series 7, the final took place in the same studio as the live shows. However, from series 8 onwards, due to the success of the arena auditions, the final now takes place at Wembley Arena, accommodating a larger stage and a much larger audience (in series 9, however, the final took place at Manchester Central as Wembley Arena was unavailable).
Series 6 saw a change to the live show format: since then, the live shows on Saturdays show just the contestants ' performances, and Sunday 's results shows reveal the results for the contestants, giving viewers a much longer time span to vote. Series 9 completely changed the voting format. Lines now open for viewers to vote at the start of each show, and then close during the results show.
For series 14, the format of the live shows was revised significantly: the finalists are divided into two groups, where the contestants in each group compete against each other on Saturday or Sunday to win that night 's show; the two winning contestants competing against each other to win a weekly prize. The voting window has once again been shortened; in that viewers only have a few minutes to vote for their favourite acts after all the contestants on the night have performed.
Before the results are announced, there are live or pre-recorded performances from one or more invited celebrities, often with performers connected to the week 's theme. From series 6 onwards, the results show begins with a group performance from the remaining contestants. However, the song is pre-recorded and the contestants mime, due to problems with the number of microphones. The two acts polling the fewest votes are revealed. Both these acts perform again in a "final showdown '', and the judges vote on which of the two to send home. In the first four series the bottom two contestants reprised their earlier song, but from series 5 they were able to pick new songs. In series 3, a twist occurred where the act with the fewest votes was automatically eliminated, and the two with the next fewest votes performed in the "final showdown '' as normal. Ties became possible with the introduction of a fourth judge in series 4. In the event of a tie the result goes to deadlock, and the act who came last in the public vote is sent home. The actual number of votes cast for each act is not revealed, nor even the order; according to a spokesman, "We would never reveal the voting figures during the competition as it could give contestants an unfair advantage and spoil the competition for viewers ''.
Once the number of contestants has been reduced to four (series 1, 3, 7, 8 and 9) or five (series 2, 4, 5 and 6), the act which polled the fewest votes is automatically eliminated from the competition (the judges do not have a vote; their only role is to comment on the performances). Two occasions in series 7 and series 10 during the semi-final saw the judges instead vote to send one of the bottom two through to the semi-final. In series 1, the eliminated acts also reprised one of their songs in the results show after being voted off. This has become less common in other series, instead being relegated to results shows with no final showdown.
In series 10, the flash vote was introduced: where one contestant is revealed with the least flash votes on Saturday 's live show, and the contestant with the second lowest votes from the remaining public vote is announced on Sunday 's results show and therefore participates in the final showdown with the other contestant. Despite the flash vote eliminating all possibilities of deadlock, it quickly drew criticism from viewers and was quickly dropped after several weeks. However, another variation of the flash vote has debuted in series 11 twice as part of a double elimination. In this variation, the act who polled the least votes on Saturday 's show is automatically eliminated. The two acts with the next fewest votes on Sunday then perform in the final showdown. This double elimination variation was used once again in series 12.
A lifeline vote was introduced within the first half of the series 13 live shows, where the bottom three contestants are announced. Viewers are then given a few minutes to vote to save one of the bottom three, with the winner of the lifeline vote avoiding the final showdown.
As of series 14, the contestants are split into two halves competing on Saturday and Sunday night, respectively, therefore each week is a double elimination. As the results are announced, the contestant who had the lowest viewer votes on each night is announced and leaves the show immediately; the winning contestant is announced thereafter. The two winning contestants of both Saturday and Sunday night then compete in a sing - off to win their weekly prize. Once they have performed their sing - off songs, the lines then reopen and the public votes on which contestant to win the weekly prize.
The winner of The X Factor is awarded a £ 1 million recording contract with Syco Music, in association with Sony Music. In series 5, this deal consisted of a £ 150,000 cash advance with the balance covering the costs of recording and marketing. Other highly placed contestants may also be offered recording deals, but this is not guaranteed. In series 1 -- 3, the premise of The X Factor was that the winner would be managed in the industry by their mentor on the show. With Cowell, Osbourne and Walsh as judges / mentors, any of the three would be qualified to do so. Following the appointment of singer Minogue as a judge in series 4, the same principle could not universally apply. In fact, when Minogue won series 4 with Leon Jackson, a new outside manager was appointed.
The X Factor Live Tour is a live show that tours the UK and Ireland in the months following the conclusion of the series. It features an array of finalists and other memorable contestants from the most recent The X Factor series and is hosted by Jeff Brazier.
To date, 14 series have been broadcast, as summarised below.
Contestant in (or mentor of) "16 -- 24s '' category Contestant in (or mentor of) "Boys '' category Contestant in (or mentor of) "Girls '' category Contestant in (or mentor of) "Overs '', "Over 25s '' or "Over 28s '' category Contestant in (or mentor of) "Groups '' category
From series 1 -- 3, the X Factor judges were music executive and TV producer Simon Cowell, and music managers Sharon Osbourne and Louis Walsh, although Paula Abdul was a guest judge at the London auditions in series 3. On 8 March 2007, it was announced that Walsh would not be returning as a judge for series 4. On 4 June, it was confirmed that Brian Friedman, who was hired after impressing Cowell on his show Grease Is the Word, would be replacing Walsh, along with the news of Australian singer and Australia 's Got Talent judge Dannii Minogue. On 22 June, it was confirmed that Friedman had been reassigned the role of creative director and would be replaced on the panel by Walsh. Minogue became the first female judge to win after her series 4 victory with Leon Jackson.
Speculation surrounded judging line - up changes for series 5, centering on whether Osbourne would return. On 6 June 2008, six days before filming for series 5 was due to begin, ITV confirmed that Osbourne had left the show, and a number of other artists and producers were approached regarding her replacement. On 10 June, Cheryl Cole was confirmed as Osbourne 's replacement.
Despite rumours that Minogue would leave the show after series 5, all four judges from series 5 returned for series 6.
Due to Minogue 's maternity leave during series 7, a series of guest judges filled in for her at the audition stages before she rejoined the panel in September. The guest judges were Geri Halliwell, Natalie Imbruglia, Katy Perry, Pixie Lott and Nicole Scherzinger. In July 2010, Cole was diagnosed with malaria towards the end of the auditions, so Scherzinger returned as a guest judge for bootcamp.
On 5 May 2011, it was confirmed that Cowell and Cole would not be returning to the judging panel for series 8, to concentrate on the American version of the programme. On 14 May, it was announced that Minogue would not be returning either. Of her decision, Minogue said "During discussions for me to return (to The X Factor) it became clear that unfortunately, this year, The X Factor audition dates in the UK clash with the live shows of Australia 's Got Talent during June and July. For this reason I am unable to return. ''. After Cowell, Minogue and Cole announced their leave, a number of celebrities were linked with judging roles, including Frankie Sandford, Gary Barlow, Noel Gallagher, Nicole Scherzinger, Tulisa, Kelly Rowland and Alesha Dixon, though Dixon ruled herself out, due to her commitments with Strictly Come Dancing, she later joined Cowell 's other show Britain 's Got Talent. On 30 May, it was confirmed that Barlow, Rowland and Tulisa would join Walsh for series 8. On 29 and 30 October, Rowland was unable to travel back from Los Angeles as she had a throat infection, and was unable to judge the fourth week of the live shows, so series 5 winner Alexandra Burke took her place.
Barlow, Walsh and Tulisa returned for series 9. Rowland left due to other commitments. Geri Halliwell, Leona Lewis, Rita Ora, Nicole Scherzinger, Mel B and Anastacia all filled in as guest judges during the audition stage of the competition until a permanent judge was found. Scherzinger was confirmed as Rowland 's replacement, and reappeared on the panel from the Newcastle auditions on a permanent basis.
On 21 May 2013, ending months of media speculation, Tulisa confirmed that she would not return as a judge for the 10th series. The following day, Osbourne 's return to the show and appointment as Tulisa 's replacement for series 10 was announced, along with confirmation of returning judges Walsh, Barlow and Scherzinger. Osbourne later confirmed in July that her return was not permanent, and that she would leave once more at the conclusion of series 10. Barlow announced during the first live show of series 10 that it would be his last series on the show.
On 7 February 2014, it was confirmed that Cowell would return as a judge for series 11. On 10 March, Cowell confirmed that Cole (then Fernandez - Versini) would return as a judge for the 11th series as a replacement for Scherzinger. On 30 May, Walsh confirmed that he was returning for his 11th series. On 10 June, it was confirmed that Spice Girls member Mel B would join the panel as Osbourne 's replacement for the 11th series.
Cowell was confirmed to return as a judge for the 12th series. In April 2015, Walsh sighted his desire to quit the show and return to management, and that it would take serious thought for him to return for the series ' 12th series. He also revealed that he was in the dark about whom Cowell had the intentions of bringing onto the panel. On 14 May 2015, Walsh confirmed his exit from the series, stating, "The truth is I 've done it for 11 years; I never thought I would even be on TV for four or five. To get 10 was great, to get 11 was amazing - I 'm not hanging around for them this year. '' On 16 June, it was announced that Cheryl would return to the panel, alongside new judges radio personality Nick Grimshaw and series 9 guest judge, Rita Ora, who was previously a coach on the rival show, The Voice UK.
On 18 February 2016, a series representative announced Grimshaw 's departure from the judging panel, confirming: "We are sad to see him go but wish him all the best. '' On 5 April 2016, Cheryl announced her departure from the series, choosing instead to concentrate on her music career. On 10 May, Ora confirmed she would not return for the 13th series of the show. On 1 June 2016, the line - up for series 13 was confirmed as Cowell, Scherzinger, Osbourne and Walsh. In December 2016, Walsh confirmed we would continue to judge the series through 2018, stating he had signed through "the next two years ''. That same month, both Osbourne and Scherzinger cast doubt on their return, with Osbourne citing her dual - work on The Talk, and Scherzinger stating: "I ca n't confirm that I 'm going to (be back) but I think if I did return it would have to be with this panel because I 'm really close with this panel. (...) I 've really enjoyed myself and we 're really close. '' On 13 April 2017, Cowell announced his intentions to retain the same judging panel for the fourteenth series. In June 2017, it was announced that the judging panel would remain the same as the previous series.
Simon Cowell (2004 -- 2010, 2014 --)
Sharon Osbourne (2004 -- 2007, 2013, 2016 --)
Louis Walsh (2004 -- 2014, 2016 --)
Dannii Minogue (2007 -- 2010)
Cheryl (2008 -- 2010, 2014 -- 2015)
Gary Barlow (2011 -- 2013)
Kelly Rowland (2011)
Tulisa (2011 -- 2012)
Nicole Scherzinger (2012 -- 2013, 2016 --)
Mel B (2014)
Nick Grimshaw (2015)
Rita Ora (2015)
The first three series of the show were hosted by Kate Thornton. She was replaced from series 4 by Dermot O'Leary who signed a contract worth £ 1 million to present two series of the programme on ITV. O'Leary was not forced to leave the Big Brother franchise and continued to present Big Brother sister shows during summer 2007, but he later announced that Big Brother: Celebrity Hijack was to be his last Big Brother hosting role so that he could focus on presenting The X Factor. In 2013, Caroline Flack became a backstage presenter for the live shows on Saturdays. On 27 March 2015, O'Leary announced that he was quitting the show in order to pursue other projects. On 16 April 2015, ITV confirmed that both Olly Murs and Flack would take over presenting duties, becoming the first duo to host the show. On 21 February 2016, during an interview with The Sun, Murs confirmed his decision to quit the series in order to focus on his music. In a statement, Murs stated, "This was an incredibly hard decision to make and one I did n't take lightly as I 've really enjoyed co-hosting The X Factor. '' Following Murs ' decision to exit the series, Flack confirmed she would exit as well, stating, "I have had a brilliant time working on The X Factor over the last few years, and hosting the main show was just fantastic - I made some amazing friends. '' On 29 March 2016, O'Leary announced his return to the series, stating he was "very flattered to be asked back '' and that he was also "really looking forward '' to returning as host.
Friedman served as performance coach and choreographer (billed as "Creative Director '') from series 4 -- 7 and left before series 8 to join the American version. Brian Burke and Elizabeth Honan replaced him for series 8, although Friedman returned for three weeks in series 9 and Honan did not return. For series 10, Burke was replaced by Jerry Reeve and Mark "Swany '' Swanhart. Friedman returned as creative director in series 11, replacing Reeve and Swanhart. Yvie Burnett has been The X Factor 's vocal coach since series 2, but was replaced in series 7 by Ali Tennant and Savan Kotecha. However, Tennant 's contract was ended before the live shows and Burnett was reinstated. In series 7, Richard "Biff '' Stannard started work as show song producer for Minogue 's contestants, and Grace Woodward joined the series as Fashion Director. Voice - overs are provided by Peter Dickson and Enn Reitel. Dickson announced his departure from the show on 28 July 2015, but announced his return due to "popular demand '' on 30 October 2015.
For information about The Xtra Factor presenters, see The Xtra Factor below.
Kate Thornton (2004 -- 2006)
Dermot O'Leary (2007 -- 2014, 2016 --)
Caroline Flack (2015)
Olly Murs (2015)
In each series, each judge is allocated a category to mentor and chooses a small number of acts (three or four, depending on the series) to progress to the live finals. From series 1 - 11 and 13 onwards, these categories were decided by the producers of the show. In series 12 viewers voted via hashtags on Twitter to determine which of the judges is allocated each of the four categories. This table shows, for each series, which category each judge was allocated and which acts he or she put through to the live finals.
Viewing figures of around 10 million were claimed for series 2 and 4, and 11 to 12 million for series 5. Over three million public votes were cast in series 2 and six million in the first part of the final. The series 3 final attracted 8 million votes and a peak of 12.6 million viewers. The series 4 final drew 12.7 million viewers -- a 55 % share of the terrestrial TV audience. In series 5, 12.8 million tuned in to see show of 29 November 2008 featuring guest Britney Spears, a new X Factor record. The series 5 final peaked with 14.6 million viewers. The series 6 final was watched by 19.1 million viewers (a 63.2 % audience share) with 10 million votes cast and the series 7 final topped this, attracting 19.4 million viewers with over 15 million votes cast, but the series 8 final was a large drop from this, with 13.456 million viewers. Series 10 ended with the live final bringing in average viewer figures of just 8.5 million - considerably down from previous years.
The BBC 's rival talent show Strictly Come Dancing initially beat The X Factor in viewing figures in 2004, although The X Factor soon reversed this trend, and when the shows went head - to - head for the first time, The X Factor attracted a larger audience share. It was the first format (along with Britain 's Got Talent) in years to knock Coronation Street off the top.
Since 2011, however, ratings of The X Factor have been in sharp decline. It was overtaken in the rating battle by Strictly Come Dancing during series 8 and has since very rarely managed to beat it, with Strictly Come Dancing extending its lead over the show per year. In 2016, The X Factor was beaten head - to - head in some live shows by other BBC programmes, such as Michael McIntyre 's Big Show and Planet Earth II. The ratings crisis has worsened in the following year with the show recording its lowest ever figures and Strictly Come Dancing now enjoying nearly three times the audience figures of The X Factor in most weeks.
At the 2005 British Comedy Awards, The X Factor beat Friday Night with Jonathan Ross and Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway to take the award for Best Comedy Entertainment Programme, prompting Cowell to remark "We 're not a comedy programme, we 're a serious factual drama ''. In both 2005 and 2006, The X Factor won the award for "Most Popular Entertainment Programme '' at the National Television Awards. At the same awards in 2007, the show also won the award for "Most Popular Talent Show ''. In 2008 it lost out to Strictly Come Dancing at the TV Quick Awards, TRIC Awards and National Television Awards, despite beating it in the ratings. In 2010, The X Factor won "Best Talent Show '' at the National Television Awards.
The show won the Entertainment award at the 2010 Royal Television Society Awards, described as "Undeniably a brilliant, genre - defining piece of television; the team behind this show never rest on their laurels and are determined to continually raise the bar and set new standards. Must - see television, which everyone talks about on a Monday morning. '' At the 2011 National Television Awards, The X Factor won the Talent Show award, beating Strictly Come Dancing, Britain 's Got Talent and Dancing on Ice. At the 2012 National Television Awards, The X Factor again beat Strictly Come Dancing, Britain 's Got Talent and Dancing on Ice to the award. The show also won Best UK TV Show at the 2012 Kids ' Choice Awards. At the 2015 National Television Awards, The X Factor won Best Talent Show for the first time in three years, beating Strictly Come Dancing, Britain 's Got Talent and The Voice UK.
Over the first seven series the show 's viewing figures have generally trended up each series, however this was not the case for series 3. Since series 8, viewing figures have declined year on year, with the average audience figure for series 12 being nearly 2 million lower than the previous year. Viewing figure information is provided by the Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board (BARB).
From the outset, The X Factor has attracted heavy criticism. Recurring allegations include: that the excessive commercialism of the show detracts from its supposed purpose of unearthing musical talent and even actively damages and distorts the UK music industry; that auditionees at mass auditions are shabbily treated; that controversy is deliberately courted and orchestrated, and supposedly spontaneous scenes are staged and scripted; that problems with phone lines leave members of the public unable to vote for their favourite acts; and that contestants are manipulated and unfairly edited.
This criticism became very public in 2009 when a Facebook campaign targeted against The X Factor and its effect on British music took "Killing in the Name '' by Rage Against the Machine to the Christmas number one spot at the expense of the X Factor winner 's single by Joe McElderry.
The first series was only available to Irish viewers through the Northern Ireland - based ITV station UTV, which is widely available in the Republic, but subsequent series have also been shown on the Irish terrestrial TV station TV3.
Series 1 -- 4 of The X Factor effectively included Irish viewers on an equal footing, and Irish viewers were able to vote in these series via SMS or telephone. However, in series 5, voting from Republic of Ireland was discontinued, with the decision being blamed on new regulations introduced regarding phone competitions in the UK. In 2010 TV3 announced that Irish viewers would only be able to vote using voting numbers posted online once the live shows start. These numbers change weekly.
The show held auditions in Dublin and Belfast for the first three series, with Belfast auditions continuing for series 4 before being dropped, though Irish singers could still audition in other cities. Dublin first round auditions returned in 2010 with the auditions held on 28 June. In 2011, The X Factor did not hold auditions in Ireland, instead replacing them with a new audition city, Liverpool. A source from The X Factor said: "There are only so many places we can go for auditions. We went to Dublin last year but we have n't been to Liverpool so we thought we should do it this year. Obviously this is a blow to the Irish contestants but it 's only a short hop across the Irish Sea to Liverpool. '' Auditions did return to Dublin in 2014, however.
Irish contestants have reached the live shows in series 1 (Tabby Callaghan and Roberta Howett), series 2 (The Conway Sisters), series 6 (John & Edward and Azi Jegbefume in girl group Kandy Rain), series 7 (Mary Byrne, Rebecca Creighton of girl group Belle Amie and Niall Horan of boy band One Direction), series 11 (Chris Leonard of boy band Stereo Kicks) and series 14 (Sean & Conor Price). Northern Irish finalists have included Phillip Magee (series 2), Eoghan Quigg (series 5), and Janet Devlin (series 8).
Winners of The X Factor reached the top of Ireland 's Christmas chart every year from 2006 to 2013.
The Xtra Factor Live (previously The Xtra Factor) was a companion show that was broadcast on sister channel ITV2 and on TV3, usually on Saturday and Sunday nights after the main ITV show from 2004 to 2016. The commissioning of The Xtra Factor was prompted by the success of Big Brother 's Little Brother, a former Big Brother companion show screened on E4.
The Xtra Factor featured extra auditions, bootcamp performances and judges ' houses performances and behind - the - scenes footage. There where sometimes competitions and games featuring the judges and presenters. During the live shows the programme featured behind - the - scenes footage and answered live video and phone calls for the judges and contestants. Facebook statuses and tweets were read out as well. It also showed the emotional responses of the contestants after the judges comment on their performances. A celebrity panel was usually featured, who gave their opinions on the contestants.
Voiceovers from series 1 -- 6 were done by Peter Dickson, and by Brian Blessed in series 7. Dickson returned in series 8 and continued his role until the show ended after series 13. Redd Pepper also provided voiceovers in series 12.
The Xtra Factor usually aired on ITV2 directly after the ITV broadcast of The X Factor. Therefore, from series 1 to 5, The Xtra Factor aired once a week. From Series 6, with the introduction of the Sunday results show, The Xtra Factor aired twice a week, during weeks that there were two episodes of The X Factor.
In series 12, initially The Xtra Factor aired directly after every show (Saturday and Sunday for the first four weeks during the auditions, then every Sunday for the next five weeks during bootcamp and the six - chair challenge, before returning to both Saturday and Sundays, live for judges ' houses). From the live shows, the Saturday episode was replaced by a live episode on Thursdays for the remainder of the series, starting on 29 October 2015. For series 13, it reverted to airing directly after each ITV broadcast of The X Factor, though the episode after the live performance shows was 30 minutes long instead of an hour.
Up to the live shows, episodes of The Xtra Factor were pre-recorded, and during the live shows, they were broadcast live, however, from series 13, The Xtra Factor aired live directly after every show over the course of the series from the auditions to the finals.
On 18 January 2017, it was announced that The Xtra Factor would be axed after 13 years and would be replaced by an online show instead.
Until series 3, The Xtra Factor was hosted by Ben Shephard. Shephard did not return for series 4 after being upset at not getting the main ITV presenting job, and Fearne Cotton took over as presenter, for series 4 only, before leaving the show to concentrate on her career in America. Allegations of a falling - out with Cowell were also reported. For series 5, Cotton was replaced by presenter and close friend Holly Willoughby. Willoughby first presented The Xtra Factor on 9 August 2008, a week before series 5 was broadcast. Konnie Huq replaced Willoughby as the new Xtra Factor presenter for series 7. However, Huq decided to depart from the series in March 2011 because of work commitments.
On 31 May 2011, Caroline Flack and Olly Murs were confirmed as the new co-presenters for series 8 by The X Factor 's official Twitter page. Both Flack and Murs returned in 2012, however, due to touring in America with One Direction, Murs only presented the live shows though he did recorded interviews with the contestants earlier in the series, while guest presenters such as Jedward and Westlife helped Flack with the audition stages. In April 2013, it was confirmed that Murs would not be returning for series 10 as he wished to concentrate on his own music career. Comedian Matt Richardson was later announced to replace Murs. On 4 June 2014, it was announced that Richardson would not return as co-presenter for series 11. Flack confirmed on 11 June 2014 that she would not be returning to present the 11th series of The Xtra Factor. The next day, it was confirmed that Sarah - Jane Crawford would replace Flack and Richardson as presenter. On 11 May 2015, Crawford confirmed via Twitter that she would not return for a second series in 2015.
On 18 June 2015, it was confirmed that The Saturdays singer Rochelle Humes and Kiss FM DJ Melvin Odoom would be the hosts. On 27 June 2016, it was confirmed that Matt Edmondson would be the host of The Xtra Factor. It was confirmed on 1 July 2016 that Rylan Clark - Neal would co-host alongside Edmondson. The same day, it was announced that Roman Kemp would join the show as the new digital online presenter and social media reporter.
Cameras follow the finalists during their day, and in early series some of the footage was aired in a spin - off show called The Xtra Factor: The Aftermath, which was broadcast in the middle of the week on ITV2. The Xtra Factor: Xcess All Areas was a live show in which there were interviews, games and trips around the contestants ' homes. The show also let viewers know which songs the contestants would be singing in the next live show. Both shows were axed after series 3 due to ITV2 cutting back on spin - off programing. For the series 12 live shows, both formats were revived under a single Thursday night live edition of The Xtra Factor as a replacement for the Saturday edition.
Until Series 10, after the series has come to an end, The Xtra Factor has a week of special programmes titled Best and Worst, featuring the best and worst auditions from the previous series, ranging from one to five episodes each year.
A 60 - minute special titled The Winner 's Story is broadcast each year over the festive period, featuring the winner of that year 's X Factor. Cameras follow the winner from the announcement of the result through the lead - up to the Christmas number one. As from 2010, one week before each series due to start, there features a special called X Factor Rewind looking back at the previous year 's contestants and what happened to them during The X Factor and what has happened to them since the show ended. In Series 12, these programmes aired in late afternoon slots on weekends. They started two weeks before the show began, and finished the day the show started, for the first time on ITV. In 2016, the same format was used, but with only 2 episodes, and airing on ITV2.
The X Factor: Battle of the Stars was a celebrity special edition of The X Factor, which screened on ITV, starting on 29 May 2006 and lasting for eight consecutive nights. Pop Idol was intended to be broadcast in its place as Celebrity Pop Idol but was stopped shortly before transmission, when ITV selected The X Factor instead.
Nine celebrity acts participated, singing live in front of the nation and facing the judges of the previous The X Factor series: Cowell, Osbourne and Walsh. Voting revenues were donated to the celebrities ' chosen charities.
The contestants were Michelle Marsh, Nikki Sanderson, Matt Stevens, Lucy Benjamin, Gillian McKeith, Chris Moyles, Paul Daniels and Debbie McGee, James Hewitt and Rebecca Loos, and "The Chefs '', a quartet of celebrity chefs comprising Jean - Christophe Novelli, Aldo Zilli, Paul Rankin and Ross Burden. The winner of the show was Benjamin, mentored by Walsh.
It was reported on 26 August 2006 that Cowell had decided not to do a second edition, describing it as "pointless '' and adding "we are never going to do it again ''.
As of June 2015, the show has spawned a total of 35 number - one singles: 10 winners ' singles (six of which have been the Christmas number one), four charity singles (one each by the finalists of series 5, 6, 7 and 8), and 21 other number - ones by contestants who have appeared on the show (including winners and runners - up).
By series 6 in 2009, it had seemingly become such a certainty that the X Factor winner would gain the Christmas number one slot every year that bookmakers William Hill were considering withdrawing from the 30 - year tradition of betting on the outcome. However, hostility to the show 's stranglehold on the Christmas number one slot from some quarters had prompted attempts to propel an alternative song to the 2008 Christmas number one spot, and in 2009 a similar internet - led campaign was successful, taking Rage Against the Machine 's "Killing in the Name '' to Christmas number one at the expense of The X Factor winner Joe McElderry. McElderry 's single climbed to the top of the chart a week later.
In series 1 -- 2, the winner 's debut album would be released a few months after their victory in the show. The album would contain some new material but would consist largely of cover versions. This format changed with series 3 winner Leona Lewis. Cowell, Lewis 's X Factor mentor and newly appointed manager, said: "We could have gone into the studio for a month, made the record quick, and thrown it out. It would have been the wrong thing to do. '' The success of Lewis 's debut album Spirit ensured that the debut albums of future series winners (such as series 4 winner Leon Jackson) would consist more of new material than of cover versions. Series 10 winner Sam Bailey, however, released her debut album of covers, The Power of Love, in March 2014, just three months after winning - the earliest ever debut album release by an X Factor winner.
During the fifth series of the show, the finalists released a cover of Mariah Carey 's "Hero '' in aid of Help for Heroes which reached number one in the UK singles charts. Following the success of the song, Cowell announced that a charity single would be released annually (though the process was discontinued in series 9). He is quoted as saying: "Following last year 's record we made with the X Factor finalists in aid of Help for Heroes, we decided we wanted to do something annually on the show to help good causes. ''
The 2009 finalists released a cover of Michael Jackson 's "You Are Not Alone '' which was released in aid of Great Ormond Street Hospital and reached number one.
The 2010 finalists released a cover of David Bowie 's "'' Heroes "'', with proceeds once again going to the Help for Heroes charity.
In 2011, the finalists released Rose Royce 's "Wishing on a Star '' and the proceeds were donated to Together for Short Lives. This song features previous contestants JLS and One Direction. In 2012, it was announced that the winner 's single would also be the charity single.
The charity single was scrapped after series 8, although the winner 's singles from series 9 onwards were all released for charity.
In celebration of the show 's 10th series, The X Factor -- The Greatest Hits was released on 25 November 2013. The album features 34 songs from 21 of the show 's finalists.
The X Factor Songbook is a 60 - song compilation album released 24 November 2014.
The X Factor brand has also appeared on clothing, jewellery, perfume, make - up, toiletries, bedding, gifts, confectionery, soft drinks and pizzas. The Sun newspaper reported that the parents of Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge were using The X Factor 's logo without permission to publicise party accessories sold through their mail - order business.
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the meaning of waiting for the end linkin park | Waiting for the End - wikipedia
"Waiting for the End '' is a song by American rock band Linkin Park, released on October 1, 2010. It is the second single from their fourth studio album, A Thousand Suns, which was released on September 14, 2010. A music video for the single, directed by Joe Hahn, was released on October 8, 2010 on MTV.
It received mostly positive reviews from professional critics and was a huge success.
"Waiting for the End '', along with five other songs from A Thousand Suns, is featured in the "Linkin Park Track Pack '' as downloadable content for the rhythm video game Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock. The track pack was released on October 19, 2010. It was also released as one of six Linkin Park songs released in a pack for Rock Band 3 on January 11, 2011, though it was the only track from A Thousand Suns to be included in that pack.
"Waiting for the End '' was announced as the album 's second single at the time of the album 's release.
The track features minimal distorted guitar and differs from many previous Linkin Park singles. The song features reggae - style verses by Mike Shinoda followed by both chorus and verses sung by Chester Bennington. The breakdown of the song uses remixed portions of Bennington 's vocals. This song was featured in CSI on CBS on October 14, 2010.
The official music video is directed by Joe Hahn. The video was filmed in September 2010, before the release of A Thousand Suns and was released to MTV on Friday October 8, 2010. The video features the entire band performing the song in darkness along with heavily experimental digital effects and distortion applied to them. The video also carries the themes of the artwork for their album, A Thousand Suns, with many shots of abstract artworks featuring animals and digital - themed media.
Joe Hahn wrote a blog post describing the music video:
The clip is an experiment in making the most digital version of ourselves in the spirit of the visual pallette of A Thousand Suns. If you have been following our visuals throughout this album, this is the next step in our journey. I wanted to push ourselves so far down the digital path that it eventually felt spiritual. As we live our lives in the digital noise of today, we can find our center of humanity in the midst of the chaos. This is my illustration of that.
In celebration of the band 's North American tour, an alternate live video of the song premiered in the band 's official site and YouTube channel. It was filmed by numerous fans on January 26, 2011 at the United Center in Chicago, and January 28 at the Xcel Energy Center in St. Paul. The version played in the video is the actual live performance of the song.
The video was placed at # 28 of the year by VH1 's Top 40 Videos of the Year.
Michael Menachem of Billboard gave the song a positive review, saying "' Waiting for the End ' offers the grandness of ' Numb ' and ' Faint ', but producer Rick Rubin 's polyrhythmic framework and the group 's moralistic lyrics set it apart from Linkin Park 's past hits. '' MTV 's James Montgomery praised the song, describing it as "one part soaring, big - boned ballad, one part rattling, slightly Ragga dancehall toast, and zero parts anything LP have previously attempted. '' Tim Grierson of About.com listed the song as the fifteenth best rock song of 2010, saying that "Balancing rapped and sung vocals, the hopeful, resilient track builds to a beautifully rousing finale. ''
The song was performed live at the MTV Europe Music Awards in 2010. It was also performed on Saturday Night Live on February 5, 2011. "Waiting for the End '' is the only single to be performed at all concerts in the A Thousand Suns World Tour ("The Catalyst '' was not performed at the Sunrise, Florida concert; "Burning in the Skies '' never received a full performance until the Australia leg; and "Iridescent '' was not performed at most concerts at the Australia leg).
"Waiting for the End '' debuted at number 96 on the US Billboard Hot 100 upon the release of the album. After falling off and re-entering the chart more than once, it has reached number 42, remaining 23 weeks on the chart. It has also obtained number 2 on the Rock Songs chart. After spending 15 weeks on the Alternative Songs chart, it replaced "Tighten Up '' by The Black Keys at number 1, giving the band their tenth number 1 song on the chart. As of June 2014, the single has sold over 1,058,000 copies in the US, becoming their 9th best selling single in the US. Despite peaking lower than "The Catalyst '', it was the most successful single in the US from the album. Outside the US, the song was generally less successful than "The Catalyst ''.
Chester Bennington said this about the success of the single in an interview with MTV on February 7, 2011:
It took two years for us to make that record, and it took that whole process for us to really digest the new music, so we knew that it was going to take people time to really let it settle... And ' Waiting for the End ' is a perfect example of that... it 's taken it a while for it to elevate up the charts, and it went to No. 1 at the Alternative charts, and then kinda went back, and then went back to # 1... People are getting it now. And I think, especially for our fans in the States, it was important for it to marinate for a little while before we came back and started playing these shows.
All songs written and composed by Linkin Park.
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leave it to beaver season 3 episode 1 | Leave it to Beaver (season 3) - wikipedia
The third season of the American television situation comedy Leave It to Beaver premiered on October 3, 1959 and concluded on June 25, 1960. It consisted of 39 episodes shot in black - and - white, each running approximately 25 minutes in length.
The third season of Leave It to Beaver debuted on ABC October 3, 1959, with "Blind Date Committee '' and concluded its run June 25, 1960, with "Beaver 's Team ''. The show moved from its Thursday time - slot to Saturday at 8: 30 P.M., where it remained until September 1962, when it moved yet again for the final season. Like the first two seasons, the third consists of 39 black - and - white, full - screen, half - hour episodes (with ads) recorded on 35mm film.
The opening sequence shows Ward and June entering the boys ' bedroom to wake them for a new day. Ward wakes Wally, while June wakes Beaver. The camera zooms in for a close - up of Beaver as he rubs the sleep from his eyes and smiles at Ward. Like the second season, the closing sequence shows Beaver and Wally walking down the street. The boys are seen in the distance approaching the viewer. Beaver walks along the curbstone carrying a baseball glove rather than schoolbooks until a passing vehicle forces him onto the sidewalk. The boys walk along, approach the house and go to the door. The third season closing sequence features the new house and is used for both the fourth and fifth seasons.
Like the previous two seasons, all four main players appear in every episode.
Richard Correll joins the show and remains for the duration as Beaver 's classmate and friend, Richard Rickover. Karen Sue Trent joins the cast as Penny Woods. Penny would replace Judy Hensler as Beaver 's classroom nemesis in the following season when Jeri Weil leaves the show.
Actors Lucas "Tiger '' Fafara II (Tooey Brown), Buddy Hart (Chester Anderson), and Bobby Mittelstaedt (Charles Fredericks) leave the show. Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell and Frank Bank as Lumpy Rutherford become Wally 's best friends and constant companions for the remainder of the series.
Norman Tokar directs the majority of episodes. Hugh Beaumont directs his first episode, "Wally and Alma '' and would ultimately direct twenty - three episodes for the show. Several directors new to the series (including Norman Abbott) participate.
When the second season closes, the Cleavers have sold their house on Mapleton Drive. In the first episode of the third season, the Cleavers are settled in a new house at 211 Pine Street. No episode features the actual move. The family remains in the Pine Street house for the remainder of the series; the boys attend the same schools and visit the same friends. Beaver enters the fourth grade, and Wally the tenth.
The Pine Street house has a layout similar to the Mapleton Drive house: front entry, living room with fireplace, dining room, picnic patio, kitchen, garage, and three or four bedrooms on the upper level. In the Pine Street house, however, Ward has a panelled, bookcase - lined den (the location of many scenes in which Ward disciplines the boys), and June has a laundry room off the kitchen (where Beaver creates chaos in a future episode). Like the Mapleton Drive house, the boys ' bedroom has an en - suite bathroom. Unlike the previous two seasons, the Pine Street garage is used infrequently as a setting for the masculine confabs of Beaver and his friends or for father and son get - togethers.
The adult theme of alcoholism is tackled in "Beaver and Andy ''.
Season 3 was released on DVD on June 15, 2010.
Wally is appointed chairman of the blind - date committee for an upcoming school dance. He 's unable to find a date for Jill Bartlett and is forced to escort her himself. Ward says he was in a similar situation as a boy and paid his friends to dance with his date. Wally tries the same ruse with Jill, and, though she is aware of what Wally is doing, plays along and has a good time. Later, she says she thinks Wally 's one of the nicest boys she 's ever met.
Guests: Rusty Stevens as Larry Mondello, Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell, Tommy Ivo as Duke Hathaway, Beverly Washburn as Jill Bartlett.
Ward and June go to an overnight company function in Freeport. When the sitter cancels, Wally is left in charge; and he becomes bossy. Wally tells Beaver to bathe, so Beaver starts to fill the bath and dawdles. Wally tells Beaver to come to supper. Beaver forgets the bath, and runs downstairs. Later, the boys notice water leaking from the kitchen ceiling and mop up, drying the ceiling with a hairdrier, and agreeing not to tell their parents. The next day, a portion of the kitchen ceiling falls to the floor. Ward blames shoddy workmanship; the boys remain silent. Later, Ward gives Wally the payment that the sitter would have received. Wally decides he must tell his father the truth. Ward and June are glad they learned they have such nice boys.
Miss Landers tells the class that the school - bus service is being extended. The Cleavers ' neighborhood is included. After riding the school bus for a week, arriving at the bus stop with increasing tardiness in the morning, Beaver is suspended for fighting. Ward does n't want to have to drive him, so Beaver delivers a fulsome letter of apology, written with Wally 's help, to the driver 's house and rides the bus. Judy is suspended, comes to Beaver 's house, and asks Beaver how he got himself reinstated. Beaver gives her a draft copy of his letter and Judy is soon riding the bus again. When Wally asks him why he helped the meanest girl in school, Beaver tells him that he 'll have something nice to look back on whenever she turns mean, which is soon.
Beaver is grounded for leaving the cap off the ink bottle, causing Ward to spill ink all over his papers. After the rest of the Cleavers go out, Larry talks Beaver into sneaking off to the movies. A drawing is held at the movies and Beaver wins a bicycle. He ca n't take it home without betraying his disobedience to his father so Larry offers to take it home for a day. Mrs. Mondello calls Ward when she finds the bicycle and Larry discloses the truth. Later, Beaver realizes he can not keep the bike and donates it to a church. Beaver thinks winning the bicycle was God 's way of making children do everything they 're told. Larry does n't think that 's right, because kids are told to do so much.
Miss Landers asks her students to bring in a baby picture for a "Most Beautiful Baby '' contest. Without telling Beaver, June mails a photo of infant Beaver naked on a rug to Miss Landers, to meet the contest deadline. Beaver is embarrassed when Wally shows him a copy of what was sent; but his mother thinks the photo cute. Beaver does n't want to hurt her. Instead, Beaver gets to school early and requests the return of the photo from Miss Landers, who gives it to him without looking at it. Later, Ward cuts the photo down to just a headshot. Beaver submits the photo and later tells his family he lost the contest. Beaver is glad that his father knows what it was like to be a kid.
Ward keeps June from throwing out his old pedometer and wants to give it to the boys. Wally 's being driven everywhere and is n't interested. To gain interest, Ward says he walked twenty miles a day at their age; and Beaver gets the pedometer. At school, egged on by Larry, Beaver bets a contemptuously disbelieving Whitey his new fielder 's mitt that he can walk twenty miles a day, too. At dinnertime, however, after much roundabout walking, he discovers he 's only walked three miles. He surrenders his baseball glove to a gloating Whitey. Beaver is furious at losing the mitt and fears his father 's wrath. Ward is understanding and tells Beaver he exaggerated the distance he walked in order to share his enthusiasm for the pedometer. Ward buys Beaver another baseball glove and stops himself in telling a grandiose story of his own baseball days. Beaver says not to stop telling about such "neat stuff '' even if Ward does "exaggerate things up ''.
Wally arranges for Beaver to ride on the team bus to a track meet, but Beaver, who did n't ask for the favor, has made a previous date with Larry. In the aftermath, Wally threatens to never do any favors for Beaver again. Later, Beaver and Larry take the planned jaunt to Friends Lake, where two older boys give them a stolen rowboat and flee. The police arrive and Beaver 's story about the two older boys is given little credence. When Beaver is unable to get a hold of Ward or June, he tearfully turns to Wally. At the police station, Wally names the two older boys based upon Beaver 's description. Later, the police call Wally with the news that the guilty boys were taken into custody, and Beaver and Larry are cleared of charges. Ward and June are sitting right there and want an explanation. Ward goes easy on the boys since they were able to use the situation to patch up their differences.
Beaver 's class takes turns reciting a poem about tree planting so ineptly that Miss Landers reads the poem with feeling. Beaver starts to miss a tree he was given, and which remains planted at the Mapleton Drive house. He takes Larry with him to the old house (now owned by Mr. Benner); and they dig up the tree, while Mr Benner 's away, and cart it off. Neighbors see the boys, and Ward gets a call. Ward and June find Wally and Beaver sneaking the tree across the yard and send the boys to their room. Later, Beaver tells his parents the tree was a friend he loves. June and Ward understand Beaver 's feelings and straighten things out with Mr. Benner. At school, Beaver recites the poem with feeling.
Guests: Rusty Stevens as Larry Mondello, Sue Randall as Miss Landers, Jeri Weil as Judy Hensler, Stanley Fafara as Whitey Whitney.
Beaver waxes rhapsodic about Miss Landers, so June invites her to dinner on the patio. Beaver is uneasy about the invitation. At school, he reluctantly tells Larry, who immediately blabs. At home, Beaver is almost hysterical at the prospect of something going wrong. During the course of dinner, Beaver spots Larry, Whitey, and Gilbert watching the event from a tree. When June, Ward, and Wally clear the table and enter the house, Miss Landers orders the boys to descend. She realizes children do n't understand teachers are real like everyone else and believes their embarrassment is punishment enough. Ward invites the boys for dessert. Wally says Miss Landers is a teacher who can punish you by being nice.
A fifth - grader named Sonny Cortwright gets into a shoving match with Larry at school. Later, when Larry and Beaver get their fortunes told by a fortune teller machine, Beaver 's fortune predicts, "Today is your lucky day. '' Then the two run into Sonny on his way to a music lesson, Larry challenges the older boy to fight, and then passes the buck to Beaver, figuring it 's Beaver 's lucky day and he ca n't lose. The fight is delayed because of Sonny 's lesson. Beaver has time to ask his brother and father about the role of luck, and is told it does n't figure much in fighting. As the hour of the bout approaches, Beaver is at the designated site but Sonny never appears. At home, Beaver admits to his father he was afraid. Ward says fear is not a bad emotion; it 's a form of common sense and keeps us from doing foolish things.
Ward loans Beaver a dollar to buy a twenty - five - cent notebook and expects seventy - five cents returned. Larry needs twenty - five cents for his notebook, which Beaver lends; but Larry, offering to get both their supplies, has to use the remainder to settle an old debt at the school store. When Beaver wants movie money, Ward tells him to settle up with Larry. Larry starts over to pay Beaver back but is derailed by Gilbert and Whitey into going to the movies and, later, having sodas. Beaver finds Larry at the drug store and vows never to speak to him again. Larry is hurt and overcome with remorse. When Larry threatens to join the Foreign Legion over the heartbreak, Beaver is touched and the two become friends again.
Beaver and Larry are in a magic shop, but everything 's so expensive that Beaver winds up with a 15 - cent coin disappearing box. At home, Beaver receives a lukewarm response to this well - known magic act but finds the perfect audience in a gullible kid named Bengie Bellamy. Later, little Bengie thinks Larry has transformed Beaver into a rock; he picks it up and takes it home in his wagon. Finding Bengie sleeping with the rock, his mother takes him to the Cleaver house to prove Beaver is well. Beaver however has gone to Aunt Martha 's house for the weekend. Benjie is incorrigible in his belief, and Beaver must be brought home early from his visit to allay Bengie 's fears. Beaver tells Bengie that some fears are real.
Beaver buys a gaudy blouse for his mother 's birthday gift. June is stunned but, being sweet, she tells Beaver it 's beautiful. He persuades her to wear it to the Mothers ' Club tea. At the tea, Beaver is hurt to find his mother is not wearing the blouse. She explains she was wrong to not wear it after she said she would, but she also tells him it is sometimes impossible to be honest without hurting another 's feelings. Beaver forgives her.
After Beaver and Wally give up trying to build a chinchilla cage, as a moneymaking woodworking project in the garage, they are slow to clean it up, earning Ward 's wrath. Beaver discovers a nail, stuck through a block of wood, in Ward 's tire. When Beaver pulls it out, the tire goes flat. Eddie tells them to take the tire to the garage, have it repaired, and put it back. The boys do so, rolling the tire through Mayfield, spotted but not quite recognized from Ward 's office. Later, Ward learns about the tire repair from Eddie 's indiscretion. The boys tell him they did n't want to be thought stupid so they thought it best to take care of it themselves. Beaver remembers being called a "boob '' once and thinks that a slap is something easier to forget. Ward tries to be more careful in how he denounces his boys.
Beaver is at Larry 's house and they look through Larry 's sister 's room, including reading her diary. Mrs. Mondello finds them, is very cross, sends Beaver home and Larry to his room. Larry, feeling especially humiliated at being scolded in front of his friend, runs away, at first thinking to go to Mexico but settling on Beaver 's house. Beaver and Wally stow Larry in their bathtub and keep mum. Beaver brings him food. Meanwhile, Mrs. Mondello arrives. Larry is discovered and told he has caused his mother much anxiety. After the Mondellos leave, Wally and Beaver are punished with weed pulling. They agree that telling their father about Larry 's presence in the house would have been the wisest thing to do, but it was hard to realize that at the time.
Beaver and Larry walk past a pet store with a 40 - year - old parrot that talks and can sing a song from World War I. Beaver 's class is having a "Pet Fair ''; and Beaver, having been scolded for his lack of success with previous pets, but embarrassed in the face of the other kids ' telling of their pets, reports that he will bring his pet parrot. Ward, knowing of the fair and relenting in his earlier attitude, buys a hamster; but that just infuriates Beaver. Wally tells Ward about Beaver 's lie to the class and Ward decides there 's nothing he should do but let Beaver face up to it. However, after talking with June, who was crushed by having to publicly recant in her youth, Ward manages to rent the pet store parrot for the school fair. Beaver 's pet is voted first prize at the fair, but then Beaver tells Miss Landers the truth about the parrot.
Ward knows that Wally has a midterm test in history, his weakest subject, so Wally wo n't be going to Mary Ellen Rogers ' with Eddie and Lumpy. Wally studies World War I; but Eddie and Lumpy have "it made '', a plan to cheat by hiding the answers in the paper towel dispenser in the school restroom. As the test begins, Wally spills ink and has to wash his hands, finding a mysterious note, "To thine own self be true ''. Later, Eddie ca n't find the answer sheet in the towel dispenser, because the teacher found it earlier in the day, leaving the note as a warning. The results of the test are posted: Eddie and Lumpy have done poorly; Wally has done well. In an anonymous letter to the teacher, Eddie accuses Wally of using the missing answer sheet to get a good grade on the test. The teacher assures Wally that he knows he did n't cheat and that Eddie was the culprit who planted the answer sheet. A reformed Eddie apologizes to Wally; and studies, later startling the teacher with his knowledge of the League of Nations.
Allowed to read "any book '' for a school book report, Beaver randomly chooses Prescott 's The Conquest of Mexico; but Ward thinks that beyond him and suggests Treasure Island, loaning Beaver his own library card. Beaver and Larry go to the library, and a conspicuously forgetful Beaver takes out the book. When Wally reads Beaver 's truncated report, Beaver confesses to having lost the book. Overdue notices pile up; Eddie finds them and tells Beaver his father could go to jail. Beaver goes to the library to keep his father out of the slammer. The head librarian tells Beaver he must replace the book and suggests he speak to his father, but dismisses the idea of jail as the product of a guilty conscience. Beaver presents his father with a formal apology. Ward tells Beaver he should n't expect to go through life doing things wrong and then hoping things will turn out right, and that lies will always be found out. The book is later found in Larry 's locker smelling of a baloney sandwich.
Eddie nominates Wally for class president. Wally, initially reluctant, gets a pep talk from his father. Wally then aggressively pursues the position. His friends and classmates become annoyed with his hand - shaking and back - slapping campaign style. Wally loses the election. Ward apologizes to him for the advice - giving and tells him parents sometimes "go off the deep end '' when they get older and live through their children.
Ward 's old acquaintance Andy, the handyman, is an alcoholic, and Ward and June decide not to tell the boys. Andy tells Beaver he feels shaky and needs a drink. He talks Beaver into giving him Ward 's Christmas brandy. Andy becomes drunk and is driven home by Ward. Later, Andy apologizes. Beaver admits his part in the incident to his parents. Ward and June blame themselves for trying to shield the boys from the uglier aspects of life.
Beaver and Larry are forced to attend a grotesque dancing school, and they play hooky. They munch baloney sandwiches, hide out by a barn, and meet a young cowgirl who offers them a ride on her horse. At home, the family thinks Beaver smells "horsey ''. He confesses and says dance class is an awful experience for him. Ward tells him his parents will ask him to do a lot of things he wo n't want to do; but, in the years to come, he 'll be grateful they asked him.
Beaver joins a secret club, "The Bloody Five ''. The club does n't want to admit Larry, who is so offended he shows up at Beaver 's house in the costume of his own club, "The Fiends ''. Beaver leaves his club to join Larry 's and is furious when he discovers Larry is the only member. Ward is unhappy that Beaver would join an exclusive club and tells him the worst reason to form a club is to keep people out.
Wally has loaned his school sweater to Frances Hobbs at a basketball game. June and Ward become concerned about the very expensive, nineteen - dollar sweater, when it 's not available to wear on a rainy day. At school, Wally sees Frances wearing it but is shy about asking for it back. Frances is winsome about not giving it back. Later, at the drug store, Ward and June see Frances wearing the sweater and bragging to her friends she has Wally tied around her finger and following her around. When Wally finds out, he goes to her house, demands the sweater back and tells her to watch what she says about him. Ward says Wally has learned a valuable lesson, "Women never want a sweater just because they 're cold. ''
After seeing a movie, Beaver begins experimenting with hypnotism, but he ca n't seem to hypnotize anyone with his magic "omelet ''. Then Eddie tricks Beaver into thinking he has been hypnotized by him and walks about mindlessly intoning, "Slave kill for master, slave steal for master. '' Wally tells Beaver that Eddie is only giving him the business, but Beaver is concerned he is responsible for Eddie 's behavior and has nightmares. This makes Wally furious. When Wally confronts Eddie, Eddie flees and falls in the mud, ending his trance for good.
Guests: Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell, Rusty Stevens as Larry Mondello.
Wally draws Alma Hanson 's name for a forthcoming school picnic. Ward and June insist on Wally 's getting in touch early, because "politeness never goes out of style. '' Then, Alma 's mother organizes several dates with Wally for her daughter. Ward wants Wally to date others, but Wally does n't want to hurt Alma 's feelings. Ward suggests that Wally introduce his friends, to get Alma interested in someone else. When Beaver indiscreetly reveals the plot, June is irked. Finally, a snooty Mrs. Hanson, with her feckless husband, appears at the Cleaver house and says Wally spends too much time with her daughter. She asks the Cleavers to hold Wally back so Alma can date others. Ward smiles. Beaver says a girl having her mother pick her boyfriends is like a boy having his mother buy his clothes.
Guests: Frank Bank as Lumpy Rutherford, Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell, Carol Sydes as Alma Hanson, Barry Curtis as Harry Myers, Jean Vander Pyl as Mrs. Hanson, Rod Bell as Mr. Alfred Hanson.
With his parents ' reluctant permission, Beaver rides his bike to school. On the way home, outside the drugstore, Beaver lets a strange, but ingratiating, boy try his new bike. Larry suggests that the boy give it a real tryout, and the boy never returns. When Beaver comes home after dark, Ward heatedly condemns Beaver 's irresponsibility, while Beaver says he delayed coming home because he hoped he would die first. Ward then realizes he forgot to insure the bike and, later, when a policeman visits, that he had neglected to have it registered. The police recover the bike in poor condition a few days later. Beaver wishes the thief had been captured and punished. Ward assures Beaver that the boy 's conscience will punish him every time he steps out of his house, and fears Beaver, the police, or someone else will spot him as the bicycle thief. Beaver thinks the kid may be a "wise guy '' with no conscience, but the kid later takes flight at the mere sight of Larry.
Wally dates Myra, a popular girl who is used to dating seniors. She asks if Wally has a car. Ward will drive. She drops a hint that, especially as she 's chairing the dance committee, she would like an orchid as her corsage. Wally thinks that will make up for not having a car, but does n't have $7.50. Ward wo n't buy the expensive flower; he suggests a gardenia. Beaver brings Mrs. Rayburn 's orchid corsage home from school; but, though kept unwrapped in the vegetable crisper, near the salami, it turns brown and falls apart. Ward relents when June shows him the pressed orchid he gave her when she was sixteen. Later, Wally says it was n't worth it because Myra spent the whole evening dancing with other boys.
Guests: Pamela Baird (as Pamela Beaird) as Myra, Dee Carroll as Florist, Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell, Doris Packer as Mrs. Cornelia Rayburn, Rusty Stevens as Larry Mondello.
Ward brings home an autographed baseball, given him by his baseball - playing Uncle Frank when Ward was 17, with a new - made pedestal. He proudly rattles off some names on it - Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Lefty Grove, Ki - Ki Cuyler, Augie Galan - and reminisces, but June turns away. Upstairs, the boys take a greater interest. Bill Dickey and Grover Cleveland Alexander are read off, and Beaver is impressed by the baseball - playing president. But Wally says they have "a buncha new guys that 'll never be forgotten '', to supplant Ward 's greats. Later, Larry comes over and insists on playing catch with the major - league ball. When Larry overthrows, pretending to be Don Drysdale, the ball is crushed by a truck. Larry tries to recreate the baseball by signing "Baby Ruth '' and other mangled names on his own 25 ¢ hardball. Later, Ward takes the ball out to show Fred Rutherford and the deception is discovered. Ward is disgusted with Beaver and gives him a stiff punishment. Later, when the rest of the family has dinner, Beaver is in his room. Ward is convinced by June and Wally that he is being harsh. However, Wally urges Ward to stay firm, and not lessen the punishment, or Beaver will lose respect for him.
Ward and June object to Beaver having an untamed mouse as a pet, but they say he can have a sensible, domesticated animal. At the market, Beaver sees a home - wanted ad for a monkey and eagerly answers the ad. The monkey, a macaque, makes a shambles of June 's luncheon party and then runs away. Later, Beaver finds the monkey outside his window on a rainy night. He is sick. The vet diagnoses pneumonia brought on by being in a too - cold climate. Beaver tends the monkey for days and the animal survives. Beaver wants to send the monkey to his native South America, but Ward has him placed in the monkey exhibit at the zoo, where he recognizes Beaver during a visit.
Sent to do June 's shopping - when June lets Wally opt out so he can go trampolining with Eddie - Beaver, with Larry, finds a wallet with $89 and takes it to the police, who tell him that the money will be his if no one claims it after ten days. Beaver makes a list of things he intends to buy. However, Ward insists he also write an ad to put in the paper. Beaver and others call the police station every day to see if the wallet has been claimed. On the tenth day, having gone to the station, Beaver meets a Miss Tomkins who has seen the ad, and is there to claim her wallet. She promises to send Beaver a nice gift as a reward. Days pass with nothing in the mail. At last, a clock - radio arrives for Beaver. Ward tells June he bought the radio to maintain Beaver 's faith in human nature. He 'll also send the thank - you note Beaver has written, so that Miss Tomkins will be reminded of Beaver 's good deed.
Beaver is assigned to write about his mother for a school Mother 's Day essay, but he 's disappointed with her humdrum life, so he makes up a story. Beaver writes an inaccurate composition describing June as a glamorous show girl who got a big break thanks to a gangster. Mrs. Rayburn realizes the composition has no resemblance to June 's life and gives it to June. Ward says Beaver was motivated by love to make his mother the most interesting in the class. He tells Beaver everyone would like to have exciting parents but we have to take them as they come.
Fred Rutherford plans a picnic with the Cleavers, but Beaver is n't too excited since Violet Rutherford keeps flirting with him. Fred Rutherford takes a photo of Violet kissing Beaver which then appears on the cover of a publication at Ward 's company. Beaver is outraged and his classmates tease him about being in love with Violet. Later, Violet tells Beaver she only kissed him because her father told her to do so, and she really ca n't stand him. Beaver says he burned the picture and spit on the ashes.
Ward comes home to what he terms a Louisa May Alcott scene of domesticity, pots simmering on the range, and June sewing a button on a suit coat that Wally intends to wear to a dance. After coming home from a fishing trip, Beaver and Richard, in turn, ruin Wally 's suit, when Beaver drapes a jacket with fishbait - filled pockets, and, after it 's been dry cleaned, when Richard spills leather oil on it. Eddie stops by and learns of the disaster. When Wally wants to dress for a dance (completely unaware of the accident), Eddie suggests they "go Tony Curtis '' and wear sports jackets and slacks instead of their suits. Later, Ward suggests Beaver keep mum about Eddie 's kindness in the incident because Eddie does n't like others to know he can be a nice guy.
Beaver answers an ad looking for models, sending in his photo. Wally and Ward scoff at the initial response, telling of a promising career to be had, Ward calling it "a come - on '', Wally translating that to mean "a gyp ''. However, encouraged by Eddie, who thinks Sal Mineo got started that way, Beaver signs an agreement. Later, he does n't pay a registration fee requested by the agency, leading to legal issues. The agency threatens legal action. After Ward, misconstruing Beaver 's predicament, tells of debtors ' prison, Beaver goes to an attorney known to his father and presents his savings of forty - six cents to have the attorney handle the matter. The attorney takes Beaver 's savings, telling him whenever he gets himself into a position where he can not go to his father, it will cost him something.
Wally uses start - up money from Ward to begin an Igloo Bar ice cream business, while trying to rid himself of his pesky brother, who takes too keen an interest. Wally does n't demand cash up front from his friends and gets himself deeply into debt. Knowing his boss will fire him over his shortage, he becomes nervous. He asks Beaver for a loan, but Beaver is mad at his brother and refuses his request. Later, Wally discovers Beaver has made the loan and his account is marked paid in full by his boss. Ward quotes, "Neither a borrower nor a lender be, for loan oft loses itself and friend ''. Wally says he did n't expect someone who wrote that junk about Hamlet could have good advice for businessmen.
Guests: Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell, "Tiger '' Fafara as Tooey Brown, Buddy Hart as Chester Anderson, Cheryl Holdridge as Gloria Cusick, Rory Stevens as Little Boy, Dana Dillaway as Peggy, Anne Nauseda as Little Girl.
Miss Landers, back from a recent illness, suggests the class read one more book before summer. Ward considers her list of suggestions - Here Comes Connie, Hoppy the Kangaroo, Little Claude, Penny Bobbins - unmanly and suggests that Beaver read Ivanhoe, one of Ward 's favorite childhood books. Beaver becomes engrossed, practices sword fighting with Gilbert, and gets in trouble defending womanhood, fighting a boy who shoves his sister. Beaver then creates a brotherhood of knights among his schoolmates. Their first proposed venture is to vanquish the neighborhood bully, Clyde Appleby. When Whitey opts out of the battle, Beaver realizes his honor is at stake and confronts Clyde. Beaver takes a drubbing. Ward tells Beaver Ivanhoe 's virtues are still pertinent in the modern world but his violence is not. June tells of how she got in trouble pretending to be Lorna Doone, one of the Little Women, or Becky Sharp. Wally tells Beaver of the disease and cruelty of former times. Beaver says the only way to have fun in the olden days is to read about it.
Guests: Sue Randall as Miss Landers, Jeri Weil as Judy Hensler, Stanley Fafara as Whitey Whitney, Stephen Wootton as Clyde Appleby, Stephen Talbot as Gilbert Bates, James Parnell as Mr. Crawford, Bobby Beekman as Harold, Karen Sue Trent as Penny Woods, Neil Seflinger as Boy.
Wally joins the Crusaders, a letterman club at school, and discovers he is cast as a dance - hall girl in their Old West play. Wally is extremely embarrassed to be cast as a female character. Ward, who thinks Wally overly - sensitive, finally tells him a fable of a fox stuck in quicksand who coaxes a bear in so that he can climb out. Wally then manages to coax Eddie into taking the role. At the performance, Eddie hams it up to the acclaim of the audience. Wally then wishes he held on to his original role. Ward tells him he could be a bit more like Eddie while June says Eddie could be a lot more like Wally.
On the phone, June orders handkerchiefs as a last - day - of - school gift for Miss Landers, and a nylon slip for herself, with directions to gift wrap the handkerchiefs. The slip is wrapped by mistake. Beaver discovers it and gives Miss Landers a postcard instead. The other children are not impressed. Later, Beaver explains his "crummy gift '' to Miss Landers and gives her the slip. At home, June has discovered the gift wrapping mistake and offers to call Miss Landers but Beaver says he has straightened it out.
Beaver has formed a football team called the Lightning Eleven, because the name scares kids. It 's baseball season, but kids do n't care about that. As coach of Beaver 's football team, Wally comes up with a diabolical play, a fake hand - off called ' Old 98 '. Beaver divulges this secret play to Penny Woods, who, in turn, divulges it to the opposition, the Grant Avenue Tigers. In the big game, the secret play is brought out in the final minutes, but the opposition is waiting for it and soundly trounces Beaver 's team. Beaver is disgusted with Penny but Ward tells Beaver he was n't a strategic genius in letting her know about the play in the first place. Ward tells Beaver he should n't say anything he does n't want repeated, especially to girls; but he does n't want Beaver to tell his mother that.
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when was sgt pepper released in the uk | Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band - wikipedia
Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band is the eighth studio album by English rock band the Beatles. Released on 26 May 1967 in the United Kingdom and 2 June 1967 in the United States, it was an immediate commercial and critical success, spending 27 weeks at the top of the UK albums chart and 15 weeks at number one in the US. On release, the album was lauded by the vast majority of critics for its innovations in music production, songwriting and graphic design, for bridging a cultural divide between popular music and legitimate art, and for providing a musical representation of its generation and the contemporary counterculture. It won four Grammy Awards in 1968, including Album of the Year, the first rock LP to receive this honour.
In August 1966, the Beatles permanently retired from touring and began a three - month holiday from recording. During a return flight to London in November, Paul McCartney had an idea for a song involving an Edwardian era military band that would eventually form the impetus of the Sgt. Pepper concept. Sessions for the album began on 24 November in Abbey Road Studio Two with two compositions inspired by their youth, "Strawberry Fields Forever '' and "Penny Lane '', but after pressure from EMI, the songs were released as a double A-side single and were not included on the album.
In February 1967, after recording the title track "Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '', McCartney suggested that the Beatles should release an entire album that would represent a performance by the fictional Sgt. Pepper band. This alter ego group would give them the freedom to experiment musically. During the recording sessions, the band furthered the technological progression they had made with their 1966 album Revolver. Knowing they would not have to perform the tracks live, they adopted an experimental approach to composition and recording on songs such as "With a Little Help from My Friends '', "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' and "A Day in the Life ''. Producer George Martin and engineer Geoff Emerick 's innovative recording of the album included the liberal application of sound shaping signal processing and the use of a 40 - piece orchestra performing aleatoric crescendos. Recording was completed on 21 April 1967. The cover, depicting the Beatles posing in front of a tableau of celebrities and historical figures, was designed by the British pop artists Peter Blake and Jann Haworth.
Sgt. Pepper is regarded by musicologists as an early concept album that advanced the use of extended form in popular music while continuing the artistic maturation seen on the Beatles ' preceding releases. It has been described as one of the first art rock LPs, aiding the development of progressive rock, and credited with marking the beginning of the Album Era. An important work of British psychedelia, the album incorporates a range of stylistic influences, including vaudeville, circus, music hall, avant - garde, and Western and Indian classical music. In 2003, the Library of Congress placed Sgt. Pepper in the National Recording Registry, honouring the work as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant ''. That same year, Rolling Stone magazine ranked it number one in its list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time ''. As of 2011, it has sold more than 32 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best - selling albums in history. Professor Kevin J. Dettmar, writing in the Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature, described it as "the most important and influential rock and roll album ever recorded ''.
By 1966, the Beatles had grown weary of live performance. In John Lennon 's opinion, they could "send out four waxworks... and that would satisfy the crowds. Beatles concerts are nothing to do with music anymore. They 're just bloody tribal rites. '' In June that year, two days after finishing the album Revolver, the group set off for a tour that started in Germany. While in Hamburg they received an anonymous telegram stating: "Do not go to Tokyo. Your life is in danger ''. The threat was taken seriously in light of the controversy surrounding the tour among Japan 's religious and conservative groups, with particular opposition to the Beatles ' planned performances at the sacred Nippon Budokan arena. As an added precaution, 35,000 police were mobilised and tasked with protecting the group, who were transported from hotels to concert venues in armoured vehicles. The polite and restrained Japanese audiences shocked the band, because the absence of screaming fans allowed them to hear how poor their live performances had become. By the time that they arrived in the Philippines, where they were threatened and manhandled by its citizens for not visiting the First Lady Imelda Marcos, the group had grown unhappy with their manager, Brian Epstein, for insisting on what they regarded as an exhausting and demoralising itinerary.
After the Beatles ' return to London, George Harrison replied to a question about their long - term plans: "We 'll take a couple of weeks to recuperate before we go and get beaten up by the Americans. '' His comments proved prophetic, as soon afterwards Lennon 's remarks about the Beatles being "more popular than Jesus '' embroiled the band in controversy and protest in America 's Bible Belt. A public apology eased tensions, but a miserable US tour in August that was marked by half - filled stadiums and subpar performances proved to be their last. The author Nicholas Schaffner writes:
To the Beatles, playing such concerts had become a charade so remote from the new directions they were pursuing that not a single tune was attempted from the just - released Revolver LP, whose arrangements were for the most part impossible to reproduce with the limitations imposed by their two - guitars - bass - and - drums stage lineup.
Upon the Beatles ' return to England, rumours began to circulate that they had decided to break up. Harrison informed Epstein that he was leaving the band, but was persuaded to stay on the assurance that there would be no more tours. The group took a three - month break, during which they focused on individual interests. Harrison travelled to India for six weeks to study the sitar under the instruction of Ravi Shankar and develop his interest in Hindu philosophy. Having been the last of the Beatles to concede that their live performances had become futile, Paul McCartney collaborated with Beatles producer George Martin on the soundtrack for the film The Family Way. Lennon acted in the film How I Won the War and attended art showings, such as one at the Indica Gallery where he met his future wife Yoko Ono. Ringo Starr used the break to spend time with his wife Maureen and son Zak.
In November 1966, during a return flight to London from Kenya, where he had been on holiday with Beatles tour manager Mal Evans, McCartney had an idea for a song that eventually formed the impetus of the Sgt. Pepper concept. His idea involved an Edwardian - era military band, for which Evans invented a name in the style of contemporary San Francisco - based groups such as Big Brother and the Holding Company and Quicksilver Messenger Service. In February 1967, McCartney suggested that the Beatles should record an entire album that would represent a performance by the fictional band. This alter ego group would give them the freedom to experiment musically. He explained: "I thought, let 's not be ourselves. Let 's develop alter egos. '' Martin remembered:
"Sergeant Pepper '' itself did n't appear until halfway through making the album. It was Paul 's song, just an ordinary rock number... but when we had finished it, Paul said, "Why do n't we make the album as though the Pepper band really existed, as though Sergeant Pepper was making the record? We 'll dub in effects and things. '' I loved the idea, and from that moment on it was as though Pepper had a life of its own.
In 1966, the American musician and bandleader Brian Wilson 's growing interest in the aesthetics of recording and his admiration for both record producer Phil Spector 's Wall of Sound and the Beatles ' album Rubber Soul resulted in the Beach Boys ' Pet Sounds LP, which demonstrated his production expertise and his mastery of composition and arrangement. The author Thomas MacFarlane credits the release with influencing many musicians of the time, with McCartney in particular singing its praises and drawing inspiration to "expand the focus of the Beatles ' work with sounds and textures not usually associated with popular music ''. McCartney thought that his constant playing of the album made it difficult for Lennon to "escape the influence '', adding: "It 's very cleverly done... so we were inspired by it and nicked a few ideas. '' Martin stated: "Without Pet Sounds, Sgt. Pepper never would have happened... Pepper was an attempt to equal Pet Sounds. ''
Freak Out! by the Mothers of Invention has also been cited as having influenced Sgt. Pepper. According to the author Philip Norman, during the Sgt. Pepper recording sessions McCartney repeatedly stated: "This is our Freak Out! '' The music journalist Chet Flippo states that McCartney was inspired to record a concept album after hearing Freak Out!, considered the first rock concept album.
According to the musicologist Walter Everett, Sgt. Pepper marks the beginning of McCartney 's ascendancy as the Beatles ' dominant creative force. He wrote more than half of the album 's material while asserting increasing control over the recording of his compositions. He would from this point on provide the artistic direction for the group 's releases. Sessions began on 24 November 1966 in Abbey Road Studio Two, the first time that the Beatles had come together since September. Afforded the luxury of a nearly limitless recording budget, they booked open - ended sessions that allowed them to work as late as they wanted. They began with three songs that were thematically linked to their childhoods: "Strawberry Fields Forever '', "When I 'm Sixty - Four '' and "Penny Lane ''. The first session saw the introduction of a new keyboard instrument called the Mellotron, the keys of which triggered tape - recordings of a variety of instruments, enabling its user to play keyboard parts using those voices. McCartney performed the introduction to "Strawberry Fields Forever '' using the flute setting. The track 's complicated production involved the innovative splicing of two takes that were recorded in different tempos and pitches. Emerick remembers that during the recording of Revolver, "we had got used to being asked to do the impossible, and we knew that the word ' no ' did n't exist in the Beatles ' vocabulary. '' In Martin 's opinion, Sgt. Pepper "grew naturally out of Revolver '', marking "an era of almost continuous technological experimentation ''.
"Strawberry Fields Forever '' and "Penny Lane '' were subsequently released as a double A-side in February 1967 after EMI and Epstein pressured Martin for a single. When it failed to reach number one in the UK, British press agencies speculated that the group 's run of success might have ended, with headlines such as "Beatles Fail to Reach the Top '', "First Time in Four Years '' and "Has the Bubble Burst? '' After its release, at Epstein 's insistence, the single tracks were not included on the LP. Martin later described the decision to drop these two songs as "the biggest mistake of my professional life ''. Nonetheless, in his judgment, "Strawberry Fields Forever '', which he and the band spent an unprecedented 55 hours of studio time recording, "set the agenda for the whole album ''. He explained: "It was going to be a record... (with songs that) could n't be performed live: they were designed to be studio productions and that was the difference. '' McCartney 's goal was to make the best Beatles album yet, declaring: "Now our performance is that record. '' On 6 December 1966, the group began work on "When I 'm Sixty - Four '', the first track that would be included on the album.
Sgt. Pepper was recorded using four - track equipment. Although eight - track tape recorders were available in the US, the first units were not operational in commercial studios in London until late 1967. As with previous Beatles albums, the Sgt. Pepper recordings made extensive use of the technique known as reduction mixing, in which one to four tracks from one recorder are mixed and dubbed down onto a master four - track machine, enabling the Abbey Road engineers to give the group a virtual multitrack studio. EMI 's Studer J37 four - track machines were well suited to reduction mixing, as the high quality of the recordings that they produced minimised the increased noise associated with the process. Preferring to overdub his bass part last, McCartney tended to play other instruments when recording a song 's backing track. This approach afforded him the extra time required to write and record melodic basslines that complemented the song 's final arrangement. When recording the orchestra for "A Day in the Life '', Martin synchronised a four - track recorder playing the Beatles ' backing track to another one taping the orchestral overdub. The engineer Ken Townsend devised a method for accomplishing this by using a 50 Hz control signal between the two machines.
A key feature of Sgt. Pepper is Martin and Emerick 's liberal use of signal processing to shape the sound of the recording, which included the application of dynamic range compression, reverberation and signal limiting. Relatively new modular effects units were used, such as running voices and instruments through a Leslie speaker. Several innovative production techniques feature prominently on the recordings, including direct injection, pitch control and ambiophonics. Another is automatic double tracking (ADT), a system that uses tape recorders to create a simultaneous doubling of a sound. Although it had long been recognised that using multitrack tape to record doubled lead vocals produced an enhanced sound, before ADT it had been necessary to record such vocal tracks twice, a task that was both tedious and exacting. ADT was invented by Townsend during the Revolver sessions in 1966 especially for the Beatles, who disliked tracking sessions and regularly expressed a desire for a technical solution to the problem. The process soon became a common recording practice in popular music. Martin playfully explained to Lennon that his voice had been "treated with a double vibrocated sploshing flange... It doubles your voice, John. '' Lennon realised that Martin was joking, but from that point on he referred to the effect as flanging, a label that was universally adopted by the music industry. Another important effect was varispeeding. Martin cites "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' as having the most variations of tape speed on Sgt. Pepper. During the recording of Lennon 's vocals, the tape speed was reduced from 50 cycles per second to 45, which produced a higher and thinner - sounding track when played back at the normal speed.
In an effort to get the right sound, the Beatles attempted numerous re-takes of "Getting Better ''. When the decision was made to re-record the basic track, Starr was summoned to the studio, but called off soon afterwards as the focus switched from rhythm to vocal tracking. For the album 's title track, "Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '', the recording of Starr 's drum kit was enhanced by the use of damping and close - miking. The musicologist Ian MacDonald credits the new recording technique with creating a "three - dimensional '' sound that -- along with other Beatles innovations -- engineers in the US would soon adopt as standard practice. McCartney played a grand piano on "A Day in the Life '' and a Lowrey organ on "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '', while Martin played a Hohner Pianet on "Getting Better '', a harpsichord on "Fixing a Hole '' and a harmonium on "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite! '' While Harrison 's role as lead guitarist was limited during the sessions, Everett considers that "his contribution to the album is strong in several ways. '' In addition to providing sitar on his composition "Within You Without You '', Harrison played tamboura on several tracks, including "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' and "Getting Better ''.
According to Barry Miles, Lennon resented McCartney 's direction of the band as well as how, aside from "Strawberry Fields Forever '', he himself was now supplying "songs to order '' rather than "writing from the heart '' as he had on Revolver. Everett describes Starr as having been "largely bored '' during the sessions, with the drummer later lamenting: "The biggest memory I have of Sgt. Pepper... is I learned to play chess ''. Speaking in 2000, Harrison said he had little interest in McCartney 's concept of a fictitious group and that, after his experiences in India, "my heart was still out there... I was losing interest in being ' fab ' at that point. '' Harrison added that, having enjoyed recording Rubber Soul and Revolver, he disliked how the group 's approach on Sgt. Pepper became "an assembly process '' whereby, "A lot of the time it ended up with just Paul playing the piano and Ringo keeping the tempo, and we were n't allowed to play as a band as much. ''
Sgt. Pepper was the first pop album to be mastered without the momentary gaps that are typically placed between tracks as a point of demarcation. It made use of two crossfades that blended songs together, giving the impression of a continuous live performance. Although both stereo and monaural mixes of the album were prepared, the Beatles were minimally involved in what they regarded as the less important stereo mix sessions, leaving the task to Martin and Emerick. Emerick recalls: "We spent three weeks on the mono mixes and maybe three days on the stereo. '' He estimates that they spent 700 hours on the LP, more than 30 times that of the first Beatles album, Please Please Me, which cost £ 400 to produce. The final cost of Sgt. Pepper was approximately £ 25,000. The album was completed on 21 April 1967 with the recording of random noises and voices that were included on the run - out groove along with a high - pitched tone, inaudible to human ears, that could be heard by dogs.
Sgt. Pepper, according to American musicologist Allan F. Moore, is composed mainly of rock and pop music, while Michael Hannan and Naphtali Wagner both believed it is an album of various genres; Hannan said it features "a broad variety of musical and theatrical genres ''. According to Hannan and Wagner, the music incorporates the stylistic influences of rock and roll, vaudeville, big band, piano jazz, blues, chamber, circus, music hall, avant - garde, and Western and Indian classical music. Wagner felt the album 's music reconciles the "diametrically opposed aesthetic ideals '' of classical and psychedelia, achieving a "psycheclassical synthesis '' of the two forms. Musicologist John Covach describes Sgt. Pepper as "proto - progressive ''.
Concerns that some of the lyrics in Sgt. Pepper refer to recreational drug use led to the BBC banning several songs from British radio, such as "A Day in the Life '' because of the phrase "I 'd love to turn you on '', with the BBC claiming that it could "encourage a permissive attitude towards drug - taking. '' Although Lennon and McCartney denied any drug - related interpretation of the song at the time, McCartney later suggested that the line was deliberately written to ambiguously refer to either illicit drugs or sexual activity. The meaning of "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' became the subject of speculation, as many believed that the song 's title was code for the hallucinogenic drug LSD. The BBC banned the track on those grounds. They also banned "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite! '' because of the lyric, which mentions "Henry the Horse '', a phrase that contains two common slang terms for heroin. Fans speculated that Henry the Horse was a drug dealer and "Fixing a Hole '' was a reference to heroin use. Others noted lyrics such as "I get high '' from "With a Little Help from My Friends '', "take some tea '' -- slang for cannabis use -- from "Lovely Rita '' and "digging the weeds '' from "When I 'm Sixty - Four ''.
