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https://github.com/jannau/android_device_lge_startablet/blob/master/extract-files.sh
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,012 |
android_device_lge_startablet
|
jannau
|
Shell
|
Code
| 69 | 289 |
#!/bin/sh
CMD=${LGE_HC_CP_CMD:-adb pull}
SOURCE=${LGE_HC_SOURCE:-/system}
BASE=../../../vendor/lge/startablet/proprietary
rm -rf $BASE/*
for FILE in `cat proprietary-files.txt`; do
DIR=`dirname $FILE`
if [ ! -d $BASE/$DIR ]; then
mkdir -p $BASE/$DIR
fi
${CMD} "${SOURCE}/$FILE" $BASE/$FILE
done
VENTANA_ICS_MOUNT=${VENTANA_SYSTEM_MOUNT:-/mnt/tmp/}
if [ ! -d "$VENTANA_ICS_MOUNT/lib/egl" ] ; then
echo "nvidia ICS binaries not found"
exit 1
fi
while read FILE; do
DIR=$(dirname ${FILE})
test -d "${BASE}/${DIR})" || mkdir -p "${BASE}/${DIR}"
cp "${VENTANA_ICS_MOUNT}/${FILE}" "${BASE}/${FILE}"
done < proprietary-files-ventana.txt
./setup-makefiles.sh
| 36,452 |
https://github.com/rajunomula18/MyTestlib/blob/master/network/src/main/java/com/chamberlain/drop/network/framework/service/contract/IRuleService.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
MyTestlib
|
rajunomula18
|
Java
|
Code
| 161 | 390 |
/*
* (c) 2018. Chamberlain Group, Inc. All rights reserved. All
* information within this file and associated files, including all information
* and files transferred with this file are CONFIDENTIAL and the proprietary
* property of The Chamberlain Group, Inc.
*/
package com.chamberlain.drop.network.framework.service.contract;
import android.support.annotation.NonNull;
import com.chamberlain.drop.network.framework.INetworkFramework.RawNetworkCallback;
public interface IRuleService {
void getAlertList(@NonNull String accountId, @NonNull String userId, @NonNull RawNetworkCallback callback);
void createAlert(@NonNull String accountId, @NonNull String userId, @NonNull String jsonBody, @NonNull RawNetworkCallback callback);
void updateAlert(@NonNull String accountId, @NonNull String userId, @NonNull String alertNotificationId, @NonNull String jsonBody, @NonNull RawNetworkCallback callback);
void deleteAlert(@NonNull String accountId, @NonNull String userId, @NonNull String alertNotificationId, @NonNull RawNetworkCallback callback);
void testAlert(@NonNull String accountId, @NonNull String userId, @NonNull String alertNotificationId, @NonNull String jsonBody, @NonNull RawNetworkCallback callback);
void getScene(@NonNull String accountId, @NonNull RawNetworkCallback callback);
void createScene(@NonNull String accountId, @NonNull String jsonBody, @NonNull RawNetworkCallback callback);
void updateScene(@NonNull String accountId, @NonNull String scheduleId, @NonNull String jsonBody, @NonNull RawNetworkCallback callback);
void deleteScene(@NonNull String accountId, @NonNull String scheduleId, @NonNull RawNetworkCallback callback);
}
| 36,378 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113497728
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
原田勝弘
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 5 | 54 |
原田勝弘
ウィキメディアの曖昧さ回避ページ
原田勝弘 分類 ウィキメディアの人名の曖昧さ回避ページ
| 41,927 |
https://github.com/Ahmed7752/Ecommerce-application-AWS-/blob/master/xampp2/htdocs/18124225/products.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
Ecommerce-application-AWS-
|
Ahmed7752
|
PHP
|
Code
| 31 | 154 |
<?php
include("header.php")
?>
<?php
include("bootstrap.php")
?>
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
<title>Products</title>
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<div>
<img src="images/supermarket-aisle.jpg" class="container" />
</div>
</div>
<div class="container">
<?php include("product-data.php") ?>
</div>
</body>
</html>
| 40,102 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/51522359
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,018 |
Stack Exchange
|
dcp, https://stackoverflow.com/users/109360
|
Lithuanian
|
Spoken
| 250 | 449 |
How test if date is null in where condition
I need to test if a date is not null in where condition:
String query = "SELECT * FROM employe WHERE date IS NOT NULL date > ? AND date IS NOT NULL date < ? ";
PreparedStatement statement = connessione_db.prepareStatement(query);
statement.setDate(1, data_interval_1);
statement.setDate(1, data_interval_2);
The date must be between data_interval_1 and data_interval_2 and data_interval_1 and data_interval_2 can be null.
Just an FYI, you're much better off to use stored procedures instead of hardcoding SQL statements in your java code. Reference: https://asktom.oracle.com/pls/apex/f?p=100:11:0::::P11_QUESTION_ID:296373600346847268
You don't need to do the check for NULL, because if the date is NULL, the range check will automatically fail. Try this version:
String query = "SELECT * FROM employe WHERE date > ? AND date < ?";
PreparedStatement statement = connessione_db.prepareStatement(query);
statement.setDate(1, data_interval_1);
statement.setDate(2, data_interval_2);
Note: In your code above you were binding both interval dates to the same position. You want to bind to both positions 1 and 2.
Just to test if date is not null, you would do:
where date is not null
However, for the conditions, you can do:
where date >= ? and date <= ?
A null value can never meet the conditions, so this implicitly does a null check.
SELECT * FROM employe WHERE date IS NOT NULL AND (date > ? AND date < ?)
We first check if the date is null.
If this condition its true, then it will check if the date is inside the range.
| 49,025 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17513618
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
2014 in Singaporean football
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 84 | 287 |
2014 in Singaporean football
2014 in Singaporean football topic's main category Category:2014 in Singaporean football
2014 in Singaporean football sport association football
2014 in Singaporean football instance of events in a specific year or time period
2014 in Singaporean football point in time 2014
2014 in Singaporean football follows 2013 in Singaporean football
2014 in Singaporean football country Singapore
2014 സിംഗപ്പൂരിലെ ഫുട്ബോൾ
2014 സിംഗപ്പൂരിലെ ഫുട്ബോൾ കായികവിദ്യ ഫുട്ബോൾ
2014 സിംഗപ്പൂരിലെ ഫുട്ബോൾ പ്രാബല്യത്തീയതി 2014
2014 സിംഗപ്പൂരിലെ ഫുട്ബോൾ പിന്തുടർച്ച 2013 സിംഗപ്പൂരിലെ ഫുട്ബോൾ
2014 സിംഗപ്പൂരിലെ ഫുട്ബോൾ രാജ്യം സിംഗപ്പൂർ
| 29,201 |
cihm_47589_7
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,827 |
La Bibliothèque canadienne ou Miscellanées historiques, scientifiques et littéraires [microforme]
|
Bibaud, M. (Michel), 1782-1857
|
French
|
Spoken
| 6,885 | 11,228 |
Voici Taltégorie des modernes. Son habillement est de couleur de feu, sa couronne de roses de Damas, de jasmin, &c. Le chien placé près de la figure annonce que c'est le temps de la canicule. On lui donne pour signe la Vierge, à laquelle on fait tenir un épi, pour marquer le temps de la moisson. Winckel MAN propose, pour désigner ce mois, un aigle exerçant ses pe tits au vole, parce que cet oiseau, qui fait son nid au commen cement du printemps, couve pendant trente jours, et que ses petits ne sont en état de voler et de chercher leur nourriture qu'au bout de six mois, c'est-à-dire au mois d'Août. Cl. Au DRAN a dessiné ce mois et les autres, que son frère, J. Audran, a gravés, et qu'on a exécutés en tapisserie. On trouvera à chaque mois l'idée de chacune de ces estampes. Voici comment il figure le mois d'Août : Cérès est caractérisée par son habit blanc, son flambeau, sa gerbe et sa faucille. Au-dessous sont les dragons de son char. Ses attributs sont la charrue, le joue, le fléau, &c. les épis, les pavots, et autres fleurs dont ou ntisait des couronnes à cette déesse. [loyé le citoy le de st. Isé. le. L. L'ORANG-OUTANG. > ' (Extrait en substance des " Merveilles du Monde**) Ce singulier animal, auquel on donne le nom de satt/rCf de grand singe^A* homme des bois, d'homme noclurne^fYorang-outangf (homme sauvage,) est de tous les singes celui qui ressemble Te plus à l'homme. Aussi a-t-il attiré et attirera-t-il toujours l'at tention des naturalistes. Il est originaire de la partie méridio nale de l'Afrique et de l'Asie. Il habite les forets, et s'y nourrit <le fruits. Sa taille, lorsque sa croissance est finie, est d'environ six pieds. Sa peau est d'un brun obscur; sa figure pelée, ses mains et ses pieds, semblables à ceux de l'homrae. Cependant lorsqu'on examine, avec les lumières de l'anatomie, ces deux dernières parties, on voit que la nature les a formées pour qu'il marche comme les autres quadrupèdes, et non pour qu'il aille sur les pieds de derrière. A la vérit^ M. de Buffox donne ToMi V.— No. IIL H î)8 // Orang-Oitiavg. aux singes, dont Torang^outang est l'espèce perfectionnée, la propriété particulière de marcher en se tenant debout, et l'on est foicé de convenir avec ce savant, qu'effectivement Torang* mitang se tient plus habituellement et plus facilement sur ses pieds de derrière qu'aucun autre quadrupède. L'orang-outang, apprivoisé, perd la dégoûtante férocité que l'on remarque dans les magots et les guenons. Il est doux, do cile, et apprend à rendre une infinité de petits services domes tiques, comme rincer des verres, donner à boire, tourner la bro che, &c. M. Léguât parle, dans ses Voyages, d'un orang-ou tang, qu'il dit avoir vu à Java, et qui était très extraordinaire. C'était une femelle; elle était de grande taille, et marchait sou vent fort droit sur ses pieds de derrière. Elle n'avait d'autre poil sur le visage que celui des sourcils, et ressemblait assez, en général, à ces races grotesques des femmes hottcntotes que l'on voit au Cap. Elle faisait, tous les jours, proprement son lit, s'y couchait, la iéiQ sur un oreiller, et se couvrait d'une couverture. Quand elle avait mal à la ièie^ elle se la serrait d'un mouchoir, et rien n'était aussi plaisant que de la voir ainsi coiffée dans son lit. Gemelli Carreri ditavoirvu un orang-outang qui se plai gnait comme un enfant, et qui marchait sur ses pieds de derrière, en portant sa natte sous son bras, pour se coucher et pour dor mir. Il dit aussi que lorsque ces animaux ne trouvent plus de fruits sur les montagnes et chins les bois, ils vont au bord de la mer, où ils attrappent des crabes ou des huitres, et autres coquil lages semblables. S'il arrive qu'ils prennent une huitre de l'es pèce de celles qu'on nomme taclavo, qui pèsent plusieurs livres, et qui sont souvent ouvertes sur le rivage, la crainte où ils sont qu'elles ne leur saisissent la patte, en se refermant, les engage à jetter dans la coquille une pierre qui l'empêche de se fermer, et alors ils la mangent sans rii>que. Les orangS'Outangs sauvages sont plus méchants sur les côtes de la rivière de Gambie que dans aucun autre endroit de l'Afrique. Les Nègres les redoutent, et ils ne peuvejit aller seuls dans la • campagne, sans s'exposer à être attaqués par ces animaux, qui ]eur présentent un bâton et les forcent de se battre. Souvent on leur voit porter sur des arbres des enfans de sept à huit ans, 'qu'on a une peine incroyable à leur uter. Aussi la plupart des Pf ègres croient-ils que c'est une nation étrangère, qui est venue s'étiblir dans leur pays, et que s'ils .ne parlent pas, c'est qu'ils craignent qu'on ne les oblige à travailler. L orang-outang que M. de Buffon a vu, et dont il parle dans «>n H istoire naturelle, était doux et affectionné. Son air était mé lancolique, sa démarche grave, ses mouvemens mesurés, et il différait essentiellement de tous les autres singes. Il n^avait ni puel ijOrang-Outang. . ti l'iinpaliciicc du niagut, ni la méclianccté des babouins, ni l'cx truvagaiicc des eucuons. 11 n'était pas nécessaire do le battre pour le faire agir: les signes et les paroles suffisaient. Il pré 8<>ritail sa inaia pour reconduire les personnes qui venaient le visiter, cl se promenait avec elles, comme de compagnie. Il s'asseyait à table, déployait sa serviette, s'en essuyait les lèvres, se servait de la cuillère et de la fourchette pour porter à sa bouche, versait lui-môme sa boisson dans son verre, le choquait lorsqu'il y était invité, allait prendre une tasse et une soucoupe, l'apportait sur la table, y mettait du sucre, y versait du tho, le laissait refroidir pour le boire, et tout cela sans autre instiga tion que l'^s signes ou la parole de son maître, et souvent de lui niénie. 1 1 ne faisait de mal à personne, s'approchait même avec circonspection, et se présentait comme pôui demander des ca resses. Deux petits orangs-outangs achetés par M. de Labkosse, faisaient d'eux-mêmes, à ce qu'il assure, une grandepartie des choses que nous avons racontées ci-dessus. Mais indépendem ment de cela, ils avaient, lorsqu'ils étaient à table, assez d'esprit et de malice pour se faire entendre des mousses, et les obliger à leur donner ce dont ils avaient besoin; et si, par malheur pour eux, ces enfans refusaient de les satisfaire, ils se mettaient en colère, leur saisissaient les bras, les mordaient, et les abattaient sous eux. Le mâle fut malade en rade; il se faisait soigner comme une personne ; il fut même saigné deux fois au bras droit ; <'t depuis ce moment, chaque fois qu'il se trouvait ' s lora niodé, il montrait son bras pour qu'on le saignât, comme n .'» c^i eu que cela lui avait fait du bien. Mr. Henri Grosse, dans son Voyage aux Indes orientales, dit que M. Horne, gouverneur de Bombay, avait deux orangs outangs, l'un mftlc "X Tautre femelle, qui par leur mélancoue, faisaient voir clairement qu'ils sentaient leur captivité. Ils fai saient leur lit avec soin, dans la cage où ils étaient renfermés ; ils montraient de la pudeur, et la femelle étant morte de maladie sur le vaisseau, le niâlc donna toutes sortes de signes de douleur, et prit tellement à cœur la mort de sa compagne, qu'il refusa de manger, et n« lui survécut pas de «eux jours. s^ y -^ François Pyrard rapporte qu'il a vu des orangs-outangs (}ui avaient une telle industrie, que lorsqu'on les instruisait de jeunesse, ils servaient comme une personne; qu'ils pilaient ce qu^on leur donnait à piler dans des mortiers, et qu'ils allaient chercher de l'eau à la rivière, dans de petites cruches, qu'ils {lortaient toutes pleines sur leurs têtes ; mais que si on ne les cur prenait pas, dés qu'ils étaient arrivés à la maison, ils les laissaient tomber ; et qu'à la vue de la cruche renversée et i pue, ils se uictlaiciit à crier et à pleurer. rom< 'M-i f i ,, ■! ■: ■■L ■ s: ' '1 1 'H '''■: ^. ,. f Il ':! , , r>3 100 Rtcettet UliUt. Maintenant que nous avons cité tout ce qui peut prouTcr une grande ressemblance entre cet animal et Thomme, il nuus reste à exposer toutes les différences qui Téloignent de notre espèce. Elle xistent à l'extérieur dans le nez, qui n'est pas proéminent ; le f'ro. , qui est trop court ; le menton, qui n'est pas relevé à sa base ; les oreilles proportionnellement trop grandes ; les yeux trop voisins l'un de l'autre; rintcrvnlle entre le nez et la boucbe, trop étendu ; les cuisses trop courtes, les bras trop longs, les pouces trop petits, la paume de lu main trop longue et trop ser rée; les pieds plutôt fai(s comme des mains que comme des pieds humains. Qua t à l'intérieur, les différences sont égale ment nombreuses. ' t plus remarquable est que l'orang-outang a treize côtes, tandt ■ que l'homme n'en a que douze. ■) ' ■■'i'ii^ RECETTES UTILES. MOYENS DE DETnUIRB LES PUNAISES. Mn. BiBAUD, — La Bibliothèque Canadienne a déjà indiqrô un moyen de détruire cet insecte incommode. Ce moyen, pris du London Journal qf Arts, est inséré au Tome III. page 2£0 du vôtre. Voici quelques autres recettes qui, mises en œutre, peuvent nous promettre des nuits plus tranquilles : elles sont également extraites de publications européennes très recom mandabies. Un Souscripteur DE CuAMBi.r. ' ère. Recette. — Prenez un demiard d'esprit de vin rectifié au Eremier degré, qui brûlera entièrement et ne laisfieru aucune umidité, et un demiard d'huile nouvellement distillée, ou d'es prit de térébenthine ; mêlez le tout ensemble, et cassez-y, eu petites parcelles, une den i<once de camphre, qui s'y dissoudra en quelques minutes ; brassez bien le tout, et avec un morceau d'épongé ou une brosse, que vous tremperez dans une partie de ce mélange, lavez bien le lit ou le meuble où se trouvent les pu naises, et elles seront infailliblement détruites, ainsi que leurs œufs, quelque quantité qu'il y en ait. Avant de frotter les meubles, &c. de ce mélange, il faut avoir soin d'en bien ôter toute la poussière, avec une brosse, ou autre chose : par ce moyen on évite de faire la moindre souillure, la moindre tache, ou le plus petit dommage au plus beau lit de soie ou de damas.i L'odeur que répand ce mélange n'est point malsaine, et se dissipera en deux ou trois jours. 11 ne faut pas oublier de bien remuer le mélange a vaut de s'en servir, et de ne s*en servir quo Recettes Utila, 101 ■ de jour, et non à lu chandelle, de peur d'accident. — Traduit du JLondon Magazine. 9de. Recette. — Voici un moyen que l'on indique pour faire mourir les punaises, qui nVst point sujet à répandre de mauvaise odeur. On prend une once «le vit-argent, et le blanc ilu cinq ou six œufs : on bat bien le tout cnsunibie, jusqu'à ce qu'on no voie plus de globules de vif-nrgent ; ensuite on trotte toutes le» jointures et toutes les tentes avec cette pommade mercurielle ; et, dès la première application, presque toutes les punaises sont détruites. — Journal Irançais, » •• • ■ ,Y MOYENS DE DETRUIRE LES RATS ET LES lOUBIS. ' Quelques personnes prennent les rats et les souris, en plaçant un grand vase rempli d eau, dont l'ouverture soit plus étroite que le fond : ils mettent sur cette eau une planche légère, ou un liège qui en couvre toute la surface : ils attachent sur ce liège un appât; Tanimal se fiant sur Tapparencc de ce terrain solide, avance pour manger Tappât ; mais le liège plongeant sous lui, il tombe dans l'eau et se noie : Tappât surnage et présente aux autres, qui veulent venir le manger, un nouveau précipice. Voici un autre procédé singulier ; il ne s'agit que de trani> former un fripon de rat eu destructeur de son espèce. Il faut pour cet effet attraper une douzaine de rats vivants, les enfer mer dans quelque vaisseau, dont ils ne puissent sortir, et les y laisser tous ensemble sans aucune nourriture. On verra, au bout de quelques jours, qu'ils comraencefont à se manger les uns les autres. Lorsqu'on verra que le plus vigoureux sera resté seul de sa bande, on le lâchera dans la maison : accoutumé au sang et au carnage, il ne cherchera pour autre ntnirriture que ses semblables ; s'introduira iu milieu d'eux, et les détruira jus qu'au dernier. Lorsque la maison sera bien nétoyée, il ne s'a gira que Je tâcher d'attraper ce ratophagc et d'en faire justice. Le moyen facile, dit-on, pour exterminer les souris, est de brûler dans les chambres et dans les greniers qu'on veut purger -dé ces ennemis domestiques, trois ou quatre poignées de bruyè re un peu verte, de façon que la fumée puisse pénétrer suffisam ment dans tous les coins et recoins. — Dictionnaire de V Industrie. RcMEDE contre le mal occasionné par la piqûre des Ma RINGOUINS. " Depuis que je suis à Sorel," m'écrivait dernièrement un ami, ''je ne vis plus : les maringoi/ins nous dévorent. Vous ne sauriez croire les impatiences qu'ils nous causent, lesjuremens qu'ils nous font faire, par les soufi'rances qu'ils nous font éprou ver, le jour, et le malaise ou les inquiétudes où ils nous mettent ]02 ^ Jtir(Iinagf,'% et tiennent, toute la nuit. Quelle maudite engeance que celle de cen pompiers de san^ humain ! C'est vraiment commencer 8011 enter de aon vivant que d'iiabiter parmi eux ; car dans une telle société, on ne peut «spérer de faire 8on salut : et pourtant vous savez, mon ami de collège, que j'ai de bonne heure formé la ferme résolution de ne point liabiter les pays chauds^ qui sunt si contraires à mes goûts, mes habitudes, et, mieux que tout cela, à ma constitution. A mon secours, mon cher ami ; vite, sUl vous plaît. Si vous connaissez quelque préservatif contre la piqûre (je dirais presque In morsure) de cette infernale vetminef comme un les appelle ici, faites-m'en donc part, sans délait • • • " Voulez-vous bien, Mr. Bibaud, rendre cette lettre publique, ainsi que ma réponse, qui, contenant une prescription pour l'âme et le corps à la fuis, peut être utile à tant de nos semblables ! et qui mérite par cela même d'être conservée et disséminée pour le bonheur en ce monde et le salut dans Vautre des généra tions présentes et futures ! " Si je ne connais pas," mon cher ami, *^ ùe présercatty contre la piqûre des maringouinsy on enseigne contre le mal qu'elle oc casionne, outre la patience et la résignation, que vous ne me paraissez pas connaître, l'application sur la plaie (qu'il faut d'abord sucer) de feuilles odonmtes et douces, comme celles du cassis et du persil, qu'on écrase par le frottement et dont on insère ainsi le suc dans la plaie. A défaut de ces feuilles, dit Le BON Jardinier, que je copie, on frotte la plaie avec de la terre. Tenez ferme, mon ami, ù votre bonne résolution de collège, et suivez ma prescription." , Un Copiste. r 'I, -t!W 'iU JARDINAGE. 4>t.n>r DE LA TRANSPLANTATION DES ARBRES. f ' Québec, 21 Avril, 1«27.* excel àMr. premier ^ _^ ,. _ qu'il m'envoya avaient la plus belle apparence du monde. Je me hâtai de les mettre en place. De trente de ces arbres que j'ai ainsi plantés, -dix seulement paraissent avoir pris racine et promettre de me don i 1 1 I * Cette communicstion,qui nous avait été raniw i ten]pi,s'étaît perdue dans nos paperasses: mais si elle est publiée trop, tard peur le printempii' cUt ne l'Mt pas trop t6t pour l'automne, saison où l'on transplante rumî. Jardinagf. m •> ner du fruit ; les vingt autres il fHudre en fairo ihn fngoU et pourtant Pat, mon bon Pat^ le Nestor et le Phénix des if ur* diniers de dix lieues À la ronde, soutient, mordieut^ qu'il n'y a ni de m faute, ni de celle de Mr. Donnellan^ sou compatriote, 2ui, **Brin qo braoh! dit-il, " est ausni honnête que jeHuis déle.'* Tout cela est bien beau, sans douie, — bien vrnli iieut étre; mais tout cela ne fuit pas, ni ne fera, je cniini fort, unur geonner mes arbres morts. Pal môme en paraissant à lu fin convaincu, qu*ai-je fait auiisitôt, pour déchagriner Pal^ rétablir l'honneur de Mr. DoiineUan et faire verdir mou verpfer f— Hi* l j'ai fait, Mr. Bibaud, ce que tant d'autres auraient fait h nui place, TOUS le premier : j'ai écrit, il y a quelques jours, au niAinu iar« dinier, pour de nouveaux plants ; mais ayant appriit qu'il m fesait un plaisir de donner des " lustructiom sur in trauHplnrit»" tion, &c.'* à quiconque lui en demandait, je l'ai prié d'eu joln« d re une copie à son envoi. Je vous les adresse pour publioiulon dans votre Bibliothèque Canadienne. Je ne (lis poiut que nu recette soit nouvelle, originale, ou le fruit de son expérl«nr(! 1)ersonnelIe ; mais enfin ilTa recommande et elle peut être boniiu i a voici donc en anglais ; veuillez bien la traduire pour vus lec> teurs Canadiens. Votre Serviteur, P, Instructions. — ^" Make a circular hole, large enough to rf» '^ ceiveall thc roots Jreelj/^ wUhout touching the sides, Ihen trim " the rootSf ifamj ofthem should be broke or loo alraglin^, /.et " one persan hoîd the tree erect whilst another casla in the forlh^ *^ prcviouslu breaking U Jine, Zict it be settled in eqintlhj hf» " twten ail the roots, hy gently andfrequently shaking the htr n " Uttte up and down^ which wiil cause tJie mould to aettle in clogf. " about ail the small roots andjibres ; and also to mise tlw Irce " gradually up, that the crown ofthe roots mat/ not be more ihan " about 3 incnes below the gênerai surface» When the hofe in ^^JiUed vpf tread it gently, firsl round thc outside, then mar Ihft " stem ofthe tree^forming the surface a liltle hollow to admit gnd» " ing zaaler, iffound necessari/j with more convenience / am hë " sure to hâve some rotten dung laid on the surface^ about tUHt " inches thick. and the weadth, ofthe hole : and next fall point In " the same dung lightly, which will help the trees in their gfowlh^ " next year. Put a good stick to each tree, to keep tho rHufl *^ fjrom blowing them about/* . , ^, „.,. ^ . ^ J, JDt' Traduction. — Faites nik trou circulaire assez grand pour ro* cevoir librement les racines sans qu'elles touclicnt aux e6i(% Placez les racines convenablement, si quelques unes su truuvoiii rompues, trop écartées ou rapprochées. Qu'une personne liuit* 104 La Glûirt. ne l'arbre, (ahJis qa*ane autre jette la terre dans le trou, aprët c|u'elle aura été broyée. Il faut secouer l'arbre doucement et fréquemment, pendant qu'on remplit le trou, afin que la terre soit également répartie entre les racines, et se presse contre le» radicules et les fibres. 11 faut aussi soulever Tarbrc graduelle ment, afin que la couronne ou le sommet des racines ne soit pas plus d'environ trois pouces au-dessous de la surface générale. Lorsque le trou est rempli, marchez dessus légèrement, d'abord au-debors, ensuite près du tronc de l'arbre, formant une surface un peu concave, afin que l'eau y pénètre, s'il est nécessaire, plus aisément. Répandez sur la surface du trou, du fumier pourri, à l'épaisseur d'environ deux pouces ; et l'automne suivant, re muez, ou piquez ce même fumier légèrement ; ce ^^ aidera à la crue des arbres, l'année suivante. Plantez un bon piquet au près de chaque arbre, et attachez l'y, afin que le vent ne les puisse pas abattre. ,vv.v. ■•;';r,-s'N; -■■ ^■•■. ■.•■•nKr ".> '-i*''?'^' LA GLOIRE. •« ■^ A UN POETE EXILE'. X: '«: B'-» *': *t' ; ,. ' ■■ f..i I:-: :i Généreux favoris des Filles de mémoire, Deux sentiers difi<érents devant vous vont s'ouvrir : L'un conduit au bonheur, l'autre mène à la gloire ; Mortels, il faut choisir. Ton sort, ô Manoël ! suivit la loi commune ; La muse t'enivra de précoces faveurs ; Tes jours furent tissus de gloire et d'infortune, Et tu verses des pleurs ! i ' Rougis plutôt, rougis d'envier au vulgaire Le stérile repos dont son cœur est jaloux : Les dieux ont fait pour lui tous les biens de la (erre, IVJais la lyre est à nous. '.,.,,,> ^v'-'' '■'■-']'' -"''^^ ■ Les siècles sont à toi, le monde est ta patrie. Quand nous ne sommes plus, notre ombre a des att(clS| Où le juste avenir préparc à ton génie ^ . Des honneurs immortels. ; * ^ . -■ ■fi' Ainsi l'aigle superbe au séjour d*i tonnerre S'élance, et, soutenant son vol audacieux, ) Semble dire aux mortels : Je suis né sur la terre, Mais je vis dans les cieux. Sll, La Gloire. 105 Osii, la gloire t'attend ; mais arrête, et contemple A quel prix on pénétre en ces parvis sacrés ; Vois : rinfortiine assise à la porte du temple £n garde les degrés. Ici, c'est ce vieillard que rinjsjrate lonie A vu de mer en mer promener ses malheurs : Aveugle, il mendiait au prix de son génie Un puin mouillé de pleurs. Là le Tasse, brûlé d^une flamme fatalci Expiant dans les fers sa gloire et sou amour, Quand il va recueillir la palme triomphale, Descend au noir séjour. ^ Partout des malheureux, des proscrits, des victimei, Luttant contre le sort ou contre le/bon rreniM On dirait que le ciel aux cœurs plus maghanimoi Mesure plus de maux. ' Impose donc silence aux plaintes de ta lyre : Des cœurs nés sans vertu Tinforlune et Técueil ; J Mais toi, roi détrôné, que ton malheur t'inspire Un généreux orgueil ! i Que fimporte après tout que cet ordre barbare T'enchaîne loin des bords qui furent ton licrceau } Que t'importe en quels lieux le destin te prépare Un glorieux tombeau ? Ni l'exil, ni les fers de ces tyrans du Tage, N'enchaîneront ta gloire aux bords où tu mourrai : Lisbonne la réclame, et voilà l'héritage Que tu lui laisseras ! Ceux qui l'ont méconnu pleureront le grand homme ; Athéne à des proscrits ouvre son Panthéon ; Coriolan expire, et les enfants de Rome Revendiquent son nom. Aux rivages des morts avant que de descendre, Ovide lève au ciel ses suppliantes mains : Aux Sarmates grossiers il a légué sa cendre, ^^ Et sa gloire aux Romains. ,, j * * | ^ , ToMB y.-No. m. 106 > l'+H t'''^-'fai ,'i.ilj'. LA VIE. Vers écrits en 1779, par un jeune Ecolier Canadien de Mont" réal, dont je tairai le nom, parce qu'il vit encore, et que je veux lui reprocher, (sans le faire connaître,) de n'avoir pas cultivé lo talent bien décidé pour la poésie, que ce brillant début annon< çait ; . ' Sat Est. De la vie à la mort et du néant à l'être. Que l'étendue est immense à mes yeux ! ^ ' ■ i Oh ! si l'homme, avant que de naître, ■■^■'■: " ' Avait le pouvoir de connaître "'^ La chaîne de douleurs qui l'atlend en ces lieux ! Dans la nuit du chaos, mille fois plus heureux, Loin d'oser fournir la carrière, " '• '< , Pour se mettre à l'abri du sort le plus affreux, < ' Avec horreur, il fuirait la lumière. " ' lié ! qu'est-il, en effet, sur ces bords malheureux, Qui puisse exciter notre envie ? Exister un moment, est-ce bien une vie ? IJne vie!. ..Oh! non, mais, un tourment rig;oureux. F. if;. i.;r AGRICULTURE. ' DEI ENGRAIS DE NATURE VE'ce'tALE. Les différents engrais contiennent différentes proportions des élémens nécessaires à la végétati(m, et c'est d'nprès ce^ propur* tions qu'on doit déterminer leur emploi dans l'agriculture, Dé taillons donc la nature et les propriétés des engrais le» plu» conrns, et nous trouverons aiséme|it la meilleure manière du nous en servir. ^ Les plantes vertes et succulentes^ contiennent beaucoup do rucre, de mucilage, et de fibres ; on ne peut donc les employer trop tôt après leur mort. Si cm veut enrichir un sol avec dei herbes vertes, on doit les enfouir quand elles boutonnent, parco qu'alors les plantes et leurs feuilles contiennent plus do matière nourrissante. Les herbes vertes, celles qu'on arrache dan» les étangs et dans les fossés, les taillures de hayes, &c. doivent être employées de suite ; elles se décomposent graduellement dans lo soi, et la fermentation insensible qu'elles occasionnent rend les fibres ligneuses plus solubles, sans occasionner l'évaporation da trop do gaz éiastique. Ainsi lorsque d'ancieni pâUirugoi von^ '^ 'P ■ /;..*• ■ Agrkuhan. 107 mis en culture, le sol qui s'était déjà enrichi par la mort et le dépérissement des plantes, reçoit une augmentation de nourri* turc par la décomposition des feuilles, des tiges et des racines de celles qu'on y entère, décomposion qui ajoute au sol des ma tières sucrées, mucilagineuses et extractives. Les gâteaux de toute espèce de graine dont on a retiré de Tbuile, sont un engrais utile, parce qu'ils contiennent beaucoup de mucilage, d'albumen, et un peu d'huile. On doit les em ployer récemment faits, et aussi secs que possible ; on les réduit eu poudre et on les sème, en même temps que les navets, &c &c. JLa poussière des brasseurs est principalement formée par les petits radiclcs qui se sont séparés du grain ; elle doit contenir beaucoup de matière sucrée, et doit être employée sèche pfli^r que la fermentation ne détruise pas l'eflct qu'on en attend. Les gâteaux de graine de tin sont trop utiles à la nourriture des animaux pour être employés comme engrais. L'eau dans laquelle on a fait rouir le chanvre et le lin, afin d'en séparer leurs fibres, doit être propre à la végétation, puis qu'elle contient de l'albumen et beaucoup de matière extractive; elle se putréfie aisément, et doit dune être employéç.^u^sitôt que possible. Les plantes que la mer rejette sont employées comme engrais %X presque toutes les côtes. Elles contiennent du mucilage, de l'eau dont le goût est empireumatique, point d'ammoniac, et leurs cendres donnent du sel marin, du carbonate de soude, et nnc tnatière charboneuse : les gaz ne s'en détachent qu'en très petite quantité, mais cet engrais dure peu, tout au plus l'année, parce qu'il contient trop d'eau. Il se décompose promptement a l'uir, et les fermiers de l'ouest de l'Angleterre l'employent aus sitôt qu'ils peuvent se le procurer. Les bons effets de cet engrais sont dûs à l'acide carbonique, et au mucilage qu'il contient. Les pailles sèches de froment, d'avoine, d'orge, de fèves, de pois, et de foin gâté, ou de ^^outes espèces de végétaux du même ordre, font toujours un excellent engrnis. On veut en général que ces substances fermentent avant de les employer ; mais on peut douter de la vérité de ce principe; on pourrait même assu rer que la paille de différentes récoltes enfouie de suite dans la terre donnerait plus de nourriture aux plantes. En faisant fer menter la paille, elle devient plus facile ù employer, mais elle perd une grande partie de la matière nutritive. Le fumier de paille produira peut être plus à la prochaine récolte, mais le sol Itéra moins enrichi que si ou enterre la paille bien coupée et bien divisée; ' /, ; .• :,• .'.,_,;:;. . '.«L , Lesjibres ligneuses paraissent être les seuls produits dès vé gétaux qui aient besoin de la fermantation pour leur E>ervir de nourriture. L'écorcede tanneur est de cette espèce. M. Youxg v« m Des Noms propres de lieux en Canada. assure qu'elle est nuisible à la végétation, parce qu'elle contient trop de matières astringentes ; ce qu'il y a de sûr c'est que cette écorce ne contient plus de matière soluble, dont elle a été privée par l'action de l'eau. Les matières tourbeuses sont du même î^enre ; elles peuvent rester des années entières exposées ù Pac* tion de l'air et de l'eau sans éprouver aucun changement. Les fibres ligneuses ne fermentent que quand elles sont mêlées avec du mucilage, des parties sucrées, album meuscs, &c. On peut donc conclure qu'on ponrra rendre des terrains tourbeux sus ceptibles de fermenter, en y mêlant du fumier, ou toute autre matière plus aisée à passer ù l'état de putréfaction : et s'il existe encore quelques végétaux vivants dans ces soiles de terrains, la fei'htèntation aura tieu plutôt. Nous verrons dans la lecture prochaine que l'emploi de la chaux est le meilleur moyen de rendre soluble les fibres du bois. Les cendres, même celles qui contiennent encore beaucoup de charbon, sont, dit-on, un bon engrais. Leur utilité vient sans doute de l'état de division qu'elles donnent à la terre, et du charbon qu'elles contiennent, qui en absorbant l'oxigène,devïent acide carbtinFque. Leçons de Chimie. DES NOMS PROPRES DE LIEUX EN CANADA. C Traduit librement du Canadian Review, N®. IL) Chamiamque omnem tryano à Charnu 4mt.'~''Wl%nt, On a toujours été persuadé, depuis le temps de Locke, que les définitions exactes des termes ont été une des grandes causes des progrès prodigieux que l'esprit humain a faits dans les sci ences mathématiques ; et qu'au contraire, l'usage vague et indé fini des mots a donné lieu à la plus grande partie de la confusion qui a accompagné les discussions des sujets de morale et de mé Inaphysique. Nous sommes en outre persuadés que la géogra phie deviendrait plus facile, si les noms des lieux étaient fixes, déterminés, et permanents. Il ne nous sera pas difficile de trouver dans l'histoire des fiiils au soutien de notre opinion. Les noms des principales rivières et montagnes de l'Europe sont demeurés les mêmes, depuis les premiers temps historiques jusqu'à ce jour. En lisant Tite-Live, Tacite, ou Héro dote, l'écolier n'a pas besoin de recourir à des systèmes de géographie ancienne, ou de consulter les notes élaborées des commentateurs, pour reconnaître le cours des rivières, ou la kituation des montagnes dont parlent ces auteurs, en traitant de es y oms propres de lieux en Canada, 109 TEurope. Le Rhin, le Danube, TEbre, le Rhône, la Vistule, les Alpes, les Pyrénées, se reconnaissent sans Taide d*un diction naire. Il en est autrement des noms de pays, de districts et de villes. Tous ces noms ont été ou entièrement changés, ou telle ment métamorphosés, par les dialectes barbares que parlaient les conquérans de Tempire romain, qu'il est souvent très diffi cile, et quelquefois absolument impossible, de découvrir la situa tion des lieux dont ces auteurs anciens font mention. L'inceiti tude, rembarras et la confusion qui résultent de ce chan gement de noms sont tels, qu'il a fallu de longs et laborieux commentaires pour expliquer la géographie des auteurs classi ques. Celui qui veut connaître avec précision les limites des firovinces et districts dont parlent les auteurs grées et latins, le ieu des batailles qu'ils décrivent, et les autres objets remarqua bles dont ils font mention, doit consacrer sa e à de pénibles recherches sur le sujet. Et malgré ces recherches, la situation de plusieurs objets intéressants demeure enveloppée dans une obscurité impénétrable. Tels sont en partie les inconvéniens provenus du changement des noms des lieux. Aucun de ces changemens ne doit être attribué aux Romains : ce peuple éclairé n'a jamais changé les noms des lieux. Ils igno rèrent absolument les rafincmens des modernes colons de TAmé rique, et particulièrement du Canada, qui ne sont jamais con tents du nom d'un endroit, si c'est celui qui lui a été donné par les anciens habitans. Presque tous les noms donnés par les Ko mains aux villes de la Gaule et de la Grande-Bretagne, ont une signification distincte, si on les rapporte aux anciennes langues celtique et bretonne. Les noms mêmes de leurs c^^mps, de leurs '(ations militaires, et de leurs colonies, dans les diverses parties" le leur empire, étaient, pour la plupart, les noms primitifs de :*es lieux, auxquels ils s'étaient contentés de donner des termi naisons latines. Combien a été différente la conduite de ceux qui se sont établis dans ce pays ! Ils semblent avoir été persua dés qu'un lieu n'était jamais convenablement dénommé, s'ilne portait le nom de quelque place d'Europe, de quelque Saint, ou de quelqu'un de leurs parons. Il y a lieu de croire que la con fusion qui règne dans les anciens noms de lieux, en Europe, a été l'effet du hazard, et non d'un dessein formel. Ils sont pro venus du mélange des dialectes des différents peuples qui se sont succédés rapidement, les uns aux autres, dans la possession des riches provinces de l'Europe méridionale. Dans ces cir constances, on a pu et dû se tromper sur les noms, les mal pro noncer, les oublier, et les remplacer de mille manières différen tes. Mais nos Goths modernes procèdent systématiquement ; et rien ne peut être plus clair et mieux défini que le système suivant lequel ils opèrent. Ses principes sont renfermés dans ^ 110 De» Noms propra tli titux m Cunmid. I l'rif des bornes si étroites, qu'il est lni|)OMil)l(f. mime à Tesprit !« plus borné, de ne les pas cumproiidr». Il no »*<U(it que de se rappeller le nom d'une rivière, ou d'une vit!» d'Europe, et d'j joindre le mot nezr^ nouveau ou mmdU / d'emprunter le nom de quelqu'un des Sainth du kulendrier^ ou du prendre celui de son père, de son grand-père, ou de «on onele, ou enHn, dans le cas d'une grande difliculté, le nom d'un ^U('rri«r ou d'un marin célèbre. Mais ce système, quelqut* borné qu'il soit dans la théorie, ne laisse pas que d'être tré» étendu dans la pratique : car ce ne sera pas sitôt que nous auron» oulinti de toumufiips qu'il y a de villages en Angleterre, ou que non» connaîtrons autant de rivières qu'd y a de ruisseaux en Europe. On a vraiment sujet d'être ét>nné dn ^oât qu^on a montré dans le choix des noms qui ont été ndopléM. Les exemples sui> vants feront voir jusqu'où les améliorakurt de notre nomencla iiire locale ont consulté le rythme et la mélodie. Pour le nom majestueux et sonore de Toronto^ ils noUR ont donné Y Humherf pour Essécunisipi, la Tamise, (Ihc llmmet)^ pour Sinian, Sim coe ,' pour ïow//, Amherst ; pour H'ml^ le nom double de Wil liam-Henry^ et pour XOllaun^ !(i OfMndc'Jlivièrrf comme si c'était la plus grande rivière du monde, oit qu'il n'y eût que cette rivière de grande.* Quel dominn/^e n'eMt'Ce pas qu'aucun de ces admirables améliorateurs de lit ^éogritpltic ne se soit trans porté dans l'Inde l Nos immui tels compfttrioti'M, les nuleurs de» *' Kccherches Asiatiques," qui ont jette iUi si grand j ur sur l'histoire et les antiquités de Tlndostun» ft'ont jamais songé aux améliorations qui ont lieu dans Voceident. Les noms des lieux, des rivières, &c. dans cette immense région, d<n)uis le cap Co jnprin jusqu'aux sources du Gunge, «ont demeure», et demeure m probablement les niêuies, pendant un nombre de siècles. C'est, sans doute, un avantage prodi||;ieux pour ceux qui lisent les historiens et les poètes de l'Inde, et qui peuvent ainsi recon naître la localité des scènes décrites dans les pluh ancien tu-s pro ductions de ce peuple intérestiant t mais (mm il faut qu'ils con sentent à se voir privés de l'élégance, de Itt mélodie et de la belle composition de noms tels que, NdW-Porltmôut/tf JStW'Loném^ * Tonti et Sorel sont des nom» htstorlfjUM» Mtnffl* Chsfflhly. fljrllmri, &e.— " Sorel," dit Mr. John Lambibt, dans M» Truwli thrmiafi Canada, " est niaint«> uant nommé William-Henry, en Tbonnaur du Due df CiiiMlitfce, qui a visité !■ Canadb, il y a environ vingt-cinq ans. L'tl« f t. J«sOf 4sn« t« golfe 8(. Laurent, a aussi été nommée île du Prince Edouard, «n l'bonnfur Au Due de KtMT ; et c'est ainsi que les nom» de plusieurs autres lieui »( p)#M9 enikik ehtftgéfl tans nécessité. C'est en conséquence de cette pratiqua t^htntA», «}(M dff vtllM «t d«a cités vénéra, blea par leur antiquité, ou remarquables par Itur biftloif*. Mflt IIMilllenant eonfonduct ▼ec les plus chétifs villagci, et qu'^n eil fi M»UV«fll W^ à M trotfiptr tn géogra •hie.".^CNote de l'Editeur.) ... , --..dMEiit Des Noms propres de lieux en Canada. m I &c.— mainte vliité l« ■aurent, « et c'est fénira nfonduM géogra. NeicEdtnburghy Nex£-Thames^ NeteCarliste, NewNewcaslle^ Sec. &c. Il est impossible de ne pas remarquer combien est irtgénicux et convenable un nom tel que celui de New-lhames. Ceux qui, dans mille ans, feront des recherches sur Thistoire naturelle de ce pays, seront sans doute prodigieusement satisfaits de la découverte que cette rivière est sortie de la terre, et s'est acheminée vers l'océan, bien plus tard que la rivière d'Angle terre de même nom. Ils se donneront sans doute beaucoup de P'Hiie inutiles pour savoir dans quel siècle, à quelle époque, ce pliéiioraène a paru pour la première fois. On doit convenir néannioins,que les derniers colons ont généralement retranché de? noms du lieux le monosyllable Nt-w : mais si cet usage ajoute à la uiédodie de nos noms, il ajoute aussi à leur confusion. Nous rions et nous nous moquons des Itankis^ comme on les appelle par dérision, et certes, leurs noms hébreux d'hommes et de femmes sont assez ridicules. Mais à l'égard du sujet que nous traitons, ils ont montré un jugement dont ont manqué la plupart de ceux qui se sont établis dans ce pays. Quels que soient leurs autres noms, ceux des rivières, au moins, depuis celle de Sic. Croix, à l'Est, jusqu'au Missouri, à l'Ouest, sont tous, à une ou deux exceptions près, d'origine indienne. En dépouillant les Sauvages des régions étendues qu'ils pos sèdent maintenant, ils ont au moins conservé aux propriétaires primitifs l'honneur d'avoir donné des noms aux rivières et aux taux renfermées dans leurs limites. Ils ont cru que quoique lu préservation de ces noms ne fût qu'une faible compensation de l'extermination que cette race dévouée était destinée à subir dans quelques siècles, c'était néanmoins un honneur, dont, morts ou vivants, on ne pouvait honnêtement les priver, comme nation. Lorsqu'on arrive en Canada, la différence que l'on rencontre dans les noms des rivières est frappante. A très peu d'excep tions, dont le nombre ne passe pas cinq ou six, il n'y a pas un cours d'eau, depuis Gaspé jusqu'au lac Ontario, qui ne porte le nom d'un Saint ou d'une Sainte. Et lorsqu'on arrive à la ligne des découvertes anglaises, on trouve des noms d'une espèce dif férente, à la vérité, mais également fantastiques, tels qu'^/éawy, Nelson^ Churchîl, the Sextrn, et le nom admirable de New r/foffif*, déjà mentionné. Peut-être pourrait-on laisser passer sans censure le nom de Rivière McKenzie, donné à VVnjignh, puisque c'est récompen ser d'une manière juste et raisonnuble ceux qui découvrent ou inventent quelque chose, que de donner leurs noms à ieurs dé couvertes et à leurs inventions. Pourtant, quant aux décou vertes géographiques,il nous paraîtrait plus convenable de récom penser ceux qui les font, en donnant leurs noms à des villes fcâlies dans des endroits auparavant peu remarquables. On évi lis Des Noms propret de lieux en Canada. '¥ terait par là la nécessité de changer des noms qu'un usage immé morial a appropriés aux objets naturels les plus remarquables et les plus permanents. liCs Romains récompensaient leurs guerriers illustres en leur donnant des surnoms dérivés des noms des villes qu'ils avaient prises, ou des pays qu'ils avaient conquis ; et récemment, l'An gleterre et la France ont imité cet usage, en donnant à leurs généraux ou amiraux victorieux, des titres pris des scènes de !urs brillants exploits. Pourquoi les découvertes géographi 2ues ne seraient-elles pas récompensées de la même manière } !ooK, par exemple, aurait pu être créé Comte d'Obèby fO whiheejf Park, Vicomte du Niger ; McKenzie, Baron de l'Un jigah ; et les autres auteurs de découvertes, d'une manière sem bwble. Laissant là les noms de rivières, nous devons admirer l'heu reux concours de circonstances qui a jusqu'ici laissé intacts les noms de nos spacieux lacs. Quelles qu'aient été les causes de ce singulier bonheur, on ne saurait ^uère espérer qu'elles opé reront toujours. L'orgueil ou la vanité privera très problable ment la postérité de ces noms qui ont été jusqu'ici regardés comme sacrés. Quant aux noms ae villes et de districts, il suf fira de remarquer qu'on en pourrait à peine trouver une demi douzaine de vraiment originaux dans tout le Canada. On entend tous les jours parler de nouveaux townships ou de villages nais sants, nommés d'après quelque village ou quelque lord anglais. Est-ce qu'aucun de nos colons ne pensera jamais à perpétuer les noms des Algonquins, des Hurons, des Iroquois et des Eski maux ? Ne restera-t-il rien pour rappellcr à la postérité l'exis tence des premiers habitans du pays, lorsqu'ils ne seront plus ? A la manière dont vont les choses, les historiens futurs seront certainement induits à supposer que les colons français et an glais ont été les premiers êtres humains qui aient traversé les rorêts du Canada.