The author Sheila Whiteley attributes Sgt. Pepper 's underlying philosophy not only to the drug culture, but also to metaphysics and the non-violent approach of the flower power movement. The musicologist Oliver Julien views the album as an embodiment of "the social, the musical, and more generally, the cultural changes of the 1960s ''. The American psychologist and counterculture figure Timothy Leary contends that the LP "gave a voice to the feeling that the old ways were over... it came along at the right time '' and stressed the need for cultural change based on a peaceful agenda. The album 's primary value, according to Moore, is its ability to "capture, more vividly than almost anything contemporaneous, its own time and place ''. Whiteley agrees, crediting the album with "provid (ing) a historical snapshot of England during the run - up to the Summer of Love ''. Several scholars have applied a hermeneutic strategy to their analysis of Sgt. Pepper 's lyrics, identifying loss of innocence and the dangers of overindulgence in fantasies or illusions as the most prominent themes.
Sgt. Pepper opens with the title track, starting with 10 seconds of the combined sounds of a pit orchestra warming up and an audience waiting for a concert, creating the illusion of the album as a live performance. The author Kenneth Womack describes the lyric as "a revolutionary moment in the creative life of the Beatles '' that bridges the gap -- sometimes referred to as the fourth wall -- between the audience and the artist. He argues that, paradoxically, the lyrics "exemplify the mindless rhetoric of rock concert banter '' while "mock (ing) the very notion of a pop album 's capacity for engendering authentic interconnection between artist and audience ''. In his view, the mixed message ironically serves to distance the group from their fans while simultaneously "gesturing toward '' them as alter egos, an authorial quality that he considers to be "the song 's most salient feature ''. He credits the recording 's use of a brass ensemble with distorted electric guitars as an early example of rock fusion. MacDonald agrees, describing the track as an overture rather than a song, and a "shrewd fusion of Edwardian variety orchestra '' and contemporary hard rock. The musicologist Michael Hannan describes the track 's unorthodox stereo mix as "typical of the album '', with the lead vocal in the right speaker during the verses, but in the left during the chorus and middle eight. "Sgt. Pepper '' was the first Beatles track that benefitted from the production technique known as direct injection, which according to Womack "afforded McCartney 's bass with richer textures and tonal clarity ''. The song 's arrangement utilises a rock and roll oriented Lydian mode chord progression during the introduction and verses that is built on parallel sevenths, which Everett describes as "the song 's strength ''. The five - bar bridge is filled by an Edwardian horn quartet that Martin arranged from a McCartney vocal melody. The track turns to the pentatonic scale for the chorus, where its blues rock progression is augmented by the use of electric guitar power chords played in consecutive fifths.
McCartney acts as the master of ceremonies near the end of the "Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' track, introducing Starr as an alter ego named Billy Shears. The song then segues into "With a Little Help from My Friends '' amidst a moment of crowd cheer that Martin had recorded during a Beatles concert at the Hollywood Bowl. Womack describes Starr 's baritone lead vocals as "charmingly sincere '' and he credits them with imparting an element of "earnestness in sharp contrast with the ironic distance of the title track ''. Lennon and McCartney 's call and response backing vocals ask Starr questions about the meaning of friendship and true love. In MacDonald 's opinion, the lyric is "at once communal and personal... touchingly rendered by Starr (and) meant as a gesture of inclusivity; everyone could join in. '' Womack agrees, identifying "necessity of community '' as the song 's "central ethical tenet '', a theme that he ascribes to the album as a whole. Everett notes the track 's use of a major key double - plagal cadence that would become commonplace in pop music following the release of Sgt. Pepper. He characterises the arrangement as clever, particularly its reversal of the question and answer relationship in the final verse, in which the backing singers ask leading questions and Starr provides unequivocal answers. The song ends on a vocal high note that McCartney, Harrison and Lennon encouraged Starr to achieve despite his lack of confidence as a singer.
Despite widespread suspicion that the title of "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' contained a hidden reference to LSD, Lennon insisted that it was derived from a pastel drawing by his four - year - old son Julian. A hallucinatory chapter from Lewis Carroll 's 1871 novel, Through the Looking - Glass, inspired the song 's atmosphere. McCartney confirms the existence of the drawing and Carroll 's influence on the track, noting that although the title 's apparent drug reference was unintentional, the lyrics were purposely written for a psychedelic song. The first verse begins with what Womack characterises as "an invitation in the form of an imperative '' through the line: "Picture yourself in a boat on a river '', and continues with imaginative imagery, including "tangerine trees '', "rocking horse people '' and "newspaper taxis ''. Martin describes the introduction 's melody, which he regards as "crucial to the staying power of the song '', as "a falling scale in the left hand, a rocking scale in the right ''. In his opinion, the verse might have sounded monotonous if not for the juxtaposition "of that almost - single - note vocal against the inspired introductory notes '', which he describes as "mesmeric, compelling ''. In Womack 's view, with the merging of Lennon 's lyrics and McCartney 's Lowrey organ introduction "the Beatles achieve their most vivid instance of musical timbre ''. The musicologist Tim Riley identifies the track as a moment "in the album, (where) the material world is completely clouded in the mythical by both text and musical atmosphere ''. According to MacDonald, "the lyric explicitly recreates the psychedelic experience ''.
MacDonald considers "Getting Better '' to contain "the most ebullient performance '' on Sgt. Pepper. Womack credits the track 's "driving rock sound '' with distinguishing it from the album 's overtly psychedelic material; its lyrics inspire the listener "to usurp the past by living well and flourishing in the present ''. He cites it as a strong example of Lennon and McCartney 's collaborative songwriting, particularly Lennon 's addition of the line "could n't get no worse '', which serves as a "sarcastic rejoinder '' to McCartney 's chorus: "It 's getting better all the time ''. McCartney describes Lennon 's lyric as "sardonic '' and "against the spirit of the song '', which he characterises as "typical John ''. MacDonald characterises the beginning of the track as "blithely unorthodox '', with two staccato guitars -- one panned left and one right -- playing the dominant against the subdominant of an F major ninth chord, with the tonic C resolving as the verse begins. The dominant, which acts as a drone, is reinforced through the use of octaves played on a bass guitar and plucked on piano strings. McCartney 's bass line accents non-roots on the recording 's downbeat.
Womack interprets the lyric to "Fixing a Hole '' as "the speaker 's search for identity among the crowd '', in particular the "quests for consciousness and connection '' that differentiate individuals from society as a whole. MacDonald characterises it as a "distracted and introverted track '', during which McCartney forgoes his "usual smooth design '' in favour of "something more preoccupied ''. He cites Harrison 's electric guitar solo as serving the track well, capturing its mood by conveying detachment. Womack notes McCartney 's adaptation of the lyric "a hole in the roof where the rain leaks in '' from Elvis Presley 's "We 're Gonna Move ''. The song deals with McCartney 's desire to let his mind wander freely and to express his creativity without the burden of self - conscious insecurities.
In Everett 's view, the lyrics to "She 's Leaving Home '' address the problem of alienation "between disagreeing peoples '', particularly those distanced from each other by the generation gap. McCartney 's "descriptive narration '', which details the plight of a "lonely girl '' who escapes the control of her "selfish yet well - meaning parents '', was inspired by a piece about teenage runaways published by the Daily Mail. It is the first track on Sgt. Pepper that eschews the use of guitars and drums, featuring a string nonet with a harp and drawing comparison with "Yesterday '' and "Eleanor Rigby '', which utilise a string quartet and octet respectively.
Lennon adapted the lyric for "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite! '' from an 1843 poster for Pablo Fanque 's circus that he purchased at an antique shop in Kent on the day of filming the promotional film for "Strawberry Fields Forever ''. Womack views the track as an effective blending of a print source and music: "The interpretive power of the mixed - media application accrues its meaning through the musical production with which the group imbues the Ur - text of the poster. '' MacDonald notes Lennon 's request for a "fairground production wherein one could smell the sawdust '', an atmosphere that Martin and Emerick attempted to create with a sound collage that comprised randomly assembled recordings of harmoniums, harmonicas and calliopes. MacDonald describes the song as "a spontaneous expression of its author 's playful hedonism ''. Everett thinks that the track 's use of Edwardian imagery thematically links it with the album 's opening number.
Harrison wrote the Hindustani classical music - inspired "Within You Without You '' after the decision was made to abandon his composition "Only a Northern Song '', which the band had recorded earlier in the sessions. The lyrics reflect Harrison 's immersion in the teachings of the Hindu Vedas while the song 's musical form and Indian instrumentation, such as sitar, tabla, dilrubas and tamburas, recall the Hindu devotional tradition known as bhajan. The track features a tempo rubato that is without precedent in the Beatles ' catalogue. The pitch is derived from the eastern Khamaj scale, which is akin to the Mixolydian mode in the West. MacDonald regards the song as "the most distant departure from the staple Beatles sound in their discography '', and a work that represents the "conscience '' of the LP through the lyrics ' rejection of Western materialism. Womack calls it "quite arguably, the album 's ethical soul '' as a concise reflection of the Beatles ' and the counterculture 's perspective during the Summer of Love era. The track ends with a burst of laughter that some listeners interpret as a mockery of the song, but Harrison explained: "It 's a release after five minutes of sad music... You were supposed to hear the audience anyway, as they listen to Sergeant Pepper 's Show. That was the style of the album. '' Martin used the moment of levity as a segue for what he describes as the album 's "jokey track '' -- "When I 'm Sixty - Four ''.
MacDonald characterises McCartney 's "When I 'm Sixty - Four '' as a song "aimed chiefly at parents '', borrowing heavily from the English music hall style of George Formby, while invoking images of the illustrator Donald McGill 's "seaside postcards ''. Its sparse arrangement includes chimes, clarinet and piano. Everett singles it out as a case of McCartney 's "penchant for the audience - charming vaudeville... that Lennon detested ''. Moore characterises the song as a synthesis of ragtime and pop, noting that its position following "Within You Without You '' -- a blend of Indian classical music and pop -- demonstrates the diversity of the album 's material. McCartney asked that the clarinets be arranged "in a classical way '', which according to Martin "got... round the lurking schmaltz factor... (and) gave added bite to the song, a formality that pushed it firmly towards satire ''. MacDonald notes that the song 's inclusion amidst Sgt. Pepper 's "multi-layered psychedelic textures... provid (es) a down - to - earth interlude ''. Moore credits Martin 's clarinet arrangement and Starr 's use of brushes with establishing the music hall atmosphere, which is reinforced by McCartney 's vocal delivery and the recording 's use of chromaticism, a harmonic pattern that can be traced to Scott Joplin 's "The Ragtime Dance '' and The Blue Danube by Johann Strauss. Varispeeding was used on the track, raising the music 's pitch by a semitone in an attempt to make McCartney sound younger. Everett notes that the lyric 's protagonist is sometimes associated with the Lonely Hearts Club Band, but in his opinion the song is thematically unconnected to the others on the album.
Womack characterises "Lovely Rita '' as a work of "full - tilt psychedelia '' that contrasts sharply with the preceding track. He identifies the song as an example of McCartney 's talent for "creating imagistic musical portraiture '', yet he also considers it to be a work that foreshadows the "less effectual compositions '' that the Beatles would record post-Sgt. Pepper. Moore views the track as a "throwaway '' while praising what he characterises as its "strong sense of harmonic direction ''. MacDonald describes the song as a "satire on authority '' that is "imbued with an exuberant interest in life that lifts the spirits, dispersing self - absorption ''.
"Good Morning Good Morning '' was inspired by a television commercial for Kellogg 's Corn Flakes, from which Lennon adapted a jingle as the song 's refrain. The track utilises the bluesy mixolydian mode in A, which Everett credits with "perfectly express (ing) Lennon 's grievance against complacency ''. Lennon regarded the song as "a throwaway piece of garbage '', and McCartney viewed it as Lennon 's reaction to the frustrations of domestic life. Womack praises the song 's varied time signatures, including 5 / 4, 3 / 4 and 4 / 4, calling it a "masterpiece of electrical energy ''. MacDonald notes Starr 's "fine performance '' and McCartney 's "coruscating pseudo-Indian guitar solo '', which he credits with delivering the track 's climax. A series of animal noises are heard during the fade - out that are sequenced -- at Lennon 's request -- so that each successive animal is large enough to devour the preceding one. Martin spliced the sound of a chicken clucking at the end of the track to overlap with a guitar being tuned in the next one, making a seamless transition between the two songs.
"Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise) '' serves as a bookend for the album and a segue to its finale. The hard - rocking song was written after the Beatles ' assistant, Neil Aspinall, suggested that since "Sgt. Pepper '' opened the album, the fictional band should make an appearance near the end. The reprise omits the brass section from the title track and features a faster tempo. MacDonald notes the Beatles ' apparent excitement, which is tangibly translated during the recording.
As the last chord of the "Sgt. Pepper '' reprise plays, an acoustic guitar strumming offbeat quavers begins, introducing what Moore describes as "one of the most harrowing songs ever written ''. "A Day in the Life '' consists of four verses by Lennon, a bridge, two aleatoric orchestral crescendos and an interpolated middle part written and sung by McCartney. The first crescendo serves as a segue between the third verse and the middle part, leading to a bridge known as the "dream sequence ''. The idea to use an orchestra was McCartney 's; he drew inspiration from the avant - garde composers John Cage and Karlheinz Stockhausen. The 24 - bar crescendos feature forty musicians selected from the London and Royal Philharmonic Orchestras and tasked with filling the space with what Womack describes as "the sound of pure apocalypse ''. Martin notes Lennon 's request for "a tremendous build - up, from nothing up to something absolutely like the end of the world ''. Lennon recalled drawing inspiration for the lyrics from a newspaper: "I was writing the song with the Daily Mail propped up in front of me at the piano... there was a paragraph about 4000 (pot) holes in Blackburn, Lancashire ''. For "A Day in the Life '', he wanted his voice to sound like Elvis Presley on "Heartbreak Hotel ''. Martin and Emerick obliged by adding 90 milliseconds of tape echo. Womack describes Starr 's performance as "one of his most inventive drum parts on record '', a part that McCartney encouraged him to attempt despite his protests against "flashy drumming ''. The thunderous piano chord that concludes the track and the album was produced by recording Lennon, Starr, McCartney and Evans simultaneously sounding an E major chord on three separate pianos; Martin then augmented the sound with a harmonium. Riley characterises the song as a "postlude to the Pepper fantasy... that sets all the other songs in perspective '', while shattering the illusion of "Pepperland '' by introducing the "parallel universe of everyday life ''. MacDonald describes the track as "a song not of disillusionment with life itself, but of disenchantment with the limits of mundane perception ''. According to him, it "remains among the most penetrating and innovative artistic reflections of its era '', representing the Beatles ' "finest single achievement ''.
As "A Day in the Life '' ends, a 15 - kilohertz high - frequency tone is heard; it was added at Lennon 's suggestion with the intention that it would annoy dogs. This is followed by the sounds of backwards laughter and random gibberish that was pressed into the record 's concentric run - out groove, which loops back into itself endlessly on any record player not equipped with an automatic needle return. Lennon can be heard saying, "been so high '', followed by McCartney 's response: "never could be any other way ''.
Sgt. Pepper 's album cover was designed by the pop artists Peter Blake and Jann Haworth from an ink drawing by McCartney. It was art - directed by Robert Fraser and photographed by Michael Cooper. The front of the LP included a colourful collage featuring the Beatles in costume as the Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band, standing with a group of life - sized cardboard cut - outs of famous people. Each of the Beatles sported a heavy moustache, after Harrison had first grown one as a disguise during his visit to India. The moustaches reflected the growing influence of hippie style trends, while the group 's clothing "spoofed the vogue in Britain for military fashions '', writes the Beatles biographer Jonathan Gould. The centre of the cover depicts the Beatles standing behind a bass drum on which fairground artist Joe Ephgrave painted the words of the album 's title. In front of the drum is an arrangement of flowers that spell out "Beatles ''. The group were dressed in satin day - glo - coloured military - style uniforms that were manufactured by the theatrical costumer M. Berman Ltd in London. Right next to the Beatles are wax sculptures of the bandmembers in their suits and moptop haircuts from the Beatlemania era, borrowed from Madame Tussauds. The album 's lyrics were printed in full on the back cover, the first time this had been done on a rock LP.
The 30 March 1967 photo session with Cooper also produced the back cover and the inside gatefold, which the musicologist Ian Inglis describes as conveying "an obvious and immediate warmth... which distances it from the sterility and artifice typical of such images ''. McCartney explained: "One of the things we were very much into in those days was eye messages... So with Michael Cooper 's inside photo, we all said, ' Now look into this camera and really say I love you! Really try and feel love; really give love through this! It 'll come out; it 'll show; it 's an attitude. ' And that 's what that is, if you look at it you 'll see the big effort from the eyes. '' The album 's inner sleeve featured artwork by the Dutch design team the Fool that eschewed for the first time the standard white paper in favour of an abstract pattern of waves of maroon, red, pink and white. Included with the album as a bonus gift was a sheet of cardboard cut - outs designed by Blake and Haworth, a postcard - sized portrait of Sgt. Pepper based on a statue from Lennon 's house that was used on the front cover, a fake moustache, two sets of sergeant stripes, two lapel badges and a stand - up cut - out of the Beatles in their satin uniforms. Moore believes that the inclusion of these items helped fans "pretend to be in the band ''. However, many others have speculated that there may be a deeper meaning.
The collage includes 57 photographs and nine waxworks that depict a diversity of famous people, including actors, sportsmen, scientists and -- at Harrison 's request -- the Self - Realization Fellowship gurus Mahavatar Babaji, Lahiri Mahasaya, Sri Yukteswar and Paramahansa Yogananda. Inglis views the tableau "as a guidebook to the cultural topography of the decade '', demonstrating the increasing democratisation of society whereby "traditional barriers between ' high ' and ' low ' culture were being eroded ''. The final grouping included singers such as Bob Dylan and Bobby Breen; the film stars Marlon Brando, Tony Curtis, Marlene Dietrich and Marilyn Monroe; the artist Aubrey Beardsley; the boxer Sonny Liston and the footballer Albert Stubbins. Also included were the comedians Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy (as well as comedian W.C. Fields) and the writers H.G. Wells, Oscar Wilde, Lewis Carroll and Dylan Thomas. Adolf Hitler and Jesus Christ were requested by Lennon, but ultimately rejected. When McCartney was asked why the Beatles did not include Elvis Presley, he replied: "Elvis was too important and too far above the rest even to mention... so we did n't put him on the list because he was more than merely a... pop singer, he was Elvis the King. '' The final cost for the cover art was nearly £ 3,000, an extravagant sum for a time when album covers would typically cost around £ 50. For their work on Sgt. Pepper, Blake and Haworth won the 1968 Grammy Award for Best Album Cover, Graphic Arts.
After finishing Sgt. Pepper, but prior to the album 's commercial release, the Beatles took an acetate disc of the album to the American singer Cass Elliot 's flat off King 's Road in Chelsea, where at six in the morning they played it at full volume with speakers set in open window frames. The group 's friend and former press agent, Derek Taylor, remembered that residents of the neighbourhood opened their windows and listened without complaint to what they understood to be unreleased Beatles music. On 26 May 1967, Sgt. Pepper was given a rushed release in the UK, where it was originally scheduled for 1 June. The US release followed on 2 June. It was the first Beatles album where the track listings were exactly the same for the UK and US versions. The band 's eighth LP, it debuted in the UK at number one -- where it stayed for 22 consecutive weeks -- selling 250,000 copies during the first seven days. On 4 June, the Jimi Hendrix Experience opened a show at the Saville Theatre in London with their rendition of the title track. Epstein owned the Saville at the time, and Harrison and McCartney attended the performance. McCartney described the moment: "The curtains flew back and (Hendrix) came walking forward playing ' Sgt. Pepper '. It 's a pretty major compliment in anyone 's book. I put that down as one of the great honours of my career. '' Rolling Stone magazine 's Langdon Winner recalls:
The closest Western Civilization has come to unity since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 was the week the Sgt. Pepper album was released. In every city in Europe and America the radio stations played (it)... and everyone listened... it was the most amazing thing I 've ever heard. For a brief while the irreparable fragmented consciousness of the West was unified, at least in the minds of the young.
Sgt. Pepper was widely perceived by listeners as the soundtrack to the "Summer of Love ''. In Riley 's opinion, the album "drew people together through the common experience of pop on a larger scale than ever before ''. American radio stations interrupted their regular scheduling, playing the album virtually non-stop -- often from start to finish. It occupied the number one position of the Billboard Top LPs in the US for 15 weeks, from 1 July to 13 October 1967. With 2.5 million copies sold within three months of its release, Sgt. Pepper 's initial commercial success exceeded that of all previous Beatles albums. None of its songs were issued as singles at the time.
The vast majority of contemporary reviews were positive, with Sgt. Pepper receiving a widespread critical acclaim that matched its immediate commercial success. Kenneth Tynan of The Times described it as "a decisive moment in the history of Western civilisation ''. Richard Poirier wrote: "listening to the Sgt. Pepper album one thinks not simply of the history of popular music but the history of this century. '' Time magazine declared it "a historic departure in the progress of music -- any music ''. Newsweek 's Jack Kroll called it a "masterpiece '', comparing the lyrics with literary works by Edith Sitwell, Harold Pinter and T.S. Eliot, particularly "A Day in the Life '', which he compared to Eliot 's The Waste Land. The New York Times Book Review characterised Sgt. Pepper as a harbinger of a "golden Renaissance of Song '' and the New Statesman 's Wilfrid Mellers praised its elevation of pop music to the level of fine art.
One of the best - known American critics at the time, Richard Goldstein, wrote a scathing contemporary review in The New York Times that described Sgt. Pepper as "spoiled '' and "reek (ing) '' of "special effects, dazzling but ultimately fraudulent ''. According to the music journalist Robert Christgau, The New York Times was subsequently "deluged with letters, many abusive and every last one in disagreement '', a backlash that he credits as "the largest response to a music review '' in the newspaper 's history. Goldstein published a defence of his review in which he explained that, although the album was not on - par with the best of the Beatles ' previous work, he considered it "better than 80 per cent of the music around '', but felt that underneath the production when "the compositions are stripped to their musical and lyrical essentials '' the LP is shown to be "an elaboration without improvement '' on the group 's music. In Christgau 's 1967 column for Esquire magazine, he described Sgt. Pepper as "a consolidation, more intricate than Revolver but not more substantial '', suggesting that Goldstein had fallen "victim to overanticipation '', identifying his primary error as "allow (ing) all the filters and reverbs and orchestral effects and overdubs to deafen him to the stuff underneath, which was pretty nice ''.
At the 10th Annual Grammy Awards in 1968, Sgt. Pepper won in the categories of Best Album Cover, Graphic Arts, Best Engineered Recording, Non-Classical and Best Contemporary Album. It also won Album of the Year, the first rock LP to receive this honour.
While gathering material for his 1979 anthology, Stranded: Rock and Roll for a Desert Island, the editor Greil Marcus polled the 20 rock critic contributors regarding their choice for the best rock album of all time, and while Rubber Soul was mentioned, Sgt. Pepper was not. He asserts that, by 1968, the album appeared vacuous against the emotional backdrop of the political and social upheavals of American life, describing it as "a triumph of effects '', but "a Day - Glo tombstone for its time ''. He characterises the LP as "playful but contrived '' and "less a summing up of its era than a concession to it ''. Marcus believes that the album "strangled on its own conceits '' while being "vindicated by world - wide acclaim ''.
In 1981, Christgau stated that although few critics agreed with Goldstein at the time of his negative contemporary review, many later came to appreciate his sentiments. In the opinion of Lester Bangs -- the so - called "godfather '' of punk rock journalism, also writing in 1981 -- "Goldstein was right in his much - vilified review... predicting that this record had the power to almost singlehandedly destroy rock and roll. '' He notes: "In the sixties rock and roll began to think of itself as an ' art form '. Rock and roll is not an ' art form '; rock and roll is a raw wail from the bottom of the guts. '' The musicologist John Kimsey cites the preservation of authenticity as a guiding tenet of rock music and suggests that many purists denounce Sgt. Pepper in that respect, accusing the album of "mark (ing) a fall from primal grace into pretense, production and self - consciousness. '' In his opinion, detractors regard the LP as less a breakthrough and more a "break with all that 's good, true and rocking ''. According to Christgau: "Although Sgt. Pepper is thought of as the most influential of all rock masterpieces, it is really only the most famous. In retrospect it seems peculiarly apollonian -- precise, controlled, even stiff -- and it is clearly peripheral to the rock mainstream ''. In Moore 's estimation, "because its cultural impact was so large, it was simply being asked to do too much. ''
Although widely acclaimed, the album has been censured by some. It was voted the worst record ever made in a 1998 Melody Maker poll of pop stars, DJs and journalists. Among the harshest detractors was musician and journalist John Robb, who described the album as "the benchmark of 1967 -- the low water point of rock ' n ' roll ''. In a scathing appraisal of the record prior to its 40th anniversary in 2007, Guardian critic Richard Smith wrote that it is "if not the worst, then certainly the most overrated album of all time ''. He also said that the "excruciating '' LP was often ranked by members of the music press as the best ever due to affection for its cultural impact, and "not because of anything intrinsically great about the record ''. Asked in 2007 to nominate the "supposedly great '' album he would "gladly never hear again '', artist and writer Billy Childish named Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band, saying that it "signalled the death of rock ' n ' roll ''. Musician and author Bill Drummond, in a 2010 publication, called the record "the worst thing that ever happened to music ''. In 2015, Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards denounced the album as "a mishmash of rubbish, kind of like Satanic Majesties ''.
According to Womack, with Sgt. Pepper 's first song "the Beatles manufacture an artificial textual space in which to stage their art. '' The reprise of the title song appears on side two, just prior to the climactic "A Day in the Life '', creating a framing device. In Starr 's opinion, only the first two songs and the reprise are conceptually connected. Lennon agreed and in 1980 he commented: "Sgt. Pepper is called the first concept album, but it does n't go anywhere... it works because we said it worked. '' He was especially adamant that his contributions to the LP had nothing to do with the Sgt. Pepper concept. Further, he suggested that most of the other songs were equally unconnected, stating: "Except for Sgt. Pepper introducing Billy Shears and the so - called reprise, every other song could have been on any other album ''. Martin became worried upon the album 's completion that its lack of musical unity might draw criticism and accusations of pretentiousness.
MacFarlane notes that -- despite these concerns -- Sgt. Pepper "is widely regarded as the first true concept album in popular music ''. In his view, the Beatles "chose to employ an overarching thematic concept in an apparent effort to unify individual tracks. '' Everett contends that the album 's "musical unity results... from motivic relationships between key areas, particularly involving C, E, and G. '' Moore argues that the recording 's "use of common harmonic patterns and falling melodies '' contributes to its overall cohesiveness, which he describes as narrative unity, but not necessarily conceptual unity. MacFarlane agrees, suggesting that with the exception of the reprise the album lacks the melodic and harmonic continuity that is consistent with cyclic form. In a May 1967 review published by The Times, the music critic William Mann made a similar observation, indicating a thematic connection between the title track, its reprise and "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite! '', while suggesting that -- aside from those songs -- the album 's "unity is slightly specious ''. In 1972, the musicologist Richard Middleton suggested that the album was "undercoded '', in that listeners could grasp only a general understanding of the material that, in his opinion, was not particularly meaningful. Nonetheless, the author Martina Elicker asserts that Sgt. Pepper 's release familiarised critics and fans alike with the notion of a "concept and unified structure underlying a pop album '', thus originating the term concept album.
Musicologists regard Sgt. Pepper as a continuation of the artistic maturation seen on the Beatles ' two preceding albums, Revolver and Rubber Soul. Moore credits it with aiding the development of progressive rock through its self - conscious lyrics, its studio experimentation, and its efforts to expand the barriers of conventional three - minute tracks. Jones locates Pet Sounds and Sgt. Pepper 's to the beginning of art rock; Julien considers the latter a "masterpiece of British psychedelia ''. NME described it as an "orchestral baroque pop masterpiece ''. Rolling Stone 's Andy Greene credits it with marking the beginning of the Album Era. For several years following Sgt. Pepper 's release, straightforward rock and roll was supplanted by a growing interest in extended form, and for the first time in the history of the music industry sales of albums outpaced sales of singles. Julien credits Sgt. Pepper with contributing towards the evolution of long - playing albums from a "distribution format '' to a "creation format ''. In Moore 's view, the album assisted "the cultural legitimization of popular music '' while providing an important musical representation of its generation. It is regarded by journalists as having influenced the development of the counterculture of the 1960s. During the 1970s, glam rock acts co-opted Sgt. Pepper 's use of alter ego personas and in 1977 the LP won Best British Album at the first Brit Awards.
With certified sales of 5.1 million copies, Sgt. Pepper is the third - best - selling album in UK chart history. Sgt. Pepper is one of the most commercially successful albums in the US, where the RIAA certifies sales of 11 million copies. It has sold more than 32 million copies worldwide, making it one of the highest - selling albums of all time. In a 1987 review for Q magazine, the music journalist and author Charles Shaar Murray asserted that the album "remains a central pillar of the mythology and iconography of the late ' 60s ''. That same year Rolling Stone 's Anthony DeCurtis described it as an "enormous achievement '' that "revolutionized rock and roll ''. In 1994, Sgt. Pepper was ranked first in Colin Larkin 's All Time Top 1000 Albums. He described it as "the album that revolutionized, changed and re-invented the boundaries of modern popular music. '' In 2003, it was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry, honouring the work as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant ''. In 2003, Rolling Stone placed it at number one in their list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, describing it as "the pinnacle of the Beatles ' eight years as recording artists ''. In the Encyclopedia of Popular Music, Larkin wrote: "(it) turned out to be no mere pop album but a cultural icon, embracing the constituent elements of the 60s ' youth culture: pop art, garish fashion, drugs, instant mysticism and freedom from parental control. '' In 2006 it was chosen by Time as one of the 100 best albums of all time. That same year the music scholar David Scott Kastan described Sgt. Pepper as "the most important and influential rock and roll album ever recorded ''. The album was included in Robert Dimery 's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.
George Martin, along with Brian Wilson, is generally credited with helping to popularise the idea of the recording studio as a musical instrument which could then be used to aid the process of composition. In MacFarlane 's opinion, Sgt. Pepper 's most important musical innovation is its "integration of recording technology into the compositional process ''. He credits Edgard Varèse 's Poème électronique as the piece of music that made this advance feasible, by "expand (ing) the definition of sound recording from archival documentation to the reification of the musical canvass ''; he identifies "A Day in the Life '' as the Sgt. Pepper track that best exemplifies this approach. Although early analogue synthesisers were available -- Robert Moog was working on the second generation of the first commercially available keyboard around the same time as the Sgt. Pepper recording sessions -- none were used during the album 's recording, which relied solely on electric and acoustic instruments and field recordings that were available at Abbey Road Studios. The musician and producer Alan Parsons believes that with Sgt. Pepper "people then started thinking that you could spend a year making an album and they began to consider an album as a sound composition and not just a musical composition. The idea was gradually forming of a record being a performance in its own right and not just a reproduction of a live performance. ''
According to Julien, Sgt. Pepper represents the "epitome of the transformation of the recording studio into a compositional tool '', marking the moment when "popular music entered the era of phonographic composition. '' Its lasting commercial success and critical impact are largely due to Martin and his engineers ' creative use of studio equipment while originating new processes. Artistic experimentation, such as the placement of random gibberish in the run - out groove, is one of the album 's defining features. In the opinion of the Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn, Sgt. Pepper represents the group 's last unified effort, displaying a cohesion that would begin deteriorating immediately following the album 's completion and that had entirely disappeared by the release of The Beatles in 1968. Emerick notes the minimal involvement of Harrison and Starr, viewing Sgt. Pepper as a work of Lennon and McCartney that was less a group effort than any of their previous releases.
Inglis notes that almost every account of the significance of Sgt. Pepper emphasizes the cover 's "unprecedented correspondence between music and art, time and space ''. After its release, album sleeves were no longer "a superfluous thing to be discarded during the act of listening, but an integral component of the listening that expanded the musical experience. '' The cover helped to elevate album art as a respected topic for critical analysis whereby the "structures and cultures of popular music '' could henceforth justify intellectual discourse in a way that -- before Sgt. Pepper -- would have seemed like "fanciful conceit ''. He writes: Sgt. Pepper 's "cover has been regarded as groundbreaking in its visual and aesthetic properties, congratulated for its innovative and imaginative design, credited with providing an early impetus for the expansion of the graphic design industry into popular music, and perceived as largely responsible for the connections between art and pop to be made explicit. '' Riley describes it as "one of the best - known works that pop art ever produced ''. In the late 1990s, the BBC included it in its list of British masterpieces of twentieth - century art and design. In 2008, the iconic bass drum skin used on the front cover sold at auction for € 670,000.
Sgt. Pepper was the first Beatles album to be released with identical track listings in the UK and the US.
All tracks written by Lennon -- McCartney, except "Within You Without You '' by George Harrison.
Track lengths and lead vocals per Mark Lewisohn and Ian MacDonald.
On 26 May 2017, the album was reissued for the album 's 50th anniversary in four different formats: a single CD, a double CD set, a double vinyl set and a six - disc super deluxe edition. The first CD contains a new stereo remix of the album produced by Giles Martin. Created using modern and vintage technology, the 2017 mix retains more of the idiosyncrasies that were unique to the original mono version of Sgt. Pepper 's. Unlike the original album, first - generation tapes were used rather than their subsequent mixdowns, resulting in a clearer and more spacious sound. The other discs contain alternative mixes and previously unreleased session tapes. The six - disc box set includes four CDs as well as a documentary and 5.1 surround sound mixes of the album in both DVD and Blu - ray form.
Sgt. Pepper 's Musical Revolution, a documentary produced by Apple Corps and written and presented by Howard Goodall, was televised on the BBC, PBS and Arte to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the album. The 50th anniversary was also celebrated with posters, billboards, and other decorations at notable locations around the world, including a billboard in Times Square.
According to Mark Lewisohn and Ian MacDonald:
The Beatles
Additional musicians and production
Sgt. Pepper appeared on the Billboard 200 chart in the US for 175 non-consecutive weeks through 1987.
In the US, the album sold 2,360,423 copies by 31 December 1967 and 3,372,581 copies by the end of the decade.
sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone
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which city replaced athens as the center of greek culture | Hellenistic Greece - wikipedia
In the context of ancient Greek art, architecture, and culture, Hellenistic Greece corresponds to the period between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the annexation of the classical Greek heartlands by the Roman Republic. This culminated at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC, a crushing Roman victory in the Peloponnese that led to the destruction of Corinth and ushered in the period of Roman Greece.
The Hellenistic period began with the wars of the Diadochi, armed contests among the former generals of Alexander the Great to carve up his empire in Europe, Asia, and North Africa. The wars lasted until 275 BC, witnessing the fall of both the Argead and Antipatrid dynasties of Macedonia in favor of the Antigonid dynasty. The era was also marked by successive wars between the Kingdom of Macedonia and its allies against the Aetolian League, Achaean League, and the city - state of Sparta.
During the reign of Philip V of Macedon (r. 221 - 179 BC), the Macedonians not only lost the Cretan War (205 - 200 BC) to an alliance led by Rhodes, but their erstwhile alliance with Hannibal of Carthage also entangled them in the First and Second Macedonian War with ancient Rome. The perceived weakness of Macedonia in the aftermath of these conflicts encouraged Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid Empire to invade mainland Greece, yet his defeat by the Romans at Thermopylae in 191 BC and Magnesia in 190 BC secured Rome 's position as the leading military power in the region. Within roughly two decades after conquering Macedonia in 168 BC and Epirus in 167 BC, the Romans would eventually control the whole of Greece.
During the Hellenistic period the importance of Greece proper within the Greek - speaking world declined sharply. The great centers of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch, capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively. Cities such as Pergamon, Ephesus, Rhodes and Seleucia were also important, and increasing urbanization of the Eastern Mediterranean was characteristic of the time.
The quests of Alexander had a number of consequences for the Greek city - states. It greatly widened the horizons of the Greeks, making the endless conflicts between the cities which had marked the 5th and 4th centuries BC seem petty and unimportant. It led to a steady emigration, particularly of the young and ambitious, to the new Greek empires in the east. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander 's wake, as far away as what are now Afghanistan and Pakistan, where the Greco - Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo - Greek Kingdom survived until the end of the 1st century BC.
The defeat of the Greek cities by Philip and Alexander also taught the Greeks that their city - states could never again be powers in their own right, and that the hegemony of Macedon and its successor states could not be challenged unless the city states united, or at least federated. The Greeks valued their local independence too much to consider actual unification, but they made several attempts to form federations through which they could hope to reassert their independence.
Following Alexander 's death a struggle for power broke out among his generals, which resulted in the break - up of his empire and the establishment of a number of new kingdoms. Macedon fell to Cassander, son of Alexander 's leading general Antipater, who after several years of warfare made himself master of most of the rest of Greece. He founded a new Macedonian capital at Thessaloniki and was generally a constructive ruler.
Cassander 's power was challenged by Antigonus, ruler of Anatolia, who promised the Greek cities that he would restore their freedom if they supported him. This led to successful revolts against Cassander 's local rulers. In 307 BC, Antigonus 's son Demetrius captured Athens and restored its democratic system, which had been suppressed by Alexander. But in 301 BC a coalition of Cassander and the other Hellenistic kings defeated Antigonus at the Battle of Ipsus, ending his challenge.
After Cassander 's death in 298 BC, however, Demetrius seized the Macedonian throne and gained control of most of Greece. He was defeated by a second coalition of Greek rulers in 285 BC, and mastery of Greece passed to the king Lysimachus of Thrace. Lysimachus was in turn defeated and killed in 280 BC. The Macedonian throne then passed to Demetrius 's son Antigonus II, who also defeated an invasion of the Greek lands by the Gauls, who at this time were living in the Balkans. The battle against the Gauls united the Antigonids of Macedon and the Seleucids of Antioch, an alliance which was also directed against the wealthiest Hellenistic power, the Ptolemies of Egypt.
Antigonus II ruled until his death in 239 BC, and his family retained the Macedonian throne until it was abolished by the Romans in 146 BC. Their control over the Greek city states was intermittent, however, since other rulers, particularly the Ptolemies, subsidised anti-Macedonian parties in Greece to undermine the Antigonids ' power. Antigonus placed a garrison at Corinth, the strategic centre of Greece, but Athens, Rhodes, Pergamum and other Greek states retained substantial independence, and formed the Aetolian League as a means of defending it. Sparta also remained independent, but generally refused to join any league.
In 267 BC, Ptolemy II persuaded the Greek cities to revolt against Antigonus, in what became the Chremonidian War, after the Athenian leader Chremonides. The cities were defeated and Athens lost her independence and her democratic institutions. The Aetolian League was restricted to the Peloponnese, but on being allowed to gain control of Thebes in 245 BC became a Macedonian ally. This marked the end of Athens as a political actor, although it remained the largest, wealthiest and most cultivated city in Greece. In 255 BC, Antigonus defeated the Egyptian fleet at Cos and brought the Aegean islands, except Rhodes, under his rule as well.
In spite of their decreased political power and autonomy, the Greek city state or polis continued to be the basic form of political and social organization in Greece. Classical city states such as Athens and Ephesus grew and even thrived in this period. While warfare between Greek cities continued, the cities responded to the threat of the post Alexandrian Hellenistic states by banding together into alliances or becoming allies of a strong Hellenistic state which could come to its defense therefore making it asylos or inviolate to attack by other cities.
The Aetolians and the Achaeans developed strong federal states or leagues (koinon), which were governed by councils of city representatives and assemblies of league citizens. Initially ethnic leagues, these leagues later began to include cities outside of their traditional regions. The Achaean League eventually included all of the Peloponnese except Sparta, while the Aetolian League expanded into Phocis. During the third century BCE these leagues were able to defend themselves against Macedon and the Aetolian league defeated a Celtic invasion of Greece at Delphi.
After Alexander 's death, Athens had been defeated by Antipater in the Lamian war and its port in the Piraeus housed a Macedonian garrison. To counter the power of Macedon under Cassander, Athens courted alliances with other Hellenistic rulers such as Antigonus I Monophthalmus, and in 307 Antigonus sent his son Demetrius to capture the city. After Demetrius captured Macedon, Athens became allied with Ptolemaic Egypt in an effort to gain its independence from Demetrius, and with Ptolemaic troops they managed to rebel and defeat Macedon in 287, though the Piraeus remained garrisoned. Athens fought more unsuccessful wars against Macedon with Ptolemaic aid such as the Chremonidean War and the Kleomenean War. The Ptolemaic kingdom was now the city 's main ally, supporting it with troops, monies and material in multiple conflicts. Athens rewarded the Ptolemaic Kingdom in 224 / 223 BC by naming the 13th phyle Ptolemais and establishing a religious cult called the Ptolemaia. Hellenistic Athens also saw the rise of New Comedy and the Hellenistic schools of philosophy such as Stoicism and Epicureanism. By the turn of the century, the Attalids in Pergamon became patrons and protectors of Athens as the Ptolemaic empire weakened. Athens would later also establish a cult for the Pergamene king Attalos I.
Antigonus II died in 239 BC. His death saw another revolt of the city - states of the Achaean League, whose dominant figure was Aratus of Sicyon. Antigonus 's son Demetrius II died in 229 BC, leaving a child (Philip V) as king, with the general Antigonus Doson as regent. The Achaeans, while nominally subject to Ptolemy, were in effect independent, and controlled most of southern Greece. Athens remained aloof from this conflict by common consent.
Sparta remained hostile to the Achaeans, and in 227 BC Sparta 's king Cleomenes III invaded Achaea and seized control of the League. Aratus preferred distant Macedon to nearby Sparta, and allied himself with Doson, who in 222 BC defeated the Spartans and annexed their city -- the first time Sparta had ever been occupied by a foreign power.
Philip V, who came to power when Doson died in 221 BC, was the last Macedonian ruler with both the talent and the opportunity to unite Greece and preserve its independence against the "cloud rising in the west '': the ever - increasing power of Rome. He was known as "the darling of Hellas ''. Under his auspices the Peace of Naupactus (217 BC) brought conflict between Macedon and the Greek leagues to an end, and at this time he controlled all of Greece except Athens, Rhodes and Pergamum.
In 215 BC, however, Philip formed an alliance with Rome 's enemy Carthage, which drew Rome directly into Greek affairs for the first time. Rome promptly lured the Achaean cities away from their nominal loyalty to Philip, and formed alliances with Rhodes and Pergamum, now the strongest power in Asia Minor. The First Macedonian War broke out in 212 BC, and ended inconclusively in 205 BC, but Macedon was now marked as an enemy of Rome. Rome 's ally Rhodes gained control of the Aegean islands.
In 202 BC, Rome defeated Carthage, and was free to turn her attention eastwards, urged on by her Greek allies, Rhodes and Pergamum. In 198 BC, the Second Macedonian War broke out for obscure reasons, but very likely because Rome saw Macedon as a potential ally of the Seleucids, the greatest power in the east. Philip 's allies in Greece deserted him and in 197 BC he was decisively defeated at the Cynoscephalae by the Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus.
Luckily for the Greeks, Flamininus was a moderate man and an admirer of Greek culture. Philip had to surrender his fleet and become a Roman ally, but was otherwise spared. At the Isthmian Games in 196 BC, Flamininus declared all the Greek cities free, although Roman garrisons were placed at Corinth and Chalcis. But the freedom promised by Rome was an illusion. All the cities except Rhodes were enrolled in a new League which Rome ultimately controlled, and democracies were replaced by aristocratic regimes allied to Rome.
In 192 BC, war broke out between Rome and the Seleucid ruler Antiochus III. Antiochus invaded Greece with a 10,000 man army, and was elected the commander in chief of the Aetolians. Some Greek cities now thought of Antiochus as their saviour from Roman rule, but Macedon threw its lot in with Rome. In 191 BC, the Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio routed him at Thermopylae and obliged him to withdraw to Asia. During the course of this war Roman troops moved into Asia for the first time, where they defeated Antiochus again at Magnesia on the Sipylum (190 BC). Greece now lay across Rome 's line of communications with the east, and Roman soldiers became a permanent presence. The Peace of Apamaea (188 BC) left Rome in a dominant position throughout Greece.
During the following years Rome was drawn deeper into Greek politics, since the defeated party in any dispute appealed to Rome for help. Macedon was still independent, though nominally a Roman ally. When Philip V died in 179 BC, he was succeeded by his son Perseus, who like all the Macedonian kings dreamed of uniting the Greeks under Macedonian rule. Macedon was now too weak to achieve this objective, but Rome 's ally Eumenes II of Pergamum persuaded Rome that Perseus was a potential threat to Rome 's position.
As a result of Eumenes 's intrigues Rome declared war on Macedon in 171 BC, bringing 100,000 troops into Greece. Macedon was no match for this army, and Perseus was unable to rally the other Greek states to his aid. Poor generalship by the Romans enabled him to hold out for three years, but in 168 BC the Romans sent Lucius Aemilius Paullus to Greece, and at Pydna the Macedonians were crushingly defeated. Perseus was captured and taken to Rome, the Macedonian kingdom was broken up into four smaller states, and all the Greek cities who aided her, even rhetorically, were punished. Even Rome 's allies Rhodes and Pergamum effectively lost their independence.
Under the leadership of an adventurer called Andriscus, Macedon rebelled against Roman rule in 149 BC: as a result it was directly annexed the following year and became a Roman province, the first of the Greek states to suffer this fate. Rome now demanded that the Achaean League, the last stronghold of Greek independence, be dissolved. The Achaeans refused and, feeling that they might as well die fighting, declared war on Rome. Most of the Greek cities rallied to the Achaeans ' side, even slaves were freed to fight for Greek independence. The Roman consul Lucius Mummius advanced from Macedonia and defeated the Greeks at Corinth, which was razed to the ground.
In 146 BC, the Greek peninsula, though not the islands, became a Roman protectorate. Roman taxes were imposed, except in Athens and Sparta, and all the cities had to accept rule by Rome 's local allies. In 133 BC, the last king of Pergamum died and left his kingdom to Rome: this brought most of the Aegean peninsula under direct Roman rule as part of the province of Asia.
The final downfall of Greece came in 88 BC, when King Mithridates of Pontus rebelled against Rome, and massacred up to 100,000 Romans and Roman allies across Asia Minor. Although Mithridates was not Greek, many Greek cities, including Athens, overthrew their Roman puppet rulers and joined him. When he was driven out of Greece by the Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Roman vengeance fell upon Greece again, and the Greek cities never recovered. Mithridates was finally defeated by Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) in 65 BC.
Further ruin was brought to Greece by the Roman civil wars, which were partly fought in Greece. Finally, in 27 BC, Augustus directly annexed Greece to the new Roman Empire as the province of Achaea. The struggles with Rome had left certain areas of Greece depopulated and demoralised. Nevertheless, Roman rule at least brought an end to warfare, and cities such as Athens, Corinth, Thessaloniki and Patras soon recovered their prosperity.
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what technologies made the indian ocean trade a success | Indian Ocean trade - wikipedia
Indian Ocean Trade has been a key factor in East -- West exchanges throughout history. Long distance trade in dhows and sailboats made it a dynamic zone of interaction between peoples, cultures, and civilizations stretching from Java in the East to Zanzibar and Mombasa in the West. Cities and states on the Indian Ocean rim were Janus - faced. They looked outward to the sea as much as they looked inward to the hinterland.
There was an extensive maritime trade network operating between the Harappan and Mesopotamian civilizations as early as the middle Harappan Phase (2600 - 1900 BCE), with much commerce being handled by "middlemen merchants from Dilmun '' (modern Bahrain and Failaka located in the Persian Gulf). Such long - distance sea trade became feasible with the development of plank - built watercraft, equipped with a single central mast supporting a sail of woven rushes or cloth.
Several coastal settlements like Sotkagen - dor (astride Dasht River, north of Jiwani), Sokhta Koh (astride Shadi River, north of Pasni), and Balakot (near Sonmiani) in Pakistan along with Lothal in western India, testify to their role as Harappan trading outposts. Shallow harbours located at the estuaries of rivers opening into the sea allowed brisk maritime trade with Mesopotamian cities.
Prior to Roman expansion, the various peoples of the subcontinent had established strong maritime trade with other countries. The dramatic increase in South Asian ports, however, did not occur until the opening of the Red Sea by the Greeks and the Romans and the attainment of geographical knowledge concerning the region 's seasonal monsoons. In fact, the first two centuries of the Common Era indicate this increase in trade between present - day western India and Rome. This expansion of trade was due to the comparative peace established by the Roman Empire during the time of Augustus (23 September 63 BC -- 19 August AD 14), which allowed for new explorations.
The replacement of Greece by the Roman empire as the administrator of the Mediterranean basin led to the strengthening of direct maritime trade with the east and the elimination of the taxes extracted previously by the middlemen of various land - based trading routes. Strabo 's mention of the vast increase in trade following the Roman annexation of Egypt indicates that monsoon was known and manipulated for trade in his time.
The trade started by Eudoxus of Cyzicus in 130 BCE kept increasing, and according to Strabo (II. 5.12.), writing some 150 years later:
At any rate, when Gallus was prefect of Egypt, I accompanied him and ascended the Nile as far as Syene and the frontiers of Kingdom of Aksum (Ethiopia), and I learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from Myos Hormos to the subcontinent, whereas formerly, under the Ptolemies, only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise.
By the time of Augustus up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from Myos Hormos to India. So much gold was used for this trade, and apparently recycled by the Kushan Empire (Kushans) for their own coinage, that Pliny the Elder (NH VI. 101) complained about the drain of specie to India:
The three main Roman ports involved with eastern trade were Arsinoe, Berenice and Myos Hormos. Arsinoe was one of the early trading centers but was soon overshadowed by the more easily accessible Myos Hormos and Berenice.
The Ptolemaic dynasty exploited the strategic position of Alexandria to secure trade with the subcontinent. The course of trade with the east then seems to have been first through the harbor of Arsinoe, the present day Suez. The goods from the East African trade were landed at one of the three main Roman ports, Arsinoe, Berenice or Myos Hormos. The Romans repaired and cleared out the silted up canal from the Nile to harbor center of Arsinoe on the Red Sea. This was one of the many efforts the Roman administration had to undertake to divert as much of the trade to the maritime routes as possible.
Arsinoe was eventually overshadowed by the rising prominence of Myos Hormos. The navigation to the northern ports, such as Arsinoe - Clysma, became difficult in comparison to Myos Hormos due to the northern winds in the Gulf of Suez. Venturing to these northern ports presented additional difficulties such as shoals, reefs and treacherous currents.
Myos Hormos and Berenice appear to have been important ancient trading ports, possibly used by the Pharaonic traders of ancient Egypt and the Ptolemaic dynasty before falling into Roman control.
The site of Berenice, since its discovery by Belzoni (1818), has been equated with the ruins near Ras Banas in Southern Egypt. However, the precise location of Myos Hormos is disputed with the latitude and longitude given in Ptolemy 's Geography favoring Abu Sha'ar and the accounts given in classical literature and satellite images indicating a probable identification with Quseir el - Quadim at the end of a fortified road from Koptos on the Nile. The Quseir el - Quadim site has further been associated with Myos Hormos following the excavations at el - Zerqa, halfway along the route, which have revealed ostraca leading to the conclusion that the port at the end of this road may have been Myos Hormos.
The regional ports of Barbaricum (modern Karachi), Sounagoura (central Bangladesh) Barygaza, Muziris in Kerala, Korkai, Kaveripattinam and Arikamedu on the southern tip of present - day India were the main centers of this trade, along with Kodumanal, an inland city. The Periplus Maris Erythraei describes Greco - Roman merchants selling in Barbaricum "thin clothing, figured linens, topaz, coral, storax, frankincense, vessels of glass, silver and gold plate, and a little wine '' in exchange for "costus, bdellium, lycium, nard, turquoise, lapis lazuli, Seric skins, cotton cloth, silk yarn, and indigo ''. In Barygaza, they would buy wheat, rice, sesame oil, cotton and cloth.
Trade with Barigaza, under the control of the Indo - Scythian Western Satrap Nahapana ("Nambanus ''), was especially flourishing:
There are imported into this market - town (Barigaza), wine, Italian preferred, also Laodicean and Arabian; copper, tin, and lead; coral and topaz; thin clothing and inferior sorts of all kinds; bright - colored girdles a cubit wide; storax, sweet clover, flint glass, realgar, antimony, gold and silver coin, on which there is a profit when exchanged for the money of the country; and ointment, but not very costly and not much. And for the King there are brought into those places very costly vessels of silver, singing boys, beautiful maidens for the harem, fine wines, thin clothing of the finest weaves, and the choicest ointments. There are exported from these places spikenard, costus, bdellium, ivory, agate and carnelian, lycium, cotton cloth of all kinds, silk cloth, mallow cloth, yarn, long pepper and such other things as are brought here from the various market - towns. Those bound for this market - town from Egypt make the voyage favorably about the month of July, that is Epiphi.
Muziris is a lost port city on the south - western coast of India which was a major center of trade in the ancient Tamil land between the Chera kingdom and the Roman Empire. Its location is generally identified with modern - day Cranganore (central Kerala). Large hoards of coins and innumerable shards of amphorae found at the town of Pattanam (near Cranganore) have elicited recent archeological interest in finding a probable location of this port city.
According to the Periplus, numerous Greek seamen managed an intense trade with Muziris:
Then come Naura and Tyndis, the first markets of Damirica (Limyrike), and then Muziris and Nelcynda, which are now of leading importance. Tyndis is of the Kingdom of Cerobothra; it is a village in plain sight by the sea. Muziris, of the same Kingdom, abounds in ships sent there with cargoes from Arabia, and by the Greeks; it is located on a river, distant from Tyndis by river and sea five hundred stadia, and up the river from the shore twenty stadia ''
The Periplus Maris Erythraei mentions a marketplace named Poduke (ch. 60), which G.W.B. Huntingford identified as possibly being Arikamedu in Tamil Nadu, a centre of early Chola trade (now part of Ariyankuppam), about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the modern Pondicherry. Huntingford further notes that Roman pottery was found at Arikamedu in 1937, and archeological excavations between 1944 and 1949 showed that it was "a trading station to which goods of Roman manufacture were imported during the first half of the 1st century AD ''.
Following the Roman - Persian Wars, the areas under the Roman Byzantine Empire were captured by Khosrow II of the Persian Sassanian Dynasty, but the Byzantine emperor Heraclius reconquered them (628). The Arabs, led by ' Amr ibn al - ' As, crossed into Egypt in late 639 or early 640 CE. This advance marked the beginning of the Islamic conquest of Egypt and the fall of ports such as Alexandria, used to secure trade with the subcontinent by the Roman world since the Ptolemaic dynasty.
The decline in trade saw the ancient Tamil country turn to Southeast Asia for international trade, where it influenced the native culture to a greater degree than the impressions made on Rome.
The Satavahanas developed shipping ventures in Southeast Asia.
The 8th century depiction of a wooden double outrigger and sailed Borobudur ship in ancient Java suggests that there were ancient trading links across the Indian Ocean between Indonesia and Madagascar and East Africa sometimes referred to as the ' Cinnamon Route. ' The single or double outrigger is a typical feature of vessels of the seafaring Austronesians and the most likely vessel used for their voyages and exploration across Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Indian Ocean. During this period, between 7th to 13th century in Indonesian archipelago flourished the Srivijaya thalassocracy empire that rule the maritime trade network in maritime Southeast Asia and connecting India and China.
During the Muslim period, in which the Muslims had dominated the trade across the Indian Ocean, the Gujaratis were bringing spices from the Moluccas as well as silk from China, in exchange for manufactured items such as textiles, and then selling them to the Egyptians and Arabs. Calicut was the center of Indian pepper exports to the Red Sea and Europe at this time with Egyptian and Arab traders being particularly active.
In Madagascar, merchants and slave traders from the Middle East (Shirazi Persians, Omani Arabs, Arabized Jews, accompanied by Bantus from southeast Africa) and from Asia (Gujarat Indians, Malays, Javanese, Bugis) were sometimes integrated within the indigenous Malagasy clans New waves of Austronesian migrants arrived in Madagascar at this time leaving behind a lasting cultural and genetic legacy.
Chinese fleets under Zheng He criscrossed the Indian Ocean during the early part of the 15th century. The missions were diplomatic rather than commercial, but many exchanges of gift and produces were made.
The Portuguese under Vasco da Gama discovered a naval route to the Indian Ocean through the southern tip of Africa in 1497 -- 98. Initially, the Portuguese were mainly active in Calicut, but the northern region of Gujarat was even more important for trade, and an essential intermediary in east - west trade.
Venetian interests were directly threatened as the traditional trade patterns were eliminated and the Portuguese became able to undersell the Venetians in the spice trade in Europe. Venice broke diplomatic relations with Portugal and started to look at ways to counter its intervention in the Indian Ocean, sending an ambassador to the Egyptian court. Venice negotiated for Egyptian tariffs to be lowered to facilitate competition with the Portuguese, and suggested that "rapid and secret remedies '' be taken against the Portuguese. The Mamluks sent a fleet in 1507 under Amir Husain Al - Kurdi, which would fight in the Battle of Chaul.
The Ottomans tried to challenge Portugal 's hegemony in the Persian Gulf region by sending an armada against the Portuguese under Ali Bey in 1581. They were supported in this endeavor by the chiefs of several local principalities and port towns such as Muscat, Gwadar, and Pasni. However, the Portuguese successfully intercepted and destroyed the Ottoman Armada. Subsequently, the Portuguese attacked Gwadar and Pasni on the Mekran Coast and sacked them in retaliation for providing aid and comfort to the enemy.
During the 16th century the Portuguese had established bases in the Persian Gulf. In 1602, the Iranian army under the command of Imam - Quli Khan Undiladze managed to expel the Portuguese from Bahrain. In 1622, with the help of four English ships, Abbas retook Hormuz from the Portuguese in the capture of Ormuz. He replaced it as a trading centre with a new port, Bandar Abbas, nearby on the mainland, but it never became as successful.
During the 16th and 17th century, Japanese ships also made forays into Indian Ocean trade through the Red Seal ship system.
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what is a bachelor degree equivalent to in the uk | Qualification types in the United Kingdom - wikipedia
In the UK education sector, there are a wide range of qualification types offered by the United Kingdom awarding bodies. Qualifications range in size and type, can be academic, vocational or skills - related, and are grouped together into different levels of difficulty. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, qualifications are divided into Higher Education qualifications, which are on the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications (FHEQ) and are awarded by bodies with degree awarding powers, and Regulated qualifications, which are on the Regulated Qualifications Framework (RQF) and are accredited by Ofqual in England, the Council for the Curriculum, Examinations and Assessment in Northern Ireland and Qualifications Wales in Wales. In Scotland, qualifications are divided into Higher Education qualifications, Scottish Qualifications Authority qualifications and Scottish Vocational Qualifications / Modern Apprenticeships, all of which are on the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework (SCQF). Scottish Higher Education Qualifications are on both the SCQF and the FHEQ.
Qualifications are grouped together into different levels. Each level corresponds to a particular qualification 's degree of difficulty. However, qualifications within any one level can cover a huge range of subjects and take different amounts of time to complete, often expressed in terms of credits.
In England, Northern Ireland and Wales, the levels are contained within the Regulated Qualifications Framework (RQF), which superseded the Qualifications and Credit Framework from 1 October 2015. There are nine levels of difficulty in the framework, from entry level (which is sub-divided into 3) to level 8.
Higher education qualifications are contained in the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications (FHEQ). The FHEQ corresponds with levels 4 to 8 of the RQF. Scotland has its own education system and its own twelve level system, the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework. These can also be equated with the European Qualifications Framework.
The Business and Technology Education Council (BTEC) is a provider (existing as part of Pearson Education Ltd) of secondary school leaving qualifications and Further education qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Whilst the T in BTEC it has been mistakenly understood to stand for Technician, according to the DFE (2016) it actually stands for Technology. (1)
BTEC qualifications, especially Level 3, are accepted by many universities (excluding Cambridge and Oxford unless combined with more qualifications) when assessing the suitability of applicants for admission, and many such universities base their conditional admissions offers on a student 's predicted BTEC grades.
A General National Vocational Qualification, or GNVQ, is a certificate of vocational education in the United Kingdom. The last GNVQs were awarded in 2007.
The qualifications relate to occupational areas in general, rather than any specific job. They could be taken in a wide range of subjects. There are different levels of GNVQ, namely the Intermediate level (equivalent to four General Certificates of Secondary Education) and Advanced level (equivalent to two Advanced - level General Certificates of Education).
GNVQs were available to people of all ages. Many schools and colleges offered these courses and they could be studied alongside GCSEs or A levels. The GNVQ generally involved a lot of coursework (6 - 8 large assignments), which allowed holders to show their skills when applying for jobs.
AS level and A (Advanced) level qualifications focus on traditional study skills. They normally take two years to complete full - time in school or college, and can be taken part - time. AS and A levels are available in a wide range of academic and applied (work - related) subjects, and are often used as entry into higher education.
In Scotland, students usually take Highers and Advanced Highers.
AS and A levels are at level 3 on the RQF.
A bachelor 's degree is a course of higher education academic study leading to a qualification such as a bachelor of arts (BA) or bachelor of science (BSc). They are sometimes known as ' undergraduate ' or ' first ' degrees.
A bachelor 's degree is designed to give learners a thorough understanding of a subject, and usually takes three years to complete full - time in England, Wales and Northern Ireland; in Scotland ' ordinary ' bachelor 's degrees normally take three years while bachelor 's degrees with honours take four years.
Bachelor 's degrees are at level 6 on the FHEQ in England, Wales and Northern Ireland; Scottish ordinary bachelor 's degrees are at level 9 of the SCQF and honours bachelor 's degrees at level 10. All UK bachelor 's degrees are first cycle (end of cycle) qualifications in the Bologna Process.
Some awards titled bachelor 's for historical reasons are actually master 's - level degrees, similarly the Scottish MA is actually a bachelor 's degree that has retained its historical title.
The 14 -- 19 Diploma was a qualification for 14 - to 19 - year - olds, offering a more practical, hands - on way of gaining the essential skills employers and universities look for. The 14 -- 19 Diplomas were at levels 1 to 3 on the NQF. From September 2008, Diplomas in five subject areas were made available in selected schools and colleges around the country. Further subjects were added every year until 2011 when there were 17 subjects available. Diploma courses were cancelled from September 30, 2013 onwards by the coalition government due to issues surrounding its popularity and how the qualifications were "viewed by employers and universities ''.
Entry level qualifications are known as ' certificates ' or ' awards ', and are designed for learners who are not yet ready to take qualifications at level 1 on the RQF.
They may be appropriate for learners who do not have traditional qualifications, or who have been away from learning for a long time. They are available in a wide variety of subjects, and at the three different sub-levels of the RQF 's entry level.
Foundation Degrees are higher education qualifications that combine academic study with workplace learning. They have been designed jointly by universities, colleges and employers, and are available in a range of work - related subjects. They are broadly equivalent to the first two years of a bachelor 's degree. or ordinary National Diploma / Certificate
Foundation Degrees are at level 5 on the FHEQ; they are not offered in Scotland.
GCSEs (General Certificate of Secondary Education) are the main qualification taken by 14 - to 16 - year - olds (adults can take them as well) in England and Wales. They are available in a wide range of academic and applied (work - related) subjects, and also as a ' short - course ' option (equivalent to half a full GCSE).
GCSEs are at levels 1 and 2 on the RQF, depending on the grade achieved.
The Scottish equivalent of GCSE is the National 5 qualification.
HNCs (Higher National Certificates) and HNDs (Higher National Diplomas) are work - related higher education qualifications.
HNCs can take one year to complete full - time. HNDs take two years full - time (both can also be studied part - time). They are highly valued by employers, and can also count towards membership of professional bodies and other employer organisations.
HNCs and HNDs are at level 5 on the NQF.
The International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme is an internationally recognised qualification for students aged 16 to 19. It is based around detailed academic study of a wide range of subjects. The student is required to take at least one language, a science, maths, english, and a humanity. The sixth option can be used to pursue an arts subject (drama, music, art, etc.) or another language, or science, or humanity. The IB also encompasses a Core of Theory of Knowledge (ToK), CAS (Creativity, Action, Service), and the Extended Essay (EE). This all leads to a single qualification.
The IB Diploma Programme is at level 3 on the RQF.
Key Skills qualifications were designed to develop the skills that are commonly needed in education and training, work and life in general. They have been replaced by "Functional Skills '' in England, "Essential Skills '' in Northern Ireland and "Essential Skills Wales '' in Wales.
Postgraduate qualifications are higher education qualifications at levels 7 or 8 of the FHEQ / levels 11 or 12 of the SCQF which require that learners have already completed a bachelor 's degree. Most postgraduate qualifications will include taught and research elements, and are defined as either ' taught ' or ' research ' qualifications depending on which of these predominates. While all UK universities have taught degree awarding powers and can award taught postgraduate degrees, only bodies with research degree awarding powers may award research degrees.
Generally, they fall into three categories:
In addition to these, primary qualifications in medicine (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery), dentistry (Bachelor of Dental Surgery) and veterinary science (Bachelor of Veterinary Science), and integrated master 's degrees (e.g. Master of Engineering, Master of Physics, etc.) are undergraduate - entry courses that lead to postgraduate - level degrees (FHEQ level 7 / SCQF level 11). The Scottish MA and the Oxbridge MA are not postgraduate qualifications.
In addition to postgraduate qualifications, the UK has graduate qualifications. These are short courses. (up to one year) at FHEQ level 6 / SCQF level 10 or 11 (bachelor 's degree level) that require students to have already gained a first degree, leading to Graduate Certificates and Graduate Diplomas.
Skills for Life (sometimes referred to as Basic Skills qualifications) are designed to help learners develop their reading, writing, maths and ICT skills. There is also a Skills for Life qualification in English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL).
They are available for those learners who are over 16 years of age, have left compulsory full - time education and do not have an up - to - date English or maths qualification at level 2 (such as a GCSE) on the NQF. In some cases, schools can also offer the qualifications for 14 - to 16 - year - olds.
Skills for Life qualifications are available at entry level on the RQF.
Vocational qualifications are designed to give learners the skills and knowledge to do a particular job, work in a particular industry, or acquire more general skills to do a variety of jobs.
They are offered by a variety of awarding bodies such as City and Guilds, Edexcel, OCR, NCFE and ABC Awards.
They are available at various levels on the RQF, and in a variety of different sizes.
A range of vocational qualifications include the competence - based National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs) that can be taken at work, college, or as part of an Apprenticeship. They are based on national standards for various occupations, and cover the practical, work - related tasks designed to help learners do a job effectively. NVQs are at levels 1 to 7 on the RQF.
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what's the deal with chick fil a | Chick - fil - A same - sex marriage controversy - wikipedia
The Chick - fil - A same - sex marriage controversy was focused on the American fast food restaurant Chick - fil - A following a series of public comments made in June 2012 by chief operating officer Dan T. Cathy opposing same - sex marriage.
This followed reports that Chick - fil - A 's charitable endeavor, the S. Truett Cathy - operated WinShape Foundation, had donated millions of dollars to political organizations seen by LGBT activists as hostile to LGBT rights. Activists called for protests and boycotts, while supporters of the restaurant chain and opponents of same - sex marriage ate there in support of the restaurant. National political figures both for and against the actions spoke out and some business partners severed ties with the chain.
The outcome of the controversy was mixed, as Chick - fil - A 's sales rose 12 percent, to $4.6 billion, in the period immediately following the controversy. However, Chick - fil - A released a statement in July 2012 stating, "Going forward, our intent is to leave the policy debate over same - sex marriage to the government and political arena. '' In March 2014, tax filings for 2012 showed the group stopped funding all but one organization which had been previously criticized. As of April 2018, Chick Fil - A reportedly continues to donate to anti-LGBT groups.
In January 2011, the media reported that the American fast food restaurant chain Chick - fil - A was co-sponsoring a marriage conference along with the Pennsylvania Family Institute (PFI), an organization that had filed an amicus brief against striking down Proposition 8 in California (see Perry v. Brown). The PFI lobbied against a state effort to ban discrimination in Pennsylvania on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. Responding on its official company Facebook page, Chick - fil - A said that support of the PFI retreat had come from a local franchisee, stating "We have determined that one of our independent restaurant operators in Pennsylvania was asked to provide sandwiches to two Art of Marriage video seminars. ''
The WinShape Foundation, a charitable endeavor of Chick - fil - A founder S. Truett Cathy and his family, stated that it would not allow same - sex couples to participate in its marriage retreats. Chick - fil - A gave over $8 million to the WinShape Foundation in 2010. Equality Matters, an LGBT watchdog group, published reports of donations by WinShape to organizations that the watchdog group considers anti-gay, including $2 million in 2009, $1.9 million in 2010 and a total of $5 million since 2003, including grants to the Family Research Council and Georgia Family Council. WinShape contributed grants to the Fellowship of Christian Athletes, and Exodus International, an organization noted for supporting ex-gay conversion therapy.
The Marriage and Family Foundation received $994,199 in 2009 and $1,188,380 in 2010. The Family Research Council, an organization listed as an anti-gay hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center in Winter 2010, received $1000.
Tax filings for 2012 showed that Chick - fil - A created a new foundation, the Chick - fil - A Foundation, to provide grants to outside groups. It funded only one previously funded group, the Fellowship of Christian Athletes. Other filings for WinShape Foundation showed no funding for groups opposed to LGBT causes.
On June 16, 2012, while on the syndicated radio talk show, The Ken Coleman Show, Chick - fil - A president and chief operating officer (COO) Dan Cathy stated:
I think we are inviting God 's judgment on our nation when we shake our fist at Him and say, "We know better than you as to what constitutes a marriage ''. I pray God 's mercy on our generation that has such a prideful, arrogant attitude to think that we have the audacity to define what marriage is about.
The following month, on July 2, Biblical Recorder published an interview with Dan Cathy, who was asked about opposition to his company 's "support of the traditional family. '' He replied: "Well, guilty as charged. '' Cathy continued:
"We are very much supportive of the family -- the biblical definition of the family unit. We are a family - owned business, a family - led business, and we are married to our first wives. We give God thanks for that... We want to do anything we possibly can to strengthen families. We are very much committed to that, '' Cathy emphasized. "We intend to stay the course, '' he said. "We know that it might not be popular with everyone, but thank the Lord, we live in a country where we can share our values and operate on biblical principles. ''
The day after the Supreme Court of the United States struck down Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act, Cathy tweeted, "Sad day for our nation; founding fathers would be ashamed of our gen. to abandon wisdom of the ages re: cornerstone of strong societies. '' The tweet was subsequently deleted, but was archived by Topsy.
In March 2014, Cathy said he regretted drawing his company into the controversy. He told the Atlanta Journal - Constitution he has been working with Shane Windmeyer of Campus Pride since 2012. The article noted that WinShape and the Chick - fil - A Foundation had "dramatically '' cut donations to groups opposed by same - sex marriage supporters.
In September 2012, The Civil Rights Agenda (TCRA) announced that Chick - fil - A has "ceased donating to organizations that promote discrimination, specifically against LGBT civil rights ''. According to the TCRA, Chick - fil - A officials stated in an internal document that they "will treat every person equally, regardless of sexual orientation. ''
In a letter from Chick - fil - A 's Senior Director of Real Estate, the company stated: "The WinShape Foundations is now taking a much closer look at the organizations it considers helping, and in that process will remain true to its stated philosophy of not supporting organizations with political agendas. ''
According to Chicago Alderman Proco "Joe '' Moreno, Chick - fil - A has a statement of respect for all sexual orientations in an internal document called Chick - fil - A: Who We Are and has promised that its not - for - profit arm, WinShape, will not contribute money to groups that oppose gay marriage.
According to Focus on the Family website, CitizenLink.com: "Contrary to reports first made by the gay - activist group The Civil Rights Agenda (TCRA) on Tuesday and later picked up by mainstream media outlets, Chick - fil - A and its charitable - giving arm, the WinShape Foundation, did not agree to stop making donations to groups that support the biblical definition of marriage in exchange for being allowed to open a franchise in Chicago. ''
Former Arkansas Governor and FOX News commentator Mike Huckabee claimed on September 21, 2012 that he had "talked earlier today personally with Dan Cathy, CEO of Chick - fil - A about the new reports that Chick - fil - A had capitulated to demands of the supporters of same sex marriage. This is not true. The company continues to focus on the fair treatment of all of its customers and employees, but to end confusion gave me this statement. '' The statement provided by Chick - fil - A was posted on Huckabee 's website but the company did not respond to requests for comment. In March 2014, new tax filings from 2012 showed that the company had stopped funding all but one organization which had been previously criticized by LGBT activists and supporters but, that group received just $25,390. The company created a new foundation, the Chick - fil - A Foundation, to fund outside groups. WinShape Foundation 's 2012 tax filings showed funding only for its own programs, a Berry College scholarship fund, and Lars WinShape, a home for needy children in Brazil.
In 2017, Chick - fil - A is warning all its franchisees against speaking out publicly or getting involved in anything that could blur the line between their private beliefs and their public roles as extensions of the Chick - fil - A brand, the company has said.
Last year, that message extended to politics, in part to keep the brand from being exploited by candidates. The company turned down several candidates who tried to use Chick - fil - A to bolster their campaigns, according to David Farmer, Chick - fil - A 's vice president of menu strategy and development.
"There are several candidates who would like to use us as a platform, '' Farmer told Business Insider last year. "We are not engaging. Chick - fil - A is about food, and that 's it. ''
The company still encourages its franchisees to get "entrenched '' in their communities. Operators ' involvement in their communities is a critical part of what has helped Chick - fil - A attract a passionate following.
Traditionally, that has meant getting involved in local churches. But although Chick - fil - A says its focus now -- both for local and corporate involvement and philanthropy -- is on youth and education causes,, Chick - fil - A 's associated foundation continues to donate hundreds of thousands of dollars a year to causes characterized as anti-gay.
Chick - Fil - A announced their expansion to Canada in the city of Toronto. This caused a number of boycotts and backlash from Canadians due to the huge support of LGBT in Canada, telling the company that they were not welcome in Canada with homophobia and transphobia. As of July 2018, Chick - Fil - A still plans to open in Toronto.
After the publication of Cathy 's interviews, Democrat Thomas Menino, the Mayor of Boston, stated that he would not allow the company to open franchises in the city "unless they open up their policies. '' Menino subsequently wrote a letter to Dan Cathy, citing Cathy 's earlier statement on The Ken Coleman Show, and responded: "We are indeed full of pride for our support of same sex marriage and our work to expand freedom for all people. ''
In Chicago, Democratic alderman Proco "Joe '' Moreno announced his determination to block Chick - fil - A 's bid to build a second store in the city: "They 'd have to do a complete 180 '', Moreno said in outlining conditions under which he would retract the block. "They 'd have to work with LGBT groups in terms of hiring, and there would have to be a public apology from (Cathy). '' Moreno received backing from Chicago 's Mayor, Rahm Emanuel: "Chick - fil - A values are not Chicago values '', Emanuel said in a statement. "They disrespect our fellow neighbors and residents. This would be a bad investment, since it would be empty. ''
San Francisco soon followed suit on July 26 when mayor Democrat Edwin M. Lee tweeted, "Very disappointed # ChickFilA does n't share San Francisco 's values & strong commitment to equality for everyone. '' Lee followed that tweet with "Closest # ChickFilA to San Francisco is 40 miles away & I strongly recommend that they not try to come any closer. ''
The proposed bans in Boston and Chicago drew criticism from some liberal pundits, legal experts, and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Kevin Drum of Mother Jones magazine said "(T) here 's really no excuse for Emanuel 's and Menino 's actions... you do n't hand out business licenses based on whether you agree with the political views of the executives. Not in America, anyway... what makes this whole situation so weird is that Chick - fil - A President Dan Cathy has always opposed gay marriage. He 's a devout Southern Baptist, just like his father, who founded the company. The place is closed on Sundays, for crying out loud. There 's just nothing new here. '' UCLA law professor and blogger Eugene Volokh observed, "(D) enying a private business permits because of such speech by its owner is a blatant First Amendment violation. ''
Echoing those views were Glenn Greenwald of Salon, professor John Turley of George Washington University, Adam Schwartz, a senior attorney with the ACLU, and Michael C. Dorf, the Robert S. Stevens Professor of Law at Cornell University Law School.
Students at several colleges and universities launched efforts to ban or remove the company 's restaurants from their campuses. On November 3, 2011, New York University 's Student Senators Council voted 19 to 4 to retain the Chick - fil - A franchise on campus. This vote came before a petition with over 11,000 signatures opposing its presence on campus was sent to the student council. Christine Quinn, a lesbian politician and then - Speaker of the City Council who was seeking the nomination as Democratic candidate for the mayoralty in the next election, was outspoken in her opposition to keeping the Chick - fil - A franchise or allowing others, and wrote a letter to this effect to NYU President John Sexton on official letterhead, opening with the words, "I write as the Speaker of the NYC Council '', urging NYU to evict a Chick - fil - A due to Cathy 's opposition to same - sex marriage.
On February 28, 2012, Northeastern University 's Student Senate passed a resolution to cancel plans for a Chick - fil - A franchise on its campus, stating "the student body does not support bringing CFA (Chick - fil - A) to campus '', and "Student concerns reflected CFA 's history of donating to anti-gay organizations. '' The vote was 31 to 5, with 8 abstaining. The restaurant chain was finalizing a contract to bring it to NU when students protested. Davidson College in North Carolina announced on August 13, 2012 that, in response to a petition which received 500 signatures, the school would stop serving Chick - fil - A on campus at the monthly "After Midnight '' events.
Other forms of protest occurred. Gay rights activists organized a "Kiss Off '' to occur on August 3, an event where LGBT individuals would show affection in public, but it attracted smaller - than - hoped - for crowds.
On August 15, 2012, a gunman attempted to enter the Washington, D.C. headquarters of the Family Research Council, carrying 15 Chick - fil - A sandwiches, a 9 mm handgun, and a box of ammunition. He shot a security guard in the left arm, and following his arrest he told police that he wanted to use the sandwiches to "make a statement against the people who work in that building... and with their stance against gay rights and Chick - fil - A '', and that he planned "to kill as many people as I could... then smear a Chicken - fil - A (sic) sandwich on their face ''.
In response to the July 2 interview, the Jim Henson Company, which had entered its Pajanimals in a kids ' meal toy licensing arrangement in 2011, said that it would cease its business relationship with Chick - fil - A, and donate payment for the brand to Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD). Citing safety concerns, Chick - fil - A stopped distributing the toys. A spokeswoman stated the decision had been made on July 19 and was unrelated to the controversy.
In August 2012, petitions with over 80,000 signatures were delivered to publisher HarperCollins demanding the publisher cut plans to include Berenstain Bears titles as part of a kids ' meal promotion. Upon being presented with petitions demanding that Berenstain Bears be pulled from a Chick - fil - A promotion, HarperCollins issued a statement saying "We have a long history of diversity and inclusiveness and work tirelessly to protect the freedom of expression. It is not our practice to cancel a contract with an author, or any other party, for exercising their first amendment rights. ''
In response to the controversy, former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee initiated a Chick - fil - A Appreciation Day movement to counter a boycott of Chick - fil - A launched by same - sex marriage activists. More than 600,000 people RSVPed on Facebook for Huckabee 's appreciation event.
On August 1, 2012, Chick - fil - A restaurants experienced a large show of public support across the nation with the company reporting record - breaking sales. A consulting firm projected that the average Chick - fil - A restaurant increased sales by 29.9 percent and had 367 more customers than a typical Wednesday.
In August 2012, Rasmussen Reports published the results of a telephone survey indicating that 61 percent of likely voters held a favorable view of Chick - fil - A, while 13 percent indicated they would participate in a boycott.
Other notable public figures came to Chick - fil - A 's defense, including former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin, former US Senator Rick Santorum, and Ann Coulter; while New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg, and the American Civil Liberties Union publicly disagreed with Cathy 's positions but defended his right to express them under the First Amendment.
Sales increased after the controversy. According to news coverage following the controversy:
Chick - fil - A 's sales soared 12 percent, to $4.6 billion, in 2012. The good fortune follows several years of impressive expansion and strong sales, which have pushed the privately held company 's valuation north of $4.5 billion, making billionaires out of its founders... These latest sales data are just further proof that all that negative coverage did n't hurt demand for chicken sandwiches among Chick - fil - A 's core consumers.
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which country have the highest population in africa | List of African countries by population - wikipedia
This is a list of African countries and dependent territories sorted by population, which is sorted by the 2015 mid-year normalized demographic projections.
African population by country (top 8).
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what's the age you can get a tattoo | Legal status of Tattooing in the United states - wikipedia
In the United States, there is no federal law regulating the practice of tattooing. However, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have statutory laws requiring a person receiving a tattoo be 18 years or older. This is partially based on the legal principle that a minor can not enter into a legal contract or otherwise render informed consent for a procedure. Most states permit a person under the age of 18 to receive a tattoo with permission of a parent or guardian, but some states outright prohibit tattooing under a certain age regardless of permission, with the exception of medical necessity (such as markings placed for radiation therapy).
In all jurisdictions, individual tattooists may also choose to place additional restrictions based on their own moral feelings, such as refusing any clients under a specific age even with parental consent despite it being legal, or limiting the type and / or location of where they are willing to tattoo (such as refusing any work around intimate parts of the body). They may additionally refuse to perform specific artwork, including if they merely find it inappropriate or offensive, or refuse to work on a client that they suspect may be intoxicated. Artists sometimes claim their personal business restrictions are a matter of law even when it is not true, so as to avoid arguments with clients.
Individual tattoo artists, piercers, etc. require a permit.
State Board of Health rules on Body Art Practices and Facilities.
Cal. Penal Code 653
Tattooing may only be performed by physicians, or by registered nurses & technicians working under the supervision of a physician.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 19a - 92g
Del. Code Ann. Title 16, Ch 2 § 122 (3) (w)
Fla. Stat. § 381.0775 et seq. Fla. Stat. § 381.075
Minors may be body pierced with written parental consent
Physicians and Osteopaths or technicians working under their direct supervision can give minors tattoos or produce scars for "medical or cosmetic purposes. ''
No one can be tattooed within an inch of their eye socket.
Ga. Code § 16 - 12 - 5
Ga. Code § 16 - 5 - 71.1
Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321 - 379
Piercing for medical procedures exempt.
Minors can have their ears pierced without parent / guardian consent.
Ill. Stat. 410 § 54 / 1 t0 54 / 999
Ind. Code Ann. § 16 - 19 - 3 - 4.1
Iowa Code § 135.37
Kan. Stat. Ann. § 65 - 1940 to 65 - 1954
Ky. Rev. Stat. § 194A. 050; 211.760
La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 40: 2831 et seq.
Other violations of Montana body art laws are a misdemeanor, with punishments ranging from a fine of $50 -- 100 for a first offense to $300 and / or 90 days in county jail for third and subsequent offense.
Mont. Code Ann. § 50 - 48 - 101 to 110
Mont. Code Ann. § 50 - 48 - 201 to 209
N.J.A.C. 8: 27 - 1 et seq.
N.J. Stat. Ann. § 26 - 1A - 7
N.Y. Public Health Law § 460 - 466
N.Y. Penal Law § 260.21
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14 - 400
N.D. Code § 12.1 - 31 - 13
Scleral tattooing is illegal.
Scarification and dermal implants are prohibited
Persons with sunburns or skin diseases or disorders can not be tattooed or pierced.
Minors can not be pierced on the genitals or nipples, even with parent / guardian consent.
Piercing on testes, deep shaft (corpus cavernosa), uvula, eyelids and sub-clavicle are all prohibited.
Violations of Health Licensing Office rules are fined (various amounts).
Or. Rev. Stat. § 690.401 to 410
Or. Rev. Stat. § 679.500
Health Licensing Office Rules, especially Divisions 900, 905, 915 & 920
RI Gen L § 11 - 9 - 15
S.C. Code § 44 - 34 - 10 to 44 - 34 - 110
S.D. Laws § 9 - 34 - 17
For piercings: Parent / Guardian must give written consent, be present during the procedure.
Tattooing a minor is a class a misdemeanor, breach of body piercing law is a class b misdemeanor.
Minors may, with parent / guardian consent, be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo that has offensive, gang - related, or drug - related content, or "other words, symbols, or markings that the person 's parent or guardian considers would be in the best interest of the person to cover ''
Tongue splitting prohibited.
Violations of Texas tattooing & body piercing statute are a Class A misdemeanor, with each day of violation counting as a separate offense.
Health Commissioner can impose a fine of up to $5000 on artists & shops for each violation
Civic / local governments are empowered to regulate tattoo and body piercing establishments.
Va. Code § 15.2 - 912
Va. Code § 18.2 - 371.3.
Wash. Code § 18.300
Wash. Code § 246 - 145 - 001 to 060
Wash. Code § 70.54
W. Va. Code § 16 - 38
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difference between tray dryer and vacuum tray dryer | Vacuum drying - wikipedia
Vacuum drying is the mass transfer operation in which the moisture present in a substance usually wet solid is removed by means of creating a vacuum. In chemical process industries like food, pharmaceutical, agricultural, textile, and paper, drying is an essential unit operation to remove moisture. Vacuum drying is generally used for the drying of those substances which are hygroscopic and heat sensitive, and is based on the principle of creating a vacuum to decrease the pressure below the vapor pressure of the water. With the help of vacuum pumps, the pressure is reduced around the substance to be dried. This decreases the boiling point of water inside that product and thereby increases the rate of evaporation significantly. The result is a significantly increased drying rate of the product. The pressure maintained in vacuum drying is generally 0.0296 -- 0.059 atm and the boiling point of water is 25 - 30 ° C. The vacuum drying process is a batch operation performed at reduced pressures and lower relative humidity compared to ambient pressure, enabling faster drying.
Vacuum dryer is the equipment with the help of which vacuum drying is carried out. In the pharmaceutical industry vacuum dryer is known by a common name called vacuum oven. Vacuum dryers are made up of cast iron so that they can bear the high vacuum pressure without any kind of deformation. The oven is divided into hollow trays which increases the surface area for heat conduction. The oven door is locked air tight and is connected to vacuum pump to reduce the pressure.
The materials to be dried are kept on the trays inside the vacuum dryer and pressure is reduced by means of vacuum pump. The dryer door is tightly shut and steam is passed through the space between trays and jacket so that the heat transfer occurs by conduction. Water vapors from the feed is sent into the condenser and after drying vacuum pump is disconnected and the dried product is collected from the trays.
Vacuum dryer can be used to dry heat sensitive hygroscopic and toxic materials. If the feed for drying is a solution, it can be dried using vacuum dryer as the solvent can be recovered by condensation. To improve quality of products, such as for fruit preservation, hybrid drying combining osmotic dehydration followed by heat pump drying and microwave - vacuum drying proved effective.
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where is the south african coat of arms displayed | Coat of arms of South Africa - Wikipedia
The present coat of arms of South Africa was introduced on Freedom Day 27 April 2000. It replaced the earlier national arms, which had been in use since 1910. The motto ǃke e: ǀxarra ǁke is written in the Khoisan language of the ǀXam people and translates literally to "diverse people unite ''. The previous motto, in Latin, was Ex Unitate Vires, translated as "From unity, strength ''.
The design process was initiated when, in 1999, the Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology requested ideas for the new coat - of - arms from the public. A brief was then prepared based on the ideas received, along with input from the Cabinet. The Government Communication and Information System then approached Design South Africa to brief ten of the top designers. Three designers were chosen to present their concepts to the Cabinet. Iaan Bekker 's design was chosen.
The new arms were introduced on Freedom Day, 27 April 2000. The change reflected government 's aim to highlight the democratic change in South Africa and a new sense of patriotism.
The coat of arms is a series of elements organised in distinct symmetric egg - like or oval shapes placed on top of one another. The completed structure of the coat of arms combines the lower and higher oval shape in a symbol of infinity. The path that connects the lower edge of the scroll, through the lines of the tusks, with the horizon above and the sun rising at the top, forms the shape of the cosmic egg from which the secretary bird rises. In the symbolic sense, this is the implied rebirth of the spirit of the great and heroic nation of South Africa.
The coat of arms is also a central part of the Seal of the Republic, traditionally considered to be the highest emblem of the State. Absolute authority is given to every document with an impression of the Seal of the Republic on it, as this means that it has been approved by the President of South Africa. Since 1997, however, the use of the Seal of the Republic has not actually been required by the Constitution, but it continues to be used.
The official blazon of the arms is:
Or, representations of two San human figures of red ochre, statant respectant, the hands of the innermost arms clasped, with upper arm, inner wrist, waist and knee bands Argent, and a narrow border of red ochre; the shield ensigned of a spear and knobkierie in saltire, Sable. Thereabove a demi - secretary bird displayed Or, charged on the breast with a stylised representation of a protea flower with outer petals Vert, inner petals Or and seeded of nine triangles conjoined in three rows, the upper triangle Gules, the second row Vert, Or inverted and Vert, and the third row Vert, Or inverted, Sable, Or inverted and Vert. Above the head of the secretary bird an arc of seven rays facetted Or and Orange, the two outer rays conjoined to the elevated wings.
Upon a riband Vert, the motto! KE E: / XARRA / / KE in letters Argent. Issuant from the ends of the riband two pairs of elephant tusks curving inwards, the tips conjoined to the wings of the secretary bird, Or, therewithin and flanking the shields, two ears of wheat Brunatré.
The first element is the motto, in a green semicircle. Completing the semicircle are two symmetrically placed pairs of elephant tusks pointing upwards. Within the oval shape formed by the tusks are two symmetrical ears of wheat, that in turn frame a centrally placed gold shield.
The shape of the shield makes reference to the drum, and contains two human figures from Khoisan rock art. The figures are depicted facing one another in greeting and in unity.
Above the shield are a spear and a knobkierie, crossed in a single unit. These elements are arranged harmoniously to give focus to the shield and complete the lower oval shape of foundation.
Immediately above the oval shape of foundation, is the visual centre of the coat of arms, a protea. The petals of the protea are rendered in a triangular pattern reminiscent of the crafts of Africa.
The secretary bird is placed above the protea and the flower forms the chest of the bird. The secretary bird stands with its wings uplifted in a regal and uprising gesture. The distinctive head feathers of the secretary bird crown a strong and vigilant head. The rising sun above the horizon is placed between the wings of the secretary bird and completes the oval shape of ascendance.
The combination of the upper and lower oval shapes intersect to form an unbroken infinite course, and the great harmony between the basic elements result in a dynamic, elegant and thoroughly distinctive design. Yet it clearly retains the stability, gravity and immediacy that a coat of arms demands.
The first coat of arms was granted by King George V by Royal Warrant on 17 September 1910. This was a few months after the formation of the Union of South Africa.
It was a combination of symbols representing the four provinces (formerly colonies) that made up the Union.
The motto, Ex Unitate Vires was officially translated as "Union is Strength '' until 1961, and thereafter as "Unity is Strength ''.
Three official renditions of the arms were used. The original rendition (1910) was the only version used until 1930, and it continued to be used as the rank badge of warrant officers in the South African Defence Force and South African National Defence Force until 2002. The second version, painted in 1930 and known as the "ordinary coat of arms '', and the third version, painted in 1932 and known as the "embellished coat of arms '', were both used until 2000.
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integers that follow one another in order are called | Sequence - wikipedia
In mathematics, a sequence is an enumerated collection of objects in which repetitions are allowed. Like a set, it contains members (also called elements, or terms). The number of elements (possibly infinite) is called the length of the sequence. Unlike a set, order matters, and exactly the same elements can appear multiple times at different positions in the sequence. Formally, a sequence can be defined as a function whose domain is either the set of the natural numbers (for infinite sequences) or the set of the first n natural numbers (for a sequence of finite length n). The position of an element in a sequence is its rank or index; it is the integer from which the element is the image. It depends on the context or of a specific convention, if the first element has index 0 or 1. When a symbol has been chosen for denoting a sequence, the nth element of the sequence is denoted by this symbol with n as subscript; for example, the nth element of the Fibonacci sequence is generally denoted F.
For example, (M, A, R, Y) is a sequence of letters with the letter ' M ' first and ' Y ' last. This sequence differs from (A, R, M, Y). Also, the sequence (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8), which contains the number 1 at two different positions, is a valid sequence. Sequences can be finite, as in these examples, or infinite, such as the sequence of all even positive integers (2, 4, 6,...). In computing and computer science, finite sequences are sometimes called strings, words or lists, the different names commonly corresponding to different ways to represent them in computer memory; infinite sequences are called streams. The empty sequence () is included in most notions of sequence, but may be excluded depending on the context.
A sequence can be thought of as a list of elements with a particular order. Sequences are useful in a number of mathematical disciplines for studying functions, spaces, and other mathematical structures using the convergence properties of sequences. In particular, sequences are the basis for series, which are important in differential equations and analysis. Sequences are also of interest in their own right and can be studied as patterns or puzzles, such as in the study of prime numbers.
There are a number of ways to denote a sequence, some of which are more useful for specific types of sequences. One way to specify a sequence is to list the elements. For example, the first four odd numbers form the sequence (1, 3, 5, 7). This notation can be used for infinite sequences as well. For instance, the infinite sequence of positive odd integers can be written (1, 3, 5, 7,...). Listing is most useful for infinite sequences with a pattern that can be easily discerned from the first few elements. Other ways to denote a sequence are discussed after the examples.
The prime numbers are the natural numbers bigger than 1 that have no divisors but 1 and themselves. Taking these in their natural order gives the sequence (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17,...). The prime numbers are widely used in mathematics and specifically in number theory.
The Fibonacci numbers are the integer sequence whose elements are the sum of the previous two elements. The first two elements are either 0 and 1 or 1 and 1 so that the sequence is (0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34,...).
For a large list of examples of integer sequences, see On - Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences.
Other examples of sequences include ones made up of rational numbers, real numbers, and complex numbers. The sequence (. 9,. 99,. 999,. 9999,...) approaches the number 1. In fact, every real number can be written as the limit of a sequence of rational numbers, e.g. via its decimal expansion. For instance, π is the limit of the sequence (3, 3.1, 3.14, 3.141, 3.1415,...). A related sequence is the sequence of decimal digits of π, i.e. (3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9,...). This sequence does not have any pattern that is easily discernible by eye, unlike the preceding sequence, which is increasing.
Other notations can be useful for sequences whose pattern can not be easily guessed, or for sequences that do not have a pattern such as the digits of π. One such notation is to write down a general formula for computing the nth term as a function of n, enclose it in parentheses, and include a subscript indicating the range of values that n can take. For example, in this notation the sequence of even numbers could be written as (2 n) n ∈ N (\ displaystyle (2n) _ (n \ in \ mathbb (N))). The sequence of squares could be written as (n 2) n ∈ N (\ displaystyle (n ^ (2)) _ (n \ in \ mathbb (N))). The variable n is called an index, and the set of values that it can take is called the index set.
It is often useful to combine this notation with the technique of treating the elements of a sequence as variables. This yields expressions like (a n) n ∈ N (\ displaystyle (a_ (n)) _ (n \ in \ mathbb (N))), which denotes a sequence whose nth element is given by the variable a n (\ displaystyle a_ (n)). For example:
Note that we can consider multiple sequences at the same time by using different variables; e.g. (b n) n ∈ N (\ displaystyle (b_ (n)) _ (n \ in \ mathbb (N))) could be a different sequence than (a n) n ∈ N (\ displaystyle (a_ (n)) _ (n \ in \ mathbb (N))). We can even consider a sequence of sequences: ((a m, n) n ∈ N) m ∈ N (\ displaystyle ((a_ (m, n)) _ (n \ in \ mathbb (N))) _ (m \ in \ mathbb (N))) denotes a sequence whose mth term is the sequence (a m, n) n ∈ N (\ displaystyle (a_ (m, n)) _ (n \ in \ mathbb (N))).
An alternative to writing the domain of a sequence in the subscript is to indicate the range of values that the index can take by listing its highest and lowest legal values. For example, the notation (k 2) k = 1 10 (\ displaystyle (k ^ (2)) _ (k = 1) ^ (10)) denotes the ten - term sequence of squares (1, 4, 9,..., 100) (\ displaystyle (1, 4, 9,..., 100)). The limits ∞ (\ displaystyle \ infty) and − ∞ (\ displaystyle - \ infty) are allowed, but they do not represent valid values for the index, only the supremum or infimum of such values, respectively. For example, the sequence (a n) n = 1 ∞ (\ displaystyle (a_ (n)) _ (n = 1) ^ (\ infty)) is the same as the sequence (a n) n ∈ N (\ displaystyle (a_ (n)) _ (n \ in \ mathbb (N))), and does not contain an additional term "at infinity ''. The sequence (a n) n = − ∞ ∞ (\ displaystyle (a_ (n)) _ (n = - \ infty) ^ (\ infty)) is a bi-infinite sequence, and can also be written as (..., a − 1, a 0, a 1, a 2,...) (\ displaystyle (..., a_ (- 1), a_ (0), a_ (1), a_ (2),...)).
In cases where the set of indexing numbers is understood, the subscripts and superscripts are often left off. That is, one simply writes (a k) (\ displaystyle (a_ (k))) for an arbitrary sequence. Often, the index k is understood to run from 1 to ∞. However, sequences are frequently indexed starting from zero, as in
In some cases the elements of the sequence are related naturally to a sequence of integers whose pattern can be easily inferred. In these cases the index set may be implied by a listing of the first few abstract elements. For instance, the sequence of squares of odd numbers could be denoted in any of the following ways.
Moreover, the subscripts and superscripts could have been left off in the third, fourth, and fifth notations, if the indexing set was understood to be the natural numbers. Note that in the second and third bullets, there is a well - defined sequence (a k) k = 1 ∞ (\ displaystyle (a_ (k)) _ (k = 1) ^ (\ infty)), but it is not the same as the sequence denoted by the expression.
Sequences whose elements are related to the previous elements in a straightforward way are often defined using recursion. This is in contrast to the definition of sequence elements as a function of their position.
To define a sequence by recursion, one needs a rule to construct each element in terms of the ones before it. In addition, enough initial elements must be provided so that all subsequent elements of the sequence can be computed by the rule. The principle of mathematical induction can be used to prove that in this case, there is exactly one sequence that satisfies both the recursion rule and the initial conditions. Induction can also be used to prove properties about a sequence, especially for sequences whose most natural description is recursive.
The Fibonacci sequence can be defined using a recursive rule along with two initial elements. The rule is that each element is the sum of the previous two elements, and the first two elements are 0 and 1.
The first ten terms of this sequence are 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, and 34. A more complicated example of a sequence that is defined recursively is Recaman 's sequence. We can define Recaman 's sequence by
Not all sequences can be specified by a rule in the form of an equation, recursive or not, and some can be quite complicated. For example, the sequence of prime numbers is the set of prime numbers in their natural order, i.e. (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17,...).
Many sequences have the property that each element of a sequence can be computed from the previous element. In this case, there is some function f such that for all n, a n + 1 = f (a n) (\ displaystyle a_ (n + 1) = f (a_ (n))).
There are many different notions of sequences in mathematics, some of which (e.g., exact sequence) are not covered by the definitions and notations introduced below.
For the purposes of this article, we define a sequence to be a function whose domain is a convex subset of the set of integers. This definition covers several different uses of the word "sequence '', including one - sided infinite sequences, bi-infinite sequences, and finite sequences (see below for definitions). However, many authors use a narrower definition by requiring the domain of a sequence to be the set of natural numbers. The narrower definition has the disadvantage that it rules out finite sequences and bi-infinite sequences, both of which are usually called sequences in standard mathematical practice. Many authors also impose a requirement on the codomain of a function before calling it a sequence, by requiring it to be the set R of real numbers, the set C of complex numbers, or a topological space.
Although sequences are a type of function, they are usually distinguished notationally from functions in that the input is written as a subscript rather than in parentheses, i.e. a rather than f (n). There are terminological differences as well: the value of a sequence at the input 1 is called the "first element '' of the sequence, the value at 2 is called the "second element '', etc. Also, while a function abstracted from its input is usually denoted by a single letter, e.g. f, a sequence abstracted from its input is usually written by a notation such as (a n) n ∈ A (\ displaystyle (a_ (n)) _ (n \ in A)), or just as (a n) (\ displaystyle (a_ (n))). Here A is the domain, or index set, of the sequence.
Sequences and their limits (see below) are important concepts for studying topological spaces. An important generalization of sequences is the concept of nets. A net is a function from a (possibly uncountable) directed set to a topological space. The notational conventions for sequences normally apply to nets as well.
The length of a sequence is defined as the number of terms in the sequence.
A sequence of a finite length n is also called an n - tuple. Finite sequences include the empty sequence () that has no elements.
Normally, the term infinite sequence refers to a sequence that is infinite in one direction, and finite in the other -- the sequence has a first element, but no final element. Such a sequence is called a singly infinite sequence or a one - sided infinite sequence when disambiguation is necessary. In contrast, a sequence that is infinite in both directions -- i.e. that has neither a first nor a final element -- is called a bi-infinite sequence, two - way infinite sequence, or doubly infinite sequence. A function from the set Z of all integers into a set, such as for instance the sequence of all even integers (..., − 4, − 2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8...), is bi-infinite. This sequence could be denoted (2 n) n = − ∞ ∞ (\ displaystyle (2n) _ (n = - \ infty) ^ (\ infty)).
A sequence is said to be monotonically increasing, if each term is greater than or equal to the one before it. For example, the sequence (a n) n = 1 ∞ (\ displaystyle (a_ (n)) _ (n = 1) ^ (\ infty)) is monotonically increasing if and only if a ≥ (\ displaystyle \ geq) a for all n ∈ N. If each consecutive term is strictly greater than (>) the previous term then the sequence is called strictly monotonically increasing. A sequence is monotonically decreasing, if each consecutive term is less than or equal to the previous one, and strictly monotonically decreasing, if each is strictly less than the previous. If a sequence is either increasing or decreasing it is called a monotone sequence. This is a special case of the more general notion of a monotonic function.
The terms nondecreasing and nonincreasing are often used in place of increasing and decreasing in order to avoid any possible confusion with strictly increasing and strictly decreasing, respectively.
If the sequence of real numbers (a) is such that all the terms are less than some real number M, then the sequence is said to be bounded from above. In less words, this means that there exists M such that for all n, a ≤ M. Any such M is called an upper bound. Likewise, if, for some real m, a ≥ m for all n greater than some N, then the sequence is bounded from below and any such m is called a lower bound. If a sequence is both bounded from above and bounded from below, then the sequence is said to be bounded.
A subsequence of a given sequence is a sequence formed from the given sequence by deleting some of the elements without disturbing the relative positions of the remaining elements. For instance, the sequence of positive even integers (2, 4, 6,...) is a subsequence of the positive integers (1, 2, 3,...). The positions of some elements change when other elements are deleted. However, the relative positions are preserved.
Formally, a subsequence of the sequence (a n) n ∈ N (\ displaystyle (a_ (n)) _ (n \ in \ mathbb (N))) is any sequence of the form (a n k) k ∈ N (\ displaystyle (a_ (n_ (k))) _ (k \ in \ mathbb (N))), where (n k) k ∈ N (\ displaystyle (n_ (k)) _ (k \ in \ mathbb (N))) is a strictly increasing sequence of positive integers.
Some other types of sequences that are easy to define include:
An important property of a sequence is convergence. If a sequence converges, it converges to a particular value known as the limit. If a sequence converges to some limit, then it is convergent. A sequence that does not converge is divergent.
Informally, a sequence has a limit if the elements of the sequence become closer and closer to some value L (\ displaystyle L) (called the limit of the sequence), and they become and remain arbitrarily close to L (\ displaystyle L), meaning that given a real number d (\ displaystyle d) greater than zero, all but a finite number of the elements of the sequence have a distance from L (\ displaystyle L) less than d (\ displaystyle d).
For example, the sequence a n = n + 1 2 n 2 (\ displaystyle a_ (n) = (\ frac (n + 1) (2n ^ (2)))) shown to the right converges to the value 0. On the other hand, the sequences b n = n 3 (\ displaystyle b_ (n) = n ^ (3)) (which begins 1, 8, 27,...) and c n = (− 1) n (\ displaystyle c_ (n) = (- 1) ^ (n)) (which begins - 1, 1, - 1, 1,...) are both divergent.
If a sequence converges, then the value it converges to is unique. This value is called the limit of the sequence. The limit of a convergent sequence (a n) (\ displaystyle (a_ (n))) is normally denoted lim n → ∞ a n (\ displaystyle \ lim _ (n \ to \ infty) a_ (n)). If (a n) (\ displaystyle (a_ (n))) is a divergent sequence, then the expression lim n → ∞ a n (\ displaystyle \ lim _ (n \ to \ infty) a_ (n)) is meaningless.
A sequence of real numbers (a n) (\ displaystyle (a_ (n))) converges to a real number L (\ displaystyle L) if, for all ε > 0 (\ displaystyle \ varepsilon > 0), there exists a natural number N (\ displaystyle N) such that for all n ≥ N (\ displaystyle n \ geq N) we have
a n − L < ε. (\ displaystyle a_ (n) - L < \ varepsilon.)
If (a n) (\ displaystyle (a_ (n))) is a sequence of complex numbers rather than a sequence of real numbers, this last formula can still be used to define convergence, with the provision that ⋅ (\ displaystyle \ cdot) denotes the complex modulus, i.e. z = z ∗ z (\ displaystyle z = (\ sqrt (z ^ (*) z))). If (a n) (\ displaystyle (a_ (n))) is a sequence of points in a metric space, then the formula can be used to define convergence, if the expression a n − L (\ displaystyle a_ (n) - L) is replaced by the expression dist (a n, L) (\ displaystyle (\ text (dist)) (a_ (n), L)), which denotes the distance between a n (\ displaystyle a_ (n)) and L (\ displaystyle L).
If (a n) (\ displaystyle (a_ (n))) and (b n) (\ displaystyle (b_ (n))) are convergent sequences, then the following limits exist, and can be computed as follows:
Moreover:
A Cauchy sequence is a sequence whose terms become arbitrarily close together as n gets very large. The notion of a Cauchy sequence is important in the study of sequences in metric spaces, and, in particular, in real analysis. One particularly important result in real analysis is Cauchy characterization of convergence for sequences:
In contrast, there are Cauchy sequences of rational numbers that are not convergent in the rationals, e.g. the sequence defined by x = 1 and x = x + 2 / x / 2 is Cauchy, but has no rational limit, cf. here. More generally, any sequence of rational numbers that converges to an irrational number is Cauchy, but not convergent when interpreted as a sequence in the set of rational numbers.
Metric spaces that satisfy the Cauchy characterization of convergence for sequences are called complete metric spaces and are particularly nice for analysis.
In calculus, it is common to define notation for sequences which do not converge in the sense discussed above, but which instead become and remain arbitrarily large, or become and remain arbitrarily negative. If a n (\ displaystyle a_ (n)) becomes arbitrarily large as n → ∞ (\ displaystyle n \ to \ infty), we write
In this case we say that the sequence diverges, or that it converges to infinity. An example of such a sequence is a = n.
If a n (\ displaystyle a_ (n)) becomes arbitrarily negative (i.e. negative and large in magnitude) as n → ∞ (\ displaystyle n \ to \ infty), we write
and say that the sequence diverges or converges to negative infinity.
A series is, informally speaking, the sum of the terms of a sequence. That is, it is an expression of the form ∑ n = 1 ∞ a n (\ displaystyle \ sum _ (n = 1) ^ (\ infty) a_ (n)) or a 1 + a 2 + ⋯ (\ displaystyle a_ (1) + a_ (2) + \ cdots), where (a n) (\ displaystyle (a_ (n))) is a sequence of real or complex numbers. The partial sums of a series are the expressions resulting from replacing the infinity symbol with a finite number, i.e. the Nth partial sum of the series ∑ n = 1 ∞ a n (\ displaystyle \ sum _ (n = 1) ^ (\ infty) a_ (n)) is the number
The partial sums themselves form a sequence (S N) N ∈ N (\ displaystyle (S_ (N)) _ (N \ in \ mathbb (N))), which is called the sequence of partial sums of the series ∑ n = 1 ∞ a n (\ displaystyle \ sum _ (n = 1) ^ (\ infty) a_ (n)). If the sequence of partial sums converges, then we say that the series ∑ n = 1 ∞ a n (\ displaystyle \ sum _ (n = 1) ^ (\ infty) a_ (n)) is convergent, and the limit lim N → ∞ S N (\ displaystyle \ lim _ (N \ to \ infty) S_ (N)) is called the value of the series. The same notation is used to denote a series and its value, i.e. we write ∑ n = 1 ∞ a n = lim N → ∞ S N (\ displaystyle \ sum _ (n = 1) ^ (\ infty) a_ (n) = \ lim _ (N \ to \ infty) S_ (N)).
Sequences play an important role in topology, especially in the study of metric spaces. For instance:
Sequences can be generalized to nets or filters. These generalizations allow one to extend some of the above theorems to spaces without metrics.
The topological product of a sequence of topological spaces is the cartesian product of those spaces, equipped with a natural topology called the product topology.
More formally, given a sequence of spaces (X i) i ∈ N (\ displaystyle (X_ (i)) _ (i \ in \ mathbb (N))), the product space
is defined as the set of all sequences (x i) i ∈ N (\ displaystyle (x_ (i)) _ (i \ in \ mathbb (N))) such that for each i, x i (\ displaystyle x_ (i)) is an element of X i (\ displaystyle X_ (i)). The canonical projections are the maps p: X → X defined by the equation p i ((x j) j ∈ N) = x i (\ displaystyle p_ (i) ((x_ (j)) _ (j \ in \ mathbb (N))) = x_ (i)). Then the product topology on X is defined to be the coarsest topology (i.e. the topology with the fewest open sets) for which all the projections p are continuous. The product topology is sometimes called the Tychonoff topology.
In analysis, when talking about sequences, one will generally consider sequences of the form
which is to say, infinite sequences of elements indexed by natural numbers.
It may be convenient to have the sequence start with an index different from 1 or 0. For example, the sequence defined by x = 1 / log (n) would be defined only for n ≥ 2. When talking about such infinite sequences, it is usually sufficient (and does not change much for most considerations) to assume that the members of the sequence are defined at least for all indices large enough, that is, greater than some given N.
The most elementary type of sequences are numerical ones, that is, sequences of real or complex numbers. This type can be generalized to sequences of elements of some vector space. In analysis, the vector spaces considered are often function spaces. Even more generally, one can study sequences with elements in some topological space.
A sequence space is a vector space whose elements are infinite sequences of real or complex numbers. Equivalently, it is a function space whose elements are functions from the natural numbers to the field K, where K is either the field of real numbers or the field of complex numbers. The set of all such functions is naturally identified with the set of all possible infinite sequences with elements in K, and can be turned into a vector space under the operations of pointwise addition of functions and pointwise scalar multiplication. All sequence spaces are linear subspaces of this space. Sequence spaces are typically equipped with a norm, or at least the structure of a topological vector space.
The most important sequences spaces in analysis are the l spaces, consisting of the p - power summable sequences, with the p - norm. These are special cases of L spaces for the counting measure on the set of natural numbers. Other important classes of sequences like convergent sequences or null sequences form sequence spaces, respectively denoted c and c, with the sup norm. Any sequence space can also be equipped with the topology of pointwise convergence, under which it becomes a special kind of Fréchet space called an FK - space.
Sequences over a field may also be viewed as vectors in a vector space. Specifically, the set of F - valued sequences (where F is a field) is a function space (in fact, a product space) of F - valued functions over the set of natural numbers.
Abstract algebra employs several types of sequences, including sequences of mathematical objects such as groups or rings.
If A is a set, the free monoid over A (denoted A, also called Kleene star of A) is a monoid containing all the finite sequences (or strings) of zero or more elements of A, with the binary operation of concatenation. The free semigroup A is the subsemigroup of A containing all elements except the empty sequence.
In the context of group theory, a sequence
of groups and group homomorphisms is called exact, if the image (or range) of each homomorphism is equal to the kernel of the next:
Note that the sequence of groups and homomorphisms may be either finite or infinite.
A similar definition can be made for certain other algebraic structures. For example, one could have an exact sequence of vector spaces and linear maps, or of modules and module homomorphisms.
In homological algebra and algebraic topology, a spectral sequence is a means of computing homology groups by taking successive approximations. Spectral sequences are a generalization of exact sequences, and since their introduction by Jean Leray (1946), they have become an important research tool, particularly in homotopy theory.
An ordinal - indexed sequence is a generalization of a sequence. If α is a limit ordinal and X is a set, an α - indexed sequence of elements of X is a function from α to X. In this terminology an ω - indexed sequence is an ordinary sequence.
Automata or finite state machines can typically be thought of as directed graphs, with edges labeled using some specific alphabet, Σ. Most familiar types of automata transition from state to state by reading input letters from Σ, following edges with matching labels; the ordered input for such an automaton forms a sequence called a word (or input word). The sequence of states encountered by the automaton when processing a word is called a run. A nondeterministic automaton may have unlabeled or duplicate out - edges for any state, giving more than one successor for some input letter. This is typically thought of as producing multiple possible runs for a given word, each being a sequence of single states, rather than producing a single run that is a sequence of sets of states; however, ' run ' is occasionally used to mean the latter.
Infinite sequences of digits (or characters) drawn from a finite alphabet are of particular interest in theoretical computer science. They are often referred to simply as sequences or streams, as opposed to finite strings. Infinite binary sequences, for instance, are infinite sequences of bits (characters drawn from the alphabet (0, 1)). The set C = (0, 1) of all infinite binary sequences is sometimes called the Cantor space.
An infinite binary sequence can represent a formal language (a set of strings) by setting the n th bit of the sequence to 1 if and only if the n th string (in shortlex order) is in the language. This representation is useful in the diagonalization method for proofs.
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lord of the rings two towers credits song | Emilíana Torrini - Wikipedia
Emilíana Torrini Davíðsdóttir (born 16 May 1977), better known as Emilíana Torrini, is an Icelandic singer and songwriter. She is best known for her 1999 album Love in the Time of Science, her performance of "Gollum 's Song '' for the 2002 film The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, and her 2009 single "Jungle Drum ''.
Emilíana was born in Iceland, where she grew up in Kópavogur. At the age of seven, she joined a choir as a soprano, until she went to opera school at the age of 15. Her father, Salvatore Torrini, is Italian (from Naples), while her mother, Anna Stella Snorradóttir, is Icelandic. Because of name regulations in Iceland at the time, her father had to change his name to "Davíð Eiríksson '', which also meant that Emilíana had to use the surname after her father in the traditional way. A few years later, the name regulations were changed, and she was again allowed to use her original surname. After being discovered singing in a restaurant in Iceland by Derek Birkett, the owner of One Little Indian Records, Emilíana was asked to visit London to record a song. She decided to stay in London.
Emilíana has been a member of Icelandic artist group GusGus, and contributed vocals to several songs on their debut Polydistortion (1997), most notably "Why ''. She co-wrote Kylie Minogue 's "Slow '' and "Someday '' from her Body Language album in 2003. She also produced "Slow '' along with Dan Carey; the two were nominated for a Best Dance Recording Grammy Award in 2005 for their work on the track. Prior to these, Emilíana contributed vocals to songs on Thievery Corporation 's 2002 album The Richest Man in Babylon and was credited with composing the songs "Resolution '', "Until The Morning '', and "Heaven 's Gonna Burn Your Eyes '' from that album. Also in 2002, she sang vocals on Paul Oakenfold 's song "Hold Your Hand '' taken from his Bunkka album.
On 3 June 2013, Emilíana revealed to fans that she would release her new album on 9 September 2013 in the UK. The album was released in Ireland, Iceland, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland on 6 September 2013. The new LP is titled Tookah. Emilíana will play a number of music festivals in the lead up to the album 's release in Russia and Budapest.
On 29 July 2013, Emilíana revealed the radio edition of a new track "Speed of Dark ''. Three additional tracks were also revealed allowing fans to stream these include "Autumn Sun '', "Animal Games '', and "Tookah ''.
Torrini contributed vocals on all tracks, otherwise noted.
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in order to prevent the occurrence of group think a group leader should | Groupthink - wikipedia
Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision - making outcome. Group members try to minimize conflict and reach a consensus decision without critical evaluation of alternative viewpoints by actively suppressing dissenting viewpoints, and by isolating themselves from outside influences.
Groupthink requires individuals to avoid raising controversial issues or alternative solutions, and there is loss of individual creativity, uniqueness and independent thinking. The dysfunctional group dynamics of the "ingroup '' produces an "illusion of invulnerability '' (an inflated certainty that the right decision has been made). Thus the "ingroup '' significantly overrates its own abilities in decision - making and significantly underrates the abilities of its opponents (the "outgroup ''). Furthermore, groupthink can produce dehumanizing actions against the "outgroup ''.
Antecedent factors such as group cohesiveness, faulty group structure, and situational context (e.g., community panic) play into the likelihood of whether or not groupthink will impact the decision - making process.
Groupthink is a construct of social psychology but has an extensive reach and influences literature in the fields of communication studies, political science, management, and organizational theory, as well as important aspects of deviant religious cult behaviour.
Groupthink is sometimes stated to occur (more broadly) within natural groups within the community, for example to explain the lifelong different mindsets of those with differing political views (such as "conservatism '' and "liberalism '' in the U.S. political context) or the purported benefits of team work vs. work conducted in solitude. However, this conformity of viewpoints within a group does not mainly involve deliberate group decision - making, and might be better explained by the collective confirmation bias of the individual members of the group.
Most of the initial research on groupthink was conducted by Irving Janis, a research psychologist from Yale University. Janis published an influential book in 1972, which was revised in 1982. Janis used the Bay of Pigs disaster (the failed invasion of Castro 's Cuba in 1961) and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 as his two prime case studies. Later studies have evaluated and reformulated his groupthink model.
William H. Whyte Jr. derived the term from George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty - Four, and popularized it in 1952 in Fortune magazine:
Groupthink being a coinage -- and, admittedly, a loaded one -- a working definition is in order. We are not talking about mere instinctive conformity -- it is, after all, a perennial failing of mankind. What we are talking about is a rationalized conformity -- an open, articulate philosophy which holds that group values are not only expedient but right and good as well.
Irving Janis pioneered the initial research on the groupthink theory. He does not cite Whyte, but coined the term by analogy with "doublethink '' and similar terms that were part of the newspeak vocabulary in the novel Nineteen Eighty - Four by George Orwell. He initially defined groupthink as follows:
I use the term groupthink as a quick and easy way to refer to the mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence - seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive ingroup that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action. Groupthink is a term of the same order as the words in the newspeak vocabulary George Orwell used in his dismaying world of 1984. In that context, groupthink takes on an invidious connotation. Exactly such a connotation is intended, since the term refers to a deterioration in mental efficiency, reality testing and moral judgments as a result of group pressures.
He went on to write:
The main principle of groupthink, which I offer in the spirit of Parkinson 's Law, is this: The more amiability and esprit de corps there is among the members of a policy - making ingroup, the greater the danger that independent critical thinking will be replaced by groupthink, which is likely to result in irrational and dehumanizing actions directed against outgroups.
Janis set the foundation for the study of groupthink starting with his research in the American Soldier Project where he studied the effect of extreme stress on group cohesiveness. After this study he remained interested in the ways in which people make decisions under external threats. This interest led Janis to study a number of "disasters '' in American foreign policy, such as failure to anticipate the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (1941); the Bay of Pigs Invasion fiasco (1961); and the prosecution of the Vietnam War (1964 -- 67) by President Lyndon Johnson. He concluded that in each of these cases, the decisions occurred largely because of groupthink, which prevented contradictory views from being expressed and subsequently evaluated.
After the publication of Janis ' book Victims of Groupthink in 1972, and a revised edition with the title Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes in 1982, the concept of groupthink was used to explain many other faulty decisions in history. These events included Nazi Germany 's decision to invade the Soviet Union in 1941, the Watergate scandal and others. Despite the popularity of the concept of groupthink, fewer than two dozen studies addressed the phenomenon itself following the publication of Victims of Groupthink, between the years 1972 and 1998. This is surprising considering how many fields of interests it spans, which include political science, communications, organizational studies, social psychology, management, strategy, counseling, and marketing. One can most likely explain this lack of follow - up in that group research is difficult to conduct, groupthink has many independent and dependent variables, and it is unclear "how to translate (groupthink 's) theoretical concepts into observable and quantitative constructs. ''
Nevertheless, outside research psychology and sociology, wider culture has come to detect groupthink (somewhat fuzzily defined) in observable situations, for example:
To make groupthink testable, Irving Janis devised eight symptoms indicative of groupthink.
Type I: Overestimations of the group -- its power and morality
Type II: Closed - mindedness
Type III: Pressures toward uniformity
Janis prescribed three antecedent conditions to groupthink.
1. High group cohesiveness
Janis emphasized that cohesiveness is the main factor that leads to groupthink. Groups that lack cohesiveness can of course make bad decisions, but they do not experience groupthink. In a cohesive group, members avoid speaking out against decisions, avoid arguing with others, and work towards maintaining friendly relationships in the group. If cohesiveness gets to such a high level where there are no longer disagreements between members, then the group is ripe for groupthink.
2. Structural faults
Cohesion is necessary for groupthink, but it becomes even more likely when the group is organized in ways that disrupt the communication of information, and when the group engages in carelessness while making decisions.
3. Situational context:
Although it is possible for a situation to contain all three of these factors, all three are not always present even when groupthink is occurring. Janis considered a high degree of cohesiveness to be the most important antecedent to producing groupthink and always present when groupthink was occurring; however, he believed high cohesiveness would not always produce groupthink. A very cohesive group abides to all group norms; whether or not groupthink arises is dependent on what the group norms are. If the group encourages individual dissent and alternative strategies to problem solving, it is likely that groupthink will be avoided even in a highly cohesive group. This means that high cohesion will lead to groupthink only if one or both of the other antecedents is present, situational context being slightly more likely than structural faults to produce groupthink.
As observed by Aldag & Fuller (1993), the groupthink phenomenon seems to rest on a set of unstated and generally restrictive assumptions:
It has been thought that groups with the strong ability to work together will be able to solve dilemmas in a quicker and more efficient fashion than an individual. Groups have a greater amount of resources which lead them to be able to store and retrieve information more readily and come up with more alternative solutions to a problem. There was a recognized downside to group problem solving in that it takes groups more time to come to a decision and requires that people make compromises with each other. However, it was not until the research of Janis appeared that anyone really considered that a highly cohesive group could impair the group 's ability to generate quality decisions. Tight - knit groups may appear to make decisions better because they can come to a consensus quickly and at a low energy cost; however, over time this process of decision - making may decrease the members ' ability to think critically. It is, therefore, considered by many to be important to combat the effects of groupthink.
According to Janis, decision - making groups are not necessarily destined to groupthink. He devised ways of preventing groupthink:
By following these guidelines, groupthink can be avoided. After the Bay of Pigs invasion fiasco, President John F. Kennedy sought to avoid groupthink during the Cuban Missile Crisis using "vigilant appraisal. '' During meetings, he invited outside experts to share their viewpoints, and allowed group members to question them carefully. He also encouraged group members to discuss possible solutions with trusted members within their separate departments, and he even divided the group up into various sub-groups, to partially break the group cohesion. Kennedy was deliberately absent from the meetings, so as to avoid pressing his own opinion.
Testing groupthink in a laboratory is difficult because synthetic settings remove groups from real social situations, which ultimately changes the variables conducive or inhibitive to groupthink. Because of its subjective nature, researchers have struggled to measure groupthink as a complete phenomenon, instead frequently opting to measure its particular factors. These factors range from causal to effectual and focus on group and situational aspects.
Park (1990) found that "only 16 empirical studies have been published on groupthink, '' and concluded that they "resulted in only partial support of his (Janis 's) hypotheses. '' Park concludes, "despite Janis ' claim that group cohesiveness is the major necessary antecedent factor, no research has shown a significant main effect of cohesiveness on groupthink. '' Park also concludes that research on the interaction between group cohesiveness and leadership style does not support Janis ' claim that cohesion and leadership style interact to produce groupthink symptoms. Park presents a summary of the results of the studies analyzed. According to Park, a study by Huseman and Drive (1979) indicates groupthink occurs in both small and large decision - making groups within businesses. This results partly from group isolation within the business. Manz and Sims (1982) conducted a study showing that autonomous work groups are susceptible to groupthink symptoms in the same manner as decisions making groups within businesses. Fodor and Smith (1982) produced a study revealing that group leaders with high power motivation create atmospheres more susceptible to groupthink. Leaders with high power motivation possess characteristics similar to leaders with a "closed '' leadership style -- an unwillingness to respect dissenting opinion. The same study indicates that level of group cohesiveness is insignificant in predicting groupthink occurrence. Park summarizes a study performed by Callaway, Marriott, and Esser (1985) in which groups with highly dominant members "made higher quality decisions, exhibited lowered state of anxiety, took more time to reach a decision, and made more statements of disagreement / agreement. '' Overall, groups with highly dominant members expressed characteristics inhibitory to groupthink. If highly dominant members are considered equivalent to leaders with high power motivation, the results of Callaway, Marriott, and Esser contradict the results of Fodor and Smith. A study by Leana (1985) indicates the interaction between level of group cohesion and leadership style is completely insignificant in predicting groupthink. This finding refutes Janis ' claim that the factors of cohesion and leadership style interact to produce groupthink. Park summarizes a study by McCauley (1989) in which structural conditions of the group were found to predict groupthink while situational conditions did not. The structural conditions included group insulation, group homogeneity, and promotional leadership. The situational conditions included group cohesion. These findings refute Janis ' claim about group cohesiveness predicting groupthink.
Overall, studies on groupthink have largely focused on the factors (antecedents) that predict groupthink. Groupthink occurrence is often measured by number of ideas / solutions generated within a group, but there is no uniform, concrete standard by which researchers can objectively conclude groupthink occurs. The studies of groupthink and groupthink antecedents reveal a mixed body of results. Some studies indicate group cohesion and leadership style to be powerfully predictive of groupthink, while other studies indicate the insignificance of these factors. Group homogeneity and group insulation are generally supported as factors predictive of groupthink.
Groupthink can have a strong hold on political decisions and military operations, which may result in enormous wastage of human and material resources. Highly qualified and experienced politicians and military commanders sometimes make very poor decisions when in a suboptimal group setting. Scholars such as Janis and Raven attribute political and military fiascoes, such as the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Vietnam War, and the Watergate scandal, to the effect of groupthink. More recently, Dina Badie argued that groupthink was largely responsible for the shift in the U.S. administration 's view on Saddam Hussein that eventually led to the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the United States. After the September 11 attacks, "stress, promotional leadership, and inter group conflict '' were all factors that gave rise to the occurrence of groupthink. Political case studies of groupthink serve to illustrate the impact that the occurrence of groupthink can have in today 's political scene.
The United States Bay of Pigs Invasion of April 1961 was the primary case study that Janis used to formulate his theory of groupthink. The invasion plan was initiated by the Eisenhower administration, but when the Kennedy administration took over, it "uncritically accepted '' the plan of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). When some people, such as Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. and Senator J. William Fulbright, attempted to present their objections to the plan, the Kennedy team as a whole ignored these objections and kept believing in the morality of their plan. Eventually Schlesinger minimized his own doubts, performing self - censorship. The Kennedy team stereotyped Fidel Castro and the Cubans by failing to question the CIA about its many false assumptions, including the ineffectiveness of Castro 's air force, the weakness of Castro 's army, and the inability of Castro to quell internal uprisings.
Janis argued the fiasco that ensued could have been prevented if the Kennedy administration had followed the methods to preventing groupthink adopted during the Cuban Missile Crisis, which took place just one year later in October 1962. In the latter crisis, essentially the same political leaders were involved in decision - making, but this time they learned from their previous mistake of seriously under - rating their opponents.
The attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, is a prime example of groupthink. A number of factors such as shared illusions and rationalizations contributed to the lack of precaution taken by Naval officers based in Hawaii. The United States had intercepted Japanese messages and they discovered that Japan was arming itself for an offensive attack somewhere in the Pacific Ocean. Washington took action by warning officers stationed at Pearl Harbor, but their warning was not taken seriously. They assumed that the Empire of Japan was taking measures in the event that their embassies and consulates in enemy territories were usurped.
The Navy and Army in Pearl Harbor also shared rationalizations about why an attack was unlikely. Some of them included:
In the weeks and months preceding the United States presidential election, 2016, there was near - unanimity among news media outlets and polling organizations that Hillary Clinton 's election was extremely likely. For example, on November 7, the day before the election, The New York Times opined that Clinton then had "a consistent and clear advantage in states worth at least 270 electoral votes. '' The Times estimated the probability of a Clinton win at 84 %. Also on November 7, Reuters estimated the probability of Clinton defeating Donald Trump in the election at 90 %, and The Huffington Post put Clinton 's odds of winning at 98.2 % based on "9.8 million simulations. ''
The disconnect between the election results and the pre-election estimates, both from news media outlets and from pollsters, may have been due to two factors: failure of imagination, in that few news and polling professionals could accept the idea of such an unconventional candidate as Trump becoming president; and polling error, in that a significant number of Trump supporters contacted by pollsters may have lied to or misled the pollsters out of fear of social ostracism, or those that were willing to express support for Trump were under - sampled by surveys.
In the corporate world, ineffective and suboptimal group decision - making can negatively affect the health of a company and cause a considerable amount of monetary loss.
Aaron Hermann and Hussain Rammal illustrate the detrimental role of groupthink in the collapse of Swissair, a Swiss airline company that was thought to be so financially stable that it earned the title the "Flying Bank. '' The authors argue that, among other factors, Swissair carried two symptoms of groupthink: the belief that the group is invulnerable and the belief in the morality of the group. In addition, before the fiasco, the size of the company board was reduced, subsequently eliminating industrial expertise. This may have further increased the likelihood of groupthink. With the board members lacking expertise in the field and having somewhat similar background, norms, and values, the pressure to conform may have become more prominent. This phenomenon is called group homogeneity, which is an antecedent to groupthink. Together, these conditions may have contributed to the poor decision - making process that eventually led to Swissair 's collapse.
Another example of groupthink from the corporate world is illustrated in the United Kingdom - based companies Marks & Spencer and British Airways. The negative impact of groupthink took place during the 1990s as both companies released globalization expansion strategies. Researcher Jack Eaton 's content analysis of media press releases revealed that all eight symptoms of groupthink were present during this period. The most predominant symptom of groupthink was the illusion of invulnerability as both companies underestimated potential failure due to years of profitability and success during challenging markets. Up until the consequence of groupthink erupted they were considered blue chips and darlings of the London Stock Exchange. During 1998 -- 1999 the price of Marks & Spencer shares fell from 590 to less than 300 and that of British Airways from 740 to 300. Both companies had already featured prominently in the UK press and media for more positive reasons to do with national pride in their undoubted sector - wide performance.
Recent literature of groupthink attempts to study the application of this concept beyond the framework of business and politics. One particularly relevant and popular arena in which groupthink is rarely studied is sports. The lack of literature in this area prompted Charles Koerber and Christopher Neck to begin a case - study investigation that examined the effect of groupthink on the decision of the Major League Umpires Association (MLUA) to stage a mass resignation in 1999. The decision was a failed attempt to gain a stronger negotiating stance against Major League Baseball. Koerber and Neck suggest that three groupthink symptoms can be found in the decision - making process of the MLUA. First, the umpires overestimated the power that they had over the baseball league and the strength of their group 's resolve. The union also exhibited some degree of closed - mindedness with the notion that MLB is the enemy. Lastly, there was the presence of self - censorship; some umpires who disagreed with the decision to resign failed to voice their dissent. These factors, along with other decision - making defects, led to a decision that was suboptimal and ineffective.
Researcher Robert Baron (2005) contends that the connection between certain antecedents which Janis believed necessary has not been demonstrated by the current collective body of research on groupthink. He believes that Janis ' antecedents for groupthink are incorrect, and argues that not only are they "not necessary to provoke the symptoms of groupthink, but that they often will not even amplify such symptoms ''. As an alternative to Janis ' model, Baron proposed a ubiquity model of groupthink. This model provides a revised set of antecedents for groupthink, including social identification, salient norms, and low self - efficacy.
Aldag and Fuller (1993) argue that the groupthink concept was based on a "small and relatively restricted sample '' that became too broadly generalized. Furthermore, the concept is too rigidly staged and deterministic. Empirical support for it has also not been consistent. The authors compare groupthink model to findings presented by Maslow and Piaget; they argue that, in each case, the model incites great interest and further research that, subsequently, invalidate the original concept. Aldag and Fuller thus suggest a new model called the general group problem - solving (GGPS) model, which integrates new findings from groupthink literature and alters aspects of groupthink itself. The primary difference between the GGPS model and groupthink is that the former is more value neutral and more political.
Other scholars attempt to assess the merit of groupthink by reexamining case studies that Janis had originally used to buttress his model. Roderick Kramer (1998) believed that, because scholars today have a more sophisticated set of ideas about the general decision - making process and because new and relevant information about the fiascos have surfaced over the years, a reexamination of the case studies is appropriate and necessary. He argues that new evidence does not support Janis ' view that groupthink was largely responsible for President Kennedy 's and President Johnson 's decisions in the Bay of Pigs Invasion and U.S. escalated military involvement in the Vietnam War, respectively. Both presidents sought the advice of experts outside of their political groups more than Janis suggested. Kramer also argues that the presidents were the final decision - makers of the fiascos; while determining which course of action to take, they relied more heavily on their own construals of the situations than on any group - consenting decision presented to them. Kramer concludes that Janis ' explanation of the two military issues is flawed and that groupthink has much less influence on group decision - making than is popularly believed to be.
Whyte (1998) suggests that collective efficacy plays a large role in groupthink because it causes groups to become less vigilant and to favor risks, two particular factors that characterize groups affected by groupthink. McCauley recasts aspects of groupthink 's preconditions by arguing that the level of attractiveness of group members is the most prominent factor in causing poor decision - making. The results of Turner 's and Pratkanis ' (1991) study on social identity maintenance perspective and groupthink conclude that groupthink can be viewed as a "collective effort directed at warding off potentially negative views of the group. '' Together, the contributions of these scholars have brought about new understandings of groupthink that help reformulate Janis ' original model.
According to a new theory many of the basic characteristics of groupthink -- e.g., strong cohesion, indulgent atmosphere, and exclusive ethos -- are the result of a special kind of mnemonic encoding (Tsoukalas, 2007). Members of tightly knit groups have a tendency to represent significant aspects of their community as episodic memories and this has a predictable influence on their group behavior and collective ideology.
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who did michael kill in the wire season 4 | Final Grades - Wikipedia
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"Final Grades '' is the 13th and last episode of the fourth season of the HBO original series The Wire. Written by David Simon from a story by David Simon & Ed Burns and directed by Ernest Dickerson, it originally aired on December 10, 2006. With a running time of 78 minutes, it is the second longest episode of the whole series.
Although most obviously referring to the test grades received by the school 's students, the title also refers to the final evaluation of Parenti and Colvin 's pilot program, Chris and Snoop 's evaluations of O - Dog and Michael 's skills, and to the end - of - year statistics which Carcetti leaves in Royce 's name.
This is printed on the wooden doors used to close off the vacant houses in West Baltimore. The text has appeared several times in past seasons. The quote references many of the season 's characters, who appear hopelessly trapped by their environment.
At the time of the episode the number connected with an automated message giving the local Baltimore time. That number was disconnected in June 2011.
Paul Weller 's "I Walk On Gilded Splinters '' plays over the episode 's closing montage.
Although credited, Glynn Turman does not appear in this episode.
Sergeant Jay Landsman walks into the homicide unit office humming a carol. His Christmas spirit is rapidly dispelled when he sees several red names being added to the case board. He quizzes Detective Ed Norris about the board; Norris tells him that Lester Freamon is responsible, having received the go - ahead to search vacant houses for concealed bodies. Landsman is angry at the sudden drop in his squad clearance rate and calls Freamon a Hun, a Vandal and a Visigoth. Landsman next asks what Norris is working on and is dismayed to find out that he is also working a new case: that of a deliberate killing using poisoned narcotics. Landsman is somewhat forgiving when Norris tells him that he has the perpetrator in custody as he came in and voluntarily confessed to the crime.
Accompanied by Landsman, Norris returns to the interview room to discuss Bubbles ' confession. Bubbles is distraught and is undergoing withdrawal. He vomits all over the detectives and they leave the room to clean up. When they return Bubbles has attempted to hang himself from the ceiling. The detectives cut him down.
Later, Landsman is pleased to learn that Bubbles survived. He spots Detective Crutchfield leaving the unit office and is downcast once again when he learns that Freamon has found yet another body. Landsman checks with the paramedics and then quizzes Bubbles about his actions and motives in confessing to the crime. Bubbles tells him the entire story behind Sherrod 's death. Bubbles is filled with remorse and regret and pleads with Landsman to lock him up.
Landsman orders Norris to let Bubbles go. Norris worries about losing the clearance and about Bubbles 's safety. Landsman tells him to send Bubbles to rehab. Later, Kima Greggs and Walon visit Bubbles at the rehab center. Walon comforts Bubbles but Greggs can not bring herself to go in.
Freamon marshals his team as they search vacant houses in the Western District. They have uncovered nine bodies so far in clusters around certain blocks. Greggs is there from homicide. Freamon remarks to her that the scary part of the investigation is that they are only searching a single district. He telephones Colonel Cedric Daniels, who is at a staging area set up in the gym of a disused school.
Daniels answers the call leaving ASA Rhonda Pearlman alone to field questions from Deputy Commissioner William Rawls and Commissioner Ervin Burrell. She reports that forensics teams are attending each crime scene and they are recovering 9 mm bullet casings, vacuuming for hair and fiber and laser printing for footprints. Daniels returns and is asked to confirm that the bodies are linked to one organization. He tells Burrell that Marlo Stanfield 's drug organization is their prime focus and is then asked what they have on Stanfield. He explains that Major Crimes was building a case against Stanfield until three months ago when their wiretaps were pulled by Lieutenant Marimow. Burrell offers Daniels whatever support he needs. Daniels tells Burrell that he needs the patrol division to begin searching for houses. Daniels leaves to begin organizing a citywide search.
Rawls remarks to Burrell that if Daniels manages to solve this case then he will be closer to the commissioner position. Burrell tells Rawls that Daniels is a long way from his "throne '' and that he is too. He taunts Rawls by saying that he made his move against him too soon (Rawls did undermine him in front of Carcetti in Corner Boys, although it is not clear how Burrell would know about it; he may have guessed from Carcetti putting Rawls in charge ' de facto ' of the department in lieu of Burrell, or may have said this to test him.). Rawls admits to the mistake and Burrell warns him never to cross him again.
Freamon receives word from Daniels and assigns Leander Sydnor and Kenneth Dozerman to introduce the specifics of the search to the patrol division. Greggs asks what she can do and Freamon asks her to raise Sergeant Thomas "Herc '' Hauk, who is currently suspended from duty pending the results of an internal investigation. Greggs finds Herc drinking in the morning and reluctant to become involved while suspended. She goads him into accompanying her by questioning whether he is police or not. She takes him to the site of his recent traffic stop of Chris Partlow and Felicia "Snoop '' Pearson, as he told Freamon that he fired a nail from their nail gun into the road. They find the mark but are unable to locate the nail. Herc spends the whole time questioning why IID is investigating him when Marimow has been transferred away and Daniels had already given him a mild punishment for the incident with the minister. Tired of Herc 's complaints, Greggs asks what he did in order to reassure him that he will have an easier hearing. When Herc admits the falsified paperwork and stolen camera, Greggs and her partner Bunk Moreland shake their heads in disbelief. Herc experiences further dismay, concerned that he may lose more than just his sergeant 's rank.
Each patrol officer is given orders to search his post for vacant houses sealed with non-HCD materials. They are instructed to report any such houses to their sector sergeant and told that they can enter, but upon finding a body, they are not to disturb the scene further.
Daniels convenes a meeting with the detectives. Bunk and Greggs report that Herc identified the nail gun as the same one used to nail the vacant houses shut but that they were unable to recover the nail. Freamon suggests that their next move is to seize Chris 's truck and take hair and blood samples from both Chris and Snoop. Pearlman interjects, telling the detectives that they do not have the probable cause for these actions. Bunk suggests using Randy Wagstaff as a witness because he is able to link Chris and Snoop to the death of Curtis "Lex '' Anderson, but Freamon insists that Randy is simply a source. Bunk becomes impatient and says that he will provide the necessary probable cause within an hour. He visits Lex 's mother and pressures her into speaking up. She states that she has heard that Chris and a girl, possibly named Snoop, were responsible.
With their warrant Greggs, Freamon and Bunk perform a stop - and - search of Chris and Snoop. Greggs finds the wiring for the hidden glove box compartment and discovers the concealed firearms within. They arrest them for the weapons charge and then have the grand jury serve a warrant for blood and hair samples once they are in custody.
Back at the staging area Daniels relays the ballistics report to Freamon. The guns found in the car are clean of prints and do not match to any shootings. Freamon suggests that a trace DNA match or a witness could break the case, but that they are probably facing a lengthy investigation. Freamon asks Daniels how he chose the staging area and learns that he once went to school there.
Omar Little and his crew divide up the spoils of their robbery. Kimmy is pleased with their success and tells Omar that she is going back into retirement. Omar 's adviser Butchie asks how much of the shipment is left. Omar tells him that there is more than he could ever sell on his own. Butchie suggests selling it back to Proposition Joe for a profit; it is initially taken as a joke but Renaldo and Omar begin to see the idea 's potential.
Omar returns to his hideout, having met with Joe and received payment for their stolen shipment. He gives Butchie a percentage for himself and tells him that he will now act as his own bank. Omar leaves the shipment in a locked garage and calls Joe to advise him. As he leaves, Butchie warns Omar that the theft will have further repercussions.
Proposition Joe hosts a meeting with the heads of the New Day Co-Op consortium of drug dealers. He is in an awkward position, having had an entire shipment of narcotics stolen by Omar. He tries to convince his colleagues that they should pay for a replacement shipment while they work on recovering the stolen drugs. The rest of the Co-Op members are dubious and tell Joe that as the drugs were in the possession of his people when they were stolen, he will have to make up for the loss. Joe threatens to cut them off from his supplier in the future if they insist on this course and this quiets their protests. Marlo Stanfield quizzes Joe about which of his people was there when the shipment was taken. Joe admits that it was his nephew Cheese but tells Marlo that he will protect Cheese from any retribution. He offers to put Marlo in touch with his connection so he can reassure him that Cheese did not steal the drugs for himself.
Joe discusses this course with his lieutenants Cheese and Slim Charles. Both are dubious of the wisdom in letting Marlo meet their supplier, as they believe he will try to circumvent them. Omar arrives at the store and faces hostility from Cheese and Slim Charles. Joe is more pragmatic and listens to Omar 's sales pitch of returning the heroin at "twenty cents on the dollar ''. Cheese threatens to torture Omar, but Joe sees the futility in this and agrees to buy the drugs. Omar collects the clock that he gave Joe to fix and pays him for the work.
Joe chaperons Marlo to his meeting with Spiros "Vondas '' Vondopoulos. Vondas guarantees Joe 's word on the stolen shipment of drugs and leaves. Marlo instructs Monk to have Vondas followed. Monk informs Marlo that Chris and Snoop have been arrested and Marlo tells him to call their bondsman.
Duquan "Dukie '' Weems arrives home and overhears his friend Michael Lee having sex with a girl. He goes to attend his first day of high school but changes his mind on the way there. Dukie visits Roland "Prez '' Pryzbylewski at school and gives him a gift. Prez tells him that he can stop by any time, although later sees him dealing on a corner.
Prez supervises his class while they take the statewide tests. Calvin refuses to begin the test but most students are working hard. In the special class, the majority of the students are not participating but Namond, Zenobia, and Darnell Tyson are attempting the test.
Howard "Bunny '' Colvin announces the cessation of the special class to the students. The majority are pleased but Zenobia is reluctant to return.
Prez receives the test results and is pleased to learn that over a third of his students are classified as proficient. Miss Sampson grounds him by explaining that a score of proficient means reading at a level two grades below the student 's age. Prez admits that he is still learning and Sampson tells him that he is going to be fine. Prez welcomes the special students back to class. Only Albert makes a disruptive comment, but apologizes after none of the other students laugh.
Sergeant Ellis Carver desperately tries to find somewhere suitable for Randy Wagstaff to stay following the firebombing of his previous home and serious injuries to his foster mother. He is insistent that Randy can not go back to a group home. Lieutenant Mello is unsympathetic and tells Carver to take what is on offer.
Carver visits the social services offices personally and tries to convince them to put Randy at the top of the list for foster placement. Carver offers to foster Randy himself and the department tells him that he needs to go through three months of screening before he can take custody. At day 's end Randy is still sleeping on the bench in Carver 's office. The next morning Mello gives Carver an angry tirade when he discovers Randy and orders him to hand him over to DSS. Randy offers Carver his savings to bribe someone for a foster place.
Carver drops Randy off at a group home and Randy offers him forgiveness and gratitude for his attempts to help. Carver leaves completely frustrated and vents his anger in his car. Randy, discovering that all of his savings have been stolen and his bunk bed is covered in graffiti, is beaten up by several roommates.
Dennis "Cutty '' Wise is recuperating following a fracture of his leg in a shooting. The nurse believes that Cutty is a gangster, having reviewed his medical records. Colvin arrives and asks Cutty for help with Namond. They meet again later and Cutty reports that Wee - Bey Brice has agreed to meet with Colvin. Cutty tells Colvin that Carver now owes him a favor. On his way out the nurse, who presumes Colvin is on police duty, asks him when they are arresting Cutty and he relays that Cutty runs a community gym and that Cutty was shot trying to convince a kid to leave the corners.
Colvin visits Wee - Bey in prison. Wee - Bey recognizes him from his time as a patrol officer. Colvin tells him that he is now a sort of teacher rather than a police officer. Colvin tells Wee - Bey that Namond is a bright boy with a lot of potential but that he will not survive life on the streets. Wee - Bey believes the risks of the game will determine Namond 's fate, but Colvin convinces him that Namond 's nature has a large part to play. He asks Wee - Bey to give him custody of his son.
Colvin picks Namond up from school where he is being watched by Miss Duquette and Dr. Parenti. He tells his colleagues that he believes that Wee - Bey will return Namond to his mother. Parenti states that they have a meeting at City Hall.
Colvin is nervous about meeting with the mayor because of his history with the police force but finds that Carcetti will not be in the meeting due to his meeting with the governor in Annapolis. Steintorf and Gerry are skeptical about the technique, characterizing it as tracking of students and leaving a subgroup behind. Colvin claims that the children are already being left behind and laughs about the system 's refusal to admit its failings. Steintorf brings the meeting to a swift close. As they leave Colvin berates his shortcomings in the political arena. Parenti blames the failure on the process and seeks consolation in his academic findings.
Meanwhile, Wee - Bey tells De'londa Brice that if she has thrown Namond out then he will stay out of her care. De'Londa claims that she is trying to harden Namond and Wee - Bey threatens that if she does not let their son go, he will use his reputation against her. She asks Wee - Bey if he is cutting her off, but he reassures her that their relationship is not over.
Carcetti watches a news report about the exhumed bodies and discusses the political implications with his staff. Norman Wilson remarks that the bodies are attributable to the Royce administration and Michael Steintorf, the new chief of staff, states that the silver lining of the story is that it draws attention away from the massive school deficit. Steintorf counsels that they should use this as cover to avoid dealing with the deficit as it would hamstring Carcetti 's plans to run for governor and that Carcetti will have the funds to address the city 's education problems when he becomes governor. Wilson is disappointed to see that Carcetti is willing to trade fulfilling his responsibilities as mayor with increasing his chances of becoming governor.
At home by the Christmas tree, Carcetti discusses his options with his wife Jen. She tells him that she believes he will do the right thing. Later, Wilson and Carcetti return from a second meeting with the governor. Wilson is enraged that Carcetti could not swallow his pride to rescue the school system. Carcetti is angry that the governor was going to call a press conference belittling him if he took the money. Steintorf consoles Carcetti, again telling him that he can do more good as governor himself.
Wilson meets with Coleman Parker in a bar. He confides his disappointment in Carcetti and Parker tells him that all politicians disappoint. Wilson asks who Parker is working with next; Parker says he might stay with Royce or back a young politician.
Poot Carr and Bodie Broadus visit the site where one of the bodies was found. They have heard that Little Kevin 's body was found inside. Bodie becomes increasingly agitated about the unjustifiable nature of the killing of his friend. Officer Jimmy McNulty recognizes Bodie when he vandalizes a patrol car as he is being arrested by other officers.
McNulty visits the staging area and asks Pearlman how many bodies have been recovered. She reports that 17 corpses have been discovered so far. He asks Pearlman to sign off on releasing Bodie without charge. McNulty quizzes his colleagues about the case they are building. They taunt him by saying that a real police officer would feel compelled to help them.
McNulty waits for Bodie as he is released from jail and offers to buy him lunch. As they leave, Monk arrives with the bondsman and notices Bodie getting into McNulty 's car. McNulty takes Bodie to Cylburn Arboretum. Bodie tells him that he is not an informant but admits his frustration with his life as a drug dealer and Marlo 's leadership. He states that Marlo expects his people to stand behind him, yet he himself does not stand behind people who work for him. He tells McNulty that the game is rigged and that he feels like a pawn on a chessboard, showing that some of D'Angelo Barksdale 's teachings were not lost on him. He offers McNulty information to bring down Marlo, but openly tells McNulty that he will not give any information on any former Barksdale associate. McNulty, out of genuine respect, tells Bodie that he is a soldier.
Monk reports sighting Bodie to Marlo and a newly released Chris. Marlo instructs Chris to have Michael kill Bodie on the chance of him being an informant. Chris tells Marlo that Michael worked for Bodie so the task should go to someone else, as Michael 's first kill should be a stranger. Marlo relays the latest news about the theft of their shipment and Omar 's offer to sell it back to them. Marlo mentions that Proposition Joe said Omar offered to sell it back at 30 cents to the dollar, 10 cents more than what Omar actually told Joe.
Bodie returns to work on his corner with Poot and Spider. He notices someone approaching in the shadows and Poot sees someone coming from the other direction. Recognizing Chris and Snoop in the darkness Bodie and Poot realize that the pair have arrived to kill Bodie. Poot urges him to flee but Bodie refuses to run from his own territory. Spider runs while Bodie fires into the darkness. Poot makes a final plea and then takes flight himself. Bodie, refusing to back down from Marlo and the Stanfield Organization any longer, stands his ground and fires at Chris and Snoop, yelling to them that he is n't running away from them and that they wo n't put his body in an empty row house as they have with their other victims. As Bodie is distracted by Chris and Snoop, O - Dog steps from a doorway and shoots him in the back of the head. Bodie falls, and O - Dog fires another shot at the back of Bodie 's head, finishing him.
Marlo, Chris and Snoop visit Michael at home. Marlo questions him about the ring he is wearing on a chain around his neck and Michael reports that he took it from someone. Marlo is shocked, as the ring, which he initially took from Old Face Andre as part of a punishment for his stash house being robbed by Omar, had been stolen from Marlo by Omar several weeks ago in the poker game robbery, and then by Officer Walker from Omar when he was falsely arrested for murder, and then by Michael from Walker when the schoolboys ambushed him and covered him with yellow paint in an alley. Michael offers to give him the ring, unaware of its past, but Marlo allows him to keep it. Dukie descends and offers to ready Bug for school. Marlo tells Michael that he is putting him in charge of Bodie 's corner and that he has another task for him. Snoop asks Michael who they killed for him and he reveals that it was Bug 's father.
Michael kills a drug dealer (the man who had been attacking Bubbles) in a close - range shooting as Chris and Monk look on. When Michael gets into the car Chris tells him that he can look anyone in the eye now, as he has proved himself.
Carver reports Bodie 's death to McNulty as he arrives for work. McNulty rushes to read the report and throws the sheet across the room in despair. McNulty searches Poot at his corner and asks him who killed Bodie. Poot refuses to offer him anything beyond blaming the murder on the police for talking with Bodie. McNulty lets him go.
McNulty discusses Bodie 's murder with Beadie in bed. He tells her about the new major case investigation and she immediately realizes that he wants to get involved. McNulty tells her that he feels that he owes it to Bodie. He speculates that he will be different with fewer vices and less anger now that he is with Beadie.
McNulty meets with Daniels to request a transfer. Daniels asks if he is certain and McNulty tells him that he is optimistic about his ability to keep himself separate from his work. They make a joke of strategy for the case by quoting their initial conversation about the Barksdale case from "The Target '', but with the roles reversed.