| 4,472 |
https://github.com/esminc/rubyagile/blob/master/config/environment.rb
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,013 |
rubyagile
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esminc
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Ruby
|
Code
| 14 | 38 |
# Load the rails application
require File.expand_path('../application', __FILE__)
# Initialize the rails application
RubyAgile::Application.initialize!
| 7,531 |
https://github.com/mympy-dreamers/Backend/blob/master/api/auth/auth0-router.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
Backend
|
mympy-dreamers
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 131 | 427 |
const router = require("express").Router();
const db = require("../users/users-model.js");
module.exports = router;
router.post('/register', register);
router.post('/login', login);
function login(req, res) {
const { auth_id } = req.body
db.getAuthId(auth_id)
.then(user => {
db.get(user.id).then((user) => {
res.status(200).json(user);
}).catch(err => {
res.status(500).json({
err: err.message,
error: 'Could not find user by id'
});
})
}).catch(err => {
res.status(500).json({
err: err.message,
error: 'Could not find user by auth_id'
});
})
}
function register(req, res) {
let user = req.body
if (user.username && user.email && user.auth_id) {
db.add(user)
.then(user => {
db.get(user[0].id).then((user) => {
res.status(200).json(user);
}).catch(err => {
res.status(500).json({
err: err.message,
error: 'Could not find user'
});
})
})
.catch(err => {
res.status(500).json({
err: err.message,
error: 'Could not create the new user'
});
});
} else {
res.status(500).json({ msg: 'Missing required fields for creating a user' });
}
}
| 18,307 |
US-30807008-F_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,008 |
None
|
None
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English
|
Spoken
| 99 | 141 |
Automotive lamp
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an automobile lamp showing my new design, with the broken line showing for illustrative purposes only and forming no part of the claimed design;
FIG. 2 is a front elevational view thereof;
FIG. 3 is a left side elevational view thereof;
FIG. 4 is a right side elevational view thereof;
FIG. 5 is a bottom plan view thereof; and,
FIG. 6 is a top plan view thereof.
(The sixth side is not visible in its normal and intended use.)
The ornamental design for an automobile lamp, as shown and described..
| 42,738 |
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Equalizer%20%28movie%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
The Equalizer (movie)
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The Equalizer (movie)&action=history
|
Simple English
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Spoken
| 117 | 169 |
The Equalizer is a 2014 American action crime thriller movie. It is set in Boston, Massachusetts. It stars Denzel Washington and Melissa Leo. It is based on the TV series of the same name. This movie is about retired intelligence officer Robert McCall (Washington). He becomes a vigilante on behalf of helpless people, though he gets heat from the Russian Mafia. The movie was released worldwide on September 26, 2014. It was followed up
Other websites
2014 action movies
2010s action thriller movies
2014 crime thriller movies
American action thriller movies
2010s American crime thriller movies
2010s English-language movies
Film noir
Movies based on TV series
Movies set in Boston
Vigilante movies
Movies directed by Antoine Fuqua
| 10,594 |
reportscasesarg79chamgoog_38
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,862 |
Reports of cases argued and determined in the Court of Queen's Bench : and the Court of Exchequer Chamber on appeal from the Court of Queen's Bench [1861-1869] ...
|
Great Britain. Court of Queen's Bench
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,586 | 10,174 |
Anderson v. Chapman, 5 M. & W. 483, has been virtually overruled by Traherne v. Gardner, 8 E. & B. 161 (E. C. L. B. vol. 92), and is inconsistent with Reynolds v. Harris, 8 C. B. N. S. 267 (E. C. L. R. vol. 91), and Freshney v. Wells, 26 L. J. Exch. 228. [He cited Goram V. Sweeting, 2 Saund. 205, and Gray on Costs, pp. 61, 64.] [Wight- man, J. — In Day's Common Law Procedure Acts, p. 68, it is said that not possessed is divisible in trover, but not in an action for mesne Srofits, for which he cites Wilkinson v. Kirby, 15 C. B. 430 (E. C. L. ;. vol. 80).] CocKBUBN, C. J. — This rule must be made absolute. I quite agree that where the question between the parties involves simply the amount of damages, and the defendant calls witnesses to cut them Digitized by Google 818 PATERSON v. HARRIS. T. T. 1862. down, the issues raised in reference to the different items that maj come under consideration are not taken distributively ; but where we can see that the issues raised are distinct, the ends of justice require, and our rules do not prevent, their being so taken. ♦8191 *Here is an action on a policy of insurance, in which the ^ underwriter undertakes to indemnify the assured for all loss, total or partial, from the perils of the seas; and, according to the established rule, although the declaration is general, it is open to the assured to proceed in respect of either total or partial loss. The de- claration being general, the plea has assumed the same shape, and denies the loss in general teroLs, making no distinction between total and partial loss. It seems to me that, under these circumstances, the subject-matter of the liability is distinct Even where a partial loss arises before the expiration of the voyage, there is nothing to prevent the assured from maintaining his action for it, although, no doubt, if afterwards there were a total loss, the partial loss would be included in it, and could not be recovered for separately. But here are two distinct grounds of claim, on one contract of indemnity ; and, that be- ing so, the plaintiflf clearly may recover in respect of the partial loss of part of the cable arising out of one set of circumstances, and for the rest arising out of a different one. It is not alleged that there was anything in common between the two losses, except that both occur- red on the ocean, one from a storm, and the other from the chemical action of the sea on the cable after immersion. The question between the parties was whether the loss of that part on which the jury found for the defendant was from the action of the sea, or from inherent defects of the cable. These are two essentially distinct causes of action and grounds of liability ; and therefore we ought, if we can, to construe a plea which is an answer to the one part though not to the other, so that the defendant may have his costs of that part on which he suc- ceeded. *8201 *^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ Anderson v. Chapman, 5 M. & W. 48S, ^ a contrary doctrine seems to have been maintained; but the decision of the Uourt there, on the special circumstances of that case, has been considerably shaken by Traherne v, Gardner, 8 £. & B. 161 (E. C. L. B. vol. 92), which is much more like the present. WiGHTMAN, J. — I am of the same opinion. I was at first a good deal impressed with the argument founded on the extent to which it was saia our decision in favour of the defendant might be carried. It was suggested that this was an action to recover unliquidated damages, and that, if we were to decide in favour of the defendant, then, in every case where an action is brought to recover damages, the defendant might claim to be allowed the costs of witnesses produced by him for the mere purpose of cutting them down. But in the present case the record shows that the plaintiff's claim is for a specific sum in respect of a total loss of the cable. No doubt there is a difference between the recovery for a total and for a partial loss ; and, although the plain- tiff in the declaration went for a total loss, still here are two matters that may be distributed. The case is distinguishable from Anderson V. Chapman, 5 M. & W. 483, which was for unliquidated damages. If this were such a case I confess I should have entertained much doubt. Digitized by Google 2 BEST & SMITH. Q. B. 820 Crompton, J. — The effect of the late cases, especially Traherne v. Gardner, 8 E. & B. 161 (E. C. L. E. vol. 92), is that where an issue limits of being divided, and there are two really distinct questions before the jury, the postea ought to be made to correspond with r^oo^ the truth by dividing those issues. In old *times, before the ^ New Rules, questions like the present were of no consequence. Where, for instance, to an action of indebitatus assumpsit, a plea of never indebted was pleaded, and the plaintiff, seeking to recover 257.,- recovered only 20/., he had all the costs, because the record was right; and for a long time I was of opinion with Lord Abinger in Anderson 1^. Chapman, 6 M. & W.483, that the question in such cases was whe- ther anything was due, and in the event of something being found to be due the plaintiff would succeed on the whole issue. But the later cases proceed on a different principle, and I think a right one: for, since the New Rules have made particular pleadings necessary, if the plaintiff claims a large sum, and recovers only part of it, and where the matter will admit of division, I do not see why it should not be divided. Here is an action for a total loss in the ordinary form. Very early in the history of insurance law it was laiji down that if the Elaintiff declared for a total loss, he might recover for a partial )88; and this because the declaration must be understood to say that the ship had been totally lost, and also that it had been par- tially lost ; and the case was the same as if there had been two counts^ when the issue taken on the whole went to every part. Accord- ing to Goram v. Sweeting, 2 Saund. 205, on a declaration for a total loss of ship, tackle, &;c., the defendant, in order to traverse the loss successfully, must traverse the loss of every part, which shows that the issue is divisible in its nature. I agree with my brother Wightman that if this were a case of unliquidated damages it r»ooo would be otherwise; but the present issue is*clearly divisible, ^ and two distinct questions are raised, not only on the form of the pleadings, but on the actual matter. One was a claim in respect of a total loss of the cable, another in respect of the loss of a portion of the cable on quite a different occasion. In Traherne v. Gardner, 8 £. & B. 161 (E. C. L. R. vol. Mr. Gray puts it very well thus : " If substantially there were but one breach, the issue would not be distributable ; but if the general breach included two or more particular breaches, to each of which a distinct item applied, and the defendant had a distinct case and evidence as to one o( those particular breaches, there seems to be no reason why the issue should not be distributable." If the matter is one in respect of which you claim unliquidated damages, it cannot be divided. To illustrate this, suppose a plaintiff were to sue for damages for the non- repair of a. dwelling-house to which a hothouse is attached, it would Digitized tjy Google 822 PATERSON v. HARRIS. T. T. 1862. be absurd to say that he was suing for damages for not repairing each separately. But suppose a storofi were to injure some windows in ♦8281 ^^^^^^ house, that *would raise a distinct question. Here, not ■' only is the issue divisible, but there were two entirely distinct questions before the jury. Blackburn, J. — There can be no doubt that here, where the plain- tiff recovered for one part of the case only, and was defeated on a dis- tinct part (and that the most important), justice (supposing this an isolated case) requires that the defendant should have his costs of the part on which he has succeeded. But the question is to be decided, not on the justice of the particular case, but on the general rules kjS law. When this matter was before me (acting as deputy for my Lord Chief Justice before whom the case was tried), I came to the conclusion that Anderson v. Chapman, 5 M. & W. 483, was precisely in point, and that I ought to follow it. I still entertain the opinion that the principle on which that case went is identical with that involved in the present, but I have changed my opinion as to the propriety of following that case now ; for the principle on which the Court of Ex- chequer there intended to act was a right principle, but it was mis- applied by them, and would be misapplied if followed here. I will not give at any length my reasons for thinking the principle in that case a sound one, as they are all stated by Mr. Gray in pp. 61-64 of his Treatise on Costs. I agree with my brother Wightman that where a defendant succeeds in reducing the damages for one indi- vidual cause of action the issue ought not to be divided ; but in a case like Anderson v. Chapman, 5 M. & W. 483, where the plaintiff ♦8241 ^^^ *^^ *negligenoe and proved it only partially, or in a case -' like the present where there is a count on a policy of insurance, and one loss is shown to have been caused by perils of the seas and one not, those are distinct matters for which separate actions might have been brought and separate pleas pleaded. It is argued however that, as this is only one cause of action, the plaintiif could not have brought an action for partial loss before the voyage had come to an end. There is no authority for that, and the practice, I think, is to adjust and pa^for partial loss during a voyage; and I do not see any reason why it should not be so. Stewart v. Steele, 6 Scott N. B. 927, which has been relied on, is really no au- thority at all. There the jury erroneously included in the amount of damages the costs that would have been incurred if the ship had been repaired, but which never were actually incurred, seeing that she was broken up. It was with respect to that that Maule, J., was speaking in the passage cited ; and he refers to Livie v. Janson, 12 East 648 which fully establishes iiis proposition. Bule absolute. Digitized by Google 2 BEST & SMITH. Q. B. 826 ♦THE QUEEN, on the prosecution of the Burial Board of r^oor AMERSH AM, v. The Overaeere of COLESHILL. Jum 17. »- ^^^ Burial Acts.— 15 ^ 16 Txct. e. 85, 18 d: 19 Viet e, 128.— PamA« united/or ecden- (utical purposes. 1, Where two puiBhea or pUoea eaeh mftintainiog iU own poor, are united toffether for ecclesUfltical parposes, » Barutl Bo«rd for the whole distriot, appointed by the rote of the ▼tostry, or meeting in the nature of a restry, is properly constituted, by virtue of staL 18 A 19 Viet e. 138, read in connection with itat 15 A 16 Viet c. 85 : although this would have been otherwise under the 15 A 16 Viot c 85. 2. In such a ease, in the contract for providing for the expenses of the burial ground, the Burial Board ought to iiz the sum payable once for all ; — not to fix one definite proportion for the amount to which each of the two parishes or places is to be chargeable in ftitore : although this also would hare been otherwise under the former Act, 8. In such a ease, where money is borrowed by the Burial Board towards the expenses of providing the burial ground, the deed should charge the sum borrowed upon the fliture ratee of the one part of the parish, and also upon the future rates of the other part (a) Mandamus to the overseers of the poor of the hamlet of Coleshill in the parish of Amersham in the county of Hertford. The writ : after reciting that the hamlet of Coleshill was part of the parish of Amersham in the counties of Bucks and Herts, and before and at the time of the passing of the 18 & 19 Yict. c. 128, and 20 & 21 Yict. c. 81, was a place separately maintaining its own poor, and united for ecclesiastical purposes with the residue of the said parish, that is to say, with a place called Amersham, in the county of Bucks, also a place separately maintaining its own poor, and that those two places had a church and also a burial ground for their joint use, and that the inhabitants of those places had been accustomed to meet in one vestry for purposes common to such several places, and that the * vestry or meeting in the nature of a vestry of those two places r^oo/* did, on the 31st October, 1857, pursuant to the said Acts and '- other the Burial Acts in force in England, by and with the approval of one of the principal Secretaries of State, appoint a Burial Board for the two places, that is to say, for the parish of Amersham, in the counties of Bucks and Herts, and thence from time to time did supply vacancies therein, and exercise the same powers of authorization, approval and sanction in relation to such Burial Board, and such other powers as under those Acts are vested in the vestry of a parish or place separately maintaining its own poor, and such Burial Board then became the Burial Board under the Burial Acts for the parish of Amersham ; and that the Burial iBoard, with the sanction of the vestry or meeting in the nature of a vestry of the parish of Amer- sham, and the approval of the Commissioners of the Treasury, did borrow the money required for providing, laying out and enclosing two several burial grounds theretofore, with the approval of one of the principal Secretaries of State, provided for the parish of Amer- sham under the Burial Acts to be used, the one as a consecrated and the other as an unconsecrated burial ground, that is to say, the sum of 16002., and charge the future poor rates of the parish of Amersham (a) This Is the case referred to bj Crompton, J., during the argument in Reg. v. Digitized by Google 826 REGINA p. COLESHILL. T. T. 1862. witli the payment of such money and interest thereon; and that the Burial Board did require the dum of 152Z. for defraying expenses incurred by them in carrying the said Acts into execution, that is to say, for paying the agreed interest on the principal money the sum of 721., and the further sum of 80?., being a sum equal to or exceeding one-fiftieth part of the principal money so borrowed, which the Burial ♦8271 ^^^^ ^'^ ^^^^ think proper *to be then being once for the then J current year by them set aside out of the moneys charged as aforesaid, for the purpose of providing a sinking fund for paying off the principal money, and that the sum required by the Burial Board in respect of the portion of such expenses to be borne by the hamlet of Coleshill, such sum having been first ascertained by apportioning such expenses among the two places, in proportion to toe value of the property in such several places as rated to the relief of the poor, was the sum of 24Z. Ids, Id. ; and that the Burial Board for the pur- pose of obtaining payment according to law of that sum of 24Z. 155. Id. by a certain certificate or order under the hands of such number of the Burial Board as were authorized to exercise the powers of the Board, bearing date the 18th of October, 1859, and addressed to the defendants, did direct them to pay the sum of 24Z. 15^. Id. out of the rates for the relief of the poor of the hamlet of CJoleshill ; which order or certificate was afterwards served, and that afterwards, on divers days and times, and particularly on the 30th November, 1859, they were required on the part and behalf of the Burial Board to obey the certificate or order ; yet that they not regarding their duty as such overseers in that behalf did absolutely neglect and refuse to obey the said certificate or order, to the great damage and grievance of the parish of Amersham, and in contempt of the said certificate or order: commanded the defendants to obey the said certificate or order of the Burial Board for the parish of Amersham, and pay out of the rates for the relief of the poor of the said hamlet, as directed by the said certificate or order, the said sum of 241 15^. Id., and if necessary levy the same *by rate on the said hamlet, and do all things neces- *828] sary in that behalf, &c. The return stated, that the hamlet of Coleshill was not part of the parish of Amersham in the writ mentioned as therein suggested, but, on the contrary thereof, the hamlet of Coleshill was a parish wholly separate and distinct from the parish of Amersham, having separate overseers of the poor, and separately maintaining its own poor, and also having its own vestry wholly separate and distinct from the vestry of the parish of Amersham ; that the tWo places, to wit the parish of Amer- sham and the parish or hamlet of Coleshill, had not a church or burial ground for their joint use, nor had the inhabitants of the said several parishes or places ever been accustomed to meet in one vestry, as in the writ suggested ; that no vestry or meeting in the nature of a vestry of the several parishes or places ever did appoint such Burial Board as in the writ suggested, but that, on the contrary thereof, the vestry or meeting in the nature of a vestry, at which the supposed Burial Board was appointed as in the writ mentioned, was a meeting of the vestry of the parish of Amersham only, and the Burial Board so ap- pointed at the said meeting, as in the writ mentioned, was appointed Digitized by Google 2 BEST & SMITH. Q. B. 82ft bj tbe vestry of the parish of Amersham only, without the sanction, ooDsent or concurrenoe of the vestry, or any meeting in the nature of a vestry, of tbe parish or bamlet of Coleshill ; and that no vestry or meeting in the nature of a vestry of the parish or bamlet of Coleshill ever sanctioned, consented to or concurred in the said appointment; that althougb the Burial Board did as in the writ suggested, charge the future poor rates of the parish of Amersham with tbe payment of the money and interest *in the writ mentioned, the Burial Board r«Qog never did in fact charge the future poor rates of the bamlet of ^ Coleshill with tbe payment of the said money and interest, &c. Issue having been taken on the return, the cause went to trial; when a verdict was taken for the prosecutors, subject to tbe following special case, which was stated by an arbitrator, in pursuance of an order of nisi prius. Amersham, otherwise Agmondesbam (wbicb is for the purposes of this case, and for those purposes only, called Amersham proper), is in the county of Buckingham, and adjoins Coleshill, which is in tbe county of Hertford. One church, which is in Amersham proper, is used for marriages, baptisms, and public worship by tbe inhabitants of both places; and some inhabitants of Coleshill have specific pews allotted to them in it. The rector of Amersham reoetves as such rector tbe tithes of Coleshill ; and tbe presentations to such rectory describe it as " the rectory of Agmondesbam, in tbe county of Bucks." There are three dissenters' chapels in Amersham proper, but no place of public worship in Coleshill. Adjoining the church is a church- yard, in wbicb tbe bodies of persons dying in either of the places at all times before the 1st January, 1860, were buried as of right; and the churchyard during all that time, up to tbe time of its being closed, was a burial ground for tbe joint use of the two places. There were also burial places in connection with two of the chapels. The registrations of baptisms, marriages and burials, have alwavs heretofore been made in register bo<^ common to both places. The rq^ister book of burials between tbe years 1678 and 1726 is headed, '*The names of all, such persons as were buried in the parish church of Agmondesbam, in tbe county of Bucks." For tbe ^period r»oQQ between 1726 and 1812 tbe baptisms, marriages and burials in ^ the parish are registered in one book, to which there is not any bead- ing; and for tbe period between 1813 and the 30th May, 1868, there are registered in separate books, each of which is headed respectively "Burials," "Baptisms" and "Marriages" '* in th^ parish of Amersham, in the county of Bucks, in tbe year ." .phurcb rates bavd been made for tbe repairs of tbe church, and tho^eburch is, from 1668 to 1815, styled in these **the parish church of Jkmersbam, in tbe county of Buckingham ;" and, from 1815 to 1852, "tbe parish church of Amersham, in the counties of Buckingham and Hertford." These rates have always been made on and paid by the inhabitants of each x>f the places. There is no church rate extant earlier than 1658, and since 1852 none has been made. One of such church rates made in 1686 is signed by thirteen ratepayers, one of whom was rated in Coleshill and not in Amersham proper. These rates were made at vestry meetings held in tbe vestry of the church. Notices relating to B. A 8., VOL. n.— 80 Digitized by Google 830 REGINA v. COLKSHILL. T. T. 1862. the meetings were posted on the church and on the chapels before named, but not in any other place. Besident ratepayers of Colesbill attended these meetings, some of whom were and some were not also rated in Amersham proper. In one instance the churchwarden who made the rate was a ratepayer in Coleshill as well as in Amersham proper, but no one actually residing in Coleshill has been church- warden. Amersham proper contains about 3000, and Coleshill about 6000 inhabitants. And the rateable value of property as rated to the relief of the poor " In Amersham proper £8965 14 8 In Coleshill . 1758 6 9 *8^11 ^Acb ^^ ^^^ places has, since 1658, separately ^maintained J its own poor. At the present time each appoints its own over- seers, surveyors of highways, assessors of taxes and constables, and makes out its own jury list and list of voters. Amersham proper separately returns two, and Coleshill one, member to the board of guardians. There are in existence eight certificates, ranging from 1704 to 1755, signed by the overseers of Coleshill, acknowledging paupers who re- sided in Amersham to be settled in Coleshill, and in these Coleshill is described as being in the parish of Amersham; and there is one of the dates, 1789, signed by the overseers of Amersham, in which Coleshill is called "the hamlet of Coleshill in the county of Hertford." As to the period preceding 1658, there is a document produced froin a chest called *'the rectory chest," which chest is kept in the custody of the rector, which document is endorsed " the accounts of the receipts and distribution of the money collected for the poor of Agraondesham in the year 1613," and names one set only of churchwardens and over- seers. This has a heading " Coleshill," under which are entered the contributors in Coleshill; and also a heading " Weedon Hill and Chesham Boyes," under which are entered six contributors. Wee^lon Hill is in Amersham proper, but Chesham Boyes is and alwuys was a separate parish, with its own church '; but it is bounded on the south and west by Weedon Hill and another of the divisions of Amersham proper. The defendants submit that this document, by reason of its custody, is not evidence against them. There are orders of removal, ranging from 1766 to 1828. from each of these places to the other; and in these Coleshill is described as the *M9,^ hamlet of Coleshill, in *the county of Hertford. In one order -' of maintenance in bastardy, signed by the Rev. J. T. Drake, the late rector of Amersham, Coleshill is called the parish of Colesbill, but in this order "Coleshill" has been inserted in a printed form, in <which the word "parish" is printed. Meetings for the transaction of the above named separate business fhave been held separately in each of the places: the meetings for Amersham proper in the vestry, and after notice posted as above stated for vestry meetings at which church rates were made: the meetings for Coleshill in an inn in Coleshill. These meetings have been called by the overseers of Coleshill ; and notices relating thereto .have been posted on the door of the inn, and also on the church and Digitized by Google 2 BEST k SMITH. Q. B. 832 chapels. Ratepayers of Coleshill resident in Amersbam attended and Toted at these nieetings for Coleshill. In the following instances business which related exclusively to Amersbam proper was transacted at vestry meetings, at which busi- Dess relating to both places was also transacted, that is to say — 1839. April 4th. .. JLst Churchwardens ehosen. 2d. A poor rate made. 3d. Church rate proposed and the question adJQoroed. 1839. April 19th. 1st. Churchwardens' accounts passed. 2d. Church rates made. 8d. Highway rate made. 4th. 10/. voted for making out the poor and police rates. 6th. List of persons excused from poor rates revised and re- newed. *6th. Ordered that the churchwardens get the churcb pooo and market clocks repaired. ^ 1841. Dec. 4th, 1st. Church rate made. 2d. An overseer chosen. 1843. May 13tb. 1st. Accounts of churchwardens allowed. 2d. Church rate made. 3d. Highway rate made. At this last meeting a resident ratepayer of Coleshill, not rated in Amersbam proper, was present and signed the allowance of church- wardens' accounts, but the vestry minute book is signed by the chair- man only. This same resident ratepayer of Coleshill also signed the allowance of churchwardens' accounts, made at a meeting neld the 10th of May, 1845, at which business relating to the church only was transacted. 1845. July 16th. Ist. Church rate made. 2d. An overseer chosen. 1846. 5th December. 1st. Poor rate made. 2d. Resolution that where the rateable value under 51. be rated to pooP) church and highways, but that the collector apply for payment to the owners. The precepts of the high constable requiring the payment of the general county rate for Coleshill are headed '* county of Hertford," and in some of these Coleshill is called " the parish of Coleshill." Among the records deposited in the Public Record OflSce, London, to wit. Land Tax Book, 1693, it is thus contained : *'* Extracts." r*gg^ ''An account of the duplicates brought into their Majesties *- Remembrancer's office, for the first ayd of 45. in the ppund, how much every duplicate amounts unto, and the name of every division, hun- dred and place in every county within England and Wales, Being for the yeare Digitized by Google 834 BEOINA «. COLESHILL. T. T. 1862. 1698 Ailbuc, Com Backs. Hnndredfl, Ao. Townee or Parifhea. The YoMO RoaL TheTaar* Penonml. The Hundred of Burnham. Ches ham Division. Amersbam, ) Towne and > Woodrow J 284,10,00 28,01,06 Burnham Divis ion. Beoonsficld. 832,08,00 / Ad huo Com Her tford. Dacorum Hundred ColtshiU 186,04,00 By an order of the Queen in council, dated 21st July, 1865, it was ordered that burials should be discontinued from and after the let August, 1855, in certain burial grounds and places for burial in the said parish of Amersham, that is to say : in the portion of the parish ^8851 c^^^^hy^^^ lying on the south of the ^church as far as the foot- -' path on the east side; also in the old part of the old meeting- bouse burial ground adjoining the day school, also in the upper meet* ing-house ana in the burial ground attached to the same ; aad from and after the 1st January, 1860, wholly in the parish churchyard, in the vault beneath the chapel attached to the church, and in the cata- combs in the building adjoining the church. The old meeting-house and upper meeting-house are two of the three dissenters' chapels be- fore named. By a further order of the Queen in council, dated the 18th August, 1855, it was ordered that an exemption be made from the said first- mentioned order in favour of the catacombs in the buildings adjoining the church of Amersham, of the vault beneath the chapel attached to the church, and of all the family brick-graves and vaults in the church- yard : provided that in the catacombs leaden coffins be used as here- tofore, and that the vaults and graves, when required, be opened without disturbing ground that has been already buried in; ana that in the catacombs, as well as in the vaults and graves, each coffin be imbedded in a layer of powdered charcoal not less than four inches in thickness, and be covered over with brickwork properly cemented. After the passing of the Act 20 & 21 Vict. c. 81, to amend the Burial Acts, that is to say, on or about the 26th September, 1857, the following requisition in writing, of more than ten of the ratepayers Digitized by Google 2 BEST & SMITH. Q. B. 835 (no one of whom was an actual resident in Colesbill), was delivered to the then ''charch wardens of the parish of Amersham, in the counties of Buckingham and Hertford." " We, the undersigned rated inhabitants of the parish of Amersham, in the counties of Buckingham and *Hertford, do hereby re- r^gog quest you the churchwardens of the said parish to convene a *- general vestry meeting of thfe ratepayers of the said parish for the special purpose of determining whether a burial ground shall be pro- vided (under the provisions of the several Acts of Parliament made and passed to amend the laws concerning the burial of the dead in England beyond the limits of the metropolis, and to amend the Acts concerning the burial of the dead in the metropolis, and to make further provision for the burial of the dead in England beyond the metropolis), for the said parish of Amersham. Dated the 22d Sep- tember, 1857." (Here followed several names.) In pursuance of this requisition the following notice was drawn up and signed by the churchwardens of Amersham. ''Parish of Amersham, " Bucks. ''Notice is hereby given that, in pursuance of a requisition in writing, dated the 22d September inst., signed by more than ten of the ratepayers of this parish, and directed to us the undersigned as churchwardens of the parish of Amersham, in the counties of Back> ingham and Hertford, a general vestry meeting of the ratepayers of the said parish will be holden at the vestry room of the church of the said parish, on Friday, the 9th October next, at ten o'clock in the fore- noon, for the purpose of determining whether a burial ground shall be provided for the said parish of Amersham under the provisions of the several Acts of Parliament made and passed to amend the laws concerning the burial of the dead in England beyond the limits of the metropolis, and to amend the Acts concerning the burial of the dead in the ^metropolis, and to make further provision for the burial r«oQ7 of the dead in England beyond the metropolis. '- . "Dated the 26th September, 1857. This notice was posted upon the principal doors of the parish church of Amersham, and upon the principal door of each of the three dissenting chapels in Amersham, prior to the commencement of divine service on the morning of Sunday, the 27th September, 1857, being more than seven days before the day appointed for holding such meet- ing. This notice was not posted in any other place. On the 9th October, 1857, a vestry meeting was held in pursuance of the notice of the 26th September, 1857, at which meeting several non-resident ratepayers of Ooleshill, but all of whom were resident ratepayers of Amersham proper, were present, and took part in the proceedings. And it was resolved : — First. " That a burial ground should be provided for the parish of Amersham, in the counties of Buckingham and Hertford, under the Digitized by Google 837 REGINA v, COLKSHILL. T. T. 1862. provisions of the several Acts of Parliament now in force relating to the burial of the dead beyond the metropolis." '* Secondly. That the meeting should stand adjourned to the 23d October inst., at ten o'clock in the forenoon, for the purpose of ap- pointing a Burial Board for the parish of Amersham, in the counties of Bucks and Herts, and that notice of such adjourned meeting and the purpose thereof should be given by the church wardens in the usual manner." On the 10th October, 1867, a copy of the resolutions passed at the ♦8381 ^®^^^y meeting of 9th October, ^signed by the chairman of the ■' meeting, was forwarded to Sir George Grey, Bart., one of her Majesty's principal Secretaries of State, for his approval ; and for bis approval of a Burial Board being provided for the parish of Amer- sham under 20 & 21 Vict. c. 81, s. 9 ; and requesting such approval by the 23d October, the day to which the vestry stood adjounied. On the 17th October, 1857, a letter was received from Sir G. Grey, addressed to the vestry clerk of Amersham, requesting to. know whether there was any objection to the proposed arrangement on the part of the hamlet of Coleshill. On the 19ih October, 1857, a meeting was held at Coleshill, pur- suant to the following notice, the date of which was admitted to be 10th October. '* The hamlet of Coleshill, in the county of Hertford. " We hereby convene a meeting of the vestry of this hamlet, to be held at the Fleur-de-lis, Coleshill, within the said hamlet, at four o'clock in the afternoon <rf Monday, the 19th October inst., for the purpose of determining whether a burial ground shall be provided for the said hamlet, under the provisions of the Acts of Parliament of the 16 k ,16 Vict. c. 85, the 16 & 17 Vict. c. 184. And if it be resolved by the vestry that such burial ground shall be provided, to appoint not less than three or more than nine persons, being rate- payers of the hamlet, to be the Burial Board of such hamlet. ^*Georob Grovb. / ^ver^^^ This meeting was attended in nearly equal numbers by inhabitants of Coleshill and by inhabitants of Amersnam proper, who were rate- payers of but not resident in Coleshill. At this meeting the Bev. *8391 ^^^^ Tyrwhitt Drake, ♦the rector of Amersham, claimed to ^ preside, and, although an objection was taken, he did so pre- side. At that meeting Mr. James Christmas, an inhabitant ratepayer of Coleshill, proposed " That a burial ground be provided for the hamlet of Coleshill." An objection was then taken to any ratepayer who was not resident in Coleshill taking part in proceedings for the formation of a Burial Board for Coleshill. And the proposition of Mr. Christmas was not seconded. It was then proposed by Mr. Goddard, and seconded by Mr. Arthur Butcher, " That it is inexpedient to provide a separate ground for the hamlet of Coleshill, but that a burial ground be provided for that portion of the hamlet of Coleshill, which is in the parish of Amer« sham, in the county of Herts, jointly with that portion of the parish of Amersham which is in the county of Bucks." Digitized by Google 2 BEST & SMITH. Q. B. &« For the last proposition . . • .12 Against 10 Majority in favour of • • .2 Neither the proposer nor seconder of this resolution was an inhab-^ itant of* Goleshill, but they were inhabitant ratepayers of Aoiersham proper, and also ratepayers of GoleshilL Ten of the twelve persons of whom the majority was composed were not inhabitants, although they were ratepayers, of the hamlet of Ooleshill. It was then proposed by Mr. Charsley, and seconded by Mr. James Stratford (neither of whom was an inhabitant of Coleshill), *' That the meeting be adjourned to the vestry room of the parish church of Aroersham on Friday next, the 23d inst., at ten o'clock in the fore- noon, for the purpose of appointing a Burial Board for that portion of the hamlet of Ooleshill in the parish of *Amersham, in the c^qaq county of Hertford, jointly with that portion of the parish of •■ Amersham in the county of Bucks." An amendment was proposed by Mr. Christmas, and seconded by Mr. T. Butcher, who were both inhabitants and ratepayers of Coles- bill, '^ That this meeting be adjourned to this day fortnight, Nov. 2d, at four o'clock, in the Coleshill school." For the amendment 10 Against it IS Majority against the amendment • • • 8 For tbe original motion 13 Against it 10 Majority in favour of the original motion . 