As Paul Weller 's cover of Dr. John 's "Walk On Gilded Splinters '' plays, a montage of scenes unfolds: Wee - Bey tells Namond that he is still his father and passes him into Colvin 's custody; McNulty is welcomed back to Major Crimes, where Michael 's picture is already on the board (although he is labeled as an "unknown '' for the time being); Herc faces an internal investigations trial board, where he appears to fear for his job, with the words "conduct unbecoming '' heard from the investigators; Vondas and Joe meet while Marlo watches them undetected from a distance; Parenti presents his findings to an academic audience, and a disenchanted Colvin walks out in frustration during his presentation; Bunk briefs the homicide unit on the corpses found in vacant buildings; Landsman is distraught at the state of his homicides board; Daniels and Pearlman eat lunch with Carcetti while Burrell and Clay Davis look on; Prez tracks Dukie down, working on Michael 's corner with Poot and Kenard, but drives away without approaching him; Randy 's bed is daubed with the words "Snitch Bitch '', his money is stolen, and he is assaulted by his roommates; Cutty shows the newly adoring nurse his gym; Carcetti suffers through a budget meeting; Carver moves a group of children on from Randy, Dukie, Michael and Namond 's old hangout; and in what might be a dream or a memory, Michael tutors Bug, only to be roused by Chris -- he is still in the back of the car after his first murder and is instructed to drop his gun down a storm drain.
Namond is sent to a new day of school by Colvin and his wife. As he readies himself he sees Donut in yet another stolen car and they share a nod. Donut drives away and the street is peaceful again. The season ends with a lingering shot of a crossroads.
The episode received unanimous acclaim from television critics. The Futon Critic named it the second best episode of 2006, saying "David Simon did it again. He made us think these four boys - Namond (Julito McCullum), Michael (Tristan Wilds), Randy (Maestro Harrell) and Duquan (Jermaine Crawford) - could have at the very least a future and ripped the rug out from under nearly all of them. He gave us a voice in Bodie (JD Williams), who rallied against the current state of "the game, '' only to silence it. He gave us a saintly mayor (Aidan Gillen) only to muzzle him with bureaucracy. In the end however he did give us the "old '' McNulty (Dominic West) back and the promise to fight the good fight once again. And I 'm sure he 'll make us believe again - and rip the rug out from under us again. And I would n't have it any other way. ''
The episode 's writers, David Simon and Ed Burns, were nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for their work.
In 2009, TV Guide ranked "Final Grades '' # 26 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes.
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list and explain the types and features of nigerian traditional arts | List of festivals in Nigeria - wikipedia
There are many Festivals in Nigeria, some of which date to the period before the arrival of the major religions in this ethnically and culturally diverse society. The main Muslim and Christian festivals are often celebrated in ways that are unique to Nigeria or unique to the people of a locality. The Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation has been working with the states to upgrade the traditional festivals, which may become important sources of tourism revenue.
Christians account for about 40 % of the Nigerian population, living throughout the country but predominantly in the south. The main Christian festivals are Christmas and Easter. The way in which these holidays are celebrated often incorporates traditions from earlier religions.
Christmas is held on 25 December each year to celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ. It is a public holiday in Nigeria. In Igboland, in addition to a church service and distribution of gifts the festivities may include Mmo (masquerade) dancing, where men in their twenties or thirties dress in colorful costumes and wear masks. These masquerades, which pre-date the introduction of Christianity, honor the ancestral spirits. In some areas, palm branches are hung inside and outside the houses, signs of peace and symbols of Christmas. Easter is held to commemorate the crucification of Jesus Christ on Good Friday and to celebrate his resurrection three days later on Easter Sunday. It is a public holiday in Nigeria. Easter usually occurs in April. Easter Sunday is a joyful occasion, celebrated with feasting, dancing, drumming, and sometimes with public masquerades and dancers.
Christmas and Easter may be times of heightened tension between Christians and Muslims in some areas. On Christmas Eve in 2010 at least 38 people were killed, including shoppers and church attendees. Members of the extreme Islamist sect Boko Haram were blamed for several incidents. Some reports placed the death toll as high as 80. In 2011, Easter occurred just after elections in which Goodluck Jonathan, a southerner and Christian, had been elected President. Churches were burned in some parts of northern Nigeria, and some Christians were killed in post-election violence.
About half of the population of Nigeria adhere to the Muslim religion, with Muslims living throughout the country but particularly in the north. 50 % are Muslims 40 % are Christians and 10 % percent are other practiced religions There are two main Muslim festivals, Eid Al Fitri and Eid Al Kabir, all national public holidays. The different ethnic groups in different locations have the same way for celebrating these festivals.
The three - day festival of Eid Al Fitri celebrates the end of the holy month of Ramadan, a period of fasting from dawn to dusk each day. The festival is a time to give charity to the poor, and to celebrate the completion of Ramadan with family and friends.
Eid al Kabir (known as Eid al - Adha elsewhere), or "Festival of Sacrifice '', is an important religious holiday celebrated by Muslims worldwide to commemorate the willingness of Abraham (ʾIbrāhīm) to sacrifice his son Ishmael (Ismā'īl) as an act of obedience to God, before God intervened to provide him with a ram to sacrifice instead. A ram, goat, sheep, cow or camel is sacrificed, with the family eating part of the animal and donating the rest to the poor. The festival is celebrated on the tenth day of Dhu al - Hijjah, the last month in the Islamic calendar.
Durbar festivals are celebrated at the culmination of Eid al - Fitr and Eid al - Adha. Durbars have been held for hundreds of years in the northern states, notably the Daura Emirate, and gave an opportunity for conscripts to the army to display their skills as horsemen. In modern times, durbars are held in honor of visiting heads of state. They include a parade, shows and competitions. The horsemen are dressed in vividly colored costumes, with period weapons, and are accompanied by a drum corps and musicians. Modern Durbar festivals include prayers at the start of the day, followed by parades in town squares or in front of the local Emir 's palace. Horsemanship is still the main focus. Each group must gallop at full tilt past the Emir, then halt and salute him with raised swords. Durbar festivals are being developed as important tourist attractions.
The Argungu Fishing Festival is an annual four - day festival in the town of Argungu in the north - western Nigerian state of Kebbi. It began in the year 1934, as a mark of the end of the centuries - old hostility between the Sokoto Caliphate and the Kebbi Kingdom. The festival is held on the Sokoto river in February or March. Thousand of fishermen equipped only with nets compete to catch the largest fish. Other attractions include dance and music, sporting competitions and exhibits of arts and crafts. People from various parts of the world come to see or look at this festival.
Ikeji cultural festival of Arondizuogu in Imo State is a popular festival that brings the Igbo speaking community around the world together. Its origin dates back to over five centuries and it is acclaimed as the biggest pan-Igbo cultural community festival with strong heritage, international recognition and is witnessed by thousands of people on a yearly basis. It is arguably the biggest cultural festival in Igboland. In contemporary times, each passing year has witnessed an increase in grandeur, display, dance, sophistication and an all inclusive participation of all Arondizuogu people and friends. The festival is marked with colourful display of different masquerades such as Ogionu, Mgbadike, Nwaaburuja and Ozoebune; prestigiously parading across the market square to the admiration of the public. The essence of the festival, which ranks among the best surviving traditional ceremonies of the Arondizuogu people, is to celebrate the harvest of the first yams. It serves to unify and foster ties among Aro people who are spread across the entire Igbo speaking states and part of Cross River state. It appeals to the entire Igbo speaking peoples both at home and in the Diaspora.
Ikeji is a four - day festival of propitiation, thanksgiving and feasting which is held annually in March or April. Reckoned with the Igbo calendar, these four days correspond to one Igbo week of four market days (Eke, Oye / Orie, Afo and Nkwo). Each of these days has a special significance and represents one of the several dimensions of Ikeji -- a festival renowned for sumptuous feasting, fascinating masquerades, pulsating rhythms, and colourful performances. Traditional musical instruments used to accompany the masquerades are ekwe (wooden slit drum) of various sizes, ogene (metal gong), bells, maracas and oja (wooden flutes). The flutist is a very important element in the ikeji festival. He deftly communicates with the masquerades - weaving soulful melodies and blending esoteric messages into the intoxicating rhythm of the drums. Another interesting aspect of ikeji is the raconteur known as ima mbem - an imaginative tale delivered with a musical cadence that only the initiated can sometimes understand or comprehend. The importance of the flutist during Ikeji festival is very vital, for he communicates things hidden from the ordinary eyes to the masquerades, combined with soulful melodies, steps and gestures, "blending esoteric messages into the intoxicating rhythm of the drums '' to the admiration of the crowd.
During Ikeji festival, on the last day, a ram is usually tied to a pole at a popular market square with a single thread. Somebody with the strongest protection from any juju of whatever type is expected to leisurely walk to the ram amids heavy attempt with juju from other people to knock him down, maim him or kill him. Only the brave can participate in, while the not so brave will either abstain from or remain with the crowd as spectators. Only the brave can stand forward from the crowd, one after another and approach the tree with a view to untying the ram. However, each contender will be attacked by forces which are beyond the scope of this article to explain, with a view to stopping him reaching the ram. If overwhelmed, he will beat a retreat back to his starting point. Until eventually, the bravest among the masquerades participating in the competition for that year 's festival, after overcoming all odds, will reach the ram and untie it and take it, to a thunderous applause by the spectators. This will be followed by visits to his house by fellow kinsmen with food and wine for elevating the status of his village. Each year this is used to commemorate the person in Arondizuogu and neighbouring towns with the strongest juju or voodoo power.
The Calabar Carnival has been held in Calabar since 2006, including band competitions, a parade, food and dancing. It has been called Nigeria 's biggest street party. The carnival may have as many as 50,000 costumed participants and 2 million spectators, and is broadcast on television across the country. It is the culmination of the month - long Calabar festival.
The Calabar Carnival holds at the end of the year in Nigeria, and in keeping with tradition, carnival teams march across the streets where they engage in colorful displays and competitions from which winners are selected and awarded. Participating teams usually rehearse for months in advance before the carnival date itself.
The Carniriv (English: Car - nee - rev) is an annual festival, held in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The Carnival starts few weeks before Christmas, and lasts for seven days. During this time several ceremonial events are held, most of which hold some cultural and or sacred significance. The Port Harcourt Carnival bears a certain uniqueness as it combines two carnivals - a purely cultural carnival and a contemporary Caribbean style carnival - in one. This gives it an edge over all other regional and continental carnivals, and presents with the principal advantage which must be consummately exploited. The Government of Rivers State recognizes Carniriv as its biggest tourism export. With economic interests increasingly identifying tourism as a viable alternative to the fossil fuel economy -- especially in these parts -- the state government has exhibited its commitment to developing this carnival into a regionally unrivalled and globally reckoned tourist attraction. Thus, it has always made available the necessary monetary backing needed for the event to hold every year, and has also worked hard through the Ministry of Culture and Tourism to see that it is held.
The Eyo Festival is held in Lagos, Nigeria. It is usually performed in Lagos Island. Eyo also refers to the masquerades that come out during the festival. It is widely believed that Eyo is the forerunner of the modern day carnival in Brazil.No one is to wear hats during the festival
The New Yam Festival of the Igbo people (Orureshi in the idoma area, Iwa ji, Iri ji or Ike ji, depending on dialect) is an annual cultural festival by the Igbo people held at the end of the rainy season in early August
The Igogo Festival is an annual festival held in Ondo State, Nigeria. It is a festival that usually lasts for seventeen days in which the Olowo of Owo and high chiefs of Owo Kingdom are dressed like women to celebrate and pay homage to Queen Oronsen a mythical wife of Olowo Rerengejen in appreciation for her protection.
Afiaolu (New yam festival) is a traditional festivals held annually in Nnewi around August. The Afiaolu festival commences on "Eke '' day with what is traditionally described as "IWAJI '' (scaling of yam) and Ikpa Nku (the wood gathering), this heralds the availability of new yam as well as thanksgiving to God. (1) The festival includes a variety of entertainments including performance of ceremonial rites by the Igwe (king), cultural dance by girls and masquerade dance.
The Ofala Festival also called Ofala Nnewi, is an annual ceremony practiced by the indegenes of Onitsha in Anambra State, South - Western Nigeria. The term ofala (English: authority of the land) is derived from two Igbo words - ofo (English: authority) and ala (English: land). The festival which is described as the most important surviving traditional ceremony of Onitsha indigenes is celebrated within two days mostly in December and January in honour of the Obi (English: king).
The Osun Festival is held at the end of the rainy season, usually in August, at the Oshogbo Sacred Forest. The week - long festival is held in honor of the river goddess Osun, an important Yoruba deity, and is attended by thousands of people. It includes ceremonies where priests seek protection for their local communities through gifts and sacrifices to the goddess.
Sango Festival, also known as World Sango Festival is usually held in August at the palace of the Alaafin of Oyo. The festival which is observed in over forty countries in the world is held in honor of Sango, the thunder and fire deity.
The Sharo or Shadi flogging competition is a traditional rite of passage for Jafun Fulani men. The youths, escorted by girls, are led into the ring of spectators bare chested and armed with whips. As the noise of singing, drumming and cheering rises to a crescendo, each young man must stoically endure a flogging to demonstrate his manhood. The young man only qualifies to marry if he passes the test, which is administered by another youth of about the same age and size. Most do pass, but carry scars from the ordeal for the rest of their life. The sharo is generally staged at the time of the dry - season guinea corn harvest, and again during the festival of Id - el - kabir. Usually it lasts for a week and is held in a marketplace. There are other tyes of entertainment including dances, musical performances and tricksters, but the flogging ceremony is the main event.
Yam Festivals are popular holiday in Ghana and Nigeria, usually held in the beginning of August at the end of the rainy season. It is named after yams, the most common food in many African countries. In Nigeria, dancers wear masks that reflect the seasons or other aspects of nature. People offer yams to gods and ancestors before distributing them to the villagers to give thanks to the spirits above them. Leboku is the name for the annual New Yam Festival celebrated in Ugep, Nigeria, one of the five settlements of Yakurr, to honor of the earth goddess and the ancestral spirits of the land. The Iriji - Mmanwu festival is held in Enugu state in August. At the festival, over two thousand masqueraders from across Igboland and from other states in Nigeria dance and give acrobatic displays, wearing unique and colorful costumes. In the Igbo tradition, masquerades are thought to be reincarnated dead ancestors, with supernatural powers.
Ogun Festival is an annual festival observed by the Yoruba people of Ondo State, Nigeria in honour of Ogun, a warrior and powerful spirit of metal work believed by the Yoruba to be the first god to arrive the earth.
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what countries can a new zealand citizen live in | Visa requirements for New Zealand citizens - wikipedia
Visa requirements for New Zealand citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of New Zealand. As of February 2018, New Zealand citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 173 countries and territories, ranking the New Zealand passport 7th in terms of travel freedom (tied with Maltese and Czech Republic passports) according to the Henley visa restrictions index.
NB: Cook Islands and Niue are not dependent territories of NZ, they are in Free Association with New Zealand
New Zealand citizens are classified as ' Annex II ' foreign nationals, and so are permitted to stay visa - free in the 26 member states of the Schengen Area as a whole -- rather than each country individually -- for a period not exceeding 3 months every 6 months.
The New Zealand Government has signed bilateral visa waiver agreements with a number of the individual countries who are Schengen signatories, which allow New Zealand citizens to spend up to three months in the relevant country, without reference to time spent in other Schengen signatory states. Since these agreements continue to remain valid despite the implementation of the Schengen agreement, the European Commission has confirmed that in practice if New Zealanders visit Schengen countries which have signed these types of bilateral agreements with New Zealand, then the terms of these agreements override the conditions normally imposed as a result of the Schengen visa exemption agreement.
New Zealand has individual bilateral visa waiver agreements with the following Schengen signatories:
Consequently, New Zealand citizens can visit the above Schengen member states visa - free for periods of up to 3 months in each country. If, however, a New Zealand citizen then visits another Schengen state not included in the list above, the restriction of no more than 3 months out of a 6 - month period in the Schengen area as a whole applies. Therefore, if a New Zealand citizen has already spent 3 months in one or more of the above Schengen countries, any visits to another Schengen country without a bilateral visa waiver agreement with New Zealand may lead to difficulties with local law enforcement agencies (e.g. being accused of having overstayed upon leaving a Schengen country which is not in the list above).
In addition, a New Zealand citizen who has already spent up to 3 months in other parts of the Schengen Area can enter Hungary and remain there for up to a further 90 days visa - free. Following the stay in Hungary, if 3 months has already spent elsewhere in the Schengen area, he / she must then leave the Schengen area from Hungary and go directly to a country outside the Schengen Area.
In general, any person who is not a European Union, European Economic Area or Swiss citizen and who wishes to stay in a Schengen member state for more than 3 months is required to obtain a national long - stay ' D ' visa and / or a residence permit. New Zealand citizens aged 18 -- 30 (or 18 - 35 in some cases) are able to obtain a national long - stay ' D ' visa and / or a residence permit from 19 Schengen member states on the basis of a working holiday (see below). Schengen member states also issue national long - stay ' D ' visas and residence permits for other reasons to those fulfilling criteria laid out in their national immigration policies (e.g. skilled workers, students, au pair).
In general, the national long - stay ' D ' visa / residence permit needs to be obtained in advance through the member state 's embassy / consulate. However, some Schengen member states offer exceptions for New Zealand citizens.
Austria allows New Zealand citizens to enter the country without a visa and to apply for a temporary residence permit or a ' Red - White - Red Card ' (issued to permanent immigrants) after arrival, rather than in advance through an Austrian embassy / consulate.
The Czech Republic allows New Zealand citizens to apply for a work visa under a special scheme known as a ' Green Card ' (rather than a ' Blue Card ' or work permit which is required by most non-EU citizens). The application for a Green Card can be lodged at any Czech embassy / consulate (or, in some circumstances, within the Czech Republic if the applicant is already resident there) and is usually processed within 60 days.
As of 24 June 2014, it is no longer possible to apply for a green card. This type of permit was replaced
Denmark permits New Zealand citizens intending to stay in the country for over 3 months to enter Denmark without a visa and to apply for a residence or work permit (excluding a working holiday residence permit) after arrival (whilst for many other non-EEA and Swiss citizens, an application for a residence permit and visa for a stay over 3 months must be lodged in advance at a Danish foreign mission). This is particularly useful as there is no Danish embassy or consulate in New Zealand that accepts residence or work permit applications - the nearest one is in Canberra in Australia.
Estonia permits New Zealand citizens to stay and work in Estonia for more than 90 days but less than 6 months as long as they obtain a category ' D ' long - stay visa at a cost of € 80 in advance at an Estonian foreign mission after the employer has completed a ' registration of short - term employment '. New Zealand citizens intending to stay and work in Estonia for more than 6 months can apply for a temporary residence permit for employment after arrival in the country.
Germany permits New Zealand citizens intending to stay in the country for over 3 months to enter without a visa and to apply for a residence permit after arrival (whilst for many other non-EEA and Swiss citizens, a residence permit and visa for a stay over 3 months must be applied for in advance at a German foreign mission).
Hungary allows New Zealand citizens who wish to stay for more than 90 days in the country to apply for a residence card from the regional directorate of the Office of Immigration and Nationality within 90 days of arrival and do not need to obtain a residence permit prior to arrival in Hungary (unlike most other non-EEA and Swiss foreign nationals). Note also that family members (who are not New Zealand citizens) accompanying New Zealand citizens can apply for a residence permit after arriving in Hungary. For example, if a New Zealand citizen wishes to move to Hungary with her husband and her daughter (who are both Samoan citizens and not New Zealand citizens), all three of them can apply for a Hungarian residence permit after arriving in Hungary (although the husband and daughter will have to apply for a Schengen visa prior to travelling to Hungary).
Latvia permits new Zealand citizens intending to stay in the country for over 3 months as self - employed persons or as businesspersons to enter Latvia without a visa and to apply for a residence permit after arrival (whilst for many non-EEA and Swiss citizens, an application for a residence permit must be lodged in advance at a Latvian foreign mission).
Netherlands exempts New Zealand citizens from the requirement to obtain a Schengen category "D '' visa (the visa issued for long term stays in The Netherlands of over 90 days, known in Dutch as the "MVV '' visa) - an exemption which goes beyond the visa waiver afforded to most other non-EEA and non-Swiss foreign nationals who are usually only given a visa waiver of up to 90 days in a 180 - day period.
Norway permits New Zealand citizens who have qualifications as a skilled worker to stay in the country without a visa for up to 6 months to seek employment as a skilled worker or a specialist (except as a religious leader / teacher or an ethnic cook), as long as they register with the police within 3 months of arriving in Norway.
Slovakia permits New Zealand citizens intending to stay in the country for over 3 months to enter Slovakia without a visa and to apply for a residence permit (excluding a working holiday residence permit) after arrival (whilst for many other non-EEA and Swiss citizens, an application for a residence permit and visa for a stay over 3 months must be lodged in advance at a Slovak foreign mission).
Switzerland offers New Zealand citizens a more generous visa exemption than that which Schengen rules normally provide for. Not only are New Zealand citizens able to spend 3 months visa - free in Switzerland, they can also stay for over 3 months (i.e. without time limit) without the need to apply for a visa. However, at a cantonal level, individual cantonal migration authorities may impose further requirements, such as the need to register for a residence permit, if a New Zealand citizen wants to take up employment or reside for over 3 months, in which case a residence permit must be applied for before entry to Switzerland.
New Zealand citizens are able to visit the United Kingdom for up to 6 months (or 3 months if they enter from the Republic of Ireland) without the need to apply for a visa as long as they fulfil all of the following criteria:
However, even though, strictly speaking, he / she is not required to apply for a visa if he / she satisfies all of the above criteria, a New Zealand citizen who falls into any of the following categories has been strongly advised by the UK Border Agency (replaced by UK Visas and Immigration) to apply for a visa prior to travelling to the UK:
New Zealand citizens who were born before 1983 and qualify for the right of abode are able to live and work in the United Kingdom indefinitely.
New Zealand citizens with a grandparent born either in the United Kingdom, Channel Islands or Isle of Man at any time or in the Republic of Ireland on or before 31 March 1922 can apply for UK Ancestry Entry Clearance, which enables them to work in the UK for 5 years, after which they can apply to settle indefinitely.
New Zealand citizens aged 18 to 30 can apply for a Youth Mobility Scheme visa which allows them to pursue a working holiday in the UK for 2 years.
New Zealand citizens can study in the United Kingdom for up to 6 months as a student visitor without the need to apply for a visa as long as they do not work during this period. If attending a course which is longer than 6 months, New Zealand citizens can apply for a Tier 4 student visa in New Zealand or in the UK merely by completing the application form, quoting the Confirmation of Acceptance for Studies (CAS) reference number issued to them by their UK education provider and presenting evidence of care arrangements (if under the age of 18); they do not need to submit proof of sufficient funds, qualifications or English language ability (which most other foreign nationals need to demonstrate) as long as the UK education provider is recognised as a ' Highly Trusted ' sponsor by the UK Border Agency. However, the UK Border Agency reserves the right to request such evidence in particular situations and New Zealand citizens must still present such evidence if applying for a Tier 4 student visa outside New Zealand or the UK. New Zealand citizens who have been issued with a Tier 4 student visa (but not those who are in the UK as student visitors) can work in the UK for up to 20 hours per week during term - time and without time restrictions outside term - time.
By virtue of the Trans - Tasman Travel Arrangement, New Zealand citizens are granted a Special Category Visa on arrival in Australia (which permits residence and work for an indefinite period) as long as:
The same privilege is extended to Australian citizens and PR holders.
Holders of an APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) travelling on business do not require a visa to the following countries:
The card must be used in conjunction with a passport and has the following advantages:
Many countries require passports to be valid for at least 6 months upon arrival. Note that some nations have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the passport validity cut - off period for each other 's citizens.
Countries requiring passports to be valid at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain, Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq (except when arriving at Basra and Erbil or Sulaimaniyah), Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Somaliland, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor - Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen and Zimbabwe.
Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.
Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include European Union countries (except Denmark, Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom, and except for EU / EEA / Swiss citizens), Albania, Belarus, Georgia, Honduras, Iceland, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Monaco, Nauru, Panama, Saint Barthélemy, San Marino, Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates.
Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.
Countries that require a passport validity of at least 1 month on arrival include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Macao, New Zealand and South Africa.
Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay.
Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented, generally one or two pages. Endorsement pages which oftentimes appear after the visa pages are not counted.
Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination.
Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area.
Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.
To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals ' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport, giving passengers a card instead: "Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival. You should keep this card with your passport until you leave. This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required, particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories. '' Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017) at the Jordan Valley / Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin / Arava land borders with Jordan.
Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan, the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia, but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent, to the Republic of Azerbaijan (although there have been exceptions, notably for Armenia 's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan).
Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno - Karabakh (the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh), its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki, Yuxarı Əskipara, Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia, without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan. Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan and will be included in their "list of personae non gratae ''. As of late 2017 the list contains 699 persons.
Upon request, the Republic of Artsakh authorities may attach their visa and / or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country.
The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning their entry into that country. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity. Attempts to enter the Gaza strip by sea may attract a 10 - year ban on entering Israel.
Several countries including Argentina, Brunei, Cambodia, Japan, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea and the United States demand all travellers, or all foreign travellers, to be fingerprinted on arrival.
Some countries (for example, Canada and the United States) routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record.
Several countries including Argentina, Cambodia, India, Japan, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, United States, South Korea demand all passengers to be fingerprinted on arrival, unless the passenger is a citizen or resident of that particular country. Furthermore, the UAE conducts retina scanning on visitors, however, that is normally for those who have to apply for a visa.
See List of diplomatic missions of New Zealand.
According to the statistics these are the numbers of New Zealand visitors to various countries per annum in 2015 (unless otherwise noted):
British Overseas Territories. Open border with Schengen Area. Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. The majority of its population (80 %) lives in European Russia, therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here. Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe. Has part of its territory (3 %) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace. Azerbaijan (Artsakh) and Georgia (Abkhazia; South Ossetia) are transcontinental countries. Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus. Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country. Has part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe. Armenia and Cyprus (Northern Cyprus; Akrotiri and Dhekelia) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe. Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East. Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula. Part of the Realm of New Zealand. Partially recognized. Unincorporated territory of the United States. Part of Norway, not part of the Schengen Area, special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty
British Overseas Territories. Open border with Schengen Area. Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. The vast majority of its population (80 %) lives in European Russia. Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe. Has a small part of its territory (3 %) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace. Azerbaijan and Georgia (Abkhazia; South Ossetia) are transcontinental countries. Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus. Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country. Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe. Armenia (Artsakh) and Cyprus (Northern Cyprus) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe. Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East. Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai peninsula. Partially recognized.
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when is yeh hai mohabbatein going to end | Ye Hai Mohabbatein - Wikipedia
Ye Hai Mohabbatein (lit. This is love) is an Indian soap opera which first aired on StarPlus on 3 December 2013. It was created by Ekta Kapoor and Shobha Kapoor and produced by their production company Balaji Telefilms. The show stars Divyanka Tripathi and Karan Patel in lead roles.
The story is partially based on Manju Kapur 's novel, Custody. Set in Delhi, the show follows the love story of Tamil dentist Dr. Ishita Iyer and Punjabi CEO Raman Kumar Bhalla. Ishita is infertile and becomes emotionally attached to Raman 's daughter, Ruhi, who lives with her divorced father. Raman 's ex-wife, Shagun, lives with her boyfriend, Ashok Khanna and her son Aditya (Adi). Shagun left Ruhi with Raman when she was still a baby. Due to circumstances, Raman and Ishita marry each other. Then fall in love with each other madly The show has won more than 50 awards.
The show took a seven - year leap in April 2016 followed by a one - year leap in November 2016 and a two - year leap in November 2017. On 9 December 2016 the show completed its 1,000 th episode. It has filmed at several foreign locations including Australia, Budapest and London. Its time slot has varied over the years first airing at 11: 00 PM then at 7: 30 PM and currently at 10: 30 PM IST. In the UK, however, it remained at 7: 30PM BST slot since its inception, as it has topped the UK ratings over the years, but was also moved to 10: 30 on 13 June 2018. The show successfully completed 1,500 episodes on 13 June 2018.
This is a romantic soap opera about two different people and how their lives are linked by their daughter at start and finally how they fall in love with each other madly.
Tamil dentist Ishita Vishwanathan Iyer and Punjabi businessman Raman Kumar Bhalla live in Delhi with their parents. Ishita, who is infertile, forms a motherly bond with Raman 's troubled little daughter, Ruhi. To prevent Raman 's ill - intentioned ex-wife, Shagun, from taking custody of the girl, Ishita and Raman get married and develop a deep bond.
Ashok, Raman 's former boss and the - then boyfriend of Shagun, orchestrates a plot to defame Ishita 's cousin, Mihika, and make her his wife. Cast aside, Shagun seeks refuge for herself and her son, Aditya (Adi), at the Bhalla household, where she plots against Ishita to reclaim Raman. However, Ishita and Raman only grow closer and Shagun is thrown out of the house. She kidnaps Ruhi and Aditya, and Ishita risks her life to save the children. The act causes Shagun to re-examine herself and turn her life around. Raman 's brother Romi is told that his ex-girlfriend Sarika had his child and convinces her to marry him.
Ashok is revealed to be a sex offender and his marriage with Mihika ends in divorce. Ishita is able to become pregnant with Raman 's child, but suffers a miscarriage when Ashok tries to kill the entire family. The couple decide to try again with a reformed Shagun acting as their surrogate. However, there are difficulties in the household as Ashok has a spy among them, which turns out to be Sarika; the child she claimed to be Romi 's was adopted.
Ishita finds the real parents of the "orphan '' but accidentally kills the father and is convicted for murder. Raman is convinced to marry Nidhi, a defence lawyer, to save Ishita. When Raman and Ishita 's child Pihu was born, Nidhi kidnaps the newborn. As Ishita tries to rescue Pihu, Nidhi also kidnaps Ruhi and fakes their deaths. Incensed over the loss, Raman banishes Ishita from the house. Before he can correct his mistake, Ishita attempts suicide, leaving everyone to think she is dead, while she was actually saved by her friend Mani.
After living in Australia with Mani, Ishita returns to India and meets Raman, who feels betrayed that she lived away from him for so many years. Ishita and Raman learn that Ruhi is alive and living as pop star Ruhaan. In order to win her back, they mend their relationship. This disappoints Pihu, who believes that Raman and Shagun are her parents. Raman and Ishita get Shagun and Mani married, but afterward, Shagun turns Pihu rebellious.
Adi and Mani 's niece, Aliya fall in love. Ishita and Raman get remarried. After Pihu learns that Ishita is her real mother, Mani and Shagun decide to leave the country with her. Raman desperately goes with them, in hopes of counteracting Shagun 's influence.
Shagun, Mani, Aliya and Pihu have been living in Bangkok, Thailand with Raman staying nearby to keep an eye on Pihu. Ruhi explains to Pihu the sacrifices that Ishita made for her, leading Pihu to accept Ishita as her mother. Dejected, Shagun returns to India.
After a man tries to blackmail Ruhi, Ishita handles the situation while Raman goes berserk. Upset with Raman 's anger issues, Ishita leaves with Pihu and lives with Shagun, who is pregnant with Mani 's child. Nidhi kills Ishita 's sister, Vandita, and Raman is charged with the crime. Ishita proves his innocence and has Nidhi arrested. Afterward, Adi and Aliya get married.
Mani is presumed dead in an accident and Raman is wrongfully charged again. His innocence is proven when it is revealed that Mani is alive. Ruhi becomes friends with Pihu 's friend, Riya, and develops feelings for Riya 's father, Nikhil. As Nikhil 's true colours are revealed, Ishita and Raman struggle as Ruhi falls in love with the wrong person.
Pihu pushes her cousin Ananya down a staircase in a fatal accident. Ananya dies, Raman 's sister, Simmi, the mother of Ananya, is outraged and demands justice. To protect Pihu, Ishita makes a false confession and is sentenced to life imprisonment, while a disbelieving Raman is left heartbroken. Unknown to Raman, Ashok later reopens the case, proving Ishita 's innocence.
A broken Bhalla family visits Budapest, Hungary for a business trip, where they fall into a trap set by Simmi and Param, Ananya 's parents. Adi is struggling to save his marriage as Aliya develops a gambling addiction. Pihu has been put in a boarding school. Where Simmi torments her. Raman 's depression is exploited with drug abuse, to the point where he has forgotten his family and allowed Param to take over his company. Ishita arrives, aided by Ashok, who has reformed after being diagnosed with terminal cancer.
Back in Delhi, Ishita tries to help Raman regain his memories. Pihu is kidnapped by Nikhil, who is working with Simmi and Param, and Ishita becomes paralysed in the ensuing conflict. The stress causes Raman to have a seizure and Simmi convinces the family that Ishita is the source of the stress. Ishita is warned to stay away or Raman could die.
Simmi frames Aliya for the murder of a money lender, in order to force Ishita to sign divorce papers. With Mihika 's help, Ishita defeats Simmi and Param, who are ousted from the family. Ishita is welcomed back into the family.
It is revealed that Ruhi was molested by Nikhil, but kept silent due to Simmi 's threats. Ishita gets Nikhil arrested and Raman remembers that Ruhi is his daughter. Simmi, still vengeful, shoots Ishita. Ishita is taken to the hospital, where Raman is convinced he shot her. Ishita becomes blind and Raman wants to be sent to an asylum, as he thinks he is a danger. Ashok dies by saving Ishita who heals. A happy Raman decides to take Ishita on a trip to London where Romi, Adi, Shagun and Aliya also arrived for their separate reasons and they all meet Roshni there. An anonymous woman named Sonakshi Gupta in London who may be a spirit appears to possess Ishita. Meanwhile, Adi starts to feel for Roshni. But soon in India, the same anonymous lady follows Ishita and during an encounter with her, Ishita seeks the truth. All planning and plotting of that lady came to a tragic end when Ishita captures her. A shocking truth came into light when the woman told that she is not a spirit and not Sonakshi Gupta but she is, Aarushi, the twin sister of Sonakshi. She also reveals that Sonakshi committed suicide because of Raman 's illegal recruitment business of which Sonakshi had fallen a prey to. Aarushi wanted to take the revenge of her sister Sonakshi 's death from Raman. Later, Ishita comes to know that the master mind behind this is Kiran (Raman 's business partner) and through Kiran, they come to know that Suraj (Ashok 's brother) is behind this. Meanwhile, Adi is obsessed in the love of Roshni. Adi and Aliya 's relationship becomes worse. Later, Ruhi informs Ishita that Adi is the real mastermind who is doing fraud business with Suraj. Meanwhile, Simmi comes to know about Ananya 's death 's mystery while Ishita were discussing. Adi forces Aliya to give divorce and Aliya goes to Ishita and tells about Adi. Raman throws Adi out of the house. Roshni agrees to marry Shantanu which is suggested by Shagun. Later, Adi kidnaps Roshni at the temple and takes her to a hill top. Meanwhile, Simmi tells the judge to arrest Pihu and Pihu is sentenced to live in juvenile home for 8 months. The season ends with Ishita being forced to shoot Adi and Adi dies.
Pihu is back from juvenile house. Ishita and Raman went to receive Pihu. There it was revealed that the whole Bhalla and Iyer family (except for Ruhi, Bala and Kiran) rejected Ishita. It is then revealed that Roshni is pregnant with Adi 's child. Ishita is blamed by everyone for Adi 's death.
The series, produced by Ekta Kapoor and Shobha Kapoor under the banner Balaji Telefilms is a family drama and also a love story. The show premiered at 11: 00 pm (IST) on Monday on 3 December 2013 and airs episodes from Monday to Friday. Talking about the show, Ekta said, "My association with Star goes back a long way. We have together celebrated many successes and created iconic characters through generations. I look forward to working with them closely on this show and I am sure that the viewers will accept Ishita & Raman into their families ''. The show was initially called Mera Tera Rishta Purana but was changed to Ye Hai Mohabbatein.
Television actress Divyanka Tripathi (who is known for her role as Vidya in Banoo Main Teri Dulhann) was selected by Kapoor to play the lead role of Ishita. Cezanne Khan (of Kasautii Zindagii Kay fame) was first approached to play Raman, the male lead opposite Tripathi, but was replaced by Karan Patel. Child artist Ruhanika Dhawan was chosen to play the important character of Ruhi. Actress and Bigg Boss 6 fame Sayantani Ghosh was first considered but later Anita Hassanandani was selected to play the main negative role of the show of Shagun. The other cast included Aly Goni, Mihika Verma, Shruti Bapna, Neena Kulkarni, Shahnaz Rizwan, Kaushal Kapoor, Abhay Bhargava and Gautam Ahuja.
As of January 2018, the show has received 15 Boroplus Gold Awards, 6 Indian Telly Awards, 3 Indian Television Academy Awards, a Big Star Entertainment Award, 2 Lions Gold Awards and an Asian Viewers Television Award. The show has also received 22 Star Parivaar Awards from its originating network, though these can not be said to be impartial.
Despite airing for nearly two years, Ye Hai Mohabbatein was still one of the highest - rated shows on Indian television in January 2016 when it was ranked third in TRP (Target Rating Point) ratings chart. Starting in January 2017, the show begun to falter in the TRP ratings when the show 's focus shifted to the new generation. Nevertheless, the show is very popular in the UK, being the most - watched Indian show. The climax of Ruhi - Nikhil track leading to Ananya 's death brought a sudden spike in the ratings in the first week of November 2017 (week 44) and the series secured a place amongst the Top 10 shows after almost a year off this ranking. With the Budapest track and the focus back on the main leads, the show reached the Top 5 in the second week of November 2017 (week 45). In week 46 the show further climbed to the 4th spot on the TRP chart, thus becoming the most - watched show on STAR Plus. In week 47 the show remained at No. 4 on the TRP charts and continued to be the most - watched show on STAR Plus. The show continued to do well maintaining its No. 1 position on STAR Plus in the following weeks. In week 51, Ye Hai Mohabbatein emerged as the most - watched show across all Hindi GECs.
The show has been remade in several languages:
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in japan what is the name used for the complex herbal medications brought from china | Traditional Chinese medicine - wikipedia
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM; simplified Chinese: 中医; traditional Chinese: 中醫; pinyin: Zhōngyī) is a style of traditional medicine informed by modern medicine but built on a foundation of more than 2,500 years of Chinese medical practice that includes various forms of herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage (tui na), exercise (qigong), and dietary therapy. It is primarily used as a complementary alternative medicine approach. TCM is widely used in China and is becoming increasingly available in Europe and North America.
One of the basic tenets of TCM "holds that the body 's vital energy (chi or qi) circulates through channels, called meridians, that have branches connected to bodily organs and functions. '' Concepts of the body and of disease used in TCM reflect its ancient origins and its emphasis on dynamic processes over material structure, similar to European humoral theory. Scientific investigation has not found histological or physiological evidence for traditional Chinese concepts such as qi, meridians, and acupuncture points. The TCM theory and practice are not based upon scientific knowledge, and there is disagreement between TCM practitioners on what diagnosis and treatments should be used for any given patient. The effectiveness of Chinese herbal medicine remains poorly researched and documented. There are concerns over a number of potentially toxic plants, animal parts, and mineral Chinese medicinals. There are also concerns over illegal trade and transport of endangered species including rhinoceroses and tigers, and the welfare of specially farmed animals including bears. A review of cost - effectiveness research for TCM found that studies had low levels of evidence, but so far have not shown benefit outcomes. Pharmaceutical research has explored the potential for creating new drugs from traditional remedies, with few successful results. A Nature editorial described TCM as "fraught with pseudoscience '', and said that the most obvious reason why it has n't delivered many cures is that the majority of its treatments have no logical mechanism of action. Proponents propose that research has so far missed key features of the art of TCM, such as unknown interactions between various ingredients and complex interactive biological systems.
The doctrines of Chinese medicine are rooted in books such as the Yellow Emperor 's Inner Canon and the Treatise on Cold Damage, as well as in cosmological notions such as yin - yang and the five phases. Starting in the 1950s, these precepts were standardized in the People 's Republic of China, including attempts to integrate them with modern notions of anatomy and pathology. In the 1950s, the Chinese government promoted a systematized form of TCM.
TCM 's view of the body places little emphasis on anatomical structures, but is mainly concerned with the identification of functional entities (which regulate digestion, breathing, aging etc.). While health is perceived as the harmonious interaction of these entities and the outside world, disease is interpreted as a disharmony in interaction. TCM diagnosis aims to trace symptoms to patterns of an underlying disharmony, by measuring the pulse, inspecting the tongue, skin, and eyes, and looking at the eating and sleeping habits of the person as well as many other things.
Traces of therapeutic activities in China date from the Shang dynasty (14th -- 11th centuries BC). Though the Shang did not have a concept of "medicine '' as distinct from other fields, their oracular inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells refer to illnesses that affected the Shang royal family: eye disorders, toothaches, bloated abdomen, etc., which Shang elites usually attributed to curses sent by their ancestors. There is no evidence that the Shang nobility used herbal remedies. According to a 2006 overview, the "Documentation of Chinese materia medica (CMM) dates back to around 1,100 BC when only dozens of drugs were first described. By the end of the 16th century, the number of drugs documented had reached close to 1,900. And by the end of the last century, published records of CMM had reached 12,800 drugs. ''
Stone and bone needles found in ancient tombs led Joseph Needham to speculate that acupuncture might have been carried out in the Shang dynasty. This being said, most historians now make a distinction between medical lancing (or bloodletting) and acupuncture in the narrower sense of using metal needles to treat illnesses by stimulating specific points along circulation channels ("meridians '') in accordance with theories related to the circulation of Qi. The earliest evidence for acupuncture in this sense dates to the second or first century BC.
The Yellow Emperor 's Inner Canon, the oldest received work of Chinese medical theory, was compiled around the first century BC on the basis of shorter texts from different medical lineages. Written in the form of dialogues between the legendary Yellow Emperor and his ministers, it offers explanations on the relation between humans, their environment, and the cosmos, on the contents of the body, on human vitality and pathology, on the symptoms of illness, and on how to make diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in light of all these factors. Unlike earlier texts like Recipes for Fifty - Two Ailments, which was excavated in the 1970s from a tomb that had been sealed in 168 BC, the Inner Canon rejected the influence of spirits and the use of magic. It was also one of the first books in which the cosmological doctrines of Yinyang and the Five Phases were brought to a mature synthesis.
The Treatise on Cold Damage Disorders and Miscellaneous Illnesses was collated by Zhang Zhongjing sometime between 196 and 220 CE; at the end of the Han dynasty. Focusing on drug prescriptions rather than acupuncture, it was the first medical work to combine Yinyang and the Five Phases with drug therapy. This formulary was also the earliest public Chinese medical text to group symptoms into clinically useful "patterns '' (zheng 證) that could serve as targets for therapy. Having gone through numerous changes over time, the formulary now circulates as two distinct books: the Treatise on Cold Damage Disorders and the Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Casket, which were edited separately in the eleventh century, under the Song dynasty.
In the centuries that followed the completion of the Yellow Emperor 's Inner Canon, several shorter books tried to summarize or systematize its contents. The Canon of Problems (probably second century CE) tried to reconcile divergent doctrines from the Inner Canon and developed a complete medical system centered on needling therapy. The AB Canon of Acupuncture and Moxibustion (Zhenjiu jiayi jing 針灸 甲乙 經, compiled by Huangfu Mi sometime between 256 and 282 CE) assembled a consistent body of doctrines concerning acupuncture; whereas the Canon of the Pulse (Maijing 脈 經; ca. 280) presented itself as a "comprehensive handbook of diagnostics and therapy. ''
In 1950, Chairman Mao Zedong made a speech in support of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) which was influenced by political necessity. Zedong believed he and the Chinese Communist Party should promote TCM but he did not personally believe in TCM and he did not use it. In 1952, the president of the Chinese Medical Association said that, "This One Medicine, will possess a basis in modern natural sciences, will have absorbed the ancient and the new, the Chinese and the foreign, all medical achievements -- and will be China 's New Medicine! ''
Indian medicine penetrated into the Chinese world between the 4th and 8th centuries. Ayurveda greatly influenced traditional Chinese medicine during its formation Accupunture may have origin in ancient India Indian medical knowledge of internal medicine, surgery, obstetrics, gynecology, pediatrics, ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and dentistry was brought in China. Kashyapa Samhita was translated into Chinese during the Middle Ages. Kashyapa Samhita specially deals with pediatrics, gynecology, and obstetrics Another Indian medical work Kumara Tantra of Ravana, which mainly deals with paediatric diseases, was translated into Chinese. According to book of sui and Book of Tang eleven Indian medical works were translated into Chinese. Indian monks introduced surgery in China. Before the arrival of Buddhism surgical techniques were unknown within China Indian monks and translators themselves had a good understanding of medicine. An Shigao translated an Indian medical work into Chinese which dealt with 404 diseases Yijing (monk) went to India and brought back some 400 Buddhist translated texts which includes many medical works like Arsaprasamanasutra (A classic on curing all hemorrhoid - related diseases). Yijing highlight India 's superior medical knowledge, he praised the practise of Fasting among Indians, which they believed could cure imbalances of body within a matter of days. In China he Introduced hygiene practised in India. Formulae for lung diseases were imported from India during the Tang dynasty. Indian ophthalmologists also practiced medicine in China. Liu Yuxi wrote a poem about Indian Brahman who was an expert in removing cataracts with a golden needle. Influence of Buddhists four element theory is clearly seen in Tao Hongjing writings. Indian medicine has a profound influence on Physician Sun Simiao 's medical work. In his work, he attributes many formulae to Jivaka Komarabhacca. Sun Simiao mention many Indian surgical techniques for treatment of cataracts, glaucoma and other eye diseases Wang Tao also incorporated Indian ideas of medicine Ishinpō of Tanba Yasuyori records over ninety articles attributed to Indian physician jivaka
These include Zhang Zhongjing, Hua Tuo, Sun Simiao, Tao Hongjing, Zhang Jiegu, and Li Shizhen.
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a broad range of medicine practices sharing common concepts which have been developed in China and are based on a tradition of more than 2,000 years, including various forms of herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage (Tui na), exercise (qigong), and dietary therapy. It is primarily used as a complementary alternative medicine approach. TCM is widely used in China and it is also used in the West. Its philosophy is based on Yinyangism (i.e., the combination of Five Phases theory with Yin - yang theory), which was later absorbed by Daoism.
Yin and yang are ancient Chinese concepts which can be traced back to the Shang dynasty (1600 -- 1100 BC). They represent two abstract and complementary aspects that every phenomenon in the universe can be divided into. Primordial analogies for these aspects are the sun - facing (yang) and the shady (yin) side of a hill. Two other commonly used representational allegories of yin and yang are water and fire. In the ying - yang theory, detailed attributions are made regarding the yin or yang character of things:
The concept of yin and yang is also applicable to the human body; for example, the upper part of the body and the back are assigned to yang, while the lower part of the body are believed to have the yin character. Yin and yang characterization also extends to the various body functions, and -- more importantly -- to disease symptoms (e.g., cold and heat sensations are assumed to be yin and yang symptoms, respectively). Thus, yin and yang of the body are seen as phenomena whose lack (or over-abundance) comes with characteristic symptom combinations:
TCM also identifies drugs believed to treat these specific symptom combinations, i.e., to reinforce yin and yang.
Five Phases (五行, pinyin: wǔ xíng), sometimes also translated as the "Five Elements '' theory, presumes that all phenomena of the universe and nature can be broken down into five elemental qualities -- represented by wood (木, pinyin: mù), fire (火 pinyin: huǒ), earth (土, pinyin: tǔ), metal (金, pinyin: jīn), and water (水, pinyin: shuǐ). In this way, lines of correspondence can be drawn:
Strict rules are identified to apply to the relationships between the Five Phases in terms of sequence, of acting on each other, of counteraction, etc. All these aspects of Five Phases theory constitute the basis of the zàng - fǔ concept, and thus have great influence regarding the TCM model of the body. Five Phase theory is also applied in diagnosis and therapy.
Correspondences between the body and the universe have historically not only been seen in terms of the Five Elements, but also of the "Great Numbers '' (大 數, pinyin: dà shū) For example, the number of acu - points has at times been seen to be 365, corresponding with the number of days in a year; and the number of main meridians -- 12 -- has been seen as corresponding with the number of rivers flowing through the ancient Chinese empire.
TCM "holds that the body 's vital energy (chi or qi) circulates through channels, called meridians, that have branches connected to bodily organs and functions. '' Its view of the human body is only marginally concerned with anatomical structures, but focuses primarily on the body 's functions (such as digestion, breathing, temperature maintenance, etc.):
"The tendency of Chinese thought is to seek out dynamic functional activity rather than to look for the fixed somatic structures that perform the activities. Because of this, the Chinese have no system of anatomy comparable to that of the West. ''
These functions are aggregated and then associated with a primary functional entity -- for instance, nourishment of the tissues and maintenance of their moisture are seen as connected functions, and the entity postulated to be responsible for these functions is xuě (blood). These functional entities thus constitute concepts rather than something with biochemical or anatomical properties.
The primary functional entities used by traditional Chinese medicine are qì, xuě, the five zàng organs, the six fǔ organs, and the meridians which extend through the organ systems. These are all theoretically interconnected: each zàng organ is paired with a fǔ organ, which are nourished by the blood and concentrate qi for a particular function, with meridians being extensions of those functional systems throughout the body.
Concepts of the body and of disease used in TCM have notions of a pre-scientific culture, similar to European humoral theory. -- TCM is characterized as full of pseudoscience. Some practitioners no longer consider yin and yang and the idea of an energy flow to apply. Scientific investigation has not found any histological or physiological evidence for traditional Chinese concepts such as qi, meridians, and acupuncture points. It is a generally held belief within the acupuncture community that acupuncture points and meridians structures are special conduits for electrical signals but no research has established any consistent anatomical structure or function for either acupuncture points or meridians. The scientific evidence for the anatomical existence of either meridians or acupuncture points is not compelling. Stephen Barrett of Quackwatch writes that, "TCM theory and practice are not based upon the body of knowledge related to health, disease, and health care that has been widely accepted by the scientific community. TCM practitioners disagree among themselves about how to diagnose patients and which treatments should go with which diagnoses. Even if they could agree, the TCM theories are so nebulous that no amount of scientific study will enable TCM to offer rational care. ''
TCM has been the subject of controversy within China. In 2006, the Chinese scholar Zhang Gongyao triggered a national debate when he published an article entitled "Farewell to Traditional Chinese Medicine, '' arguing that TCM was a pseudoscience that should be abolished in public healthcare and academia. The Chinese government however, interested in the opportunity of export revenues, took the stance that TCM is a science and continued to encourage its development.
TCM distinguishes many kinds of qi (simplified Chinese: 气; traditional Chinese: 氣; pinyin: qì). In a general sense, qi is something that is defined by five "cardinal functions '':
Vacuity of qi will be characterized especially by pale complexion, lassitude of spirit, lack of strength, spontaneous sweating, laziness to speak, non-digestion of food, shortness of breath (especially on exertion), and a pale and enlarged tongue.
Qi is believed to be partially generated from food and drink, and partially from air (by breathing). Another considerable part of it is inherited from the parents and will be consumed in the course of life.
TCM uses special terms for qi running inside of the blood vessels and for qi that is distributed in the skin, muscles, and tissues between those. The former is called yíng - qì (simplified Chinese: 营 气; traditional Chinese: 營 氣); its function is to complement xuè and its nature has a strong yin aspect (although qi in general is considered to be yang). The latter is called weì - qì (simplified Chinese: 卫 气; traditional Chinese: 衛 氣); its main function is defence and it has pronounced yang nature.
Qi is said to circulate in the meridians. Just as the qi held by each of the zang - fu organs, this is considered to be part of the ' principal ' qi (simplified Chinese: 元气; traditional Chinese: 元氣; pinyin: yuánqì) of the body (also called 真 氣 Chinese: 真 气; pinyin: zhēn qì, ' ' true ' ' qi, or 原 氣 Chinese: 原 气; pinyin: yuán qì, ' ' original ' ' qi).
In contrast to the majority of other functional entities, xuè (血, "blood '') is correlated with a physical form -- the red liquid running in the blood vessels. Its concept is, nevertheless, defined by its functions: nourishing all parts and tissues of the body, safeguarding an adequate degree of moisture, and sustaining and soothing both consciousness and sleep.
Typical symptoms of a lack of xuě (usually termed "blood vacuity '' (血 虚, pinyin: xuě xū)) are described as: Pale - white or withered - yellow complexion, dizziness, flowery vision, palpitations, insomnia, numbness of the extremities; pale tongue; "fine '' pulse.
Closely related to xuě are the jīnyė (津液, usually translated as "body fluids ''), and just like xuě they are considered to be yin in nature, and defined first and foremost by the functions of nurturing and moisturizing the different structures of the body. Their other functions are to harmonize yin and yang, and to help with the secretion of waste products.
Jīnyė are ultimately extracted from food and drink, and constitute the raw material for the production of xuě; conversely, xuě can also be transformed into jīnyė. Their palpable manifestations are all bodily fluids: tears, sputum, saliva, gastric acid, joint fluid, sweat, urine, etc.
The zàng - fǔ (simplified Chinese: 脏腑; traditional Chinese: 臟腑) constitute the centre piece of TCM 's systematization of bodily functions. Bearing the names of organs, they are, however, only secondarily tied to (rudimentary) anatomical assumptions (the fǔ a little more, the zàng much less). As they are primarily defined by their functions, they are not equivalent to the anatomical organs -- to highlight this fact, their names are usually capitalized.
The term zàng (臟) refers to the five entities considered to be yin in nature -- Heart, Liver, Spleen, Lung, Kidney --, while fǔ (腑) refers to the six yang organs -- Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Gallbladder, Urinary Bladder, Stomach and Sānjiaō.
The zàng 's essential functions consist in production and storage of qì and xuě; they are said to regulate digestion, breathing, water metabolism, the musculoskeletal system, the skin, the sense organs, aging, emotional processes, and mental activity, among other structures and processes. The fǔ organs ' main purpose is merely to transmit and digest (傳 化, pinyin: chuán - huà) substances such as waste and food.
Since their concept was developed on the basis of Wǔ Xíng philosophy, each zàng is paired with a fǔ, and each zàng - fǔ pair is assigned to one of five elemental qualities (i.e., the Five Elements or Five Phases). These correspondences are stipulated as:
The zàng - fǔ are also connected to the twelve standard meridians -- each yang meridian is attached to a fǔ organ, and five of the yin meridians are attached to a zàng. As there are only five zàng but six yin meridians, the sixth is assigned to the Pericardium, a peculiar entity almost similar to the Heart zàng.
The meridians (经络, pinyin: jīng - luò) are believed to be channels running from the zàng - fǔ in the interior (里, pinyin: lǐ) of the body to the limbs and joints ("the surface '' (表, pinyin: biaǒ)), transporting qi and xuĕ. TCM identifies 12 "regular '' and 8 "extraordinary '' meridians; the Chinese terms being 十 二 经脉 (pinyin: shí - èr jīngmài, lit. "the Twelve Vessels '') and 奇 经 八 脉 (pinyin: qí jīng bā mài) respectively. There 's also a number of less customary channels branching from the "regular '' meridians.
In general, disease is perceived as a disharmony (or imbalance) in the functions or interactions of yin, yang, qi, xuĕ, zàng - fǔ, meridians etc. and / or of the interaction between the human body and the environment. Therapy is based on which "pattern of disharmony '' can be identified. Thus, "pattern discrimination '' is the most important step in TCM diagnosis. It is also known to be the most difficult aspect of practicing TCM.
In order to determine which pattern is at hand, practitioners will examine things like the color and shape of the tongue, the relative strength of pulse - points, the smell of the breath, the quality of breathing or the sound of the voice. For example, depending on tongue and pulse conditions, a TCM practitioner might diagnose bleeding from the mouth and nose as: "Liver fire rushes upwards and scorches the Lung, injuring the blood vessels and giving rise to reckless pouring of blood from the mouth and nose. '' He might then go on to prescribe treatments designed to clear heat or supplement the Lung.
In TCM, a disease has two aspects: "bìng '' and "zhèng ''. The former is often translated as "disease entity '', "disease category '', "illness '', or simply "diagnosis ''. The latter, and more important one, is usually translated as "pattern '' (or sometimes also as "syndrome ''). For example, the disease entity of a common cold might present with a pattern of wind - cold in one person, and with the pattern of wind - heat in another.
From a scientific point of view, most of the disease entitites (病, pinyin: bìng) listed by TCM constitute mere symptoms. Examples include headache, cough, abdominal pain, constipation etc.
Since therapy will not be chosen according to the disease entity but according to the pattern, two people with the same disease entity but different patterns will receive different therapy. Vice versa, people with similar patterns might receive similar therapy even if their disease entities are different. This is called 异 病 同治, 同 病 异 治 (pinyin: yì bìng tóng zhì, tóng bìng yì zhì, "different diseases, same treatment; same disease, different treatments '').
In TCM, "pattern '' (证, pinyin: zhèng) refers to a "pattern of disharmony '' or "functional disturbance '' within the functional entities the TCM model of the body is composed of. There are disharmony patterns of qi, xuě, the body fluids, the zàng - fǔ, and the meridians. They are ultimately defined by their symptoms and "signs '' (i.e., for example, pulse and tongue findings).
In clinical practice, the identified pattern usually involves a combination of affected entities (compare with typical examples of patterns). The concrete pattern identified should account for all the symptoms a person has.
The Six Excesses (六 淫, pinyin: liù yín, sometimes also translated as "Pathogenic Factors '', or "Six Pernicious Influences ''; with the alternative term of 六 邪, pinyin: liù xié, -- "Six Evils '' or "Six Devils '') are allegorical terms used to describe disharmony patterns displaying certain typical symptoms. These symptoms resemble the effects of six climatic factors. In the allegory, these symptoms can occur because one or more of those climatic factors (called 六 气, pinyin: liù qì, "the six qi '') were able to invade the body surface and to proceed to the interior. This is sometimes used to draw causal relationships (i.e., prior exposure to wind / cold / etc. is identified as the cause of a disease), while other authors explicitly deny a direct cause - effect relationship between weather conditions and disease, pointing out that the Six Excesses are primarily descriptions of a certain combination of symptoms translated into a pattern of disharmony. It is undisputed, though, that the Six Excesses can manifest inside the body without an external cause. In this case, they might be denoted "internal '', e.g., "internal wind '' or "internal fire (or heat) ''.
The Six Excesses and their characteristic clinical signs are:
Six - Excesses - patterns can consist of only one or a combination of Excesses (e.g., wind - cold, wind - damp - heat). They can also transform from one into another.
For each of the functional entities (qi, xuĕ, zàng - fǔ, meridians etc.), typical disharmony patterns are recognized; for example: qi vacuity and qi stagnation in the case of qi; blood vacuity, blood stasis, and blood heat in the case of xuĕ; Spleen qi vacuity, Spleen yang vacuity, Spleen qi vacuity with down - bearing qi, Spleen qi vacuity with lack of blood containment, cold - damp invasion of the Spleen, damp - heat invasion of Spleen and Stomach in case of the Spleen zàng; wind / cold / damp invasion in the case of the meridians.
TCM gives detailed prescriptions of these patterns regarding their typical symptoms, mostly including characteristic tongue and / or pulse findings. For example:
The process of determining which actual pattern is on hand is called 辩证 (pinyin: biàn zhèng, usually translated as "pattern diagnosis '', "pattern identification '' or "pattern discrimination ''). Generally, the first and most important step in pattern diagnosis is an evaluation of the present signs and symptoms on the basis of the "Eight Principles '' (八 纲, pinyin: bā gāng). These eight principles refer to four pairs of fundamental qualities of a disease: exterior / interior, heat / cold, vacuity / repletion, and yin / yang. Out of these, heat / cold and vacuity / repletion have the biggest clinical importance. The yin / yang quality, on the other side, has the smallest importance and is somewhat seen aside from the other three pairs, since it merely presents a general and vague conclusion regarding what other qualities are found. In detail, the Eight Principles refer to the following:
After the fundamental nature of a disease in terms of the Eight Principles is determined, the investigation focuses on more specific aspects. By evaluating the present signs and symptoms against the background of typical disharmony patterns of the various entities, evidence is collected whether or how specific entities are affected. This evaluation can be done
There are also three special pattern diagnosis systems used in case of febrile and infectious diseases only ("Six Channel system '' or "six division pattern '' (六 经 辩证, pinyin: liù jīng biàn zhèng); "Wei Qi Ying Xue system '' or "four division pattern '' (卫 气 营 血 辩证, pinyin: weì qì yíng xuě biàn zhèng); "San Jiao system '' or "three burners pattern '' (三角 辩证, pinyin: sānjiaō biàn zhèng)).
Although TCM and its concept of disease do not strongly differentiate between cause and effect, pattern discrimination can include considerations regarding the disease cause; this is called 病因 辩证 (pinyin: bìngyīn biàn zhèng, "disease - cause pattern discrimination '').
There are three fundamental categories of disease causes (三 因, pinyin: sān yīn) recognized:
In TCM, there are five diagnostic methods: inspection, auscultation, olfaction, inquiry, and palpation.
Examination of the tongue and the pulse are among the principal diagnostic methods in TCM. Certain sectors of the tongue 's surface are believed to correspond to the zàng - fŭ. For example, teeth marks on one part of the tongue might indicate a problem with the Heart, while teeth marks on another part of the tongue might indicate a problem with the Liver.
Pulse palpation involves measuring the pulse both at a superficial and at a deep level at three different locations on the radial artery (Cun, Guan, Chi, located two fingerbreadths from the wrist crease, one fingerbreadth from the wrist crease, and right at the wrist crease, respectively, usually palpated with the index, middle and ring finger) of each arm, for a total of twelve pulses, all of which are thought to correspond with certain zàng - fŭ. The pulse is examined for several characteristics including rhythm, strength and volume, and described with qualities like "floating, slippery, bolstering - like, feeble, thready and quick ''; each of these qualities indicate certain disease patterns. Learning TCM pulse diagnosis can take several years.
The term "herbal medicine '' is somewhat misleading in that, while plant elements are by far the most commonly used substances in TCM, other, non-botanic substances are used as well: animal, human, and mineral products are also utilized. Thus, the term "medicinal '' (instead of herb) is usually preferred.
Typically, one batch of medicinals is prepared as a decoction of about 9 to 18 substances. Some of these are considered as main herbs, some as ancillary herbs; within the ancillary herbs, up to three categories can be distinguished.
There are roughly 13,000 medicinals used in China and over 100,000 medicinal recipes recorded in the ancient literature. Plant elements and extracts are by far the most common elements used. In the classic Handbook of Traditional Drugs from 1941, 517 drugs were listed -- out of these, 45 were animal parts, and 30 were minerals.
Some animal parts used as medicinals can be considered rather strange such as cows ' gallstones, hornet 's nest, leech, and scorpion. Other examples of animal parts include horn of the antelope or buffalo, deer antlers, testicles and penis bone of the dog, and snake bile. Some TCM textbooks still recommend preparations containing animal tissues, but there has been little research to justify the claimed clinical efficacy of many TCM animal products.
Some medicinals can include the parts of endangered species, including tiger bones and rhinoceros horn which is used for many ailments (though not as an aphrodisiac as is commonly misunderstood by the West). The black market in rhinoceros horn (driven not just by TCM but also unrelated status - seeking) has reduced the world 's rhino population by more than 90 percent over the past 40 years. Concerns have also arisen over the use of pangolin scales, turtle plastron, seahorses, and the gill plates of mobula and manta rays. Poachers hunt restricted or endangered species animals to supply the black market with TCM products. There is no scientific evidence of efficacy for tiger medicines. Concern over China considering to legalize the trade in tiger parts prompted the 171 - nation Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) to endorse a decision opposing the resurgence of trade in tigers. Fewer than 30,000 saiga antelopes remain, which are exported to China for use in traditional fever therapies. Organized gangs illegally export the horn of the antelopes to China. The pressures on seahorses (Hippocampus spp.) used in traditional medicine is enormous; tens of millions of animals are unsustainably caught annually. Many species of syngnathid are currently part of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species or national equivalents.
Since TCM recognizes bear bile as a medicinal, more than 12,000 asiatic black bears are held in bear farms. The bile is extracted through a permanent hole in the abdomen leading to the gall bladder, which can cause severe pain. This can lead to bears trying to kill themselves. As of 2012, approximately 10,000 bears are farmed in China for their bile. This practice has spurred public outcry across the country. The bile is collected from live bears via a surgical procedure. The deer penis is believed to have therapeutic benefits according to traditional Chinese medicine. It is typically very big and, proponents believe, in order to preserve its properties, it should be extracted from a living deer. Medicinal tiger parts from poached animals include tiger penis, believed to improve virility, and tiger eyes. The illegal trade for tiger parts in China has driven the species to near - extinction because of its popularity in traditional medicine. Laws protecting even critically endangered species such as the Sumatran tiger fail to stop the display and sale of these items in open markets. Shark fin soup is traditionally regarded in Chinese medicine as beneficial for health in East Asia, and its status as an elite dish has led to huge demand with the increase of affluence in China, devastating shark populations. The shark fins have been a part of traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. Shark finning is banned in many countries, but the trade is thriving in Hong Kong and China, where the fins are part of shark fin soup, a dish considered a delicacy, and used in some types of traditional Chinese medicine.
The tortoise (Freshwater turtle - guiban) and the turtle (Chinese softshell turtle - biejia) species used in traditional Chinese medicine are raised on farms, while restrictions are made on the accumulation and export of other endangered species. However, issues concerning the overexploitation of Asian turtles in China have not been completely solved. Australian scientists have developed methods to identify medicines containing DNA traces of endangered species. Finally, although not an endangered species, sharp rises in exports of donkeys and donkey hide from Africa to China to make the traditional remedy ejiao have prompted export restrictions by some African countries.
Traditional Chinese Medicine also includes some human parts: the classic Materia medica (Bencao Gangmu) describes the use of 35 human body parts and excreta in medicines, including bones, fingernail, hairs, dandruff, earwax, impurities on the teeth, feces, urine, sweat, organs, but most are no longer in use.
Human placenta has been used an ingredient in certain traditional Chinese medicines, including using dried human placenta, known as "Ziheche '', to treat infertility, impotence and other conditions. The consumption of the human placenta is a potential source of infection.
The traditional categorizations and classifications that can still be found today are:
The classification according to the Four Natures (四 气, pinyin: sì qì): hot, warm, cool, or cold (or, neutral in terms of temperature) and hot and warm herbs are used to treat cold diseases, while cool and cold herbs are used to treat heat diseases.
The classification according to the Five Flavors, (五味, pinyin: wǔ wèi, sometimes also translated as Five Tastes): acrid, sweet, bitter, sour, and salty. Substances may also have more than one flavor, or none (i.e., a "bland '' flavor). Each of the Five Flavors corresponds to one of zàng organs, which in turn corresponds to one of the Five Phases. A flavor implies certain properties and therapeutic actions of a substance; e.g., saltiness drains downward and softens hard masses, while sweetness is supplementing, harmonizing, and moistening.
The classification according to the meridian -- more precise, the zàng - organ including its associated meridian -- which can be expected to be primarily affected by a given medicinal.
The categorization according to the specific function mainly include: exterior - releasing or exterior - resolving, heat - clearing, downward - draining, or precipitating wind - damp - dispelling, dampness - transforming, promoting the movement of water and percolating dampness or dampness - percolating, interior - warming, qi - regulating or qi - rectifying, dispersing food accumulation or food - dispersing, worm - expelling, stopping bleeding or blood - stanching, quickening the Blood and dispelling stasis or blood - quickening, transforming phlegm, stopping coughing and calming wheezing or phlegm - transforming and cough - and panting - suppressing, Spirit - quieting, calming the liver and expelling wind or liver - calming and wind - extinguishingl orifice - openingl supplementing which includes qi - supplementing, blood - nourishing, yin - enriching, and yang - fortifying, astriction - promoting or securing and astringing, vomiting - inducing, and substances for external application.
As of 2007 there were not enough good - quality trials of herbal therapies to allow their effectiveness to be determined. A high percentage of relevant studies on traditional Chinese medicine are in Chinese databases. Fifty percent of systematic reviews on TCM did not search Chinese databases, which could lead to a bias in the results. Many systematic reviews of TCM interventions published in Chinese journals are incomplete, some contained errors or were misleading. The herbs recommended by traditional Chinese practitioners in the US are unregulated.
A 2013 review found the data too weak to support use of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) for benign prostatic hyperplasia. A 2013 review found the research on the benefit and safety of CHM for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss is of poor quality and can not be relied upon to support their use. A 2013 Cochrane review found inconclusive evidence that CHM reduces the severity of eczema. The traditional medicine ginger, which has shown anti-inflammatory properties in laboratory experiments, has been used to treat rheumatism, headache and digestive and respiratory issues, though there is no firm evidence supporting these uses. A 2012 Cochrane review found no difference in decreased mortality when Chinese herbs were used alongside Western medicine versus Western medicine exclusively. A 2012 Cochrane review found insufficient evidence to support the use of TCM for people with adhesive small bowel obstruction. A 2011 review found low quality evidence that suggests CHM improves the symptoms of Sjogren 's syndrome. A 2010 review found TCM seems to be effective for the treatment of fibromyalgia but the findings were of insufficient methodological rigor. A 2009 Cochrane review found insufficient evidence to recommend the use of TCM for the treatment of epilepsy. A 2008 Cochrane review found promising evidence for the use of Chinese herbal medicine in relieving painful menstruation, but the trials assessed were of such low methodological quality that no conclusion could be drawn about the remedies ' suitability as a recommendable treatment option. Turmeric has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries to treat various conditions. This includes jaundice and hepatic disorders, rheumatism, anorexia, diabetic wounds, and menstrual complications. Most of its effects have been attributed to curcumin. Research that curcumin shows strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities have instigated mechanism of action studies on the possibility for cancer and inflammatory diseases prevention and treatment. It also exhibits immunomodulatory effects. A 2005 Cochrane review found insufficient evidence for the use of CHM in HIV - infected people and people with AIDS. A 2010 Cochrane review found insufficient evidence to support the use of Traditional Chinese Herbal Products (THCP) in the treatment of angina.
With an eye to the enormous Chinese market, pharmaceutical companies have explored the potential for creating new drugs from traditional remedies. A Nature editorial described TCM as "fraught with pseudoscience '', and stated that having "no rational mechanism of action for most of its therapies '' is the "most obvious answer '' to why its study did n't provide a "flood of cures '', while advocates responded that "researchers are missing aspects of the art, notably the interactions between different ingredients in traditional therapies. ''
One of the few successes was the development in the 1970s of the antimalarial drug artemisinin, which is a processed extract of Artemisia annua, a herb traditionally used as a fever treatment. Researcher Tu Youyou discovered that a low - temperature extraction process could isolate an effective antimalarial substance from the plant. She says she was influenced by a traditional source saying that this herb should be steeped in cold water, after initially finding high - temperature extraction unsatisfactory. The extracted substance, once subject to detoxification and purification processes, is a usable antimalarial drug -- a 2012 review found that artemisinin - based remedies were the most effective drugs for the treatment of malaria. For her work on malaria, Tu received the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Despite global efforts in combating malaria, it remains a large burden for the population. Although WHO recommends artemisinin - based remedies for treating uncomplicated malaria, artemisinin resistance can no longer be ignored.
Also in the 1970s Chinese researcher Zhang TingDong and colleagues investigated the potential use of the traditionally used substance arsenic trioxide to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Building on his work, research both in China and the West eventually led to the development of the drug Trisenox, which was approved for leukemia treatment by the FDA in 2000.
Huperzine A, which is extracted from traditional herb Huperzia serrata, has attracted the interest of medical science because of alleged neuroprotective properties. Despite earlier promising results, a 2013 systematic review and meta - analysis found "Huperzine A appears to have beneficial effects on improvement of cognitive function, daily living activity, and global clinical assessment in participants with Alzheimer 's disease. However, the findings should be interpreted with caution due to the poor methodological quality of the included trials. ''
Ephedrine in its natural form, known as má huáng (麻黄) in traditional Chinese medicine, has been documented in China since the Han dynasty (206 BC -- 220 AD) as an antiasthmatic and stimulant. In 1885, the chemical synthesis of ephedrine was first accomplished by Japanese organic chemist Nagai Nagayoshi based on his research on Japanese and Chinese traditional herbal medicines
A 2012 systematic review found there is a lack of available cost - effectiveness evidence in TCM.
From the earliest records regarding the use of medicinals to today, the toxicity of certain substances has been described in all Chinese materiae medicae. Since TCM has become more popular in the Western world, there are increasing concerns about the potential toxicity of many traditional Chinese medicinals including plants, animal parts and minerals. Traditional Chinese herbal remedies are conveniently available from grocery stores in most Chinese neighborhoods; some of these items may contain toxic ingredients, are imported into the U.S. illegally, and are associated with claims of therapeutic benefit without evidence. For most medicinals, efficacy and toxicity testing are based on traditional knowledge rather than laboratory analysis. The toxicity in some cases could be confirmed by modern research (i.e., in scorpion); in some cases it could n't (i.e., in Curculigo). Traditional herbal medicines can contain extremely toxic chemicals and heavy metals, and naturally occurring toxins, which can cause illness, exacerbate pre-existing poor health or result in death. Botanical misidentification of plants can cause toxic reactions in humans. The description on some plants used in traditional Chinese medicine have changed, leading to unintended intoxication of the wrong plants. A concern is also contaminated herbal medicines with microorganisms and fungal toxins, including aflatoxin. Traditional herbal medicines are sometimes contaminated with toxic heavy metals, including lead, arsenic, mercury and cadmium, which inflict serious health risks to consumers. Also, adulteration of some herbal medicine preparations with conventional drugs which may cause serious adverse effects, such as corticosteroids, phenylbutazone, phenytoin, and glibenclamide, has been reported.
Substances known to be potentially dangerous include Aconitum, secretions from the Asiatic toad, powdered centipede, the Chinese beetle (Mylabris phalerata), certain fungi, Aristolochia, Aconitum, Arsenic sulfide (Realgar), mercury sulfide, and cinnabar. Asbestos ore (Actinolite, Yang Qi Shi, 阳 起 石) is used to treat impotence in TCM. Due to galena 's (litharge, lead (II) oxide) high lead content, it is known to be toxic. Lead, mercury, arsenic, copper, cadmium, and thallium have been detected in TCM products sold in the U.S. and China.
To avoid its toxic adverse effects Xanthium sibiricum must be processed. Hepatotoxicity has been reported with products containing Polygonum multiflorum, glycyrrhizin, Senecio and Symphytum. The herbs indicated as being hepatotoxic included Dictamnus dasycarpus, Astragalus membranaceous, and Paeonia lactiflora. Contrary to popular belief, Ganoderma lucidum mushroom extract, as an adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy, appears to have the potential for toxicity. A 2013 review suggested that although the antimalarial herb Artemisia annua may not cause hepatotoxicity, haematotoxicity, or hyperlipidemia, it should be used cautiously during pregnancy due to a potential risk of embryotoxicity at a high dose.
However, many adverse reactions are due to misuse or abuse of Chinese medicine. For example, the misuse of the dietary supplement Ephedra (containing ephedrine) can lead to adverse events including gastrointestinal problems as well as sudden death from cardiomyopathy. Products adulterated with pharmaceuticals for weight loss or erectile dysfunction are one of the main concerns. Chinese herbal medicine has been a major cause of acute liver failure in China.
Acupuncture is the insertion of needles into superficial structures of the body (skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscles) -- usually at acupuncture points (acupoints) -- and their subsequent manipulation; this aims at influencing the flow of qi. According to TCM it relieves pain and treats (and prevents) various diseases.
Acupuncture is often accompanied by moxibustion -- the Chinese characters for acupuncture (simplified Chinese: 针灸; traditional Chinese: 針灸; pinyin: zhēnjiǔ) literally meaning "acupuncture - moxibustion '' -- which involves burning mugwort on or near the skin at an acupuncture point. According to the American Cancer Society, "available scientific evidence does not support claims that moxibustion is effective in preventing or treating cancer or any other disease ''.
In electroacupuncture, an electric current is applied to the needles once they are inserted, in order to further stimulate the respective acupuncture points.
A 2013 editorial by Steven P. Novella and David Colquhoun found that the inconsistency of results of acupuncture studies (i.e. acupuncture relieved pain in some conditions but had no effect in other very similar conditions) suggests false positive results, which may be caused by factors like biased study designs, poor blinding, and the classification of electrified needles (a type of TENS) as a form of acupuncture. The same editorial suggested that given the inability to find consistent results despite more than 3,000 studies of acupuncture, the treatment seems to be a placebo effect and the existing equivocal positive results are noise one expects to see after a large number of studies are performed on an inert therapy. The editorial concluded that the best controlled studies showed a clear pattern, in which the outcome does not rely upon needle location or even needle insertion, and since "these variables are those that define acupuncture, the only sensible conclusion is that acupuncture does not work. ''
A 2012 meta - analysis concluded that the mechanisms of acupuncture "are clinically relevant, but that an important part of these total effects is not due to issues considered to be crucial by most acupuncturists, such as the correct location of points and depth of needling... (but are)... associated with more potent placebo or context effects ''. Commenting on this meta - analysis, both Edzard Ernst and David Colquhoun said the results were of negligible clinical significance.
A 2011 overview of Cochrane reviews found high quality evidence that suggests acupuncture is effective for some but not all kinds of pain. A 2010 systematic review found that there is evidence "that acupuncture provides a short - term clinically relevant effect when compared with a waiting list control or when acupuncture is added to another intervention '' in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Two review articles discussing the effectiveness of acupuncture, from 2008 and 2009, have concluded that there is not enough evidence to conclude that it is effective beyond the placebo effect.
Acupuncture is generally safe when administered using Clean Needle Technique (CNT). Although serious adverse effects are rare, acupuncture is not without risk. Severe adverse effects, including death, have continued to be reported.
Tui na (推拿) is a form of massage akin to acupressure (from which shiatsu evolved). Asian massage is typically administered with the person fully clothed, without the application of grease or oils. Techniques employed may include thumb presses, rubbing, percussion, and assisted stretching.
Qìgōng (气功 or 氣功) is a TCM system of exercise and meditation that combines regulated breathing, slow movement, and focused awareness, purportedly to cultivate and balance qi. One branch of qigong is qigong massage, in which the practitioner combines massage techniques with awareness of the acupuncture channels and points.
Cupping (Chinese: 拔罐; pinyin: báguàn) is a type of Chinese massage, consisting of placing several glass "cups '' (open spheres) on the body. A match is lit and placed inside the cup and then removed before placing the cup against the skin. As the air in the cup is heated, it expands, and after placing in the skin, cools, creating lower pressure inside the cup that allows the cup to stick to the skin via suction. When combined with massage oil, the cups can be slid around the back, offering "reverse - pressure massage ''.
It has not been found to be effective for the treatment of any disease. The 2008 Trick or Treatment book said that no evidence exists of any beneficial effects of cupping for any medical condition.
Gua Sha (Chinese: 刮痧; pinyin: guāshā) is abrading the skin with pieces of smooth jade, bone, animal tusks or horns or smooth stones; until red spots then bruising cover the area to which it is done. It is believed that this treatment is for almost any ailment including cholera. The red spots and bruising take 3 to 10 days to heal, there is often some soreness in the area that has been treated.
Diē - dá (跌 打) or bone - setting is usually practiced by martial artists who know aspects of Chinese medicine that apply to the treatment of trauma and injuries such as bone fractures, sprains, and bruises. Some of these specialists may also use or recommend other disciplines of Chinese medical therapies (or Western medicine in modern times) if serious injury is involved. Such practice of bone - setting (整骨 or 正骨) is not common in the West.
Traditional Chinese characters 陰 and 陽 for the words yin and yang denote different classes of foods, and it is important to consume them in a balanced fashion. The meal sequence should also observe these classes:
Many governments have enacted laws to regulate TCM practice.
From 1 July 2012 Chinese medicine practitioners must be registered under the national registration and accreditation scheme with the Chinese Medicine Board of Australia and meet the Board 's Registration Standards, in order to practice in Australia.
TCM is regulated in five provinces in Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, and Newfoundland.
The Chinese Medicine Council of Hong Kong was established in 1999. It regulates the medicinals and professional standards for TCM practitioners. All TCM practitioners in Hong Kong are required to register with the Council. The eligibility for registration includes a recognised 5 - year university degree of TCM, a 30 - week minimum supervised clinical internship, and passing the licensing exam.
The Traditional and Complementary Medicine Bill was passed by Parliament in 2012 establishing the Traditional and Complementary Medicine Council to register and regulate traditional and complementary medicine practitioners, including traditional Chinese medicine practitioners as well as other traditional and complementary medicine practitioners such as those in traditional Malay medicine and traditional Indian medicine.
The TCM Practitioners Act was passed by Parliament in 2000 and the TCM Practitioners Board was established in 2001 as a statutory board under the Ministry of Health, to register and regulate TCM practitioners. The requirements for registration include possession of a diploma or degree from a TCM educational institution / university on a gazetted list, either structured TCM clinical training at an approved local TCM educational institution or foreign TCM registration together with supervised TCM clinical attachment / practice at an approved local TCM clinic, and upon meeting these requirements, passing the Singapore TCM Physicians Registration Examination (STRE) conducted by the TCM Practitioners Board.
As of July 2012, only six states do not have existing legislation to regulate the professional practice of TCM. These six states are Alabama, Kansas, North Dakota, South Dakota, Oklahoma, and Wyoming. In 1976, California established an Acupuncture Board and became the first state licensing professional acupuncturists.
All traditional medicines, including TCM, are regulated on Indonesian Minister of Health Regulation in 2013 about Traditional Medicine. Traditional Medicine License (Surat Izin Pengobatan Tradisional - SIPT) will be granted to the practitioners whose methods are scientifically recognized as safe and bring the benefit for health. The TCM clinics are registered but there is no explicit regulation for it. The only TCM method which is accepted by medical logic and is empirically proofed is acupuncture. The acupuncturists can get SIPT and participate on health care facilities.
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what kind of fighting was common in the pacific during ww2 | Kamikaze - wikipedia
Kamikaze (神風, (kamikaꜜ͜dze) (listen); "divine wind '' or "spirit wind ''), officially Tokubetsu Kōgekitai (特別 攻撃 隊, "Special Attack Unit ''), were a part of the Japanese Special Attack Units of military aviators who initiated suicide attacks for the Empire of Japan against Allied naval vessels in the closing stages of the Pacific campaign of World War II, designed to destroy warships more effectively than was possible with conventional air attacks. About 3,862 kamikaze pilots died during the war, and more than 7,000 naval personnel were killed by kamikaze attacks.
Kamikaze aircraft were essentially pilot - guided explosive missiles, purpose - built or converted from conventional aircraft. Pilots would attempt to crash their aircraft into enemy ships in what was called a "body attack '' in planes laden with some combination of explosives, bombs, torpedoes and full fuel tanks. Accuracy was much better than a conventional attack, and the payload and explosion larger; about 19 % of kamikaze attacks were successful. A kamikaze could sustain damage which would disable a conventional attacker and still achieve its objective. The goal of crippling or destroying large numbers of Allied ships, particularly aircraft carriers, was considered by the Empire of Japan to be a just reason for sacrificing pilots and aircraft.
These attacks, which began in October 1944, followed several critical military defeats for the Japanese. They had long since lost aerial dominance due to outdated aircraft and the loss of experienced pilots. Japan suffered from a diminishing capacity for war, and a rapidly declining industrial capacity relative to the Allies. Japan was also losing pilots faster than it could train their replacements. In combination, these factors, coupled with the unwillingness to surrender, led to the use of kamikaze tactics as Allied forces advanced towards the Japanese home islands.
While the term kamikaze usually refers to the aerial strikes, it has also been applied to various other suicide attacks. The Japanese military also used or made plans for non-aerial Japanese Special Attack Units, including those involving submarines, human torpedoes, speedboats and divers.
The tradition of death instead of defeat, capture, and shame was deeply entrenched in Japanese military culture. It was one of the primary traditions in the samurai life and the Bushido code: loyalty and honour until death.
The Japanese word kamikaze is usually translated as "divine wind '' (kami is the word for "god '', "spirit '', or "divinity '', and kaze for "wind ''). The word originated from Makurakotoba of waka poetry modifying "Ise '' and has been used since August 1281 to refer to the major typhoons which dispersed Mongolian invasion fleets under Kublai Khan in 1274.
A Japanese monoplane which made a record - breaking flight from Tokyo to London in 1937 for the Asahi newspaper group was named Kamikaze (Divine Wind). She was a prototype for the Mitsubishi Ki - 15 (Babs)
In Japanese, the formal term used for units carrying out suicide attacks during 1944 -- 1945 is tokubetsu kōgeki tai (特別 攻撃 隊), which literally means "special attack unit ''. This is usually abbreviated to tokkōtai (特攻隊). More specifically, air suicide attack units from the Imperial Japanese Navy were officially called shinpū tokubetsu kōgeki tai (神風 特別 攻撃 隊, "divine wind special attack units ''). Shinpū is the on - reading (on'yomi or Chinese - derived pronunciation) of the same characters that form the word kamikaze in Japanese. During World War II, the pronunciation kamikaze was used only informally in the Japanese press in relation to suicide attacks, but after the war this usage gained acceptance worldwide and was re-imported into Japan. As a result, the special attack units are sometimes known in Japan as kamikaze tokubetsu kōgeki tai.
Before the formation of kamikaze units, pilots had made deliberate crashes as a last resort when their planes had suffered severe damage and they did not want to risk being captured, or wanted to do as much damage to the enemy as possible, since they were crashing anyway; such situations occurred in both the Axis and Allied air forces. Axell and Kase see these suicides as "individual, impromptu decisions by men who were mentally prepared to die ''. In most cases, little evidence exists that such hits represented more than accidental collisions of the kind that sometimes happen in intense sea or air battles. One example of this occurred on 7 December 1941 during the attack on Pearl Harbor. First Lieutenant Fusata Iida 's plane had taken a hit and had started leaking fuel when he apparently used it to make a suicide attack on Naval Air Station Kaneohe. Before taking off, he had told his men that if his plane were to become badly damaged he would crash it into a "worthy enemy target ''.
The carrier battles in 1942, particularly Midway, inflicted irreparable damage on the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service (IJNAS), such that they could no longer put together a large number of fleet carriers with well - trained aircrews. Japanese planners had assumed a quick war and lacked comprehensive programmes to replace the losses of ships, pilots, and sailors; at Midway in June 1942, the Japanese lost as many aircrewmen in a single day as their pre-war training program had caused in a year. The following Solomon Islands campaign (1942 - 1945) and the New Guinea campaign (1942 - 1945), notably the Battles of Eastern Solomons (August 1942) and Santa Cruz (October 1942), further decimated the IJNAS veteran aircrews, and replacing their combat experience proved impossible.
During 1943 -- 1944, U.S. forces steadily advanced toward Japan. Newer U.S. - made planes, especially the Grumman F6F Hellcat and Vought F4U Corsair, outclassed and soon outnumbered Japan 's fighter planes. Tropical diseases, as well as shortages of spare parts and fuel, made operations more and more difficult for the IJNAS. By the Battle of the Philippine Sea (June 1944) the Japanese had to make do with obsolete aircraft and inexperienced aviators in the fight against better - trained and more experienced US Navy airmen who flew radar - directed combat air patrols. The Japanese lost over 400 carrier - based planes and pilots in the Battle of the Philippine Sea, effectively putting an end to their carriers ' potency. Allied aviators called the action the "Great Marianas Turkey Shoot ''.
On 19 June 1944, planes from the carrier Chiyoda approached a US task group. According to some accounts, two made suicide attacks, one of which hit USS Indiana.
The important Japanese base of Saipan fell to the Allied forces on 15 July 1944. Its capture provided adequate forward bases which enabled U.S. air forces using the Boeing B - 29 Superfortress to strike at the Japanese home islands. After the fall of Saipan, the Japanese High Command predicted that the Allies would try to capture the Philippines, strategically important to Tokyo because of their location between the oilfields of Southeast Asia and Japan.
Captain Motoharu Okamura, in charge of the Tateyama Base in Tokyo, as well as the 341st Air Group Home, was, according to some sources, the first officer to officially propose kamikaze attack tactics. He arranged, with his superiors, the first investigations on the plausibility and mechanisms of intentional suicide attacks on 15 June 1944.
In August 1944, it was announced by the Domei news agency that a flight instructor named Takeo Tagata was training pilots in Taiwan for suicide missions.
One source claims that the first kamikaze mission occurred on 13 September 1944. A group of pilots from the army 's 31st Fighter Squadron on Negros Island decided to launch a suicide attack the following morning. First Lieutenant Takeshi Kosai and a sergeant were selected. Two 100 kg (220 lb) bombs were attached to two fighters, and the pilots took off before dawn, planning to crash into carriers. They never returned, but there is no record of an enemy plane hitting an Allied ship that day.
According to some sources, on 14 October 1944, USS Reno was hit by a deliberately crashed Japanese plane.
Rear Admiral Masafumi Arima, the commander of the 26th Air Flotilla (part of the 11th Air Fleet), is sometimes credited with inventing the kamikaze tactic. Arima personally led an attack by about 100 Yokosuka D4Y Suisei ("Judy '') dive bombers against a large Essex - class aircraft carrier, USS Franklin, near Leyte Gulf, on (or about, accounts vary) 15 October 1944. Arima was killed and part of a plane hit Franklin. The Japanese high command and propagandists seized on Arima 's example: He was promoted posthumously to Vice Admiral and was given official credit for making the first kamikaze attack. It is not clear that this was a planned suicide attack, and official Japanese accounts of Arima 's attack bore little resemblance to the actual events.
On 17 October 1944, Allied forces assaulted Suluan Island, beginning the Battle of Leyte Gulf. The Imperial Japanese Navy 's 1st Air Fleet, based at Manila, was assigned the task of assisting the Japanese ships which would attempt to destroy Allied forces in Leyte Gulf. That unit had only 40 aircraft: 34 Mitsubishi A6M Zero carrier - based fighters, three Nakajima B6N Tenzan ("Jill '') torpedo bombers, one Mitsubishi G4M ("Betty '') and two Yokosuka P1Y Ginga ("Frances '') land - based bombers, and one additional reconnaissance aircraft. The task facing the Japanese air forces seemed impossible. The 1st Air Fleet commandant, Vice Admiral Takijirō Ōnishi, decided to form a suicide offensive force, the Special Attack Unit. In a meeting at Mabalacat Airfield (known to the U.S. military as Clark Air Base) near Manila, on 19 October, Onishi told officers of the 201st Flying Group headquarters: "I do n't think there would be any other certain way to carry out the operation (to hold the Philippines), than to put a 250 kg bomb on a Zero and let it crash into a U.S. carrier, in order to disable her for a week. ''
Commander Asaichi Tamai asked a group of 23 talented student pilots, all of whom he had trained, to volunteer for the special attack force. All of the pilots raised both of their hands, volunteering to join the operation. Later, Tamai asked Lieutenant Yukio Seki to command the special attack force. Seki is said to have closed his eyes, lowered his head and thought for 10 seconds, before saying: "Please do appoint me to the post. '' Seki became the 24th kamikaze pilot to be chosen. Seki later said: "Japan 's future is bleak if it is forced to kill one of its best pilots '' and "I am not going on this mission for the Emperor or for the Empire... I am going because I was ordered to. ''
The names of four sub-units within the Kamikaze Special Attack Force were Unit Shikishima, Unit Yamato, Unit Asahi, and Unit Yamazakura. These names were taken from a patriotic death poem, Shikishima no Yamato - gokoro wo hito towaba, asahi ni niou yamazakura bana by the Japanese classical scholar, Motoori Norinaga. The poem reads:
If someone asks about the Yamato spirit (Spirit of Old / True Japan) of Shikishima (a poetic name for Japan) -- it is the flowers of yamazakura (mountain cherry blossom) that are fragrant in the Asahi (rising sun).
A less literal translation is:
Ōnishi, addressing this unit, told them that their nobility of spirit would keep the homeland from ruin even in defeat.
Several suicide attacks, carried out during the invasion of Leyte, by Japanese pilots from units other than the Special Attack Force, have been described as the first kamikaze attack. Early on 21 October, a Japanese aircraft, possibly a Navy Aichi D3A dive - bomber or an Army Mitsubishi Ki - 51 (of the 6th Flying Brigade, Imperial Japanese Army Air Force) deliberately crashed into the foremast of the heavy cruiser HMAS Australia. The attack killed 30 personnel, including the cruiser 's captain, Emile Dechaineux, and wounded 64, including the Australian force commander, Commodore John Collins. The Australian official history of the war claimed that this was the first kamikaze attack on an Allied ship, although other sources disagree because it was not a planned attack by a member of the Special Attack Force, but was most likely to have been undertaken on the pilot 's own initiative.
The sinking of the ocean tug USS Sonoma on 24 October is listed in some sources as the first ship lost to a kamikaze strike, but the attack occurred before 25 October, and the aircraft used, a Mitsubishi G4M, was not flown by the original four Special Attack Squadrons.
On 25 October 1944, during the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the Kamikaze Special Attack Force carried out its first mission. Five A6M Zeros, led by Seki, and escorted to the target by leading Japanese ace Hiroyoshi Nishizawa, attacked several escort carriers. One Zero attempted to hit the bridge of USS Kitkun Bay but instead exploded on the port catwalk and cartwheeled into the sea. Two others dived at USS Fanshaw Bay but were destroyed by anti-aircraft fire. The last two ran at USS White Plains. One, under heavy fire and trailing smoke, aborted the attempt on White Plains and instead banked toward USS St. Lo, plowing into the flight deck. Its bomb caused fires that resulted in the bomb magazine exploding, sinking the carrier. By day 's end on 26 October, 55 kamikazes from the Special Attack Force had also damaged the large escort carriers USS Sangamon, Suwannee which had also been struck by a kamikaze at 08: 04 forward of its aft elevator on 25 October, Santee, and the smaller escorts USS White Plains, Kalinin Bay, and Kitkun Bay. In total, seven carriers were hit, as well as 40 other ships (five sunk, 23 heavily damaged, and 12 moderately damaged).
Early successes -- such as the sinking of St. Lo -- were followed by an immediate expansion of the program, and over the next few months over 2,000 planes made such attacks.
When Japan began to be subject to intense strategic bombing by Boeing B - 29 Superfortresses, the Japanese military attempted to use suicide attacks against this threat. During the northern hemisphere winter of 1944 -- 45, the IJAAF formed the 47th Air Regiment, also known as the Shinten Special Unit (Shinten Seiku Tai) at Narimasu Airfield, Nerima, Tokyo, to defend the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. The unit was equipped with Nakajima Ki - 44 Shoki ("Tojo '') fighters, with which they were to ram United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) B - 29s in their attacks on Japan. This proved much less successful and practical since an airplane is a much faster, more maneuverable, and smaller target than a warship. The B - 29 also had formidable defensive weaponry, so suicide attacks against the plane demanded considerable piloting skill to be successful, which worked against the very purpose of using expendable pilots. Even encouraging capable pilots to bail out before impact was ineffective because vital personnel were often lost when they mistimed their exits and were killed as a result.
On 11 March, the U.S. carrier USS Randolph was hit and moderately damaged at Ulithi Atoll, in the Caroline Islands, by a kamikaze that had flown almost 4,000 km (2,500 mi) from Japan, in a mission called Operation Tan No. 2. On 20 March, the submarine USS Devilfish survived a hit from an aircraft, just off Japan.
Purpose - built kamikaze planes, as opposed to converted fighters and dive - bombers, were also being constructed. Ensign Mitsuo Ohta had suggested that piloted glider bombs, carried within range of targets by a mother plane, should be developed. The First Naval Air Technical Bureau (Kugisho), in Yokosuka, refined Ohta 's idea. Yokosuka MXY7 Ohka rocket planes, launched from bombers, were first deployed in kamikaze attacks from March 1945. U.S. personnel gave them the derisive nickname "Baka Bombs '' (baka is Japanese for "idiot '' or "stupid ''). The Nakajima Ki - 115 Tsurugi was a simple, easily built propeller aircraft with a wooden airframe which used engines from existing stocks. Its non-retractable landing gear was jettisoned shortly after take - off for a suicide mission, and re-used. During 1945, the Japanese military began stockpiling hundreds of Tsurugi, other aircraft, Ohkas, and suicide boats, for use against Allied forces expected to invade Japan. The invasion never happened, and few were ever used.
In early 1945 U.S. Navy aviator Commander John Thach, already famous for developing effective aerial tactics against the Japanese such as the Thach Weave, developed a defensive strategy against kamikazes called the "big blue blanket '' to establish Allied air supremacy well away from the carrier force. This recommended combat air patrols (CAP) which were larger and operated further from the carriers than before, a line of picket destroyers and destroyer escorts at least 80 km (50 mi) from the main body of the fleet to provide earlier radar interception, and improved coordination between fighter direction officers on carriers. This plan also called for around - the - clock fighter patrols over Allied fleets, though the U.S. Navy had cut back training of fighter pilots so there were not enough Navy pilots available to counter the kamikaze threat. A final element included intensive fighter sweeps over Japanese airfields, and bombing of Japanese runways, using delayed action bombs to make repairs more difficult.
Late in 1944 the British Pacific Fleet (BPF) used the good high - altitude performance of their Supermarine Seafires (naval version of the Spitfire) on combat air patrol duties. Seafires were heavily involved in countering the kamikaze attacks during the Iwo Jima landings and beyond. The Seafires ' best day was 15 August 1945, shooting down eight attacking aircraft for a single loss.
Allied pilots were experienced and better - trained, and flew superior aircraft, making the poorly trained kamikaze pilots easy targets. The U.S. Fast Carrier Task Force alone could bring over 1,000 fighter aircraft into play. Allied pilots became adept at destroying enemy aircraft before they struck ships.
Allied gunners had begun to develop techniques to negate kamikaze attacks. Light rapid fire anti-aircraft weapons such as the 40 mm Bofors and 20 mm Oerlikon autocannons were highly effective, but heavy anti-aircraft guns such as the 5 "/ 38 caliber gun (127 mm) had the punch to blow kamikazes out of the air, which was preferable since even a heavily damaged kamikaze could complete its mission. The Ohkas with their high speed presented a very difficult problem for anti-aircraft fire, since their velocity made fire control extremely difficult. By 1945, large numbers of anti-aircraft shells with radio frequency proximity fuzes, on average seven times more effective than regular shells, became available, and the USN recommended their use against kamikaze attacks.
The peak in kamikaze attacks came during the period of April -- June 1945, at the Battle of Okinawa. On 6 April 1945, waves of aircraft made hundreds of attacks in Operation Kikusui ("floating chrysanthemums ''). At Okinawa, kamikaze attacks focused at first on Allied destroyers on picket duty, and then on the carriers in the middle of the fleet. Suicide attacks by planes or boats at Okinawa sank or put out of action at least 30 U.S. warships, and at least three U.S. merchant ships, along with some from other Allied forces. The attacks expended 1,465 planes. Many warships of all classes were damaged, some severely, but no aircraft carriers, battleships or cruisers were sunk by kamikaze at Okinawa. Most of the ships lost were destroyers or smaller vessels, especially those on picket duty. The destroyer USS Laffey earned the nickname "The Ship That Would Not Die '' after surviving six kamikaze attacks and four bomb hits during this battle. So many destroyers were attacked that one ship 's crew, considering the aircraft carriers to be more important targets, erected a large sign with an arrow which read "That way to the carriers ''.
U.S. carriers, with their wooden flight decks, appeared to suffer more damage from kamikaze hits than the armored - decked carriers from the British Pacific Fleet. US carriers also suffered considerably heavier casualties from kamikaze strikes; for instance, 389 men were killed in one attack on USS Bunker Hill, greater than the combined number of fatalities suffered on all six Royal Navy armoured carriers from all forms of attack during the entire war (Bunker Hill and Franklin were both hit while conducting operations with fully fueled and armed aircraft spotted on deck for takeoff, an extremely vulnerable state for any carrier). Eight kamikaze hits on five British carriers resulted in only 20 deaths while a combined total of 15 bomb hits, most of 500 kg weight or greater, and one torpedo hit on four carriers caused 193 fatal casualties earlier in the war -- striking proof of the protective value of the armoured flight deck.
The resilience of well - armoured vessels was shown on 4 May, just after 11: 30, when there was a wave of suicide attacks against the British Pacific Fleet. One Japanese plane made a steep dive from "a great height '' at the carrier HMS Formidable and was engaged by AA guns. Although it was hit by gunfire, a bomb from the kamikaze detonated on the flight deck, making a crater 3 m (9.8 ft) long, 0.6 m (2 ft) wide and 0.6 m (2 ft) deep. A long steel splinter speared down, through the hangar deck and the main boiler room (where it ruptured a steam line), before coming to rest in a fuel tank near the aircraft park, where it started a major fire. Eight personnel were killed and 47 were wounded. One Corsair and 10 Grumman Avengers were destroyed. The fires were gradually brought under control, and the crater in the deck was repaired with concrete and steel plate. By 17: 00, Corsairs were able to land. On 9 May, Formidable was again damaged by a kamikaze, as were the carrier HMS Victorious and the battleship HMS Howe. The British were able to clear the flight deck and resume flight operations in just hours, while their American counterparts took a few days or even months, as observed by a USN liaison officer on HMS Indefatigable who commented: "When a kamikaze hits a U.S. carrier it means 6 months of repair at Pearl (Harbor). When a kamikaze hits a Limey carrier it 's just a case of "Sweepers, man your brooms. '' ''
Sometimes twin - engined aircraft were used in planned kamikaze attacks. For example, Mitsubishi Ki - 67 Hiryū ("Peggy '') medium bombers, based on Formosa, undertook kamikaze attacks on Allied forces off Okinawa and a pair of Kawasaki Ki - 45 Toryu ("Nick '') heavy fighters caused enough damage for the USS Dickerson (DD - 157) to be scuttled.
Vice Admiral Matome Ugaki, the commander of the IJN 5th Air Fleet based in Kyushu, participated in one of the final kamikaze attacks on American ships on 15 August 1945, hours after Japan 's announced surrender.
As the end of the war approached, the Allies did not suffer more serious significant losses, despite having far more ships and facing a greater intensity of kamikaze attacks. Although causing some of the heaviest casualties on US carriers in 1945, the IJN had sacrificed 2,525 kamikaze pilots and the IJAAF 1,387 -- far more than they had lost in 1942 when they sank or crippled three carriers (albeit without inflicting significant casualties). In 1942 when US Navy vessels were scarce, the temporary absence of key warships from the combat zone would tie up operational initiatives. By 1945, however the US Navy was large enough that damaged ships could be detached back home for repair without significantly hampering the fleet 's operational capability. The only surface losses were destroyers and smaller ships that lacked the capability to sustain heavy damage. Overall, the kamikazes were unable to turn the tide of the war and stop the Allied invasion.
In the immediate aftermath of kamikaze strikes, British carriers with their armoured flight decks recovered more quickly compared to their US counterparts. Post-war analysis showed that some British carriers such as HMS Formidable suffered structural damage that led to them being scrapped, as being beyond economic repair. Britain 's post-war economic situation played a role in the decision to not repair damaged carriers, while even seriously damaged American carriers such as USS Bunker Hill were repaired, although they were then mothballed or sold off as surplus after World War II without re-entering service.
The exact number of ships sunk is a matter of debate. According to a wartime Japanese propaganda announcement, the missions sank 81 ships and damaged 195, and according to a Japanese tally, kamikaze attacks accounted for up to 80 % of the U.S. losses in the final phase of the war in the Pacific. In a 2004 book, World War II, the historians Wilmott, Cross and Messenger stated that more than 70 U.S. vessels were "sunk or damaged beyond repair '' by kamikazes.
According to a U.S. Air Force webpage:
Australian journalists Denis and Peggy Warner, in a 1982 book with Japanese naval historian Sadao Seno (The Sacred Warriors: Japan 's Suicide Legions), arrived at a total of 57 ships sunk by kamikazes. Bill Gordon, an American Japanologist who specialises in kamikazes, lists in a 2007 article 47 ships known to have been sunk by kamikaze aircraft. Gordon says that the Warners and Seno included ten ships that did not sink. He lists:
It was claimed by the Japanese forces at the time that there were many volunteers for the suicidal forces. Captain Motoharu Okamura commented that "there were so many volunteers for suicide missions that he referred to them as a swarm of bees, '' explaining: "Bees die after they have stung. '' Okamura is credited with being the first to propose the kamikaze attacks. He had expressed his desire to lead a volunteer group of suicide attacks some four months before Admiral Takijiro Ohnishi, commander of the Japanese naval air forces in the Philippines, presented the idea to his staff. While Vice Admiral Shigeru Fukudome, commander of the second air fleet, was inspecting the 341st Air Group, Captain Okamura took the chance to express his ideas on crash - dive tactics. "In our present situation I firmly believe that the only way to swing the war in our favor is to resort to crash - dive attacks with our planes. There is no other way. There will be more than enough volunteers for this chance to save our country, and I would like to command such an operation. Provide me with 300 planes and I will turn the tide of war. ''
When the volunteers arrived for duty in the corps, there were twice as many persons as aircraft available. "After the war, some commanders would express regret for allowing superfluous crews to accompany sorties, sometimes squeezing themselves aboard bombers and fighters so as to encourage the suicide pilots and, it seems, join in the exultation of sinking a large enemy vessel. '' Many of the kamikaze pilots believed their death would pay the debt they owed and show the love they had for their families, friends, and emperor. "So eager were many minimally trained pilots to take part in suicide missions that when their sorties were delayed or aborted, the pilots became deeply despondent. Many of those who were selected for a bodycrashing mission were described as being extraordinarily blissful immediately before their final sortie. ''
As time wore on, modern critics questioned the nationalist portrayal of kamikaze pilots as noble soldiers willing to sacrifice their lives for the country. In 2006, Tsuneo Watanabe, Editor - in - Chief of the Yomiuri Shimbun, criticized Japanese nationalists ' glorification of kamikaze attacks:
It 's all a lie that they left filled with braveness and joy, crying, ' Long live the emperor! ' They were sheep at a slaughterhouse. Everybody was looking down and tottering. Some were unable to stand up and were carried and pushed into the plane by maintenance soldiers.
When you eliminate all thoughts about life and death, you will be able to totally disregard your earthly life. This will also enable you to concentrate your attention on eradicating the enemy with unwavering determination, meanwhile reinforcing your excellence in flight skills.
Tokkōtai pilot training, as described by Takeo Kasuga, generally "consisted of incredibly strenuous training, coupled with cruel and torturous corporal punishment as a daily routine. '' Daikichi Irokawa, who trained at Tsuchiura Naval Air Base, recalled that he "was struck on the face so hard and frequently that (his) face was no longer recognizable. '' He also wrote: "I was hit so hard that I could no longer see and fell on the floor. The minute I got up, I was hit again by a club so that I would confess. '' This brutal "training '' was justified by the idea that it would instill a "soldier 's fighting spirit '', but daily beatings and corporal punishment eliminated patriotism among many pilots.
Pilots were given a manual which detailed how they were supposed to think, prepare and attack. From this manual, pilots were told to "attain a high level of spiritual training, '' and to "keep (their) health in the very best condition. '' These things, among others, were meant to put the pilot into the mindset in which he would be mentally ready to die.
The tokkōtai pilot 's manual also explained how a pilot may turn back if the pilot could not locate a target and that "(a pilot) should not waste (his) life lightly. '' One pilot who continually came back to base was shot after his ninth return.
The manual was very detailed in how a pilot should attack. A pilot would dive towards his target and "aim for a point between the bridge tower and the smoke stacks ''. Entering a smoke stack was also said to be "effective ''. Pilots were told not to aim at a ship 's bridge tower or gun turret but instead to look for elevators or the flight deck to crash into. For horizontal attacks, the pilot was to "aim at the middle of the vessel, slightly higher than the waterline '' or to "aim at the entrance to the aircraft hangar, or the bottom of the stack '' if the former was too difficult.
The tokkōtai pilot 's manual told pilots never to close their eyes. This was because if a pilot closed his eyes he would lower the chances of hitting his target. In the final moments before the crash, the pilot was to yell "Hissatsu '' (必殺) at the top of his lungs which translates to "Certain Kill ''.
In 1944 -- 45, American propagandists invented the term "State Shinto '' to differentiate the Japanese state 's ideology from traditional Shinto practices. As time went on, Americans claimed, Shinto was used increasingly in the promotion of nationalist sentiment. In 1890, the Imperial Rescript on Education was passed, under which students were required to ritually recite its oath to offer themselves "courageously to the State '' as well as protect the Imperial family. The ultimate offering was to give up one 's life. It was an honour to die for Japan and the Emperor. Axell and Kase pointed out: "The fact is that innumerable soldiers, sailors and pilots were determined to die, to become eirei, that is ' guardian spirits ' of the country. (...) Many Japanese felt that to be enshrined at Yasukuni was a special honour because the Emperor visited the shrine to pay homage twice a year. Yasukuni is the only shrine deifying common men which the Emperor would visit to pay his respects ''. Young Japanese people were indoctrinated from an earliest age with these ideals.
Following the commencement of the kamikaze tactic, newspapers and books ran advertisements, articles, and stories regarding the suicide bombers, to aid in recruiting and support. In October 1944, the Nippon Times quoted Lieutenant Sekio Nishina: "The spirit of the Special Attack Corps is the great spirit that runs in the blood of every Japanese.... The crashing action which simultaneously kills the enemy and oneself without fail is called the Special Attack.... Every Japanese is capable of becoming a member of the Special Attack Corps ''. Publishers also played up the idea that the kamikaze were enshrined at Yasukuni and ran exaggerated stories of kamikaze bravery -- there were even fairy tales for little children that promoted the kamikaze. A Foreign Office official named Toshikazu Kase said: "It was customary for GHQ (in Tokyo) to make false announcements of victory in utter disregard of facts, and for the elated and complacent public to believe them ''.
While many stories were falsified, some were true, such as the story of Kiyu Ishikawa who saved a Japanese ship when he crashed his plane into a torpedo that an American submarine had launched. The sergeant major was posthumously promoted to second lieutenant by the emperor and was enshrined at Yasukuni. Stories like these, which showed the kind of praise and honour death produced, encouraged young Japanese to volunteer for the Special Attack Corps and instilled a desire in the youth to die as a kamikaze.
Ceremonies were carried out before kamikaze pilots departed on their final mission. The Kamikaze shared ceremonial cups of sake or water known as "mizu no sakazuki ''. Many Army officer Kamikaze took their swords with them, while the Navy pilots (as a general rule) did not carry swords in their planes. The kamikaze, like all Japanese aviators flying over unfriendly territory, were issued (or purchased, if they were officers) a Nambu pistol with which to end their lives if they risked being captured. Like all Army and Navy servicemen, the Kamikaze would wear their senninbari, a "belt of a thousand stitches '' given to them by their mothers. < / ref > They also composed and read a death poem, a tradition stemming from the samurai, who did it before committing seppuku. Pilots carried prayers from their families and were given military decorations. The Kamikaze were escorted by other pilots whose function was to protect the Kamikaze to their destination and report on the results. Some of these escort pilots, such as Zero pilot Toshimitsu Imaizumi, were themselves later sent out on their own Kamikaze missions.
While it is commonly perceived that volunteers signed up in droves for kamikaze missions, it has also been contended that there was extensive coercion and peer pressure involved in recruiting soldiers for the sacrifice. Their motivations in "volunteering '' were complex and not simply about patriotism or bringing honour to their families. Firsthand interviews with surviving Kamikaze pilots and escort pilots has revealed that they were motivated by a desire to protect their families from perceived atrocities and possible extinction at the hands of the Allies. They viewed themselves as the last defense.
At least one of these pilots was a conscripted Korean with a Japanese name, adopted under the pre-war Soshi - kaimei ordinance that compelled Koreans to take Japanese personal names. Eleven of the 1,036 IJA kamikaze pilots who died in sorties from Chiran and other Japanese air bases during the Battle of Okinawa were Koreans.
It is said that young pilots on kamikaze missions often flew southwest from Japan over the 922 m (3,025 ft) Mount Kaimon. The mountain is also called "Satsuma Fuji '' (meaning a mountain like Mount Fuji but located in the Satsuma Province region). Suicide mission pilots looked over their shoulders to see this, the most southern mountain on the Japanese mainland, while they were in the air, said farewell to their country, and saluted the mountain. Residents on Kikaishima Island, east of Amami Ōshima, say that pilots from suicide mission units dropped flowers from the air as they departed on their final missions.
Kamikaze pilots who were unable to complete their mission (due to mechanical failure, interception, etc.) were stigmatized in the years following the war. This stigma began to diminish some 50 years after the war as scholars and publishers have distributed the survivors ' stories.
Some Japanese military personnel were critical of the policy. Some officers, Minoru Genda, Tadashi Minobe and Yoshio Shiga, refused to obey the policy. They said that the commander of a kamikaze attack should engage in the task first. Some persons who obeyed the policy, Kiyokuma Okajima, Saburo Shindo, and Iyozo Fujita, were also critical of the policy. Saburō Sakai said ' We never dared to question orders, to doubt authority, to do anything but immediately carry out all the commands of our superiors. We were automatons who obeyed without thinking '. Tetsuzo Iwamoto refused to engage in a kamikaze attack because he thought the task of fighter pilots was to shoot down aircraft.
I can not predict the outcome of the air battles, but you will be making a mistake if you should regard Special Attack operations as normal methods. The right way is to attack the enemy with skill and return to the base with good results. A plane should be utilized over and over again. That 's the way to fight a war. The current thinking is skewed. Otherwise, you can not expect to improve air power. There will be no progress if flyers continue to die.
Zwei Seelen wohnen auch in mein (em) Herz (en)!! (Ah, two souls (tamashi'i) reside in my heart (kokoro)!!) After all I am just a human being. Sometimes, my chest pounds with excitement when I think of the day I will fly into the sky. I trained my mind and body as hard as I could and am anxious for the day I can use them to their full capacity in fighting. I think my life and death belong to the mission. Yet, at other times, I envy those science majors who remain at home (exempt from the draft).... One of my souls looks to heaven, while the other is attracted to the earth. I wish to enter the Navy as soon as possible so that I can devote myself to the task. I hope that the days when I am tormented by stupid thoughts will pass quickly.
It is easy to talk about death in the abstract, as the ancient philosophers discussed. But it is real death I fear, and I do n't know if I can overcome the fear. Even for a short life, there are many memories. For someone who had a good life, it is very difficult to part with it. But I reached a point of no return. I must plunge into an enemy vessel.
I am pleased to have the honour of having been chosen as a member of a Special Attack Force that is on its way into battle, but I can not help crying when I think of you, Mum. When I reflect on the hopes you had for my future... I feel so sad that I am going to die without doing anything to bring you joy.
There was a hypnotic fascination to the sight so alien to our Western philosophy. We watched each plunging kamikaze with the detached horror of one witnessing a terrible spectacle rather than as the intended victim. We forgot self for the moment as we groped hopelessly for the thought of that other man up there.
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who won season 21 of the amazing race | The Amazing Race 21 - wikipedia
The Amazing Race 21 is the twenty - first installment of the American reality television show The Amazing Race on CBS. It featured eleven teams of two, each with a pre-existing relationship, in a race around the world.
It premiered on September 30, 2012, at 8: 00 p.m. ET / PT on CBS and CTV with the two - hour season finale on December 9, 2012. While the prize for winning the Race remains at US $1 million, if the team that came in first in the first leg had won the race, the prize would have been doubled to US $2 million.
The Fabulous Beekman Boys stars and husbands Josh Kilmer - Purcell and Brent Ridge were the winners of The Amazing Race 21.
Season 21 was broadcast during the 2012 fall season on CBS. It spanned a little over 25,000 miles (40,000 km) of travel to three continents and nine countries including China, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Turkey, and the Netherlands, which hosted a Switchback task.
This season introduced the "Double Your Money '' prize for the team who won the first leg, making them eligible to win a total of $2 million if they also won the final leg; only six teams in the previous twenty seasons of the race have ever won both the first and final legs. Elise Doganieri, co-executive producer for the show, called the larger potential prize "a real game - changer ''. While teams reacted with excitement at the larger prize, Doganieri hoped that if it was won, the additional prize money would be used for "something wonderful '' such as supporting charitable medical research. Abbie Ginsberg and Ryan Danz, winners of the Double Your Money prize for its inaugural season, were eliminated from the competition at the conclusion of the Race 's ninth leg, after being U-Turned by Jaymes and James.
In Leg 3, Caitlin and Brittany were seen taken in the wrong direction of the Pit Stop, but in a post-elimination interview they stated that they actually knew where the Pit Stop was and were coming back to the Pit Stop after "backtracking '' to retrieve a missing clue. During that leg, the race featured the series ' first - ever Blind Double U-Turn, where two teams could U-Turn another team, and whichever team used the U-Turn could remain anonymous. It was a combination of components of the U-Turn of previous seasons: Double U-Turn combining with Blind U-Turn.
Although contestants are typically forbidden contact with known family and friends during the filming (except where such contact is part of a task), James LoMenzo was shown video chatting with his wife during the fourth Pit Stop to receive an update on his father 's medical condition.
On Leg 7 in Moscow, prior to a task, James and Mark had left their bags, including James ' passport, in a waiting gypsy cab, but the cab had driven off with their bags by the time they completed the task. They continued the leg, but before they could check in, they were told they had to try to find James ' passport to continue the race. Ultimately, they ended the leg in last place, learning it was a non-elimination leg, but if they were required to leave the country on the next leg, they would be automatically disqualified. The entirety of the next leg remained in Russia, but they ended up in last after spending time again searching for the passport, and were eliminated. As the production continued, the two had to secure an exit visa for James in lieu of a valid passport. According to James, the events of these legs occurred on the Friday and Saturday prior to a major Russian holiday, and it became difficult to work through the limited bureaucracy to do this. The two were fortunate enough that James ' prior fame was recognized by an employee at the U.S. Embassy, and they were able to secure the visa in time to fly back to the United States on the day prior to the race 's finale.
Applications for The Amazing Race 21 were open until May 9, 2012.
The cast includes The Fabulous Beekman Boys stars Josh Kilmer - Purcell and Brent Ridge, former White Lion and Megadeth metal bassist James LoMenzo, Chippendales performers Jaymes Vaughan and James Davis, double amputee professional snowboarder Amy Purdy, and former The Apprentice: Martha Stewart contestant Ryan Danz. Rob Scheer is also the brother of former Survivor contestant, Tina Scheer.
Natalie and Nadiya were later selected for The Amazing Race: All - Stars, made up of returning teams from seasons 14 -- 23. They later competed on the 29th season of Survivor, making them the first Race contestants to compete on another CBS reality show. Nadiya was the first person voted out and Natalie won the season.
Sheila died on June 19, 2016 due to an unexpected aneurysm.
The following teams participated in the Race, each listed along with their placements in each leg and relationships as identified by the program. Note that this table is not necessarily reflective of all content broadcast on television, owing to the inclusion or exclusion of some data. Placements are listed in finishing order:
Episode titles are often taken from quotes made by the racers.
The prize for each leg is awarded to the first place team for that leg. Trips are sponsored by Travelocity.
Airdate: September 30, 2012
In the leg 's first Roadblock, one team member had to score one point in a game of table tennis against a 10 - year - old Chinese national junior table tennis champion in order to receive their next clue. For each attempt after their first, the table tennis champion would play with an ordinary household object such as a clipboard, frying pan, or tambourine instead of a paddle. Once successful, they would receive their next clue.
In the leg 's second Roadblock, the team member who did not perform the first Roadblock was treated to a Chinese delicacy dessert known as hasma, which consists of the fatty connective tissue found near the fallopian tubes of a frog, served to them in two hollowed - out papaya halves. The racer had to finish both servings of hasma, using only a provided pair of chopsticks and without lifting the papaya off of the table, to receive their next clue.
Airdate: October 7, 2012
In this leg 's Roadblock, one team member had to select four children and operate a pedal - powered ride (known to locals as an odong - odong) while making eight different pieces of balloon art for the children (four hats and four animals). Once complete, one of the children would give the team their next clue.
The Detour was a choice between Ice - by - the - Pound or Fish - by - the - Barrel. In Ice - by - the - Pound, teams loaded ten 65 - pound (29 kg) blocks of ice from an industrial machine at Tirta Maya Ice Factory onto a waiting truck, rode the truck to a local market, then transported the ice by cart to an unloading zone at the Pabean Market to get their next clue. In Fish - by - the - Barrel, teams carried two barrels full of fish to a vacant fishmonger 's stall inside the Pabean Fish Market. They then had to set up the stall in the same manner as an example stall, including breaking a block of ice into chips to keep the fish cold. Once the stall 's layout was approved, teams got their next clue.
Airdate: October 14, 2012
In this leg 's Roadblock, one team member had to carry twenty dishes of food and serve them to waiting diners, if they dropped any of the dishes, they had to start over. Once successful, teams were given their next clue.
The Detour was a choice of Lion 's Head or Egg Head. In Lion 's Head, teams participated in a reog dance by following dance instructions along a procession route while wearing a 40 - pound (18 kg) lion 's head mask over their heads and shoulders. Teams received their next clue after successfully completing the procession. In Egg Head, teams had to purchase four eggs from a local market, then participate in a custom called debus (in Indonesian), a show of strength where one of the many variations involves frying an egg on one 's own head. Local magicians lit a coconut half on fire atop each team member 's head and used the fire to fry up the eggs. Racers then had to eat the cooked eggs with a serving of hot sauce before they would receive their next clue.
Airdate: October 21, 2012
During the Pit Stop, all teams were moved to JW Marriott Hotel in Surabaya to start the leg of the race. In this leg 's Roadblock, one team member had to repair one of the public transit buses used in Dhaka. First, they had to use body putty to fill in the damage, then sand it ready for painting. Once approved by a supervisor, they had to carry three pairs of seats and deliver them to the refurbishing area to receive the next clue.
The Fast Forward required teams to become rat catching assistants to a pest control agent. Both team members had to fill a bag with dead rats -- collecting them from three different locations -- to complete the task.
The Detour was a choice between Pound the Metal and Pound the Cotton. In Pound the Metal, teams worked with a local blacksmith to hammer and beat an iron rod into a sharp spiked tool using 10 - pound sledgehammers. They had to hand - pump the bellows of the smokey, charcoal fire so they could strike while the iron was hot, and get the blacksmith 's approval to get their next clue. In Pound the Cotton, teams made a cotton mattress via a traditional Bengali method. Teams had to use bamboo rods to beat clumps of cotton into a fine, feather - like consistency. Then they had to stuff the mattress, and sew it together. Once the craftsman was satisfied with their work, he would hand them their next clue.
Airdate: October 28, 2012
In this leg 's Roadblock, one team member had to construct a balance scale from the provided bamboo, lashing ropes, and other equipment. Once the construction of the scale was approved, they had to weigh out the proper amount of wood to balance 4 large stones. Once the weight of stones and logs were even, they would receive their next clue.
The Detour was a choice strolling around Bangladeshi labor: Straw Dogs or Bamboo Jungle. In Straw Dogs, teams first had to prepare twenty bundles of jute straw by heckling -- throwing them against a nailed board, the heckling comb -- to straighten and separate the fibers. Then, deliver twenty bundles of the completed straw to the looms, and at the end of the production line they would receive their next clue in the form of a jute mat with a painting on it. In Bamboo Jungle, teams had to collect 40 bamboo poles of different length and diameter from a storage area, then used a platformed freight bicycle to transport the bamboo to a construction site. Once their delivery was confirmed by the site 's foreman, they would get the next clue, a small length of bamboo with a painting on it.
Airdate: November 4, 2012
The Speed Bump required Josh & Brent to each eat one cone of Maraş ice cream from a nearby marked stall, which included a teasing performance common with the dessert by the vendor. Once they finished the ice cream from the correct vendor, they were allowed to continue.
The Detour was a choice between Simit or Scrub It. In Simit, teams had to deliver three orders of the traditional Turkish bagel known as a simit to three different vendors, stacked carefully on a delivery board that one team member had to balance on his or her head; if any simit dropped, they would have to restart that delivery. Once they had proof of delivery from the three vendors, the baker would give them their next clue. In Scrub It, teams took part in a traditional Turkish bath, receiving their next clue from the bath attendants when the bath was complete.
In the Roadblock, one team member dressed in vendor garb and had to serve 40 glasses of Turkish sherbet to passersby in the bazaar, selling each for 1 from a long - spouted brass teapot called an ibrik to earn 40 (approx. US $20). Once they returned with the money to the attendant, they would receive their next clue.
Airdate: November 11, 2012
The Detour was a choice between Alphabetized or Synchronized. In Alphabetized, teams went to the Russian State Library and were given a list of books by author, title, and year. They had to use the paper card catalog system, in Russian, to locate four of the books on the list. Once they thought they had the correct location in the stacks, a librarian would direct them to the proper room to allow the team to get the books. Teams then checked their retrieved books with the head librarian to get their next clue. In Synchronized, teams participated in a synchronized swimming routine with six other swimmers of the Russian national developmental team. After practicing the routine, they performed it for a judge -- who would either pass them and give them their next clue, or would require the teams to practice more. In both detours, there was a time limit depending on the operating hours of each facility; if they were unable to complete either task before the facilities closed, they would incur a 4 - hour penalty (with the Synchronize detour operating longer than the Alphabetize Detour).
In this leg 's Roadblock, one team member had to select one of the marked Trees of Love -- trees covered in padlocks -- and unlock 10 of the locks with the provided set of keys to free a banner held to the tree. Once they freed the banner and unfolded it, they would find the next clue: a 100 ruble banknote.
Airdate: November 18, 2012
For their Speed Bump, James & Abba had to help a Russian Orthodox priest to get to his church via limousine, however this task was not described by Phil on - air.
In the leg 's Roadblock, one team member was shown a brief slideshow, showing a sample time in Moscow, a map of Russia 's nine different time zones with their UTC offsets and Moscow 's location highlighted. Then they were shown multiple instances of the same time zone map without the UTC offsets but with several other Russian cities highlighted. After the show, they had to fill in the corresponding local time for any five cities within an allotted time period. If they completed in time and were correct, teams would receive their next clue. If they were wrong or ran out of time, they had to watch the presentation and do the quiz again.
The Detour was a choice between Movers or Shakers. In Movers, teams had to dress up as Russian soldiers and learn the steps of the Trepak dance. Teams then performed the dance in front of a judge who would give them their next clue if they performed the dance correctly. In Shakers, teams went to a party where several impersonators of Russian historical figures were attending. They had to identify seven specific figures -- Catherine the Great, Joseph Stalin, Leon Trotsky, Leonid Brezhnev, Nikolai Rimsky - Korsakov, Peter the Great, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Nicholas II of Russia, and Vladimir Lenin -- and fill out a form identifying how many impersonators of each person were present. If they identified the correct number of impersonators, they would get their next clue from an Alexander Pushkin impersonator.
Airdate: November 25, 2012
During the Pit Stop, all teams moved to Swissotel Moscow to start the leg of the race. For the Fast Forward, the team had to travel to the Van Gogh Café and board a marked amphibious bus called The Floating Dutchman. Once the bus entered the water, teams learned that each team member had to eat five soused herring before the bus returned to land, a trip that took seven minutes. If they ran out of time, the bus would return to the Van Gogh Café and the team would have to wait 10 minutes for the next trip.
The Detour was a choice between Back in Time and Organ to Grind. In Back in Time, teams had to re-create the Rembrandt painting The Night Watch with a group of costumed actors and props, including themselves. If the Rembrandt impersonator was satisfied with the re-creation, he would award the teams their next clue. In Organ to Grind, after finding one of three Dutch street organs, one team member had to run the machine while the other asked for tips. Once they earned € 30, the organ grinder would give them their next clue.
The Roadblock was a switchback of Season 12 's Amsterdam Roadblock, one team member participated in the sport of fierljeppen, pole vaulting across a ditch full of water. They had to vault across the ditch, retrieve their clue in the form of wooden clogs on the other side, and then vault back across. If they fell into the water, they would have to start over from the last side of the ditch they were on.
Airdate: December 2, 2012
The leg 's Roadblock was in honor of Mallorcan tennis player Rafael Nadal, one team member had to return 20 tennis balls fired by an automatic server within the bounds of a clay court in order to receive their next clue. If the machine ran out of tennis balls, they would have to start the task over, their prior count reset.
The Detour was a choice between Spin It or Bull It. In Spin It, teams donned safety gear and then replaced two blades on a 400 - year - old Mallorcan windmill. Once a mechanic checked their work, they received their next clue from a pair of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza impersonators. In Bull It, the team would wear a special two - person bull outfit, with the person in front unable to see where they were going. The team member in back would verbally guide their partner in the front to circle eight matadors and then strike a target of a ninth to launch a final dummy matador. The entire course had to be completed within two minutes for the team to get their next clue.
Airdate: December 9, 2012
The Speed Bump required Natalie & Nadiya had to make their way to the château 's Chambre du Prince and properly lace and tie up a lady 's corset before they could continue on with the Race.
The Detour was a choice between Chow or Plow inside Château de Cheverny. In Chow, teams prepared a meal of meat and other food for a large number of hunting dogs. They had to remove debris and bones from the meat, cut the meat into appropriate sizes, weigh out a designated amount of food, and then lay it out appropriately, before the judge would release the hounds and give them their next clue. In Plow, teams used a plow attached to a work horse to mill four lines in a designated field to the farmer 's satisfaction in order to get their next clue. Each Detour selection only had two workstations, which were first - come, first - served.
In this leg 's Roadblock, one team member had to find a store display containing three different types of mushrooms (grey oysters, wood blewits, and shiitake). Using one of the baskets they picked up at the train station, they then had to enter an underground mushroom farm, find the same three types of mushrooms, and collect 10 of each variety. If they found the correct three mushroom types, the shopkeeper would give them their next clue.
Airdate: December 9, 2012
In the first Roadblock of the final leg, one team member was put into a straitjacket and bungee harness, and hoisted upside down 15 stories above the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Then they had to escape the bonds of the straitjacket -- a feat made famous by Harry Houdini -- upon which they would be dropped in a surprise bungee drop. After being lowered to the ground, the team would be given their next clue.
In the final Roadblock of the Race, the team member that did not perform the first Roadblock was required to attach the words for "hello '' and "goodbye '' -- as said to them by the Pit Stop greeter in their native language -- in the eight foreign countries visited during the Race and raise them up the flagpole flying that country 's flag. The correct answers were:
Once all flag sets were correct, they could then hoist the flag of the United Nations, which would also lower their final clue, the finish line: Gotham Hall.
Canadian broadcaster CTV also aired The Amazing Race on Sundays. Episodes aired at 8: 00 p.m. Eastern and Central (9: 00 p.m. Pacific, Mountain and Atlantic).
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is the song of songs the same as the song of solomon | Song of Songs - wikipedia
The Song of Songs, also Song of Solomon or Canticles (Hebrew: שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים , Šîr HašŠîrîm, Greek: ᾎσμα ᾎσμάτων, asma asmaton, both meaning Song of Songs), is one of the megillot (scrolls) found in the last section of the Tanakh, known as the Ketuvim (or "Writings ''), and a book of the Old Testament.
The Song of Songs is unique within the Hebrew bible: it shows no interest in Law or Covenant or Yahweh the God of Israel, nor does it teach or explore Wisdom like Proverbs or Ecclesiastes (although it does have some affinities to Wisdom literature, as the ascription to Solomon indicates); instead, it celebrates sexual love, giving "the voices of two lovers, praising each other, yearning for each other, proffering invitations to enjoy ''. The two are in harmony, each desiring the other and rejoicing in sexual intimacy; the women of Jerusalem form a chorus to the lovers, functioning as an audience whose participation in the lovers ' erotic encounters facilitates the participation of the reader.
In modern Judaism the Song is read on the Sabbath during the Passover, which marks the beginning of the grain harvest as well as commemorating the Exodus from Egypt. Jewish tradition reads it as an allegory of the relationship between God and Israel, Christianity as an allegory of Christ and his "bride '', the Church.
There is widespread consensus that, although the book has no plot, it does have what can be called a framework, as indicated by the links between its beginning and end. Beyond this, however, there appears to be little agreement: attempts to find a chiastic structure have not been compelling, and attempts to analyse it into units have used differing methods and arrived at differing results. The following schema, from Kugler & al. must therefore be taken as indicative, rather than determinative:
The introduction calls the poem "the song of songs '', a construction commonly used in Scriptural Hebrew to show something as the greatest and most beautiful of its class (as in Holy of Holies). The poem proper begins with the woman 's expression of desire for her lover and her self - description to the "daughters of Jerusalem '': she insists on her sunflare - born blackness, likening it to the "tents of Kedar '' (nomads) and the "curtains of Solomon ''. A dialogue between the lovers follows: the woman asks the man to meet; he replies with a lightly teasing tone. The two compete in offering flattering compliments ("my beloved is to me as a cluster of henna blossoms in the vineyards of En Gedi '', "an apple tree among the trees of the wood '', "a lily among brambles '', while the bed they share is like a forest canopy). The section closes with the woman telling the daughters of Jerusalem not to stir up love such as hers until it is ready.
The woman recalls a visit from her lover in the springtime. She uses imagery from a shepherd 's life, and she says of her lover that "he pastures his flock among the lilies ''.
The woman again addresses the daughters of Jerusalem, describing her fervent and ultimately successful search for her lover through the night - time streets of the city. When she finds him she takes him almost by force into the chamber in which her mother conceived her. She reveals that this is a dream, seen on her "bed at night '' and ends by again warning the daughters of Jerusalem "not to stir up love until it is ready ''.
The next section reports a royal wedding procession. Solomon is mentioned by name, and the daughters of Jerusalem are invited to come out and see the spectacle.
The man describes his beloved: Her hair is like a flock of goats, her teeth like shorn ewes, and so on from face to breasts. Place - names feature heavily: her neck is like the Tower of David, her smell like the scent of Lebanon. He hastens to summon his beloved, saying that he is ravished by even a single glance. The section becomes a "garden poem '', in which he describes her as a "locked garden '' (usually taken to mean that she is chaste). The woman invites the man to enter the garden and taste the fruits. The man accepts the invitation, and a third party tells them to eat, drink, "and be drunk with love ''.
The woman tells the daughters of Jerusalem of another dream. She was in her chamber when her lover knocked. She was slow to open, and when she did, he was gone. She searched through the streets again, but this time she failed to find him and the watchmen, who had helped her before, now beat her. She asks the daughters of Jerusalem to help her find him, and describes his physical good looks. Eventually, she admits her lover is in his garden, safe from harm, and committed to her as she is to him.
The man describes his beloved; the woman describes a rendezvous they have shared. (The last part is unclear and possibly corrupted.)
The people praise the beauty of the woman. The images are the same as those used elsewhere in the poem, but with an unusually dense use of place - names, e.g., pools of Hebron, gate of Bath - rabbim, tower of Damascus, etc. The man states his intention to enjoy the fruits of the woman 's garden. The woman invites him to a tryst in the fields. She once more warns the daughters of Jerusalem against waking love until it is ready.
The woman compares love to death and sheol: love is as relentless and jealous as these two, and can not be quenched by any force. She summons her lover, using the language used before: he should come "like a gazelle or a young stag upon the mountain of spices ''.
The Song offers no clue to its author or to the date, place, or circumstances of its composition. The superscription states that it is "Solomon 's '', but even if this is meant to identify the author, it can not be read as strictly as a similar modern statement. The most reliable evidence for its date is its language: Aramaic gradually replaced Hebrew after the end of the Babylonian exile in the late 6th century BCE, and the evidence of vocabulary, morphology, idiom and syntax clearly points to a late date, centuries after King Solomon to whom it is traditionally attributed. It has parallels with Mesopotamian and Egyptian love poetry from the first half of the 1st millennium, and with the pastoral idylls of Theocritus, a Greek poet who wrote in the first half of the 3rd century; as a result of these conflicting signs, speculation ranges from the 10th to the 2nd centuries BCE, with the language supporting a date around the 3rd century.
Debate continues on the unity or disunity of the Song. Those who see it as an anthology or collection point to the abrupt shifts of scene, speaker, subject matter and mood, and the lack of obvious structure or narrative. Those who hold it to be a single poem point out that it has no internal signs of composite origins, and view the repetitions and similarities among its parts as evidence of unity. Some claim to find a conscious artistic design underlying it, but there is no agreement among them on what this might be. The question therefore remains unresolved.
The setting in which the poem arose is also debated. Some academics posit a ritual origin in the celebration of the sacred marriage of the god Tammuz and the goddess Ishtar. Whether this is so or not, the poem seems to be rooted in some kind of festive performance. External evidence supports the idea that the Song was originally recited by different singers representing the different characters, accompanied by mime.
The Song was accepted into the Jewish canon of scripture in the 2nd century CE, after a period of controversy in the 1st century. It was accepted as canonical because of its supposed authorship by Solomon and based on an allegorical reading where the subject - matter was taken to be not sexual desire but God 's love for Israel. For instance, the famed first and second century Rabbi Akiva forbade the use of the Song of Songs in popular celebrations. He reportedly said, "He who sings the Song of Songs in wine taverns, treating it as if it were a vulgar song, forfeits his share in the world to come ''. However, Rabbi Akiva famously defended the canonicity of the Song of Songs, reportedly saying when the question came up of whether it should be considered a defiling work, "God forbid! (...) For all of eternity in its entirety is not as worthy as the day on which Song of Songs was given to Israel, for all the Writings are holy, but Song of Songs is the Holy of Holies. ''
It is one of the overtly mystical Biblical texts for the Kabbalah, which gave esoteric interpretation on all the Hebrew Bible. Following the dissemination of the Zohar in the 13th century, Jewish mysticism took on a metaphorically anthropomorphic erotic element, and Song of Songs is an example of this. In Zoharic Kabbalah, God is represented by a system of ten sephirot emanations, each symbolizing a different attribute of God, comprising both male and female. The Shechina (indwelling Divine presence) was identified with the feminine sephira Malchut, the vessel of Kingship. This symbolizes the Jewish people, and in the body, the female form, identified with the woman in Song of Songs. Her beloved was identified with the male sephira Tiferet, the "Holy One Blessed be He '', central principle in the beneficent Heavenly flow of Divine emotion. In the body, this represents the male torso, uniting through the sephira Yesod of the male sign of the covenant organ of procreation.
Through beneficent deeds and Jewish observance, the Jewish people restore cosmic harmony in the Divine realm, healing the exile of the Shechina with God 's transcendence, revealing the essential Unity of God. This elevation of the World is aroused from Above on the Sabbath, a foretaste of the redeemed purpose of Creation. The text thus became a description, depending on the aspect, of the creation of the world, the passage of Shabbat, the covenant with Israel, and the coming of the Messianic age. "Lecha Dodi '', a 16th - century liturgical song with strong Kabbalistic symbolism, contains many passages, including its opening two words, taken directly from Song of Songs.
In modern Judaism, certain verses from the Song are read on Shabbat eve or at Passover, which marks the beginning of the grain harvest as well as commemorating the Exodus from Egypt, to symbolize the love between the Jewish People and their God. Jewish tradition reads it as an allegory of the relationship between God and Israel.
The literal subject of the Song of Songs is love and sexual longing between a man and a woman, and it has little (or nothing) to say about the relationship of God and man; in order to find such a meaning it was necessary to resort to allegory, treating the love that the Song celebrates as an analogy for the love between God and Church. The Christian church 's interpretation of the Song as evidence of God 's love for his people, both collectively and individually, began with Origen. Over the centuries the emphases of interpretation shifted, first reading the Song as a depiction of the love between Christ and Church, the 11th century adding a moral element, and the 12th century understanding of the Bride as the Virgin Mary, with each new reading absorbing rather than simply replacing earlier ones, so that the commentary became ever more complex. These theological themes are not in the poem, but derive from a theological reading; nevertheless, what is notable about this approach is the way it leads to conclusions not found in the overtly theological books of the bible. Those books reveal an abiding imbalance in the relationship between God and man, ranging from slight to enormous; but reading Songs as a theological metaphor produces quite a different outcome, one in which the two partners are equals, bound in a committed relationship. In modern times the poem has attracted the attention of feminist biblical critics, with Phyllis Trible 's foundational "Depatriarchalizing in Biblical Interpretation '' treating it as an exemplary text and the Feminist Companion to the Bible series edited by Athalya Brenner and Carole Fontaine devoting to it two volumes (1993, 2000).
Excerpts from the book have inspired composers to vocal and instrumental compositions, including:
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the file system used on hard disks in windows is the ntfs file system | NTFS - wikipedia
NTFS ("New Technology File System '') is a proprietary file system developed by Microsoft. Starting with Windows NT 3.1, it is the default file system of Windows NT family.
NTFS has several technical improvements over the file systems that it superseded -- File Allocation Table (FAT) and High Performance File System (HPFS) -- such as improved support for metadata and advanced data structures to improve performance, reliability, and disk space use. Additional extensions are a more elaborate security system based on access control lists (ACLs) and file system journaling.
NTFS is supported in other desktop and server operating systems as well. Linux and BSD have a free and open - source driver for NTFS with both read and write functionality. macOS comes with read - only support for NTFS; its disabled - by - default write support for NTFS is unstable.
In the mid-1980s, Microsoft and IBM formed a joint project to create the next generation of graphical operating system; the result was OS / 2 and HPFS. Because Microsoft disagreed with IBM on many important issues they eventually separated: OS / 2 remained an IBM project and Microsoft worked to develop Windows NT and NTFS.
The HPFS file system for OS / 2 contained several important new features. When Microsoft created their new operating system, they borrowed many of these concepts for NTFS. NTFS developers include: Tom Miller, Gary Kimura, Brian Andrew and David Goebel.
Probably as a result of this common ancestry, HPFS and NTFS use the same disk partition identification type code (07). Using the same Partition ID Record Number is highly unusual, since there were dozens of unused code numbers available, and other major file systems have their own codes. For example, FAT has more than nine (one each for FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, etc.). Algorithms identifying the file system in a partition type 07 must perform additional checks to distinguish between HPFS and NTFS.
Microsoft has released five versions of NTFS:
The NTFS. sys version number (e.g. v5. 0 in Windows 2000) is based on the operating system version; it should not be confused with the NTFS version number (v3. 1 since Windows XP).
Although subsequent versions of Windows added new file system - related features, they did not change NTFS itself. For example, Windows Vista implemented NTFS symbolic links, Transactional NTFS, partition shrinking, and self - healing. NTFS symbolic links are a new feature in the file system; all the others are new operating system features that make use of NTFS features already in place.
NTFS v3. 0 includes several new features over its predecessors: sparse file support, disk use quotas, reparse points, distributed link tracking, and file - level encryption called the Encrypting File System (EFS).
NTFS is optimized for 4 KB clusters, but supports a maximum cluster size of 64 KB. The maximum NTFS volume size that the specification can support is 2 − 1 clusters, but not all implementations achieve this theoretical maximum, as discussed below.
The maximum NTFS volume size implemented in Windows XP Professional is 2 − 1 clusters, partly due to partition table limitations. For example, using 64 KB clusters, the maximum size Windows XP NTFS volume is 256 TB minus 64 KB. Using the default cluster size of 4 KB, the maximum NTFS volume size is 16 TB minus 4 KB. Both of these are vastly higher than the 128 GB limit in Windows XP SP1. Because partition tables on master boot record (MBR) disks support only partition sizes up to 2 TB, multiple GUID Partition Table (GPT or "dynamic '') volumes must be combined to create a single NTFS volume larger than 2 TB. Booting from a GPT volume to a Windows environment in a Microsoft supported way requires a system with Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) and 64 - bit support.
The NTFS maximum theoretical limit on the size of individual files is 16 EiB (16 × 1024 or 2 bytes) minus 1 KB, which totals to 18,446,744,073,709,550,592 bytes. With Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012, the maximum implemented file size is 256 TB minus 64 KB or 281,474,976,645,120 bytes.
NTFS is a journaling file system and uses the NTFS Log ($ LogFile) to record metadata changes to the volume. It is a feature that FAT does not provide and critical for NTFS to ensure that its complex internal data structures will remain consistent in case of system crashes or data moves performed by the defragmentation API, and allow easy rollback of uncommitted changes to these critical data structures when the volume is remounted. Notably affected structures are the volume allocation bitmap, modifications to MFT records such as moves of some variable - length attributes stored in MFT records and attribute lists, and indices for directories and security descriptors.
The USN Journal (Update Sequence Number Journal) is a system management feature that records (in $ Extend \ $ UsnJrnl) changes to files, streams and directories on the volume, as well as their various attributes and security settings. The journal is made available for applications to track changes to the volume. This journal can be enabled or disabled on non-system volumes.
The hard link feature allows different file names to directly refer to the same file contents. Hard links are similar to directory junctions, but refer to files instead. Hard links may link only to files in the same volume, because each volume has its own MFT. Hard links have their own file metadata, so a change in file size or attributes under one hard link may not update the others until they are opened. Hard links were originally included to support the POSIX subsystem in Windows NT.
Windows uses hard links to support short (8.3) filenames in NTFS. Operating system support is needed because there are legacy applications that can work only with 8.3 filenames. In this case, an additional filename record and directory entry is added, but both 8.3 and long file name are linked and updated together, unlike a regular hard link.
The NTFS file system has a limit of 1024 hard links on a file.
Alternate data streams allow more than one data stream to be associated with a filename (a fork), using the format "filename: streamname '' (e.g., "text. txt: extrastream '').
NTFS Streams were introduced in Windows NT 3.1, to enable Services for Macintosh (SFM) to store resource forks. Although current versions of Windows Server no longer include SFM, third - party Apple Filing Protocol (AFP) products (such as GroupLogic 's ExtremeZ - IP) still use this feature of the file system. Very small ADS (named "Zone. Identifier '') are added by Internet Explorer and recently by other browsers to mark files downloaded from external sites as possibly unsafe to run; the local shell would then require user confirmation before opening them. When the user indicates that they no longer want this confirmation dialog, this ADS is deleted.
Alternate streams are not listed in Windows Explorer, and their size is not included in the file 's size. When the file is copied or moved to another file system without ADS support the user is warned that alternate data streams can not be preserved. No such warning is typically provided if the file is attached to an e-mail, or uploaded to a website. Thus, using alternate streams for critical data may cause problems. Microsoft provides a tool called Streams to view streams on a selected volume. Starting with Windows PowerShell 3.0, it is possible to manage ADS natively with six cmdlets: Add - Content, Clear - Content, Get - Content, Get - Item, Remove - Item, Set - Content.
Malware has used alternate data streams to hide code. As a result, malware scanners and other special tools now check for alternate data streams.
NTFS can compress files using LZNT1 algorithm (a variant of LZ77) Files are compressed in 16 cluster chunks. With 4 KB clusters, files are compressed in 64 KB chunks. The compression algorithms in NTFS are designed to support cluster sizes of up to 4 KB. When the cluster size is greater than 4 KB on an NTFS volume, NTFS compression is not available. If the compression reduces 64 KB of data to 60 KB or less, NTFS treats the unneeded 4 KB pages like empty sparse file clusters -- they are not written. This allows for reasonable random - access times as the OS just has to follow the chain of fragments. However, large compressible files become highly fragmented since every chunk smaller than 64 KB becomes a fragment. According to research by Microsoft 's NTFS Development team, 50 -- 60 GB is a reasonable maximum size for a compressed file on an NTFS volume with a 4 KB (default) cluster (block) size. This reasonable maximum size decreases sharply for volumes with smaller cluster sizes. Single - user systems with limited hard disk space can benefit from NTFS compression for small files, from 4 KB to 64 KB or more, depending on compressibility. Files smaller than approximately 900 bytes are stored within the directory entry of the MFT.
Flash memory, such as SSD drives do not have the head movement delays of hard disk drives, so fragmentation has only a smaller penalty. Users of fast multi-core processors will find improvements in application speed by compressing their applications and data as well as a reduction in space used. Note that SSDs with Sandforce controllers already compress data. However, since less data is transferred, there is a reduction in I / Os.
Compression works best with files that have repetitive content, are seldom written, are usually accessed sequentially, and are not themselves compressed. Log files are an ideal example.
If system files that are needed at boot time (such as drivers, NTLDR, winload. exe, or BOOTMGR) are compressed, the system may fail to boot correctly, because decompression filters are not yet loaded. Later editions of Windows, do not allow important system files to be compressed.
Files may be compressed or decompressed individually (via changing the advanced attributes) for a drive, directory, or directory tree, becoming a default for the files inside.
Although read -- write access to compressed files is mostly transparent, Microsoft recommends avoiding compression on server systems and / or network shares holding roaming profiles, because it puts a considerable load on the processor.
Sparse files are files interspersed with empty segments for which no actual storage space is used. To the applications, the file looks like an ordinary file with empty regions seen as regions filled with zeros.
Database applications, for instance, may use sparse files. As with compressed files, the actual sizes of sparse files are not taken into account when determining quota limits.
The Volume Shadow Copy Service (VSS) keeps historical versions of files and folders on NTFS volumes by copying old, newly overwritten data to shadow copy via copy - on - write technique. The user may later request an earlier version to be recovered. This also allows data backup programs to archive files currently in use by the file system. On heavily loaded systems, Microsoft recommends setting up a shadow copy volume on a separate disk.
Windows Vista also introduced persistent shadow copies for use with System Restore and Previous Versions features. Persistent shadow copies, however, are deleted when an older operating system mounts that NTFS volume. This happens because the older operating system does not understand the newer format of persistent shadow copies.
As of Windows Vista, applications can use Transactional NTFS (TxF) to group multiple changes to files together into a single transaction. The transaction will guarantee that either all of the changes happen, or none of them do, and that no application outside the transaction will see the changes until they are committed.
It uses similar techniques as those used for Volume Shadow Copies (i.e. copy - on - write) to ensure that overwritten data can be safely rolled back, and a CLFS log to mark the transactions that have still not been committed, or those that have been committed but still not fully applied (in case of system crash during a commit by one of the participants).
Transactional NTFS does not restrict transactions to just the local NTFS volume, but also includes other transactional data or operations in other locations such as data stored in separate volumes, the local registry, or SQL databases, or the current states of system services or remote services. These transactions are coordinated network - wide with all participants using a specific service, the DTC, to ensure that all participants will receive same commit state, and to transport the changes that have been validated by any participant (so that the others can invalidate their local caches for old data or rollback their ongoing uncommitted changes). Transactional NTFS allows, for example, the creation of network - wide consistent distributed file systems, including with their local live or offline caches.
Microsoft now advises against using TxF: "Microsoft strongly recommends developers utilize alternative means... '' since "TxF may not be available in future versions of Microsoft Windows ''.
In NTFS, each file or folder is assigned a security descriptor that defines its owner and contains two access control lists (ACLs). The first ACL, called discretionary access control list (DACL), defines exactly what type of interactions (e.g. reading, writing, executing or deleting) are allowed or forbidden by which user or groups of users. For example, files in the C: \ Program Files folder may be read and executed by all users but modified only by a user holding administrative privileges. Windows Vista adds mandatory access control info to DACLs. DACLs are the primary focus of User Account Control in Windows Vista and later.
The second ACL, called system access control list (SACL), defines which interactions with the file or folder are to be audited and whether they should be logged when the activity is successful, failed or both. For example, auditing can be enabled on sensitive files of a company, so that its managers get to know when someone tries to delete them or make a copy of them, and whether he or she succeeds.
Encrypting File System (EFS) provides strong and user - transparent encryption of any file or folder on an NTFS volume. EFS works in conjunction with the EFS service, Microsoft 's CryptoAPI and the EFS File System Run - Time Library (FSRTL). EFS works by encrypting a file with a bulk symmetric key (also known as the File Encryption Key, or FEK), which is used because it takes a relatively small amount of time to encrypt and decrypt large amounts of data than if an asymmetric key cipher is used. The symmetric key that is used to encrypt the file is then encrypted with a public key that is associated with the user who encrypted the file, and this encrypted data is stored in an alternate data stream of the encrypted file. To decrypt the file, the file system uses the private key of the user to decrypt the symmetric key that is stored in the file header. It then uses the symmetric key to decrypt the file. Because this is done at the file system level, it is transparent to the user. Also, in case of a user losing access to their key, support for additional decryption keys has been built into the EFS system, so that a recovery agent can still access the files if needed. NTFS - provided encryption and NTFS - provided compression are mutually exclusive; however, NTFS can be used for one and a third - party tool for the other.
The support of EFS is not available in Basic, Home, and MediaCenter versions of Windows, and must be activated after installation of Professional, Ultimate, and Server versions of Windows or by using enterprise deployment tools within Windows domains.
Disk quotas were introduced in NTFS v3. They allow the administrator of a computer that runs a version of Windows that supports NTFS to set a threshold of disk space that users may use. It also allows administrators to keep track of how much disk space each user is using. An administrator may specify a certain level of disk space that a user may use before they receive a warning, and then deny access to the user once they hit their upper limit of space. Disk quotas do not take into account NTFS 's transparent file - compression, should this be enabled. Applications that query the amount of free space will also see the amount of free space left to the user who has a quota applied to them.