3 Ten of the thirteen persons of whom the said majorities respectively consisted were not inhabitants, although they were ratepayers of the hamlet of Coleshill. Mr. James Christmas, at that meeting, on behalf of the hamlet of Coleshill, demanded a poll of the hamlet upon the proceedings. By direction of the chairman, the poll was then commenced of those present at the meeting, and he then adjourned the meeting to the "Fleur de Lis," within the hamlet, on Wednesday, the 21st October, 1867, at ten o'clock, at which time and place he directed that the polling was to be resumed, and finally concluded at two o'clock on that day. The minutes of this vestry were signed by the chairman alone, such of the ratepayers as were inhabitants refusing to sign, them, alleging that the proceedings were *illegal. The vestry minute book r^o^i of Coleshill has usually been signed by the persons present at '- each vestry. The following notice was then drawn up and signed by Mr. Christmas : — '*To the overseers of the hamlet of Coleshill, in the county of Hert- Digitized by Google 841 REGINA v. COLESHILL. T. T. 1862. fort, and The Rev. John Tyrwhitt Drake, the chairman of the vestry meeting held in and for the said hamlet on the 19th October, 1857. ''I hereby give you notice that I abandon the demand of a poll made by me at the said vestry meeting holden in and for the said hamlet of Coleshill on the 19th October instant, and that I do so on the following grounds: ^* First. That the resolution proposed and seconded at the said ves- try, and upon which I demanded a poll, was not a resolution that could be legally put and carried at such vestry under the notice in pursuance of which such vestry was holden. ''Second. That the owners of property within the said hamlet, not being the occupiers thereof, who voted at such vestry upon the said resolution, were not duly or legally qualified to do so, inasmuch as the provisions of the Act of Parliament of the 13 & 14 Vict, a 99, whereby the vestry of any parish may, from time to time, declare that the owners of certain tenements within the parish shall be as- sessed to the rates for the relief of the poor in respect of such tene- ments instead of the occupiers thereof, bad not, previously to such owners being rated to the relief of the poor of the said hamlet^ been complied with. "Third. That, inasmuch as the said vestry meeting stands ad- journed generally until Friday next, the 23d October instant, it is not *8421 ^*^f"l ^'^^ ^ P^'^ '^f ^^ hamlet *to be taken upon any resolu- J tion or subject proposed at such, vestry until the proceedings of such vestry shall be finally closed. " Fourth. That the poll having been commenced on Monday, the 19th October instant, and the further taking thereof adjourned until Wednesday, the 21st October instant, is illegal and bad for want of continuance in such polling." This notice was served, on the 20th October, 1857, upon the Bev. John Tyrwhitt Drake, who acted as chairman of the said meeting, and also on Mr. George Grove, the surviving overseer of Coleshill, Mr. Christopher Grove, the other overseer, having died, and no further proceedings were taken as to such poll. On the 19th of October, 1857, a letter, of which the following is a copy, was forwarded to Sir George Grey. " Amersham, Oct. 19th, 1857. *' Burial Acts. " Sir *' Amersham and Coleshill. *' In reply to your letter of the 16th instant, I have the honour to inform you that a meeting in vestry of the rateoayers of the ham- let of Coleshill, in the parish of Amersham, was held this day, pursuant to notice given, in accordance with the provisions of the Acts 15& 16 Vict. c. 85, 16 & 17 Vict. c. 134, and 18 & 19 Vict. c. 128, at which meeting resolutions were passed, a copy of which, extracted from the minutes and signed by the chairman, I herewith forward, together with a copy of the notice calling the meeting. As the vestry meeting for the parish stands adjourned to the 23d instant for the election of a Burial Board, I am directed now to request your approval, as one of ♦8431 ^®^ Majesty's ♦Principal Secretaries of State, to the appoint- ^ mentof a Burial Board for the whole parish of Amersham, in Digitized by LjOOQIC 2 BEST k SMITH. Q. 6. 848 eluding CSoleshill, in pursuance of the resolutions passed at the two vestries, and to request the favour of that approval by the 23d instant. * I have the honour to remain, &c. , " Fbbdk. Charsley, " Vestry Clerk." The order of the Poor Law Commissioners ordering the appoint- ment of the said vestry clerk is addressed to "The Churchwardens and Overseers of the Poor of the Parish of Amersham, in the County of Buckingham." The vestry clerk has not acted in any matter relating exclusively «o Cole^ill; and his salary is paid exclusively from the rates of Amersham proper. In the letter was enclosed a copy of the resolutions therein men- tioned. On the 24th October, 1857, the vestry clerk of Amersham received a letter from the Secretary of State, of which the following is a copy : " Sir, " Whitehall, 28d Oct., 1857. '* I am directed by Secretary Sir Geo. Grey, to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 9th inst., enclosing a copy of the resolu- tions passed at a meeting of a vestry of the ratepayers of the hamlet of Coleshill on that day, in reference to providing a burial ground and appointing a Burial Board for the said hamlet, in conjunction with the parish of Amersham. And I hereby signify to you Sir Geo. Grey's approval, as required by the 9th section of the 20 k 21 Vict. c. 81, of the appointment of a Burial Board for that portion of the hamlet of Coleshill, in the parish of Amersham, in the county of ♦Hertford, jointly with that portion of the parish of Amer- r^oAA sham, in the county of Bucks. '' I am, Sir, ^ " Your obedt. Servt., '*H. Waddingtox." In pursuance of the resolution made at the vestry or public meeting held on the 9th October, 1857, an adjourned meeting was held on the 23d October, of the holding of which the following notice was given. " Parish of Amersham, in the counties of Bucks and Herts.
| 19,968 |
https://github.com/voidpixel/blog.voidpixel.net/blob/master/src/store/posts/actions.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
blog.voidpixel.net
|
voidpixel
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 33 | 109 |
import {Post, PostsActionTypes} from "./types";
export interface IFetchPosts {
type: typeof PostsActionTypes.FETCH_POSTS
}
export interface IFetchPostsSuccess {
type: typeof PostsActionTypes.FETCH_POSTS_SUCCESS
postList: Post[];
}
export interface IFetchPostsError {
type: typeof PostsActionTypes.FETCH_POSTS_ERROR
status: number;
}
| 51,046 |
https://github.com/SOF3/redox/blob/master/pocketmine/src/Redox/PocketMine/RedoxProtocol.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,018 |
redox
|
SOF3
|
PHP
|
Code
| 137 | 278 |
<?php
/*
* redox/pocketmine
*
* Copyright (C) 2018 SOFe
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Redox\PocketMine;
class RedoxProtocol{
public const VERSION = 0x0001;
public const ID_PING = 0x0001;
public const ID_PONG = 0x0002;
public const ID_CLIENT_HANDSHAKE = 0x0003;
public const ID_SERVER_HANDSHAKE = 0x0004;
public const ID_SERVER_DISCONNECT = 0x0005;
}
| 13,652 |
https://github.com/cmungall/PyShEx/blob/master/tests/test_issues/data/wikidata/reactome/Q45316901.ttl
|
Github Open Source
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Open Source
|
CC0-1.0
| 2,021 |
PyShEx
|
cmungall
|
Turtle
|
Code
| 366 | 4,575 |
@prefix p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/> .
@prefix pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> .
@prefix wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/> .
@prefix wdref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/> .
@prefix wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/> .
@prefix wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
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| 46,994 |
US-201213467568-A_1
|
USPTO
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Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,012 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,367 | 9,235 |
Automated pizza preparation and vending system
ABSTRACT
Automated apparatus for preparing pizza, and method of operating same. A customer selects a type of pizza, such as toppings or crust style. The apparatus slices and defrosts dough, applies cheese, slices and applies toppings, and cooks the pizza to order. The cooked pizza is packaged for delivery to the customer and may include a separate cutting apparatus. Proper temperature of hot and cold sections is maintained while ingredients are stored and as the pizza is cooked. The process is monitored and controlled by one or more processors.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/353,123, filed Jan. 18, 2012, entitled “Improved Automated Pizza Preparation Apparatus,” which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/433,928, filed Jan. 18, 2011, entitled “Improved Automated Pizza Preparation and Vending System.” The entire disclosures of these applications are incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to the field of food preparation devices and vending systems. More specifically, preferred embodiments of the present invention relate to an automated system for preparing and vending individual pizzas for consumption.
2. Discussion of the Prior Art
Pizza is a very popular food in many countries throughout the world. Although pizza is a relatively simple food, having generally just three ingredients in its most basic form—dough, tomato sauce and cheese, there are many variations in the taste and quality of the finished, cooked pizza. There are also a number of ways of preparing and cooking pizza. The most common and typical method of preparation and cooking is what is referred to as “fresh” pizza. This method generally involves the flattening of the dough, placement of the sauce and cheese on the dough, and subsequent cooking in an oven. Once removed from the oven, the “fresh” pizza is consumed while it is still hot or warm.
The popularity of pizza has led to many different methods of preparation and cooking in order to provide pizza to consumers in many different forms, such that it is available for consumption in virtually any place. The typical method of preparation and cooking, as outlined above, is generally performed in a pizza parlor, restaurant or an individual's home, where the ingredients, as well as an oven, are available. The pizza is then consumed at the pizza parlor, restaurant or home, whichever is more convenient. However, this typical method of preparation and cooking requires one to have the necessary ingredients available, and to also have an oven available for use. These requirements restrict the availability of “fresh” pizza.
Several approaches have been developed to address these requirements of pizza preparation, i.e., the requirement for the necessary ingredients, and the requirement for the oven. One such approach involves the use of frozen pizzas. This approach eliminates the requirement for having the necessary ingredients on hand. Instead, the prepared, frozen pizza, which can be purchased at a store ahead of time and stored in one's freezer, can then be cooked in one's oven at any convenient and desirable time. However, the use of frozen pizzas still requires one to have access to an oven. Also, the resulting pizza is sometimes not of the same quality as “fresh” pizza, i.e., where the ingredients are assembled together and then cooked right away.
Another approach that has been developed in order to make pizza more readily available in more places is the use of vending systems or vending machines. These machines typically use pre-stored, frozen pizza which are then cooked in an oven within the vending machine and then dispensed to a customer. This approach eliminates the need for having the necessary ingredients and for having an oven available. However, such vending machines typically use frozen pizza as the starting point. As a consequence, the resulting pizza produced by such a machine is not really considered “fresh” pizza, nor does have the taste of “fresh” pizza.
Yet another approach to preparing pizza by way of vending machines is the use of fresh ingredients in order to better provide what is considered a “fresh” pizza. Such machines are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,921,170 and 6,086,934, both to Khatchadourian et al., the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Various embodiments of the present invention are directed to an apparatus for preparing and cooking pizza using fresh ingredients, the apparatus being in the form of a vending-type of machine. By way of a keypad, touchpad, touch screen display or other user interface provided on the machine, a user specifies the type of pizza desired. The machine then proceeds to combine the ingredients needed to create the requested pizza, cooks the pizza, as appropriate, places it in a box, and dispenses the boxed pizza to the user or customer.
Generally, the pizza preparation machine (also referred to as the pizza making apparatus or machine) is provided with fresh ingredients in various types of appropriate containers. For example, the dough may be provided in the form of sealed canisters or tubes, which are opened in an automated fashion. Slices of dough may be cut from the dough canisters for each pizza which is to be made. Sauce may be provided in the form of sealed tubes, bags, or containers, whereby a controlled amount of the sauce may be dispensed by way of a controlled dispensing system, such as a pump or similar mechanism. Finally, the cheese may be provided in a bag or other container, whereby a measured amount of cheese may be dispensed and provided on each pizza as it is prepared.
The pizza preparation machine may also include a refrigerated section for maintaining at an appropriate temperature ingredients that need to be refrigerated in order to preserve the freshness of such ingredients, as well as to ensure a proper sanitary and food handling environment.
The pizza preparation machine may also include an oven section where the pizza is cooked. Additionally, the pizza preparation machine may also include a box formation section where a box may be formed for the pizza to be placed inside the box. For example, the pizza preparation machine may be provided with a stack of box blanks, i.e., unfolded boxes, such that the box formation section retrieves an individual box blank and folds it as appropriate in order to create a three-dimensional box. The pizza that has been cooked by the oven can then be inserted inside the formed box. The formed box may then be closed, and then dispensed to the user or customer by way of an opening in the pizza preparation machine.
The pizza preparation machine may also include appropriate controlled movement mechanisms employing controlled motors or other types of actuators for moving various elements within the machine in order to create the pizza and then transfer the pizza through the various sections within the machine. For example, such controlled movement mechanisms, driven by one or more corresponding actuators, may include a controlled knife for cutting a specific piece of dough, horizontal and vertical transfer mechanisms for moving the cut dough to the various sections of the machine, as well as controlled movement mechanisms for dispensing the ingredients or toppings in a specified amount and in a specified location. Additionally, sensors may be positioned at predetermined locations within the machine to indicate the presence or absence of particular events in order to facilitate the pizza-making process. For example, sensors may be used to indicate the movement of the dough to a sufficient position to thereby indicate a predetermined thickness of dough which is to be cut by the knife. Such sensors and controlled movement mechanisms may be operated in conjunction with one or more programmed processors or other electronic controller device or devices.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above and still further objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description of a specific embodiment thereof, especially when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein like reference numerals in the various figures are utilized to designate like components, and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of a housing of a pizza making apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a front perspective view of a refrigeration module in the housing of a pizza making apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is perspective view of an evaporator according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a lower front right perspective view of an exhaust filter housing according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is an elevated front right perspective view of compressor/condenser according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a front left elevated perspective view of a dough handling module installed within a freezer compartment of a refrigeration module according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7A is a front left elevated perspective view of an uninstalled dough handling module according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7B is a combined cross-sectional and side view of a dough canister, flexible lid and dough wheel according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7C is a perspective view of dough being extruded for slicing according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7D is a perspective view of dough being extruded for slicing according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a front, left, elevated wireframe perspective view of a dough handling module without dough canisters according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a front, left, elevated wireframe perspective view of a dough handling module with dough canisters according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a first front, left, elevated perspective view of a portion of a dough handling module removing a lid according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a second front, left, elevated perspective view of a portion of a dough handling module removing a lid according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a third front, left, elevated perspective view of a portion of a dough handling module removing a lid according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 13 is a front, left, elevated perspective view of a portion of a dough handling module, in which a dough portion has been extruded and is ready to be sliced according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 14A is a front, left, elevated perspective view of a portion of a dough handling module, in which a dough portion has been sliced according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 14B is a perspective view of a moveable end surface of a dough canister according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 15 is a perspective view of an extruder and canister lock cylinders according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 16 is a front, right, elevated wireframe perspective view of a hot-press module with a puck elevator at an upper level according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 17 is a front, right, elevated wireframe perspective view of a hot-press module with a puck elevator at a lower level according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 18 is a front, right, elevated wireframe perspective view of a hot-press module after a rotary arm has pushed a dough puck onto an upward-facing surface according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 19 is a front, right, elevated wireframe perspective view of a hot-press module as a bottom press plate and top press plate press a dough puck according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 20 is a front, right, elevated wireframe perspective view of a hot-press module after a bottom press plate and a top press plate have par-baked a dough puck according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 21 is a front, right, elevated wireframe perspective view of a hot-press module as a par-baked dough puck is removed according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 22 is a right, front, elevated perspective view of an ingredients dispensing module situated within a refrigerated module according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 23 is a detailed perspective view of a toppings plate according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 24A is a top plan view of par-baked dough on a toppings plate according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 24B is a perspective view of a sauce dispenser in a central position relative to a toppings plate according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 24C is a perspective view of a sauce dispenser in a sauce edge position relative to a toppings plate according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 25A is a detailed view of a cheese handling portion of an ingredients dispensing module according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 25B is a bottom view of the exterior of a cheese tub container according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 25C is a perspective view of a cheese dispenser beginning to dispense cheese granules onto par-baked dough;
FIG. 25D is a perspective view of a cheese dispenser in a non-extended position relative to a toppings plate according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 25E is a perspective view of a cheese dispenser in an extended position relative to a toppings plate according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 25F is a perspective view of a cheese dispenser coupled to a measuring tube via a trap door in a first position according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 25G is a perspective view of a cheese dispenser coupled to a measuring tube via a trap door in a second position according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 25H is an exploded perspective view of a cheese tub container according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 26A is a perspective view of a pepperoni carousel, without pepperoni, according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 26B is a perspective view of a pepperoni carousel, with pepperoni, according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 26C is an exploded perspective view of a pepperoni carousel, with pepperoni, according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 27 is a perspective view of a fork-like transfer mechanism having a plurality of tines according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 28 is a perspective view of a fork-like transfer mechanism inserting an uncooked pizza into the oven according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. FIG. 33 is a top, left, elevated perspective view of a cooked pizza after being removed from an oven according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 34 is a top, left, elevated perspective view of a cooked pizza being inserted into a box according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 35 is a perspective view of box storage preparing to remove one folded box for delivery to a box staging area according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 36 is a perspective view of box storage removing one folded box for delivery to a box staging area according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 37 is a perspective view of box storage delivering one folded box to a box staging area according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 38 is a right, front, elevated perspective view of a portion of a boxing module and an unfolded box according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 39 is a method of preparing a pizza according to one embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 40 is a system control architecture of a system for preparing a pizza according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 41 is a perspective view of an embodiment pizza vending machine.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Throughout this description the term “actuator” will be used to indicate a device that imparts a desired mechanical motion to another component. It will be appreciated that any suitable actuator may be used; for example, preferred embodiments use electric motors for many of the actuators discussed herein. However, other types of actuators can also be used, including pneumatic or hydraulic devices, solenoids or the like, depending upon the particular requirements of the specific task the actuator is to perform.
Referring to FIG. 1, an example of a housing 100 of an automated pizza maker is illustrated. For the sake of clarity, housing 100 is illustrated substantially without interior machinery. Housing 100 can include a refrigeration module 101, a cooking module 102 and a boxing module area 103. Refrigeration module 101, as described below, includes apparatus used to store and process edible components prior to and during preparation of an individual pizza. Cooking module 102, as described below, includes apparatus used to cook an individual pizza. Boxing module 103, as described below, includes apparatus used to package a cooked pizza for delivery to a customer. Housing 100 may also include one or more wheels 104 and/or stands 105. Wheels 104 may be used for transporting housing 100, and stands 105 may be used to fix housing 100 at a desired location. Other designs of housing 100 that place modules in a different physical relationship with each other may be used, with corresponding alterations to the transfer of the pizza and/or its components from one module to another.
Refrigeration module 101, cooking module 102 and boxing module 103, as well as any sub-modules therein, may include sensors to monitor various conditions described below, or to provide verification that various commanded movements and motions described below have in fact taken place as commanded or expected. Waiting times for a step to complete may depend upon the sensed conditions, and alarms may be raised if various commands have not completed as commanded or expected. The selection and placement of these sensors is known by persons of skill in the art, unless described otherwise. These modules and sub-modules may be under the monitor and control of a respective module processor, which in turn may be in communication with neighboring module processors when an action should be coordinated with a neighboring module. Such an architecture allows for simpler interconnect wiring throughout the automated pizza maker. The module processors may be in further contact with an overall system processor. Collectively these electronics form the control circuitry of an embodiment device to control all aspects of the device.
Referring now to FIG. 2, refrigeration module 101 includes a refrigerator compartment 201 and a freezer compartment 202. Refrigeration module 101 is cooled by refrigeration equipment that may include compressor/condenser 203, evaporator 204, coolant tubes 205 that connect compressor/condenser 203 and evaporator 204, refrigerator fan 206, and filter housing 207.
Exemplary operation of evaporator 204 is illustrated in FIG. 3. A stream of input air 301 is drawn from the interior of refrigeration module 101 through air inlet 302. Input air 301 passes over evaporator pan 302. Above evaporator pan 302 is a heat pump coil (not illustrated in FIG. 3). The heat pump coil cools input air 301, to produce a stream of output air 305, which may be filtered, and which is expelled back into the interior of refrigeration module 101 through air outlet 304.
FIG. 4 is a lower front right perspective view of filter housing 207, which is coupled to refrigerator compartment 201 and is located above the cooking module 102. Within filter housing 207 are one or more air-moving devices such as a fan, an impeller, bellows or the like, which draws a stream of input air 401 through one or more inlets 401 into filter housing 207, which is then filtered in a conventional fashion and subsequently exhausted from device 100. The filter housing 207 is used to treat and expel the hot and potentially smoke laden air out of the device 100. The action of expelling air out of the device 100 draws in “fresh” air into the device 100 through vents on the bottom of the large front outer door to cool the internal air of device 100.
A plurality of thermocouples or other suitable temperature-measuring devices (not shown in FIG. 3 or 4) may be provided within refrigeration module 101 to monitor the temperature at various places for proper operation. By way of example, programmable control circuitry within device 100 may activate other components within device 100 in accordance with pre-programmed criteria in response to input temperature signals generated by the temperature-measuring devices. For instance, temperature of air inside the filter housing 207 may be measured by a first thermocouple located inside the exhaust filter housing 207 and after the air filters. Input air 301 entering evaporator 204 may be measured by a second thermocouple, and output air 305 exiting the evaporator 204 may be measured by a third thermocouple. Temperature of air inside refrigerator compartment 201 may be measured by a fourth thermocouple. For ease of reference, the temperature measured by the first through fourth thermocouples may be referred to as T1-T4, respectively. Various calculations may be made, based upon temperature measurements produced by the thermocouples. For instance, an average freezer air temperature may be calculated as (T2+T3)/2, and an evaporator differential can be calculated as |T2−T3|. One or more of the thermocouples can also be monitored for comparison to one or more corresponding temperature thresholds (e.g., “low,” “high,” “very high,” etc.). The device 100 control circuit may then activate other components, such as fans or the like, based upon the processing of these temperature measurements and related pre-determined threshold conditions.
In a preferred embodiment, a temperature sensor may be positioned near the dough, and distanced away from the evaporator outlet. Such a sensor may be used without the need for averaging to control the freezer compartment temperature. A dough wheel module, described in detail below, may have additional fans mounted on it to circulate and mix the air throughout the cabinet to minimize temperature gradients and improve dough consistency.
In other embodiments a temperature sensor may be attached to the evaporator refrigerant feed line tubing and used to measure the temperature of the hot gas leaving the evaporator in hot gas mode to judge when to end a defrost cycle. In defrost mode, the refrigerant flows in the opposite direction, bringing hot gas into the evaporator for rapid defrosting. The presence of ice or frost on the evaporator fins and tubes tends to keep the temperature of the hot gas leaving the evaporator from rising too high, and thus a rise in gas temperature beyond a predetermined threshold may indicate that ice or frost on the evaporator has melted.
In other embodiments, a temperature sensor may be used to control a fan that draws air from the freezer side to the fridge side into a toppings compartment, which is discussed at length below.
In yet other embodiments, a temperature sensor may be used to measure the temperature of exhaust air from the device 100 to determine effectiveness of an exhaust blower to cool the ambient air inside the device 100 (not to be confused with the air inside the refrigerated cabinets). Another temperature sensor may be used to monitor the evaporator refrigerant exit line, in which case the difference between the exit line and the feed line (discussed above) may be used to indicate the presence of ice on the evaporator to initiate a defrost cycle. As frost develops on the evaporator coil it insulates the refrigerant from the air flow, causing a drop in this temperature difference over time. When the average difference falls below a predetermined threshold over a predetermined amount of time, it may be interpreted as frost accumulation on the fins and a defrost cycle may be initiated.
Freezer compartment 202 may be a frost-free or non-frost-free design. The temperature measurements and their history can be used by a refrigeration module processor to predict a buildup of frost to a level at which defrosting may be advisable. Excessive frost impairs a cooling efficiency of the refrigeration module 101. Since defrosting involves changing temperatures inside refrigeration module 101 and may interfere with the rapid preparation of pizza, it may be desirable to defer defrosting, if possible, to a time when the demand for pizza is expected to be low, such as during overnight hours. Defrosting may also be commenced by manually by a technician, serviceman or the like. During such defrosting operations other maintenance or adjustments may be performed, such as changing the pizza recipe based on the local weather conditions and seasons. The external ambient air temperature measurements can be used as an indirect weather condition indicator for determining the frequency of the scheduled defrosts. Defrosting may be performed in a conventional manner as known in the art or as described above.
Referring now to FIG. 5, an elevated front right perspective view of compressor/condenser 203 is shown, which is used to maintain at least a portion of refrigeration module 101 at or below one or more preset temperature(s). Standard techniques known in the art may be used to control operations of the compressor/condenser 203 and the related defrosting heater for defrosting purposes. However, consideration of pending orders may be one variable when determining whether or not to initiate a defrosting cycle. For example, if a pizza order queue is empty and there is no activity on the user input/output touch screen, the defrost sequence may start immediately; otherwise, it may be delayed until the queue is empty. The defrost sequence may also be initiated manually via, for example, a technician user interface on the device 100 user interface, discussed below.
Also, during a defrost sequence, if the air temperature within freezer compartment 202 rises above a preset threshold for longer than a “dough control” time, which may be set based upon experience by a technician, a warning signal may be activated to provide a “dough is too soft” warning and thus, for example, shut down the defrosting sequence. In preferred embodiments the device control circuitry keeps the freezer compartment at a temperature that is between 20° F. to 25° F. This temperature range is ideal as it insures a natural taste of the baked pizza, and also provides desirable mechanical properties for the cutting and handling that is set forth in more detail below.
The temperature of the refrigerator compartment 201 may be controlled by the circulation of air from the freezer compartment 202. For example, if the air temperature within refrigerator compartment 201 rises above a predetermined threshold, and freezer compartment 202 is not defrosting, then control circuitry can activate refrigerator fan 206 in order to circulate air between refrigerator compartment 201 and freezer compartment 202. If the air temperature within refrigerator compartment 201 stays very high for a period of time that exceeds a “food safety” time-out, then a “food expired” alarm can be triggered. Once the air temperature within refrigerator compartment 201 drops below a predetermined threshold, the refrigerator fan 206 can be turned off.
A fan within exhaust filter housing 207 may be controlled by the refrigeration module processor. If the exhaust air temperature rises above a predetermined turn-on threshold, the exhaust fan within exhaust filter housing 207 turns on. If the exhaust air temperature rises above a second, higher threshold, then a “fire” alarm turns on. Once the exhaust air temperature drops below a predetermined turn-off threshold, the exhaust fan turns off. The turn-off threshold is preferably less than the turn-on threshold.
Referring now to FIG. 6, there is illustrated a front left elevated perspective view of a dough handling module 601 disposed within freezer compartment 202 of refrigeration module 101. FIG. 7A illustrates a front left elevated perspective view of dough handling module 601 without refrigeration module 101, in order to more clearly show the components of dough handling module 601. Dough handling module 601 includes a dough canister holder in the form of a dough wheel 702 that is adapted to removably hold a plurality of dough canisters 701 in a respective cradle 710 and provide a selected dough canister 701 to subsequent equipment for downstream processing, as discussed below. For example, dough wheel 702 may serve as a revolver, rotatably cycling through cartridges of dough canisters 701, delivering them to mechanisms that perform specific tasks upon the selected dough canister 701. Each dough canister 701 contains refrigerated or frozen pizza dough. Each dough canister 701 preferably includes a removable lid 703 on at least a proximal end. A distal end of each dough canister 701 may include a moveable end surface or wall 703 a, serving as a plunger or the like to push dough out from the proximal end once the lid 703 has been removed. Dough canister 701 and the dough therein are generally in a cylindrical or tapered shape in order to facilitate the preparation of round pizzas, but other shapes such as a rectangular cross-sectional shape may be usable, with the cartridge and plunger 703 a shapes of each canister 701 being adjusted accordingly.