NTFS reparse points, introduced in NTFS v3, are used by associating a reparse tag in the user space attribute of a file or directory. Microsoft includes several default tags including NTFS symbolic links, directory junction points and volume mount points. When the object manager (see Windows NT line executive) parses a file system name lookup and encounters a reparse attribute, it will reparse the name lookup, passing the user controlled reparse data to every file system filter driver that is loaded into Windows. Each filter driver examines the reparse data to see whether it is associated with that reparse point, and if that filter driver determines a match, then it intercepts the file system call and executes its special functionality.
Starting with Windows Vista Microsoft added the built - in ability to shrink or expand a partition. However, this ability does not relocate page file fragments or files that have been marked as unmovable, so shrinking a volume will often require relocating or disabling any page file, the index of Windows Search, and any Shadow Copy used by System Restore. Various third - party tools are capable of resizing NTFS partitions.
Internally, NTFS uses B+ trees to index file system data. Although complex to implement, this allows faster file look up times in most cases. A file system journal is used to guarantee the integrity of the file system metadata but not individual files ' content. Systems using NTFS are known to have improved reliability compared to FAT file systems.
NTFS allows any sequence of 16 - bit values for name encoding (file names, stream names, index names, etc.) except 0x0000. This means UTF - 16 code units are supported, but the file system does not check whether a sequence is valid UTF - 16 (it allows any sequence of short values, not restricted to those in the Unicode standard). File names are limited to 255 UTF - 16 code units. Certain names are reserved in the volume root directory and can not be used for files. These are $ MFT, $ MFTMirr, $ LogFile, $ Volume, $ AttrDef,. (dot), $ Bitmap, $ Boot, $ BadClus, $ Secure, $ UpCase, and $ Extend. (dot) and $ Extend are both directories; the others are files. The NT kernel limits full paths to 32,767 UTF - 16 code units. There are some additional restrictions on code points and file names.
This boot partition format is roughly based upon the earlier FAT filesystem, but the fields are in different locations. Some of these fields, especially the "sectors per track, '' "number of heads '' and "hidden sectors '' fields may contain dummy values on drives where they either do n't make sense or are n't determinable.
The OS first looks at the 8 bytes at 0x30 to find the cluster number of the $ MFT, then multiplies that number by the number of sectors per cluster (1 byte found at 0x0D). This value is the sector offset (LBA) to the $ MFT, which is described below.
In NTFS, all file, directory and metafile data -- file name, creation date, access permissions (by the use of access control lists), and size -- are stored as metadata in the Master File Table (MFT). This abstract approach allowed easy addition of file system features during Windows NT 's development -- an example is the addition of fields for indexing used by the Active Directory software. This also enables fast file search software such as Everything to locate named local files and folders included in the MFT very quickly, without requiring any other index.
The MFT structure supports algorithms which minimize disk fragmentation. A directory entry consists of a filename and a "file ID '', which is the record number representing the file in the Master File Table. The file ID also contains a reuse count to detect stale references. While this strongly resembles the W_FID of Files - 11, other NTFS structures radically differ.
Two copies of the MFT are stored in case of corruption. If the first record is corrupted, NTFS reads the second record to find the MFT mirror file. Locations for both files are stored in the boot sector.
NTFS contains several files that define and organize the file system. In all respects, most of these files are structured like any other user file ($ Volume being the most peculiar), but are not of direct interest to file system clients. These metafiles define files, back up critical file system data, buffer file system changes, manage free space allocation, satisfy BIOS expectations, track bad allocation units, and store security and disk space usage information. All content is in an unnamed data stream, unless otherwise indicated.
These metafiles are treated specially by Windows, handled directly by the NTFS. SYS driver and are difficult to directly view: special purpose - built tools are needed. As of Windows 7, the NTFS driver completely prohibits user access, resulting in a BSoD whenever an attempt to execute a metadata file is made. One such tool is the nfi. exe ("NTFS File Sector Information Utility '') that is freely distributed as part of the Microsoft "OEM Support Tools ''. For example, to obtain information on the "$ MFT '' - Master File Table Segment the following command is used: nfi. exe c: \ $ MFT Another way to bypass the restriction is to use 7 - zip 's file manager and go to the low - level NTFS path \ \. \ X:\ (where X:\ resembles any drive / partition). Here, 3 new folders will appear: $ EXTEND, (DELETED) (a pseudo-folder that 7 - zip uses to attach files deleted from the file system to view), and (SYSTEM) (another pseudo-folder that contains all the NTFS metadata files). This trick can be used from removable devices (USB flash drives, external hard drives, SD Cards, etc.) inside Windows, but doing this on the active partition requires offline access (namely WinRE).
For each file (or directory) described in the MFT record, there is a linear repository of stream descriptors (also named attributes), packed together in one or more MFT records (containing the so - called attributes list), with extra padding to fill the fixed 1 KB size of every MFT record, and that fully describes the effective streams associated with that file.
Each attribute has an attribute type (a fixed - size integer mapping to an attribute definition in file $ AttrDef), an optional attribute name (for example, used as the name for an alternate data stream), and a value, represented in a sequence of bytes. For NTFS, the standard data of files, the alternate data streams, or the index data for directories are stored as attributes.
According to $ AttrDef, some attributes can be either resident or non-resident. The $ DATA attribute, which contains file data, is such an example. When the attribute is resident (which is represented by a flag), its value is stored directly in the MFT record. Otherwise, clusters are allocated for the data, and the cluster location information is stored as data runs in the attribute.
All attributes of a given file may be displayed by using the nfi. exe ("NTFS File Sector Information Utility '') that is freely distributed as part of the Microsoft "OEM Support Tools ''.
Windows system calls may handle alternate data streams. Depending on the operating system, utility and remote file system, a file transfer might silently strip data streams. A safe way of copying or moving files is to use the BackupRead and BackupWrite system calls, which allow programs to enumerate streams, to verify whether each stream should be written to the destination volume and to knowingly skip unwanted streams.
To optimize the storage and reduce the I / O overhead for the very common case of attributes with very small associated value, NTFS prefers to place the value within the attribute itself (if the size of the attribute does not then exceed the maximum size of an MFT record), instead of using the MFT record space to list clusters containing the data; in that case, the attribute will not store the data directly but will just store an allocation map (in the form of data runs) pointing to the actual data stored elsewhere on the volume. When the value can be accessed directly from within the attribute, it is called "resident data '' (by computer forensics workers). The amount of data that fits is highly dependent on the file 's characteristics, but 700 to 800 bytes is common in single - stream files with non-lengthy filenames and no ACLs.
The allocation map is stored in a form of data runs with compressed encoding. Each data run represents a contiguous group of clusters that store the attribute value. For files on a multi-GB volume, each entry can be encoded as 5 to 7 bytes, which means a 1 KB MFT record can store about 100 such data runs. However, as the $ ATTRIBUTE_LIST also has a size limit, it is dangerous to have more than 1 million fragments of a single file on an NTFS volume, which also implies that it is in general not a good idea to use NTFS compression on a file larger than 10 GB.
The NTFS file system driver will sometimes attempt to relocate the data of some of the attributes that can be made non-resident into the clusters, and will also attempt to relocate the data stored in clusters back to the attribute inside the MFT record, based on priority and preferred ordering rules, and size constraints.
Since resident files do not directly occupy clusters ("allocation units ''), it is possible for an NTFS volume to contain more files on a volume than there are clusters. For example, a 74.5 GB partition NTFS formats with 19,543,064 clusters of 4 KB. Subtracting system files (a 64 MB log file, a 2,442,888 - byte Bitmap file, and about 25 clusters of fixed overhead) leaves 19,526,158 clusters free for files and indices. Since there are four MFT records per cluster, this volume theoretically could hold almost 4 × 19,526,158 = 78,104,632 resident files.
Opportunistic file locks (oplocks) allow clients to alter their buffering strategy for a given file or stream in order to increase performance and reduce network use. Oplocks apply to the given open stream of a file and do not affect oplocks on a different stream.
Oplocks can be used to transparently access files in the background. A network client may avoid writing information into a file on a remote server if no other process is accessing the data, or it may buffer read - ahead data if no other process is writing data.
Windows supports four different types of oplocks:
Opportunistic locks have been enhanced in Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 with per - client oplock keys.
Windows NT and its descendants keep internal timestamps as UTC and make the appropriate conversions for display purposes; all NTFS timestamps are in UTC.
For historical reasons, the versions of Windows that do not support NTFS all keep time internally as local zone time, and therefore so do all file systems -- other than NTFS -- that are supported by current versions of Windows. This means that when files are copied or moved between NTFS and non-NTFS partitions, the OS needs to convert timestamps on the fly. But if some files are moved when daylight saving time (DST) is in effect, and other files are moved when standard time is in effect, there can be some ambiguities in the conversions. As a result, especially shortly after one of the days on which local zone time changes, users may observe that some files have timestamps that are incorrect by one hour. Due to the differences in implementation of DST in different jurisdictions, this can result in a potential timestamp error of up to 4 hours in any given 12 months.
While the different NTFS versions are for the most part fully forward - and backward - compatible, there are technical considerations for mounting newer NTFS volumes in older versions of Microsoft Windows. This affects dual - booting, and external portable hard drives. For example, attempting to use an NTFS partition with "Previous Versions '' (a.k.a. Volume Shadow Copy) on an operating system that does not support it will result in the contents of those previous versions being lost. A Windows command - line utility called convert. exe can convert supporting file systems to NTFS, including HPFS (only on Windows NT 3.1, 3.5, and 3.51), FAT16 and FAT32 (on Windows 2000 and later).
Mac OS X 10.3 and later include read - only support for NTFS - formatted partitions. The GPL - licensed NTFS - 3G also works on Mac OS X through FUSE and allows reading and writing to NTFS partitions. A performance enhanced commercial version, called Tuxera NTFS for Mac, is also available from the NTFS - 3G developers. Paragon Software Group sells a read - write driver named NTFS for Mac OS X, which is also included on some models of Seagate hard drives. Native NTFS write support has been discovered in Mac OS X 10.6 and later, but is not activated by default, although workarounds do exist to enable the functionality. However, user reports indicate the functionality is unstable and tends to cause "kernel panics '', probably the reason why write support has not been enabled or advertised.
Linux kernel versions 2.2. 0 and later include the ability to read NTFS partitions; kernel versions 2.6. 0 and later contain a driver written by Anton Altaparmakov (University of Cambridge) and Richard Russon which supports file read, overwrite and resize. Three userspace drivers (NTFSMount, NTFS - 3G and Captive NTFS, a ' wrapping ' driver that uses Windows ' own driver, ntfs. sys) exist for NTFS support. They are built on the Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE), a Linux kernel module tasked with bridging userspace and kernel code to save and retrieve data. All three are licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL). Due to the complexity of internal NTFS structures, both the built - in 2.6. 14 kernel driver and the FUSE drivers disallow changes to the volume that are considered unsafe, to avoid corruption. Two proprietary solutions also exist:
eComStation, and FreeBSD offer read - only NTFS support (there is a beta NTFS driver that allows write / delete for eComStation, but is generally considered unsafe). A free third - party tool for BeOS, which was based on NTFS - 3G, allows full NTFS read and write.
NTFS - 3G, a free implementation of NTFS, while initially developed for Linux, also works on macOS, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD (where NTFS - 3G is available from ports), Solaris, QNX and Haiku, through FUSE.
There is a free for personal use read / write driver for MS - DOS called "NTFS4DOS ''. Ahead Software developed a "NTFSREAD '' driver (version 1.200) for DR - DOS 7.0 x between 2002 and 2004. It was part of their Nero Burning ROM software.
OpenBSD offer native read - only NTFS support by default on i386 and amd64 platforms as of version 4.9 released 1 May 2011.
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who plays the hero boy in polar express | The Polar Express (film) - Wikipedia
The Polar Express is a 2004 American 3D computer - animated Christmas musical fantasy film based on the 1985 children 's book of the same name by Chris Van Allsburg, who also served as one of the executive producers on the film. Written, produced, and directed by Robert Zemeckis, the film features human characters animated using live action motion capture animation.
The film stars Daryl Sabara, Nona Gaye, Jimmy Bennett, and Eddie Deezen, with Tom Hanks in six distinct roles. The film also included a performance by Tinashe at age 9, who later gained exposure as a pop singer in the 2010s, as the CGI - model for the female protagonist.
Castle Rock Entertainment produced the film in association with Shangri - La Entertainment, ImageMovers, Playtone, and Golden Mean for Warner Bros. Pictures, as Castle Rock 's first animated production. The visual effects and performance capture were done at Sony Pictures Imageworks. The film was made with a budget of $165 million, a record - breaking sum for an animated feature at the time.
The film was released in both conventional and IMAX 3D theaters on November 10, 2004. It grossed $309 million worldwide, and was later listed in the 2006 Guinness World Book of Records as the first all - digital capture film. The film also marks Michael Jeter 's last acting role before his death, and the film was thus dedicated to his memory.
On the night of Christmas Eve, a Grand Rapids, Michigan boy is growing bitterly skeptical of the existence of Santa Claus. As he struggles to sleep, he is roused by the arrival of a steam locomotive on the street outside his home, and dons his robe to investigate, tearing the robe 's pocket as he retrieves it. Outside, the train 's conductor (Tom Hanks) introduces the train as the Polar Express, bound for the North Pole. The boy initially declines to board, but jumps aboard the train as it pulls away.
In a passenger car, he befriends a spirited and amicable girl, and a condescending know - it - all. The train stops to pick up an impoverished child, Billy, who also declines to board; Billy changes his mind, and the boy applies the emergency brake to allow him to catch up to the train, much to the conductor 's chagrin. As Billy sits alone in the train 's rear dining car, hot chocolate is served in the passenger car, and the girl saves her hot chocolate for Billy. As she and the conductor cross to the dining car, the boy notices she left her ticket behind unpunched, but loses hold of the ticket between the cars when he attempts to return it. The ticket reenters the passenger car, but not before the conductor notices its absence and escorts the girl back to the rear car.
The know - it - all claims that the conductor will jettison the girl from the back of the train; the boy recovers the ticket and dashes to the dining car in search of the conductor, climbing onto the roof from the rear platform. He meets a hobo camping on the roof, who offers him coffee and discusses the existence of Santa Claus and belief in ghosts. The hobo skis with the boy along the tops of the cars towards the train 's coal tender, where the hobo disappears. Here, the boy discovers that the girl has been made to supervise the locomotive while engineers Steamer and Smokey replace the train 's headlight. The train is forced to stop while the conductor disperses a herd of caribou, whereupon the engineers return to the cabin and the boy, girl and conductor remain on the catwalk on the front of the locomotive. The throttle 's split pin sheers off, causing the train to accelerate uncontrollably down a 179 - degree grade and onto a frozen lake, where the engineers repair the throttle with a hairpin and drift the train to realign it with the tracks. The boy returns the girl 's ticket, and as the three return to the passenger car, the boy is accosted by an Ebenezer Scrooge marionette (controlled by the hobo), taunting him and calling him a doubter.
The train finally arrives at the North Pole, where the conductor announces that one of the passengers will be chosen to receive the first gift of Christmas, from Santa himself. The girl discovers Billy still alone in the rear car, and she and the boy persuade him to come along; however, the boy accidentally unhitches the car, sending it back along the line to a railway turntable in Santa 's workshop. The children sneak through an elf command center and a gift sorting office before accidentally being dumped into Santa 's sack, where they discover that the know - it - all stowed away along with them, hoping to open his Christmas presents early. The elves rescue them as Santa arrives, and the boy grows frustrated, unable to see Santa through the crowd. A jingle bell flies loose from the galloping reindeers ' reins; the boy initially can not hear it ring, until he finds it within himself to believe. He returns the bell to Santa as he passes, and Santa selects the boy to receive the first gift of Christmas. The boy asks to keep the jingle bell, and places it in his robe pocket.
Four of the elves use a handcar to trundle the wayward passenger car back to the train as the children all board the Polar Express to return home, but the then boy discovers that the pocket was torn and that the bell had fallen out. He returns home and awakens Christmas morning to find a present containing the bell. He holds it to his ear and shakes it; his parents, not believing in Santa, lament how the bell is "broken ''.
The buildings at the North Pole refer to a number of buildings related to American railroading history. The buildings in the square at the city 's center are loosely based on the Pullman Factory in Chicago 's Pullman neighborhood.
The locomotive featured in the film is an American 2 - 8 - 4 Berkshire type steam locomotive, with a cowcatcher, modeled after the Pere Marquette 1225, which had spent many years on static display near Spartan Stadium in East Lansing, Michigan on the campus of Michigan State University, where Chris Van Allsburg recalled playing on the engine when attending football games as a child.
In July 2002, Warner Bros. approached the engine 's owner, the Steam Railroading Institute, to study the engine. The engine in the film is modeled from the PM # 1225 's drawings and the sounds from recordings made of the 1225 operating under steam. The whistle, however, was taken from Sierra Railway # 3.
In addition to standard theatrical 35mm format, a 3 - D version for IMAX was also released, generated from the same 3 - D digital models used for the standard version.
The film was released on DVD as separated widescreen and full - screen versions in single and two - disc special editions (with bonus features) and on VHS on November 22, 2005, one year after the film came out. It was released on Blu - ray with bonus features and presented in the original widescreen aspect ratio on October 30, 2007.
On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100 based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews ''. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 55 % based on 202 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, "Though the movie is visually stunning overall, the animation for the human characters is n't lifelike enough, and the story is padded. '' Despite the polarized reception from critics, The Polar Express has been popular among audiences. The Independent reported in 2011 that the film "is now seen by many as a classic ''. CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare "A + '' grade.
Roger Ebert gave the film his highest rating of four stars, saying, "There 's a deeper, shivery tone, instead of the mindless jolliness of the usual Christmas movie. '' And "It has a haunting, magical quality... '' Acknowledging comments by other reviewers, Ebert said, "It 's a little creepy. Not creepy in an unpleasant way, but in that sneaky, teasing way that lets you know eerie things could happen. '' Richard Roeper gave a glowing review to the film as well, saying that it "remains true to the book, right down to the bittersweet final image. '' James Berardinelli gave it a 3.5 / 4, stating that it is "a delightful tale guaranteed to enthrall viewers of all ages '', and ranked it as the 10th best film of 2004.
The character design and animation were criticized for dipping into the uncanny valley. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film a 1 out of 4 stars, and called it "a failed and lifeless experiment in which everything goes wrong ''. Stephanie Zacharek of Salon gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5 and said, "I could probably have tolerated the incessant jitteriness of The Polar Express if the look of it did n't give me the creeps. '' Geoff Pevere of the Toronto Star stated, "If I were a child, I 'd have nightmares. Come to think of it, I did anyway. '' Paul Clinton from CNN called it "at best disconcerting, and at worst, a wee bit horrifying ''.
The film opened at # 2 and earned $23,323,463 from approximately 7,000 screens at 3,650 theaters, for a per - theater average of $6,390 and a per - screen average of $3,332 in its opening weekend. It also brought in a total of $30,629,146 since its Wednesday launch. The weekend total also included $2,100,000 from 59 IMAX theaters, for an IMAX theater average of $35,593, and had a $3,000,000 take since Wednesday. In its second weekend, it grossed another $15,668,101, averaging $4,293 from 3,650 venues and boosting the 12 - day cumulative to $51,463,282 and over Thanksgiving weekend made another $19,389,927, averaging $5,312 from 3,650 venues and raising the 19 - day cumulative to $81,479,861. The film has made $185,618,322 domestically (including IMAX re-releases), and $124,140,582 overseas for a total worldwide gross of $309,758,904.
The film had its network TV premiere on ABC, December 1, 2006. The airing brought in 13.2 million viewers, winning its timeslot and ranking 20th in the Nielsen ratings that week, according to TVTango.com.
The film was nominated for three Academy Awards:
The film was nominated at the 3rd Visual Effects Society Awards in the category of "Outstanding Performance by an Animated Character in an Animated Motion Picture. ''
In 2008, the American Film Institute nominated The Polar Express for its Top 10 Animated Films list.
In November 2007, SeaWorld Orlando debuted the Polar Express Experience, a Motion Simulator ride based on the film. The attraction is a temporary replacement for the Wild Arctic attraction. The building housing the attraction was also temporarily re-themed to a railroad station and ride vehicles painted to resemble Polar Express passenger cars. The plot for the ride revolves around a trip to the North Pole on Christmas Eve. Guests feel the motion of the locomotive as well as the swinging of the train on ice and feeling of ice crumbling beneath them. The attraction was available until January 1, 2008, and is now open annually during the Christmas season.
The 4D film, distributed by SimEx - Iwerks, has been shown at other amusement parks around the world including Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Dollywood (during the annual Smoky Mountain Christmas event), Vancouver Aquarium (2009 -- 2010), and Warner Bros. Movie World (during the White Christmas events in 2010 and 2011).
A video game based on the film was released on November 26, 2004 for GameCube, Game Boy Advance, PlayStation 2 and Windows, developed by Blue Tongue Entertainment and published by THQ. The plot of the game is more different than the film version. Within this time, the Ebenezer Scrooge puppet who is set as the main antagonist of the game, attempts to prevent the children from believing in Santa Claus by stealing their tickets and trying to stop the children for reaching the North Pole.
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who sings the theme song to dirty dancing | (I 've Had) the Time of My Life - wikipedia
"(I 've Had) The Time of My Life '' is a 1987 song composed by Franke Previte, John DeNicola, and Donald Markowitz. It was recorded by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes, and used as the theme song for the 1987 film Dirty Dancing. The song has won a number of awards, including an Academy Award for "Best Original Song '', a Golden Globe Award for "Best Original Song '', and a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.
Singer - songwriter Previte was the lead singer of the band Franke and the Knockouts. He had success with the song "Sweetheart '' in 1981, but by 1986 was without a recording contract. In late 1986 or early 1987, producer and head of Millennium Records, Jimmy Ienner, asked Previte about writing some music for "a little movie called Dirty Dancing ''. Previte initially turned the request down because he was still trying to get a record deal, but Ienner was persistent, and got Previte to write several songs for the film, including "Hungry Eyes '', later recorded by singer Eric Carmen, which also became a top 10 hit.
Previte wrote the lyrics, and the music was written by John DeNicola and Don Markowitz. After getting further approval, Previte created a demo of the song, performing on it himself, along with singer Rachele Cappelli. The demo showcased how the harmonies were to be used, employing a "cold open '', or a slow build - up of the song to its finale. This demo was n't used in the final cut of the film − the more polished version with Warnes and Medley was. However, because the Warnes / Medley track was not ready by the time the finale was filmed (it was shot first, due to the tight budget), Previte and Capelli 's much lighter and more youthful version was used as a backing track, so that the actors, Patrick Swayze and Jennifer Grey, and the dancers, could have something to dance to (Swayze had later remarked it was his favorite version, even including all the subsequent remakes). The demo version finally appeared on the 1998 CD reissue of Previte 's 1981 album Franke and the Knockouts, but is only listed as "Bonus Track ''.
The song was initially intended for Donna Summer and Joe Esposito, but they turned it down. Bill Medley was approached by Jimmy Ienner repeatedly over two months to do the recording, but he also turned it down because his daughter McKenna was due to be born, and he had promised his wife he would be there. After the birth of his daughter, Medley was approached again, because Jennifer Warnes had indicated she would record the song if she could do the duet with Medley. Medley then agreed to record the track. With the release of the film it became a worldwide hit, and is one of the most frequently played songs on radio.
A song by Lionel Richie was initially planned to be used as the finale of Dirty Dancing, but choreographer Kenny Ortega and his assistant Miranda Garrison (who also played Vivian in the film) selected "The Time of My Life '' instead.
A music video was produced for this song in October 1987. The video features several couples dancing like in the movie, and it also featured clips from it.
In the United States, the single topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart in November 1987 for one week and also reached number one on the Adult Contemporary for four weeks. In the United Kingdom the song had two chart outings: in November 1987, after the film 's initial release, the song peaked at No. 6; in January 1991, after the film was shown on mainstream television, the song reached No. 8.
In 2004 AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Songs survey placed it # 86 among the top tunes in American cinema.
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when do you get a new ball in test cricket | Test cricket - wikipedia
Test cricket is the longest form of the sport of cricket and is considered its highest standard. Test matches are played between national representative teams with "Test status '', as determined and conferred by the International Cricket Council (ICC). The two teams of 11 players each play a four - innings match, which may last up to five days (or longer in some historical cases). It is generally considered the most complete examination of teams ' playing ability and endurance. The name Test stems from the long, gruelling match being both mentally and physically testing.
The first officially recognised Test match took place on 15 -- 19 March 1877 and was played between England and Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG), where Australia won by 45 runs. A Test match to celebrate 100 years of Test cricket was held in Melbourne on 12 -- 17 March 1977, in which Australia beat England by 45 runs -- the same margin as that first Test.
In October 2012, the ICC recast the playing conditions for Test matches, permitting day / night Test matches. The first day / night game took place between Australia and New Zealand at the Adelaide Oval, Adelaide, on 27 November -- 1 December 2015.
The equivalent for women is Women 's Test cricket, which is played over four days with slight differences in format from men 's Tests.
Test matches are the highest level of cricket, although, statistically, their data form part of first - class cricket. Matches are played between national representative teams with "Test status '', as determined by the International Cricket Council. As of June 2017, twelve national teams have Test status, the most recently promoted being Afghanistan and Ireland on 22 June 2017. Zimbabwe 's Test status was voluntarily suspended, because of poor performances between 2006 and 2011; it returned to competition in August 2011.
In January 2014, during an ICC meeting in Dubai, the pathway for new potential Test nations was laid out with the winners of the next round of the ICC Intercontinental Cup playing a 5 - day match against the bottom ranked Test nation. If the Associate team defeats the Test nation, then they could be added as the new Test country and granted full membership.
A list of matches, defined as "Tests '', was first drawn up by Australian Clarence Moody in the mid-1890s. Representative matches played by simultaneous England touring sides of 1891 -- 92 (in Australia and South Africa) and 1929 -- 30 (in the West Indies and New Zealand) are deemed to have "Test status ''.
In 1970, a series of five "Test matches '' was played in England between England and a Rest of the World XI. These matches, originally scheduled between England and South Africa, were amended after South Africa was suspended from international cricket because of their government 's policy of apartheid. Although initially given Test status (and included as Test matches in some record books, including Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack), this was later withdrawn and a principle was established that official Test matches can only be between nations (although the geographically and demographically small countries of the West Indies have since 1928 been permitted to field a coalition side). Despite this, in 2005, the ICC ruled that the six - day Super Series match that took place in October 2005, between Australia and a World XI, was an official Test match. Some cricket writers and statisticians, including Bill Frindall, ignored the ICC 's ruling and excluded the 2005 match from their records. The series of "Test matches '' played in Australia between Australia and a World XI in 1971 / 72 do not have Test status. The commercial "Supertests '' organised by Kerry Packer as part of his World Series Cricket enterprise and played between "WSC Australia '', "WSC World XI '' and "WSC West Indies '' from 1977 to 1979 have never been regarded as official Test matches.
There are currently twelve Test - playing men 's teams. The teams all represent individual, independent nations, except for England, the West Indies, and Ireland. Test status is conferred upon a country or group of countries by the International Cricket Council. Teams that do not have Test status can play in the ICC Intercontinental Cup, specifically designed to allow non-Test teams to play under conditions similar to Tests. The teams are listed below with the date of each team 's Test debut:
In the mid 2010s, the ICC evaluated proposals for dividing Test cricket into two tiers, with promotion and relegation between Tier - 1 and Tier - 2. These proposals were supported by some national cricket govening bodies, but opposed by others. These proposals were ulimately not implemented.
A standard day of Test cricket consists of three sessions of two hours each, the breaks between sessions being 40 minutes for lunch and 20 minutes for tea. However the times of sessions and intervals may be altered in certain circumstances: if bad weather or a change of innings occurs close to a scheduled break, the break may be taken immediately; if there has been a loss of playing time, for example because of bad weather, the session times may be adjusted to make up the lost time; if the batting side is nine wickets down at the scheduled tea break, then the interval may be delayed until either 30 minutes has elapsed or the team is all out; the final session may be extended by up to 30 minutes if 90 or more overs have not been bowled in that day 's play (subject to any reduction for adverse weather); the final session may be extended by 30 minutes (except on the 5th day) if the umpires believe the result can be decided within that time.
Today, Test matches are scheduled to be played across five consecutive days. However, in the early days of Test cricket, matches were played for three or four days. Four - day Test matches were last played in 1973, between New Zealand and Pakistan. Until the 1980s, it was usual to include a ' rest day, ' often a Sunday. There have also been ' Timeless Tests ', which did not end after a predetermined maximum time. In 2005, Australia played a match scheduled for six days against a World XI, which the ICC sanctioned as an official Test match, though the match reached a conclusion on the fourth day. In October 2017, the ICC approved a request for a four - day Test match, between South Africa and Zimbabwe, which started on 26 December 2017 and ended on the second day, 27 December. The ICC will trial the four - day Test format until the 2019 Cricket World Cup.
There have been attempts by the ICC, the sport 's governing body, to introduce day - night Test matches. In 2012, The International Cricket Council passed playing conditions that allowed for the staging of day - night Test matches. The first day - night Test took place during New Zealand 's tour to Australia in November 2015.
Test cricket is played in innings (the word denotes both the singular and the plural). In each innings, one team bats and the other bowls (or fields). Ordinarily four innings are played in a Test match, and each team bats twice and bowls twice. Before the start of play on the first day, the two team captains and the match referee toss a coin; the captain who wins the toss decides whether his team will bat or bowl first.
In the following scenarios, the team that bats first is referred to as Team A and their opponents as Team B.
Usually the teams will alternate at the completion of each innings. Thus, Team A will bat (and Team B will bowl) until its innings ends, and then Team B will bat and Team A will bowl. When Team B 's innings ends, Team A begin their second innings, and this is followed by Team B 's second innings. The winning team is the one that scores more runs in their two innings.
A team 's innings ends in one of the following ways:
If, at the completion of its first innings, Team B 's first innings total is 200 or more fewer than Team A 's, the captain of Team A may (but is not required to) order Team B to have their second innings next. This is called enforcing the follow on. In this case, the usual order of the third and fourth innings is reversed: Team A will bat in the fourth innings. It is rare for a team forced to follow on to win the match. In Test cricket it has only happened three times, although over 285 follow - ons have been enforced: Australia was the losing team on each occasion, twice to England, in 1894 and in 1981, and once to India in 2001.
If the whole of the first day 's play of a Test match has been lost because of bad weather or other reasons like bad light, then Team A may enforce the follow on if Team B 's first innings total is 150 or more fewer than Team A 's. During the 2nd Test between England and New Zealand at Headingley in 2013, England batted first after the first day was lost because of rain. New Zealand, batting second, scored 180 runs fewer than England, meaning England could have enforced the follow on, though chose not to. This is similar to four - day first - class cricket, where the follow on can be enforced if the difference is 150 runs or fewer. If the Test is 2 days or fewer then the "follow - on '' value is 100 runs.
After 80 overs, the captain of the bowling side may take a new ball, although this is not required. The captain will usually take the new ball: being harder and smoother than an old ball, a new ball generally favours faster bowlers who can make it bounce more variably. The roughened, softer surface of an old ball can be more conducive to spin bowlers, or those using reverse swing. The captain may delay the decision to take the new ball if he wishes to continue with his spinners (because the pitch favours spin). After a new ball has been taken, should an innings last a further 80 overs, then the captain will have the option to take another new ball.
A Test match may end in one of six results:
Test cricket is almost always played as a series of matches between two countries, with all matches in the series taking place in the same country (the host). Often there is a perpetual trophy that is awarded to the winner, the most famous of which is the Ashes contested between England and Australia. There have been two exceptions to the bilateral nature of Test cricket: the 1912 Triangular Tournament, a three - way competition between England, Australia and South Africa (hosted by England), and the Asian Test Championship, an event held in 1998 -- 99 and 2001 -- 02.
The number of matches in Test series has varied from one to seven. Up until the early 1990s, Test series between international teams were organised between the two national cricket organisations with umpires provided by the home team. With the entry of more countries into Test cricket, and a wish by the ICC to maintain public interest in Tests in the face of the popularity of one - day cricket, a rotation system was introduced that sees all ten Test teams playing each other over a six - year cycle, and an official ranking system (with a trophy held by the highest - ranked team). In this system, umpires are provided by the ICC. An elite panel of eleven umpires has been established, and the panel is supplemented by an additional International Panel that includes three umpires named by each Test - playing country. The elite umpires officiate almost all Test matches, usually not Tests involving their home country.
There has been no World Cup for Test Match conducted thus far by the ICC, since it is the longest format of the game, due to which the Championship might go on for years together. However, of late, the ICC is holding discussions to conduct a World Test Championship over a span of 2 years (starting its first Championship from 2019 - 2021), after failing to execute their plan of conducting this tournament twice, once during 2013 and another time during 2017. The schedule for 2019 -- 21 Test Championship is a set of typical bilateral series in various countries put together, where one team is the host and other team is the visitor. The length of the series would vary between 2 matches to 5 matches. The result of each match carries a weighting of the points depending upon the length of the series: a single match in a 5 - match series will account for 20 % of the series points, while a match in a 2 - match series will account for 50 % of the series points.
Sides designated as "England '' began to play in the late 18th century, but these teams were not truly representative. Early international cricket was disrupted by the French Revolution and the American Civil War. The earliest international cricket match was between USA and Canada, on 24 and 25 September 1844. This has never been officially considered a "Test match ''. Tours of national English sides abroad took place, particularly to the USA, Australia and New Zealand. The Australian Aborigines team became the first organised overseas cricketers to tour England in 1868.
Two rival English tours of Australia were proposed in the early months of 1877, with James Lillywhite campaigning for a professional tour and Fred Grace for an amateur one. Grace 's tour fell through and it was Lillywhite 's team that toured New Zealand and Australia in 1876 -- 77. Two matches against a combined Australian XI were later classified as the first official Test matches. The first match was won by Australia, by 45 runs, and the second by England. After reciprocal tours established a pattern of international cricket, The Ashes was established as an ongoing competition during the Australian tour of England in 1882. Surprisingly beaten, a mock obituary of English cricket was published in the Sporting Times the following day: the phrase "The body shall be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia '' prompted the subsequent creation of the Ashes urn. The series of 1884 -- 85 was the first to be held over five matches: Shaw, writing in 1901, considered the side to be "the best ever to have left England ''.
South Africa became the third team to play Test cricket in 1888 -- 89, when they hosted a tour by an under - strength England side.
The following are the perpetual trophies in Test cricket.
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members of parliament local area development (mplad) scheme | Members of Parliament Local Area Development scheme - Wikipedia
Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS) is a scheme formulated by Government of India on 23 December 1993 that provides that each member of parliament of India has the choice to suggest to the Head of the District works to the tune of ₹ 5 crore (US $770,000) per year, to be taken up in his / her constituency. Initially, this scheme was administered by Ministry of Rural Development. Later, in October 1994, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI) has been looking into its working. Elected Members of Rajya Sabha representing the whole of the State as they do, may select works for implementation in one or more district (s) as they may choose. Nominated Members of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha may also select works for implementation in one or more districts, anywhere in the country. The allocation per MP per year stands increased to ₹ 2 crore (US $310,000) from the year 1998 - 1999 which has been further enhanced to ₹ 5 crore (US $770,000) from the year 2011. It also allows MPs to spend up to ₹ 10 lakh (US $15,000) in any other constituency in India.
Since start there have been reports of malpractices in running the scheme and there have been demands to scrap it. In 2006, a scandal was exposed by a TV Channel, that showed MPs taking bribe for handing over project work under the MPLADS. A seven - member committee was set up to probe the matter.
Some new guidelines for MPLADS were announced by MOSPI: -
The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation has announced a new scheme "One MP -- One Idea '' under the Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS). Based on the innovative ideas received from the local people regarding developmental projects, an ' One MP -- One Idea ' Competition may be held in each Lok Sabha constituency annually to select the three best innovations for cash awards on the specific request of an MP to promote such a scheme in his / her constituency.
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which condition is not suitable for formation of dew | Dew - wikipedia
Dew is water in the form of droplets that appears on thin, exposed objects in the morning or evening due to condensation. As the exposed surface cools by radiating its heat, atmospheric moisture condenses at a rate greater than that at which it can evaporate, resulting in the formation of water droplets.
When temperatures are low enough, dew takes the form of ice; this form is called frost.
Because dew is related to the temperature of surfaces, in late summer it forms most easily on surfaces that are not warmed by conducted heat from deep ground, such as grass, leaves, railings, car roofs, and bridges.
Dew should not be confused with guttation, which is the process by which plants release excess water from the tips of their leaves.
Water vapour will condense into droplets depending on the temperature. The temperature at which droplets form is called the dew point. When surface temperature drops, eventually reaching the dew point, atmospheric water vapor condenses to form small droplets on the surface. This process distinguishes dew from those hydrometeors (meteorological occurrences of water), which form directly in air that has cooled to its dew point (typically around condensation nuclei), such as fog or clouds. The thermodynamic principles of formation, however, are the same. Dew is usually formed at night.
Adequate cooling of the surface typically takes place when it loses more energy by infrared radiation than it receives as solar radiation from the sun, which is especially the case on clear nights. Poor thermal conductivity restricts the replacement of such losses from deeper ground layers, which are typically warmer at night. Preferred objects of dew formation are thus poor conducting or well isolated from the ground, and non-metallic, while shiny metal coated surfaces are poor infrared radiators. Preferred weather conditions include the absence of clouds and little water vapor in the higher atmosphere to minimize greenhouse effects and sufficient humidity of the air near the ground. Typical dew nights are classically considered calm, because the wind transports (nocturnally) warmer air from higher levels to the cold surface. However, if the atmosphere is the major source of moisture (this type is called dewfall), a certain amount of ventilation is needed to replace the vapor that is already condensed. The highest optimum wind speeds could be found on arid islands. If the wet soil beneath is the major source of vapor, however (this type of dew formation is called distillation), wind always seems adverse.
The processes of dew formation do not restrict its occurrence to the night and the outdoors. They are also working when eyeglasses get steamy in a warm, wet room or in industrial processes. However, the term condensation is preferred in these cases.
A classical device for dew measurement is the drosometer. A small, ((artificial)) condenser surface is suspended from an arm attached to a pointer or a pen that records the weight changes of the condenser on a drum. Besides being very wind sensitive, however, this, like all artificial surface devices, only provides a measure of the meteorological potential for dew formation. The actual amount of dew in a specific place is strongly dependent on surface properties. For its measurement, plants, leaves, or whole soil columns are placed on a balance with their surface at the same height and in the same surroundings as would occur naturally, thus providing a small lysimeter. Further methods include estimation by means of comparing the droplets to standardized photographs, or volumetric measurement of the amount of water wiped from the surface. Some of these methods include guttation, while others only measure dewfall and / or distillation.
Due to its dependence on radiation balance, dew amounts can reach a theoretical maximum of about 0.8 mm per night; measured values, however, rarely exceed 0.5 mm. In most climates of the world, the annual average is too small to compete with rain. In regions with considerable dry seasons, adapted plants like lichen or pine seedlings benefit from dew. Large - scale, natural irrigation without rainfall, such as in the Atacama Desert and Namib desert, however, is mostly attributed to fog water. In the Negev Desert in Israel, dew has been found to account for almost half of the water found in three dominant desert species, Salsola inermis, Artemisia sieberi and Haloxylon scoparium.
Another effect of dew is its hydration of fungal substrates and the mycelia of species such as Pleated Inkcaps on lawns and Phytophthora infestans which causes blight on potato plants.
The book De Mundo (composed before 250 BC or between 350 and 200 BC) described; Dew is moisture minute in composition falling from a clear sky; ice is water congealed in a condensed form from a clear sky; hoar - frost is congealed dew, and ' dew - frost ' is dew which is half congealed.
In Greek mythology, Ersa is the goddess of dew.
Dew, known in Hebrew as טל (tal), is significant in the Jewish religion for agricultural and theological purposes. On the first day of Passover, the Chazan, dressed in a white kittel, leads a service in which he prays for dew between that point and Sukkot. During the rainy season between December and Passover there are also additions in the Amidah for blessed dew to come together with rain. There are many midrashim that refer to dew as being the tool for ultimate resurrection.
In the Biblical Old Testament dew is used symbolically in Deuteronomy 32: 2: "My doctrine shall drop as the rain, my speech shall distill as the dew, as the small rain upon the tender herb, and as the showers upon the grass. ''
Several man - made devices such as antique, big stone piles in Ukraine, medieval "dew ponds '' in southern England, or volcanic stone covers on the fields of Lanzarote have been thought to be dew - catching devices, but could be shown to work on other principles. At present, the International Organisation for Dew Utilization is working on effective, foil - based condensers for regions where rain or fog can not cover water needs throughout the year.
Large scale dew harvesting systems have been made by Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad (IIMA) with the participation of the International Organisation for Dew Utilization (OPUR) at coastal semi arid region Kutch. These condensers can harvest more than 200 litres (on average) of dew water per night for about 90 nights in the dew season October -- May. The research lab of IIMA has shown that dew can serve as a supplementary source of water in coastal arid areas.
A scheme for large scale harvesting of dew has been proposed. The scheme envisages circulating cold sea water in EPDM collectors near the seashore. These condense dew and fog to supply clean drinking water.
A magnified view of dew on a leaf
Dew that has formed on a spider web
Dew that has formed on a Chinese Hibiscus flower
Dew on broken leaf
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state any five characteristics of national food for work programme | National food for work programme - Wikipedia
The National Food for Work Programme (NFWP), 2004 was launched by minister of rural development, central government on November 14, 2004 in 150 of the most backward districts of India with the objective of generating supplementary wage employment. The programme is open for all Indian poors who are prepared to do manual unskilled labour work and are in the need of wage employment. It is implemented as a centrally - sponsored scheme. Food grains are provided to the States free of cost. The transportation cost, handling charges, and taxes on food grains will, however, be the responsibility of the States.
The collector is the primary or nodal officer at the district level and has overall responsibility for planning, implementation, coordination, monitoring and supervision. For 2004 - 2005, ₹ 2,020 crore (US $310 million) have been allocated for the programme in addition to 18 million tonnes of food grains.
Now that the MGNREGA is in force, the NFFWP will be subsumed within this programmes
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who played oliver in the original oliver twist | Mark Lester - wikipedia
Mark Lester (born Mark A. Letzer; 11 July 1958) is an English former child actor known for playing the title role in the 1968 musical film version of Oliver! and starring in a number of other British and European films of the 1960s and 1970s and in a number of television series.
Lester was born in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, in southern England, to actress Rita Keene Lester and actor and producer Michael Lester (originally Michael Boris Letzer). His father was Jewish and his mother Anglican. Lester was educated at three independent schools: at Corona Theatre School in Ravenscourt Park in West London, followed by Tower House School, a boys ' preparatory school near Richmond Park (also in West London), and at Halliford School in Shepperton in Surrey.
Lester initially had supporting roles in several British television series, including The Human Jungle and Danger Man.
In 1964, at the age of six, Lester was cast in Robert Dhéry 's film Allez France! (English title The Counterfeit Constable) with Diana Dors (who appeared in the 1948 film version of Oliver Twist). He played a small part as the second schoolboy in Fahrenheit 451.
In 1967, at the age of eight, Lester was cast in the title role in the film version of Lionel Bart 's musical Oliver!. The multiple Academy Award - winning adaptation of Charles Dickens ' novel co-starred Jack Wild, Ron Moody, Harry Secombe, Shani Wallis and Oliver Reed and was directed by Carol Reed. Since Lester could not sing, his singing was dubbed by Kathe Green, daughter of the film 's music arranger Johnny Green. Lester became good friends with Wild during production of the film and their friendship continued after production, with Lester describing Wild as a "long lost brother ''.
These two child actors later reunited for Melody (1971), which depicted British schoolchildren in love. Tracy Hyde played the role of Melody in the film, which used music from the Bee Gees and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young.
In 1969, Lester received critical acclaim for his portrayal of a dysfunctional and withdrawn only child in Run Wild, Run Free, starring opposite John Mills, and then as a disturbed child in the first regular episode of Then Came Bronson. Lester 's acting roles peaked as he starred in Eyewitness (1970), with Susan George, Night Hair Child with Britt Ekland, Whoever Slew Auntie Roo?, with Shelley Winters, Melody and a film version of Black Beauty (all 1971). After this period, his acting roles in the UK would begin to wane. He extended his range with roles in a series of films in Italy including Redneck (1972) with Telly Savalas and the Western Scalawag (1973) with Kirk Douglas. The final film of his Italian - based career was in the costume drama La Prima volta sull'erba (English title The First Time on the Grass, 1974), which was nominated for the Golden Bear prize at the 25th Berlin International Film Festival.
Lester wrapped up his film career with the lead role in the all - star film Crossed Swords a.k.a. The Prince and the Pauper (1977), starring Raquel Welch, Charlton Heston, Rex Harrison, George C. Scott, and Oliver Reed, who had played Bill Sikes in Oliver!.
At the age of 18 Lester had access to some of the fortune he had earned from his films. He bought a Ferrari and a house in Belgravia and went to parties, nightclubs and restaurants, often paying for friends. He dabbled with drugs. After the poor reception of The Prince and the Pauper, Lester gave up acting at the age of 19 and took his A Levels. In his twenties he became a karate black belt, through this grew interested in sports injuries, and from there osteopathy. At the age of 28 and became an osteopath, studying at the British School of Osteopathy and in 1993, Lester opened the Carlton Clinic, an acupuncture clinic in Cheltenham.
Lester has four children with his first wife, whom he married in January 1993 and divorced in 2005. In 2006, he married Lisa, a psychiatric nurse.
He is a patron of the theatre charity The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America.
Lester was a close friend of Michael Jackson and is godfather to Jackson 's three children. In August 2009, after Jackson 's death, Lester gave an interview to the British tabloid newspaper News of the World in which he claimed that he could be the biological father of Paris Katherine Jackson, the late singer 's daughter. Lester claimed to have been a sperm donor for Jackson in 1996, and announced that he was willing to take a paternity test to determine whether he was the father. Brian Oxman, former lawyer for the Jackson family, rejected the claim in a television interview, stating, "The thing I always heard from Michael was that Michael was the father of these children, and I believe Michael. ''
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the symptoms of combat operational stress reaction (cosr) are similar to | Combat stress reaction - wikipedia
Combat stress reaction (CSR) is a term used within the military to describe acute behavioral disorganization seen by medical personnel as a direct result of the trauma of war. Also known as "combat fatigue '' or "battle neurosis '', it has some overlap with the diagnosis of acute stress reaction used in civilian psychiatry. It is historically linked to shell shock and can sometimes precurse post-traumatic stress disorder.
Combat stress reaction is an acute reaction that includes a range of behaviors resulting from the stress of battle that decrease the combatant 's fighting efficiency. The most common symptoms are fatigue, slower reaction times, indecision, disconnection from one 's surroundings, and the inability to prioritize. Combat stress reaction is generally short - term and should not be confused with acute stress disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, or other long - term disorders attributable to combat stress, although any of these may commence as a combat stress reaction. The US Army uses the term / acronym COSR (Combat Stress Reaction) in official medical reports. This term can be applied to any stress reaction in the military unit environment. Many reactions look like symptoms of mental illness (such as panic, extreme anxiety, depression, and hallucinations), but they are only transient reactions to the traumatic stress of combat and the cumulative stresses of military operations.
In World War I, shell shock was considered a psychiatric illness resulting from injury to the nerves during combat. The horrors of trench warfare meant that about 10 % of the fighting soldiers were killed (compared to 4.5 % during World War II) and the total proportion of troops who became casualties (killed or wounded) was 56 %. Whether a shell - shock sufferer was considered "wounded '' or "sick '' depended on the circumstances. When faced with the phenomenon of a minority of soldiers mentally breaking down, there was an expectation that the root of this problem lay in character of the individual soldier, not because of what they experienced on the front lines during the war. These sorts of attitudes helped fuel the main argument that was accepted after the war and going forward that there was a social root to shell shock that consisted of soldiers finding the only way allowed by the military to show weakness and get out of the front, claiming that their mental anguish constituted a legitimate medical diagnosis as a disease. The large proportion of World War I veterans in the European population meant that the symptoms were common to the culture.
Combat stress reaction symptoms align with the symptoms also found in psychological trauma, which is closely related to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). CSR differs from PTSD (among other things) in that a PTSD diagnosis requires a duration of symptoms over one month, which CSR does not.
The most common stress reactions include:
The ratio of stress casualties to battle casualties varies with the intensity of the fighting. With intense fighting, it can be as high as 1: 1. In low - level conflicts, it can drop to 1: 10 (or less). Modern warfare embodies the principles of continuous operations with an expectation of higher combat stress casualties.
The World War II European Army rate of stress casualties of 101: 1,000 troops per annum is biased by data from the last years of the war where the rates were low.
The PIE principles were in place for the "not yet diagnosed nervous '' (NYDN) cases:
United States medical officer Thomas W. Salmon is often quoted as the originator of these PIE principles. However, his real strength came from going to Europe and learning from the Allies and then instituting the lessons. By the end of the war, Salmon had set up a complete system of units and procedures that was then the "world 's best practice ''. After the war, he maintained his efforts in educating society and the military. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal for his contributions.
Effectiveness of the PIE approach has not been confirmed by studies of CSR, and there is some evidence that it is not effective in preventing PTSD.
US services now use the more recently developed BICEPS principles:
The British government produced a Report of the War Office Committee of Inquiry into "Shell - Shock '', which was published in 1922. Recommendations from this included:
Part of the concern was that many British veterans were receiving pensions and had long - term disabilities.
By 1939, some 120,000 British ex-servicemen had received final awards for primary psychiatric disability or were still drawing pensions -- about 15 % of all pensioned disabilities -- and another 44,000 or so... were getting pensions for ' soldier 's heart ' or Effort Syndrome. There is, though, much that statistics do not show, because in terms of psychiatric effects, pensioners were just the tip of a huge iceberg. ''
War correspondent Philip Gibbs wrote:
Something was wrong. They put on civilian clothes again and looked to their mothers and wives very much like the young men who had gone to business in the peaceful days before August 1914. But they had not come back the same men. Something had altered in them. They were subject to sudden moods, and queer tempers, fits of profound depression alternating with a restless desire for pleasure. Many were easily moved to passion where they lost control of themselves, many were bitter in their speech, violent in opinion, frightening.
One British writer between the wars wrote:
There should be no excuse given for the establishment of a belief that a functional nervous disability constitutes a right to compensation. This is hard saying. It may seem cruel that those whose sufferings are real, whose illness has been brought on by enemy action and very likely in the course of patriotic service, should be treated with such apparent callousness. But there can be no doubt that in an overwhelming proportion of cases, these patients succumb to ' shock ' because they get something out of it. To give them this reward is not ultimately a benefit to them because it encourages the weaker tendencies in their character. The nation can not call on its citizens for courage and sacrifice and, at the same time, state by implication that an unconscious cowardice or an unconscious dishonesty will be rewarded.
At the outbreak of World War II, most in the United States military had forgotten the treatment lessons of World War I. Screening of applicants was initially rigorous, but experience eventually showed it to lack great predictive power.
The US entered the war in December 1941. Only in November 1943 was a psychiatrist added to the table of organization of each division, and this policy was not implemented in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations until March 1944. By 1943, the US Army was using the term "exhaustion '' as the initial diagnosis of psychiatric cases, and the general principles of military psychiatry were being used. General Patton 's slapping incident was in part the spur to institute forward treatment for the Italian invasion of September 1943. The importance of unit cohesion and membership of a group as a protective factor emerged.
John Appel found that the average American infantryman in Italy was "worn out '' in 200 to 240 days and concluded that the American soldier "fights for his buddies or because his self respect wo n't let him quit ''. After several months in combat, the soldier lacked reasons to continue to fight because he had proven his bravery in battle and was no longer with most of the fellow soldiers he trained with. Appel helped implement a 180 - day limit for soldiers in active combat and suggested that the war be made more meaningful, emphasizing their enemies ' plans to conquer the United States, encouraging soldiers to fight to prevent what they had seen happen in other countries happen to their families. Other psychiatrists believed that letters from home discouraged soldiers by increasing nostalgia and needlessly mentioning problems soldiers could not solve. William Menninger said after the war, "It might have been wise to have had a nation - wide educational course in letter writing to soldiers '', and Edward Strecker criticized "moms '' (as opposed to mothers) who, after failing to "wean '' their sons, damaged morale through letters.
Airmen flew far more often in the Southwest Pacific than in Europe, and although rest time in Australia was scheduled, there was no fixed number of missions that would produce transfer out of combat, as was the case in Europe. Coupled with the monotonous, hot, sickly environment, the result was bad morale that jaded veterans quickly passed along to newcomers. After a few months, epidemics of combat fatigue would drastically reduce the efficiency of units. Flight surgeons reported that the men who had been at jungle airfields longest were in bad shape:
Unlike the Americans, the British leaders firmly held the lessons of World War I. It was estimated aerial bombardment would kill up to 35,000 a day but the entire Blitz killed 40,000. The expected torrent of civilian mental breakdown did not occur. The Government turned to World War I doctors for advice on those who did have problems. The PIE principles were generally used. However, in the British Army, since most of the World War I doctors were too old for the job, young, analytically trained psychiatrists were employed. Army doctors "appeared to have no conception of breakdown in war and its treatment, though many of them had served in the 1914 -- 1918 war. '' The first Middle East Force psychiatric hospital was set up in 1942. With D - Day for the first month there was a policy of holding casualties for only 48 hours before they were sent back over the Channel. This went firmly against the expectancy principle of PIE.
Appel believed that British soldiers were able to continue to fight almost twice as long as their American counterparts because the British had better rotation schedules and because they, unlike the Americans, "fight for survival '' -- for the British soldiers, the threat from the Axis powers was much more real, given Britain 's proximity to mainland Europe, and the fact that Germany was concurrently conducting air raids and bombarding British industrial cities. Like the Americans, British doctors believed that letters from home often needlessly damaged soldiers ' morale.
The Canadian Army recognized combat stress reaction as "Battle Exhaustion '' during the Second World War and classified it as a separate type of combat wound. Historian Terry Copp has written extensively on the subject. In Normandy, "The infantry units engaged in the battle also experienced a rapid rise in the number of battle exhaustion cases with several hundred men evacuated due to the stress of combat. Regimental Medical Officers were learning that neither elaborate selection methods nor extensive training could prevent a considerable number of combat soldiers from breaking down. ''
In an interview, Dr Rudolf Brickenstein stated that:
... he believed that there were no important problems due to stress breakdown since it was prevented by the high quality of leadership. But, he added, that if a soldier did break down and could not continue fighting, it was a leadership problem, not one for medical personnel or psychiatrists. Breakdown (he said) usually took the form of unwillingness to fight or cowardice.
However, as the war progressed there was a profound rise in stress casualties from 1 % of hospitalizations in 1935 to 6 % in 1942. Another German psychiatrist reported after the war that during the last two years, about a third of all hospitalizations at Ensen were due to war neurosis. It is probable that there was both less of a true problem and less perception of a problem.
In his history of the pre-Nazi Freikorps paramilitary organizations, Vanguard of Nazism, historian Robert G.L. Waite describes some of the emotional effects of World War I on German troops, and refers to a phrase he attributes to Goering: men who could not become "de-brutalized ''.
The Finnish attitudes to "war neurosis '' were especially tough. Psychiatrist Harry Federley, who was the head of the Military Medicine, considered shell shock as a sign of weak character and lack of moral fibre. His treatment for war neurosis was simple: the patients were to be bullied and harassed until they returned to front line service.
Earlier, during the Winter War, several Finnish machine gun operators on the Karelian Isthmus theatre became mentally unstable after repelling several unsuccessful Soviet human wave assaults on fortified Finnish positions.
Simplicity was added to the PIE principles by the Israelis: in their view, treatment should be brief, supportive, and could be provided by those without sophisticated training.
Peacekeeping provides its own stresses because its emphasis on rules of engagement contains the roles for which soldiers are trained. Causes include witnessing or experiencing the following:
Many of the symptoms initially experienced by CSR sufferers are effects of an extended activation of the human body 's fight - or - flight response. The fight - or - flight response involves a general sympathetic nervous system discharge in reaction to a perceived stressor and prepares the body to fight or run from the threat causing the stress. Catecholamine hormones, such as adrenaline or noradrenaline, facilitate immediate physical reactions associated with a preparation for violent muscular action. Although the flight - or - fight - response normally ends with the removal of the threat, the constant mortal danger in combat zones likewise constantly and acutely stresses soldiers.
The process whereby the human body responds to extended stress is known as general adaptation syndrome (GAS). After the initial fight - or - flight response, the body becomes more resistant to stress in an attempt to dampen the sympathetic nervous response and return to homeostasis. During this period of resistance, physical and mental symptoms of CSR may be drastically reduced as the body attempts to cope with the stress. Long combat involvement, however, may keep the body from homeostasis and thereby deplete its resources and render it unable to normally function, sending it into the third stage of GAS: exhaustion. Sympathetic nervous activation remains in the exhaustion phase and reactions to stress are markedly sensitized as fight - or - flight symptoms return. If the body remains in a state of stress, then such more severe symptoms of CSR as cardiovascular and digestive involvement may present themselves. Extended exhaustion can permanently damage the body.
Modern front - line combat stress treatment techniques are designed to mimic the historically used PIE techniques with some modification. BICEPS is the current treatment route employed by the U.S. military and stresses differential treatment by the severity of CSR symptoms present in the service member. BICEPS is employed as a means to treat CSR symptoms and return soldiers quickly to combat.
The following BICEPS program is taken from the USMC combat stress handbook:
Critical Event Debriefing should take 2 to 3 hours. Initial rest and replenishment at medical CSC (Combat Stress Control) facilities should last no more than 3 or 4 days. Those requiring further treatment are moved to the next level of care. Since many require no further treatment, military commanders expect their service members to return to duty rapidly.
CSC should be done as soon as possible when operations permit. Intervention is provided as soon as symptoms appear.
Service members requiring observation or care beyond the unit level are evacuated to facilities in close proximity to, but separate from the medical or surgical patients at the BAS, surgical support company in a central location (Marines) or forward support / division support or area support medical companies (Army) nearest the service members ' unit. It is best to send Service members who can not continue their mission and require more extensive respite to a central facility other than a hospital, unless no other alternative is possible. The Service member must be encouraged to continue to think of himself as a war fighter, rather than a patient or a sick person. The chain of command remains directly involved in the Service member 's recovery and return to duty. The CSC team coordinates with the unit 's leaders to learn whether the over-stressed individual was a good performer prior to the combat stress reaction, or whether he was always a marginal or problem performer whom the team would rather see replaced than returned. Whenever possible, representatives of the unit, or messages from the unit, tell the casualty that he is needed and wanted back. The CSC team coordinates with the unit leaders, through unit medical personnel or chaplains, any special advice on how to assure quick reintegration when the Service member returns to his unit.
The individual is explicitly told that he is reacting normally to extreme stress and is expected to recover and return to full duty in a few hours or days. A military leader is extremely effective in this area of treatment. Of all the things said to a Service member suffering from combat stress, the words of his small - unit leader have the greatest impact due to the positive bonding process that occurs during combat. Simple statements from the small - unit leader to the Service member that he is reacting normally to combat stress and is expected back soon have positive impact. Small - unit leaders should tell Service members that their comrades need and expect them to return. When they do return, the unit treats them as every other Service member and expects them to perform well. Service members suffering and recovering from combat stress disorder are no more likely to become overloaded again than are those who have not yet been overloaded. In fact, they are less likely to become overloaded than inexperienced replacements.
In mobile war requiring rapid and frequent movement, treatment of many combat stress cases takes place at various battalion or regimental headquarters or logistical units, on light duty, rather than in medical units, whenever possible. This is a key factor and another area where the small - unit leader helps in the treatment. CSC and follow - up care for combat stress casualties are held as close as possible to and maintain close association with the member 's unit, and are an integral part of the entire healing process. A visit from a member of the individual 's unit during restoration is very effective in keeping a bond with the organization. A Service member suffering from combat stress reaction is having a crisis, and there are two basic elements to that crisis working in opposite directions. On the one hand, the Service member is driven by a strong desire to seek safety and to get out of an intolerable environment. On the other hand, the Service member does not want to let his comrades down. He wants to return to his unit. If a Service member starts to lose contact with his unit when he enters treatment, the impulse to get out of the war and return to safety takes over. He feels that he has failed his comrades and they have already rejected him as unworthy. The potential is for the Service member to become more and more emotionally invested in keeping his symptoms so he can stay in a safe environment. Much of this is done outside the Service member 's conscious awareness, but the result is the same. The more out of touch the Service member is with his unit, the less likely he will recover. He is more likely to develop a chronic psychiatric illness and get evacuated from the war. This is one of the essential principles of CSC.
Treatment is kept very simple. CSC is not therapy. Psychotherapy is not done. The goal is to rapidly restore the Service member 's coping skills so that he functions and returns to duty again. Sleep, food, water, hygiene, encouragement, work details, and confidence - restoring talk are often all that is needed to restore a Service member to full operational readiness. This can be done in units in reserve positions, logistical units or at medical companies. Every effort is made to reinforce Service members ' identity. They are required to wear their uniforms and to keep their helmets, equipment, chemical protective gear, and flak jackets with them. When possible, they are allowed to keep their weapons after the weapons have been cleared. They may serve on guard duty or as members of a standby quick reaction force.
Historically, screening programs that have attempted to preclude soldiers exhibiting personality traits thought to predispose them to CSR have been a total failure. Part of this failure stems from the inability to base CSR morbidity on of one or two personality traits. Full psychological work - ups are expensive and inconclusive, while pen and paper tests are ineffective and easily faked. In addition, studies conducted following WWII screening programs showed that psychological disorders present during military training did not accurately predict stress disorders during combat.
While it is difficult to measure the effectiveness of such a subjective term, soldiers who reported in a WWII study that they had a "higher than average '' sense of comradery and pride in their unit were more likely to report themselves ready for combat and less likely to fall victim to CSR or other stress disorders. Soldiers with a "lower than average '' sense of cohesion with their unit were more susceptible to stress illness.
Stress exposure training or SET is a common component of most modern military training. There are three steps to an effective stress exposure program.
Soldiers with a knowledge of both the emotional and physical signs and symptoms of CSR are much less likely to have a critical event that reduces them below fighting capability. Instrumental information, such as breathing exercises that can reduce stress and suggestions not to look at the faces of enemy dead, is also effective at reducing the chance of a breakdown.
Cognitive control strategies can be taught to soldiers to help them recognize stressful and situationally detrimental thoughts and repress those thoughts in combat situations. Such skills have been shown to reduce anxiety and improve task performance.
Soldiers who feel confident in their own abilities and those of their squad are far less likely to suffer from combat stress reaction. Training in stressful conditions that mimic those of an actual combat situation builds confidence in the abilities of themselves and the squad. As this training can actually induce some of the stress symptoms it seeks to prevent, stress levels should be increased incrementally as to allow the soldiers time to adapt.
Figures from the 1982 Lebanon war showed that with proximal treatment 90 % of CSR casualties returned to their unit, usually within 72 hours. With rearward treatment only 40 % returned to their unit. It was also found that treatment efficacy went up with the application of a variety of front line treatment principles versus just one treatment. In Korea, similar statistics were seen, with 85 % of US battle fatigue casualties returned to duty within three days and 10 % returned to limited duties after several weeks. Though these numbers seem to promote the claims that proximal PIE or BICEPS treatment is generally effective at reducing the effects of combat stress reaction, other data suggests that long term PTSD effects may result from the hasty return of affected individuals to combat. Both PIE and BICEPS are meant to return as many soldiers as possible to combat, and may actually have adverse effects on the long term health of service members who are rapidly returned to the front - line after combat stress control treatment. Although the PIE principles were used extensively in the Vietnam War, the post traumatic stress disorder lifetime rate for Vietnam veterans was 30 % in a 1989 US study and 21 % in a 1996 Australian study. In a study of Israeli Veterans of the 1973 Yom Kippur War, 37 % of veterans diagnosed with CSR during combat were later diagnosed with PTSD, compared with 14 % of control veterans.
There is significant controversy with the PIE and BICEPS principles. Throughout a number of wars, but notably during the Vietnam War, there has been a conflict among doctors about sending distressed soldiers back to combat. During the Vietnam War this reached a peak with much discussion about the ethics of this process. Proponents of the PIE and BICEPS principles argue that it leads to a reduction of long - term disability but opponents argue that combat stress reactions lead to long - term problems such as post-traumatic stress disorder. The use of psychiatric drugs to treat victims of CSR has also attracted criticism, as some military psychiatrists have come to question the efficacy of such drugs on the long term health of veterans. Concerns have been expressed as to the effect of pharmaceutical treatment on an already elevated substance abuse rate among former CSR sufferers. Recent research has caused an increasing number of scientists to believe that there may be a physical (i.e., neurocerebral damage) rather than psychological basis for blast trauma. As traumatic brain injury and combat stress reaction have very different causes yet result in similar neurologic symptoms, researchers emphasize the need for greater diagnostic care.
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who wrote it was almost like a song | It Was Almost Like a Song - Wikipedia
"It Was Almost Like a Song '' is a song written by Hal David and Archie Jordan, and recorded by American country music singer Ronnie Milsap. It was released in May 1977 as the first single and title track from the album It Was Almost Like a Song. It became one of the greatest hits of his recording career upon its release in 1977.
In July 1977, "It Was Almost Like a Song '' was Milsap 's eighth No. 1 song on the Billboard magazine Hot Country Songs chart. The song also became his first Billboard Hot 100 chart entry, peaking No. 16. and also on Billboard 's Hot Adult Contemporary Singles chart, where it peaked at No. 7.
"It Was Almost Like a Song '' provided the basis for the title of Milsap 's biography, Almost Like a Song, which he co-wrote with Tom Carter.
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house of cb what does cb stand for | House of CB - Wikipedia
House of CB is a women 's fashion retailer founded by British Conna Walker in 2010, and known for its figure - hugging clothing. House of CB is known for its form - fitting and tailored pieces. The brand was founded by a then 17 year old, Conna Walker from her bedroom and has grown to four stores in the UK, two in the US and about 50 concessions in Topshop. The brand includes a full collection of womenswear that also covers lingerie, swimwear, swimwear and shoes and accessories. In 2016 Walker introduced House of CB 's younger sister brand, Mistress Rocks.
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when was the first child car seat made | Child safety seat - wikipedia
A child safety seat (infant safety seat, child restraint system, child seat, baby seat, restraining car seat, car seat, etc.) is a seat designed specifically to protect children from injury or death during collisions. Most commonly these seats are purchased and installed by consumers, but car manufacturers may integrate them directly into their vehicle 's design and generally are required to provide anchors and to ensure seat belt compatibility. Many jurisdictions require children defined by age, weight, and / or height to use a government - approved child safety seat when riding in a vehicle. Child safety seats provide passive restraints and must be properly used to be effective. However, research indicates many child safety restraints are often not used properly. To tackle this negative trend, health officials and child safety experts produce child safety videos to teach proper car seat installation to parents and caregivers.
Baby car seats are legally required in many countries, including most Western developed countries, to safely transport children up to the age of 2 or more years in cars and other vehicles.
Other car seats, also known as "booster seats, '' are required until the child is large enough to use an adult seat belt. This is usually, but not always, when the child is 1.45 m (4 ft 9 in) tall. The child needs to meet five criteria before moving out of the booster seat, including the child 's seating position, shoulder belt position, lap belt position, knee position, and ability to sit properly for the length of the trip.
Generally, countries that regulate passenger safety have child safety laws that require a child to be restrained appropriately depending on their age and weight. These regulations and standards are often minimums, and with each graduation to the next kind of safety seat, there is a step down in the amount of protection a child has in a collision. Some countries, such as Australia and the United States, forbid rear - facing child seats in a front seat that has an airbag. A rear - facing infant restraint put in the front seat of a vehicle places an infant 's head close to the airbag, which can cause severe head injuries or death if the airbag deploys. Some modern cars include a switch to disable the front passenger airbag for child - supporting seat use.
In 2003, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) suggested that infants "should spend minimal time in car seats (when not a passenger in a vehicle) or other seating that maintains supine positioning '' to avoid developing positional plagiocephaly ("flat head syndrome '').
In 1990, the ISO standard ISOFIX was launched in an attempt to provide a standard for fixing car seats into different makes of car. The standard now includes a top tether; the U.S. version of this system is called LATCH. Generally, the ISOFIX system can be used with Groups 0, 0 + and 1.
In 2013, a new car seat regulation was introduced: "i - Size '' is the name of a new European safety regulation that affects car seats for children under 15 months of age. It came into effect in July 2013 and provides extra protection in several ways, most notably by providing rearward facing travel for children up to 15 months instead of 9 to 12 months, which the previous EU regulation advised.
Since the first car was manufactured and put on the market in the early 1900s, many modifications and adjustments have been implemented to protect those that drive and ride in motorized vehicles. Most restraints were put into place to protect adults without regard for young children. Though child seats were beginning to be manufactured in the early 1930s, their purpose was not the safety of children. The purpose was to act as booster seats to bring the child to a height easier for the driving parent to see them. It was not until 1962 that two designs with the purpose of protecting a child were developed independently. British inventor Jean Ames created a rear - facing child seat with a Y - shaped strap similar to today 's models. American Leonard Rivkin, of Denver Colorado, designed a forward - facing seat with a metal frame to protect the child. It is noted that seat belts for adults were not standard equipment in automobiles until the 1960s.
There are several types of car seats, which vary in the position of the child and size of the seat. The United Nations standard ECE R44 / 04 categorizes these into 4 groups: 0 - 3. Many car seats combine the larger groups 1, 2 and 3. Some new car models includes stock restraint seats by default.
Group 0 baby seats, or infant carriers, keep the baby locked up in a rear - facing position and are secured in place by a standard adult seat belt and / or an ISOFIX fitting.
Group 0 carrycots hold the baby lying on its back.
Carrycots are secured by both seat belts in the rear seat of the car. Both types have handles to allow them to be easily moved into and out of the car.
Car Seat - Middle Back Seat
Car Seat - Not in Front Seat
Carrycots or infant car beds are used for children that can not sit in a regular baby seat, such as premature infants or infants that suffer from apnea. A carrycot is a restraint system intended to accommodate and restrain the child in a supine or prone position with the child 's spine perpendicular to the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle. Carrycots are designed to distribute the restraining forces over the child 's head and body, excluding its limbs, in the event of a big crash. It must be put on the rear seat of the car. Some models can be changed to face forward after the baby has reached the weight limit which is normally about 15 - 20 kilograms.
Carrycots generally include a stomach belt and a connection to the (three points) safety belt.
' Infant carrier ' means a restraint system intended to accommodate the child in a rearward - facing semi-recumbent position. This design distributes the restraining forces over the child 's head and body, excluding its limbs, in the event of the frontal collision.
For young infants, the seat used is an infant carrier with typical weight recommendations of 5 - 20 lb. Most infant seats made in the US can now be used up to at least 22 pounds (10.0 kg) and 29 inches (74 cm), with some going up to 35 pounds (16 kg). In the past, most infant seats in the US went to 20 pounds (9.1 kg) and 26 inches (66 cm). Infant carriers are often also called "Bucket Seats '' as they resemble a bucket with a handle. Some (but not all) seats can be used with the base secured, or with the carrier strapped in alone. Some seats do not have bases. Infant carriers are mounted rear - facing and are designed to "cocoon '' against the back of the vehicle seat in the event of a collision, with the impact being absorbed in the outer shell of the restraint. Rear - facing seats are deemed the safest, and in the US children must remain in this position until they are at least 1 year of age and at least 20 pounds (9.1 kg). although it is recommended to keep them rear - facing until at least 2 years old or until they outgrow the rear - facing car seat height and weight, whichever is longer.
Group 0 + car seats commonly have a chassis permanently fixed into the car by an adult seat belt and can be placed into some form of baby transport using the integral handle if it is the specific model. Rear - facing child seats are inherently safer than forward - facing child seats because they provide more support for the child 's head in the event of a sudden deceleration. Although some parents are eager to switch to a forward - facing child seat because it seems more "grown up, '' various countries and car seat manufacturers recommend that children continue to use a rear - facing child seat for as long as physically possible
Convertible seats can be used throughout many stages. Many convertible seats will transition from a rear - facing seat, to a forward - facing seat, and some then can be used as a booster seat. Many convertible seats allow for 2.3 -- 18 kg (5 - 40 lb.) rear - facing, allowing children to be in the safer rear - facing position up to a weight of 18 kg (40 lbs).
Convertible safety seats can be installed as either rear - facing or forward - facing. There is a large selection available to choose from and weight limits, height limits, and extra features vary from seat to seat and by manufacturer. Seats with a 5 - point harness are considered safer than those with an overhead shield
Convertibles are n't considered the best choice for a newborn because the bottom harness slots are often above the shoulders of most newborns. A seat with low bottom harness slots can be used if it is desired to use a convertible from birth.
Rear - facing weight limits range from 20 to 50 lb (9.1 to 22.7 kg) depending on the manufacturer and country of origin. Forward - facing limits range from 20 to 90 lb (9.1 to 40.8 kg) depending on the seat model and the manufacturer and country of origin.
Most convertible seats in the U.S. have at least a 35 pounds (16 kg) rear - facing weight limit, most now to go to 40 pounds (18 kg), some 45 pounds (20 kg) and a few 50 pounds (23 kg). The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that children remain rear - facing until they outgrow their convertible seat, regardless of how old they are. Children can remain in a rear - facing seat until they have either outgrown the weight limit for their seat, or the top of their head is within 1 inch (25 mm) of the top of the shell of the car seat.
A permanent fixture in the car using an adult seat belt to hold it in place and a five - point baby harness to hold the infant.
It is recommended that children sit rear - facing for as long as possible. In Scandinavian countries, for example, children sit rear - facing until around 4 years old. Rear - facing car seats are significantly safer in frontal collisions, which are the most likely to cause severe injury and death. Rear - facing group 1 car seats are becoming more widespread but are still difficult to source in many countries.
A larger seat than the Group 1 design. These seats use an adult seat belt to hold the child in place.
Also known as booster seats, these position the child so that the adult seat belt is held in the correct position for safety and comfort.
Booster seats are recommended for children until they are big enough to properly use a seat belt. Seat belts are engineered for adults, and are thus too big for small children. In the United States, for children under the age of 4 and / or under 40 pounds (18 kg), a seat with a 5 - point harness is suggested instead of a booster seat.
Booster seats lift the child and allow the seat belt to sit firmly across the collar bone and chest, with the lap portion fitted to the hips. If the seat belt is not across the collar bone and the hips, it will ride across the neck and the stomach and cause internal injuries in the event of a collision.
There are two main types of boosters: high back (some of which have energy absorbing foam) and no back. A new generation of booster seats comes with rigid Isofix (Latch) connectors that secure to the vehicle 's anchors, improving the seat 's stability in the event of a collision.
The consumer group Which? is calling on manufacturers and retailers to phase out backless boosters, as it says they do n't provide enough protection in side - impact crashes and could put children at risk. So while backless booster cushions are better than using no child seat at all, they do not provide adequate protection in all circumstances.
Used for Groups I, II and III.
After reaching one year of age and 20 pounds (9.1 kg), children may travel in forward - facing seats. Most Scandinavian countries require children to sit rear - facing until at least the age of 4 years. This has contributed to Sweden having the lowest rate of children killed in traffic in international comparisons.
By law (in Canada and some US states), children need to be restrained until they are 4 - years old and 40 pounds (18 kg). After the requirement is met, they can move into a booster seat.
All child restraints have an expiration date. On average, most seats expire 6 years from the date of manufacture, although this can vary by manufacturer. Expiration dates are highly debated, with proponents and manufacturers claiming that older carseats can degrade over time to be less effective and that changing laws and regulations necessitate an expiration date. In addition, maintenance and parts are often not available for older models. Opponents argue that it is simply for their legal protection and to sell more carseats, and point out that manufacturers have noted that the plastics in most carseats long outlast the expiration date.
Like motorcycle and race car helmets, child restraints are tested for use in just one crash event. This means that if the restraint is compromised in any way (with or without the child in it), owners are strongly suggested to replace it. This is due to the uncertainty with how a compromised child restraint will perform in subsequent crashes.
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) provides guidance on the reuse of child restraint systems after a crash. Replacement of child restraints is recommended following a moderate or severe crash in order to ensure a continued high level of protection for child passengers. However, recent studies demonstrate that child restraints can withstand minor crash impacts without any documented degradation in subsequent performance.
A minor crash is defined by the NHTSA as one in which all of the following apply:
Crashes that meet all of these criteria are much less severe than the dynamic testing requirement for compliance with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 213 and are highly unlikely to affect future child safety seat performance.
Child restraints are sometimes the subject of manufacturing recalls. Recalls vary in severity; sometimes the manufacturer will send an additional part for the seat, other times they will provide an entirely new seat.
The purchase of a used seat is not recommended. Due to the aforementioned concerns regarding expiry dates, crash testing, and recalls, it is often impossible to determine the history of the child restraint when it is purchased second - hand.
Children traveling by plane are safer in a child safety seat than in a parent 's arms. The FAA and the AAP recommend that all children under 40 lb use a child safety seat on a plane. Booster seats can not be used on airplanes because they do n't have shoulder belts.
Parents should not put children into safety seats with thick winter coats on. The coat will flatten in an accident and the straps will not be snug enough to keep the child safe. An alternative would be placing a coat on the child backwards after buckling the child in.
Straps on the harness should be snug on the child, parents should not be able to pinch the straps away from the shoulders of the child. The straps also need to be placed at the proper height for the child.
A study of car crash data from 16 U.S. states found that children under the age of 3 were 43 % less likely to be injured in a car crash if their car seat was fastened in the center of the back seat rather than on one side. Results were based on data from 4,790 car crashes involving children aged 3 and younger between 1998 and 2006. According to data, the center position was the safest but least used position. However, economist Steven Levitt (see below) has demonstrated that car seats do not reduce fatalities when compared to regular seat belts.
The move from having car seats in the front passenger seat to having them in the back seat, facing backwards, may make it easier for a busy, distracted parent to leave an infant in the car. Each year, between 30 and 50 infants die of heat illness and hypothermia in the United States after being left in a car.
Directive 2003 / 20 / EC of the European Parliament and the Council has mandated the use of child - restraint systems in vehicles effective May 5, 2006. Children less than 135 centimetres (53 in) tall in vehicles must be restrained by an approved child restraint system suitable for the child 's size. In practice, child restraint systems must be able to be fitted to the front, or other rows of seats. Children may not be transported using a rearward - facing child restraint system in a passenger seat protected by a front air bag, unless the air bag has been deactivated.
For a child restraint to be sold or used within any of the 56 UNECE member states it must be approved by the standards of UNECE Regulation 44 / 04, Directive 77 / 541 / EEC or any other subsequent adaptation thereto. In order to be granted ECE R44 approval the child restraint must comply with several design, construction and production conformity standards. If approval is granted the seat can display an orange label with the unique approval license number, the type of approval, the mass group approved for and the details of the manufacturer.
However, until May 9, 2008 member states may have permitted the use of child restraint systems approved in accordance with their national standards. EuroNCAP has developed a child - safety - protection rating to encourage improved designs. Points are awarded for universal child - restraint anchorages ISOFIX, the quality of warning labels and deactivation systems for front - passenger airbags.
2013: New EU I - Size regulation is introduced: "i - Size '' is the name of a new European safety regulation, UNECE Regulation 129 that affects car seats for children under 15 months of age. It came into effect in July 2013 and provides extra protection in several ways, most notably by providing rearward facing travel for children up to 15 months instead of 9 to 12 months, which the previous EU regulation advised. Read more about I - Size. This new regulation is to be phased in between 2013 and 2018 and will be run in parallel to UNECE R44 / 04 until 2018 when it completely supersedes it.
Australian laws regarding infants in motor vehicles were revised on November 9, 2009.
By law every child restraint sold in Australia must carry the Australian Standard AS / NZ1754 sticker (pictured right). Most overseas child restraints, including restraints from Europe and the USA, do not comply with these Standards and can not legally be used in Australia. This also applies for ISOFIX child restraints imported from Europe or the USA.
In Australia there are six different types (Type A to Type F) of child restraints under the mandatory standard. Note: these restraints are NOT based on weight but on HEIGHT. All car seats with the AS / NZ1754 sticker will have height markers. These markers show clearly for what height the seat is appropriate.
The six types are:
Combination Type A / B: Child restraints can also be a combination of the above types. For example, a Type A / B converter seat.
The responsibility for children under the age of 16 using restraints or safety belts correctly rests with the driver. In Queensland, penalties for drivers not ensuring that passengers under the age of 16 are properly restrained involve a fine of A $300 and three demerit points. In Victoria the penalty is a fine of A $234 and three demerit points. Possible suspension or cancellation of license may also apply.
The Israeli regulation states that a Sal Kal (he: סל קל lit. easy basket) is equal to European group 0 and group 0 + regulations
An Urban legend in Israel states that nursery homes and hospitals will not allow exit with an infant if a SalKal (infant carry one safety seat) is not presented.
NZ Transport Agency governs the rules and sets standards for the health and safety aspects with respect to child restraints in New Zealand. Their guidelines dictate the minimum legal requirements for a New Zealand vehicle from the safety perspective. The correct fitting of a car seat can protect individuals and can be a life saver. This page provides details on qualified seat installation processes and approved standardized marks to look out for in child restraints. The Agency trains and certifies NZTA certified child restraint technicians who are authorized to install child safety seats.
The NZ Transport Agency, as of March 16, 2012 stated that it is mandatory for the passengers to obey few below stated laws while travelling in a vehicle. These rules are regulations are set as per the age of the passengers. As of November 1, 2013, the rules are changing to mandate the use of approved child restraints for children aged 0 -- 6. For children aged 7 a restraint must be used when it is available in the vehicle.
Source
In all cases, children not in child safety seats must use a seat belt. Special rules apply to children travelling in vehicles first registered (in New Zealand or elsewhere) before 1 November 1979, since these vehicles are not required to be fitted with seat belts on all seats.
All child restraints must meet the standards set by the NZ Transport Agency. There are different marks to indicate this approval from the safety perspective. Approved marks / symbols are shown in the table below:
The number after ' E ' in the ECE 44 standard indicates as to which country certifies the child restraint. Hence the number differs between countries. The EU (European Union) also has similar symbols to indicate safety standards for children travelling in a vehicle.
From September 18, 2006, All children under the age of 12 have to use some form of child car seat, unless they are taller than 135 cm (4 ft 5in).
Though there are hundreds of variations of makes and models in the world of child safety seats, the materials used in the manufacturing process are basically the same. Factories in which the seats are put together receive loads of polypropylene pellets. Foam makes up the padding of the individual seats, while vinyl and fabrics are used to make up the covers for the seats as well as the harnesses.
A safety seat increases the safety of a properly restrained child in the case of a motor vehicle accident. The safety seat includes foam padding, fabric covers, a harness, and buckles or attaching mechanisms. Labels and instructions are also attached. Every child safety seat will have an expiration date on it. The Safe Kids USA organization does not recommend using a child safety seat that is more than 6 years old. Periodically, child safety seats are recalled by manufacturers for safety reasons. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration posts a link to recent recall information at nhtsa.gov.
There are different types of child safety seats for children of different sizes and ages.
Manufacturers have quality controls to ensure seats are properly put together and packaged. However, it is not guaranteed that the included instructions are always adhered to and correctly followed. Up to 95 % of the safety seats that are installed may not be the right seat for the child, may be hooked into the vehicle loosely, may be hooked with an incompatible belt in the vehicle, may have harnesses incorrectly fastened in some way, or may be incorrectly placed in front of air bags. In 1997, six out of ten children who were killed in vehicle crashes were not correctly restrained.
Along with the problem of instructions not being followed properly, there are other hazards that can affect children involving these safety seats. A recent study attributed many cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) to the prolonged sitting or lying position these infants are in when putting the safety seats to use. When researchers reviewed more than 500 infant deaths, it was found that 17 of these deaths occurred while the infant was in a device such as a child safety seat. The age of the most occurring rates of death by SIDS in a child safety device was found to be under one month, having six of the 17 deaths happen in this age group. Although SIDS has been found to be a high risk regarding child safety seats, a coroner in Quebec also stated that "putting infants in car seats... causes breathing problems and should be discouraged. '' His warning came after the death of a two - month - old boy who was left to nap in a child safety seat positioned inside his crib rather than the crib itself. The death was linked to positional asphyxiation. This means that the child was in a position causing him to slowly lose his supply of oxygen. Coroner Jacques Robinson said it 's common for a baby 's head to slump forward while in a car seat that is not properly installed in a car and that can diminish a baby 's ability to take in oxygen. "The car seat is for the car, '' he said. "It 's not for a bed or sleeping. '' Robinson added, however, he has nothing against car seats when they are properly used. The coroner said that it is common for a baby 's head to "slump forward while in a car seat and that it diminishes oxygen ''.
The American Academy of Pediatrics says to "make sure the seat is at the correct angle so your infant 's head does not flop forward. Many seats have angle indicators or adjusters that can help prevent this. If your seat does not have an angle adjuster, tilt the car safety seat back by putting a rolled towel or other firm padding (such as a pool noodle) under the base near the point where the back and bottom of the vehicle seat meet. '' Safety seats come with an instruction booklet with additional information on the appropriate angle for the seat.
There has been some criticism of forward - facing child safety seats, in particular by the economist Steven D. Levitt, author of the popular book Freakonomics. In a 2005 article in the New York Times, Levitt suggests that the available data does not support the necessity of forward - facing child safety seats for children over two years old, arguing that the cheaper and simpler alternative of seat belts offers similar protection as forward - facing seats. Levitt was a guest at the TED conference in the same year, and gave a lecture making the same case. Levitt 's study and findings have been criticized and refuted by subsequent peer reviewed studies, which found child safety seats offer a considerable safety advantage over seat belts alone.
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when is the nba first regular season game | 2017 -- 18 NBA season - wikipedia
The 2017 -- 18 NBA season is the 72nd season of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The regular season began on October 17, 2017, earlier than previous seasons to reduce the number of "back - to - back '' games teams are scheduled to play, with the 2017 runners - up Cleveland Cavaliers hosting a game against the Boston Celtics at Quicken Loans Arena in Cleveland, Ohio. Christmas games was played on December 25. The 2018 NBA All - Star Game will be played on February 18, 2018, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. The regular season will end on April 11, 2018 and the playoffs will begin on April 14, 2018.
Free agency negotiations began on July 1. Players began signing on July 6, after the July moratorium ended.
For the first time since the inauguration of the BAA, there would be no coaching changes entering the regular season. In fact, the 536 days from Dave Joerger being fired as coach of the Memphis Grizzlies to the day the Phoenix Suns fired Earl Watson as head coach would be the longest period in NBA history without any coaching changes occur.
The preseason began on September 30 and ended on October 13.
The Golden State Warriors and Minnesota Timberwolves played two preseason games in China, at Shenzhen on October 5 and Shanghai on October 8. Minnesota won the first game 111 -- 97, while Golden State emerged victorious in the second one, 142 -- 110.
The regular season began on October 17, 2017. The regular season will end on April 11, 2018.
Notes
On August 9, 2017, the NBA announced that the Brooklyn Nets would play two regular season games at Mexico City Arena in Mexico City, Mexico. On December 7, 2017, the Nets played against the Oklahoma City Thunder and on December 9, 2017, they matched up against the Miami Heat. The Nets defeated 100 -- 95 over the Thunder in their first game, but lost to the Heat 101 -- 89 in their second game.
On August 10, 2017, the NBA announced that the Philadelphia 76ers would play the Boston Celtics at The O2 Arena in London, United Kingdom on January 11, 2018.
The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Week.
The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Month.
The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Rookies of the Month.
The following coaches were named the Eastern and Western Conference Coaches of the Month.
This is the second season of the current nine - year contracts with ABC, ESPN, TNT, and NBA TV.
Advertisements begin to appear on league uniforms starting this season. As of November 13, 2017, nineteen teams have confirmed to sign uniform sponsorship deals:
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who built the women's movement into a national organization | National Organization for Women - wikipedia
The National Organization for Women (NOW) is an American feminist organization founded in 1966. The organization consists of 550 chapters in all 50 U.S. states and in Washington, D.C. The organization is left - leaning.
The National Organization for Women (NOW) was founded in 1966 by 28 women at the Third National Conference of Commissions on the Status of Women in June (the successor to the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women), and another 21 women and men who became founders at the October 1966 NOW Organizing Conference, for a total of 49 founders. Both conferences were held in Washington, D.C. The 28 women who became founders in June were: Ada Allness, Mary Evelyn Benbow, Gene Boyer, Shirley Chisholm, Analoyce Clapp, Kathryn F. Clarenbach, Catherine Conroy, Caroline Davis, Mary Eastwood, Edith Finlayson, Betty Friedan, Dorothy Haener, Anna Roosevelt Halstead, Lorene Harrington, Mary Lou Hill, Esther Johnson, Nancy Knaak, Min Matheson, Helen Moreland, Pauli Murray, Ruth Murray, Inka O'Hanrahan, Pauline A. Parish, Eve Purvis, Edna Schwartz, Mary - jane Ryan Snyder, Gretchen Squires, Betty Talkington and Caroline Ware.
They were inspired by the failure of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to enforce Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964; at the Third National Conference of State Commissions on the Status of Women they were prohibited from issuing a resolution that recommended the EEOC carry out its legal mandate to end sex discrimination in employment. They thus gathered in Betty Friedan 's hotel room to form a new organization. On a paper napkin Friedan scribbled the acronym "NOW ''. The 21 people who became founders in October were: Caruthers Berger, Colleen Boland, Inez Casiano, Carl Degler, Elizabeth Drews, Mary Esther Gaulden (later Jagger), Muriel Fox, Ruth Gober, Richard Graham, Anna Arnold Hedgeman, Lucille Kapplinger (later Hazell), Bessie Margolin, Margorie Palmer, Sonia Pressman (later Fuentes), Sister Mary Joel Read, Amy Robinson, Charlotte Roe, Alice Rossi, Claire R. Salmond, Morag Simchak and Clara Wells.
The founders were frustrated with the way in which the federal government was not enforcing the new anti-discrimination laws. Even after measures like the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, employers were still discriminating against women in terms of hiring women and unequal pay with men. Women 's rights advocates saw that these legal changes were not being enforced and worried that without a feminist pressure group, a type of "NAACP for women, '' women would not be able to combat discrimination. NOW was created in order to mobilize women, give women 's rights advocates the power to put pressure on employers and the government, and to promote full equality of the sexes. It hoped to increase the number of women attending colleges and graduate schools, employed in professional jobs instead of domestic or secretarial work, and appointed to federal offices. NOW 's Statement of Purpose, which was adopted at its organizing conference in Washington, D.C., on October 29, 1966, declares among other things that "the time has come to confront, with concrete action, the conditions that now prevent women from enjoying the equality of opportunity and freedom of choice which is their right, as individual Americans, and as human beings. '' NOW was also one of the first women 's organizations to include the concerns of black women in their efforts.
Betty Friedan and Pauli Murray wrote NOW 's Statement of Purpose in 1966; the original was scribbled on a napkin by Friedan. Also in 1966, Marguerite Rawalt became a member of NOW, and acted as their first legal counsel. NOW 's first Legal Committee consisted of Catherine East, Mary Eastwood, Phineas Indritz, and Caruthers Berger; it was the first to sue on behalf of airline flight attendants claiming sex discrimination.
There were many influences contributing to the rise of NOW. Such influences included the President 's Commission on the Status of Women, Betty Friedan 's book The Feminine Mystique, and passage and lack of enforcement of the Civil Right Act of 1964 (prohibiting sexual discrimination).
The President 's Commission on the Status of Women was established in 1961 by John F. Kennedy, in hopes of providing a solution to female discrimination in education, work force, and Social Security. Kennedy appointed Eleanor Roosevelt as the head of the organization. The goal of action was to compromise those wanting to advance women 's rights in the workforce (such as advocates of the Equal Rights Amendment) and those advocating women 's domestic importance / role needing to be preserved (such as organized labor groups). The commission was in a way to settle the tension between opposing sides.
Betty Friedan wrote The Feminine Mystique in response to her own experiences. She was a feminist long before her book, by educating herself and deviating from the domestic female paradigm. The book 's purpose was to fuel movement to a women 's role outside of domestic environment. Acknowledging some satisfaction from raising children, cooking, rearranging house decor was not enough to suffice the deeper desire for women to achieve an education. The book is widely credited with sparking the beginning of second - wave feminism in the United States. It was published on February 19, 1963 by W.W. Norton. In an interview, Friedan specifically notes, "There was no activism in that cause when I wrote Feminine Mystique. But I realized that it was not enough just to write a book. There had to be social change. And I remember somewhere in that period coming off an airplane (and) some guy was carrying a sign... It said, "The first step in revolution is consciousness. '' Well, I did the consciousness with The Feminine Mystique. But then there had to be organization and there had to be a movement. And I helped organize NOW, the National Organization for Women and the National Women 's Political Caucus and NARAL, the abortion rights (organization) in the next few years. ''
In 1968 NOW issued a Bill of Rights, which they had adopted at their 1967 national conference, advocating the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment, enforcement of the prohibitions against sex discrimination in employment under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, maternity leave rights in employment and in Social Security benefits, tax deduction for home and child care expenses for working parents, child day care centers, equal and non-gender - segregated education, equal job training opportunities and allowances for women in poverty, and the right of women to control their reproductive lives. The NOW bill of rights was included in the 1970 anthology Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings From The Women 's Liberation Movement, edited by Robin Morgan.
In 1969 Ivy Bottini, who was openly lesbian, designed the logo for NOW, which is still in use today. The first time lesbian concerns were introduced into NOW also occurred in 1969, when Bottini, who was then president of the New York chapter of NOW, held a public forum titled "Is Lesbianism a Feminist Issue? ''. However, NOW president Betty Friedan was against lesbian participation in the movement. In 1969 she referred to growing lesbian visibility as a "lavender menace '' and fired openly lesbian newsletter editor Rita Mae Brown, and in 1970 she engineered the expulsion of lesbians, including Ivy Bottini, from NOW 's New York chapter. In reaction, at the 1970 Congress to Unite Women, on the first evening when all four hundred feminists were assembled in the auditorium, twenty women wearing T - shirts that read "Lavender Menace '' came to the front of the room and faced the audience. One of the women then read their group 's paper "The Woman - Identified Woman '', which was the first major lesbian feminist statement. The group, who later named themselves "Radicalesbians '', were among the first to challenge the heterosexism of heterosexual feminists and to describe lesbian experience in positive terms. In 1971 NOW passed a resolution declaring "that a woman 's right to her own person includes the right to define and express her own sexuality and to choose her own lifestyle, '' as well as a conference resolution stating that forcing lesbian mothers to stay in marriages or to live a secret existence in an effort to keep their children was unjust. That year NOW also committed to offering legal and moral support in a test case involving child custody rights of lesbian mothers. In 1973 the NOW Task Force on Sexuality and Lesbianism was established.
Del Martin was the first open lesbian elected to NOW, and Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon were the first lesbian couple to join NOW.
Advocacy of the Equal Rights Amendment was also an important issue to NOW. The amendment had three primary objectives, which were:
"Section 1. Equality of Rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex. Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification. ''
Efforts were proven successful when Congress passed the amendment in 1972. However, simply passing the amendment in the two houses of Congress did not mean the work was finished. NOW had to direct the efforts of getting the amendment ratified in at least three - fourths of the states (38 out of the 50 states).
In response to opposing states denying the ratification of the amendment, NOW encouraged members to participate in marches and economic boycotts. "Dozens of organizations supported the ERA and the boycott, including the League of Women Voters, the YWCA of the U.S., the Unitarian Universalist Association, the United Auto Workers (UAW), the National Education Association (NEA), and the Democratic National Committee (DNC). ''
As strong as the support was, it was to no avail to the opposition from various groups. These groups included select religious collectives, business / insurance interests, and most visibly was the STOP - ERA campaign led by antifeminist Phyllis Schlafly. Schlafly argued on the premise of creating equality in work force or anywhere else would hinder the laws that are instilled for the mere protection of these women. The safety of women was a higher priority than ensuring there is equality in financial and social scenarios. The predicament over the Equal Rights Amendment was not a fight between men and women who abhor men, but rather two groups of women advocating different perspectives on the nature of their lives. The rivalry was sparked in speeches, such as that of Schlafly who began her dialogue by thanking her husband for allowing her to participate in such an activity.
Even though efforts did not prove to be enough to have the amendment ratified, the organization remains active in lobbying legislatures and media outlets on feminist issues.
In 1972 NOW chose the Schlesinger Library as the archives for its records. Like many civil rights movements, archival documentation can also be found in the records of the FBI.
Abortion being an individual woman 's choice has come into the forefront since the Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade in 1973. The decision of the court was that it ultimately was the woman 's choice in reproduction. However, according to the National Organization for Women, decisions following the 1973 landmark case had substantially limited this right, which culminated their response to encourage the Freedom of Choice Act. The controversy over the landmark case ruling was initiated in the two cases, Gonzales v. Planned Parenthood and Gonzales v. Carhart. These two cases consequently banned abortion methods after 12 weeks of pregnancy.
Gonzalez v. Planned Parenthood and Gonzalez v. Carhart both dealt with the question of whether the 2003 Partial - Birth Abortion Ban Act was unconstitutional by violating the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment expressed in the Roe v. Wade case. This act ultimately meant that the "concept of partial - birth abortion as defined in the Act as any abortion in which the death of the fetus occurs when "the entire fetal head (...) or (...) any part of the fetal trunk past the navel is outside the body of the mother '' is banned. The Supreme Court ultimately decided 5 -- 4 that it was not unconstitutional and did not hinder a woman 's right to an abortion.
National Organization for Women claimed it was a disregard to a basic principle stemming from Roe v. Wade, which was to only have legislative restriction on abortion be justified with the intention of protecting women 's health. Hence, the support for the Freedom of Choice Act (FOCA) which primary purpose was to safeguard a woman 's access to abortions even if the Roe v. Wade ruling is further disregarded. As of 2013, there are seven states that have made the Freedom of Choice Act state law. FOCA will consequently supersede any other law prohibiting abortion in those seven states. They are: California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Maryland, Nevada, Wisconsin, Maine, and Washington. In addition, Maryland, Nevada, and Washington were the only three states to adhere via ballot initiative.
Succeeding in the enactment of FOCA would ultimately mean fulfilment of three goals for the National Organization for Women. First, asserting a woman 's reproductive right. Second, disseminate information to the public audience about threats posed in the two court cases mentioned above. Third, through the dissemination of information to the public, this in return would mobilize efforts to support female rights in multiple areas that will be presented in the future.
Betty Friedan and Pauli Murray wrote the organization 's Statement of Purpose in 1966. The statement described the purpose of NOW as "To take action to bring women into full participation in the mainstream of American society now, exercising all privileges and responsibilities thereof in truly equal partnership with men. '' The six core issues that NOW addresses are abortion and reproductive health services access, violence against women, constitutional equality, promoting diversity / ending racism, lesbian rights, and economic justice, with these issues having various sub-issues. The organization goes about creating these changes through laborious lobbying, rallies, marches, and conferences. NOW focuses on a variety of issues deploying multiple strategies, causing it to be an organization in which a comprehensive goal is envisaged and performed.
Priorities mentioned above were pursued to ultimately secure constitutional amendments guaranteeing these rights. Even though discrimination on the basis of sex was illegal, the federal government was not taking an active role in enforcing the constitutional amendments and the new policies. NOW sought to apply pressure to employers, local governments, and the federal government to uphold anti-discrimination policies. Through litigation, political pressure, and physical marches, NOW members held an authoritative stance leading to recognition in court cases, such as NOW v. Scheidler and Weeks v. Southern Bell.
NOW v. Scheidler revolved around the issue of racketeering to gain support for anti-abortion groups. NOW was suing the groups for utilization of violence and the threat of violence for garnering support. The violence varied from physical barriers into entrances of abortion clinic to arson and bombings of those clinics. The plaintiff accused the Pro-Life Action Network (PLAN) for unethical seizing the right of women to make decisions about their own bodies, and that this right needed to be defended. The case was a success in terms of the class action suit "brought against terrorists by those they had terrorized ''.
However the case was dismissed based on the mere definition of racketeering because racketeering must have an economic inclination, and there was no evidence to prove PLAN had this financial intention. This does not mean it was not a significant case. It brought light and recognition to National Organization for Women and its goals. If anything, it galvanized the organization to strengthen its tactics.
Weeks v. Southern Bell had the same effect, but this is an example where those galvanized efforts proved beneficial. This concerned discriminatory practices against women in the workplace. Lorena Weeks, employee of Southern Bell, claimed she was being discriminated against via exclusion to higher paying positions within the company. Sylvia Roberts acted as her attorney, supporting Week 's grievances with the accusation of the company 's violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (1964). Title VII is enabled to "protect individuals against employment discrimination on the bases of race and color, as well as national origin, sex, and religion ''. With this premise, Weeks, with the aid of Sylvia Roberts, succeeded in 1969 after making an appeal. The trial not only served as the triumph of National Organization of Women, but brought to life legislation made to the intentions of organizations, such as NOW.
The following women have led the National Organization for Women:
NOW has been criticized by various pro-life, conservative, and fathers ' rights groups. During the 1990s, NOW was criticized for having a double standard when it refused to support Paula Jones in her sexual harassment suit against former Democratic President Bill Clinton, while calling for the resignation of Republican politician (Bob Packwood), who was accused of similar assault by 10 women. The Jones suit was later dismissed by U.S. District Judge Susan Webber Wright, ruling that Mrs. Jones ' allegations, even if true, would n't qualify as a case of sexual harassment. Jones appealed but later dropped her suit after reaching a settlement out of court for $850,000. Judge Webber Wright later held President Clinton in contempt of court for giving "intentionally false '' testimony about his relationship with Monica Lewinsky in the Paula Jones lawsuit, marking the first time that a sitting president has been sanctioned for disobeying a court order.
NOW has also been criticized by feminists who claim it focuses on liberal agenda rather than women 's rights. NOW has been criticized for not supporting pro-life feminists, as well as other liberal issues, and supporting the Iraq War. Some members, such as LA NOW chapter president Tammy Bruce left NOW, saying they oppose putting liberal and partisan policy positions above equality for all women. Tammy Bruce has attacked NOW for not doing enough to advocate for international women 's rights, but instead attacking the George W. Bush White House for their conservative positions. Accusations of putting politics above feminism began in 1982, the year the ERA was defeated, when NOW, under President Judy Goldsmith, fiercely opposed Reaganomics, and endorsed Republican feminist Congresswoman Millicent Fenwick 's Democratic opponent in a New Jersey Senate race due to her support of Ronald Reagan 's economic agenda.
Additionally, Deborah Watkins, who was once the President of the Dallas Chapter of NOW, left NOW in 2003 to found, in the same year, the Dallas - Fort Worth Chapter of the National Coalition for Men, stating she grew tired of what she considered "hypocrisy '' and "male bashing '' at NOW.
Moreover, the "National Organization for Women (NOW) has caused controversy by putting Little Sisters of the Poor on their "Dirty 100 '' list ", a religious order that according to Fox News ' Megyn Kelly, "operate (s) homes in 31 countries where they provide care for over 13,000 needy, elderly persons, many of whom are dying ''.
On 10 and 11 January 2016, the Daily Caller and the Washington Examiner published stories critical of NOW 's continuing support of a discredited University of Virginia rape accusation. The accusation had been published in Rolling Stone, which later retracted the story. Although the accuser 's story changed repeatedly and a police investigation found "no evidence '' of rape, NOW referred to the accuser as a "survivor '' of sexual assault.
The National Organization for Women and some of its founders Muriel Fox, Jacqui Ceballos and Rita Mae Brown are part of the documentary She 's Beautiful When She 's Angry, about the founders of the modern women 's movement (from 1966 to 1971).
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who does julia roberts play in oceans 11 | Ocean 's Eleven - wikipedia
Ocean 's Eleven is a 2001 American heist film directed by Steven Soderbergh, and a remake of the 1960 Rat Pack film of the same name. It features an ensemble cast, including George Clooney, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, Don Cheadle, Andy García, and Julia Roberts. The film was a success at the box office and with critics, and was the fifth highest - grossing film of 2001 with $450 million.
Soderbergh directed two sequels, Ocean 's Twelve in 2004 and Ocean 's Thirteen in 2007, which make up the Ocean 's Trilogy. Ocean 's 8, a spin - off with an all - female lead cast, was released in 2018.
Following release from North Jersey State Prison in New Jersey, Danny Ocean visits Frank Catton, an old friend now working under an assumed name as a dealer at the Trump Plaza casino in Atlantic City. Following this meeting, Ocean violates his parole by traveling to California to meet his partner - in - crime and friend Rusty Ryan to propose a heist. The two go to Las Vegas to pitch the plan to wealthy friend and former casino owner Reuben Tishkoff. The plan consists of simultaneously robbing the Bellagio, The Mirage, and the MGM Grand casinos. Reuben 's familiarity with casino security makes him very reluctant to get involved, but when he starts to think of it as a good way to get back at his rival, Terry Benedict, who owns all three casinos, Reuben agrees to finance the operation. Because the casinos are required by the Nevada Gaming Commission to have enough cash on hand to cover all their patrons ' bets, the three predict that, on the upcoming night of a highly anticipated boxing match, the Bellagio vault will contain more than $160,000,000.
Danny and Rusty recruit eight former colleagues and criminal specialists: Linus Caldwell, a young and talented pickpocket; Frank Catton, a casino worker and con man; Virgil and Turk Malloy, a pair of gifted mechanics; Livingston Dell, an electronics and surveillance expert; Basher Tarr, an explosives expert; Saul Bloom, an elderly con man; and "The Amazing '' Yen, an accomplished acrobat. Several of the team members carry out reconnaissance at the Bellagio to learn as much as possible about the security, the routines and behaviors of the casino staff, and the building itself. Others create a precise replica of the vault with which to practice maneuvering through its formidable security systems. During this planning phase, the team discovers that Danny 's ex-wife, Tess, is Benedict 's girlfriend. Rusty urges Danny to give up on the plan, believing Danny incapable of sound judgment while Tess is involved, but Danny refuses.
On the night of the fight, the plan is put into motion. Danny shows up at the Bellagio purposely to be seen by Benedict, who as predicted, locks him in a storeroom with Bruiser, a bouncer. However, Bruiser is on Danny 's payroll, and allows him to access the vent system and join his team as they seize the vault, coincident with activities of their other team members in and around the casino. Rusty calls Benedict on a cell phone Danny dropped in Tess 's coat earlier, tells him that unless he lets them have half of the money in the vault, they will blow it up; Benedict sees video footage confirming Rusty 's claim. Benedict complies, having his bodyguards take the loaded duffel bags to a waiting van driven by remote control. Benedict has his men follow the van, while he calls in a SWAT team to try to secure the vault. The SWAT team 's arrival causes a shootout that sets off the explosives and incinerates the remaining cash. After affirming the premises otherwise secure, the SWAT team collects their gear and departs.
As Benedict heads to examine the ruined vault himself, his men stop the van and find the bags were only loaded with flyers for prostitutes. Benedict studies the video footage and recognizes that the flooring in the vault on the video lacks the Bellagio logo, which had been added only recently to the vault. It is shown that Danny 's team used their practice vault to create fake footage to fool Benedict. Furthermore, they themselves were the SWAT team, and used their gear bags to take all of the money from the vault right under Benedict 's nose. Benedict goes to see that Danny has seemingly been locked up in the storeroom throughout the heist, and thus innocent of any crime. As Tess watches via security surveillance, Danny tricks Benedict into saying he would give up Tess in exchange for the money, which Tess witnesses via closed circuit television. Benedict, unsatisfied with Danny 's plan to get back the money, orders his men to escort Danny off the premises and inform the police that he is violating his parole by being in Las Vegas. Tess leaves Benedict and exits the hotel just in time to see Danny arrested. The rest of the team bask in the victory in front of the Bellagio fountains, silently going their separate ways one - by - one. When Danny is released after serving time for his parole violation, he is met by Rusty and Tess, and they drive off, closely followed by Benedict 's bodyguards.
In January 2000, Warner Bros. was moving forward with Steven Soderbergh on development of an Ocean 's Eleven remake, starring George Clooney, Brad Pitt, and Julia Roberts. Johnny Depp was being considered for Linus Caldwell, while Luke and Owen Wilson were in discussions to play the Malloy twins. However, the Wilson brothers had to vacate due to their commitment to The Royal Tenenbaums. Mike Myers, Bruce Willis, Ewan McGregor, Alan Arkin and Ralph Fiennes were considered for roles but ended up dropping out. Filmmakers Joel and Ethan Coen were considered as replacements for the Wilson brothers, but Soderbergh cast Scott Caan and Casey Affleck instead. Mark Wahlberg was originally cast as Linus Caldwell, but left in favor of starring in another remake, Planet of the Apes, and was subsequently replaced with Matt Damon. Clooney 's commitment to Ocean 's Eleven forced him to turn down the lead role in Unfaithful.
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 82 % based on 170 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, "As fast - paced, witty, and entertaining as it is star - studded and coolly stylish, Ocean 's Eleven offers a well - seasoned serving of popcorn entertainment. '' On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 74 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews ''. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B + '' on an A+ to F scale.
People magazine called the film "pure fun from start to finish, '' and included it in its end - of - year Best of Screen list. Newsweek said Ocean 's Eleven "bounces along with finger - snapping high spirits, '' and said that while Soderbergh has "made deeper films,... this carefree caper movie is nothing to sneeze at. '' Time magazine 's reviewer Richard Corliss criticized the film, saying it "does n't offer much. '' In a poll during November 2008, Empire magazine called Ocean 's Eleven the 500th best film on The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time. For Don Cheadle 's role in this film, he needed to learn to speak with a cockney accent, which drew harsh reviews from critics and is recognized as being one of the worst accents in film. Cheadle commented on his accent, saying "My British friends... tell me (it 's) a truly terrible London accent in Ocean 's 13. You know something, I really worked on that accent. Went to London, spoke to people, got to know it... my agent said it was fine, so I 'm stuck with this thing. Even though everyone laughs at me. So I sacked her, of course ''.
Entertainment Weekly put "The Ocean 's Eleven heist scene '' on its end - of - the - decade, "best - of '' list, saying, "Featuring three impregnable Vegas casinos and 11 ring - a-ding criminals, Steven Soderbergh 's 2001 roll of the dice provided the most winning robbery sequence of the decade. ''
Ocean 's Eleven had a budget of about $85 million. On its opening weekend, it grossed an estimate of $38 million and was the top box - office draw for the weekend. The film grossed $183,417,150 in the United States and grossed $267,311,379 overseas, leaving a worldwide gross of $450,728,529.
Ocean 's Eleven was released on VHS and DVD on May 7, 2002.
Soderbergh directed two sequels, Ocean 's Twelve in 2004 and Ocean 's Thirteen in 2007, which make up the Ocean 's Trilogy. A new Ocean 's Eleven film with an all - female cast led by Sandra Bullock, titled Ocean 's 8, was released June 8, 2018.. It was conceived by producer Jerry Weintraub, Soderbergh and Clooney. Olivia Milch and Gary Ross are signed on as writer of the screenplay, and director respectively. Cate Blanchett, Helena Bonham Carter, Anne Hathaway, Sarah Paulson, Rihanna Fenty, Mindy Kaling, and Nora "Awkwafina '' Lum were later announced to appear in the film.
Takarazuka Revue adapted the movie as a musical in 2011 -- 2012 in Japan (Takarazuka Grand Theater; Tokyo Takarazuka Theater). The production was performed by Star Troupe and the cast included Reon Yuzuki as Danny Ocean, Nene Yumesaki as Tess Ocean and Shio Suzumi as Rusty Ryan.
The 2014 Bollywood film Happy New Year draws heavily on the plot of Ocean 's Eleven, with Shah Rukh Khan starring as the protagonist.
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name the two european nations that fought in the french and indian war | French and Indian War - wikipedia
British victory
Great Britain
Iroquois Confederacy
France
Wabanaki Confederacy
The French and Indian War (1754 -- 63) comprised the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years ' War of 1756 -- 63. It pitted the colonies of British America against those of New France. Both sides were supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as by American Indian allies. At the start of the war, the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 settlers, compared with 2 million in the British North American colonies. The outnumbered French particularly depended on the Indians. The European nations declared war on one another in 1756 following months of localized conflict, escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental conflict.
The name French and Indian War is used mainly in the United States. It refers to the two main enemies of the British colonists: the royal French forces and the various American Indian forces allied with them. The British colonists were supported at various times by the Iroquois, Catawba, and Cherokee, and the French colonists were supported by Wabanaki Confederacy members Abenaki and Mi'kmaq, and Algonquin, Lenape, Ojibwa, Ottawa, Shawnee, and Wyandot.
British and other European historians use the term the Seven Years ' War, as do English - speaking Canadians. French Canadians call it La guerre de la Conquête (the War of the Conquest) or (rarely) the Fourth Intercolonial War.
Fighting took place primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies, from Virginia in the south to Newfoundland in the north. It began with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers called the Forks of the Ohio, and the site of the French Fort Duquesne within present - day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The dispute erupted into violence in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754, during which Virginia militiamen under the command of 22 - year - old George Washington ambushed a French patrol.
In 1755, six colonial governors in North America met with General Edward Braddock, the newly arrived British Army commander, and planned a four - way attack on the French. None succeeded, and the main effort by Braddock proved a disaster; he lost the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9, 1755 and died a few days later. British operations failed in the frontier areas of Pennsylvania and New York during 1755 - 57 due to a combination of poor management, internal divisions, effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior allies. In 1755, the British captured Fort Beauséjour on the border separating Nova Scotia from Acadia, and they ordered the expulsion of the Acadians (1755 -- 64) soon afterwards. Orders for the deportation were given by William Shirley, Commander - in - Chief, North America, without direction from Great Britain. The Acadians were expelled, both those captured in arms and those who had sworn the loyalty oath to His Britannic Majesty. Indians likewise were driven off the land to make way for settlers from New England.
The British colonial government fell in the region of modern Nova Scotia after several disastrous campaigns in 1757, including a failed expedition against Louisbourg and the Siege of Fort William Henry; this last was followed by Indians torturing and massacring their British victims. William Pitt came to power and significantly increased British military resources in the colonies at a time when France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces that they had in New France, preferring to concentrate their forces against Prussia and its allies in the European theater of the war. Between 1758 and 1760, the British military launched a campaign to capture the Colony of Canada (part of New France). They succeeded in capturing territory in surrounding colonies and ultimately the city of Quebec (1759). The British later lost the Battle of Sainte - Foy west of Quebec (1760), but the French ceded Canada in accordance with the Treaty of Paris (1763).
The outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo - French conflict. France ceded to Great Britain its territory east of the Mississippi. It ceded French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally Spain in compensation for Spain 's loss to Britain of Florida. (Spain had ceded Florida to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana, Cuba.) France 's colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, confirming Great Britain 's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America.
The conflict is known by multiple names. In British America, wars were often named after the sitting British monarch, such as King William 's War or Queen Anne 's War. There had already been a King George 's War in the 1740s during the reign of King George II, so British colonists named this conflict after their opponents, and it became known as the French and Indian War. This traditional name continues as the standard in the United States, but it obscures the fact that Indians fought on both sides of the conflict and that this was part of the Seven Years ' War, a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain. American historians generally use the traditional name or sometimes the Seven Years ' War. Less frequently used names for the war include the Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire.
In Europe, the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War usually is not given a separate name. The entire international conflict is known as the Seven Years ' War. "Seven Years '' refers to events in Europe, from the official declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763. These dates do not correspond with the fighting on mainland North America, which was largely concluded in six years, from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760.
Canadians refer to both the European and North American conflicts as the Seven Years ' War (Guerre de Sept Ans). French Canadians also use the term "War of Conquest '' (Guerre de la Conquête), since it is the war in which Canada was conquered by the British and became part of the British Empire.
At this time, North America east of the Mississippi River was largely claimed by either Great Britain or France. Large areas had no colonial settlements. The French population numbered about 75,000 and was heavily concentrated along the St. Lawrence River valley, with some also in Acadia (present - day New Brunswick and parts of Nova Scotia), including Île Royale (present - day Cape Breton Island). Fewer lived in New Orleans, Biloxi, Mississippi, Mobile, Alabama, and small settlements in the Illinois Country, hugging the east side of the Mississippi River and its tributaries. French fur traders and trappers traveled throughout the St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds, did business with local Indian tribes, and often married Indian women. Traders married daughters of chiefs, creating high - ranking unions.
British settlers outnumbered the French 20 to 1 with a population of about 1.5 million ranged along the eastern coast of the continent from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north to Georgia in the south. Many of the older colonies had land claims that extended arbitrarily far to the west, as the extent of the continent was unknown at the time when their provincial charters were granted. Their population centers were along the coast, yet the settlements were growing into the interior. Nova Scotia had been captured from France in 1713, and it still had a significant French - speaking population. Britain also claimed Rupert 's Land where the Hudson 's Bay Company traded for furs with local Indian tribes.
In between the French and British colonists, large areas were dominated by Indian tribes. To the north, the Mi'kmaqs and the Abenakis were engaged in Father Le Loutre 's War and still held sway in parts of Nova Scotia, Acadia, and the eastern portions of the province of Canada, as well as much of Maine. The Iroquois Confederation dominated much of Upstate New York and the Ohio Country, although Ohio also included Algonquian - speaking populations of Delaware and Shawnee, as well as Iroquoian - speaking Mingos. These tribes were formally under Iroquois rule and were limited by them in their authority to make agreements.
The Southeast interior was dominated by Siouan - speaking Catawbas, Muskogee - speaking Creeks and Choctaw, and the Iroquoian - speaking Cherokee tribes. When war broke out, the French colonists used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region, which was not directly subject to the conflict between the French and British; these included the Hurons, Mississaugs, Ojibwas, Winnebagos, and Potawatomi. The British colonists were supported in the war by the Iroquois Six Nations and also by the Cherokees, until differences sparked the Anglo - Cherokee War in 1758. In 1758, the Pennsylvania government successfully negotiated the Treaty of Easton in which a number of tribes in the Ohio Country promised neutrality in exchange for land concessions and other considerations. Most of the other northern tribes sided with the French, their primary trading partner and supplier of arms. The Creeks and Cherokees were subject to diplomatic efforts by both the French and British to gain either their support or neutrality in the conflict.
By this time, Spain claimed only the province of Florida in eastern North America; it controlled Cuba and other territories in the West Indies that became military objectives in the Seven Years ' War. Florida 's European population was a few hundred, concentrated in St. Augustine and Pensacola.
At the start of the war, no French regular army troops were stationed in North America, and few British troops. New France was defended by about 3,000 troupes de la marine, companies of colonial regulars (some of whom had significant woodland combat experience). The colonial government recruited militia support when needed. Most British colonies mustered local militia companies to deal with Indian threats, generally ill trained and available only for short periods, but they did not have any standing forces. Virginia, by contrast, had a large frontier with several companies of British regulars.
The colonial governments were used to operating independently of one another and of the government in London, a situation that complicated negotiations with Indian tribes, whose territories often encompassed land claimed by multiple colonies. After the war began, the leaders of the British Army establishment tried to impose constraints and demands on the colonial administrations.
New France 's Governor - General Roland - Michel Barrin de La Galissonière was concerned about the incursion and expanding influence in the Ohio Country of British colonial traders such as George Croghan. In June 1747, he ordered Pierre - Joseph Céloron to lead a military expedition through the area. Its objectives were:
Céloron 's expedition force consisted of about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians, and they covered about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) between June and November 1749. They went up the St. Lawrence, continued along the northern shore of Lake Ontario, crossed the portage at Niagara, and followed the southern shore of Lake Erie. At the Chautauqua Portage near Barcelona, New York, the expedition moved inland to the Allegheny River, which it followed to the site of Pittsburgh. There Céloron buried lead plates engraved with the French claim to the Ohio Country. Whenever he encountered British colonial merchants or fur - traders, he informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave.
Céloron 's expedition arrived at Logstown where the Indians in the area informed him that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British colonists regardless of the French. He continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the Miami rivers, which lay just south of the village of Pickawillany, the home of the Miami chief known as "Old Briton ''. Céloron threatened Old Briton with severe consequences if he continued to trade with British colonists, but Old Briton ignored the warning. Céloron returned disappointedly to Montreal in November 1749.
Céloron wrote an extensively detailed report. "All I can say is that the Natives of these localities are very badly disposed towards the French, '' he wrote, "and are entirely devoted to the English. I do n't know in what way they could be brought back. '' Even before his return to Montreal, reports on the situation in the Ohio Country were making their way to London and Paris, each side proposing that action be taken. Massachusetts governor William Shirley was particularly forceful, stating that British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present.
In 1749, the British government gave land to the Ohio Company of Virginia for the purpose of developing trade and settlements in the Ohio Country. The grant required that it settle 100 families in the territory and construct a fort for their protection. But the territory was also claimed by Pennsylvania, and both colonies began pushing for action to improve their respective claims. In 1750, Christopher Gist explored the Ohio territory, acting on behalf of both Virginia and the company, and he opened negotiations with the Indian tribes at Logstown. He completed the 1752 Treaty of Logstown in which the local Indians agreed to terms through their "Half - King '' Tanacharison and an Iroquois representative. These terms included permission to build a strong house at the mouth of the Monongahela River on the modern site of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. By the late 17th century, the Iroquois had pushed many tribes out of the Ohio Valley, and they laid claim to it as their hunting ground by right of conquest.
The War of the Austrian Succession (better known as King George 's War) formally ended in 1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle, which was primarily focused on resolving issues in Europe. The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies were turned over to a commission, but it reached no decision. Frontier areas were claimed by both sides, from Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north to the Ohio Country in the south. The disputes also extended into the Atlantic Ocean, where both powers wanted access to the rich fisheries of the Grand Banks off Newfoundland.
Governor - General of New France Marquis de la Jonquière died on March 17, 1752, and he was temporarily replaced by Charles le Moyne de Longueuil. His permanent replacement was to be the Marquis Duquesne, but he did not arrive in New France until 1752 to take over the post. The continuing British activity in the Ohio territories prompted Longueuil to dispatch another expedition to the area under the command of Charles Michel de Langlade, an officer in the Troupes de la Marine. Langlade was given 300 men, including French - Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa tribe. His objective was to punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Céloron 's orders to cease trading with the British. On June 21, the French war party attacked the trading centre at Pickawillany, capturing three traders and killing 14 Miami Indians, including Old Briton. He was reportedly ritually cannibalized by some Indians in the expedition party.
In the spring of 1753, Paul Marin de la Malgue was given command of a 2,000 - man force of Troupes de la Marine and Indians. His orders were to protect the King 's land in the Ohio Valley from the British. Marin followed the route that Céloron had mapped out four years earlier. Céloron, however, had limited the record of French claims to the burial of lead plates, whereas Marin constructed and garrisoned forts. He first constructed Fort Presque Isle on Lake Erie 's south shore near Erie, Pennsylvania, and he had a road built to the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek. He then constructed a second fort at Fort Le Boeuf in Waterford, Pennsylvania, designed to guard the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek. As he moved south, he drove off or captured British traders, alarming both the British and the Iroquois. Tanaghrisson was a chief of the Mingo Indians, who were remnants of Iroquois and other tribes who had been driven west by colonial expansion. He intensely disliked the French whom he accused of killing and eating his father. He traveled to Fort Le Boeuf and threatened the French with military action, which Marin contemptuously dismissed.
The Iroquois sent runners to the manor of William Johnson in upstate New York, who was the British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond. Johnson was known to the Iroquois as Warraghiggey, meaning "he who does great things. '' He spoke their languages and had become a respected honorary member of the Iroquois Confederacy in the area, and he was made a colonel of the Iroquois in 1746; he was later commissioned as a colonel of the Western New York Militia.
The Indian representatives and Johnson met with Governor Clinton and officials from some of the other American colonies at Albany, New York. Mohawk Chief Hendrick was the speaker of their tribal council, and he insisted that the British abide by their obligations and block French expansion. Clinton did not respond to his satisfaction, and Hendrick said that the "Covenant Chain '' was broken, a long - standing friendly relationship between the Iroquois Confederacy and the British Crown.
Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia was an investor in the Ohio Company, which stood to lose money if the French held their claim. He ordered 21 year - old Major George Washington (whose brother was another Ohio Company investor) of the Virginia Regiment to warn the French to leave Virginia territory in October 1753. Washington left with a small party, picking up Jacob Van Braam as an interpreter, Christopher Gist (a company surveyor working in the area), and a few Mingos led by Tanaghrisson. On December 12, Washington and his men reached Fort Le Boeuf.
Jacques Legardeur de Saint - Pierre succeeded Marin as commander of the French forces after Marin died on October 29, and he invited Washington to dine with him. Over dinner, Washington presented Saint - Pierre with the letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country. Saint - Pierre said, "As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it. '' He told Washington that France 's claim to the region was superior to that of the British, since René - Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier.
Washington 's party left Fort Le Boeuf early on December 16 and arrived in Williamsburg on January 16, 1754. He stated in his report, "The French had swept south '', detailing the steps which they had taken to fortify the area, and their intention to fortify the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers.
Even before Washington returned, Dinwiddie had sent a company of 40 men under William Trent to that point where they began construction of a small stockaded fort in the early months of 1754. Governor Duquesne sent additional French forces under Claude - Pierre Pecaudy de Contrecœur to relieve Saint - Pierre during the same period, and Contrecœur led 500 men south from Fort Venango on April 5, 1754. These forces arrived at the fort on April 16, but Contrecœur generously allowed Trent 's small company to withdraw. He purchased their construction tools to continue building what became Fort Duquesne.
Dinwiddie had ordered Washington to lead a larger force to assist Trent in his work, and Washington learned of Trent 's retreat while he was en route. Mingo sachem Tanaghrisson had promised support to the British, so Washington continued toward Fort Duquesne and met with him. He then learned of a French scouting party in the area, so he combined Tanaghrisson 's force with his own and surprised the Canadians on May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen. They killed many of the Canadians, including their commanding officer Joseph Coulon de Jumonville, whose head was reportedly split open by Tanaghrisson with a tomahawk. Historian Fred Anderson suggests that Tanaghrisson was acting to gain the support of the British and to regain authority over his own people. They had been inclined to support the French, with whom they had long trading relationships. One of Tanaghrisson 's men told Contrecoeur that Jumonville had been killed by British musket fire.
Historians generally consider the Battle of Jumonville Glen as the opening battle of the French and Indian War in North America, and the start of hostilities in the Ohio valley.
Following the battle, Washington pulled back several miles and established Fort Necessity, which the Canadians attacked under the command of Jummonville 's brother at the Battle of Fort Necessity on July 3. Washington surrendered and negotiated a withdrawal under arms. One of his men reported that the Canadian force was accompanied by Shawnee, Delaware, and Mingo warriors -- just those whom Tanaghrisson was seeking to influence.
News of the two battles reached England in August. After several months of negotiations, the government of the Duke of Newcastle decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the French. They chose Major General Edward Braddock to lead the expedition. Word of the British military plans leaked to France well before Braddock 's departure for North America. In response, King Louis XV dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755. The British sent out their fleet in February 1755, intending to blockade French ports, but the French fleet had already sailed. Admiral Edward Hawke detached a fast squadron to North America in an attempt to intercept them.
In a second British action, Admiral Edward Boscawen fired on the French ship Alcide on June 8, 1755, capturing her and two troop ships. The British harassed French shipping throughout 1755, seizing ships and capturing seamen. These actions contributed to the eventual formal declarations of war in spring 1756.
An early important political response to the opening of hostilities was the convening of the Albany Congress in June and July, 1754. The goal of the congress was to formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians, since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal in the war that was unfolding. The plan that the delegates agreed to was neither ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown. Nevertheless, the format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence.
The British formed an aggressive plan of operations for 1755. General Braddock was to lead the expedition to Fort Duquesne, while Massachusetts governor William Shirley was given the task of fortifying Fort Oswego and attacking Fort Niagara. Sir William Johnson was to capture Fort St. Frédéric at present - day Crown Point, New York, and Lieutenant Colonel Robert Monckton was to capture Fort Beauséjour to the east, on the frontier between Nova Scotia and Acadia.
Braddock led about 1,500 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne, with George Washington as one of his aides. The expedition was a disaster. It was attacked by French soldiers and Indian warriors ambushing them from up in trees and behind logs, and Braddock called for a retreat. He was killed and approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured. The remaining 500 British troops retreated to Virginia, led by Washington. Two future opponents in the American Revolutionary War played key roles in organizing the retreat: Washington and Thomas Gage.
The French acquired a copy of the British war plans, including the activities of Shirley and Johnson. Shirley 's efforts to fortify Oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties, exacerbated by his inexperience in managing large expeditions. In conjunction, Shirley was made aware that the French were massing for an attack on Fort Oswego in his absence when he planned to attack Fort Niagara. As a response, he left garrisons at Oswego, Fort Bull, and Fort Williams, the last two located on the Oneida Carry between the Mohawk River and Wood Creek at present - day Rome, New York. Supplies were cached at Fort Bull for use in the projected attack on Niagara.
Johnson 's expedition was better organized than Shirley 's, which was noticed by New France 's governor the Marquis de Vaudreuil. He had primarily been concerned about the extended supply line to the forts on the Ohio, and he had sent Baron Dieskau to lead the defenses at Frontenac against Shirley 's expected attack. Vaudreuil saw Johnson as the larger threat and sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat. Dieskau planned to attack the British encampment at Fort Edward at the upper end of navigation on the Hudson River, but Johnson had strongly fortified it, and Dieskau 's Indian support was reluctant to attack. The two forces finally met in the bloody Battle of Lake George between Fort Edward and Fort William Henry. The battle ended inconclusively, with both sides withdrawing from the field. Johnson 's advance stopped at Fort William Henry, and the French withdrew to Ticonderoga Point, where they began the construction of Fort Carillon (later renamed Fort Ticonderoga after British capture in 1759).
Colonel Monckton captured Fort Beauséjour in June 1755 in the sole British success that year, cutting off the French fortress at Louisbourg from land - based reinforcements. To cut vital supplies to Louisbourg, Nova Scotia 's Governor Charles Lawrence ordered the deportation of the French - speaking Acadian population from the area. Monckton 's forces, including companies of Rogers ' Rangers, forcibly removed thousands of Acadians, chasing down many who resisted and sometimes committing atrocities. More than any other factor, cutting off supplies to Louisbourg led to its demise. The Acadian resistance was sometimes quite stiff, in concert with Indian allies including the Mi'kmaq, with ongoing frontier raids against Dartmouth and Lunenburg, among others. The only clashes of any size were at Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757, other than the campaigns to expel the Acadians ranging around the Bay of Fundy, on the Petitcodiac and St. John rivers, and Île Saint - Jean.
Following the death of Braddock, William Shirley assumed command of British forces in North America, and he laid out his plans for 1756 at a meeting in Albany in December 1755. He proposed renewing the efforts to capture Niagara, Crown Point, and Duquesne, with attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River to attack the city of Quebec. His plan, however, got bogged down by disagreements and disputes with others, including William Johnson and New York 's Governor Sir Charles Hardy, and consequently gained little support.
Newcastle replaced him in January 1756 with Lord Loudoun, with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command. Neither of these men had as much campaign experience as the trio of officers whom France sent to North America. French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France in May 1756, led by Major General Louis - Joseph de Montcalm and seconded by the Chevalier de Lévis and Colonel François - Charles de Bourlamaque, all experienced veterans from the War of the Austrian Succession. On May 18, 1756, England formally declared war on France, which expanded the war into Europe and came to be known as the Seven Years ' War.
Governor Vaudreuil had ambitions to become the French commander in chief, in addition to his role as governor, and he acted during the winter of 1756 before those reinforcements arrived. Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain, so he ordered an attack against the forts which Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry. In the Battle of Fort Bull, French forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies, including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder. They set back any British hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario and endangered the Oswego garrison, already short on supplies. French forces in the Ohio valley also continued to intrigue with Indians throughout the area, encouraging them to raid frontier settlements. This led to ongoing alarms along the western frontiers, with streams of refugees returning east to get away from the action.
The new British command was not in place until July. Abercrombie arrived in Albany but refused to take any significant actions until Loudoun approved them, and Montcalm took bold action against his inertia. He built on Vaudreuil 's work harassing the Oswego garrison and executed a strategic feint by moving his headquarters to Ticonderoga, as if to presage another attack along Lake George. With Abercrombie pinned down at Albany, Montcalm slipped away and led the successful attack on Oswego in August. In the aftermath, Montcalm and the Indians under his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners ' personal effects. The Europeans did not consider them prizes and prevented the Indians from stripping the prisoners of their valuables, which angered the Indians.
Loudoun was a capable administrator but a cautious field commander, and he planned one major operation for 1757: an attack on New France 's capital of Quebec. He left a sizable force at Fort William Henry to distract Montcalm and began organizing for the expedition to Quebec. He was then ordered to attack Louisbourg first by William Pitt, the Secretary of State responsible for the colonies. The expedition was beset by delays of all kinds but was finally ready to sail from Halifax, Nova Scotia in early August. In the meantime, French ships had escaped the British blockade of the French coast, and a fleet awaited Loudoun at Louisbourg which outnumbered the British fleet. Faced with this strength, Loudoun returned to New York amid news that a massacre had occurred at Fort William Henry.
French irregular forces (Canadian scouts and Indians) harassed Fort William Henry throughout the first half of 1757. In January, they ambushed British rangers near Ticonderoga. In February, they launched a raid against the position across the frozen Lake George, destroying storehouses and buildings outside the main fortification. In early August, Montcalm and 7,000 troops besieged the fort, which capitulated with an agreement to withdraw under parole. When the withdrawal began, some of Montcalm 's Indian allies attacked the British column because they were angry about the lost opportunity for loot, killing and capturing several hundred men, women, children, and slaves. The aftermath of the siege may have contributed to the transmission of smallpox into remote Indian populations, as some Indians were reported to have traveled from beyond the Mississippi to participate in the campaign and returned afterward. Modern writer William Nester believes that the Indians might have been exposed to European carriers, although no proof exists.
Vaudreuil and Montcalm were minimally resupplied in 1758, as the British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping. The situation in New France was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1757, a difficult winter, and the allegedly corrupt machinations of François Bigot, the intendant of the territory. His schemes to supply the colony inflated prices and were believed by Montcalm to line his pockets and those of his associates. A massive outbreak of smallpox among western Indian tribes led many of them to stay away from trading in 1758. The disease probably spread through the crowded conditions at William Henry after the battle; yet the Indians blamed the French for bringing "bad medicine '' as well as denying them prizes at Fort William Henry.
Montcalm focused his meager resources on the defense of the St. Lawrence, with primary defenses at Carillon, Quebec, and Louisbourg, while Vaudreuil argued unsuccessfully for a continuation of the raiding tactics that had worked quite effectively in previous years. The British failures in North America combined with other failures in the European theater and led to Newcastle 's fall from power along with the Duke of Cumberland, his principal military advisor.
Newcastle and Pitt joined in an uneasy coalition in which Pitt dominated the military planning. He embarked on a plan for the 1758 campaign that was largely developed by Loudoun. He had been replaced by Abercrombie as commander in chief after the failures of 1757. Pitt 's plan called for three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops supported by the provincial militias, aimed at capturing the heartlands of New France. Two of the expeditions were successful, with Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg falling to sizable British forces.
The Forbes Expedition was a British campaign in September -- October 1758, with 6,000 troops led by General John Forbes sent to drive out the French from the contested Ohio Country. The French withdrew from Fort Duquesne and left the British in control of the Ohio River Valley. The great French fortress at Louisbourg in Nova Scotia was captured after a siege.
The third invasion was stopped with the improbable French victory in the Battle of Carillon, in which 3,600 Frenchmen defeated Abercrombie 's force of 18,000 regulars, militia, and Indian allies outside the fort which the French called Carillon and the British called Ticonderoga. Abercrombie saved something from the disaster when he sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac, including caches of supplies destined for New France 's western forts and furs destined for Europe. Abercrombie was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst, victor at Louisbourg.
The French had generally poor results in 1758 in most theaters of the war. The new foreign minister was the duc de Choiseul, and he decided to focus on an invasion of Britain to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland. The invasion failed both militarily and politically, as Pitt again planned significant campaigns against New France and sent funds to Britain 's mainland ally of Prussia, while the French Navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay. In one piece of good fortune, some French supply ships did manage to depart France and elude the British blockade of the French coast.
British victories continued in all theaters in the Annus Mirabilis of 1759: the British captured Ticonderoga, James Wolfe defeated Montcalm at Quebec in a battle that claimed the lives of both commanders, and a British victory at Fort Niagara cut off the French frontier forts to the west and south. The victory was made complete in 1760; the British did suffer a defeat outside Quebec City in the Battle of Sainte - Foy, but they prevented the arrival of French relief ships in the naval Battle of the Restigouche while armies marched on Montreal from three sides.
Governor Vaudreuil in Montreal negotiated a capitulation with General Amherst in September 1760. Amherst granted his requests that any French residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition, to own property, and to remain undisturbed in their homes. The British provided medical treatment for the sick and wounded French soldiers, and French regular troops were returned to France aboard British ships with an agreement that they were not to serve again in the present war.
Most of the fighting ended in continental North America in 1760, although it continued in Europe between France and Britain. The notable exception was the French seizure of St. John 's, Newfoundland. General Amherst heard of this surprise action and immediately dispatched troops under his nephew William Amherst, who regained control of Newfoundland after the Battle of Signal Hill in September 1762. Many troops from North America were reassigned to participate in further British actions in the West Indies, including the capture of Spanish Havana when Spain belatedly entered the conflict on the side of France, and a British expedition against French Martinique in 1762 led by Major General Robert Monckton.
General Amherst also oversaw the transition of French forts to British control in the western lands. The policies which he introduced in those lands disturbed large numbers of Indians and contributed to Pontiac 's Rebellion in 1763. This series of attacks on frontier forts and settlements required the continued deployment of British troops, and it was not resolved until 1766.
The war in North America officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763, and war in the European theater was settled by the Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763. The British offered France the choice of surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, which had been occupied by the British. France chose to cede the former but was able to negotiate the retention of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, two small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, along with fishing rights in the area. They viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands ' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent. French philosopher Voltaire referred to Canada disparagingly as nothing more than a few acres of snow. The British, however, were happy to take New France, as defence of their North American colonies would no longer be an issue; they also had ample places from which to obtain sugar. Spain traded Florida to Britain in order to regain Cuba, but they also gained Louisiana from France, including New Orleans, in compensation for their losses. Great Britain and Spain also agreed that navigation on the Mississippi River was to be open to vessels of all nations.
The war changed economic, political, governmental, and social relations among the three European powers, their colonies, and the people who inhabited those territories. France and Britain both suffered financially because of the war, with significant long - term consequences.
Britain gained control of French Canada and Acadia, colonies containing approximately 80,000 primarily French - speaking Roman Catholic residents. The deportation of Acadians beginning in 1755 made land available to immigrants from Europe and migrants from the colonies to the south. The British resettled many Acadians throughout its North American provinces, but many went to France, and some went to New Orleans, which they had expected to remain French. Some were sent to colonize places as diverse as French Guiana and the Falkland Islands, but these efforts were unsuccessful. Others migrated to places such as Saint - Domingue or fled to New Orleans after the Haitian Revolution. The Louisiana population contributed to the founding of the modern Cajun population. (The French word "Acadien '' changed to "Cadien '' then to "Cajun ''.)
Following the treaty, King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on October 7, 1763 which outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory, and it continues to govern relations to some extent between the government of modern Canada and the First Nations. Included in its provisions was the reservation of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains to its Indian population, a demarcation that was only a temporary impediment to a rising tide of westward - bound settlers. The proclamation also contained provisions that prevented civic participation by the Roman Catholic Canadians. The Quebec Act addressed this and other issues in 1774, raising concerns in the largely Protestant Thirteen Colonies over the advance of "popery. '' The Act maintained French Civil law, including the seigneurial system, a medieval code removed from France within a generation by the French Revolution.
The Seven Years ' War nearly doubled Great Britain 's national debt. The Crown sought sources of revenue to pay it off and attempted to impose new taxes on its colonies. These attempts were met with increasingly stiff resistance, until troops were called in to enforce the Crown 's authority. These acts ultimately led to the start of the American Revolutionary War.
France attached comparatively little value to its North American possessions, apart from the highly profitable sugar - producing Antilles islands which it retained. Minister Choiseul considered that he had made a good deal at the Treaty of Paris, and Voltaire wrote that Louis XV had lost "a few acres of snow ''. For France, however, the military defeat and the financial burden of the war weakened the monarchy and contributed to the advent of the French Revolution in 1789.
For some of the Indian tribes, the elimination of French power in North America meant the disappearance of a strong ally, although other tribes were not so affected. The Ohio Country was now more available to colonial settlement, due to the construction of military roads by Braddock and Forbes. The Spanish takeover of the Louisiana territory was not completed until 1769, and it had modest repercussions. The British takeover of Spanish Florida resulted in the westward migration of Indian tribes who did not want to do business with them. This migration also caused a rise in tensions between the Choctaw and the Creek, historic enemies who were now competing for land. The change of control in Florida also prompted most of its Spanish Catholic population to leave. Most went to Cuba, including the entire governmental records from St. Augustine, although some Christianized Yamasee were resettled to the coast of Mexico.
France returned to North America in 1778 with the establishment of a Franco - American alliance against Great Britain in the American War of Independence. This time, France succeeded in prevailing over Great Britain in what historian Alfred A. Cave describes as "French... revenge for Montcalm 's death ''.
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where does the saying taking the mick come from | Taking the piss - wikipedia
Taking the piss is a Commonwealth term meaning to take liberties at the expense of others, or to be joking, or to be unreasonable. It is a shortening of the idiom taking the piss out of, which is an expression meaning to mock, tease, joke, ridicule, or scoff. It is not to be confused with "taking a piss '', which refers to the act of urinating. Taking the Mickey (Mickey Bliss, Cockney rhyming slang), taking the Mick or taking the Michael is another term for making fun of someone. These terms are most widely used in the United Kingdom, Ireland, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia.
The term sometimes refers to a form of mockery in which the mocker exaggerates the other person 's characteristics; pretending to take on his or her attitudes, etc., for the purpose of comedic effect at the expense of another. This would be described as "taking the piss '' out of that person, or "a piss - take ''. It may be also be used to refer to a ruse whereby a person is led to believe a plainly unbelievable fact for the purpose of ridicule of the subject, e.g. "Are you being serious? '' "No, I 'm just taking the piss. ''
The phrase is in common usage throughout British society, employed by headline writers in broadsheet gazettes and tabloids as well as colloquially. It is also used in English speaking countries such as Australia.
In colloquial usage, "taking the piss '' is also used to refer to someone or something that makes a claim which is not in line with a recognised agreement e.g. an invoice that is double the quoted price with no explanation for the added charge could be said to "take the piss '', or likewise if something consistently misses a deadline.
The term can also mean to take unfair advantage. For example, if someone has a food buffet and one guest clearly takes more than their expected share. It can also relate to an abuse of trust, such as "You can use my ' phone, but do n't take the piss! '', i.e. do not abuse my offer of assistance by making lengthy calls that will cost me a lot of money. Equally, a wilfully unproductive employee could be described as "taking the piss '' for accepting a wage while knowingly failing to deliver on their obligation, or an employer could be accused of "taking the piss '' for making unreasonable requests of their employees, e.g. expecting them to do unpaid overtime.
"Take the piss '' may be a reference to a related (and dated) idiomatic expression, piss - proud, which is a vulgar pun referring to the morning erections which happen when a man awakens at the end of a dream cycle (each about 90 minutes in length throughout the night) or may be caused by a full bladder pressing upon nerves that help effect erection. This could be considered a ' false ' erection, as its origin is physiological not sexual, so in a metaphoric sense, then, someone who is "piss - proud '' would suffer from false pride, and taking the piss out of them refers to deflating this false pride, through disparagement or mockery. As knowledge of the expression 's metaphoric origin became lost on users, "taking the piss out of '' came to be synonymous with disparagement or mockery itself, with less regard to the pride of the subject.
"Take the mickey '' may be an abbreviated form of the Cockney rhyming slang "take the Mickey Bliss '', a euphemism for "take the piss. '' It has also been suggested that "mickey '' is a contraction of "micturition, '' in which case "take the micturition '' would be a synonymous euphemism for "take the piss. '' The phrase has been noted since the 1930s.
One theory is that during the age of the canals in Britain, urine would be brought up the canals to the wool mills in Northern England (particularly to Yorkshire), as urine was used in the process of fixing dye to wool. This was particularly the case when dyeing items blue with indigo or more traditionally with woad, before synthetic dyes were invented or made commercially available. Being in the business of transporting urine was much less lucrative than transporting wine, so when the boatmen were questioned what they were carrying they would lie and say "I 'm taking wine '' and the response would be "No, you 're taking the piss '' to express disbelief.
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who plays jesse's daughter in bad moms | Bad Moms - Wikipedia
Bad Moms is a 2016 American comedy film directed and written by Jon Lucas and Scott Moore. The film stars an ensemble cast that includes Mila Kunis, Kristen Bell, Kathryn Hahn, Jay Hernandez, Annie Mumolo, Jada Pinkett Smith, and Christina Applegate.
Principal photography began on January 11, 2016, in New Orleans. The film premiered on July 19, 2016, in New York City and was theatrically released on July 29, 2016, by STXfilms. It received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $183 million worldwide, becoming the first film from STX to gross $100 million domestically.
A sequel, titled A Bad Moms Christmas, was released on November 1, 2017.
Amy Mitchell (Mila Kunis) is a married woman in the Chicago suburbs with two children, Jane (Oona Laurence) and Dylan (Emjay Anthony), who feels overworked and overcommitted. She works as a sales rep for a "hip '' coffee company, prepares healthful, hand - packed lunches for her children, does most of their homework, goes to all of their extracurricular activities, and is active in her school 's PTA, run by the domineering Gwendolyn James (Christina Applegate) and her cronies, Stacy (Jada Pinkett Smith) and Vicky (Annie Mumolo). When she catches her husband Mike (David Walton) cheating on her with a camgirl, Amy kicks him out and attempts to keep everything together.
After a particularly stressful day, Amy publicly quits the PTA in response to Gwendolyn 's overzealous bake sale plans. At a nearby bar, Amy meets Carla (Kathryn Hahn), a laid - back, sexually active single mom, and Kiki (Kristen Bell), a stay - at - home mom of four who adores Amy 's dissent from Gwendolyn. Amy and Carla are irritated to discover that Kiki 's husband is domineering and expects her to take care of all the kids and the house with no assistance whatsoever, while Amy and Kiki are disturbed at Carla 's very hands - off approach to parenting. The trio embark on an all - night bender that inspires Amy to loosen up with her kids: she takes them for rides in Mike 's classic car, gets them lunch from Arby 's, forces Dylan to fend for himself to prevent him from being lazy and entitled, and takes the overachieving and constantly stressed Jane for a spa day. Amy herself decides to start dating but finds herself inexperienced due to her early marriage and motherhood. She ultimately ends up striking a connection with Jessie (Jay Hernandez), a handsome widower at the school who 's had a crush on her.
After Amy brings store - bought donut holes to the bake sale, she draws the ire of Gwendolyn, who uses her PTA authority to get Jane benched from the soccer team. Amy is angered, and decides to run for PTA president in opposition to Gwendolyn. A meet - and - greet at Amy 's home draws only one visitor, who informs them that Gwendolyn has launched a rival party at her own house, catered by Martha Stewart. In spite of this, the other moms, and Martha, swiftly abandon Gwendolyn 's party when it becomes clear that she intends to lecture them all evening, leading to a successful party at Amy 's house.
Gwendolyn responds by putting drugs in Jane 's locker, which gets her kicked out of all extracurricular activities. Jane and Dylan both go to stay with Mike (who has agreed to an amicable divorce) in response to what they see as Amy 's failure as a mom. Amy loses her job because her boss refuses to understand her reasons for taking time off.
A despondent Amy stays home during the PTA election but is roused into action by Carla and Kiki, who finally stands up to her husband and orders him to deal with everything alone until the meeting is over. At the event, Amy gives an inspiring speech about how all the moms are overworked and that they need to take time off, do fewer and less stressful events, and most importantly, allow themselves to make mistakes. Amy wins by a landslide and eventually winds up comforting a devastated Gwendolyn, who reveals that her life is not perfect like she claims it is and that being in charge of the PTA was her only way to take her anger out on the problems she is facing.
Some weeks later, Amy 's approach has led to positive changes: Jane has been reinstated to the soccer team and is stressing out less, Dylan is actually applying himself, Kiki makes her husband help out with taking care of their kids, Carla is more responsible and hands - on, and all of the other moms, including Stacy and Vicky, are feeling more energized. Amy herself has gotten her job back with much better compensation after her boss sees how much he had taken her for granted, and she continues to see Jessie. Gwendolyn invites Amy, Carla, and Kiki for a day of fun on her husband 's private jet.
The ending credits play over the cast interviewing their real - life moms.
On April 30, 2015, it was announced that Jon Lucas and Scott Moore were set to direct an untitled female - led comedy, based on their own original script. Bill Block of Block Entertainment and Raj Brinder Singh of Merced Media Partners would produce the film, along with Judd Apatow and Josh Church through Apatow Productions, while Merced Media financing the film. Leslie Mann was set to star in the lead role. This was Bill Block 's first film produced through Block Entertainment after leaving QED International. Paramount Pictures acquired the film 's distribution rights on May 8, 2015. The film was sold to different international distributors at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival. On June 1, 2015, Mann and Apatow exited the film because of scheduling conflicts. On October 26, 2015, it was reported that Paramount had left the project, with STX Entertainment coming on board to handle the American distribution. Mila Kunis, Christina Applegate, and Kristen Bell joined the film, starring in its lead roles, while Suzanne Todd produced the film along with Block. On January 11, 2016, Jada Pinkett Smith and Kathryn Hahn joined the film, with Smith playing Applegate 's blunt best friend, and Hahn also playing a mother. It was later revealed that Oona Laurence had also joined the cast.
Principal photography on the film began on January 11, 2016 in New Orleans and concluded on March 1, 2016.
In May 2015, Paramount set the film a release date for April 15, 2016, but later, in July 2015, the studio moved the film out to a new unspecified release date. STX Entertainment later bought the distribution rights to the film and scheduled for August 19, 2016, before eventually releasing it on July 29, 2016, swapping release dates with The Space Between Us.
Bad Moms was released on DVD and Blu - ray on November 1, 2016 by Universal Studios Home Entertainment.
Bad Moms grossed $113.2 million in the United States and Canada and $70.7 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $183.9 million, against a budget of $20 million.
Bad Moms was released in the United States and Canada on July 29, 2016, alongside Jason Bourne and Nerve, and was projected to gross around $25 million in its opening weekend, from 3,215 theaters. It grossed $2.1 million from Thursday night previews. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $23.8 million, finishing 3rd at the box office. On September 3, the film crossed $100 million domestically, becoming STX Entertainment 's first film to do so. Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $50.8 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues.
Bad Moms received mixed to positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 58 % based on 141 reviews with an average rating of 5.6 / 10, although it received a "Fresh '' rating among the site 's top critics, who approved it by 68 % based on 34 reviews with an average rating of 6.3 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, "Bad Moms boasts a terrific cast and a welcome twist on domestic comedy -- and they 're often enough to compensate for the movie 's unfortunate inability to take full advantage of its assets. '' On Metacritic, the film has a score of 60 out of 100 based on 33 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews ''. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A '' on an A+ to F scale.
IGN gave the film 7 / 10, saying, "(t) he uneven Bad Moms is an entry in the slobs versus snobs genre that never quite realizes its full comedic potential. '' Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave it an A -, writing: "beneath all of its hard - R partying, rebellious debauchery, and profanity, it taps into something very real and insidious in the zeitgeist. It 's one of the funniest movies of the year - and one of the most necessary. '' Peter Travers and Kyle Smith both gave 21⁄2 stars out of 4, with Travers saying: "the movie cops out by going soft in the end, but it 's still hardcore hilarity for stressed moms looking for a girls night out '', and Smith saying: "Bad Moms is like Sex and the City: The Sneakers - and - Minivan Years, a good - natured girl - power comedy that balances a bland sitcom structure with some weird and hilarious moments. ''
The A.V. Club 's Jesse Hassenger opined that Bad Moms "sells its characters ' struggle short by shuffling their kids off screen whenever it 's convenient, and not even in the name of comical neglect; there always seems to be time and money to get a sitter. (...) (This) at times turns the movie into a referendum on unhelpful husbands of well - off moms, rather than the absurdities of Perfect Mom culture. '' Lindsey Bahr of the Associated Press wrote, "Bad Moms had so many opportunities to be great, edgy and insightful, but instead settles for the most milquetoast commentary possible on modern motherhood. ''
Directors of the first film, Lucas and Moore, have stated that they may get involved with the previously announced spin - off, but that their current focus is to make a sequel to Bad Moms. On December 23, 2016, it was announced that A Bad Moms Christmas would be released on November 1, 2017, and that it would be holiday themed, with Bell, Hahn, and Kunis all returning to reprise their roles. On May 2, 2017, Susan Sarandon, Christine Baranski, Cheryl Hines, and Peter Gallagher joined the cast of the film.