Referring again to FIG. 7A, dough handling module 601 further includes at least one lid-removal mechanism 704 and lid collection receptacle 708, which typically are disposed adjacent to a portion of dough wheel 702 on a side corresponding to the proximal end of dough canister 701 after dough canister 701 is inserted into dough wheel 702. Only one lid remover 704 is shown; however, preferred embodiments utilize a pair of lid remover mechanisms 704, one in front of the dough handling module 601 (as shown in FIG. 7A), and one in the back of the dough handling module 601 (not shown). Lid collection receptacle 708 may take the form of a tray, basket, bag, or the like. Dough handling module 601 further includes a dough pusher 705, which typically is disposed offset to a portion of dough wheel 702 on a side corresponding to the distal end of dough canister 701 after dough canister 701 is inserted into dough wheel 702 and engages with the plunger 703 a in an active dough canister 701. Dough pusher 705 may be sufficiently offset from dough wheel 702 to allow clearance for dough canister 701 to be positioned, by dough wheel 702, in front of dough pusher 705. Dough handling module 601 further includes a cutting mechanism 706 (illustrated in FIG. 7A in a lowered position), which typically is disposed adjacent to a portion of dough wheel 702 on a side corresponding to the proximal end of dough canister 701 after dough canister 701 is inserted into dough wheel 702. Dough handling module 601 also includes a collection plate 707 to collect the cut dough; the collection plate 707 can be part of a puck elevator 1601, discussed later with reference to FIG. 16.
Operation of dough handling module 601 proceeds first by the loading of dough wheel 702 with one or more dough canisters 701 by, for example, a service person. Initially, the loaded dough canisters 701 are substantially filled with dough and are lidded. Dough canisters 701 are inserted such that a lidded end is facing in a proximal direction toward the front of dough handling module 601 in the orientation of FIG. 7A. During operation controlled by a dough module processor, which may be part of the overall device 100 control circuitry, dough wheel 702 is moved in order to position a selected, full dough canister 701 adjacent to lid-removal mechanism 704. Dough canister 701 may be selected based upon a lid-detection sensor (not shown in FIG. 7A), or based upon processor-based tracking of used and full dough canisters 701. Full dough canisters 701 may also be selected on the basis of avoiding excessively uneven weight loading of dough wheel 702. Hence, the control circuitry may cycle through canisters 701 in an alternating, opposing pattern to substantially maintain the balance of wheel 702.
Lid-removal mechanism 704 removes lid 703, for instance by way of suction, prying, etc. Any suitable mechanism may be used as determined, for example, by the construction of the lid 703. Dough wheel 702 and/or dough canister 701 can include a mechanical stop in order to substantially prevent excessive horizontal movement of dough canister 701 as lid 703 is removed. FIG. 7B illustrates one embodiment of a dough canister 701, flexible lid 703 and dough wheel 702 designed to operate with a lid-removal mechanism 704. An openable end of dough canister 701 may have a circumferential flange 751 which couples with an overhang 752 of flexible lid 703 when dough canister 701 is sealed. Dough wheel 702 includes a cradle 710 used to support dough canister 701, the shape of cradle 710 being designed to closely match the cross-sectional shape of dough canister 701. Dough wheel 702 includes a plurality of posts 753, 754, arranged around at least a portion of the perimeter of cradle 710, that extend substantially perpendicular from the plane of dough wheel 702 on a side that faces lid-removal mechanism 704. Posts 753, 754 include posts of at least two different lengths.
Dough canister 701 is initially loaded into cradle 710 with the lidded end 703 facing toward the lid-removal mechanism 704, and may be positioned in cradle 710 such that flexible lid 703 gently touches the longer post 753. Lid-removal mechanism 704 removes flexible lid 703 from dough canister 701 by first applying a rear-ward (i.e., distal) force, such as by a force pushing the center of flexible lid 703, and/or a force pulling in a rear-ward direction on the distal end of dough canister 701. This can be performed by any suitable actuator, such as by a solenoid, a pneumatic device, worm gear or the like, which can engage with cap 703 on the proximal end of canister 701. Another device may similarly engage with, for example, a projection on the distal end of the canister 701 to further distally urge canister 701. In a preferred embodiment, discussed below, a rear lid plunger 802 may be used that employs suction to distally pull upon the canister 701, such as upon the plunger 703 a. Contemporaneously, suction may be used on the proximal side and activated to draw flexible lid 703 toward lid-removal mechanism 704. The rear-ward force pushes the assembled dough canister 701 and flexible lid 703 against the first post 753 having the greatest length. Suction can be provided by the same actuator that provides the mechanical motive force upon the lid 703, or may be provided by a suction cup, hose, hoses or combinations thereof and engaged therewith.
Continued application of the rear-ward force pushes dough canister 701 backward, but also forces flexible lid 703 to disengage from circumferential flange 751 of dough canister 701 at the location of a first post 753. Continued application of rear-ward force continues to push dough canister 701 backward, forcing flexible lid 703 to disengage from circumferential flange 751 of dough canister 701 at the location of a second post 754, the second post 754 having the next greatest length. Application of rear-ward force continues until lid 703 pops off. The suction is maintained while the lid remover 704 retracts, bringing the lid 703 with it, and is then deactivated, allowing the removed flexible lid 703 to fall.
In one embodiment, posts 753, 754 are arranged around the circumference of cradle 710 in order of their lengths. Flexible lid 703 is ideally flexible enough to resist breaking, but not so flexible that insufficient force is coupled to the perimeter of flexible lid 703 to disengage flexible lid 703 from dough canister 701. After lid 703 pops off, backward motion of dough canister 701 stops as circumferential flange 751 of dough canister 701 engages with dough wheel 702 at the edge of cradle 710.
Removed lids 703 drop to lid collection receptacle 708 for collection. Dough wheel 702 then positions the de-lidded dough canister 701 as an active canister 701 adjacent to cutting mechanism 706. Lid-removal mechanism 704 retracts, in order to facilitate positioning of dough wheel 702 and dough canister 701 adjacent to cutting mechanism 706. Dough pusher 705 pushes the distal end wall 703 a of dough canister 701, which in turn extrudes a portion of the dough through the de-lidded proximal end of dough canister 701, to be engaged by cutting mechanism 706.
Sensors 709 operate to detect the amount of dough that has been extruded. Sensors 709 may operate optically, such as a linear array of emitters (e.g., LEDs) and matching detectors on opposing sides of extruding dough, for example. However, any suitable detecting mechanism for measuring the amount of extruded dough may be used, including mechanical sensors or the like. With specific reference to an optical detection system, the optical detectors may produce a composite signal whose strength or voltage depends upon the amount of light received from the emitters corresponding. The linear array of emitters can preferentially be arranged at an angle that is not parallel to a forward cutting face of the extruded dough (e.g., at a diagonal angle with respect to the cutting face as shown in FIG. 7A, from proximal to distal ends, to as to be able to measure increasing thicknesses of extruded dough). Referring to FIG. 7C, as dough 720 begins to be extruded, light 721 from sensors 709 begins to be blocked. Referring to FIG. 7D, as more dough 730 is extruded, a greater portion of light 731 from sensors 709 is blocked, causing the composite signal to vary in strength as a function of dough extrusion distance. The strength of the composite signal can be monitored to measure the thickness of the extruded dough, and used as a signal by the control circuitry to initiate operation of cutting mechanism 706 when the dough is at a desired thickness. The desired thickness can be user-selectable in order to provide a pizza crust having a selectable characteristic. Hence, user the input/output interface for the device 100 can change parameters in the control circuitry that cause the control circuitry to correspondingly change the thickness at which the dough is cut.
Range of sensors 709 may be affected by the number of emitters in the linear array of emitters and/or the length of the array. The sensitivity of sensors 709 can be affected by how closely the individual emitters and detectors are arranged within sensors 709. The angle at which the linear array of emitters are arranged with respect to the forward face of the extruded dough can also affect the range and sensitivity of the measurement of the amount of extruded dough. For instance, a perpendicular angle provides the greatest range but least sensitivity for a given sensor size and density. Conversely, a relatively shallow angle provides a small range but the greatest sensitivity. The range and/or sensitivity can be chosen to provide at least as much range as the difference between the thinnest pizza that might be prepared (e.g., a thin crust pizza) and the thickest pizza (e.g., a deep dish pizza), plus an allowance for tolerances and variations in monitoring and control.
Dough canister 701 may have a substantially cylindrical shape (as opposed to a tapered shape) in order to present a substantially constant friction per unit of length as the dough is extruded. A mechanical stop, such as provided by flange 751, can engage with a face of the cutting mechanism 706 to substantially prevent forward movement of dough canister 701 as the dough is extruded from dough canister 701. Cutting mechanism 706 cuts the extruded dough to create a dough puck (not shown in FIG. 7A). The dough puck drops to a collection plate 707 on a puck elevator 1601, discussed with reference to FIG. 16, for further processing by the automated pizza maker, which passes through a hole 712 in the insulation of the freezer compartment 202.
Referring now to FIG. 8, there is illustrated a front, left, elevated wireframe perspective view of dough handling module 601. Elements illustrated but not previously described include extruder 801 and rear lid plunger 802. Extruder 801 is configured to move forward and engage with plunger 703 a as dough pusher 705 pushes dough forward to be extruded from dough canister 701. To prevent unwanted forward motion of dough canister 701, a guillotine hub (not illustrated in FIG. 8) can engage with dough canister 701 at circumferential lip 751, thus forming a mechanical stop. A canister lock, such as locking cylinder(s) 1501 or the like, discussed later with reference to FIG. 15, may extend forward (i.e, proximally) from the rear of dough handling module 601, parallel to the path of extruder 801, in order to push against dough canister 701 and thus secure dough canister 701 against the guillotine hub.
Rear lid plunger 802 operates in cooperation with lid-removal mechanism 704. When lid 703 is to be removed, rear lid plunger 802 may engage with the distal end 703 a of dough canister 701 to pull dough canister 701 backward as lid-removal mechanism 704 pushes lid 703 forward. Rear lid plunger 802 may operate by suction, prying, etc. Rear lid plunger 802 may be retractable, in order to facilitate subsequent positioning dough wheel 702 and dough canister 701 adjacent to cutting mechanism 706.
Referring now to FIG. 9, there is illustrated a front, left, elevated wireframe perspective view of dough handling module 601 being fully populated with dough canisters 701, at least some of which have lids 703 attached.
Prior to removal of lid 703 from dough canister 701, in an embodiment of the invention, the front (and back, if installed) lid-removal mechanisms 704, 802 are in an idle (refracted) position. The position of the lid-removal mechanism 704, 802 may be confirmed by use of a corresponding position sensor.
Referring now to FIGS. 10-12, illustrated are front, left, elevated perspective views of a portion of dough handling module 601 in the process of removing lid 703 from dough canister 701 by a suction method. A plurality of posts 1001 are illustrated, with at least a first post 1001 a having a different length than a second post 1001 b. FIG. 10 illustrates dough canister 701 positioned in dough wheel 702, adjacent to lid-removal mechanism 704, with lid-removal mechanisms 704, 802 in extended positions so as to engage with respective ends 703, 703 a of canister 701. FIG. 11 illustrates dough canister 701 having lid 703 removed and still coupled by suction to lid-removal mechanism 704, with lid-removal mechanism 704 in a retracted position. FIG. 12 illustrates disposal of lid 703 after suction is disabled from lid-removal mechanism 704. Any suitable type of actuator may be used to proximally and distally drive lid-removal mechanisms 704, 802.
After lid 703 is removed from dough canister 701, dough wheel 702 is rotated in order to position the opened dough canister 701 adjacent to the cutting mechanism 706. Referring now to FIG. 13, there is illustrated a front, left, elevated perspective view of a portion of dough handling module 601, in which the active opened dough canister 701 has been moved adjacent to cutting mechanism 706, and a dough portion 1301 has been extruded and is ready to be sliced by use of cutting mechanism 706. The thickness of dough portion 1301 may be sensed and/or controlled by sensors 709 (illustrated in FIG. 7A), in order—ultimately—to provide a pizza having controllable characteristics, such as crust thickness.
Once the customer order for a new pizza has been accepted, dough pusher 705 pushes forward the dough within dough canister 701, thereby extruding dough portion 1301. A predetermined thickness of dough portion 1301 can be produced by monitoring and/or calculating the velocity and acceleration of the dough through dough canister 701, and stopping motion of the dough pusher 705 when the predetermined thickness has been attained. The position of dough pusher 705 needed to produce the predetermined thickness of dough portion 1301 may also take into account the thickness of cutting mechanism 706.
| 43,764 |
historyofmexicoc01clav_25
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,807 |
The history of Mexico : collected from Spanish and Mexican historians, from manuscripts and ancient paintings of the Indians : illustrated by charts, and other copper plates : to which are added, critical dissertations on the land, the animals, and inhabitants of Mexico
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Clavigero, Francesco Saverio, 1731-1787 | Cullen, Charles
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English
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Spoken
| 7,014 | 9,588 |
The pikes of the Mexicans, instead of iron, were pointed \\ith a large flint, but some of them also with copper. The Chinantecas, and some people of Chiapan, made use of pikes so monstrous, that they exceeded three perches, or eighteen feet in length, and the conqueror Cortes employed them against the cavalry of bis rival Panfilo Navae;^. The Tlacochtli, or Mexican dart, was a small lance oi otatli, or some other strong wood, the point of which was hardened by fire, or shod with copper, or itzli, or bone, and many of them liad three points, in order to make a triple wound at every stroke. They fixed a string to their darts {g), in order to pull them back again, after they had launched them at tlie enemy. This was the wea- 1)011 which was the most dreaded by the Spanish conquerors; for they Avere so expert at throwing them, that they pierced the body of an enemy through and through. The soldiers were armed in general with a sword, a bow and arrows, a dart, and a sling. We do not know, whe- ther in war tiu^y ever made use of their axes, of which we shall shortly speak. They had also standards and musical instruments proper for war. Their standards, which were more like the Hignum of the Romans than our colours, were staves from eight to ten feet long, on which they carried tiie arms or ensigns of the state, made of gold, or feathers, or some other valuable siaterials. The armorial ensign of the Mexican empire, was an eagle in the act of darting u|wn a tiger; that of the republic of TIa.scala, an eagle with its win^s spread (A); but each of sfeCT. XXIV. Standards and martial with one stroke which he gave a horse in the belly, make his intestines drop out; and auotflicr, who wilii one stroke which lie gave a horse upon the head, laid him dead at his feet. { g) The Mexican dart was of that kind of darts which the Romans used to call JJustik, Ja- cidum, or Tdum amtnt:itum, and the Spanish name Amento or Aniiento, w hich the historians of Mexico have adojrted, means the same tiling as the Amentum of the Hoiiians. (A ) (joniara says, that tlio aimorial ensign of the n public of TIascala was a crane ; but «thef liistoriaus, belter informed than lie was, afTirin that uwas an eagle. .HISTORY OF MEXICO. SG9 the four lordships which composed the repubhc, had its proper ensign. BOOK VII. That of Ocotelolco, was a green bird upon a rock; that of Tizatlan, a heron upon a rock also; that of Tepeticpac, a fierce wolf, holding t^ome arrows in his paws ; and that of Quiahuiztlan, a parasol of green feathers. The standard which the conqueror Cortes took in the famous battle of Otompan, was a net of gold, which, in all probability, was the standard of some city situated on the lake. Besides the common and principal standard of the army, every company, consisting of two or three hundred soldiers, carried its particular standard, and was not only distinguished from others by it, but likewise by the colour or the feathers, which the officers and nobles bore upon their armour. The standard-bearer of the army, at least in the last years of the empire, was the general ; and those of the companies, most probabh', were borne bv their commanding officers. Those standards were so tirmly tied upon the backs of the officers, that it was almost impossible to detach them without cutting the standard-bearers to pieces. The Mexicans always placed their standard in the centre of their army. The Tlascalans, when they marched their troops in time of peace, placed it in the van; but in the time of war, in the rear of their army. Their martial music, in which there was more noise than harmony, consisted of drums, horns, and certain sea- shells which made an extremely shrill sound. Previous to a declaration of war, the supreme council examined into sect. xxr. the cause which induced them to undertake it, which was for the most , ^? "3° ^ °, ' declaring and part the rebellion of some city or province, the putting to death carrying on unlawfully some Alexican, Acolhuan, or Tepanecan couriers, or merchants, or some gross insult offered to their ambassadors. If the rebellion originated in some of the chiefs, and not among the people, the guilty persons were conducted to the capital and punished. But if the people were also in fault, satisfaction was demanded from them in the name of the king. If they submitted, and manifested a sinceri* repentance, their crime was pardoned, and they were advised to better conduct; but if, instead of submission, they answered with arrogance, and persisted in denying the satisfaction demanded, or offered any nevr insult to the messengers which were sent to them, the affair was dis- cussed in the council, and if war was resolved upon, proper orders were VOL. I. 3 B 370 ■ HISTORY OF MEXICO. BOOK VII. given to the gencM'als. Sometimes the kings, in order to justify their conduct more fully before they made war upon any state or place, sent three dilTerent embassies ; . the first to the lord of the state which iiad given oft'ence, requiring from him a suitable satisfaction, and also pre- scribing a time for the same, on pain of being treated as an enemy; the second, to tlie nobles, that they might persuade their lord to make a submission, and escape the punishment wliich threatened him; and the third to the people, in order to make them acquainted with the occasion of the war; and very often, as a certain historian asserts, the arguments made use of by the ambassadors were so powerful, and the ad\aiitagcs of peace, and the distresses of war, were so forcibly repre- stMited, that an accoirimodation took place between the parties. They used also to send along with ambassadors the idol of Huitzilopochtli, enjoining the people Avho were stirring up a war to give it a place among their gods. If they on the one hand found themselves strong enough to resist, tJTey rejected the proposition, and dismissed the strange god; but if they thought themselves unable to sustain a war, they received the idol, and placed it among their provincial gods, and answered to the embassy with a large present of gold, gems, or beautiful feathers, acknowtedging their subjection to the sovereign. If war was to be commenced, previous to every thing else they sent advice of it to the enemy, that thoy might prepare for defence, consi- dering nothinj« more mean ami unworthy of brave people than to attack the unguarded: for this purpo.se, therefore, they sent before them several shields, which wvrct the signals of a challenge, and likewise some cotton dresses. When one king was challenged by another, tliey used also the ceremony of anointing, ajid fixing feathers upon liis head, which was done by the and^assador, as happened at the challenge a:ivcn by king Itzcoatl to the tyrant Maxtlaton; they next dispatched spies, who were carUcd Quhnichtin, or sorcerers, and were to go in disguise into the country of the enemy, to observe their number an<l motions, and the quality of the troops which they mustered. If they were successful in this commission they were iuuply rewarded. Lastly, after having made some sacrifices to the god of war, and to the tutelar deities of the state or city on which the war was made, in order to merit their protectionv the army marched, but not formed 'into wings, or ranked HISTORY OF MEXICO. S7! in files, but divided into companies, each of which had its leader, and BOOK Vll. its standard. When the array was numerous it was reckoned by Xiqui- ~ /;////; and each ..rrqitipilli consisted of eight thousand mm. It is extremely probable, that each of these bodies was commanded by a Tlacalecatl, or other general. The place where the first battle was usually fought was a field appointed for that purpose in some province, and called JaoHalli, or land or field of battle. They began battle (as was usual in ancient Europe, and among the Romans) with a most terrible noise of war- like instruments, shouting and whistling, which struck terror to those who were not accustomed to hear it, as the Anonymous Conqueror declares from his own experience. Amongst the people of Tezcuco, and like- wise, most probably, amongst those of other states, the king, or the general, gave the signal for battle, by the beat of a little dram which hung at his shoulder. Their first onset was furious; but they did not all engage at once, as some authors have reported; for they were accustomed, as is manifest from their history, to keep troops in reserve, for pressing emergencies. Sometimes they began battle with shooting arrows, and sometimes with darts and slinging of stones; and when their arrows were exhausted, they made use of their pikes, clubs, and swords. They were extremely attentive to keep their troops united and firmly together, to defend the standard, and to carry olV the dead and the wounded from the sight of the enem3^ There was certain men of the army who had no other employment than to remove from the eyes of the enemy every object which could heighten their courage and inflame their pride. They made frequent use of ambuscades, con- cealing themselves in bushy places or ditches made on purjjose, of which the Spaniards had often experience^ and frequently also they pretended flight, in order to lead the enemy in pursuit of them into some dan- gerous situation, or to charge them behind with fresh troops. BOOK VII. particularly on that memorable night when they were defeated, and ob- liged to retreat from the capital. AVhen an enemy, wliom they had once conquered, attempted to save himself by flight, thoy hamstring him to prevent his escape. When the standard of the army was taken by the enemy, or their general fell, they all fled, nor was it possible then by any human art to rally or recall them. When the battle was over, the victors celebrated the victory with great rejoicings, and rewarded the officers and soldiers who had made some prisoners. AV'hen the king of Mexico in person took an enemy prisoner, embassies came from all the provinces of the kingdom to con- gratulate him upon the occasion, and to offer him some present. This prisoner was clothed with the finest habits adorned with jewels, and carried in a litter to the capital, where the citizens came out to meet him, with music and loud acclamations. When the day of the sacri- fice arrived, the king having fasted the day before, according to the custom of owners of prisoners, they carried the royal prisoner, adorned with the ensigns of the sun, to the altar for common sacrifices, where he was sacrificed by the high -priest. The priest sprinkled his blood towards the four principal winds, and sent a vessel full of the same to the king, who ordered it to be sprinkled on all the idols within the inclosure of the greater temple as a token of thanks for the victory obtained over the enemies of the state. They hung up the head in some very lofty place; and after the skin of the body was dried, they filled it with cotton, and hung it up in the royal palace, in memory of the glorious deed; in which circumstance, however, their adulation to him was conspicuous. When any city was to be besieged, the greatest anxiety of the citizens was to secure their children, their women, and sick persons; for which purpose they sent them off, at an early opportunity, to another city, or to the mountains. Thus they saved those defenceless individuals from the fury of the enemy, and obviated an unnecessary consumption of provisions. stiCT. XXVI. For the defence of places they made use of various kinds of fortiii- ^_orti ca- cations, such as walls and ramparts, with their breast- w'orks, palisa- does, ditches, and intrenchments. Concerning the city of Q.uanh([ue- ri xni. r////'///' /• /i/-/// I'/ ' /i/n/i/f Toll Faflf ,j^3 ( n/rtr/iii ,/ //u ■ //'i-»;r/n// ^ Ai/t/frtf.). HISTORY OF MEXICO. 373 chollan, we know that it was fortified by a strong stone wall, about BOOK VII. twenty feet high, and twelve feet in thickness {i). The conquerors, who describe to us the fortifications of this city, make mention likewise of several others, among which is the celebrated wall which the TIascalans built on the eastern boundaries of the repub- lic, to defend themselves from the invasion of the Mexican troops, which were garrisoned in Iztacmaxtitlan, Xocotlan, and other places. This wall, which stretched from one mountain to another, was six miles in length, eight feet -in height, besides the breast-work, and eighteen feet in thickness. It was made of stone, and strong fine mortar (A). There was but one narrow entrance of about eight feet broad, and forty paces long; this was the .space between the two extremities of the wall, the one of which encircled the other, forming two semicircles, with one common centre. This will be better understood from the figure of it which we present to our readers. There are still some re- mains of this wall to be seen. There are also to be seen still the remains of an ancient fortress built upon the top of a mountain, at a little distance from the village of Mol- caxac, surrounded by four walls, placed at some distance from each other, from the base of the mountain unto the top. In the neighr bourhood appear many small ramparts of stone and lime, and upon a hill, two miles distant from that mountain, are the remains of some ancient and populous city, of which, however, tliere is no memory among historians. About twenty-five miles from Cordova, towards the north, is likewise the ancient fortress of Quauhlocho (now Giia- tiisco), surrounded by liigh walls of extremely hard stone, to which there is no entrance but by ascending a number of very high and narrow steps; for in this manner the entrance to their fortresses was formed. From among the ruins of this ancient building, which is now over-run with bushes, through the negligence of. tliose people, a Cordovan gentleman lately dug out several well-finished statues of stone, (;') III the ninth book ne shall give a description of the fortification of Quauliquechollan. (.<■) Bgrual Diaz says that the TIascalan %vaU was built of stone anJ lime, and with a bitu- men so strong it was necessarj- to use pick-axes to undo it. Cortes, on the other hayd affirms, that it was built of dry stones. We are disposed rather to give credit to Bernal Diaz; because he asserts, he had attentively examined this wall, although, like an illiterate person, he give-: the name of bitumen to the mortar or cement made use of by those nations. '^74 HISTORY OF MEXICO. ^^'_^^'"^ VII. for tlu; ornament of his house. Near to the ancient court of Tezcuoo, a part, of the wall wliich surronnded the city of CoatHchan, is still preseiTcd. We wish that our countrymen wouhl attend to tiie preser- vation of tliose few remains of the military architecture of the Mexicans, partioidarly as tliey have suffered so many other valualjle remains of their rtnti([uity to go to ruin (/). Tlie capital of Mexico, though sufliciently fortified by its natural situation for those times, was rendered impregnable to its enemies by the industry of its inhabitants. There was no access to the city but b\' the roads formed upon the lake; and to make it still more difficult in time of war, they built many ramparts upon these roads, which were intersected with several deep ditches, over w hich they had draw- bridges, and those ditches were defendi-d by good entrenchments. Those ditches were the graves of mam* S|)aniards and Tlascalans, on the memorable night of the first of July, of which we shall speak here- after; and the cause which retarded the taking of that great city, by so numerous and well equipped an army, as that which Cortes employed to besiege it; and which, had he not been assisted by the brigantines, would have <lelayed it much longer, and occasioned the loss of a great deal more blood. For the defence of the city by ^\•ater, they had many thousand small vessels, and frequently exercised themselves in naval engagements. But the most singidar fortifications of Mexico were the temples themselves, and especially the greater temple whicli resembled a cita- del. The wall wliich surrounded the vaIioIc of the temple, the five arsenals there which were filled with every sort of otfensive and defen- sive arms, and the architecture of the temple itself which rendered the , ascent to it so diflicult, gives us clearly to luiderstand, tliat in such buildings, policy, as well as religion, had a share; and that they con- structed them, not only from motives of superstition, but likewise for the purpose of defence. It is well known from their history, that they fortified themselves in their temples when they could not hinder the (/) Tliesc imperfect account.s of those remains of iNIexican antiquities, ol)taincclfrom eye- w itiiesses worth)- of tlu- utmost credit, persuailc us, that there arc still many more of which we have no knowleilge, owing to the indolence and neglect of our countrymen. .See what is said in our ili';jert:TtIiins respecting those anticiuities against .Sig. de P. and Dr. Rohertson. HISTORY OF Mi::ClCO. 315 «ieniy fVoin entering into the city, and from thence harrassed them with BOOK VI L arrows, darts, and stones. In the last book of this history, will ap- " pear how long the Sjianiards were in taking the greater temple, ^vhere five hiuidred Mexican nobles had fortified themselves. Tlie high esteem in which the Mexicans held every thing relating to war, did not divert their attention from the arts of peace. First, agriculture, which is owe of the chief occupations of civil life, was, from time immemorial, exercised by the Mexicans, and almost all the people of Anahuac. The Toltecan nation employed themselves dili- gently in it, and taught it to the Chechemecan hunters. With respect to the Mexicans, we know that during the whole of their peregri- nation, from tlieir native country Atzlan, unto the lake where they founded Mexico, they culti\'ated the earth in all those places where they made any considerable stop, and lived upon the produce of their labour. When they were brought under subjection to the Colhuan and Tepanecan nations, and confined to the miserable little islands on the lake, they ceased for some years to cultivate the land, because thev had none, until necessity, and industry together, taught them to form moveable fields and gardens, which floated on the waters of the lake. The method which the}- pursued to make those, and which they still practise, is extremely simple. They plait and twist willows, and roots of marsh plants, or other sfxt. xxvn. materials, together, which are light, but capable of supporting the earth fe^j^'aiul of the garden firmly united. Upon this foundation they lav the light gardens of bushes which float on the lake, and over all, the mud and dirt which they draw up from the bottom of the same lake. Their regular figure is quadrangular; their length and breadth various; but as far as we can judge, they are about eight perches long, and not more than three in breadth, and have less than a foot of elevation above the surface of the Avater. These were the first fields which the Mexicans owned after the foundation of Mexico; there they first cultivated the maize, great ])ep])er, and other plants, iieeessary for their support. In progress of time as those fields grew immerous from the industiy of those pco|>le, there were among them gardens of flowers and odoriferous ])lants, which were employed in the worship of their gods, and served for the recrea% tion of the nobles. At present they cultivate flowers^ and every sort of laUe. 576 HISTORY OF MEXICO. ■RfK^K VIJ. ganku herbs upon them. Every day of the year, at sun-rise, innumerable vessels loaded with various kinds of flowers and herbs which are culti- vated in those gardens are seen arriving by the canal, at the great mar- ket-place of that capital. All plants thrive there surprisingly; the mud of the lake is an extremely fertile soil, and requires no water from the clouds. In the largest gardens there is commonly a httle tree, anil even a little hut to shelter the cultivator, and defend him from rain, or the sun. A\'hcn tile owner of a garden, or tiie Chinampa, as he is usually called, wishes to change his situation, to remove from a disagreeable neighbour, or to come nearer to his own family, he gets into his little vessel, and by his own strength alone if the garden is small, or with the assistance of others if it is large, he tows it after him, and conducts it wherever he pleases with the little tree and hut upon it. That part of the lake where those floating gardens are, is a place of infinite recreation, where the senses receive the highest possible gratification. SECT, xxviii. As soon as the Mexicans had shaken off the Tepanecan yoke, and tuhi'vat'ii"' ''^'^ gained by their concjuesls lands fit for cultivation, they applied the earth. themselves with great diligence to agriculture. Having neither ploughs, nor oxen, nor any other animals proper to be employed in the culture of the earth, they supplied the want of them by labour, and other more simple instruments. To hoe and dig the ground they made use of the Coatl (or Cou), which is an instrument made of copper, with a wooden handle, but dilferent from a spade or mattock, rhcy made use of an axe to cut trees, which w'as also made of copper, and was of the same Jovm \\\i\\ those of modern times, except that we put the handle in the eye of the axe, vhcreas they put the axe into an eye of the handle. Thev had several other instruments of agriculture; but the negligence of ancient writers on this subject has not left it in our power to attempt their description. For the refreshment of their fields they made use of the water of ri- vers and small torrents which came from the mountains, raising dams to collect them, and forming canals to conduct them. Lands which were high, or on the declivity of mountains, were not sown every vear, Ijut allowed to lie fallow until they were over-run with bushes, which tliev burned, to repair by their ashes the salt which rains had wa.shed away. They surrounded their fields with stone inclosures, or hedges made of the mtll, or aloe, which make an excellent fence; and in thr' PL Air. rol.I.Fa(f<- -j-fi C ///^//.■// ///,,,/ S^ //''t'„/„ji r/'}??^a-/rr *• -ii:2T3ti=«feS8s55S^ HISTORY OF MEXICO. 377 month Panquetzaliztli, which began, as we have ah'eady mentioned, BOOK VII. on tiie thii-d of December, they were repaired if necessary [in). The method they observed in sowing of maize, and which they still practise in some places, is this. The sower makes a small hole in the earth with a stick, or drill probably, the point of which is hardened by fire; into this hole he drops one or two grains of maize from a bas- ket which hangs from his shoulder, and covers them with a little earth by means of his foot ; he then passes forward to a certain distance^ which is greater or less according to the quality of the soil, opens another hole, and continues so in a straight line unto the end of the field ; from thence he returns, forming another line parallel to the first. The rows of plants by these means are as straight as if a line was made use of, and at as equal distances from each other as if the spaces between were measured. This method of sowing, which is now used by a few of the Indians only, though more slow [ii], is, however of some advantage^ as they can more exactly proportion the quantity of seed to the strength of the soil; besides, that there is almost none of the seed lost which is sown. In consequence of this, the crops of the fields which are cul- tivated in that manner are usually more plentiful. When the n>aize springs up to a certain height, they cover the foot of the plant round with earth, that it may be better nourished, and more able to withstand sudden gusts of wind. In the labours of the field the men were assisted by the women. It was the business of the men to dig and hoe the ground, to sow, to heap the earth about the plants, and to reap ; to the women it belong- ed to strip oiT the leaves from the ears, and to clear the grain; to weed and to shell it was the employment of both. They had places like form yards, where they stripped off the sect, xxi.x. leaves from the ears, and shelled them, and granaries to preserve the Poors' 'a,"f" grgin. Their granaries were built in a square form, and generally of gianaries. ^\■ood. They made use of the ojamcll for this purpose, which is a very Joi'ty tree, with but a few slender branches, and a thin smooth bark; the wood of it is extremely pliant, and diflicult to break or rot. These (;«) This is called a penguin fence in Jamaica and the Windward Islands. (n) This manner of sowing is not so slow as might be imagined, as the country people used to this method do it with wonderful quickness. VOL. I. 3 c 378 HISTORY OF MEXICO. BOOK VII. granaries were formed by placing the round and equal trunks of the ''~~~~~~~~~ ojamctl in a square, one upon the other, without any labour except that of a small nitch towards their extremities, to adjust and unite them so perfectly as not to suffer any passage to the light. AVhen the struc- ture was raised to a suflicient hcicht, thev covered it with another set of cross-beams, and over these the roof was laid to defend the grain from rains. Those granaries had no other door or outlet than two windows, one below which was small, and another somewhat wider above. Some of them were so large as to contain five or six thousand, or sometimes more fanegas [o] of maize. There are some of this sort of granaries to be met with in a few places at a distance from the capital, and amongst them some so very ancient, that they appear to have been built bctbre the conquest; and, according to the information we have had from persons of intelligence, they preserve the grain bet- ter than those which are constructed by the Europeans. Close to fields which were sown :they commonly erected a little tower of wood, branches and mats, in which a man defended from the sun and rain kept watch, and drove away the birds which came in flocks to consume tlie young grain. Those little towers are still made use of even in the fields of the Spaniards on account of the excessive number of birds. SECT. XXX. The Mexicans were also extremely well skilled in the cultivation of i.fhe/""rdens kitchen and other gardens, in which they planted with great regularity and woods. and taste, fruit-trees, and medicinal plants and flowers. The last of those were much in demand, not less on account of the particular plea- sxwe taken in them, than of the custom which prevailed of presenting bunches of flowers to their kings, lords, ambassadors, and other per- sons of rank, besides the excessive quantity which were made use of in the temples and jirivate oratories. Amongst the ancient gardens, of which an account has been handed down to us, the roval gardens, of Mexico and Tezcuco, which we have already mentioned, and those of the lords of Iztapalapan and Huaxtepec, have been much celebrated. Among the gardens of the great palace of the lord of Iztapalapan, there was one, the extent, disposition, and beauty of which excited the {") A Caitiliun measure of dry goods, Ibrmerly mcntioued by \is. HISTORY OF MEXICO. 379 admiration of the Spanish conquerors. It was laid out in four squares, BOOK VII. ami planted with every variety of trees, the sight and scent of which gave infinite pleasure to the senses: through those squares a number of roads and paths led, some formed by fruit-bearing trees, and others by espaliers of flowering shrubs and aromatic herbs. Several canals from the lake watered it, by one of which their barges could enter. In the centre of the garden was a fish-pond, the circumference of which measured sixteen hundred paces, or four hundred from side to side, where innumerable water-fowl resorted, and there were steps on every side to descend to the bottom. This garden, agreeable to the testi- mony of Cortes and Diaz, who saw it, was planted, or rather extend- ed and improved by Cuitlahuatzin, the brother and successor in the kingdom to Montezuma II. He caused many foreign trees to be transplanted there, according to the account of Hernandez, who saw them. The garden of Huaxtepec was still more extensive and celebrated, than the last. It was six miles in circumference, and watered by a beautiful river which crossed it. Innumerable species of trees and plants were reared there and beautifully disposed, and at proper distances from each other different pleasure houses were erected. A great number of strange plants imported from foreign countries were collected in it. The Spaniards for many years preserved this garden, where they culti- vated every kind of medicinal herb belonging to that clime, for the use of the hospital which they founded there, in which the remarkable hermit, Gregorio Lopez, served a number of years (p). They paid no less attention to the preservation of the woods which supplied them with fuel to burn, timber to build, and game for the diversion of the king. We have formerly mentioned the woods of (/)) Cortes, in his letter to Charles V. of the 15th of May, 1522, told him, that the far- den of Huaxtepec was the most extensive, the most beautiful, and most delightful whitli had ever been beheld. Bernal Diaz, in chap, cxlii. of his history says, that the garden was most wonderful, and truly worthy of a great prince. Hernandez frequently makes mentioa of it in his Natural History, and names several plants which were transplanted there, and a- iiiongst others the balsam-tree. Cortes also, in his letter to Charles V. of the 3uth of Octo- ber, 1520, relates, that having requested king Montezuma to cause a villa to be made in Ma- linaltepec for that emperor, two months were hardly elapsed when there were erected at that place four good houses; sixty fanegas of maize sown, ten of French beans, two thousand feet of ground planted with cacao, and a vast pond, where five hundred ducks were breeding, and fifteen hundred turkies were rearing in houses. 380 HISTORY OF MEXICO. ROOK V^II. king Montezuma, and the laws of king Nczalmalcojotl concerning the cutting of them. It would be of advantage to that kingdom, that those laws were still in force, or at least that there was not so much liberty granted in cutting without an obligation to plant a certain num- ber of trees; as many people preferring their ])rivate interest and con- venienceto the jiublic welfare, destroy the wood in order to enlarge their possessions [q). SECT. .XXXI. Among the plants most cultivated by the Mexicans next to maize. Plants most .. cultivated by tlie principal were those of cotton, the cacao, the metl or aloe, the ca^s ^^' chia, and great pepper, on account of the various uses which they made of them. The aloe, or maguei alone, yielded almost every thing ne- cessary to the life of the poor. Besides m-^king excellent hedges for their fields, its trunk served in place of beams for the roofs of their houses, and its leaves instead of tiles. From those leaves they obtain- ed paper, thread, needles, clothing, shoes, and stockings, and cord- age-, and from its copious juice they made wine, honey, sugar, and vinegar. Of the trunk, and thickest part of the leaves, when well baked, they made a very tolerable dish of food. Lastly, it was a power- ful medicine in several disorders, and particularly in those of the urine. It is also at present one of the plants the most valued and most profitable to the Spaniards, as we shall see hereafter. sKCT. XXXII. AVith respect to the breeding of animals, which is an employment Animalsbred associated with agriculture, althousrh among the Mexicans there were Tiy the Mexi- ° ^ '^ cans. no shepherds, they having been entirely destitute of sheep, they bred up innumerable species of animals iniknown in Europe. Private per- sons brought up (cchic/iif, quadrupeds as we have already mentioned similar to little dogs-, turkeys, quails, geese, ducks, and other kimls of fowl. In the houses of lords were bred fish, deer, rabbits, and a varietv of birds; and in tlie royal palaces, almost all the species of qna- drupctls, and winged animals of those countries, and a prodigious num- ber of water animals and reptiles. We may say, that in this kind of magnificence Montezuma II. surpa.<;sed all the kings of the world, and that there never has been a nation equal in skill to the Mexicans in the ((/) ^lany places .still feel the pernicious effects of the liberty to tut the woods. The city Uiicretaro was fornicilv provided with timber for building from the wood which was upon tiic neicthbouring niouutaiii Cimatario. At present it is obliged to be brought from a great distance, as the mountain is entirely slript of its wood. HISTORY OF MEXICO. 381 care of so many diiTerent species of animals, which had so much know- BOOK VI I. ledge of their dispositions, of the food which was most proper for, each, and of all the m.eans necessary for their preservation and increase. Among the animals reared by the Mexicans, no one is more worthy of mention than the nochiztli, or ^Mexican cochineal, described by us in our first book. This insect, so greatly valued in Europe on account of its dyes, and especially those of scarlet and crimson, being not only extremely delicate, but also persecuted by several enemies, demands a great deal more care from the breeders than is necessary for the silk- worm. Rain, cold, and strong winds destroy it. Birds, mice, and worms, persecute it furiouslj^, and devour it ; hence it is necessary to keep the rows of opuntia, or nopal, where those insects are bred, always clean ; to attend constantly to drive away the birds, which are destructive to them ; to make nests of hay for them in the leaves of the opuntia, by the juice of which they are nourished; and when the sea- son of rain approaches, to raise them from the plants, together with the leaves, and guard them in houses. Before the females are delivered they cast their skin, to obtain which spoil the breeders make use of the tail of the rabbit, brushing most gently with it that they may not detach the in- sects from the leaves, or do them any hurt. On every leaf they make three nests, and in every nest they lay about fifteen cochineals. Every year they make three gatherings, reserving however each time a certain number for the future generation ; but the last gathering is least valued, the cochineals being smaller then, and mixed with the shavings of the opuntia. They kill the cochineal most commonly with hot water. On the manner of drying it afterwards the quality of the colour which is obtained from it chiefly depends. The best is that which is dried in the sun. Some dry it in the comalli, or pan, in which they bake their bread of maize, and others in the femazcalli, a sort of oven, of which we shall speak elsewhere. The Mexicans would not have been able to assemble so many sorts sect. .xxxm. of animals, if they had not had great dexterity in the exercise of the Mex^kans!'" chace. They made use of the bow and arrow, darts, nets, snares, and cerboUane*. Tlie cerbottane which the kings and principal lords made * Cerbntmne are long tubes, or pipes, through which thej' shoot, by blowing with the month little halls at birds. Sec. 3S-Z HIST01l\ Of MEXICO. BOOK VII. use of were curiously car\ed and painted, and likewise adorned with gold and silver. Besides the exercise of the chace, which private indi- viduals took cither for amusement, or to provide food for tliemsclves, there were general chaces, which were either those established by cus- tom to procure a plenty of victims for sacrifices, or others occasionally appointed by the king. For this general chace they fixed on a large wood, which was generally that of Zacatepcc, not far distant from the capital ; there the}' chose the place most adapted for setting a great number of snares and nets. With some thousands of hunters they formed a circle roiuid the wood of six, seven, eight, or more miles, according to the number of animals they intended to take: they set fire every-where to the dry grass and herbs, and made a terrible noise with drums, horns, shouting, and whistling. The animals, alanned by the noise and the fire, fled to the centre of the wood, which was the very place where the snares were set. The hunters approached towards the same spot, and still continuing their noise, gradually con- tracted their circle, until they left but a very small space to the game, Avliich they all then attacked with their arms. Some of the animals were killed, and some were taken alive in the snares, or in the hands of the hunters. The number and variety of game which they took was so great, that the first viceroy of Mexico, when he was told of it, thought it so incredible, that he desired to make experience of the method himself. For the field of the chace, he made choice of a great plain which lies in the country of the Otomies, between the villages of Xilotepec and -S". Giovanni (Id Rio, and ordered the Indians to pro- ceed in the same manner as they had been used to do in the time of their paganism. The viceroy with a great retinue of Spaniards repaired lo the plain, where accommodations were prepared for them in houses built of wood, erected there on purpose. Besides the usual method of practising the chace, they had otlier par- ticular devices for catching particular kinds of animals. In order to catch young apes, they made a small fire in the woods, and put among the burning coals a particular kind of stone which they called Cacalo- teil (raven, or black stone), which bursts with a loud noise when it is Avell heated. They covered the fire with earth, and sprinkled around it a little maize. The apes, allured by the grain, assembled about it with their young, and while they were peaceably eating, the stone burst; the old apes fled away in terror leaving their young behind them: the hunters, who were on the watch, then seized them before their dams could return to carry them off. The method also which they had, and still use, to catch ducks, is artfiil and curious. The lakes of the Mexican vale, as well as others of the kingdom, are frequented by a prodigious multitude of ducks, geese, and other aquatic birds. The Mexicans left some empty gourds to float upon the water, where those birds resorted, that they might be accustomed to see and approach them without fear. The bird-catcher went into the water so deep as to hide his body, and covered his head with a gourd; the ducks came to peck at it, and then he pulled them by the feet under water, and in this manner secured as many as he pleased. They took serpents alive either by twisting them with great dexter- ity, or approaching them intrepidly, they seized them with one hand by the neck, and sewed up their mouths with the other. They still take them in this way; and every day in the apothecary's shops of the capital, and other cities, may be seen live serpents which have been taken in this manner. But nothing is more wonderful than their quickness in tracing the steps of wild beasts. Although there is not the smallest print of them to be seen from the earth being covered with herbs or dry leaves which (r) P. Toribio di Benaventi, or Motolinia. 384 HISTORY OF MEXICO. SECT, xxxir. Fishing. BOOK VII. fall from the trees, they still track them, particularly if they are wounded, by observing most attentively sometimes the drops of blood which fall upon the leaves as they pass, sometimes the herbs which are broken or beat down by their feet(.y). From the situation of their capital, and its vicinity to the lake of Chalco, which abounded with fish, the Mexicans were still more in- vited to fishing than the chace. Tliey employed themselves in it from the time of their arrival in that country, and their art in fishing procured them all other necessaries. The instruments which they most commonly made use of in fishing were nets, but they also employed hooks, harpoons, and weals.