In October 2016, STX Entertainment announced a spin - off film titled Bad Dads and set a release date for July 14, 2017. However, by July 2017, the film seems to have been delayed with a new release date not set.
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who is isabel in heneral luna's life | Heneral Luna - wikipedia
Heneral Luna (lit. General Luna) is a 2015 Filipino historical biopic film depicting General Antonio Luna 's leadership of the Philippine Revolutionary Army during the Philippine -- American War. It opens with the beginning of hostilities with the American colonizers, and ends with the assassination of Luna on June 5, 1899 - a period in which Luna served as Supreme Chief of the Army under the First Philippine Republic.
Directed by Jerrold Tarog and produced by Artikulo Uno Productions, the film received critical acclaim from critics and audiences alike, praising its cinematography, writing, acting and plot. The film was selected as the Philippine entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 88th Academy Awards but it was not nominated.
With a production budget of 80 million pesos, it is one of the most expensive Filipino epic historical films ever released. On September 29, 2015, it broke previous record of ₱ 160 million to become the highest grossing Filipino historical film of all time. Despite a 50 % discount offered student viewers, by the beginning of its fourth week the film was well on its way to reaching the ₱ 200 million gross ticket sales. In October 11, it was officially announced that the film had reached its ₱ 240 million break even point. The film 's critical and commercial success spawned the sequel Goyo: Ang Batang Heneral, which chronicles the life of the titular Gregorio Del Pilar during the Philippine -- American War.
President Emilio Aguinaldo (Mon Confiado) together with his Prime Minister Apolinario Mabini (Epi Quizon) and the whole presidential cabinet are debating the issue of the American presence in the Philippines. Felipe Buencamino (Nonie Buencamino) and Pedro Paterno (Leo Martinez) support a trade with Americans while General Antonio Luna (John Arcilla) and General José Alejandrino (Alvin Anson) want to wage war to gain independence for the Philippines. Luna asks the cabinet to authorize a pre-emptive strike while the Americans have yet to land their ground troops. Aguinaldo however assured his cabinet that the Americans had promised to help win freedom from their Spanish overlords. Unfortunately, the Americans have invaded key cities in Manila, indicating a possible war against the Filipinos.
Luna and his trusted comrades -- General José Alejandrino, Colonel Francisco "Paco '' Román (Joem Bascon), Captain Eduardo Rusca (Archie Alemania), Captain José Bernal (Alex Medina) and Major Manuel Bernal (Art Acuña) -- embark on an arduous campaign against the invading American forces. During an intense battle against American troops led by General Arthur MacArthur Jr. (Miguel Faustmann) and General Elwell Otis (E.A. Rocha), Luna asks for reinforcements from the Kawit Battalion but its commander, Captain Pedro Janolino (Ketchup Eusebio), refuses to comply because the order did not come from President Aguinaldo himself. Luna angrily rides to Janolino 's camp, humiliates him in front his men, and dismisses the battalion for insubordination. Luna then assembles an army of 4,000 soldiers by declaring his infamous "Article One '', stating that all who refuse to follow his orders shall be executed without the benefit of a trial in a military court. He also recruits Lieutenant García (Ronnie Lazaro) after seeing his marksmanship skills, and makes him commander of his elite unit of sharpshooters.
As the war drags on, Buencamino and Paterno indicate their support of a proposal by the Americans for Philippine autonomy. Enraged by this, Luna orders their arrest. Luna 's campaign is undermined by General Tomás Mascardo (Lorenz Martinez), who opposes Luna 's order for reinforcements, stating that he will only follow the President 's direct orders. While the two generals are about to clash in Pampanga, the Americans advance steadily as other Filipino generals like Gregorio del Pilar (Paulo Avelino) retreat to the north. Luna visits Aguinaldo and Mabini to file his resignation, knowing that Buencamino and Paterno had been set free. Aguinaldo refuses to accept his resignation, but agrees to let Luna establish a headquarters for the Philippine Army in the north.
Later, Luna is summoned by a telegram to the President 's headquarters in Cabanatuan. Although his officers are suspicious, Luna rides to Cabanatuan, bringing only Román and Rusca with him. Most of the soldiers had already left headquarters under Aguinaldo 's orders, with the exception of some elements of the Kawit Battalion. Luna discovers upon arrival that Aguinaldo had already left and only Buencamino remains in the office. As they exchange heated words, a single shot is fired outside. Luna investigates and encounters Captain Janolino and his men, who attack him. Luna is shot, stabbed, and hacked repeatedly to death. Román is also killed while a wounded Rusca surrenders to the Kawit soldiers. Most of Luna 's remaining loyal officers are arrested, while some are killed, including the Bernal brothers.
As ordered by Aguinaldo, Luna and Román are buried with full military honors by the Kawit Battalion - the same men who killed them. Mabini, who is among the mourners, notices a bloodied Bolo of one of the soldiers; however, the Kawit Battalion would be exonerated thereafter.
While American newspapers quickly blame Aguinaldo for the death of Luna, after the war an aged Aguinaldo denies his involvement on the assassination; he acknowledges Antonio Luna as his most brilliant and most capable general. MacArthur and Otis acknowledge Luna as a worthy adversary, laughing at the fact that the Filipinos killed the only real general they had.
In the mid-credits scene, General Gregorio del Pilar makes ready to cover Aguinaldo 's retreat to the north. He gathers Luna 's remaining men and orders his aide to select 60 of them.
The first draft of Heneral Luna was written in 1998 by E.A. Rocha and Henry Hunt Francia, who chose to write about Antonio Luna after being hired by Cirio Santiago to write a television script for a television series in celebration of the centennial of Philippine independence. When the series failed to push through, Rocha and Francia were asked to rewrite the script as a feature - length film. The film did not go into production, however, and was shelved for seventeen years. Francia died before the film 's release. Eventually, Leo Martinez convinced Rocha to submit the script to the Film Development Council of the Philippines.
Jerrold Tarog, who had separately developed an interest in making a film about Antonio Luna after reading literature about him, learned about the Rocha and Francia script, and asked if he could use it for his planned film. Tarog got permission to re-write the script, which was originally written entirely in English, and then asked fellow director Alvin Yapan to help translate it into formal Tagalog. Tarog then tweaked the script further, simplifying it, and adapting it further for the appreciation of modern audiences.
Notably, one of Tarog 's later changes was to separate the Mascardo and Janolino characters, which at one point had been merged into a composite character, "Mascolino '', who would have taken on characteristics of both historical characters. Tarog indicated that separating the characters would help flesh the film out further, and give it more highlights.
The characters of Paco Román and Eduardo Rusca, who were portrayed in a character triptych with Luna in the film, were written to be polar opposites. Román would be a more controlled, logical character who would help bring out a more controlled side of Luna, while Rusca would be a more passionate character who could provide moments of levity throughout the film.
In an interview on Filipino music website Radio Republic, Tarog, who has a degree in music composition from the College of Music at the University of the Philippines Diliman, indicated that he approached Heneral Luna, as with all his other films, from a musical perspective. He revealed that he sometimes even did so literally - using a musical staff to lay out scenes, plotting out highs and lows, with notes corresponding scenes, and the pitch of the note corresponding to the mood.
Among Tarog 's references during the rewriting of the script were Philippine National Artist Nick Joaquin 's A Question of Heroes, which he used as a guide to the film 's tone and in humanizing the character of the titular protagonist; and Vivencio José 's The Rise and Fall of Antonio Luna, which Tarog used as the primary source on Antonio Luna 's life.
Before meeting with Rocha regarding revising the script for the film, Tarog approached mainstream producers to do the film; he was however met with skepticism and doubts over the film 's marketability, as they assumed that such a historical film "will be boring '' or would not appeal to a mainstream audience. Tarog expressed difficulty into convincing them otherwise, lamenting that the local film industry has been institutionalized into producing films solely for entertainment, without taking into account those that "contribute to the minds of the people ''.
The film was bankrolled by businessman Fernando Ortigas ' film production outfit Artikulo Uno Productions, which takes its name from the Philippine - American War military directive, prominently referenced in the film. Ortigas himself makes a brief cameo in the film. Ortigas and Rocha served as co-producers of the film. Ortigas remarked that if he would have received the script for the film a week earlier than he did, he would have just junked the script because he was not in a good state of mind to work with films at that time. He comments that the script arrived "at the right time '' and said he enjoyed it.
The film went through a long pre-production phase, which allowed the film 's various departments to cope with the challenges of filming a period film in contemporary settings. With roughly 90 % of the film needing to be shot on location, the film required extensive location shoots in the few areas in the Philippines which still matched the architecture and environment of the period.
Speaking at a press conference for 2015 Quezon City International Film Festival, at the beginning of the film 's fourth week, Producer and co-writer E.A. Rocha noted that no expense was to be spared in getting "only actors suited for the role '' instead of big - name stars. Tarog said his experiences on watching John Arcilla 's performance in Raymond Red 's short film Anino and later in the feature film Metro Manila later influenced him to cast Arcilla as General Luna.
To keep costs down and cope with the requirements of shooting a historical film in modern settings, the film hewed close to its very tightly planned shotlist. Tarog revealed that he designed his shots to reflect the two sides of Luna 's personality - mostly straightforward shots to reflect his bluntness, and longer steadicam shots in moments that revealed his poetic side.
Cinematographer Pong Ignacio drew inspiration from paintings from the film 's period, including Antonio Luna 's brother, Juan, and referenced numerous films portraying trench warfare, citing Stanley Kubrick 's 1957 film Paths of Glory as a particular inspiration. Ignacio recounts that the flashback scene to Luna 's childhood, which was a single long steadicam shot involving an elaborate set, was the most challenging shot of the film.
Makeup and prosthetics for the film referred extensively to actual pictures of the historical characters. Arcilla had to grow out his moustache for the film, while Confiado lost significant weight for the role. Confiado also had to spend a long time looking for a barber who could render Aguinaldo 's iconic haircut well. Carmen Reyes, who oversaw the makeup and prosthetics for the film, revealed that the makeup for Bing Pimintel, who portrays Luna 's mother in two time periods, was particularly challenging. She also added that the choice to portray General Mascardo with only a partially formed moustache was symbolic, reflecting his frustration about being overshadowed by Luna.
Visual effects company BlackBurst Inc was tasked to take on the film 's visual effects, often in an effort to make a scene shot in a modern location fit seamlessly into the period storytelling of the film.
In many cases, BlackBurst removed modern elements such as electric wires from houses and other backgrounds shot on location, or changed details, such as roof shingles on buildings, to match the period. In other cases BlackBurst added digital set extensions, notably the ships in the scene of the Americans arriving in Manila, early in the film. All of the ships were added digitally using Autodesk Maya, and crafting that particular effect took the entire production timetable.
Background CEO Jauhn Dablo, who also served as the film 's visual effects director, revealed that Tarog was very meticulous about the effects, paying attention even to the angle, power, and timing of individual gun shots.
Aside from taking on duties as the film 's director, co-writer, and editor, Tarog also composed the score of the film, drawing inspiration from numerous Russian classical composers, beginning with Igor Stravinsky mentor Nikolai Rimsky - Korsakov.
Acclaimed singer - songwriter Ebe Dancel, Tarog 's fellow alumnus from the UP Rural High School in Los Baños, Laguna, was commissioned to write and perform the movie 's theme song, "Hanggang Wala Nang Bukas '' (Until there 's no Tomorrow) which was published in October 2015 under Star Music.
Pre-release screenings of the film were held at selected venues in the United States; August 30, 2015 in Anthology Film Archives Cinema in New York City and AMC Rio Cinema in Maryland, Virginia and Washington D.C.; August 31, 2015 in Marina Theater in San Francisco and Krikorian Monrovia Cinema in Los Angeles, California. The film was also screened at the Philippine Consulate General in Dubai, United Arab Emirates on August 30.
The film was released with the tagline "Bayan o Sarili '' (Tagalog, "Nation or Self? ''), a tagline later used by fans on social media to criticize theaters who had pulled the film out in favor of mainstream films.
Much of the public interest in the film came from word of mouth and social media.
By September 19, the film 's official trailer posted on YouTube has garnered over 1 million views.
The film 's general release in the Philippines nationwide began on September 9, 2015.
After initially opening in about 100 theaters, Heneral Luna was pulled out in many theaters entering its second week, mostly to make way for the Hollywood and mainstream films that were scheduled to open. Down to around 40 cinemas, fans of the film rallied on social media and appealed to theater owners - especially the SM, Ayala and Robinsons cinema chains - to provide more venues for the film.
On the opening of its second week, the film was shown to 79 theaters in the Philippines and then was increased to 94 by the weekends due to the increase of popularity. Word of mouth, critical acclaim, and social media coverage boosted the film 's popularity, resulting in sold - out theaters nationwide - prompting cinema owners to show it again in their theaters.
Since its theatrical release on September 9, 2015, Heneral Luna has made ₱ 180 in million gross sales at the box office - only ₱ 20 million short of the ₱ 200 million it needs to be able to break even at the box office, after cinemas ' cut in ticket sales have been considered. On September 29, 2015, it passed the ₱ 160 million mark to become the highest grossing Filipino historical film of all time.
As an independent film, Heneral Luna had a limited marketing budget, resulting in relatively low sales in its first week - ₱ 15 million from September 9 to 15, 2015.
Due to positive word of mouth, ticket sales surged on Heneral Luna 's second release week, earning ₱ 44 million from September 16 to 22. despite the reduction in the number of theaters showing the film early in that week. The distributor of the film, Joji Alonso, noted that "the 1st day gross of the second week is way higher than the 1st day gross of the 1st week. And to think the number of theaters was reduced by more than half! ''
On the third week, when even mainstream films normally see a drop in box office sales, Heneral Luna 's numbers surged even higher, earning ₱ 104,010,219 from September 23 to 29.
By the beginning of its fourth week, the film was averaging gross box office sales of about ₱ 8.5 million a day.
A nationwide DVD release of Heneral Luna was done by distributor Magnavision, Inc. on December 18, 2015. Over 7,000 DVD copies of the film were sold in less than a month since its release making it the best - selling DVD of any Filipino historical film in the Philippines. Among the bonus features of the DVD are English subtitle, a music video for the film 's official theme song, "Hanggang Wala Nang Bukas '' by Ebe Dancel, a making of - documentary, and a short film entitled Illustrado Problems directed by JP Habac, which featured the illustrado characters from Heneral Luna in a comedic light. On June 11, 2016, the film was broadcast for the first time on television through the ABS - CBN network. Artikulo Uno Productions and ABS - CBN Corporation earlier announced a partnership to distribute Heneral Luna on all platforms of ABS - CBN including free - to - air, cable, global, video on demand, and pay per view.
A forum dubbed as "The Heneral Luna Revolution: Game Changer in Film Distribution '' was held at Cinema 1 of Trinoma on October 27, 2015. The forum co-presented by QCinema and InterAksyon.com mainly tackled about the box office success of Heneral Luna and how could other indie films replicate this feat. The forum was moderated by InterAksyon.com editor - in - chief Roby Alampay and led by panel members director Jerrold Tarog and associate producers Vincent Nebrida and Ria Limjap.
Heneral Luna received mostly positive reviews from film critics in the Philippines and historians alike.
Historian and former National Commission for Culture and the Arts chair Ambeth Ocampo strongly recommended the film, calling it "an engaging narrative, supported by wonderful cinematography and grounded on sound historical research. '' He added that "When I previewed the film, I commented that it should not open with a disclaimer simply because it is a cinematic retelling of what many consider textbook history and is not a doctoral dissertation. ''
Comparisons have been drawn between Arcilla 's portrayal of Luna in the film, and that of the character he played in John Sayles ' 2010 film Amigo, which was also set during the Filipino - American War, albeit on a much smaller scale - depicting the war as it was experienced in a single barrio.
Philippine Daily Inquirer Arts and Books editor Lito B. Zulueta suggests that "By focusing on arguably the most rugged -- and therefore the most dynamic -- figure of the Philippine war against the American invaders, Jerrold Tarog 's ' Heneral Luna ' revives the historical action movie and in effect, revitalizes two dormant genres -- the action film and more important, the historical film. '' Michael Kho Lim from the Daily Tribune also gave a positive review, saying "Timely as it is significant. John Arcilla breathes life to Luna. Complex. Poetic. Gripping. ''
Rappler critic Oggs Cruz calls the film "precise in its storytelling and in its depiction of the major players of the revolution, '' furthering that "John Arcilla is excellent. Tarog makes his character human... and creates an essay of everything that is wrong with our nationhood. Tarog 's Heneral Luna is fascinating, beautiful to gaze at, and genuinely affecting. '' ClickTheCity critic Philbert Ortiz Dy gave the film 5 out of 5 stars, saying "Beyond its obvious technical achievement, Heneral Luna is worth seeing for its audacious approach to tackling our country 's tragic history. All at once bold, artful, darkly funny, informed and deeply entertaining, it makes the revolution come alive in surprising, delightful ways. This film triumphs in capturing the spirit of its subject, the whole enterprise fueled with a heady mix of rage, irreverence and a genuine love of country. It is everything that an Antonio Luna biopic should be. ''
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator gives the film a score of 71 % based on 7 reviews, with an average rating of 5.2 out of 10.
Heneral Luna received a Grade A from Cinema Evaluation Board of the Philippines.
A number of visual motifs throughout film have symbolic significance, particularly for audiences familiar with the History of the period and Filipino culture.
A Philippine revolutionary flag is displayed prominently in the film 's bookend scenes, becoming dirtier and more ragged when the film reverts to its framing device as the events of the film unfold. The burning flag during the end credits is a poignant experience for Filipino audiences, as flag - burning is not legal under the 1987 Filipino constitution.
In a scene towards the end of the film, the bodies of Luna and Román are dragged across the courtyard in a manner highly reminiscent of the Spoliarium, a painting which has served as artistic icon of Filipino nationalism, painted in 1884 by Luna 's own brother, Juan Luna.
Patricio Mercado - Noel, author of Was Aguinaldo Really An Arrogant Imbecile? A Critique of Nick Joaquin 's "A Question of Heroes '' and "Heneral Luna '' the Film, questioned the accuracy of the movie, particularly in its negative portrayal of Aguinaldo as a clueless and dormant leader. He cites two of Aguinaldo 's correspondences, prior to the Philippine - American War, in which Aguinaldo explicitly states to General Juan Cailles, Felipe Buencamino, and Gregorio Araneta, that he was aware that war with the Americans was "coming sooner or later '' and that he felt that the Americans were "playing us until the arrival of their reinforcements ''. In the film, however, Aguinaldo is shown as trusting the U.S. ambassador 's assurances given to him, during his exile in Hong Kong.
Mercado - Noel also pointed out that, contrary to the film 's suggestion (in the opening scene), Aguinaldo had begun preparations for war with the Americans in Intramuros. He cites secret orders given to General Pantaleón García by Aguinaldo, before the Philippine - American War, in which Aguinaldo instructs García to build trenches and to familiarize himself with his military plan, containing 12 detailed articles, for a surprise offensive within Intramuros, in coordination with Filipino forces outside the city walls. His research suggests that the shortages of armaments, even before the fall of Intramuros, and an uprising in Tarlac, played a major role in the delay of the planned attack on the Americans in the city.
With much of the film based on the works of Vivencio R. Jose, the film not only stayed true to the broad historical narrative, but to lesser known elements of Luna 's personality, such as his penchant for musical instruments, his close relationship to his mother, his love of women, and his passion for the Philippine countryside.
Tarog described the film as an "attempt to identify the ills '' of Philippine society, emphasizing that the Filipinos ' biggest enemy has been their own selves and not necessarily colonialization, and has been in "a cycle of betrayal ''.
In one of the press conferences for the film 's release, Tarog noted that the film took minor creative liberties such as Antonio Luna 's frequent usage of the Filipino profanity such as the word putang ina (roughly translated as "son of a bitch '') in the film in an effort to connect the film to the Filipino millennial generation which was the film 's target audience. There were also inaccuracies in the film 's battle scenes. In its depiction of the Battle of Santo Tomas, the Filipinos are shown to be victorious against the Americans when in fact it was the Americans who won and they only suffered two casualties. Also, the man who saved Luna after his brave charge on horseback was n't Colonel Roman as depicted in film, but was actually Alejandro Avecilla.
Historian and columnist John Nery notes that an important part of Luna 's personal history, his non-support of the first phase of the Philippine revolution - is not mentioned in the film, although he also notes that the event takes place outside the movie 's timeframe, and the film does not contradict it. Notes Nery, "Luna 's atonement is not part of the movie 's backstory (although on viewing the movie a second time I imagined it would easily fit the movie 's main narrative). Does this lessen director Jerrold Tarog 's work, or lead actor John Arcilla 's art? I do not think so, because the movie approaches the Luna story on its own terms. ''
One of the creative liberties taken by the film with the historical timeline is that it portrays Apolinario Mabini as still holding a position of leadership at Luna 's funeral, in June 1899; historically, however, Mabini had been pressured by his political adversaries into resigning from government a month earlier, in May 1899, replaced in his post as Prime Minister by Pedro Paterno. The film portrays the relationship between Mabini and Pedro Paterno as amicable.
In an interview with CNN Philippines ' Pia Hontiveros, Tarog revealed that the name of the character Isabel, played by Mylene Dizon, is "a wink '' to conspiracy theorists who believe there was a relationship between Luna and Ysidra Cojuangco. According to the theory, made popular early in the term of President Benigno Aquino III, who is a descendant of Cojuangco, money squirreled away by Luna from the revolution was actually the source of the Cojuangco family fortune. However, Tarog also revealed that he found no evidence of any such relationship between Ysidra and Luna, and that the name was thus nothing more than a humorous reference. Instead, Tarog revealed that Dizon 's character was a composite of several of Luna 's lovers and Nicolasa Dayrit, the woman who tried to intervene between Mascardo and Luna during their argument.
Given the socio - political nature of the film 's themes, and the production 's success relative to the majority of the Philippines ' indie films and historical films, numerous aspects of the public reception to the film have been covered in media.
One of the more unusual aspects of the public response to Heneral Luna was the successful campaign to put the film back in theaters. At first, more than half of the theaters that premiered the movie on September 9 had pulled it out after less than 5 days, which is typical practice for commercial movie theaters showing independent Filipino films. By September 16, only 40 of the 101 theaters that premiered it were still showing it. This resulted in a clamor among netizens and artists to bring the film back. This helped create word of mouth publicity for the film after its first week, resulting in packed cinemas on the film 's first weekend. As a result, cinemas decided to screen the film again, with second and third week box office results significantly higher than the first. By the end of the film 's first weekend, Heneral Luna was showing in 120 cinemas - higher than the number of cinemas that originally screened it.
The film 's popularity has also led to some criticism of the Philippine educational system, due to reports of numerous incidents - including one during a Q&A with actor Epy Quizon, who portrayed Apolinario Mabini in the film - in which school - age youths asked why Mabini never stood up throughout the film, implying a lack of familiarity with the famously paralytic statesman. President Benigno Aquino III noted this as well. In the 2015 Gawad Apolinario Mabini awarding ceremonies on September 29, 2015, he noted the issue was "a reflection of how little some of the youth know about history, '' considering Mabini 's intelligence played a role in building the Philippines ' democratic institution. He later hinted about tasking Education Secretary Armin Luistro to resolve the impasse.
A number of historians have noted that the Film 's portrayal of Emilio Aguinaldo is more negative than it thought to be by the viewers due to the plot. Reacting to the film, Transport secretary Joseph Emilio Abaya, who is one of Aguinaldo 's descendants, said that he maintains his belief that his great grandfather did not assassinate Luna.
However, the director has indicated that one of the hopes of the planned trilogy is to present a more rounded portrayal of Aguinaldo. Actor Mon Confiado was given specific instructions never to portray Aguinaldo as a villain - while the audience might see him as a villain because of the plot, the portrayal itself would hinge on character motivations, such as the need for self - preservation, and never simple villainy.
Upon learning that bootleg copies of the film were already circulating, the cast and crew of the film campaigned on social media to discourage potential viewers from buying or downloading unlicensed copies of the film, and were soon joined by fans posting image macroes and other such memes encouraging viewers to support the film instead of unauthorized copies. The Optical Media Board and the Philippine National Police made raids against the distribution of illegal DVD copies of the film.
Noting the breakout success of Heneral Luna, director Jerrold Tarog said there are plans to make it the first of a trilogy if it generated enough revenues. The other two films would individually focus on Gregorio del Pilar and Manuel L. Quezon. Tarog likened the mid-credits scene of Heneral Luna to mid - or end - credit scenes of films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe that show potential plot points in an upcoming film. Tarog has also expressed interest in making a film featuring female revolutionary Teresa Magbanua, who led troops in the Visayas region during the war.
At an interview on Radio Republic, Tarog indicated that his next project as a director would either be an adaptation of Arnold Arre 's The Mythology Class, or the sequel to Heneral Luna, whose title he revealed to be Goryo (which would eventually be changed later to Goyo: Ang Batang Heneral), confirming that it would focus on Gregorio del Pilar. At a special thanksgiving party on October 29, 2015 - Antonio Luna 's 149th birth anniversary - co-producer EA Rocha confirmed that the del Pilar biopic is "in development '' with a projected release scheduled in a few years time.
On February 6, 2017, Tarog announced through his Twitter account that a short film bridging the events of Heneral Luna to that of Goyo: Ang Batang Heneral would be released on February 15 alongside the film I 'm Drunk, I Love You. The 20 - minute short film, titled Angelito, focused on the fate of the Bernal brothers after Luna 's assassination with Art Acuña, Alex Medina, Arron Villaflor and Carlo Aquino reprising their roles in Heneral Luna.
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jo jeeta wohi sikandar movie all mp3 song | Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar - wikipedia
Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar (translation: One who wins, is the king) is a 1992 Indian sports drama film, directed and co-written by Mansoor Khan, produced and co-written by Nasir Hussain. The film stars Aamir Khan, Ayesha Jhulka, Deepak Tijori, Pooja Bedi, Mamik Singh and Kulbhushan Kharbanda, whilst Aamir 's brother Faisal Khan makes a special appearance. The music was by Jatin Lalit. Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar won two Filmfare Awards, including Best Film.
It had several remakes: the Telugu film Thammudu (1999), the Tamil film Badri (2001), the Kannada film Yuvaraja (2001) and the Bengali film Champion (2003). Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikander was broadcast on Disney Channel India.
The movie is set in Dehradun, India. The movie opens with the description of the various colleges in the city. The Rajput college has students from affluent backgrounds with each student being an heir to a multi-million dollar fortune. In contrast, the Model college has students from poor local households. Other colleges include Xaviers College and Queens College, the latter being an all - girls college with the guys from all three colleges trying to woo the students there.
The highlight of the town is the annual inter-college sports championship with a marathon cycle race as the prime event. In the beginning of the film, the race is contested between Ratan Lal Sharma (Mamik Singh) of Model College and Shekhar Malhotra (Deepak Tijori) of Rajput College with the latter winning the race because Ratan had an inferior bike. After the race, both are felicitated by their respective schools for which Shekhar becomes cocky and arrogant.
Sanju (Aamir Khan) is Ratan 's younger brother and is everything that Ratan is not. He 's a carefree youngster who is full of himself and is always in trouble with his father Ramlal (Kulbhushan Kharbanda), who wants him to act more maturely and become responsible like Ratan. Sanju and his little gang, which includes Anjali (Ayesha Jhulka) (who has a crush on Sanju), bunk sports to smoke cigarettes and roam around town. Anjali and her dad run a vehicle repair shop and Anjali 's father asks his daughter to stay away from Sanju.
Ramlal and his family run a small cafe which is the hangout spot for most of the college students. A number of scuffles occur between Sanju and Shekhar because of Shekhar 's attempts to humiliate Ratan and his dad. Enter Devika (Pooja Bedi), who immediately catches the fancy of both Sanju and Shekhar. Initially, she leans towards Shekhar but one day she misses her bus on the way to a picnic to meet Shekhar. Meanwhile, Sanju asks Anjali for a car so that he can roam around town. While on his way he spots Devika and leaves his friends at the paan shop and gives Devika a lift. Devika upon reaching her destination finds Shekhar with another girl and goes along with Sanju who, although not rich, brags about his wealth for being student from Xavier School.
Sanju 's lie is ultimately revealed when Devika sees him dancing in the Model College group during a dance competition. After the show, Sanju and Devika break up that evening and in a heated argument, Sanju fights with Shekhar 's friends. Sanju is almost overpowered when his brother intervenes and chases Shekhar 's friends away. Ramlal asks Sanju for the money he had given him to deposit in the bank (which he spent on Devika) which leads to a heated argument between Sanju and his dad & Sanju gets thrown out of the house.
Next morning, Ramlal leaves for town. Ratan tells Sanju that his Dad has forgiven him and asked him to return home, which Sanju tries to ignores. A heated argument and fight ensue between Ratan and Shekhar, which ends with Ratan accidentally falling off a cliff. While Ratan is in hospital, Sanju recollects his childhood with Ratan. When his father returns, he reconciles with him. With Ratan in the hospital, Sanju becomes more responsible and starts to care for his father and bed ridden brother. He decides that he will participate in the race with the help of Anjali and give it his best for Ratan. During his training, he realises his true feelings for Anjali and Sanju fall in for Anjali.
A day before the race, Sanju finds out about the real cause of the accident and confronts Ratan who tells him that he did n't say anything about the accident because Sanju had become responsible and closer to all of them. Ratan asks Sanju to give his best in the race if he really love his brother Ratan.
With his new cycle, Sanju participates in the race. The race begins evenly with both Sanju and Shekhar going head to head. Somewhere in the middle, the two fall and a scuffle ensues between Sanju and Shekhar and his friends. During this, other cyclists take the lead. Shekhar heads back on track with his friends holding Sanju back. Sanju breaks free from Shekhar 's friends and joins the race, catching up with Shekhar during the final laps of the race and finally beating him in the closing moments, giving Model College, his father and brother their long - awaited victory.
The film was directed by Mansoor Khan, and written and produced by Nasir Hussain. Akshay Kumar had auditioned and Milind Soman was signed for Shekhar Malhotra 's role, before Deepak Tijori played the role. Aditya Pancholi was selected to play the role of Ratan, but the role went to Mamik Singh, as confirmed by DNA.
The plot has certain similarities to the 1979 American film Breaking Away. However, Mansoor Khan stated that he only became aware of Breaking Away after the likeness was brought to his attention, some time after the release of Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikander. Both films have several thematic similarities, including friendship, class barriers, bicycle racing, and parental relationship, but are distinctly different films, with different narratives, characters, motivations, treatment and racing rules.
The music for the movie was composed by Jatin Lalit and the lyrics were penned by Majrooh Sultanpuri. The soundtrack, their second collaboration, helped to launch their careers. It was nominated for Best Music at the Filmfare Awards 1993. The song "Yahaan Ke Hum Sikander '' was inspired by The Who 's Pinball Wizard. "Pehla Nasha '' was the fourth film song in Indian cinema (the first one being "Jogi O Jogi '' from Lakhon Mein Ek (1971), followed by "Baare Baare '' from Naagarahaavu (1972) and "Sundari Neeyum '' from Michael Madana Kama Rajan (1990)) to be shot in complete slow motion. The technique was later used in many films and music videos. Pehla Nasha was the most popular track of the album and has become a cult song. Other popular tracks were "Humse Hai Sara Jahan '', "Rooth Ke Humse '' and "Arre Yaaron Mere Pyaaron ''. The song "Arre Yaaron Mere Pyaaron '' was sung by Udit Narayan along with Vijeta Pandit. When the Panama Papers came out in 2016, there was some speculation that the song "Naam Hai Mera Fonseca '' was inspired by the Panama law firm involved in the controversy.
All lyrics written by Majrooh Sultanpuri; all music composed by Jatin Lalit.
Winner
Nominated
Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar grossed ₹ 7.21 crore in India, equivalent to ₹ 92.8 crore (US $14 million) when adjusted for inflation. The film opened to good responses, and was declared a hit at the box office.
Though it is clearly mentioned in the introductory voice over that the movie is based in Dehradun (in fact, the first word spoken in the movie is "Dehradun ''), it is mentioned twice in the movie (both times by the commentator during the cycle race) that it takes place in Kodaikanal. The movie has been shot predominantly in various locations in the south of India, primarily Kodaikanal.
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who sang didn't we have a lovely time the day we went to bangor | Day Trip to Bangor (Did n't We Have a Lovely Time) - wikipedia
"Day Trip to Bangor (Did n't We Have a Lovely Time) '' is a single by the folk group Fiddler 's Dram. The novelty song was released in 1979 and peaked at number 3 at the start of 1980. The song was written by Debbie Cook and recorded by the lead singer of the band, Cathy Lesurf. The single was the group 's only chart entry in their career, making them one hit wonders.
The release was shrouded in controversy after reports that the song was actually inspired by a trip to Rhyl, another town in North Wales. It was said that Bangor was chosen as the lyric due to it having an extra syllable that flowed better with the song. There were rumours of an outcry among local councillors and businesses in Rhyl about the missed opportunity for tourism which would have been generated. Cook stated that the song was specifically written about Bangor.
"Day Trip to Bangor (Did n't We Have a Lovely Time) '' was adapted by Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer for their BBC sitcom House of Fools which began in January 2014. The opening scene of each episode sees the duo sing a song to the tune of "Day Trip to Bangor ''. The show ran for two series, ending in March 2015 after thirteen episodes.
The song was also parodied by the comedian Jasper Carrott, with his version renamed "Daytrip to Blackpool ''. Paul Dakeyne did a mash - up of the song at the Chris Moyles Weekender in Bangor in 2010.
The single entered the UK Singles Chart at number 26 on 13 December 1979 (week ending) two weeks before Christmas. It rose to number 4 for the following two weeks before reaching its peak of number three on 5 January 1980 (week ending). It spent two further weeks in the top 10, dropping to number 4 and then number 9 a week later. It was in the top 40 for one more week at number 24, and two final weeks in the top 100.
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who did the dancing in save the last dance | Save the Last Dance - wikipedia
Save the Last Dance is a 2001 American dance film produced by MTV Films, directed by Thomas Carter and released by Paramount Pictures on January 12, 2001. The film stars Julia Stiles and Sean Patrick Thomas as a teenage interracial couple in Chicago who work together to help the main character, played by Stiles, train for a dance audition. A direct - to - video sequel, Save the Last Dance 2, was released in 2006.
Sara Johnson, a promising dancer in high school, hopes to be admitted to study at Juilliard School and invites her mother to attend the audition. She fails the audition and soon learns that her mother was involved in a fatal car accident in her haste to get to the audition.
Sara is wracked by guilt and gives up on ballet. She moves in with her father and transfers to an urban Chicago school. Her father is a jazz musician who plays the trumpet and usually plays in nightclubs. At her new school, Sara is one of a handful of white students but quickly befriends Chenille, a single teen mother who is having relationship problems. Chenille invites Sara to a dance club called STEPPS, where she has her first experience of dancing to hip hop rhythms. At STEPPS, Sara dances with Derek, Chenille 's brother and a student with dreams of ultimately attending Georgetown Medical School. He decides to help Sara develop her dancing skills by incorporating more hip hop into her style. Derek takes a reluctant Sara to the Joffrey Ballet and, afterwards, Sara confides in him about her mother and her dreams. Later, they return to the club and amaze others with their dancing. Having achieved his dream of being accepted at Georgetown University, Derek convinces her to follow her dreams of Juilliard. Eventually, Sara and Derek begin a relationship.
At school, Nikki, Derek 's jealous ex-girlfriend, picks a fight with Sara. Chenille tells Sara that she did n't approve of the fight but can understand the bitterness since Sara, a white girl, is seen as stealing one of the few decent black men in the school. Because of this, Sara breaks up with Derek. Meanwhile, Derek deals with his friend Malakai, who is heavily into the gang lifestyle that Derek is trying to leave. Derek accepts Malakai 's plea for support in a drive - by for the same time as Sara 's audition. Sara 's father has a heart - to - heart talk with her and encourages her to audition for Juilliard again.
After hearing what Chenille told Sara, Derek confronts her and admitted his true reasons for dumping Nikki. She admits what she did was wrong and encourages him to be with Sara. Chenille also warns Derek not to support Malakai knowing the consequences and he will lose his chance to attend Georgetown. Derek turns his back on Malakai to attend Sara 's audition. He arrives at a crucial point to offer her encouragement and moral support. After her audition, Sara is accepted and she rekindles her relationship with Derek. Meanwhile, the drive - by becomes botched and Malakai is arrested. The film closes as Sara, Derek, Chenille, and their friends meet at STEPPS to celebrate Sara 's successful audition.
The film debuted at # 1 at the North American box office making $27.5 million in its opening weekend. Though the film had a 44 % decline in earnings the following weekend, it was still enough to keep the film at the top spot for another week. It grossed $91,057,006 in the US alone and $131.7 million worldwide.
Save the Last Dance won several awards, most notably:
Rotten Tomatoes ' gave the film a 53 % approval rating and summarizes the critical consensus as: "This teen romance flick feels like a predictable rehashing of other movies. '' Some of the positive reviews are measured in their enthusiasm, with remarks such as, "Look elsewhere for reality or good drama. Look here, however, if you 're in the mood for a good heaping of fantasy and some fun ''; "a decent, well - put - together romantic drama to hold hands to on the weekend ''; and "A sometimes predictable, but mostly enjoyable tale. '' Salon 's reviewer called the film "a bad, friendly, enjoyable movie, '' observing that "for all its dumb clichés it offers the basic appeal of teen movies: the pleasure of watching kids be kids, acting as they do among themselves instead of how parents and teachers expect them to act. '' Roger Ebert rated it three stars out of four, stating that "the setup promises cliches, but the development is intelligent, the characters are more complicated than we expect, and the ending does n't tie everything up in a predictable way. ''
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what is dte and dce in rs 232 | RS - 232 - wikipedia
In telecommunications, RS - 232, Recommended Standard 232 is a standard introduced in 1960 for serial communication transmission of data. It formally defines the signals connecting between a DTE (data terminal equipment) such as a computer terminal, and a DCE (data circuit - terminating equipment or data communication equipment), such as a modem. The RS - 232 standard had been commonly used in computer serial ports. The standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the physical size and pinout of connectors. The current version of the standard is TIA - 232 - F Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit - Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange, issued in 1997.
An RS - 232 serial port was once a standard feature of a personal computer, used for connections to modems, printers, mice, data storage, uninterruptible power supplies, and other peripheral devices. RS - 232, when compared to later interfaces such as RS - 422, RS - 485 and Ethernet, has lower transmission speed, short maximum cable length, large voltage swing, large standard connectors, no multipoint capability and limited multidrop capability. In modern personal computers, USB has displaced RS - 232 from most of its peripheral interface roles. Many computers no longer come equipped with RS - 232 ports (although some motherboards come equipped with a COM port header that allows the user to install a bracket with a DE-9 port) and must use either an external USB - to - RS - 232 converter or an internal expansion card with one or more serial ports to connect to RS - 232 peripherals. Nevertheless, thanks to their simplicity and past ubiquity, RS - 232 interfaces are still used -- particularly in industrial machines, networking equipment, and scientific instruments where a short - range, point - to - point, low - speed wired data connection is adequate.
The Electronic Industries Association (EIA) standard RS - 232 - C as of 1969 defines:
The standard does not define such elements as the character encoding (i.e. ASCII, EBCDIC, or others), the framing of characters (start or stop bits, etc.), transmission order of bits, or error detection protocols. The character format and transmission bit rate are set by the serial port hardware which may also contain circuits to convert the internal logic levels to RS - 232 compatible signal levels. The standard does not define bit rates for transmission, except that it says it is intended for bit rates lower than 20,000 bits per second.
RS - 232 was first introduced in 1960 by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) as a Recommended Standard. The original DTEs were electromechanical teletypewriters, and the original DCEs were (usually) modems. When electronic terminals (smart and dumb) began to be used, they were often designed to be interchangeable with teletypewriters, and so supported RS - 232. The C revision of the standard was issued in 1969 in part to accommodate the electrical characteristics of these devices.
Because the standard did not foresee the requirements of devices such as computers, printers, test instruments, POS terminals, and so on, designers implementing an RS - 232 compatible interface on their equipment often interpreted the standard idiosyncratically. The resulting common problems were non-standard pin assignment of circuits on connectors, and incorrect or missing control signals. The lack of adherence to the standards produced a thriving industry of breakout boxes, patch boxes, test equipment, books, and other aids for the connection of disparate equipment. A common deviation from the standard was to drive the signals at a reduced voltage. Some manufacturers therefore built transmitters that supplied + 5 V and − 5 V and labeled them as "RS - 232 compatible ''.
Later personal computers (and other devices) started to make use of the standard so that they could connect to existing equipment. For many years, an RS - 232 - compatible port was a standard feature for serial communications, such as modem connections, on many computers (with the computer acting as the DTE). It remained in widespread use into the late 1990s. In personal computer peripherals, it has largely been supplanted by other interface standards, such as USB. RS - 232 is still used to connect older designs of peripherals, industrial equipment (such as PLCs), console ports, and special purpose equipment.
The standard has been renamed several times during its history as the sponsoring organization changed its name, and has been variously known as EIA RS - 232, EIA 232, and, most recently as TIA 232. The standard continued to be revised and updated by the Electronic Industries Association and since 1988 by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA). Revision C was issued in a document dated August 1969. Revision D was issued in 1986. The current revision is TIA - 232 - F Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit - Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange, issued in 1997. Changes since Revision C have been in timing and details intended to improve harmonization with the CCITT standard V. 24, but equipment built to the current standard will interoperate with older versions.
Related ITU - T standards include V. 24 (circuit identification) and V. 28 (signal voltage and timing characteristics).
In revision D of EIA - 232, the D - subminiature connector was formally included as part of the standard (it was only referenced in the appendix of RS - 232 - C). The voltage range was extended to ± 25 volts, and the circuit capacitance limit was expressly stated as 2500 pF. Revision E of EIA - 232 introduced a new, smaller, standard D - shell 26 - pin "Alt A '' connector, and made other changes to improve compatibility with CCITT standards V. 24, V. 28 and ISO 2110.
Overview:
Because RS - 232 is used beyond the original purpose of interconnecting a terminal with a modem, successor standards have been developed to address the limitations. Issues with the RS - 232 standard include:
In the book PC 97 Hardware Design Guide, Microsoft deprecated support for the RS - 232 compatible serial port of the original IBM PC design. Today, RS - 232 has mostly been replaced in personal computers by USB for local communications. Advantages compared to RS - 232 are that USB is faster, uses lower voltages, and has connectors that are simpler to connect and use. Disadvantages of USB compared to RS - 232 are that USB is far less immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and that maximum cable length is much shorter (15 meters for RS - 232 v.s. 3 - 5 meters for USB depending on USB speed used).
In fields such as laboratory automation or surveying, RS - 232 devices may continue to be used. Some types of programmable logic controllers, variable - frequency drives, servo drives, and computerized numerical control equipment are programmable via RS - 232. Computer manufacturers have responded to this demand by re-introducing the DE-9M connector on their computers or by making adapters available.
RS - 232 ports are also commonly used to communicate to headless systems such as servers, where no monitor or keyboard is installed, during boot when operating system is not running yet and therefore no network connection is possible. A computer with an RS - 232 serial port can communicate with the serial port of an embedded system (such as a router) as an alternative to monitoring over Ethernet.
In RS - 232, user data is sent as a time - series of bits. Both synchronous and asynchronous transmissions are supported by the standard. In addition to the data circuits, the standard defines a number of control circuits used to manage the connection between the DTE and DCE. Each data or control circuit only operates in one direction, that is, signaling from a DTE to the attached DCE or the reverse. Because transmit data and receive data are separate circuits, the interface can operate in a full duplex manner, supporting concurrent data flow in both directions. The standard does not define character framing within the data stream, or character encoding.
The RS - 232 standard defines the voltage levels that correspond to logical one and logical zero levels for the data transmission and the control signal lines. Valid signals are either in the range of + 3 to + 15 volts or the range − 3 to − 15 volts with respect to the "Common Ground '' (GND) pin; consequently, the range between − 3 to + 3 volts is not a valid RS - 232 level. For data transmission lines (TxD, RxD, and their secondary channel equivalents), logic one is defined as a negative voltage, the signal condition is called "mark ''. Logic zero is positive and the signal condition is termed "space ''. Control signals have the opposite polarity: the asserted or active state is positive voltage and the deasserted or inactive state is negative voltage. Examples of control lines include request to send (RTS), clear to send (CTS), data terminal ready (DTR), and data set ready (DSR).
The standard specifies a maximum open - circuit voltage of 25 volts: signal levels of ± 5 V, ± 10 V, ± 12 V, and ± 15 V are all commonly seen depending on the voltages available to the line driver circuit. Some RS - 232 driver chips have inbuilt circuitry to produce the required voltages from a 3 or 5 volt supply. RS - 232 drivers and receivers must be able to withstand indefinite short circuit to ground or to any voltage level up to ± 25 volts. The slew rate, or how fast the signal changes between levels, is also controlled.
Because the voltage levels are higher than logic levels typically used by integrated circuits, special intervening driver circuits are required to translate logic levels. These also protect the device 's internal circuitry from short circuits or transients that may appear on the RS - 232 interface, and provide sufficient current to comply with the slew rate requirements for data transmission.
Because both ends of the RS - 232 circuit depend on the ground pin being zero volts, problems will occur when connecting machinery and computers where the voltage between the ground pin on one end, and the ground pin on the other is not zero. This may also cause a hazardous ground loop. Use of a common ground limits RS - 232 to applications with relatively short cables. If the two devices are far enough apart or on separate power systems, the local ground connections at either end of the cable will have differing voltages; this difference will reduce the noise margin of the signals. Balanced, differential serial connections such as RS - 422, RS - 485, and USB can tolerate larger ground voltage differences because of the differential signaling.
Unused interface signals terminated to ground will have an undefined logic state. Where it is necessary to permanently set a control signal to a defined state, it must be connected to a voltage source that asserts the logic 1 or logic 0 level, for example with a pullup resistor. Some devices provide test voltages on their interface connectors for this purpose.
RS - 232 devices may be classified as Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) or Data Circuit - terminating Equipment (DCE); this defines at each device which wires will be sending and receiving each signal. According to the standard, male connectors have DTE pin functions, and female connectors have DCE pin functions. Other devices may have any combination of connector gender and pin definitions. Many terminals were manufactured with female connectors but were sold with a cable with male connectors at each end; the terminal with its cable satisfied the recommendations in the standard.
The standard recommends the D - subminiature 25 - pin connector up to revision C, and makes it mandatory as of revision D. Most devices only implement a few of the twenty signals specified in the standard, so connectors and cables with fewer pins are sufficient for most connections, more compact, and less expensive. Personal computer manufacturers replaced the DB - 25M connector with the smaller DE-9M connector. This connector, with a different pinout (see Serial port pinouts), is prevalent for personal computers and associated devices.
Presence of a 25 - pin D - sub connector does not necessarily indicate an RS - 232 - C compliant interface. For example, on the original IBM PC, a male D - sub was an RS - 232 - C DTE port (with a non-standard current loop interface on reserved pins), but the female D - sub connector on the same PC model was used for the parallel "Centronics '' printer port. Some personal computers put non-standard voltages or signals on some pins of their serial ports.
The standard does not define a maximum cable length, but instead defines the maximum capacitance that a compliant drive circuit must tolerate. A widely used rule of thumb indicates that cables more than 15 m (50 ft) long will have too much capacitance, unless special cables are used. By using low - capacitance cables, communication can be maintained over larger distances up to about 300 m (1,000 ft). For longer distances, other signal standards are better suited to maintain high speed.
Since the standard definitions are not always correctly applied, it is often necessary to consult documentation, test connections with a breakout box, or use trial and error to find a cable that works when interconnecting two devices. Connecting a fully standard - compliant DCE device and DTE device would use a cable that connects identical pin numbers in each connector (a so - called "straight cable ''). "Gender changers '' are available to solve gender mismatches between cables and connectors. Connecting devices with different types of connectors requires a cable that connects the corresponding pins according to the table below. Cables with 9 pins on one end and 25 on the other are common. Manufacturers of equipment with 8P8C connectors usually provide a cable with either a DB - 25 or DE-9 connector (or sometimes interchangeable connectors so they can work with multiple devices). Poor - quality cables can cause false signals by crosstalk between data and control lines (such as Ring Indicator).
If a given cable will not allow a data connection, especially if a gender changer is in use, a null modem cable may be necessary. Gender changers and null modem cables are not mentioned in the standard, so there is no officially sanctioned design for them.
A minimal "3 - wire '' RS - 232 connection consisting only of transmit data, receive data, and ground, is commonly used when the full facilities of RS - 232 are not required. Even a two - wire connection (data and ground) can be used if the data flow is one way (for example, a digital postal scale that periodically sends a weight reading, or a GPS receiver that periodically sends position, if no configuration via RS - 232 is necessary). When only hardware flow control is required in addition to two - way data, the RTS and CTS lines are added in a 5 - wire version.
The following table lists commonly used RS - 232 signals (called "circuits '' in the specifications) and their pin assignments on the recommended DB - 25 connectors. (See Serial port pinouts) for other commonly used connectors not defined by the standard.)
The signals are named from the standpoint of the DTE. The ground pin is a common return for the other connections, and establishes the "zero '' voltage to which voltages on the other pins are referenced. The DB - 25 connector includes a second "protective ground '' on pin 1; this is connected internally to equipment frame ground, and should not be connected in the cable or connector to signal ground.
Ring Indicator (RI) is a signal sent from the DCE to the DTE device. It indicates to the terminal device that the phone line is ringing. In many computer serial ports, a hardware interrupt is generated when the RI signal changes state. Having support for this hardware interrupt means that a program or operating system can be informed of a change in state of the RI pin, without requiring the software to constantly "poll '' the state of the pin. RI does not correspond to another signal that carries similar information the opposite way.
On an external modem the status of the Ring Indicator pin is often coupled to the "AA '' (auto answer) light, which flashes if the RI signal has detected a ring. The asserted RI signal follows the ringing pattern closely, which can permit software to detect distinctive ring patterns.
The Ring Indicator signal is used by some older uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) to signal a power failure state to the computer.
Certain personal computers can be configured for wake - on - ring, allowing a computer that is suspended to answer a phone call.
The RTS and CTS signals were originally defined for use with half - duplex (one direction at a time) modems such as the Bell 202. These modems disable their transmitters when not required and must transmit a synchronization preamble to the receiver when they are re-enabled. The DTE asserts RTS to indicate a desire to transmit to the DCE, and in response the DCE asserts CTS to grant permission, once synchronization with the DCE at the far end is achieved. Such modems are no longer in common use. There is no corresponding signal that the DTE could use to temporarily halt incoming data from the DCE. Thus RS - 232 's use of the RTS and CTS signals, per the older versions of the standard, is asymmetric.
This scheme is also employed in present - day RS - 232 to RS - 485 converters. RS - 485 is a multiple - access bus on which only one device can transmit at a time, a concept that is not provided for in RS - 232. The RS - 232 device asserts RTS to tell the converter to take control of the RS - 485 bus so that the converter, and thus the RS - 232 device, can send data onto the bus.
Modern communications environments use full - duplex (both directions simultaneously) modems. In that environment, DTEs have no reason to deassert RTS. However, due to the possibility of changing line quality, delays in processing of data, etc., there is a need for symmetric, bidirectional flow control.
A symmetric alternative providing flow control in both directions was developed and marketed in the late 1980s by various equipment manufacturers. It redefined the RTS signal to mean that the DTE is ready to receive data from the DCE. This scheme was eventually codified in version RS - 232 - E (actually TIA - 232 - E by that time) by defining a new signal, "RTR (Ready to Receive) '', which is CCITT V. 24 circuit 133. TIA - 232 - E and the corresponding international standards were updated to show that circuit 133, when implemented, shares the same pin as RTS (Request to Send), and that when 133 is in use, RTS is assumed by the DCE to be asserted at all times.
In this scheme, commonly called "RTS / CTS flow control '' or "RTS / CTS handshaking '' (though the technically correct name would be "RTR / CTS ''), the DTE asserts RTR whenever it is ready to receive data from the DCE, and the DCE asserts CTS whenever it is ready to receive data from the DTE. Unlike the original use of RTS and CTS with half - duplex modems, these two signals operate independently from one another. This is an example of hardware flow control. However, "hardware flow control '' in the description of the options available on an RS - 232 - equipped device does not always mean RTS / CTS handshaking.
Equipment using this protocol must be prepared to buffer some extra data, since the remote system may have begun transmitting just before the local system deasserts RTR.
The EIA - 232 standard specifies connections for several features that are not used in most implementations. Their use requires 25 - pin connectors and cables.
The DTE or DCE can specify use of a "high '' or "low '' signaling rate. The rates, as well as which device will select the rate, must be configured in both the DTE and DCE. The prearranged device selects the high rate by setting pin 23 to ON.
Many DCE devices have a loopback capability used for testing. When enabled, signals are echoed back to the sender rather than being sent on to the receiver. If supported, the DTE can signal the local DCE (the one it is connected to) to enter loopback mode by setting pin 18 to ON, or the remote DCE (the one the local DCE is connected to) to enter loopback mode by setting pin 21 to ON. The latter tests the communications link, as well as both DCEs. When the DCE is in test mode, it signals the DTE by setting pin 25 to ON.
A commonly used version of loopback testing does not involve any special capability of either end. A hardware loopback is simply a wire connecting complementary pins together in the same connector (see loopback).
Loopback testing is often performed with a specialized DTE called a bit error rate tester (or BERT).
Some synchronous devices provide a clock signal to synchronize data transmission, especially at higher data rates. Two timing signals are provided by the DCE on pins 15 and 17. Pin 15 is the transmitter clock, or send timing (ST); the DTE puts the next bit on the data line (pin 2) when this clock transitions from OFF to ON (so it is stable during the ON to OFF transition when the DCE registers the bit). Pin 17 is the receiver clock, or receive timing (RT); the DTE reads the next bit from the data line (pin 3) when this clock transitions from ON to OFF.
Alternatively, the DTE can provide a clock signal, called transmitter timing (TT), on pin 24 for transmitted data. Data is changed when the clock transitions from OFF to ON, and read during the ON to OFF transition. TT can be used to overcome the issue where ST must traverse a cable of unknown length and delay, clock a bit out of the DTE after another unknown delay, and return it to the DCE over the same unknown cable delay. Since the relation between the transmitted bit and TT can be fixed in the DTE design, and since both signals traverse the same cable length, using TT eliminates the issue. TT may be generated by looping ST back with an appropriate phase change to align it with the transmitted data. ST loop back to TT lets the DTE use the DCE as the frequency reference, and correct the clock to data timing.
Synchronous clocking is required for such protocols as SDLC, HDLC, and X. 25.
A secondary data channel, identical in capability to the primary channel, can optionally be implemented by the DTE and DCE devices. Pin assignments are as follows:
Other serial signaling standards may not interoperate with standard - compliant RS - 232 ports. For example, using the TTL levels of near + 5 and 0 V puts the mark level in the undefined area of the standard. Such levels are sometimes used with NMEA 0183 - compliant GPS receivers and depth finders.
A 20 mA current loop uses the absence of 20 mA current for high, and the presence of current in the loop for low; this signaling method is often used for long - distance and optically isolated links. Connection of a current - loop device to a compliant RS - 232 port requires a level translator. Current - loop devices can supply voltages in excess of the withstand voltage limits of a compliant device. The original IBM PC serial port card implemented a 20 mA current - loop interface, which was never emulated by other suppliers of plug - compatible equipment.
Other serial interfaces similar to RS - 232:
When developing or troubleshooting systems using RS - 232, close examination of hardware signals can be important to find problems. A simple indicator device uses LEDs to show the high / low state of data or control pins. Y cables may be used to allow using another serial port to monitor all traffic on one direction. A serial line analyzer is a device similar to a logic analyzer but specialized for RS - 232 's voltage levels, connectors, and, where used, clock signals. The serial line analyzer can collect, store, and display the data and control signals, allowing developers to view them in detail. Some simply display the signals as waveforms; more elaborate versions include the ability to decode characters in ASCII or other common codes and to interpret common protocols used over RS - 232 such as SDLC, HDLC, DDCMP, and X. 25. Serial line analyzers are available as standalone units, as software and interface cables for general - purpose logic analyzers and oscilloscopes, and as programs that run on common personal computers and devices.
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why dont they let us fall in love | Why Do n't They Let Us Fall in Love - Wikipedia
"Why Do n't They Let Us Fall in Love '' is a song written by Phil Spector, Ellie Greenwich, and Jeff Barry. It was first recorded by American singer Ronnie Spector, who was credited as Veronica. In 1964, it was released as an A-sided single backed with "Chubby Danny D ''. It did not chart.
The song was originally intended for the Ronettes, and was recorded at Gold Star Studios in March 1963, but Spector withheld its release for the reason that he did not feel it to be a number - one record. Instead, "Be My Baby '' was issued. "Why Do n't They Let Us Fall in Love '' was not placed on an LP until Phil Spector Wall of Sound Vol. 6 -- Rare Masters Vol. 1, a rarities compilation issued in the UK in 1976.
In 1965, the New Orleans pop girl group the Dixie Cups released the single "Gee the Moon Is Shining Bright '', an alternate version of the song with slightly reworked lyrics. Their version bubbled under the Hot 100 at number 102. It was the fourth and final single taken from their debut studio album Chapel of Love.
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which martial arts was created from the principles of jiu jitsu | Jujutsu - wikipedia
Jujutsu (/ dʒ uː ˈdʒuːtsuː / joo - JOOT - soo; Japanese: 柔術, jūjutsu listen (help info)) is a Japanese martial art and a method of close combat for defeating an armed and armored opponent in which one uses no weapon or only a short weapon.
"Jū '' can be translated to mean "gentle, soft, supple, flexible, pliable, or yielding. '' "Jutsu '' can be translated to mean "art '' or "technique '' and represents manipulating the opponent 's force against himself rather than confronting it with one 's own force. Jujutsu developed to combat the samurai of feudal Japan as a method for defeating an armed and armored opponent in which one uses no weapon, or only a short weapon. Because striking against an armored opponent proved ineffective, practitioners learned that the most efficient methods for neutralizing an enemy took the form of pins, joint locks, and throws. These techniques were developed around the principle of using an attacker 's energy against him, rather than directly opposing it.
There are many variations of the art, which leads to a diversity of approaches. Jujutsu schools (ryū) may utilize all forms of grappling techniques to some degree (i.e. throwing, trapping, joint locks, holds, gouging, biting, disengagements, striking, and kicking). In addition to jujutsu, many schools teach the use of weapons. Today, jujutsu is practiced in both traditional and modern sports forms. Derived sport forms include the Olympic sport and martial art of judo, which was developed by Kanō Jigorō in the late 19th century from several traditional styles of jujutsu, and Brazilian jiu - jitsu, which was derived from earlier (pre -- World War II) versions of Kodokan judo.
Jujutsu, the current standard spelling, is derived using the Hepburn romanization system. Before the first half of the 20th century, however, Jiu - Jitsu and Ju - Jitsu were preferred, even though the romanization of the second kanji as Jitsu is unfaithful to the standard Japanese pronunciation. Since Japanese martial arts first became widely known of in the West in that time period, these earlier spellings are still common in many places. Ju - Jitsu is still a common spelling in France, Canada, and the United Kingdom while Jiu - Jitsu is most widely used in Germany and Brazil.
Some define jujutsu and similar arts rather narrowly as "unarmed '' close combat systems used to defeat or control an enemy who is similarly unarmed. Basic methods of attack include hitting or striking, thrusting or punching, kicking, throwing, pinning or immobilizing, strangling, and joint locking. Great pains were also taken by the bushi (classic warriors) to develop effective methods of defense, including parrying or blocking strikes, thrusts and kicks, receiving throws or joint locking techniques (i.e., falling safely and knowing how to "blend '' to neutralize a technique 's effect), releasing oneself from an enemy 's grasp, and changing or shifting one 's position to evade or neutralize an attack. As jujutsu is a collective term, some schools or ryu adopted the principle of ju more than others.
From a broader point of view, based on the curricula of many of the classical Japanese arts themselves, however, these arts may perhaps be more accurately defined as unarmed methods of dealing with an enemy who was armed, together with methods of using minor weapons such as the jutte (truncheon; also called jitter), tantō (knife), or Kaku shi buki (hidden weapons), such as the ryofundo kusari (weighted chain) or the bankokuchoki (a type of knuckle - duster), to defeat both armed or unarmed opponents.
Furthermore, the term jujutsu was also sometimes used to refer to tactics for infighting used with the warrior 's major weapons: katana or tachi (sword), yari (spear), naginata (glaive), and jo (short staff), bo (quarterstaff). These close combat methods were an important part of the different martial systems that were developed for use on the battlefield. They can be generally characterized as either Sengoku Jidai (Sengoku Period, 1467 -- 1603) katchu bu Jutsu or yoroi kumiuchi (fighting with weapons or grappling while clad in armor), or Edo Jidai (Edo Period, 1603 -- 1867) suhada bu Jutsu (fighting while dressed in the normal street clothing of the period, kimono and hakama).
The Chinese character 柔 (Mandarin: róu; Japanese: jū; Korean: yū) is the same as the first one in 柔道 / judo (Mandarin: róudào; Japanese: jūdō; Korean: Yudo). The Chinese character 術 (Mandarin: shù; Japanese: jutsu; Korean: sul) is the same as the second one in 武術 (Mandarin: wǔshù; Japanese: bujutsu; Korean: musul).
Jujutsu first began during the Sengoku period of the Muromachi period combining various Japanese martial arts which were used on the battlefield for close combat in situations where weapons were ineffective. In contrast to the neighbouring nations of China and Okinawa whose martial arts were centered around striking techniques, Japanese hand - to - hand combat forms focused heavily upon throwing, immobilizing, joint locks and choking as striking techniques were ineffective towards someone wearing armor on the battlefield. The original forms of jujutsu such as Takenouchi - ryū also extensively taught parrying and counterattacking long weapons such as swords or spears via a dagger or other small weapon.
In the early 17th century during the Edo period, jujutsu would continue to evolve due to the strict laws which were imposed by the Tokugawa shogunate to reduce war as influenced by the Chinese social philosophy of Neo-Confucianism which was obtained during Hideyoshi 's invasions of Korea and spread throughout Japan via scholars such as Fujiwara Seika. During this new ideology weapons and armor became unused decorative items, so hand - to - hand combat flourished as a form of self - defense and new techniques were created to adapt to the changing situation of unarmored opponents. This included the development of various striking techniques in jujutsu which expanded upon the limited striking previously found in jujutsu which targeted vital areas above the shoulders such as the eyes, throat, and back of the neck. However towards the 18th century the number of striking techniques was severely reduced as they were considered less effective and exert too much energy; instead striking in jujutsu primarily became used as a way to distract the opponent or to unbalance him in the lead up to a joint lock, strangle or throw.
During the same period the numerous jujutsu schools would challenge each other to duels which became a popular pastime for warriors under a peaceful unified government, from these challenges randori was created to practice without risk of breaking the law and the various styles of each school evolved from combating each other without intention to kill.
The term jūjutsu was not coined until the 17th century, after which time it became a blanket term for a wide variety of grappling - related disciplines and techniques. Prior to that time, these skills had names such as "short sword grappling '' (小 具 足腰 之 廻, kogusoku koshi no mawari), "grappling '' (組 討 or 組 打, kumiuchi), "body art '' (体 術, taijutsu), "softness '' (柔 or 和, yawara), "art of harmony '' (和 術, wajutsu, yawarajutsu), "catching hand '' (捕手, torite), and even the "way of softness '' (柔道, jūdō) (as early as 1724, almost two centuries before Kanō Jigorō founded the modern art of Kodokan Judo).
Today, the systems of unarmed combat that were developed and practiced during the Muromachi period (1333 -- 1573) are referred to collectively as Japanese old - style jujutsu (日本 古流 柔術, Nihon koryū jūjutsu). At this period in history, the systems practiced were not systems of unarmed combat, but rather means for an unarmed or lightly armed warrior to fight a heavily armed and armored enemy on the battlefield. In battle, it was often impossible for a samurai to use his long sword or polearm, and would, therefore, be forced to rely on his short sword, dagger, or bare hands. When fully armored, the effective use of such "minor '' weapons necessitated the employment of grappling skills.
Methods of combat (as mentioned above) included striking (kicking and punching), throwing (body throws, joint lock throws, unbalance throws), restraining (pinning, strangling, grappling, wrestling) and weaponry. Defensive tactics included blocking, evading, off - balancing, blending and escaping. Minor weapons such as the tantō (knife), ryofundo kusari (weighted chain), kabuto wari (helmet breaker), and Kaku shi buki (secret or disguised weapons) were almost always included in Sengoku jujutsu.
In later times, other koryu developed into systems more familiar to the practitioners of Nihon jujutsu commonly seen today. These are correctly classified as Edo jūjutsu (founded during the Edo period): they are generally designed to deal with opponents neither wearing armor nor in a battlefield environment. Most systems of Edo jujutsu include extensive use of atemi waza (vital - striking technique), which would be of little use against an armored opponent on a battlefield. They would, however, be quite valuable in confronting an enemy or opponent during peacetime dressed in normal street attire (referred to as "suhada bujutsu ''). Occasionally, inconspicuous weapons such as tantō (daggers) or tessen (iron fans) were included in the curriculum of Edo jūjutsu.
Another seldom - seen historical side is a series of techniques originally included in both Sengoku and Edo jujutsu systems. Referred to as Hojo waza (捕縄 術 hojojutsu, Tori Nawa Jutsu, nawa Jutsu, hayanawa and others), it involves the use of a hojo cord, (sometimes the sageo or tasuke) to restrain or strangle an attacker. These techniques have for the most part faded from use in modern times, but Tokyo police units still train in their use and continue to carry a hojo cord in addition to handcuffs. The very old Takenouchi - ryu is one of the better - recognized systems that continue extensive training in hojo waza. Since the establishment of the Meiji period with the abolishment of the Samurai and the wearing of swords, the ancient tradition of Yagyu Shingan Ryu (Sendai and Edo lines) has focused much towards the jujutsu (Yawara) contained in its syllabus.
Many other legitimate Nihon jujutsu Ryu exist but are not considered koryu (ancient traditions). These are called either Gendai Jujutsu or modern jujutsu. Modern jujutsu traditions were founded after or towards the end of the Tokugawa period (1868) when more than 2000 schools (ryu) of jūjutsu existed. Various traditional ryu and ryuha that are commonly thought of as koryu jujutsu are actually gendai jūjutsu. Although modern in formation, very few gendai jujutsu systems have direct historical links to ancient traditions and are incorrectly referred to as traditional martial systems or ryu. Their curriculum reflects an obvious bias towards Edo jūjutsu systems as opposed to the Sengoku jūjutsu systems. The improbability of confronting an armor - clad attacker is the reason for this bias.
Over time, Gendai jujutsu has been embraced by law enforcement officials worldwide and continues to be the foundation for many specialized systems used by police. Perhaps the most famous of these specialized police systems is the Keisatsujutsu (police art) Taiho jutsu (arresting art) system formulated and employed by the Tokyo Police Department.
Jujutsu techniques have been the basis for many military unarmed combat techniques (including British / US / Russian special forces and SO1 police units) for many years. Since the early 1900s, every military service in the world has an unarmed combat course that has been founded on the principal teachings of Jujutsu.
There are many forms of sports jujutsu, the original and most popular being judo, now an Olympic sport. One of the most common is mixed - style competitions, where competitors apply a variety of strikes, throws, and holds to score points. There are also kata competitions, where competitors of the same style perform techniques and are judged on their performance. There are also freestyle competitions, where competitors take turns attacking each other, and the defender is judged on performance. Another more recent form of competition growing much more popular in Europe is the Random Attack form of competition, which is similar to Randori but more formalized.
The word Jujutsu can be broken down into two parts. "Ju '' is a concept. The idea behind this meaning of Ju is "to be gentle '', "to give way '', "to yield '', "to blend '', "to move out of harm 's way ''. "Jutsu '' is the principle or "the action '' part of Ju - Jutsu. In Japanese this word means science or art.
Japanese jujutsu systems typically emphasize more on throwing, pinning, and joint - locking techniques as compared with martial arts such as karate, which rely more on striking techniques. Striking techniques were seen as less important in most older Japanese systems because of the protection of samurai body armor and were used as set - ups for their grappling techniques. However, many modern - day jujutsu schools include striking, both as a set - up for further techniques or as a stand - alone action.
In jujutsu, practitioners train in the use of many potentially fatal moves. However, because students mostly train in a non-competitive environment, the risk is minimized. Students are taught break falling skills to allow them to safely practice otherwise dangerous throws.
Because jujutsu contains so many facets, it has become the foundation for a variety of styles and derivations today. As each instructor incorporated new techniques and tactics into what was taught to him originally, he could codify and create his own ryu (school) or Federation to help other instructors, schools, and clubs. Some of these schools modified the source material so much that they no longer considered themselves a style of jujutsu.
In around 1600 there were over 2000 Japanese jujutsu ryū, and common features characterized most of them. Specific technical characteristics varied from school to school. Many of the generalizations noted above do not hold true for some schools of jujutsu. Old schools of Japanese jujutsu include:
Some examples of martial arts that have developed from or have been influenced by jujutsu are: aikido, bartitsu, hapkido, judo (and thence Brazilian jiu - jitsu and sambo), kajukenbo, krav maga, kapap, pangamot, and kenpo.
Some schools also went on to influence modern Japanese karate. A major Japanese divergence occurred in 1905 when a number of jujutsu schools joined the Kodokan. The relationships between schools and styles can be complex. For example, the Wado - ryu school of karate is partially descended from Shindō Yōshin - ryū jujutsu, itself in turn influenced by Okinawan karate.
Aikido is a modern martial art developed in the 1910s and 1930s by Morihei Ueshiba from the system of Daitō - ryū Aiki - jūjutsu techniques to focus on the spiritual principle of harmony which distinguishes Budō from Bujutsu. Ueshiba was an accomplished student of Takeda Sokaku. Aikido is a systemic refinement of defensive techniques from Aiki - Jujutsu in ways that are intended to prevent harm to either the attacker or the defender. Aikido evolved much during Ueshiba 's lifetime, so earlier styles (such as Yoshinkan) are more like the original Aiki - Jujutsu than ones (such as Ki - Aikido) that more resemble the techniques and philosophy that Ueshiba stressed towards the end of his life.
Jujutsu was first introduced to Europe in 1898 by Edward William Barton - Wright, who had studied Tenjin Shinyō - ryū and Shinden Fudo Ryu in Yokohama and Kobe. He also trained briefly at the Kodokan in Tokyo. Upon returning to England he folded the basics of all of these styles, as well as boxing, savate, and forms of stick fighting, into an eclectic self - defence system called Bartitsu.
Modern judo is the classic example of a sport that derived from jujutsu and became distinct. Many who study judo believe as Kano did, that judo is not a sport but a self - defense system creating a pathway towards peace and universal harmony. Another layer removed, some popular arts had instructors who studied one of these jujutsu derivatives and later made their own derivative succeed in competition. This created an extensive family of martial arts and sports that can trace their lineage to jujutsu in some part.
The way an opponent is dealt with also depends on the teacher 's philosophy with regard to combat. This translates also in different styles or schools of jujutsu. Because in jujutsu every conceivable technique is allowed (including biting, hair - pulling, eye - gouging, and striking the groin), there is unlimited choice of techniques. By contrast, judo emphasizes grappling and throwing, while karate emphasizes punching or kicking.
Not all jujutsu was used in sporting contests, but the practical use in the samurai world ended circa 1890. Techniques like hair - pulling and eye - poking were and are not considered acceptable in sport, thus, they are excluded from judo competitions or randori. However, Judo did preserve the more lethal, dangerous techniques in its kata. The kata were intended to be practiced by students of all grades but now are mostly practiced formally as complete set - routines for performance, kata competition, and grading, rather than as individual self - defense techniques in class. However, judo retained the full set of choking and strangling techniques for its sporting form and all manner of joint locks. Even judo 's pinning techniques have pain - generating, spine - and - rib - squeezing and smothering aspects. A submission induced by a legal pin is considered a legitimate win. Kano viewed the safe ' contest ' aspect of judo as an important part of learning how to control an opponent 's body in a real fight. Kano always considered judo a form of, and a development of, jujutsu.
A judo technique starts with gripping your opponent, followed by off - balancing them and using their momentum against them, and then applying the technique. Kuzushi (the art of breaking balance) is also used in jujutsu, where the opponent 's attack is deflected using their momentum against them in order to arrest their movements then throw them or pin them with a technique -- thus controlling the opponent. In both systems, Kuzushi is essential in order to use as little energy as possible. Jujutsu differs from judo in a number of ways. In some circumstances, judoka generate kuzushi by striking one 's opponent along his weak line. Other methods of generating kuzushi include grabbing, twisting, or poking areas of the body known as atemi points or pressure points (areas of the body where nerves are close to the skin - see kyusho - jitsu).
Brazilian jiu - jitsu (BJJ) was developed after Mitsuyo Maeda brought judo to Brazil in 1914. Maeda agreed to teach the art to Luiz França and Carlos Gracie, son of his friend, businessman and politician Gastão Gracie. Luiz França went on to teach it to Oswaldo Fadda. After Carlos learned the art from Maeda, he passed his knowledge to his brothers Oswaldo, Gastão Jr., and George. Meanwhile, Hélio Gracie would peek in and practice the techniques, although he was told he was too young to practice. At the time, judo was still commonly called Kano jiu - jitsu (from its founder Kanō Jigorō), which is why this derivative of judo is called Brazilian jiu - jitsu rather than Brazilian judo. Its emphasis shifted to ground grappling because the Gracie family thought it was more efficient and much more practical. Carlos and Helio helped the development by promoting fights (mostly against practitioners of other martial arts), competitions and experimenting throughout decades of intense training. BJJ dominated the first large modern mixed martial arts competitions, causing the emerging field to adopt many of its practices. Less - practiced stand - up techniques in Gracie Jiu Jitsu remain from its judo and jujutsu heritage (knife defense, gun defense, throws, blocking, striking etc.).
Sambo is a Russian martial art and sport derived from Japanese Judo and traditional Central Asian styles of folk wrestling. One of Sambo 's founders, Vasili Oschepkov, was one of the first foreigners to learn Judo in Japan and earned a second - degree black belt awarded by Kano Jigoro himself. Modern sports Sambo is similar to sport Judo or sport Brazilian jiu - jitsu, with differences including use of a jacket and shorts rather than a full keikogi, as well as a higher occurrence of leglocks.
After the transplantation of traditional Japanese jujutsu to the West, many of these more traditional styles underwent a process of adaptation at the hands of Western practitioners, molding the art of jujutsu to suit western culture in its myriad varieties. There are today many distinctly westernized styles of jujutsu, that stick to their Japanese roots to varying degrees.
Some of the largest post-reformation (founded post-1905) jujutsu schools include (but are certainly not limited to these in that there are hundreds (possibly thousands), of new branches of "jujutsu ''):
There are many types of Sports Jujutsu. One version of Sports jujutsu is known as "JJIF Rules Sports Ju - Jitsu '', organized by Ju - Jitsu International Federation (JJIF), and has been recognized an official sport of the World Games.
Sport Jujutsu comes in three main variants: Duo (self - defense demonstration) where both the tori (attacker) and the uke (defender) come from the same team and demonstrate self - defense techniques. In this variant, there is a special system named Random Attacks, focusing on instilling quick reaction times against any given attack by defending and countering. The tori and the uke are also from the same team but here they do n't know what the attack will be, which is given to the uke by the judges, without the tori 's knowledge.
The second variant is the Fighting System (Freefighting) where competitors combine striking, grappling and submissions under rules which emphasise safety. Many of the potentially dangerous techniques such as scissor takedowns, necklocks and digital choking and locking are prohibited in Sport Jujutsu. There are a number of other styles of sport jujutsu with varying rules.
The third variant is the Japanese / Ne Waza (grappling) system in which competitors start standing up and work for a submission. Striking is not allowed.
Japanese culture and religion have become intertwined into the martial arts. Buddhism, Shinto, Taoism and Confucian philosophy co-exist in Japan, and people generally mix and match to suit. This reflects the variety of outlook one finds in the different schools.
Jujutsu expresses the philosophy of yielding to an opponent 's force rather than trying to oppose force with force. Manipulating an opponent 's attack using his force and direction allows jujutsuka to control the balance of their opponent and hence prevent the opponent from resisting the counterattack.
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