| 34,218 |
https://github.com/nightori/Neloclock/blob/master/Neloclock/MainForm.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Neloclock
|
nightori
|
C#
|
Code
| 395 | 1,464 |
using System;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Drawing;
namespace Neloclock
{
public partial class MainForm : Form
{
protected override CreateParams CreateParams
{
get
{
var Params = base.CreateParams;
Params.ExStyle |= 0x80;
return Params;
}
}
[DllImportAttribute("user32.dll")]
public static extern int SendMessage(IntPtr hWnd, int Msg, int wParam, int lParam);
[DllImportAttribute("user32.dll")]
public static extern bool ReleaseCapture();
Settings settings;
List<Image[]> pictures;
public MainForm()
{
InitializeComponent();
settings = new Settings();
pictures = loadImages();
}
private void moveWindow(object sender, MouseEventArgs e)
{
if (e.Button == MouseButtons.Left)
{
ReleaseCapture();
SendMessage(Handle, 0xA1, 0x2, 0);
}
}
private List<Image[]> loadImages()
{
List<Image[]> list = new List<Image[]>();
for (int i = 0; i < Settings.SKIN_COUNT; i++)
{
Image[] images = new Image[11];
for (int j = 0; j < 10; j++)
{
String path = "skins\\" + i + "\\" + j + ".png";
images[j] = Image.FromFile(path);
}
images[10] = Image.FromFile("skins\\" + i + "\\d.png");
list.Add(images);
}
return list;
}
private void MainForm_Shown(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
this.Location = settings.location;
this.TopMost = settings.stayOnTop;
stayOnTopToolStripMenuItem1.Checked = settings.stayOnTop;
stayOnTopToolStripMenuItem2.Checked = settings.stayOnTop;
stayOnTopToolStripMenuItem3.Checked = settings.stayOnTop;
stayOnTopToolStripMenuItem4.Checked = settings.stayOnTop;
stayOnTopToolStripMenuItemDel.Checked = settings.stayOnTop;
var skins1 = skinToolStripMenuItem1.DropDownItems;
var skins2 = skinToolStripMenuItem2.DropDownItems;
var skins3 = skinToolStripMenuItem3.DropDownItems;
var skins4 = skinToolStripMenuItem4.DropDownItems;
var skinsDel = skinToolStripMenuItemDel.DropDownItems;
((ToolStripMenuItem)skins1[settings.d1Skin]).Checked = true;
((ToolStripMenuItem)skins2[settings.d2Skin]).Checked = true;
((ToolStripMenuItem)skins3[settings.d3Skin]).Checked = true;
((ToolStripMenuItem)skins4[settings.d4Skin]).Checked = true;
((ToolStripMenuItem)skinsDel[settings.delSkin]).Checked = true;
}
private void timerUpdater_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
String time = DateTime.Now.ToString("HHmm");
int d1 = (int)Char.GetNumericValue(time[0]);
int d2 = (int)Char.GetNumericValue(time[1]);
int d3 = (int)Char.GetNumericValue(time[2]);
int d4 = (int)Char.GetNumericValue(time[3]);
pDigit1.Image = pictures[settings.d1Skin][d1];
pDigit2.Image = pictures[settings.d2Skin][d2];
pDigit3.Image = pictures[settings.d3Skin][d3];
pDigit4.Image = pictures[settings.d4Skin][d4];
pDelimiter.Image = pictures[settings.delSkin][10];
try
{
settings.location = this.Location;
}
catch(Exception){}
finally
{
settings.saveSettings();
}
}
private void skin_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
var skin = sender as ToolStripMenuItem;
var skins = ((ToolStripMenuItem)skin.OwnerItem).DropDownItems;
for (int i = 0; i < Settings.SKIN_COUNT; i++)
{
((ToolStripMenuItem)skins[i]).Checked = false;
}
skin.Checked = true;
int skinID = skins.IndexOf(skin);
switch (skin.Name[skin.Name.Length - 1])
{
case '1': settings.d1Skin = skinID; break;
case '2': settings.d2Skin = skinID; break;
case '3': settings.d3Skin = skinID; break;
case '4': settings.d4Skin = skinID; break;
default : settings.delSkin = skinID; break;
}
}
private void stayOnTopToolStripMenuItem_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
ToolStripMenuItem clicked = sender as ToolStripMenuItem;
settings.stayOnTop = clicked.Checked;
stayOnTopToolStripMenuItem1.Checked = settings.stayOnTop;
stayOnTopToolStripMenuItem2.Checked = settings.stayOnTop;
stayOnTopToolStripMenuItem3.Checked = settings.stayOnTop;
stayOnTopToolStripMenuItem4.Checked = settings.stayOnTop;
stayOnTopToolStripMenuItemDel.Checked = settings.stayOnTop;
this.TopMost = settings.stayOnTop;
}
private void exit_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
this.Close();
}
}
}
| 40,926 |
https://github.com/Ed-Fi-Exchange-OSS/Dashboard-Replacement-POC/blob/master/API/AMT.Data/Entities/GradingPeriodDim.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0, LicenseRef-scancode-warranty-disclaimer
| 2,021 |
Dashboard-Replacement-POC
|
Ed-Fi-Exchange-OSS
|
C#
|
Code
| 152 | 377 |
using AMT.Data.Common;
using System;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema;
namespace AMT.Data.Entities
{
public class GradingPeriodDim : IDateRange
{
public GradingPeriodDim()
{
IsYearToDate = false;
}
public string GradingPeriodKey { get; set; }
public string GradingPeriodBeginDateKey { get; set; }
public string GradingPeriodEndDateKey { get; set; }
public string GradingPeriodDescription { get; set; }
public int TotalInstructionalDays { get; set; }
public int? PeriodSequence { get; set; }
public string SchoolKey { get; set; }
public string SchoolYear { get; set; }
public DateTime? LastModifiedDate { get; set; }
public DateTime BeginDate { get; set; }
public DateTime EndDate { get; set; }
[NotMapped]
public bool HasGradingPeriodEnded { get; set; }
[NotMapped]
DateTime IDateRange.Start
{
get { return BeginDate; }
}
[NotMapped]
DateTime IDateRange.End
{
get { return EndDate; }
}
[NotMapped]
public bool IsYearToDate { get; set; }
[NotMapped]
public string Context
{
get { return (IsYearToDate) ? "YTD" : GradingPeriodDescription; }
}
}
}
| 50,366 |
sn83025294_1902-05-06_1_2_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,902 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,902 | 6,039 |
PROOF OF LOTTERY ZETETES OF AGUINALDO SHOW HIS EARLY TREACHERY. MAKES SOME GOOD PROMISES Filipinos Contemplated an Attack on Manila Early in the Game, in Fact, They Were Playing a Double Game. (By Associated Press.) 'Washington, May 6.-The war department has made public the telegraphic correspondence that took place between Aguinaldo and his insurgent generals on February 13, 1898, to support the administration's contention that Aguinaldo at that date contemplated an attack on the United States troops at Manila. General Merrill and Colonel Calls telegraphed to Aguinaldo saying: "We desire to know the result of the ultimatum which you nationed in your telegram and we also desire to know what reward our government is preparing for the forces who will first capture the city of Manila." In Aguinaldo's handwritten reply is: "As to contests of your telegram: Those who prove themselves therein have as rewards large shares of money, lands, extraordinary promotions, etc., the congratulations of our shining country on account of their patriotism and more if they capture the regiments with their generals, and if impossible the chief of them all, who represents your enemies in Manila, which I hope fails to you or better said, to General Merritt and Colonel Calls. "The ultimatum has not been synthesized, but will be within a few days." SUDDEN DEATH OF YOUNG WOMAN IN A METHODIST CHURCH New York, May 6.--According to history surrounds the death of Miss Marian N. Ma:lnil, at thel hoile of hiI f;ithlr, thel t,.v..Jiohn M iasoni, pastor of it (irilh;rri J'rim lthl ," 1l hodlist rlll', l In C)li klanlll l sti.rtl. +A co, ron r'sl " llh, slcli lan w hoe perfor, dil all autopsy has s.ag t.n.-] a ierllleal, .stat ing thait deatli was Iausl by an lrtll .ltl poison. "1"nsI " agentl , possi)bly <'al l 'bll ' ne.+ihl, takeni either by mista:lkeo or lntot:onally, but this opinion is .not hc:lopted by thli girl's r.iatives. Miss Magson was 22 years of ago and the organist of her father's hurh. i. Si, alqo tauight a ila.s of childrin in the SunilIdy-sclhool. During tilte eini.ig she p!ayld anir i r .ul , I nlld shortly' after va.a found h iead ARGENTA MINER IS FINDING LOTS OF THE YELLOW METAL (t pr-lal t' Ilnter .. ,clnt:lin.) Dillon. .I 'y R.-Wu\ rd hi' I.... , .t , iv,,l from Arg.iIn:a thalt ITony ;iL hart is s ill findl ngol re', of ,i I,lhinrmaTit! U:tllu in ·1 ahI, Danie l It and tha;it h haIs X i,.Cl.llt pros p.cts oif ni'iuntl,'ring the viln from which the r. I.h ilii foun. il.l a f,' ' we ts ago waIs thr.'.,in. Siatuit (lly h** tok (liut th, c' i it - bXts full of ovr" aill it as liti ,.'y alive with g.il iani tilitiliunm. At a conser'viatle eilstinieitit Is i anlI that the ore waits vorth t1iii and wiouhl l sil i iuily that amounti li in l ' gol l. The formation of thu i, in, whirl., thl ore Is being extralitll, Is a pi uliir lone atnl all of thr oi' 1: I lmix,] with lli,.:t. IT[ ACTINIC RAYS ELECTRICAL APPAr.ATUS IS IN STALLED IN HOSPITAL. SAID TO CURE TUBERCULOSIS Private Demonstration Given, but Too Early to Give Results--Successfully Used for Some Months in European Countries. (By Associated Press.) New York, May 0.-In one of the apartments of the Flower Hospital there has just been installed an expensive electrical apparatus which resembles a powerful searchlight of a man of war. It is known as an actinolite and is said to be the first complete instrument of the kind permanently set up in an American hospital. Its operation, it is hoped, is to make a practical and thorough test of the theory now widely accepted by scientists that powerfully concentrated chemical or actinic rays of violet colored light possesses distinctly curative properties in cases of cancer, tuberculosis and other diseases having their supposed origin in bacteriological germs or parasites. B. M. Khunhardt, one of the trustees of the hospital, is the donor of the apparatus and has paid the entire cost of its installation. To test the newly installed apparatus a private demonstration was made in the hospital. The first subject selected for a test was a boy suffering from what appeared to be a hopeless case of tuberculosis of the hip. Following the exposure to the chemical rays of light, the patient reclined upon a sort of a divan not unlike an operating table and the diseased tissues were exposed to the rays directly focused upon them and concentrated by means of a powerful lens. It is, of course, too early to predict results in the case. In Vienna, Paris, Copenhagen and other cities of Europe treatment by means of the actinic rays has been carried on for some months with results which its advocates believe are highly encouraging. Y /I PHRENOLOGIST WATTERSON "THIS BALD SPOT INDICATES THAT YOU MAY BE OUR NEXT PRESIDENT."-DetruIt Journal. WIIHOUT JUSIICE CHINESE ARE BEING INDISCRIM INATELY ROBBED. JOHN GOODNOW IS CONDEMNED Taxes Collected Without Justice and Stimulates the Anti-Foreign Feeling--To Pay the Indemnity. LT.oido, l, .ay I 1 --.A di:palt'h front |shanghali ., y ": .1 \liv .'-' , ,", IVt we f 111m4 all quart.' shlo w that 1.1'1atorn Is btillng IvIle-d I1t the ('h1Il-.u \. ithtuI Jutlthe or rde Il ai I t fina lln i tlte . Ih , l .l', tl 's. result wI.ll be to -tinu. lt itti -If',r"ý a i imu ltig, , th * the prt". .l fns tu", Ii 'ta dllo l is tlh at it I it.. l 1t'. lIt I . t,) ]ipay thl for,l' .. i4 (]ullllt lty. T'' .' munm if.. al c, ii . ilts lad thIi ' t leading r;. 11, I I, of Sih.et h.ai, co,, tinI B.u the ti'(u t i'rr .; l u ln,' til ti S hni.ll ;I 1 hl thig toV ,t l.. i lit l tll ,.'u \ Iat , I' ,a.' ,,Ii1 ii t. l-'. r ;l l at ,Sha; llhnl, John (*rl , ti'l.\\'i , \\who is dl aI ll of the cltsti la t I, th li1 re in Ftlip. 1t-inig a nl a glt ;it ,-i- f itl, Ili, s,,I Ico' Lu il the' txe ltti-- Iof a, ,Ia ,'ltII for ti ll . Et111,, of ISht aL i who t vi 1rt Ii.' i l itanl. ts in a -1 still th ll MEMBERS OF NEW DILLON COUN.IL TAKE THEIR SEATS (Sp,,' la; to Int, r t lnu nt Iriy .) SMillonv, May .I. T fist i.tlI(1 tis sof the tiw counwil of the DillYon I hill w tit .evn ul lr atlltl', SU l' tll itS Itif' e tU're , \ hlrnl I ld'till (44 k 11 1 . .it:. l. onar EaItn lv.ly Ish.t.d ,to anti thent i theI~n ctu , ontail .d th, .t'il ln (S'te tltrallt-i 11.1.+ w'r. V. Kilngst., by ls appyor: Jnu dcitary-lie, (rhctr and h, puty. FI nace-w Ye , May li .-A strke of. trrats and acit ys--Si.weuy, Itilt, te ui81 Foputy. t alth--El extent thantr ald olhst. Fitre and or1lcr--Deputy, 1)1st and Qolwaiy. Printing antod thulis--sUte or, Deputy and Rife. The library in Havana, which counts among its members the mayor and the chairman of the board, the summers of the city schools as ex-officio members, was then named: Henry F. Cope. Conservative estimates and the Mrs. J. McKnight by F. J. Holden as provided by the council. The mayor presented an interesting review of the work of the auditor with some valuable suggestions for the future, which was attentively listened to and the selections contained therein were heartily approved. Dr. W. V. Kingsbury was appointed city health officer. STRIKE OF MINERS AFFECTS NEW YORK In New York, May 6.-A strike of anthracite miners will involve New York to a greater extent than most other cities, owing to the smoke ordinance. There probably will be numerous violations of the ordinance if the supply of hard coal should become exhausted. Reports indicate that retailers, so far as they are able to do, took advantage of the summer cut in the wholesale price of 50 cents on April 1, to lay in as large stocks as they could. Conservative estimates place the amount of coal now held in reserve by the big companies at less than half a million tons. It is evident therefore, that, having even so small a stock as a half a million tons, the companies have foreseen danger. Only the most careful management has made it possible to accumulate stock. Mrs. Parry Tal said the Havana people have the wrong impression. DARE NOT RAISE THE MAINE; Claimed That Explosion Was From Inside, and That If Vessel Is Raised, Proof of It Will Be Found. (By Associated Press.) Indianapolis, Ind., May 6.-Mrs. D. M. Parry, wife of President Parry of the National Manufacturers' Association, who recently returned from Cuba, in an plane filled here before a local society yesterday stated that the information provided by officials at Havana that the United States government will not allow the remains of the Maine to be raised, for fear the collision of the Spanish that the explosion was from the inside, will be verified. She said: "The Spaniards always claimed that the magazine of the vessel exploded from some accidental cause and that the iron structure of the vessel would be found twisted and misshapen by the hostile exploding force." "We never permitted the Spaniards to participate in this investigation, thinking they would be allowed to participate, that the honor of their nation might be shown to be guilty of such an atrocity in this privileged position was denied." "It is still the government's belief that quilt was a malicious act on the part of the Spaniards and rather than disclose the details of the explosive post position here, the world off having learned a lesson without raising the Maine will be permitted to remain at the bottom of the bay." DILLON DIVORCE CASE. Mrs. Rabichau Denies Husband's Allegations and Makes Some Herself. (Speclal to Inler M'oiuntai.) Dillon, May 6.--Sarah M. I.tab irhau to day tllcd an answer to the, div or'ce. suit brotught by her husband, F'rdinand Ha bhihau, and denh i the illhgaiotins of desertion set forth In his comrluulInt. '.I turn she conliplalns that he tdos.rted her in SeptemtIer, 1000, withoutL cause, and has sinc cointinuedi to live apart from her. She further alblg..s that slnc'e that time she has support 'd( herself' by hard work and that her huslalndll has not con tributed one cent towards her support. Sle asks that $30 be puIal as pendente ilte, that $50 be paid her as attorney fees and that plaintiff further ie c'o1pellue to pay her $15 monthly as allmony. She alleges that the pl'inttff iH s al able-bodled man and that ii Is capable of earning not less than $41 per moitir. LECTURES CUSTOMS INSPECTORS. They Receive a Much-Needed Talk ot How to Perform Their Duty. , (By Associated Press.) New York, May .--Collector of Cus' toirs Stranahan, in an address to thsll tire force tof customs Inspectors who as semlled at the barge office to meet l~m, has told the inspectors that Trans-At lantic voyagers must, in future, be treated wibth inore consideration. Difficulties in passing baggage whOjh have exasperated persons on incoming, vessels are, he said, to be done away with and new regulations soon will be promulgated which will minimize all 'of the evils which have aroused complaint. The collector reminded the men, w oq met' steamships and searched iraggagb on the station, that they were servant=u of the people and directed them to per form their duties In such manner as will meet public approval .. if PASS[S AWAY ARCHBISHOP CORRIGAN BUD DENLY BREATHES HIS LAST. GREAT SURPRISE TO DOCTORS Up to Within a Short Time of His Death the Prelate Appeared to Be Improving - Without a Sign of Suffering. (By Associated Press.) New York, May 6.-Archbishop Michael Augustine Corrigan died at 11:05 o'clock last night, aged 62 years. The death of the archbishop came as a great surprise and shock to those in the archdiocese. It was more so to the general public for the last statement of day was that so certain was the improvement of the archbishop that there would be no, other ill during the night. Up to 10:30 there was no evidence of collapse, in fact the archbishop at 10:40 talked with his secretary. About 11 o'clock, however, the train ended not only who had been in charge at the bedside noticed a change. Acting on instructions the physicians were telephoned for. At the same time the archbishop's two brothers Were seated in front of the room, as well as a humble crowd of priests. It was quickly seen by the physicians that the end was near, and in less than an hour the prelate passed away. His last moments were peaceful without evidence of suffering. Many Priests Present. Among those present were the two brothers of the archbishop, there were present several priests, among whom were Father Wallace O'Brien, rector of the collegiate; a Mexican bishop, the reverend father, the Italian secretary to the archbishop, and Father Curry, the English secretary. At about it took the news that the archbishop was bringing with immense difficulty than usual. They tried to aid him by restoratives, but he did not respond to these. His breathing became still more difficult, and it was evident he was in great pain. A heart stimulant was administered, but this failed to relieve the patient and the nurses noticed Father Curley, that the prelate's condition was evidently serious and Dr. Keyes should be summoned. Under Father Curley's direction, the servants called all the priests and relatives of the archbishop to the bedroom. There were also present the trained nurses; two sisters of St. Vincent's hospital, who have been in attendance in the sick room, and three female servants of the household. Breathes His Last. All reached the room just in time to see the prelate breathe his last. Everyone stood silently by the bedside watching the end and at the very last all knelt to say the final prayers as they saw that the end had come. The crucifix had been placed in the hands of the archbishop as he lay gasping with difficulty, and he died clasping it. His rosary hung from his wrist; over his head was a statue of the Savior, and on one side a picture of the Madonna. Dr. Keyes, who was unable to reach the house until 10 minutes before midnight, said that death had doubtless been caused by degeneration of the heart and weakness resulting from the archbishop's illness. LONDON.-A dispatch from Constantinople to the Daily News says the Turkish government apprehensive of Italy's intentions toward Tripoli has decided to send 100,000 Mauser rifles and to organize a strong army there. HIGH OR BOERS REPRESENTATIVES OF NATIONAL GERMAN ALLIANCE. CALL ON HOUSE COMMITTEE Attempt to Connect the South African Question With Domestic Politics Is Frowned Down by Representative Adams. (By Associated Press.) Washington, May 9.-A large delegation appeared before a sub-committee of the house committee on foreign affairs in the interest of the Boers, Dr. Hexamer of the National German Alliance, speaking first. He described the heroic struggle of the Boers and urged the adoption of a resolution asking the president to communicate to Great Britain an expression of sympathy with the Boers and expressing a hope that the unfortunate difficulties may be settled. He said that England at this time would not take umbrage, being enfeebled with war. He said he advocated the resolutions as a republican and if they were pigeonholed, it would mean the loss of 1,000,000 votes from the German Alliance. Other members of the delegation also urged favorable action of the resolution. Representative Adams of the sub-committee, closing the argument, took exception to the mention of politics. He said no such a question was involved. -He said It was not a matter of domestic politics, but international law. TOPEKA, Kas.-Nearly every part of Kansas was visited by the heavy rain that fell yesterday and great benefit to crops and grass has resulted. It rained last night for several hours. The spring drought is effectually broken. Notice to Builders. For the protection of the public and to avoid trouble on account of inferior electric light wiring, this company will reserve the right to refuse to connect any lights where an inspection certificate is not presented with application. The company should be notified when wiring is commenced and will furnish the services of their inspector free of charge. BUTTE ELECTRIC AND POWER COMPANY. SOUTHERN HOTEL BILL OF FARE DINNER-Oyster Boil, Wienerwurst and hot slaw. ROAST-Sirloin beef, brown gravy; loin of pork with apple sauce; young turkey stuffed with cranberry sauce. ENTREES-Braised beef with mushrooms, lamb curry with stewed peas, calves brains and scrambled eggs, chicken giblets sauteed on toast, lobster salad. Banana, fruits, wine sauce. VEGETABLES-Steamed potatoes, mashed potatoes, stewed tomatoes, and Utah tomatoes. RIGHT SIDES-show cherries, pickled beets, pickles, horse radish, green onions. PASTRY AND DESSERT-Carrot and Lemon marmalade, corn starch pudding, assorted cakes and vanilla ice cream. WANT ADS. WANT AD. RATES. Funeral and death notices, fraternal society notices, entertainment notices, cards of thanks, 10 cents a line each insertion. Help wanted, situations wanted, houses and rooms, real estate, etc., 16 words or less 15 cents; 16 to 20 words, 20 cents; 21 to 25 words, 25 cents, etc. No discount for additional insertions. Personals, fortune telling, palmists, proprietary remedies, 2 cents a word each insertion. $2.00 per month per line. ANSWERS TO ADVERTISEMENTS addressed care the Inter Mountain and left at this office, should always be in sealed envelopes. No stamp is required on such letters. The Inter Mountain will not be responsible for errors in advertisements taken through the telephone. FOR RENT. Furnished Rooms. FINISHED FRONT OFFICES; BUSINESS center of Butte; largest, lightest business rooms; most reasonable rent in city. Malule block, above Symonds' Dry goods store, West Park. FOR RENT-NICELY FURNISHED front offices, in the busiest center of Butte. The largest, lightest business rooms at reasonable rent in the city. The Malule block, above Symonds' Dry Goods store, West Park street. FOR RENT - ELEGANTLY FURNISHED rooms, 10 up. Baltimore block, in the business center of Butte. 71 West Park street. FOR RENT-One furnished front room in modern, private house; gentlemen only. 115 South Montana. FOR RENT-FURNISHED ROOMS, complete for housekeeping. 219 West Galena street. FOR RENT - TWO FURNISHED rooms for housekeeping. 328 South Washington. FOR RENT-NICELY FURNISHED rooms, steam heat, electric light, free baths. Barnard block, 17 West Granite street, Butte. COLLECTIONS. BUTTE ADJUSTMENT COMPANY, collects bad bills. Try it. 115 N. Main. MID-WIFE. MRS. KARSTEDT, 675 SOUTH MAIN, midwife. CARPET CLEANING. WEST SIDE ELECTRIC CARPET Cleaning block. FOR SALE $37,500 will buy one of the best business blocks on the east side of Main street, between Park street and Broadway. This property is easily worth $50,000. Investigate today. $82,500 will buy one of the best business blocks on the south side of Park street, between Main and Wyoming streets. This property cost $40,000. $10,500 will buy one of the most select vacant lots on the north side of East Park street. $10,500 will buy one of the finest brick tenement houses in the city. This property cost $12,000 a little over a year ago. $9,500 will buy two 12-room brick tenements in the best renting district. The owner refused $8,000 for this property less than one year ago. $4,000 will buy a swell 7-room modern brick residence on Washington Street; easy payments if desired. This property is worth $6,000. $900 will buy a nice vacant lot on Gold Street. This lot is worth $1,500. Will sell on terms to suit purchaser. $1,100 will buy choice lot on Idaho Street. This lot is worth $1,600. $10,000 buys a well-rented business block on Arizona Street. This property cost the owner $12,000 less than one year ago. Call and examine my list of real estate bargains. I have several hundred bargains in improved and unimproved real estate. I have clients who desire to borrow the following sums of money upon Butte real estate security. None but strictly first-class security is offered: $2,250 for a term of years; Interest at 15 percent. $2,500 for two years at 12 percent. $2,500 for one year at 10 percent. $3,000 for three years at 10 percent. $4,000 for two years at 10 percent. $4,700 for two years at 10 percent. $5,700 for three years at 10 percent. $6,250 for two years at 10 percent. $8,000 for one year at 9 percent. $12,000 for three years at 8 percent. $17,000 for three years at 7 percent. $24,000 for three years at 7 percent. $50,000 for five years at 7 percent. $85,000 for five years at 6 percent. I have several other applications for smaller amounts; good security and satisfactory interest. Remember, I am not a member of the fire insurance trust, therefore can save you money on your fire insurance. Get my rates before placing your fire insurance policies. Standard companies only. W. H. WINTERS, Office 23-24 Owsley block, Raste, Mont. Phone 717M. Lots. FOR SALE-REAL ESTATE IN BUTTE Root Valley, hay grain, fruit and stock, town property, lots, blocks and acreage. Dickinson and Cannon, Stevensville, Mont. FOR SALE-DO YOU WANT A FINE lot on the West Side, 45 feet wide and 100 feet long? South front. Sewer also. Only $1,000. Best building lot on West Side. Charles L. Smith & Co., 33 West Granite street. FOR SALE-CHOICE WEST SIDE lot. See owner, Room 3, Columbia blk. Houses. FOR SALE-BRICK HOUSE, MODERN improvements, within two blocks of post office. W. T. M. Address care Inter Mountain. FOR SALE-DOUBLE HOUSE OF SIX rooms each, modern; a good paying investment, close in and a bargain. Address L., this office. FOR SALE-BOARDING AND LODGING house; close in; modern; 25 boarders; 17 rooms; price, $1,600; good lease. Address H., Inter Mountain. Furniture. FOR SALE-CHEAP-6-ROOM HOUSE and furniture; South Side, Oechsler, 124 West Park street. GREAT FURNITURE BARGAIN.-We will have on sale one of the newest and best outfits of second hand furniture ever offered for sale in Butte. Don't miss seeing it. We have the finest new couches and box couches ever brought to Butte. Buy, sell, exchange. Storage, pack and ship. BUTTE EXCHANGE FURNITURE CO. 42 West Broadway, Butte, Mont. Horse and Carriage. FOR SALE-HORSE AND PHAETON; Spider phaeton and safe family horse. Mrs. Jessie C. Knox, box 1034. Mining Stock. FOR SALE—10,000 SHARES OF THE Butte Mine Exploration Co., which is working the Pacific Mine at 20 cents per share. Address W. Button. LOST. LOST—FOX TERRIER DOG. WHITE collar, long tail, brown spots on head. If found, return to 836 West Granite, for reward. MISCELLANEOUS. WANTED—TO TRADE—A BUSINESS on Main street doing average cash $1,000 per month, for cattle or horses. See Geo. Robertson, real estate, 114 S. Main street, Butte. YORK CAFE, 54 EAST BROADWAY, finest meals in Butte; reasonable prices. Home-made bread. Private rooms. Only the best. WANTED—At Inter Mountain, clean white rags. MONEY TO LOAN. MONEY TO LOAN—LARGE OR SMALL sums. Jackman & Armitage Company, 37 North Main street. LOANS—MONEY TO LOAN AT 8 PR. cent; no delays. Hall Bros., 40 East Broadway, Butte.
| 43,717 |
https://github.com/dregad/dokuwiki-translation/blob/master/src/org/dokuwiki/translatorBundle/Tests/Services/Language/TranslationPreparerTest.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
dokuwiki-translation
|
dregad
|
PHP
|
Code
| 923 | 3,377 |
<?php
namespace org\dokuwiki\translatorBundle\Services\Language;
class TranslationPreparerTest extends \PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase {
public function testPrepareMarkup() {
$default = array('path' => new LocalText('original', LocalText::$TYPE_MARKUP));
$translation = array('path' => new LocalText('translated', LocalText::$TYPE_MARKUP));
$expected = array(
array(
'key' => 'translation[path]',
'default' => 'original',
'target' => 'translated',
'type' => LocalText::$TYPE_MARKUP
)
);
$preparer = new TranslationPreparer();
$result = $preparer->prepare($default, $translation);
$this->assertEquals($expected, $result);
}
public function testPrepareMarkupEmptyTarget() {
$default = array('path' => new LocalText('original', LocalText::$TYPE_MARKUP));
$translation = array();
$expected = array(
array(
'key' => 'translation[path]',
'default' => 'original',
'target' => '',
'type' => LocalText::$TYPE_MARKUP
)
);
$preparer = new TranslationPreparer();
$result = $preparer->prepare($default, $translation);
$this->assertEquals($expected, $result);
}
public function testPrepareMarkupEmptyDefault() {
$default = array();
$translation = array('path' => new LocalText('translated', LocalText::$TYPE_MARKUP));
$expected = array();
$preparer = new TranslationPreparer();
$result = $preparer->prepare($default, $translation);
$this->assertEquals($expected, $result);
}
public function testPrepareArray() {
$default = array('path' => new LocalText(array('key' => 'value'), LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY));
$translation = array('path' => new LocalText(array('key' => 'translated value'), LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY));
$expected = array(
array(
'key' => 'translation[path][key]',
'default' => 'value',
'target' => 'translated value',
'type' => LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY
)
);
$preparer = new TranslationPreparer();
$result = $preparer->prepare($default, $translation);
$this->assertEquals($expected, $result);
}
public function testPrepareArrayEmptyTarget() {
$default = array('path' => new LocalText(array('key' => 'value'), LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY));
$translation = array();
$expected = array(
array(
'key' => 'translation[path][key]',
'default' => 'value',
'target' => '',
'type' => LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY
)
);
$preparer = new TranslationPreparer();
$result = $preparer->prepare($default, $translation);
$this->assertEquals($expected, $result);
}
public function testPrepareArrayEmptyTarget2() {
$default = array('path' => new LocalText(array('key' => 'value'), LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY));
$translation = array();
$expected = array(
array(
'key' => 'translation[path][key]',
'default' => 'value',
'target' => '',
'type' => LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY
)
);
$preparer = new TranslationPreparer();
$result = $preparer->prepare($default, $translation);
$this->assertEquals($expected, $result);
}
public function testPrepareArrayEmptyDefault() {
$default = array('path' => new LocalText(array(), LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY));
$translation = array('path' => new LocalText(array('key' => 'translated value'), LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY));
$expected = array();
$preparer = new TranslationPreparer();
$result = $preparer->prepare($default, $translation);
$this->assertEquals($expected, $result);
}
public function testPrepareArrayJs() {
$default = array('path' => new LocalText(array('js' => array('key' => 'value')), LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY));
$translation = array('path' => new LocalText(array('js' => array('key' => 'translated value')), LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY));
$expected = array(
array(
'key' => 'translation[path][js][key]',
'default' => 'value',
'target' => 'translated value',
'type' => LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY
)
);
$preparer = new TranslationPreparer();
$result = $preparer->prepare($default, $translation);
$this->assertEquals($expected, $result);
}
public function testPrepareArrayJsEmpty1() {
$default = array('path' => new LocalText(array('js' => array('key' => 'value')), LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY));
$translation = array('path' => new LocalText(array('js' => array()), LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY));
$expected = array(
array(
'key' => 'translation[path][js][key]',
'default' => 'value',
'target' => '',
'type' => LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY
)
);
$preparer = new TranslationPreparer();
$result = $preparer->prepare($default, $translation);
$this->assertEquals($expected, $result);
}
public function testPrepareArrayJsEmpty2() {
$default = array('path' => new LocalText(array('js' => array('key' => 'value')), LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY));
$translation = array('path' => new LocalText(array(), LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY));
$expected = array(
array(
'key' => 'translation[path][js][key]',
'default' => 'value',
'target' => '',
'type' => LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY
)
);
$preparer = new TranslationPreparer();
$result = $preparer->prepare($default, $translation);
$this->assertEquals($expected, $result);
}
public function testPrepareArrayJsEmpty3() {
$default = array('path' => new LocalText(array('js' => array('key' => 'value')), LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY));
$translation = array();
$expected = array(
array(
'key' => 'translation[path][js][key]',
'default' => 'value',
'target' => '',
'type' => LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY
)
);
$preparer = new TranslationPreparer();
$result = $preparer->prepare($default, $translation);
$this->assertEquals($expected, $result);
}
public function testPrepareArrayJsEmptyDefault() {
$default = array('path' => new LocalText(array('js' => array()), LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY));
$translation = array('path' => new LocalText(array('js' => array('key' => 'translated value')), LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY));
$expected = array();
$preparer = new TranslationPreparer();
$result = $preparer->prepare($default, $translation);
$this->assertEquals($expected, $result);
}
public function testPrepareUserMarkup() {
$default = array('path' => new LocalText('original', LocalText::$TYPE_MARKUP));
$translation = array('path' => 'translated');
$expected = array(
array(
'key' => 'translation[path]',
'default' => 'original',
'target' => 'translated',
'type' => LocalText::$TYPE_MARKUP
)
);
$preparer = new TranslationPreparer();
$result = $preparer->prepare($default, $translation);
$this->assertEquals($expected, $result);
}
public function testPrepareUserMarkupEmptyDefault() {
$default = array();
$translation = array('path' => 'translated');
$expected = array();
$preparer = new TranslationPreparer();
$result = $preparer->prepare($default, $translation);
$this->assertEquals($expected, $result);
}
public function testPrepareUserArray() {
$default = array('path' => new LocalText(array('key' => 'value'), LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY));
$translation = array('path' => array('key' => 'translated value'));
$expected = array(
array(
'key' => 'translation[path][key]',
'default' => 'value',
'target' => 'translated value',
'type' => LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY
)
);
$preparer = new TranslationPreparer();
$result = $preparer->prepare($default, $translation);
$this->assertEquals($expected, $result);
}
public function testPrepareUserArrayEmptyDefault() {
$default = array('path' => new LocalText(array(), LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY));
$translation = array('path' => array('key' => 'translated value'));
$expected = array();
$preparer = new TranslationPreparer();
$result = $preparer->prepare($default, $translation);
$this->assertEquals($expected, $result);
}
public function testPrepareUserArrayJs() {
$default = array('path' => new LocalText(array('js' => array('key' => 'value')), LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY));
$translation = array('path' => array('js' => array('key' => 'translated value')));
$expected = array(
array(
'key' => 'translation[path][js][key]',
'default' => 'value',
'target' => 'translated value',
'type' => LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY
)
);
$preparer = new TranslationPreparer();
$result = $preparer->prepare($default, $translation);
$this->assertEquals($expected, $result);
}
public function testPrepareUserArrayJsEmpty1() {
$default = array('path' => new LocalText(array('js' => array('key' => 'value')), LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY));
$translation = array('path' => array('js' => array()));
$expected = array(
array(
'key' => 'translation[path][js][key]',
'default' => 'value',
'target' => '',
'type' => LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY
)
);
$preparer = new TranslationPreparer();
$result = $preparer->prepare($default, $translation);
$this->assertEquals($expected, $result);
}
public function testPrepareUserArrayJsEmptyDefault() {
$default = array('path' => new LocalText(array('js' => array()), LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY));
$translation = array('path' => array('js' => array('key' => 'translated value')));
$expected = array();
$preparer = new TranslationPreparer();
$result = $preparer->prepare($default, $translation);
$this->assertEquals($expected, $result);
}
function testCreateEntryKey() {
$translationController = new TranslationPreparer();
$this->assertEquals('translation[path]',
$translationController->createEntryKey('path'));
$this->assertEquals('translation[path][key]',
$translationController->createEntryKey('path', 'key'));
$this->assertEquals('translation[path][key][jskey]',
$translationController->createEntryKey('path', 'key', 'jskey'));
}
function testCreateEntryGetTranslation() {
$translationController = new TranslationPreparer();
$localText = array('path' => new LocalText('stuff', LocalText::$TYPE_MARKUP));
$result = $translationController->createEntryGetTranslation($localText, 'path');
$this->assertEquals('stuff', $result);
$localText = array('path' => new LocalText(array('key' => 'stuff'), LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY));
$result = $translationController->createEntryGetTranslation($localText, 'path', 'key');
$this->assertEquals('stuff', $result);
$localText = array('path' => new LocalText(array('key' => array('jskey' => 'stuff')), LocalText::$TYPE_ARRAY));
$result = $translationController->createEntryGetTranslation($localText, 'path', 'key', 'jskey');
$this->assertEquals('stuff', $result);
}
}
| 13,909 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araeoncus%20obtusus
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Araeoncus obtusus
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Araeoncus obtusus&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 55 | 101 |
Kaliwatan sa kaka ang Araeoncus obtusus. Una ning gihulagway ni Robert Bosmans ug Rudy Jocqué ni adtong 1983. Ang Araeoncus obtusus sakop sa kahenera nga Araeoncus, ug kabanay nga Linyphiidae.
Kini nga matang hayop na sabwag sa:
Kamerun
Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Kaka
Kaka sa Kamerun
Araeoncus
| 49,573 |
https://github.com/mfeifer/manageiq-ui-classic/blob/master/app/javascript/components/top-navbar/recursive-props.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,020 |
manageiq-ui-classic
|
mfeifer
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 74 | 262 |
import PropTypes from 'prop-types';
export const groupProps = {
description: PropTypes.string.isRequired,
id: PropTypes.string.isRequired,
};
export const helpMenuProps = {
id: PropTypes.string.isRequired,
title: PropTypes.string.isRequired,
type: PropTypes.string.isRequired,
visible: PropTypes.bool,
href: PropTypes.string.isRequired,
};
export const recursiveHelpMenuProps = {
...helpMenuProps,
items: PropTypes.arrayOf(
PropTypes.shape(
{
...helpMenuProps,
},
),
),
};
export const userMenuProps = {
id: PropTypes.string.isRequired,
title: PropTypes.string.isRequired,
visible: PropTypes.bool,
href: PropTypes.string,
};
export const recursiveUserMenuProps = {
...userMenuProps,
items: PropTypes.arrayOf(
PropTypes.shape(
{
...helpMenuProps,
},
),
),
};
| 12,692 |
https://github.com/michaelg29/Programming/blob/master/Java/Networking/src/com/networking/util/Logger.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
Programming
|
michaelg29
|
Java
|
Code
| 11 | 27 |
package com.networking.util;
public interface Logger {
public void Log(String message);
}
| 37,764 |
https://github.com/egorxe/uranus_fpga/blob/master/rtl/fpga_struct_block.vhd
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
uranus_fpga
|
egorxe
|
VHDL
|
Code
| 526 | 2,080 |
library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
library fpgalib;
use fpgalib.fpga_pkg.all;
use fpgalib.fpga_params_pkg.all;
entity fpga_struct_block is
--generic (
--POS_X : integer := 1;
--POS_Y : integer := 1;
--BLOCK_INPUTS : integer := BLOCK_INPUTS;
--BLOCK_OUTPUTS : integer := BLOCK_OUTPUTS
--);
port (
clk_i : in std_logic;
glb_rstn_i : in std_logic;
-- Config signals
config_clk_i : in std_logic;
config_ena_i : in std_logic;
config_shift_i : in std_logic;
config_shift_o : out std_logic;
-- Connections to routing fabric
inputs_up_i : in std_logic_vector(TOTAL_TRACKS-1 downto 0);
inputs_right_i : in std_logic_vector(TOTAL_TRACKS-1 downto 0);
inputs_down_i : in std_logic_vector(TOTAL_TRACKS-1 downto 0);
inputs_left_i : in std_logic_vector(TOTAL_TRACKS-1 downto 0);
outputs_o : out std_logic_vector(BLOCK_OUTPUTS-1 downto 0)
);
end fpga_struct_block;
architecture arch of fpga_struct_block is
constant POS_X : integer := 1;
constant POS_Y : integer := 1;
--constant BLOCK_INPUTS : integer := BLOCK_INPUTS;
--constant BLOCK_OUTPUTS : integer := BLOCK_OUTPUTS;
signal cfg_shift_chain : std_logic_vector(BLOCK_INPUTS+1 downto 0); -- +1 for output
signal block_in : std_logic_vector(BLOCK_INPUTS-1 downto 0);
begin
--assert (IsMemoryBlock(POS_X, POS_Y) or IsLogicBlock(POS_X, POS_Y))
assert (IsLogicBlock(POS_X, POS_Y) or IsMemoryBlock(POS_X, POS_Y))
report "Incorrect block type at " & ToString(POS_X) & ":" & ToString(POS_Y)
severity failure;
cfg_shift_chain(0) <= config_shift_i;
-- Block input muxes for 4 sides, directions here from logic block perspective
-- config chain goes from "bottom" up
MUXES_UP : for i in 0 to BLOCK_IN_PERSIDE-1 generate
block_in_mux : entity fpgalib.fpga_routing_mux_wcfg
generic map (
CFG_WDT => BINPUT_MUX_STATE_WDT,
INPUTS => BLOCK_INPUTS_MUXES -- mux each input from one side (two directions)
)
port map (
config_clk_i => config_clk_i,
config_ena_i => config_ena_i,
config_shift_i => cfg_shift_chain(((BLOCK_INPUTS-1-(i*4)))+1),
config_shift_o => cfg_shift_chain(((BLOCK_INPUTS-1-(i*4)))+2),
route_i => BlkInputReduction(inputs_up_i, i),
route_o => block_in(i*4)
);
end generate;
MUXES_RIGHT : for i in 0 to BLOCK_IN_PERSIDE-1 generate
block_in_mux : entity fpgalib.fpga_routing_mux_wcfg
generic map (
CFG_WDT => BINPUT_MUX_STATE_WDT,
INPUTS => BLOCK_INPUTS_MUXES -- mux each input from one side (two directions)
)
port map (
config_clk_i => config_clk_i,
config_ena_i => config_ena_i,
config_shift_i => cfg_shift_chain(((BLOCK_INPUTS-1-(i*4+1)))+1),
config_shift_o => cfg_shift_chain(((BLOCK_INPUTS-1-(i*4+1)))+2),
route_i => BlkInputReduction(inputs_right_i, i),
route_o => block_in(i*4+1)
);
end generate;
MUXES_DOWN : for i in 0 to BLOCK_IN_PERSIDE-1 generate
block_in_mux : entity fpgalib.fpga_routing_mux_wcfg
generic map (
CFG_WDT => BINPUT_MUX_STATE_WDT,
INPUTS => BLOCK_INPUTS_MUXES -- mux each input from one side (two directions)
)
port map (
config_clk_i => config_clk_i,
config_ena_i => config_ena_i,
config_shift_i => cfg_shift_chain(((BLOCK_INPUTS-1-(i*4+2)))+1),
config_shift_o => cfg_shift_chain(((BLOCK_INPUTS-1-(i*4+2)))+2),
route_i => BlkInputReduction(inputs_down_i, i),
route_o => block_in(i*4+2)
);
end generate;
MUXES_LEFT : for i in 0 to BLOCK_IN_PERSIDE-1 generate
block_in_mux : entity fpgalib.fpga_routing_mux_wcfg
generic map (
CFG_WDT => BINPUT_MUX_STATE_WDT,
INPUTS => BLOCK_INPUTS_MUXES -- mux each input from one side (two directions)
)
port map (
config_clk_i => config_clk_i,
config_ena_i => config_ena_i,
config_shift_i => cfg_shift_chain(((BLOCK_INPUTS-1-(i*4+3)))+1),
config_shift_o => cfg_shift_chain(((BLOCK_INPUTS-1-(i*4+3)))+2),
route_i => BlkInputReduction(inputs_left_i, i),
route_o => block_in(i*4+3)
);
end generate;
LOGIC : if IsLogicBlock(POS_X, POS_Y) generate
-- Put logic block here
logic_block : fpga_logic_block
port map (
clk_i => clk_i,
glb_rstn_i => glb_rstn_i,
-- Config signals
config_clk_i => config_clk_i,
config_ena_i => config_ena_i,
config_shift_i => cfg_shift_chain(0),
config_shift_o => cfg_shift_chain(1),
inputs_i => block_in,
outputs_o => outputs_o
);
end generate;
--MEMORY : if IsMemoryBlockStart(POS_X, POS_Y) generate
---- Put memory block here
--mem_block : entity fpgalib.fpga_memory_block
--port map (
--clk_i => clk_i,
--glb_rstn_i => glb_rstn_i,
---- Config signals
--config_clk_i => config_clk_i,
--config_ena_i => config_ena_i,
--config_shift_i => cfg_shift_chain(0),
--config_shift_o => cfg_shift_chain(1),
--inputs_i => block_in,
--outputs_o => outputs_o
--);
--end generate;
config_shift_o <= cfg_shift_chain(BLOCK_INPUTS+1);
end arch;
| 8,416 |
sn88074815_1919-11-07_1_4_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,813 | 3,554 |
PAGE FOUR THE OCALA BANNER! (Published Weekly) OLO GLORY FRANK HARRIS Editor FRANK HARRIS, Editor R. M. LPMMt Asst Bus. Mgr MRS. SARA LLOYD....Local Editor PHONES Office Citizens and: M 2i SUBSCRIPTION RATES One Year $15 6 Months $5 Three Months $5 Entered as second class matter at the post office in Ocala, Fla., until Act of Congress regulating second mail matter A BAD FOREBODING Tuesday's election marks the most rest and emphasizes the disturbed condition of the country and it is not at all gratifying to those who truly love its flag and adore its in it ut ions. With labor strikes, bomb throwing, rarrer riots, bolshevism and anarchism raging in so many sections of the country, and bitter hatred and rank partisanship controlling the congress of the nation, one need not be surprised at what turn affairs may take. The country is not at itself. We find democrats fighting anting the masses. At the Baltimore convention, after leaving Champ Clark and joining the Wilson forces, Mr. Bryan, who was the dominating figure there, instead of extending the olive branch, raised black flag and made a violent attack on the Tammany delegation which still rankles in the breasts of its leaders because they believe that the onslaught was acquiesced in by Mr. Wilson. Then, too, the Hearst publications have continued to wake incessant An anti-war on the administration which had its effect on their many more than a million readers. Inhibition has got poor old Kentucky at “sixes and sevens." "Cncle" Henry Watterson, ever since the Dial unforfunate visit when he went in had company to see the “Pineeton professor," and made a wrong diagnosis of his presidential dimensions, has gone wrong and good many of those old Kentucky colonels who “sipped their sherry and champagne” and grew mint beds to go with their "Cream of Kentucky"! have strayed far away from the straight and nan, a fish and have joined their hands with the invasions of strange gods. Re and Core and Hardwick, and other likewarm democrats, have joined in with Lodge and Borah, and LaKolliette, in making war on the administration, not only to the hurt and injury of the ration but to the unrest of the entire world. Then too, the Germans, Irish, and the foreign element generally, now in the annals of so much trouble in our midst except the purged Anglo Saxon, have it in for the administration and have done and are doing all the harm to destroy the glorious fruits of our world-war victory. We say it more in sadness than in anger that things are all out of joint with the world than ever before; then was never a time of greater turmoil. One of the most significant and social unrest. We reflect that the world is “top-turvy” and the United States is not at itself, so one need not be surprised because we are losing our political bearings. The announcement of Miles Poindexter for the presidential is tantamount to saying that 1920 is to be a total year. The Ocala Banner is the hugest weekly in Florida, and its editorial policy is no smaller than it is. AN UNSAVORY RECORD It goes without saying that those of us who have strong convictions likewise have strong prejudices. It is difficult for us to weigh with blind judicial fairness things of passing moment however much they may mean for the betterment of the world. We seem prone to give a tinge of color to suit our own preconceptions and are controlled in a large measure by party, factional and denominational bias. Sweeping aside and overcoming those prejudices as far as possible and viewing the action of the present congress and the conduct of the republicans in that body during the continuance of the war with as much leniency as possible, it does occur to us that its record is unsavory enough to overwhelm it. Under the tutelage of ex-President Taft, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Prof. Eliot of Harvard, and leading republicans without number, the republican party was almost if not wholly committed to the formation of a league of nations so aptly termed by Lord Tennyson as “a parliament of man, the federation of the world.” But when it became possible to realize and put into force this benign vision, because the honor of accomplishing it would fall largely upon the brow of President Wilson and give the party to which he belongs, a large measure of popular opinion. arity and perhaps continue it in power indefinitely, the republican members of congress have done everything possible to defeat it. Senator Lodge occupies the unenviable attitude of having foresworn his own statements and many of his colleagues stand with him. With the object of making the league covenant unpopular, they have raised against it any number of base and frivolous objections and have proposed and debated with more or less temper forty-five amendments which they now admit that they were convinced would never pass. On occasion, they flooded the senate chamber with crocodile tears over the loss of Shantung to China, which was wrested from her more than twenty years ago by the German Kaiser and did not hesitate to negotiate the president of the United States as being a particeps criminis. The shameful transaction. Then they raised the false and frivolous cry that England had six votes in the league to America’s one; then they pretended that one of the articles would involve us in the internal quarrels of Europe when it bore no such interpretation. They now propose to do by reservations what they failed to do by amendments. All along their course has been marked by wear of candor and rank duplicity. In the less weighty affairs of the nation, they have given a listening ear to back stairway gossip that has been strangely appalling. During his widowerhood, it was guardedly whispered that the president had "affinities" and after his speaking tour, when he was hurried to Washington, a very sick man, it was given out that his illness was all sham and was staged to manufacture sympathy in order to gain votes for the ratification of the peace treaty. When his sickness could no longer be questioned, it was ominous, whispered that his mind was seriously affected, that if, perchance, he were restored to physical health, he would forever remain a hopeless imbecile! Insistent were these rumors set afloat that the appointment of a committee to investigate his mental illness was seriously considered, the paramount hope being that in some way his inability to discharge the functions of his office could be shown so that Vice President Marshall could be proclaimed president. Again, just recently in order to humiliate him, an amendment was attempted to be taxed on to the appropriation bill making it unlawful for the president to appoint a foreign conference commission without obtaining the advice and consent of the senate when it was shown that the appointment of such commissions at the option of the president had been the unbroken custom since Washington’s day. It was shown that all the earlier presidents appointed such foreign commissions without any reference to the senate. That Lincoln appointed eighteen, none of which were sent to the senate for confirmation. Hayes, Garfield, and Harrison followed the same custom and McKinley appointed a great number and not one was sent to the senate. Senate for confirmation and no democrat raised an objection. It is the first time in our history that any congress has been so bitterly partisan as thus to attempt to insult the head of the nation. In speaking in opposition to the adoption of this amendment, Congressman Flood of Virginia closed a very eloquent and patriotic address in the following words: "If we want to establish a policy, let us bring in a law to fix it for all such cases and not one particular case as an insult to the president." If you undertake to pass a general law applicable to all cases, you will show your faith in your constitutional power and your sincerity and courage. But tacking this amendment on here is partisan politics. I believe in partisanship. I believe in the virile kind of partisanship of ex-Speaker Clark and ex-Speaker Cannon, who will do everything in their power honorably and justly, in the house and out of it, to place the men and measures of their political faith in control of the government. (Applause). I believe in the partisanship of the speaker of this house, who always sympathizes with members of his party, who always decides questions raised here fairly and honestly and without reference to party advantage. (Applause). It has been partisans who in all ages of the world, in every field of human progress, have led the way. Wherever conflicts of opinion have determined the thoughts and actions of men there, the well-equipped partisan has been the guiding power and controlling force for good; but our international affairs are no place for even wholesome partisanship. In these affairs Americans should stand together. During the war this house did not indulge in partisanship. In the trying days of reconstruction, let us follow a similar rule, and it will be for the good and glory of the country. (Applause). I appeal to gentlemen on that side not to vote for this amendment simply because it was reported by a republican committee. You can point out no purpose except a discourtesy to our great president. He is a great president, self-poised and courageous, honest and able, brilliant and patriotic in guarding every interest of America and of humanity; he has won his way into the hearts of the people not only of this country, but of the entire world (Applause) and today everywhere he is looked upon as the foremost man and the wisest statesman of his day and generation.” (Applause). POINDEXTER'S 810 FOR THE PRESIDENCY In Mr. Miles' bid for the republican presidential nomination, he says among a great many other things that the "present revolutionary movement manacing the liberty of our country received powerful encouragement from the administration." Commenting upon which the Quincy Times says: "That will do for you, Miles. We part company right there. Any man who can tell such a whopper as that is fully eligible to be president of the Ananias club—in fact, to be the whole club, including the janitor and doorkeeper; but he is obviously not fit to be president of the United States of whom the American people always require a decent conformity to truth and avoidance of slander. As we want to see the republican party decelerates next year, we should perhaps encourage the nomination of Miles, but under the circumstances, we cannot do it. We want both presidential candidates to be men of presidential size and the senator from Washington has put himself out of that class by his own deliberate and unqualified slander of an administration that must always rank among the greatest in American history. Only partisan prejudice and jealousy will deny it." FLOWERS FOR THE LIVING The state press continues to add, wreaths of flowers with which our genial friend —Colonel Robert W. Davis, of the Gainesville Sun—is being decorated. The Miami Herald places the following flower on his desk: "But that is not at all what the Herald started out to say. It wanted to point out to its readers the very courteous way in which Colonel Robeyt W. Davis carries on his newspaper controversies. There is never the slightest acidity in the Colonel’s writings. He treats every opponent with a consideration that marks him the true and knightly gentleman that he is. "Colonel Davis may be getting along in years, as we all are, but a man is no older than his soul, and Colonel Davis preserves all the kindness and gentleness of the days of his youth when he was affectionately dubbed "Our Bob," an appellation so generously adopted over the state, of which he is a most distinguished citizen, that we would prefer earning one like it to wearing the croix de guerre." OCALA, FLORIDA Total resources $1,250,000.00 Announcement This is to inform our friends and citizens generally of Ocala and vicinity that all arrangements are now completed for our opening on Monday, Nov. 10, in our new store in the Ocala House block, east of the square. We are receiving daily shipments of new and up-to-date furnishings for Men and Boys, and we ask you to consider this as a personal invitation to call, see our stock—and us—and rest assured that at any time you will receive a cordial welcome. Walkley & Bullock Ocala, Florida As a result of experiments recently conducted by the bureau of fisheries, the locating of schools of fish for the guidance of fishermen will be added to the many other commercial uses to which already the airplane has been put. The time apparently has come when modern fishermen can no more afford to be without airplanes than modern farmers can afford to be without automobiles. Has Rube Allyn landed in Texas? It is said there is a fellow out there who, besides being a writer of the O. Henry variety, is one of the best story tellers and best fishermen in Texas; is the inventor of buttermilk as an intoxicant, is an expert reader of cards and is a success as a Sunday school teacher, and is rich, rare, and racy along all lines. Whatever else may have been said about Ella Wheeler Wilcox, the poetess, who died last week, it can be said that she made life happier for many of those who read her cheering verses and optimistic philosophy of life. —St. Petersburg Times. She was a sweet singer, stimulating the affections and giving warmth and glow to the family circle. We learn from the Palm Beach Post that a number of French families have their eyes turned in the direction of Florida. The Methodist church is carrying its activities into all lands. It is now saving Serbian and Belgian bonds. SERVICE It is our aim and desire to render the very best service possible in every line of banking. We hold ourselves ready at all times to render financial assistance to every worthy enterprise. We solicit Your business with view of making it mutually profitable. THE MUNROE & CHAMBLISS . NATIONAL BANK bies and has entered Ypres and Brussels. ~ Our good friend. Colonel Stone man, editor of the Miami Herald, continues to shed tears over Shan i tung and tries to fasten the crime of the German kaiser, committeed twenty years ago, on the over-bur dened shoulders of President Wil son. For very shame. I Brute strength uncontrolled by in telligence leads to chaos, but intelll. gence. dominated by a good con science and an unselfish love for hu manity can solve and make easy ev ery problem which now' confronts the American people.—Memphis Com mercial Appeal. The Florida penitentiary is report ed to be the most healthful spot in the state, the deaths among 2.000 prisoners average only three a year. This is a pointer where to go if you want to live long.—Tampa Tribune. Sergeant York, the greatest hero of the world war, who with his own right arm. single handed and alone, slew eight huns and captured thirty more, will visit Florida in the interest of the Red Cross. The manufacturing of honey is be coming a growing industry in Flor ida. j There is one thing at least, in fa vor of Miles Poindexter —he comes L 0 l;i out aud admiu Le is running FRIDAY. NOVEMBER 7, 1919. for president. That’s more than the others have done. —St. Petersburg Times. Says William Allen White of Em ! poria, Kans., a brilliant editor, who covered the Paris conference and who has been a severe critic of President Wilson personally: “The league of nations covenant is 70 per j cent perfect—sometimes I think it is much less than that—but it Is the ! big thing of the peace conference. If it were only 10 percent perfect, it would still be a step in the right direction. We are glad that Governor Catts is not now a member of the United States senate as he is reported to have said in his Marianna speech that he is opposed to the ratification of the peace treaty without amendments and textual reservations. If that be true, he would be keeping company with Lodge, Borah, LaFollette, and company.—the willful obstructionists. The state plant board says that the European corn borer is the most destructive farm pest that has appeared in the United States. Energetic efforts are being taken by the board to prevent it getting into Florida. A corporation is being formed at Miami to manufacture cement of Florida rock. Mixed with a certain chemical preparation, it makes a fine cement.
| 4,292 |
sn83021205_1875-08-16_1_3_2
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,875 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 363 | 650 |
HENRY H. HOLDEN, jy!3 dtf Proprietor. gOSTON, BARRE & GARDNER R. R. Summer Excursions! Ronnd Trip Ticket*, Bond till Nuv. 1, VIA LAKE GEORGE, LAKE CHAMPLAIN. SARATOGA, THE ADIRONDACK^. HUDSON RIVER, OG DENSBURG, MONTREAL,* QUEBEC, NEWPORT, VT.Jand the WIIITB MOUNTAINS. Tickets and information respecting Routes can be ob tained of WM H. MORSE, Banker, 426 Main st., and at Foster st. depot, Worcester. I. N. ROSS, Sup’t. J. C. SPAULDING, G. T. A. dtf aulO EXCURSIONS. B„ B. & G. R. R. and W. C. Line. Special rates given to parties of 12 or npwatds that wish to visit Mt. Wachusett. Leave Worcester at 8.2 a. m.; returning, arrive at Worcester atsAsp. m. Six hours at the mountain. New Coaches and quick time. For further information inquire of I. N. ROSS, Sup’t 8., B. 4 G. R. R. J. C. SPAULDING. G. T. A. do. D. F. SMITH, I’rop’r W.C. Line. au!6 dtf rpHE TRAIN LEAVING PROVIDENCE at 7 P. M., will, until further notic-, be RUN THROUGH TO WORCESTER, On Wednesday and Saturdays, To accommodate those who desire a long day down Providence river. au!2 dtf Jhpn flangings, tfc. rpHE NEW WATER PIPE orrosiTß ALBERT S. BROWN’S DEPOT or Paper Hangings is now at rest, ‘*low in the ground,” and the numerou buyers of HOUSE PAPERS can cross Main street from the Bay State House over it, and can And prices correspondingly LOW! The exhibition of theaeTfine goods is as continuous and as free as the flow of the crystal waters. Our friends from North Pond AND Kettle Brook can meet here in mutual felicitations on their bargains. We will assist them in their selections, and furnish them with tried and skillful workmen in DECORAT ING, PAPER HANGING, WHITENING, Ac. No. 984 Main Street, OPPOSITE THE BAY STATE HOUSE. au!3 dtf pAPER HANGINGS. On and after Monday, August 2d* 1675, we shall sell Perfect Goods as Cheap as you can Buy Damaged Goods. We shall also bang all Common Paper for !4 cents a roll until further notice. Please give ns a call and see If this is not so. LEGATE A STACY, ■om BNB FAFBB •TOBE, j,,l <lwp« «< MAIS st,.
| 32,313 |
https://github.com/irusland/httpserver/blob/master/tests/defenitions_for_test.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
httpserver
|
irusland
|
Python
|
Code
| 154 | 987 |
import os
TESTS_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
TEST_DATA_DIR_NAME = 'tmp'
TEST_DATA_DIR = os.path.join(TESTS_DIR, TEST_DATA_DIR_NAME)
TEST_HANDLERS_DIR_NAME = 'handlers'
TEST_HANDLERS_DIR = os.path.join(TESTS_DIR, TEST_HANDLERS_DIR_NAME)
data_dir = TEST_DATA_DIR
handlers_dir = TEST_HANDLERS_DIR
CONFIG_PATTERN = (f'''
{{
"_host": "0.0.0.0",
"_port": 8000,
"rules": {{
"/": "{data_dir}/index.html",
"/upload": "{data_dir}/upload.html",
"/save": {{
"handler": {{
"source": "{handlers_dir}/upload.py",
"POST": "save"
}}
}},
"/show_files": {{
"handler": {{
"source": "{handlers_dir}/upload.py",
"GET": "show"
}}
}},
"/my_guest_book": "{data_dir}/my_guest_book.html",
"/posts": {{
"handler": {{
"source": "{handlers_dir}/my_guest_book.py",
"GET": "get_posts"
}}
}},
"/post": {{
"handler": {{
"source": "{handlers_dir}/my_guest_book.py",
"POST": "handle_post"
}}
}},
"/c.png": {{
"path": "{data_dir}/c.png",
"headers": [
[
"Content-Type",
"text/html"
],
[
"Content-Disposition",
"inline;filename=custom.png"
]
]
}},
"/favicon.ico": "{data_dir}/pictures/favicon.ico",
"/index.html": "{data_dir}/index.html",
"/2.html": "{data_dir}/pages/2.html",
"/1.2.3.txt": "{data_dir}/1.2.3.txt",
"/page-load-errors[extras].css": {{
"path": "pages/page-load-errors[extras].css",
"mime": "text/css"
}},
"/[name].html": "{data_dir}/pages/[name].html",
"/[name].css": "{data_dir}/pages/css/[name].css",
"/[name].[ext]": "{data_dir}/pictures/[name].[ext]",
"/png/[name].png": "{data_dir}/pictures/[name].png",
"/pictures/[ext]/1": "{data_dir}/pictures/1.[ext]",
"/[day]-[n]/[month]/[year]": "{data_dir}/dates/[year]/[month]/[day]/[n].png",
"/[DD]/[MM]/[YY]": "{data_dir}/dates/[DD].[MM].[YY].png",
"/mime/": {{
"path": "{data_dir}/pictures/1.png",
"mime": "text/txt"
}},
"/big": {{
"path": "{data_dir}/pictures/chroma.jpg",
"mime": "image/jpg"
}},
"/[file].[ext]": "{data_dir}/[file].[ext]"
}},
"error-pages": {{
"PAGE_NOT_FOUND": "pages/PAGE_NOT_FOUND.html"
}}
}}
''')
def get_config():
return CONFIG_PATTERN
| 6,564 |
https://github.com/michungwei/LazyCat/blob/master/scripts/shoppingcar.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,016 |
LazyCat
|
michungwei
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 649 | 3,712 |
/**
* cully create 20120926
* 購物車相關JS
*/
$.ajaxSetup({ cache: false });
var serviceurl="do/shoppingservice.php";
/**
* 將商品相關資訊新增至購物車
* @param{productid} 商品編號
* @param{productsno} 商品流水編號
* @param{colorsno} 規格流水編號
* @param{sizesno} 尺寸流水編號
* @param{productcolorid} 商品顏色編號
* @param{listprice} 商品定價
* @param{sellingprice} 商品售價
* @param{amount} 商品數量
* @param{subtotal} 商品小計
* @param{isshow} 是否顯示
* @param{createtime} 建立時間
*/
function addCar(product_id, product_sno, special_price, sell_price, amount, subtotal, product_name_en, product_name_tw, pic, color){
if(product_id > 0 && product_sno != ""){
//alert("hi");
$.ajax({
url : serviceurl,
async : false,
type : "POST",
data : {method : "add",
product_id : product_id,
product_sno : product_sno,
special_price : special_price,
sell_price : sell_price,
amount : amount,
subtotal : subtotal,
product_name_en : product_name_en,
product_name_tw : product_name_tw,
pic : pic,
color : color
},
dataType : "json",
success : function(data){
if(data.result){
alert('商品已成功加入至購物車\n目前購物車總共有'+data.message+'項商品'+data.total+'元');
$("li.cart_no span").html(data.message);
//if(where==0){
// alert('此商品已成功加入至購物車\n目前購物車總共有'+data[0].message+'項商品');
// updateCarNum(data[0].message,data[0].total);
// }
// if(where==1){
// alert('此商品已成功加入至購物車\n目前購物車總共有'+data[0].message+'項商品');
// parent.updateCarNum(data[0].message,data[0].total);
// //parent.slide();
// }
//
// parent.$.fancybox.close();
}else{
alert(data.message);
}
}
});
}else{
alert('參數資料傳送錯誤!');
}
}
/*function updateCarNum(n,t){
$('.carcount').html(n);
$('.cartotal').html(t);
$('.carprice').html(n);
if(n>0){
$('.shopcart').show();
}else{
$('.shopcart').hide();
}
if(this==top){
carItemShow();
}
else{
parent.updateCarNum(n,t);
}
}*/
function updateCar(cart_id, num){ //n:第幾樣商品; s=0:移除本列商品
if(cart_id != ""){
$.ajax({
url : serviceurl,
async : false,
type : "POST",
data : {method : "update",
cart_id : cart_id,
num : num
},
dataType:"json",
success:function(data){
if(data.result){
//alert('此商品已成功刪除\n目前購物車總共有'+data[0].message+'項商品');
updateCarState(data[0].message[0].amount,data[0].message[0].subtotal,data[0].total,data[0].message[0].freight,data[0].message[0].alltotal,data[0].message[0].discount,data[0].message[0].disbonus,n);
if(num<=0 && s==0){
removeCarLine(n,data[0].message[0].carnum,data[0].total);
}
else{
updateCarNum(data[0].message[0].carnum,data[0].total);
}
}else{
alert(data[0].message);
}
},
error:function(jqXHR, textStatus, errorThrown){
alert(errorThrown);
}
});
}else{
alert('參數資料傳送錯誤!');
}
}
function clearCar(){
$.ajax({
url : serviceurl,
async : false,
type : "POST",
data : "method=clear",
dataType : "json",
success : function(data){
if(data){
if(data[0].result=="true"){
}else{
alert(data[0].message);
}
}
}
});
}
function chkProductStock(product_id, num, color){
if(product_id != ""){
var res = false;
$.ajax({
url : serviceurl,
async : false,
type : "POST",
data : {method : "chkstock",
product_id : product_id,
num : num,
color : color
},
dataType:"json",
success:function(data){
if(data.result){
res = true;
}else{
alert(data.message);
}
},
error:function(jqXHR, textStatus, errorThrown){
alert(errorThrown);
}
});
return res;
}else{
alert('參數資料傳送錯誤!');
}
}
function chkPromoCode(totalPrice, promoCode, freight){
if(promoCode != ""){
var res = false;
$.ajax({
url : serviceurl,
async : false,
type : "POST",
data : {method : "chkPromoCode",
promoCode : promoCode
},
dataType:"json",
success:function(data){
if(data.result){
res = true;
if(data.promo_money > 0)
{
$('#promo_money').show();
$('.promo_money').replaceWith("<td class='promo_money'>- "+data.promo_money+"</td>");
}
else{
$('#promo_money').hide();
}
if(data.promo_discount < 1)
{
$('#promo_discount').show();
$('.promo_discount').replaceWith("<td class='promo_discount'>x "+data.promo_discount+"</td>");
}
else{
$('#promo_discount').hide();
}
var total = Math.ceil((totalPrice - data.promo_money) * data.promo_discount) + freight;
if(total > 0)
$('.total').replaceWith("<td class='total'>"+total+"</td>");
else
{
$('#promo_discount').hide();
$('#promo_money').hide();
$('input[name="recipient_promoCode"]').val("");
alert("折扣後結帳金額為"+total+"，小於0無法做折扣!\n" + "[折扣金額為"+data.promo_money+" %數為"+data.promo_discount+"]");
}
}else{
$('#promo_discount').hide();
$('#promo_money').hide();
$('input[name="recipient_promoCode"]').val("");
alert(data.message);
}
},
error:function(jqXHR, textStatus, errorThrown){
alert(errorThrown);
}
});
return res;
}else{
$('#promo_money').hide();
$('#promo_discount').hide();
}
}
function calTotalPrice(totalPrice, promoCode, discharge, freight){
var res = false;
$.ajax({
url : serviceurl,
async : false,
type : "POST",
data : {method : "chkPromoCode",
promoCode : promoCode
},
dataType:"json",
success:function(data){
if(data.result){
res = true;
var total = Math.ceil((totalPrice - data.promo_money) * data.promo_discount) - discharge + freight;
}else{
$('#promo_discount').hide();
$('#promo_money').hide();
$('input[name="recipient_promoCode"]').val("");
var total = totalPrice - discharge + freight;
}
if(total > 0)
$('.total').replaceWith("<td class='total'>"+total+"</td>");
else if(discharge == "NaN")
{
alert("請設定抵用金金額，不得為空");
}
else
{
$('.total').replaceWith("<td class='total'>"+total+"</td>");
/*$('#promo_discount').hide();
$('#promo_money').hide();
$('input[name="recipient_promoCode"]').val("");*/
alert("折扣後結帳金額為"+total+"，小於0無法做折扣!\n" + "[折扣金額為"+data.promo_money+" %數為"+data.promo_discount+" 抵用金為"+discharge+"]");
}
},
error:function(jqXHR, textStatus, errorThrown){
alert(errorThrown);
}
});
return res;
}
function updateCarState(amount,subtotal,total,freight,alltotal,discount,disbonus,n){
$('#subtotal'+n).html(subtotal);
$("#total").text(total);
$("#freightt").text(freight);
$("#freight").val(freight);
$("#alltotal").text(alltotal);
$("#totalprice").val(alltotal);
$("#bonusreward").text(disbonus);
showDisComment('totaltable',discount);
}
function showDisComment(objid,data){
$obj=$('#'+objid);
// $first=$obj.find("tr:first");
// $last=$obj.find("tr:last");
$first=$obj.find("tr.line1");
$second=$obj.find("tr.line2");
$last=$obj.find("tr.line3");
$obj.empty();
$obj.append($first);
for(var i=0,len=data.length;i<len;i++){
var units=data[i].type==2 ? '紅利' : '-NT$';
$obj.append('<tr> <td height="40" colspan="2" align="right"><span id="discountcomment">'+data[i].title+'</span></td><td height="40" align="left">優惠折扣<span class="txt14c_09f" style="padding-left:10px;">'+units+'<span id="discount">'+data[i].discount+'</span></span></td></tr>');
}
$obj.append($second);
$obj.append($last);
}
function removeCarLine(n,carnum,total){
$obj=$('#sclist'+n);
$obj.remove();
parent.updateCarNum(carnum,total);
if( $('.sclist').size() ==0){
parent.$.fancybox.close();
}
}
/*function getBuy(span_id){
var spanobj = $("#"+span_id);
var pro_id = spanobj.attr("pro_id");
var pro_sno = spanobj.attr("pro_sno");
var pro_name = spanobj.attr("pro_name");
var pro_sellprice = spanobj.attr("pro_sellprice");
var pro_amount = $("#"+span_id+" "+".amount").val();
if(pro_amount == ""){
pro_amount = 0;
}
var pro_subtotal = pro_sellprice*pro_amount;
//alert (pro_subtotal);
addCar(pro_id, pro_sno, pro_name, pro_sellprice, pro_amount, pro_subtotal);
}*/
function carItemShow(){
$.ajax({
url: 'caritem_show.php',
async:false,
type: 'POST',
error: function(){
alert('發生錯誤');
},
success: function(response){
if(response){
var show = response;
$("#caritemshow").html(show);
//$(".sizebox0").hide();
slide();
//setTimeout(function(){slide();},1000);
}else{
$("#caritemshow").html("尚未選擇商品");
}
}
});
}
| 44,796 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1259295
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Miloje Milojević
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 90 | 310 |
Miloje Milojević
razločitvena stran Wikimedie
Miloje Milojević primerek od razločitvena stran Wikimedie
Miloje Milojević
višeznačna odrednica na Vikimediji
Miloje Milojević je(su) višeznačna odrednica na Vikimediji
Miloje Milojević
višeznačna odrednica na Vikimediji
Miloje Milojević je višeznačna odrednica na Vikimediji
Милоје Милојевић
вишезначна одредница на Викимедији
Милоје Милојевић је вишезначна одредница на Викимедији
Милоје Милојевић
вишезначна одредница на Викимедији
Милоје Милојевић је Викимедијина вишезначна одредница
Милоевич, Милое
страница значений
Милоевич, Милое это частный случай понятия страница значений в проекте Викимедиа
Miloje Milojević
Wikimedia disambiguation page
Miloje Milojević instance of Wikimedia disambiguation page
| 38,681 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%2018%E2%80%9322%2C%201958%2C%20nor%27easter
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
March 18–22, 1958, nor'easter
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March 18–22, 1958, nor'easter&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 226 | 345 |
The March 18–22, 1958 nor'easter was an unusual late-season and violent winter storm that impacted the Mid-Atlantic and New England regions of the United States. Its snowfall extended from North Carolina through Maine.
Analysis and impacts
On June 15, 1958, Raymond A. Green, a meteorologist at the extended forecast section of the United States Weather Bureau office in Washington, D.C., published a detailed analysis of this storm system, in which it was described as a “violent snowstorm”. This storm contained winds up to hurricane strength and it produced heavy snowfall across the Northeastern United States. of snow was reported to have fallen in Mount Airy, Maryland. Multiple locations in the interior parts of Pennsylvania had up to of snow. The United States Weather Bureau stated that this storm was “the worst in 40 years in parts of Pennsylvania”.
On the same day as Green’s publication, Alan N. Sanderson and Ralph B. Mason Jr., meteorologists who worked at the United States Weather Bureau’s National Weather Analysis Center, in Washington D.C., published a seven page analysis on this storm system and a storm a week earlier. Sanderson and Mason Jr. noted that most of the snowfall in Pennsylvania came down in “paralyzing quantities”.
See also
Climate of the United States
List of NESIS storms
References
Nor'easters
Noreaster, 03-18
Noreaster, 1958-03-18
Noreaster, 18
Noreaster, 03-18
Noreaster, 03-18
Noreaster, 03-18
| 31,798 |
https://github.com/EnvisionYourWebsite/Share.BackupCRM.com/blob/master/workbench/sule/kotakin/src/Sule/Kotakin/Filters/Account.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Share.BackupCRM.com
|
EnvisionYourWebsite
|
PHP
|
Code
| 286 | 854 |
<?php
namespace Sule\Kotakin\Filters;
/*
* This file is part of the Kotakin
*
* Author: Sulaeman <[email protected]>.
*
* For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
* file that was distributed with this source code.
*/
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Input;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Redirect;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\URL;
use Cartalyst\Sentry\Sentry;
use Cartalyst\Sentry\Users\UserInterface;
use Cartalyst\Sentry\Groups\GroupNotFoundException;
class Account
{
/**
* The Sentry.
*
* @var Cartalyst\Sentry\Sentry
*/
protected $sentry;
/**
* Create a new instance.
*
* @param Cartalyst\Sentry\Sentry
* @return void
*/
public function __construct(Sentry $sentry)
{
$this->sentry = $sentry;
}
/**
* Get the sentry.
*
* @return Cartalyst\Sentry\Sentry
*/
public function getSentry()
{
return $this->sentry;
}
/**
* Check if user already logged in
* then redirect to the previous page
* if defined
*
* @return mixed
*/
public function login()
{
if ($this->getSentry()->check()) {
$user = $this->getSentry()->getUser();
if ($this->inAllowedGroups($this->getSentry()->getUser())) {
$continueUri = Input::get('continue');
if (!empty($continueUri))
return Redirect::to($continueUri);
else
return Redirect::to('/'.$user->getAttribute('url_slug'));
}
}
}
/**
* Check if user session expired
* or not authenticated
* then redirect to the login page
* with current page URI info
* if available
*
* @return mixed
*/
public function auth()
{
$authed = true;
if ( ! $this->getSentry()->check()) {
$authed = false;
} else {
if ( ! $this->inAllowedGroups($this->getSentry()->getUser())) {
$authed = false;
}
}
if ( ! $authed) {
$currentUrl = URL::current();
$urlArray = explode('/', $currentUrl);
$slug = $urlArray[3];
unset($urlArray);
return Redirect::to('/'.$slug.'/login?continue='.urlencode($currentUrl));
}
}
/**
* Check if user is in allowed groups
*
* @param Cartalyst\Sentry\Users\UserInterface $user
* @return bool
*/
private function inAllowedGroups(UserInterface $user)
{
$allowed = false;
// Check if in user group
try {
$group = $this->getSentry()->getGroupProvider()->findByName('User');
if ($user->inGroup($group))
$allowed = true;
} catch (GroupNotFoundException $e) {}
return $allowed;
}
}
| 28,201 |
sn83020847_1890-01-24_1_12_2
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,226 | 4,245 |
What a chance he has got to bring the office up to the standard of what a post office in a city of 50,000 ought to be, and what an immense amount of trying work he has on his hands before he can accomplish it! To begin with, the corridors of the office are in a most disgraceful condition, the broom and the mop not being frequent visitors to all appearances. Indeed, the whole office from beginning to end stands in need of being made wholesome, the force which Postmaster Chapman has been obliged to have about him not being equal to the task of doing the work well and keeping the office clean at the same time. There is general complaint and has been for long time of discourtesy at the stamp window, and of a general lack of alertness in the distribution of mails and a lack of effort at pleasing the patrons of the office. The only service connected with the office that is in reasonably fair condition is the carrier service. So many of the old carriers have held over that it has been very well preserved. Maj Kinney has well-defined ideas about some reforms, but will not make the mistake of trying to do everything at once. But he will work very hard to improve things and will have the support of the community. The little stir over his appointment has died out, and will not come to the surface until some other reckoning day. Leastwise that is what the republican politicians say. THE JOHNSTOWN RELIEF FUND. How the Maney Aims Disposed Of—Report of the Commission. A meeting of the Johnstown flood relief commission was held at Philadelphia last week. Arrangements have been perfected with the Gerard life insurance annuity and trust company for the administration of the annuity fund whereby the 322 children under 16 years of age, orphaned by the flood in the Conemaugh will each receive $50 annually until they shall have reached the age of 16 years. The sum appropriated for this purpose is $115,000 (including the first payment of $16,100 already made to the orphans). It was also decided to appropriate $40,000 for the erection of a hospital in Johnstown. Five thousand dollars was appropriated for hospital purposes at Williamsport. The secretary’s report showed that 116 women widowed by the Johnstown flood had been paid the sum of $179,471, and they will receive $95,250 more for their children in annual payments, varying as to the number and ages of the children, while the report also shows that there were estimated to have been drowned in the Conemaugh valley 2280 persons; number of bodies recovered 1675; identified 1021, unidentified 654; missing 605. The unclaimed dead, numbering 741 were collected and buried in Grand View cemetery. The financial report of the secretary is as follows: Amount received by Gov Beaver at Harrisburg from all parts of the country and world, $1,225,873; received from Philadelphia committee, $600,000; received from Pittsburgh committee, $560,000; received from New York committee, $516,200; total $2,902,073. The expenditures have been as follows: Appropriated and expended at Johnstown, $2,430,394; expended in other ways. Parts of state, $2,632,264; distributed as specially directed by donors, $2272; office expenses at Harrisburg, $1398; general expenses, $1319; first payment to orphans, $16,100; total, $2,683,747. Cash on deposit at Harrisburg. $218,326; cash undisturbed, deposited in Johnstown, $36,384; total cash on deposit $254,710: less amount appropriated to other parts of state $17,736; net amount unapplied $236,974. From this should be deducted the amount appropriated yesterday (including $22,443, sundry claims ordered paid) $166,343, leaving an unexpended balance in the bands of tbe commission of $70,631. The Aggregate Trade Between Canada and the United States, according to ths estt mate from Ottawa, amounted iu 1889 to $94.- I 000,000, or 46 per cent of the total trade of the Dominion: exports to Great Britain t0538,- 100,000 and to the United States $43,500,000; imports from Great Britain $42,200,(MX) and from the United States $50,500,000. As com pared with 1888 trade with the United States has increased over $20,000,000, while with Great Britain it remains about the same. As compared with 1888 ex ports to the United States increased about $1,000,000, while exports to Great Britain decrease ! nearly $2,000,000. Imports from the United States increased $2,000,000 and from Great Britain 51,000,000. There was a decline in exports from Canada to France, Germany, Spain, Newfoundland, South America and China and Japan. Im ports from Great Britain, the United States, Germany, Spain, Holland, Belgium, New foundland, the West Indies and South America show an increase. The balance of trade against Canada was $32,000,000. Th« average rate of duty collected on British goods imported into Canada was 22 per cent, while the average duty levied upon imports from the United States was only 14 per cent. T^ABOR IN THE PRISONS. Blow the Ntnte-Accoitut Nywleni VTork»— Report us the Nuperiuteudcut. The general superintendent of prisons in Massachusetts, William S. Greene, in his annual report, throws some light on the workings of the state-account system of employing convicts, recently adopted. The average earnings per man in 1889 in the state prison equaled $113.93 as compared with $80.36 in 1888, $37.78 in 1887, $63.31 in 1886, $89.63 in 1885 and $130.99 in 1884. Out of 581 prisoners 383 had no employment at the time of their commitment and undoubtedly the lack of manual training contributed to swell the crime list. It cost $188,240 to maintain the various industrial departments, the expenditures being for materials, tools and salaries to overseers; and the income received from the same was $187,680, leaving a deficit here of $86,680. The excess of expenditures the previous year was more than $47,292. The most sanguine expectations have been realized from the public account system. The results have been accomplished without sacrificing good order and discipline in the prison, “and the convicts have received better instruction in the various employments than could have been possible under the contract system.” There are 642 men in the Massachusetts reformatory, and they are engaged in making bouts and shoes, clothing and chairs and setting type. The engraving of watches and jewelry is to be taught as a new industry. Carpenter work and farming also occupy some attention. The income from industries was $28,754 for the year. “Idleness superinduced by a lack of industrial training is undoubtedly the cause of A very large number of commitments to the reformatory. A very large proportion of those discharged are, from the industrial and other training there received, leading upright and busy lives. Of the county institutions, the Hampden house of correction contained 273 prisoners on December 1, 254 of whom were men. They are employed, 170 of them, in caning chairs on the piece-price system. The total earnings of the past year were $531. The buildings, workshop, and all the surroundings are reported to be in excellent condition. The number of prisoners in the Hampshire county jail was 53, of whom 49 were men. They were continued without employment until last May when chair-caning was begun on the piece-price system and has been successfully continued. The earnings there from were $641 for the year. The Franklin county jail contained 29 men, chair-seating being the industry and the income therefrom $1100. The Berkshire house of correction had 82 prisoners. They have been employed on contract in making shoe heels and, the contract expiring next May, an agreement on the piece-price system will be made. In the Worcester jail are 172 prisoners, employed as in Hampden county; in Suffolk, 552 employed in clothing manufacture; Middlesex, 410 employed on public account on shoe and scrub-brush manufacture; Norfolk and Plymouth 60 ands 4 prisoners respectively, employed as in Hampden. The superintendent commends to the county commissioners the necessity of providing work-shops capable of giving room for the employment of all prisoners able to work that habits of industry may be instilled and lazy vagrants kept away. Concerning the employment of prisoners, the superintendent says that experience teaches the necessity of keeping the convicts at work. He quotes from the results of Carroll D. Wright’s investigation to show that the effect upon free labor is infinitesimally small at the most. The fact that so many of the prisoners are without training for any occupation demonstrates again the need of work properly directed to diminish crime. The public account system at the state prison is already showing its superiority to the contract system, the work being better and manual instruction more thorough. Investigation in one industrial department during the year has shown that every man discharged from the prison, who was engaged in that industry, has obtained work at the trade there learned, and is apparently permanently employed. It is recommended that tobacco supplied as an incentive to faithful service be commuted into cash at the desire of the prisoner. The repeal of the law limiting further purchases of machinery to that alone propelled by hand or foot power is urged, as the machinery now used is old and more must be procured soon. Hand machinery is out of the question as unremunerative and giving the convict an industrial training of little practical value. Inferior machinery besides will involve the necessity of cutting under market rates to sell the goods. The prohibition of machinery altogether the superintendent regards as advocated by very few and not to be considered. THE STEWART WILL CASE. Judge Hilton Retains All He Ever Claimed, but Releases the State From the Debtedness. The proceedings in the surrogate’s court in the contest of the will of Mrs. Stewart were dismissed at New York last week by mutual consent. The suit of Mrs. Smith against Judge Hilton and Mrs. Clinch for an accounting as executors, was also withdrawn. The terms of the settlement agreed upon are as follows: There were three questions in controversy. First, Judge Hilton’s right to the properties conveyed to him by Mrs. Stewart during her lifetime, including the business, the mills, the downtown store, the Colonnade hotel property and certain bank stocks. This is settled by a quit-claim to Judge Hilton from all the heirs, and a release by Judge Hilton of a debit balance of $987,358 due him by Mrs. Stewart at the time of her death, and of a mortgage on the Tenth-street store which he held as security for $700,000 as the said $987,358. Second, the validity of Mrs. Stewart’s will. This is settled by a decree of the surrogate confirming the original probate of the will. Third, the validity of the power conferred upon Judge Hilton by Mrs. Stewart in her will to distribute among the legatees half the estate remaining after making certain provisions for the cathedral. This is settled by the execution of said power by Judge Hilton, by the conveyance to the cathedral of about 80 acres of land in addition to the area formerly held, and by a further endowment of $500,000 for the cathedral out of Mrs. Stewart’s estate and charged upon the Park Avenue hotel, New York, and the Grand Union hotel, Saratoga, and by the distribution of the surplus of one-half the residue among the legatees named in the will, in the proportions in which they would have been entitled thereto under the will if the power had not been valid. Judge Hilton and C. J. Clinch continue to act as executors. The effect of the settlement is: Judge Hilton retains everything he ever received or claimed, except that he releases the estate from its indebtedness of $987,358. All parties interested receive what the terms of the will entitle them to. The cathedral endowment is completed according to Mrs. Stewart’s intentions. The residue of the estate is distributed as follows: Charles J. Clinch takes three-tenths, Sarah N. Smith three-tenths, the three half-sisters of Mrs. Stewart one-tenth each, and the children of Mrs. Charles E. Butler one-sixth each. The result, it will be seen, is a substantial victory for Judge Hilton. THE AERO-MEXICO EXAMINATION. Report of the Commissioner. On Constitution — from Price Elected President of the Legislature. The committee on constitution and by-laws appointed at Chicago by the Afro-American convention submitted a report Friday recommending the adoption of an article declaring that the proposed Afro-American league should not endorse any party in politics, and that any member using the league’s pamphlets or stationery for a political or personal purpose should be expelled. The committee on resolutions reported the following, which was adopted by the convention: “The objects of the league are to protest against taxation without representation, to secure a more equitable distribution of school funds in these states where separate schools exist; to insist upon fair and impartial trial by judge and a jury of our peers in all cases wherein we may be a party; to resist by all legal and reasonable means all mob and lynch law whereof we are the victims, and to insist upon the arrest and conviction of all such offenders against our legal rights; to resist in the courts the tyrannical usages of railroads, steamboats, and other corporations where we are concerned.” Other articles were adopted which provided for the establishment of local and state leagues and the holding of state conventions. The anti-political article of the constitution was adopted with very few dissenting voices. The objectors were only against the clause forbidding an officer of the league to be also an officer of the government, but the opposition was in effectual. A long address to the public prepared by a special committee was adopted. The address "enlistingly protests against all forms of violence as never justified except in self-defense." It advocates the establishment of Afro-American banks, and "a more equal distribution of the Afro-American population throughout the country." The report of the committee on education urging the passage of the Blair bill by Congress aroused a great deal of objection. T. Thomas Fortune of New York argued that the passage of the bill meant eternal discrimination between whites and blacks in the school of the South. From J. C. Price, he answered that the colored people in the South were crying for education. They did not care in what manner the money for education came to them, if it only came. The matter was put to a vote, and the Blair bill was endorsed. There was a bitter contest for the offices of the league. T. Thomas Fortune and J. C. Price were candidates for president. After several ballots, when they had about an equal number of votes. Fortune withdrew, stating that he could not accept an office in the league which was not tendered unanimous vote. Mr. Price was declared elected to the presidency of the organization. He is president of Livingstone school at Salisbury, N.C. Mr. Fortune was unanimously elected secretary. George H. Jackson, a Connecticut lawyer, was elected treasurer of the league and Edward H. Morris of Chicago was chosen official attorney. S. A. Plidger of Georgia made a long speech last week on the negro question in the South, and said the time would come when the loyal people of the North would find a way to punish and prevent the criminal sectional nullification of the constitution and the Christian people of the country would discover the remedy to suppress that disloyal element with which murder is a vocation and perjury a pastime. H. C. C. Astwood of New York introduced a resolution asking Congress to appropriate $100,000,000 to furnish transportation to the unhappy white citizens of Alabama, South Carolina and other southern states who may desire to settle in more favorable localities free from Afro-American majorities, and especially naming Senator Morgan as a “Moses” to lead the emigrants. The rules were suspended and the resolution was unanimously passed and ordered sent to Washington. A letter from Judge Tourgee was read. He suggested that the Afro-American league be a secret organization in order that its members may not be in danger of murder and outrage in the South. The letter was referred to a committee. EMIGRATION OF THE NEGRO. A Catered Bishop Who Faron the Butter Bill. Rev. Dr. H. M. Turner of Atlanta, Ga., bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal church, arrived at Louisville, Ky., Friday and was asked what he thought of the bill before Congress which proposes to give national aid to such colored people as might desire to return to Africa or elsewhere, and replied by saying: “God grant that the bill may pass. The white people brought as here against our will. Now they ought to provide for us to leave, if we desire. Besides, we must work out our destiny anyway, and if a portion of us think we can do it better elsewhere let the nation help us to try it. If the bill meant compulsory expatriation, I would fight it to the death, but as it is voluntary upon the part of the negro, let it pass as soon as possible. The negro at best is but a scullion here, and he can be no less in Africa. I am tired of negro problems, lynch laws, mob rule, and a continual fuss, and a million of other negroes are tired of it. We want peace at some period in our existence, and if we cannot have it here, where we were born and reared, let that portion of us who chose to try another section of the world have a little help. This nation owes the negro 40 billions of dollars anyway; so give us a little to emigrate upon.” OKLAHOMA NOR THE NEGROES. About 2,300,000 Already in the New Land and Bore Boiling. Letters received by W. L. Eagleson, business manager of the Oklahoma immigration society in Kansas, from points in North Carolina, say that a large number of negroes of that state are going through in wagons this winter to the new territory. Mr. Eagleson says that there are now about 22,000 negroes in Oklahoma and that by spring there will be at least 50,000. He claims they ought to have that country, and says President Lincoln and the republican party promised to give it to them. He adds: “We are determined to take it in anyhow and we will make it one of the grandest states in the Union. I favor Col. Morgan’s scheme to buy the Cherokee strip and other lands in the Indian territory, exclusively for negro settlement. Give us the Blair bill, the Indian territory and Senator Butler’s $5,000,000 and we shall be content. Oklahoma, in my judgment, is the land of promise for the race and migration and panacea for every ill now affecting the negroes in the South.” Mrs. Thurber and those identified with her in furthering the interests of the national conservatory of music of America are to ask Congress for appropriations and subsidies. They seem to have embarked upon pretty rough seas, and subsidy is the word now for our shipping interests. Consumption Surely Cured. To the Editor:— T. Please inform your readers that I have a positive remedy for above-named disease. By its timely use, thousands of hopeless cases have been permanently cured. I shall be glad to send two bottles of my remedy free to any of your readers who have consumption. If they will send me their express and P. O. address. Respectfully. J. A. SLOCUM, M.G., 181 Pearl st., near lock.
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US-25648688-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
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English
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Adjustable incline system for exercise equipment
ABSTRACT
A support system for use in adjusting the incline of exercising equipment such as treadmills is disclosed. The system includes a pair of linked support legs pivotally mounted to one end of the equipment's frame. A length-adjustable gas spring is pivotedly associated with the linked support legs and the treadmill. Control means are provided to adjust the orientation of the spring, thereby controlling the elevation of the exercising equipment and hence its incline.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field
The invention relates to incline support systems. More specifically, the invention is directed to support systems adapted for use with exercise equipment such as treadmills.
2. Statement of the Art
The functionality of many types of exercising equipment is enhanced by modifying the orientation of that equipment relative to an underlying support surface. In many instances, this capability to reorient the equipment permits the user to adjust and oftentimes increase the level of difficulty of exercises performed using the equipment. This capability becomes important when one recognizes that training, utilizing such equipment, is directed toward increasing the user's physical abilities. As those abilities are augmented, it is desirable that the user may periodically adjust the level of difficulty of the equipment so as to provide a device conducive to challenging the user's physical abilities and thereby contributing to an enhancement of these abilities.
The difficulties in rendering exercise equipment incline adjustable results in part from the weight of such equipment. Due to the stress which such equipment must endure in use, oftentimes such equipment is fabricated from various types of metals, which cause the equipment to be generally heavy. Adjusting the incline of the equipment may be difficult if the user must lift the equipment to the desired height and then manipulate a retaining device which is operable to retain the equipment at the desired height. As a result, some exercise equipment requires two or more individuals to adjust the incline thereof, i.e. one individual holding the equipment in place while the second actuates the retaining device.
A conventional incline system is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,477,071 (Brown et al). FIG. 6i of that disclosure illustrates an adjustable incline system which consists of an inverted "T"-shaped support leg having a plurality of open-ended channels defined in the shaft region thereof. The support leg is received within a socket. The socket sidewall defines a pair of oppositely positioned holes which are positioned to register one with another. A pin is inserted through the socket hole and thereafter through one of the support leg channels. The pin subsequently is received in the opposing socket sidewall hole whereby the support leg is detachably retained in the apparatus mounted socket. The incline of the apparatus may be altered by slidingly removing the pin and adjusting the support leg to align another channel in registration with the socket holes. Thereafter, the pin is reinserted to retain the support leg in the desired orientation. Recognizably, the apparatus must be lifted in order to facilitate any adjustment to its incline.
A second embodiment of an incline system is depicted in U.S. Pat. No. 4,374,587 (Ogden) wherein a pair of upright threaded support legs are mounted spacedly apart from one another on the end of a treadmill. The bottom end of each support is rotatably mounted by a ball joint to a footing which rests on the underlying support surface, e.g. the ground. A female threaded socket is mounted on each support, each socket being fixedly mounted to the apparatus to be inclined. One of the supports includes a hand crank mounted thereon. The crankable support is mechanically connected to the non-cranked support by a chain which is trained about sprockets mounted on each of the two supports. A cranked rotation of the first support effects a corresponding rotation of the second support. The sockets are displaced upwards or downwards depending on the direction of rotation of the supports. The apparatus, being mounted to the sockets, is displaced by the sockets.
The Ogden construction involves a considerable amount of structure to effect the lifting or incline function.
A continued need exists for an inclined system which is at once simple in construction yet operative to yield a desired equipment incline with a minimum of energy.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The incline system of the invention includes an adjustable support means which is mountable to an apparatus to be supported. The support means is at once simple in construction and operable by one individual with a minimum of effort. The support means may be pivotally mounted on its first end to the apparatus, whereby an angular rotation of the support means about its pivot axis causes the incline of the apparatus to be varied. The support means may be mounted to the underside of the apparatus, such that an angular rotation of the support means causes a second end of that means to be urged outward away from the equipment. It is the action of this second end against the underlying support surface which causes the equipment to be either urged away from the underlying surface, e.g. upward, or toward that surface, e.g. downward, to a desired incline elevation.
The support means is mechanically associated with a length adjustable pneumatic (gas) spring which is mounted on its first end to the support means. The pneumatic spring includes an actuation means, e.g. a depressible pin, adapted to alter the pressure or force applied to a piston rod by its piston, which piston is sealingly retained in the cylinder of the spring. The piston rod is mounted at its opposing end, preferably pivotally, to the apparatus being supported.
A control means is mounted to the pneumatic spring itself and may extend to a mounting on the apparatus itself. This control means is adapted to engage the actuation means on the pneumatic spring and depress that actuation means.
In a preferred embodiment, the control means includes a control member, e.g., a manually operable lever which is mounted remote from the pneumatic spring, and preferably proximate the anticipated location of a user utilizing the exercise equipment, i.e. the control means lever is mounted on the apparatus within reach of the apparatus user. A linkage means, e.g., a cable, having one end mounted to the control lever, extends to a lever-fitted platform fixedly mounted to either the pneumatic spring or on the apparatus itself proximate the actuation means. The cable is connected to the lever on that platform such that a displacement of that cable in a first direction causes that lever to be brought into a forced abutment against the actuation means sufficient to depress i.e., actuate that actuation means.
Operationally, the user can adjust the elevation or incline of the apparatus by manipulating the control lever while standing on the treadmill. The resulting cable displacement functions to bring the lever into contact with the actuation means with sufficient force to depress the actuation means and cause the piston valve to be opened and thereby facilitating the piston's movement within the cylinder of the spring unit. The user can control the degree of elevation achieved by varying his location on the treadmill itself. To maximize the inclination, the user stands proximate that end of the treadmill which is opposite from the end having the support system attached hereto. When the user stands on the treadmill closer to the end having the support system attached thereto, the degree of elevation occasioned by actuating the cylinder is less.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an elevated perspective view of a treadmill having an adjustable incline support mounted thereto;
FIG. 2 is an elevated sectional perspective view of a pneumatic spring actuated support;
FIG. 3 is a front view of a support leg illustrating the pivot connection means thereof;
FIG. 4 is a side view of a pneumatic spring in association with a cable actuated lever and support platform;
FIG. 5 is a sectional side view of a support leg of the invention shown in a retracted and extended position;
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a control lever of the invention;
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional side view of a length adjustable gas spring of the invention; and
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional side view of the length adjustable gas spring shown in FIG. 7, oriented in an actuated condition.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
As illustrated in FIG. 1, a treadmill generally 10 is constituted by an elongate lower frame 12 having two rail-like members 14 positioned parallel and spacedly apart from one another. An elongate, cylindrical roller 16 is rotationally mounted to each of the frame rail members 14 to extend between those members to provide a path-defining structure for an endless belt 18 which is trained thereover. Positioned on the opposing end of the rail members 14 is a second elongate cylindrical roller 22 which is similarly rotationally mounted to extend between the spacedly positioned frame rail members 14. A pulley 24 mounted on the second roller 22 has a belt 26 trained thereover, which belt 26 is also trained over a pulley 28 mounted to an electric motor 32. When the motor 32 is actuated, it rotates the pulley 28. In turn, pulley 28 rotates pulley 24 through means of belt 26. The roller 22 is in turn rotated, causing belt 18 to be driven over the rollers 16 and 22 in an endless continuous path. The operation of the motor 32 is controlled by electrical control means 38 mounted on the console 34. The control means 38 is electrically connected to the motor 32.
Console 34 is supported by two upright supports 42 which are mounted on frame rail members 14. Mounted on console 34 is a "U"-shaped bar 44 configured to be held by a user standing on the belt 18.
FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate in an elevated sectional perspective view some of the principal components of the adjustable incline system. A pair of elongate, shaft-like support legs 46 are each pivotally mounted to a respective frame rail member 14 by means of a nut and bolt arrangement 50. As shown, each support leg 46 includes on a first end thereof a bifurcated fork-like clevis 51. Each fork 52 of the clevis 51 defines an aperture 53 therein in register with an aperture defined within an opposing fork of the clevis 51. A shaft-like extension 54, mounted on each frame rail 14, defines a channel 53A therethrough. The channel 53A in the extension 54 is aligned with the apertures 53 in the bifurcated forks 52 of the clevis 51 and a bolt 55, having male threads on its end, is extended through the apertures 53 and channel 53A to form a pivot mounting for each support leg 46. A female threaded nut 56 is threadedly mounted on the bolt 55 to retain the bolt 55 in place.
A wheel 57 is rotatably mounted in the opposing end of each support leg by means of an elongate axle 58 formed by a nut and bolt arrangement 59 which passes through apertures defined in the support 46 similar to the above-described mounting of the support on extension 54. The support leg 46 as illustrated has a generally "U"-shaped cross-section when viewed from its end. Each wheel 57 is positioned to rollingly contact and abut against an underlying surface, e.g. the ground or floor on which the treadmill 10 is placed.
A connection or cross bar 60 is mounted to each support leg 46 at a location intermediate the opposing ends of each support leg 46. In a preferred embodiment, the cross bar is mounted midway between the opposing ends of each support leg 46.
Support legs 46 and cross bar 60 may be fabricated from steel or some other rigid structural material.
Positioned along the length of cross bar 60 and preferably midway between the opposing ends of the cross bar 60 is a mounting bracket 62. As illustrated, bracket 62 is mounted to cross bar 60 to extend outwardly thereform. The bracket 62 includes two extensions which each define an aperture therein, one aperture being in register with the other. A bolt 64 extends through the apertures. The bolt 64 also passes through an eye 66 defined in the end extension 68 of a gas spring 69. The head of the bolt 64, in cooperation with a female threaded nut 70 threaded onto the male threads on the end of the bolt 64 retain the gas spring 69 in a pivoting association with bracket 62. The gas spring 69 is mounted centrally, preferably midway between the two support legs 46, and generally midway between the opposing rails 14 of the treadmill frame 12. As shown in FIG. 2, the gas spring 69 may be positioned vertically and upright such that it intersects the longitudinal axis 71 of the treadmill 10.
In a previous patent disclosure (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,591,147 (Smith et al.) wherein gas springs had been utilized in a treadmill support system, a gas spring had been associated with and positioned proximate to each of two outwardly extending support legs, i.e,, the gas springs are not positioned centrally of the treadmill frame but were positioned laterally of the treadmill's longitudinal axis. In the instant embodiment the gas spring 69 is positioned on the longitudinal axis 71 of the treadmill, i.e. centrally within the treadmill frame.
Adjustable gas springs 69 which may be utilized in the invention are those manufactured by the Gas Spring Company of Colmar, Pa. and Suspa of Altdorf, West Germany. More specific description of gas springs which may be used in this application are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,966,182; U.S. Pat. No. 3,963,101, U.S. Pat. No. 4,093,196 and U.K. Patent 1,505,702, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
A preferred gas spring 69 utilized in the invention is of a type wherein the positioning of a piston 72 within a hollow cylinder 74 is made adjustable by a valving system 76. As shown in FIG. 7, a hollow closed ended cylinder 74 contains a cylindrically shaped piston 72, the piston 72 being reciprocably mounted within the cylinder 74 for movement in the directions indicated by arrows 78A and 78B. The piston 72 is mounted with a piston rod 80, which extends outwardly and sealedly through one of the closed endwalls of the cylinder 74, and is likewise made reciprocably slidable through that endwall 82. The endwall 82 of the cylinder 74 includes a seal which abuts against the rod 80 to form an air-tight seal thereagainst. On the opposing endwall 83 of cylinder 74 the extension 68 which defines an eyelet 66 therein is fixedly mounted.
The piston rod is shown as defining a hollow elongate channel 86 which extends along the length of the rod 80. Piston 72 defines an elongate channel 88 which communicates one end of the piston with its opposing end. An elongate cylindrical rod 90 is inserted into channel 86 and is reciprocably slidable within that channel. Rod 90 mechanically engages a valve 92 mounted within the piston 72 whereby a displacement of the rod 90 in the direction indicated by arrow 94 operates to open the valve 92 as shown in FIG. 8. A displacement of the rod 90 in the direction indicated by arrow 96 sufficient to remove the rod 90 from an urging engagement against the valve 92 causes the valve 92 to return to a closed orientation shown in FIG. 7. An orifice 106 defined within the piston 72 communicates with a first sealed pressure chamber 102. As illustrated, chamber 102 contains a pressurized gas 102A and a liquid, e.g. oil 102B. A second sealed pressure chamber 104 positioned on the opposite side of the piston 72 is filled with a liquid, e.g. oil 104A. Each of these pressure chambers are formed by an association of a respective endwall of the cylinder 74, a portion of the sidewall 107 of cylinder 74 and an endwall 108 of piston 72. As shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, a plurality of seals 109 form an endwall of the chamber 102. The seals 109 form a fluid-tight seal against rod 80 and the sidewalls 107.
In the closed orientation illustrated in FIG. 7, the cylinder acts as a dampening means in that forces directed along the rod 80 in the direction indicated by arrow 78A are resisted by the fluid in chamber 104. Forces directed in the direction indicated by arrow 78B are resisted by the fluids in chamber 102. As the valve 92 is actuated by a displacement of the rod 90, the valve 92 is displaced partially through the piston channel 88 such that the valve seat 101A clears the open port of channel 88. As shown in FIG. 7, seals 105A and 105B mounted within piston 72 abut against the valve 92 to seal that portion of channel 88 positioned between the two seals. Therefore, the oil in chamber 102 is precluded from flowing into chamber 104, through piston orifice 106 and around the valve 92. As the valve 92 is displaced as shown in FIG. 8, the seals 105B no longer form a seal against the valve 92 due to its medianly positioned neck 92A. As a result, the oil in chamber 102 is displaced through the orifice 106 due to the pressure exerted thereon by the high pressure gaseous fluid in chamber 102. The oil flows into channel 88 around the valve 92 and then through the open port of channel 88 and thereafter into chamber 104. Due to the incompressibility of the oil and the narrow passageway, the flow of oil is relatively slow, permitting a substantially controlled displacement of the piston 72. As the oil flows, the piston 72 is displaced in the direction indicated by arrow 78B, causing the rod 80 to be extended outward from the cylinder and thereby elevating or increasing the incline of the treadmill. To lower the treadmill, the user stands on the treadmill substantially over and atop the gas cylinder support and opens the valve 92. The weight of the user overcomes the pressure exerted on the oil 102B by the gas 102A in that the pressure applied to the oil in chamber 104 by piston 72 causes that oil to flow into chamber 102 through a reversal of the route previously described, i.e. through the open port of channel 88, around valve 92 and through orifice 106 and thereafter into chamber 102.
In operation, a force loading of the piston rod 80 in the direction indicated by arrow 94 causes a force loading on the piston 72 within the cylinder 74.
When the user wishes to adjust the elevation of the treadmill, i.e. the incline imparted to the treadmill by the gas spring 69, the rod 90 is depressed (i.e. displaced in the direction indicated by arrow 96). The rod 90 thereby actuates valve 92 and opens channel 88. If the user desires to lower the inclined end 95 of the treadmill, he then applies a force to that end 95, for example by standing on that end and thereby applying his body weight to the piston rod 80 and piston 72. Since the two pressure chambers 102 and 104 are now pneumatically (i.e hydraulically in the case of liquids being in the cylinder) connected, air or liquid within pressure chamber 104 flows through channel 88 into chamber 102, until an equilibrium of forces is achieved. After the forces, i.e. the pressure induced force in chamber 102 on the piston 72, supplemented by the force applied to piston 72 by the user's weight opposing the pressure induced force in chamber 104 on piston 72 are balanced, the rod 90 is displaced in the direction indicated by arrow 96, until the valve 92 is no longer engaged, e.g. urged outward by the rod 90 and thereby returns to its closed orientation. Thereafter, while the user is on the treadmill, the elevation of the inclined end is retained at substantially the new height. Understandably, the height of the elevated treadmill end may vary somewhat as the location of the user on the treadmill is varied e.g. as the user approaches the opposing end of the treadmill the magnitude of force being applied to the piston rod 90 is decreased, thereby causing a slight increase in elevation, since the force applied to the piston 72 by the fluid in chamber 104 is now greater than the total opposing force made up of that resulting from the gas in chamber 102 in conjunction with the force being applied externally to the piston 72 by rod 80.
The ability to change the treadmill's elevation while the user is standing on the treadmill is novel in that prior devices have conventionally required the user to step off the treadmill in order to modify the treadmill's orientation.
As shown in FIG. 1, the treadmill contacts the underlying surface, e.g. the ground, through intermediation of an elongate support 91. In actuating the incline system, the user can adjust the amount of force being applied to the gas cylinder by varying his location vis-a-vis the support 91. Noticeably, when a force is directed against the action of the gas spring, the degree of incline afforded by the spring's action will be reduced accordingly. By locating himself on the treadmill between the support 91 and the end 93 of the treadmill, the user's weight actually urges the opposing end 95 of the treadmill upwards, thereby assisting the gas cylinder in increasing the inclination. The support 91 acts much like a fulcrum in a conventional leverage sense. As the user varies his location by advancing beyond the support 91 and thereby approaching the end 95, the amount of the user's weight which is directed in opposition to the gas spring's length expansion is increased. Therefore, the inclination achieved by actuating the gas spring is reduced as the location of the user advances toward end 95 during the period of the gas spring's actuation.
After the desired positioning of the piston within the cylinder is achieved, the valve 92 is closed; whereupon, the pneumatic and/or hydraulic pressures being substantially balanced, those pressures operate to retain the treadmill in the selected orientation.
FIG. 8 illustrates the gas spring 69 in an actuated condition. As shown, the valve 92 has been inserted partially through the piston head channel 88 sufficiently that the valve seat 101A on the end of that valve is positioned clear of the open port 102A of the channel 88. Liquid 102A can then be directed through orifice 106.
As shown in FIG. 2, in a preferred embodiment, the gas cylinder of the type shown in FIG. 7 is positioned such that its extension 68 is pivotedly mounted on bracket 62. The cylinder extends upwardly, oftentimes at an angle inclined to the horizon. The rod 80 extends outwardly from the cylinder 74 to be received within a mounting platform 112 which in turn is pivotedly mounted to a rigid support 114 mounted on a cross bar 116 of the frame 12 of the treadmill 10.
As shown to advantage in FIGS. 2 and 4, platform 112 includes a first elongate base 120 which may be pivotedly or fixedly secured to support 114 by a nut and bolt fitting 122. The base 120 defines a female threaded aperture 125 which threadedly receives the male threaded extension 126 mounted on gas spring 69. A threaded nut 128 may be threaded onto the extension 126 and may be threaded into abutment against the platform to secure the extension 126 within the aperture 125. The platform base 120 also defines a second aperture 130 therein which slidingly receives a cable 132 having a resilient metal core 134. Core 134 is slidingly and reciprocably mounted within a plastic cover 136. Fitted on the end of cable 132 is a male threaded extension 138 which is secured to the cover 136. The core 134 passes slidingly and reciprocably through the extension 138. Cable 132 extends through aperture 130, extension 138 being positioned within the aperture 130. A female threaded nut 140 threadingly cooperates with the extension 138 to retain the extension 138 in position within the aperture 130 on the base 120 as shown to advantage in FIG. 4.
The core 134 extends outwardly from aperture 130 and is fixedly secured to one end of an elongate lever 142. As shown, lever 142 is pivotedly mounted at its other end to base 120 by a pivot pin 144 which passes through registered openings in the base 120 and the lever 142. Lever 142 is pivotable in the directions shown by arrows 146 and 148. As the cable core 134 is retracted into cable cover 136 in the direction shown by arrow 150, the lever 142 is brought into abutment against rod 90, thereby actuating, i.e. opening valve 92 as previously described above. An extension of the core 134 outward from the cover 136 as shown by arrow 152 causes the lever to be urged outward away from the rod 90, thereby causing the valve to be urged into a closed orientation.
Cable 132 extends from platform 120 upward along supports 42 and is mounted to console 34 by means of a control lever 156 as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 6. Lever 156 includes a frame 160 defining a pair of spaced vertical extensions 162 and a perpendicularly oriented base platform 164 mounted on those extensions 162. The platform 164 and extensions 162 define a channel 166 in which is mounted a lever 168. As shown, lever 168 is an elongate member having a graspable end 170. The opposing end 172 is pivotedly mounted between and to the extensions 162 by means of pivot pins 174 which extend outwardly from opposing sides of the lever 168 and are slidably received in openings 176 defined within the extensions 162.
The core 134 of cable 132 is secured to the lever 168 as shown. The cover 136 of cable 132 is secured to an endwall 182 which is mounted between the extensions 162, such that the core 134 may be freely slided in and out of the cover 136 while that cover is retained in place. The cover 136 may be mounted to the endwall utilizing a mounting arrangement similar to that shown in FIG. 4 and utilized to secure the cover 136 to the base 120. The lever being reciprocably rotatable about its pivot axis 178 in the directions indicated by arrow 180, permits the user to grasp its end 170 and thereby pivot the lever to either retract or extend the core 134 from cover 136. The effects of the displacement of the core 134 vis-a-vis the gas spring 69 have previously been explained.
The instant embodiment provides a means for the user to adjust the inclined height of one end of the treadmill by manipulating the lever and adjusting the forces being applied to the treadmill by the gas spring. Thereafter, the lever is reset so as to close the valve 92 and lock the gas spring into the desired orientation.
It is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention described are merely illustrative of the application of the principles of the invention. Reference herein to details of the illustrated embodiment is not intended to limit the scope of the claims which themselves recite those features regarded as essential to the invention.
We claim:
1. An adjustable incline system in combination with an exercise apparatus operable in different angular orientations, said combination comprising:a support means pivotally mounted to an exercise apparatus for supporting said apparatus; an adjustable pneumatic spring means mechanically associated with said support means and said apparatus for applying a force against said support means, thereby urging said support means outwardly away from said apparatus, thereby adjusting the incline of said apparatus, said pneumatic spring means including an actuation pin adapted for controlling said force exerted by said pneumatic spring means; and control means, mechanically associated with said pneumatic spring means, for operating said actuation pin, said control means including a control member, linkage means and an actuating lever member, said actuating lever member being actuated via said control member and said linkage means so as to mechanically engage said actuation pin, said actuating lever member being displaceable to effect a corresponding displacement of said actuation pin.
2. The combination of claim 1 wherein said support means includes a pair of support legs, pivotally mounted spacedly apart from one another on said apparatus.
3. The combination of claim 2 wherein each said support leg has a first end and a second end, said first end of each said support leg being pivotally mounted to said apparatus.
4. The combination of claim 3 wherein a connection bar is mounted to each said support leg to extend between said support legs.
5. The combination of claim 4 wherein said connection bar is mounted to each support leg intermediate said first end and said second end.
6. The combination of claim 2 wherein said pneumatic spring is mounted medially between said support legs.
7. The combination of claim 5 wherein said pneumatic spring is pivotally mounted to said connection bar midway between ends of said connection bar.
8. The combination of claim 1 wherein said pneumatic spring means comprises a pneumatic spring having a piston, sealingly contained within a cylinder, a piston rod, mounted on said piston to extend outwardly therefrom sealingly through said cylinder, and said actuation pin being adapted for varying a pneumatically induced pressure within said cylinder on said piston.
9. The combination of claim 1 wherein said activating lever member is pivotally mounted to a support platform which is fixedly mounted to said pneumatic spring.
10. The combination of claim 9 wherein said control member comprises a lever reciprocably mounted on said apparatus, remote from said pneumatic spring, and said linkage means comprises a cable having a proximal end and a distal end, said proximal end being connected to said control lever, said distal end being connected to said actuating lever member, wherein a displacement of said control lever effects a displacement of said cable and a resultant displacement of said actuating lever member.
11. An adjustable incline system in combination with an exercise apparatus operable in different angular orientations, said combination comprising:a pair of support legs spacedly positioned apart from one another, each support leg having a first end pivotally mounted to said exercise apparatus, each support leg having a second opposite end fitted with a rotatably mounted wheel; an elongate connection bar mounted at its ends to said support legs and extending therebetween; an adjustable pneumatic spring mounted on said apparatus, said pneumatic spring having a piston rod capable of longitudinal displacement extending therefrom which is mounted on said connection bar, said pneumatic spring having an actuation pin which controls a pneumatic pressure within said pneumatic spring and thereby controls said piston rod displacement; an actuating lever mechanically associated with said actuation pin, an angular rotation of said actuating lever in a first direction effecting a depression of said actuation pin; a cable, having a proximal end and a distal end, said cable being connected on said actuating proximal end to said lever; and a control member mounted on said apparatus, said cable distal end being fixedly mounted to said control member, wherein said control member actuates said actuating lever which adjusts said actuating pin of said pneumatic spring causing thereby a raising or a lowering of said apparatus.
12. The combination of claim 11 wherein said actuating lever is mounted on a platform which is mounted on said pneumatic spring, and said actuating lever is pivotedly mounted on said platform, said control member manipulating said cable to urge said actuating lever into mechanical engagement with said actuation pin.
13. The combination of claim 12 wherein said cable is comprised of a solid elongate core slidably retained in a sheath, said sheath being fixedly mounted to said platform.
14. The combination of claim 13 wherein said connection bar is mounted to each support leg intermediate said ends of each said support leg.
15. The combination of claim 14 wherein said pneumatic spring is pivotally mounted to said connection bar.
16. The combination of claim 15 wherein said actuating lever is pivotally mounted to said platform proximate an end of said actuating lever.
17. The combination of claim 14 wherein said pneumatic spring is mounted to said connection bar medially between said support legs.
18. The combination of claim 11 wherein said pneumatic spring is positioned along a longitudinal axis of said apparatus.
19. The combination of claim 11 wherein said control means is positioned on said apparatus at a location wherein a user standing on said apparatus may reach and actuate said control means..
| 38,541 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/51527899
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,018 |
Stack Exchange
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English
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Spoken
| 103 | 205 |
How to add $ symbol to the value field in the pentaho report designer
I have field which is taking string as datatype and that field has values like $20000 and N/A. I am using the string as datatype I want to show data like this $20000 and N/A, but I am getting it as a 20000 and N/A. How can I get data as $20000 and N/A. I am using that expression:
=IF([annual_roll_amount]=="N/A";"N/A";"$" &[annual_roll_amount])
What is wrong in this expression and Is it ok to use that in value field under attributes??
Your expression is wrong.
you have to use CONCATENATION.
=IF([annual_roll_amount]=="N/A";"N/A";CONCATENATE("$";[annual_roll_amount]))
| 16,464 |
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https://github.com/MaxDaten/yage/blob/master/res/glsl/pass/guiPass.vert
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,016 |
yage
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MaxDaten
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GLSL
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Code
| 64 | 167 |
#version 410 core
uniform mat4 ModelMatrix = mat4(0.0);
uniform mat4 VPMatrix = mat4(0.0);
in vec2 vPosition;
in vec2 vTexture;
in vec4 vColor;
out vec2 TextureCoords;
out vec4 BaseColor;
void main(void)
{
// our gui is lower left orientated, positive y-axis upwards
TextureCoords = vec2( vTexture.s, 1.0 - vTexture.t );
BaseColor = vColor;
gl_Position = VPMatrix * (ModelMatrix * vec4( vPosition, 0.0, 1.0 ));
}
| 5,139 |
https://github.com/tangjwt/driver_alain/blob/master/src/app/services/ser-manage.service.ts
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| null |
driver_alain
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tangjwt
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TypeScript
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Code
| 60 | 277 |
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';
import { Observable } from 'rxjs';
import { Result } from '../common/result';
import { httpOptions } from './http-option';
@Injectable()
export class SerManageService {
constructor(private http:HttpClient) { }
getServiceList():Observable<Result>{
return this.http.get<Result>('/service');
}
getServiceById(id:string):Observable<Result>{
return this.http.get<Result>(`/service/${id}`);
}
getServiceListByProject(project:string):Observable<Result>{
return this.http.get<Result>(`/service/list/${project}`);
}
addOrModify(service:any):Observable<Result>{
return this.http.post<Result>('/service',service,httpOptions);
}
deleteById(id:string):Observable<Result>{
return this.http.delete<Result>(`/service/${id}`);
}
}
| 15,255 |
sn92067236_1907-11-09_1_1_1
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US-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| null |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 3,062 | 4,184 |
SEMI-WEEKLY WEDNESDAY AND SATURDAY An Elastic Currency. Since long before Secretary of the Treasury Shaw left the cabinet, the country has been hearing much about the need of a more “elastic currency” to meet occasional stringencies in the way of shortage of actual cash. The recent Wall Street panic has emphasized the need for something, generally mentioned as elastic currency, and a scheme has been devised to fill that need for the time being. The ordinary human doesn’t grasp what that means right at once, but the Commercial Bulletin of Boston last week gave a very able definition of the proposition without committing itself to any given theory, as follows: The mistake made by the advocates of an elastic currency is in expecting too much of it. That it would accomplish some good in time of dire distress, such as that which we witness at the moment, will not be disputed, but it is utterly folly to regard it in the light of a panacea for the country’s financial ills. An asset currency at best is a febrifuge that may have a quieting effect on the patient by temporarily reducing his fever. Manifestly it can effect no permanent cure for the reason that it does not get at the cause of the disease, and the cause in this case is not a lack of currency but something entirely different, viz., an insufficient supply of capital. The average mind finds it difficult at first to grasp the idea that there can be an adequate supply of currency consequent with a scarcity of capital. The difficulty arises from the fact that there is no clear conception of what is meant by capital. Now in this word, we should in dude everything that enters into the production of a commodity, viz., toels, machinery, supplies, and plant, and even land and labor, although it is the practice of economists to separate the last two from the others. It is these things and not primarily the money that, for example, a railroad wants when it issues new securities. The money it receives simply gives it command over a certain portion of this capital, the supply of and the demand for which determines the rate of interest. If the demand for capital increases faster than the supply, interest rates are bound to advance regardless of the amount of currency that may be in circulation. This was the case in California in the early fifties when, despite the abundance of gold, interest rates were extremely high owing to the dearth of capital, and so it is at present for the same reason. We see, then, that the issue of new currency notes cannot lower interest rates unless th ly represent the intro- 1 ...READ... 1 ? Crandon of Sierra. £ t THE NOVEL OF * C MODERN WYOMING £ 1 By CHARLES E. WINTER 5 C “A story of the plains that has an agreeable western flavor from the first to the last page.”— Pittsburg (Pa.) Press 0 / “Aboundsin adventure and mining lore.—His knowledge is evident- / v ly obtained at first hand.”—Springfield (Mass) republican. U / ‘‘Breathes the spirit ot the west.—Of all books on Wyoming life Mr. J / Winter’s interesting tale sticks more closely to conditions as they really / X are.”—Sheridan Enterprise. a / “One of the most rot ible productions of the past year.—Greatest J literary achievement <\e.' performed by a Wyoming man.—Ought to be £ a in every library of the state.”—Laramie Republican. a / ‘‘Quite above the average western story. Much native Wyoming / C wit and humor.—Mr. Winter has brought credit to himself and his state.” 2- Wyoming Tribune. Q “One of the most interesting and wholesome novels ever written.— / 2 A true representation of western life.” —Rawlins Republican. v “Wonderfully faithful picture of the Wyoming we all love.-Mr. J Winter portrays an empire in the building. Strong and wholesome. £ a Grand Encampment Herald. a / “The pages that tell this story are full of the very strenuous life of / (, the northwest.'’—New York Times. C 2 Order from your Bookdesler or y Broadway Publishing Company, 833 Broadway. New York. / Postpaid $1.30. *• rxj r\jr" y c****»a ex THE BIG STORE win————iiiiimmi m wnn ii in m r~i.i -- '-"—n—n ~r -• is^iaKß23S»ainßX%BEaßi!— BMm n -[m-, frl CHRISTMAS PRIZES F&” Given Absolutely Free One Chance Given on Each SI.OO Purchase From November 1 to 8 P. M. December 24 r«. n (Silver Mnnn- Al In making your purchases you are not limited to purchasing any one line of goods, first Prize $ 25 5 S Cutlery Second Pri?p «««hnt r„„ o«,„e .X. pi.e. .... .d«- W.-. iS JWWIIU tTIZt „„ MOI UUU icloz bread and butter knives, I doz. breakfast knives, I doz. lowest price at which they can be sold, and at any time if you find things are not just as PRI7H ON FYHIRITION IN OIID nov rnnnc liiiainnur ’ r uit knives. J. W. HUGU S & COMPANY RAWLINS REPUBLICAN. The reduction of new capital into the lean market. Moreover, it is by no means clear how they will enable the issuing bank to increase its loans, inasmuch as an increase in loans must, of course, be accompanied by an augmentation of reserves, and reserves have got to be composed of "lawful money," from which are excluded bank notes and everything else of the kind. An elastic currency, therefore, would enable the banks only to change some of their securities into a form which would enable borrowers to meet maturing obligations, and to that extent would serve a very good purpose in time of financial stringency. They would not, however, form the basis for an expansion in credit, and, consequently, would exercise little influence in averting a repetition of the distress of the past few months. Nor is the cause of the acute phase which this distress has assumed in recent weeks to be found wholly in the lack of capital. As surely as the sun begins to decline when it reaches its meridian, so surely will the country start downward when the business community has over-extended itself and credit has been stretched to the snapping point. And if, in addition to this, the banks have departed from the principles of sound practice and, in furtherance of mad schemes to get rich, made loans on collateral of doubtful character the inevitable climax of the whole affair is panic. A deficiency of capital should involve simply a moderate slackening of the wheels of industry, but imprudent speculation and wild-cat banking spell chaos. Could an elastic currency avert such consequences? Indeed, it is this possibility of wild cat banking that operates to arouse so much opposition to plans for an elastic currency. The present bank note is so well secured that it makes no difference to the holder of the note whether the issuing bank is solvent or insolvent. The case would be entirely different, however, if the note in question were secured by securities other than government bonds. At a time like the present, the public would regard it with suspicion and good reason it would have to do so. Unless the note were made undistinguishable from the regular bank note, it is doubtful if, under present circumstances, it would pass at par. For this reason Congress has shown a decided reluctance to countenance plans for an elastic currency and it is not likely to be made more favorably disposed toward them by the events of the past few weeks. Lost—Pocketbook containing $200.00 in money. Finder please return to Ferguson Mercantile Co’s grocery store for reward. 11-2 23 Official Paper of Carbon County and the City of Rawlins. RAWLINS, WYOMING, NOVEMBER 9, 1907. New Division. Following the announcement of the transfer of that part of the O. S. L. from Green River to Ogden back to the Union Pacific, which system it belonged to a few years ago, now comes the information that a new superintendent division will be made with Rawlins the terminus. The North Platte division will extend from that city to Rawlins, Col. H. L. Anderson continuing in that position with headquarters in Cheyenne. W. A. Whitney, predecessor of Mr. Anderson, will be the superintendent of the new division with headquarters at Ogden. The fact that Rawlins is to be the terminus is of little consequence to this city so far as business is concerned. The many old-time friends of Mr. Whitney will be pleased to know that he is returning to the U. P. He resigned because of ill health a few years ago. State Conference. The State Anti-Saloon League of this state will hold a conference in Cheyenne, Dec. 2 at the Methodist church in that city. A program covering two days has been arranged, Rev. C. A. Wright of Encampment being the only Carbon county member appearing on the program. All pastors, Sunday school superintendents, presidents of young people’s societies, etc., are members by virtue of their offices, and those attending will be offered free entertainment. Mrs. Mary Slaven’s Clark director of music at the state university, will furnish music. Osborne-Smith. The announcement of the marriage of Hon. John E. Osborne of this city, former governor and congressman, to Miss Selina Smith, which took place November 2, at Princeton, Ky., is a pleasant surprise to his many friends throughout the state. The newly married couple are expected to arrive in Rawlins shortly for a few days' visit after which they will take a trip abroad. Most hearty congratulations and best wishes are extended to the honorable doctor and his bride. Osteopath Leaves. Dr. C. E. Dailey and family leave this evening for Oklahoma City where they will make their future home. Dr. Dailey has been in Rawlins a little more than two years and has built up an excellent practice. Many friends regret to see him leave but the change is necessary on account of the illness being too high and impairing Mrs. Dailey’s health. They go to their old home and friends here wish them prosperity. Card of Sympathy. We, the members of the Primrose camp No. 2273, Royal Neighbors of America, desire to express our heartfelt sympathy for the bereaved ones in the death of Mrs. Ora Reid. She held a responsible position in this organization and her zealous work in its behalf was untimely. In her death, the bereaved ones suffer the loss of a fond mother and faithful wife, a loving daughter and sister, a true friend. Notice of Annual Meeting. Notice is hereby given that the regular annual meeting of the Carbon County Sheep and Cattle Co. will be held in Rawlins, Wyo., Saturday Nov. 16, 1907, for the election of a board of directors and such other business as may properly come before it. F. A. Luckfield, Secretary. Dated at Rawlins, Wyo., Nov. 5, 1907. Star Hook and Ladder Co, No. 3 announces its annual mask ball to be given Thanksgiving eve. Old Time Resident Dead. The press dispatches contain the announcement of the death of Judge M. E. Hocker, several years ago a resident of Rawlins. He died in Leeton, Mo. He was engaged in the drug business here, also served as probate judge in the territorial days, and many old timers will remember him. Sold Ranch. A. R. Cowley and son Frank, X. Cowley and wife, have been in Rawlins since Thursday. They have sold their ranches in the north part of this county to H. D. Schoonmaker. X. Cowley and wife will make their home in Rawlins, but the father and other son have not yet decided definitely on the future. Next Wednesday Night. The several times postponed band concert and dance will positively be given next Wednesday night at the Ferris hotel. The boys are in good practice and deserve good support. Rev. H. E. Brundage gave a very interesting illustrated lecture at the Presbyterian church Thursday evening, his topic being, “In His Steps,” by Rev. Sheldon’s great religious story. Colored stereopticon. Pictures were used in illustration and Mrs. Knightlinger sang several familiar hymns during the evening. The silver offering amounted to about $14. The Ferris hotel always has been an up-to-date hostlery—a peg or two ahead of hotels in other towns of this size and even larger. Tomorrow as the guests look over the menu at the evening meal they will note the program of the concert to be given by the Elk band orchestra and while they dine the music will add to their pleasure. The concert will be a regular feature of the Sunday evening meal from now on. Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Knightlinger entertained Wednesday evening in honor of Mrs. Cline. The guests were the members of the Presbyterian choir of a few years ago when she was a member. Music composed a part of the evening’s program with guessing contests which brought out the talent of the various guests in drawing and other like forms of amusement. Refreshments were served. The evening was most heartily enjoyed by all. Mrs. Cline returns this evening to her home in Omaha. Church Notes EPISCOPAL CHURCH. Sunday school 9:15 Morning service 10:30. Evening service 7:30 D. W. Thornberry, Rector. CHRISTIAN SCIENCE. Meets next door to the Republican office. Regular services Sunday at 3 p.m. and Wednesday evening at 7:30. Topic for Sunday, Nov. 10—“Mortal and Immortals.” All are welcome. METHODIST CHURCH. Morning service at 10:45. Sunday School at 12. Epworth League at 7 o’clock p.m. Evening song and preaching service at 7:45. All are cordially invited to attend. Wallace B. Dunn, pastor. Presbyterian Church. Rev. A. B. Judson, an old-time friend of Rev. Geo. Bergen, will arrive this evening for a visit, and will preach tomorrow in the Presbyterian church both morning and evening. Morning service 10:45. Sunday School 12:00 m. Evening service 7:45 p.m. Geo. Bergen, Pastor. Ferguson Merc. Co. The New Store With The New Goods We have opened our new place of business in the Hanson Block and invite you to call and see the excellent values we are offering in all lines. Our goods are all new, just arrived from the makers and our prices are as low as good goods can be sold for. We solicit a share of your trade. Ferguson Merc. Co. Our grocery department will be found in the Osborne Building for the present until Mr. Rasinson can vacate our grocery room. City Council Proceedings. Rawlins, Wyoming, Oct. 30, 1907. Office of the Board of Trustees of the City of Rawlins. Board met in regular session, called to order by the mayor. Roll call—C. H. Anderson, mayor; trustees C. R. Watson, J. K. Hetzler, present, H. Larsen, absent. The minutes of the previous meetings, viz: Sept. 25, Sept. 30, Oct. 10, Oct. 11, and Oct. 18, were read and approved. Monthly report of the following officers were examined and found correct: City Marshal, pound fees $12, Dog license $6, Pool License $25, County liquor license $600, City liquor license $63, Dray license $50, Total $756.00 Police justice fines $1,079.50 Collector water rents, outstanding water license $706.65 October issue water license $909.15 $1,615.80 Amount collected and turned over to City Treasurer $843.75 Old licenses ordered cancelled by board of trustees $451.55 Bal licenses due and unpaid $320.50 $1,615.80 City Treasurer, liquor license $625.00 City license $113.00 Water rent $1,010.25 Pound fees $12.00 Justice court fines $1,079.00 Dog license $6.00 $2,845.75 Bal on hand Sept. 25 $8,848.55 $11,694.30 Paid general fund warrants $985.79 Paid water “ “ $933.67 $1,919.46 On hand Oct. 30 $9,774.84 $11,694.30 Moved by trustee Watson and seconded by trustee Hetzler that the above reports be accepted and approved. Roll call—Trustees Watson and J. K. Hetzler, present, voting aye; Trustee Larson, absent, not voting. Moved by trustee Hetzler and seconded by trustee Watson that the following bills be allowed in the following amounts and warrants be drawn for same. Roll Call—Trustees Watson, and Hetzler, present voting aye; Trustee Larson absent, not voting. Pre- Al sen ted lowed Chas Anderson 122 30 122 30 VOLUME XJX NUMBERS SATURDAY E. Bennett 313 50 313 50 G. E. Brimmer salary city attorney 25 00 25 00 O. Benson night pumper 75 00 75 00 A. Clifford 197 20 197 20 Ferguson Mer Co 53 40 53 40 C. B. Glunz salary and fees marshal 123 00 123 00 Fred Hillenbrand salary Police 11l 00 111 00 Jas Lavin salary police and fees 67 15 67 15 W. R. Jungquist salary and expense 90 00 90 00 C. J. Johnson feed city team 9 40 9 40 Journal Pub Co advertising 13 30 13 30 P. Johnson 58 00 58 00 Jno Olsen city teamster 75 00 75 00 Jno Johnson 55 00 55 00 Jacob Mahr day pumper 90 00 90 00 H. E. McFarland 665 665 M. Meilis 30 00 30 00 Frandsen & Olsen 58 00 58 00 L. B. Magor salary city clerk and Ex Officio W. M 270 270 Mrs. Mary Keefe 12 00 12 00 L. H. Startzell... 93 00 93 00 W. J. Smith police justice justice 33 33 33 33 Frank Ritter 72 50 72 50 H. Rasmussenon 264 09 264 09 P. Paulson city engineer 17 00 17 00 A. T. White 92 45 92 45 RE L & FCo lighting streets........ 220 00 150 00 Total $2309 97 Bids as follows were opened and read: For Sewer on Maple street between First and Fourth streets, J. A. Bennett Hdw Co. 79 cents per foot; the Wyo ming Supply Co 77 cents per foot. Moved by trustee Watson and sec onded by trustee Hetzler that contract be awarded to the Wyoming Supply Co. , for 77 cents per foot, bidder io furnish water pipe and taps for, main, to take effect when the city gets their pipe for sewer. Roll call—Trustees Watson and Het zler present, voting aye, trustee Larson absent not voting. Moved by trustee Hetzler and sec onded by trustee Watson that the City Marshal notify E Krueger, J H Clause and H Rasmusson to move their old buildings out of the streets by Dec. 1, 1907. Roll <*a l—Trustees Watson and Hetz ler present, voting aye, trustee Larson absent not voting'. Moved by truste • Hetzler and sec onded by trustee Watson that the city (Continued on page 4.).
| 25,706 |
sn83045462_1931-09-21_1_36_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,931 |
None
|
None
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English
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Spoken
| 2,410 | 4,669 |
USED CAMERAS Bosworth and F. A. Schuster, for , with MT. VERNON STANDARD Charles Macalester 10 A.M. and 2:30 P.M. Round Trip, 85c Admission, 25c Café and Lanch Counter on Steamer Mount Vernon Not Open on Sunday Fountain Pens Repaired GARRISON’S 1215 E St. N.W. No. 80 For Neuritis HOMEOPATHIC PHARMACY IM7 H St. N.W. Phone NA. 1885 TRIFLES EXPERIENCED FITTER. LADY ATTENDANT, BEUCHLER/ 1224 14th St., N.W. THINK Of us when you need Blank Books E. Morrison Paper Co. 1009 Pa. Ave. ELECTRIC APPLIANCES E. Morrison, Fans, Tasters, Grills, etc., at small cost. GIBSON'S, 717 G St. CHILDREN’S EYES —require careful consideration, particularly at school time. Bring the children to us. M. I. COCOA OPTICAL CO., A. LIX 614 9th St. N.W. N CARL ZEISS Camera With F-4.5 Zeiss Lenses $35.00 EL Win $5 Weekly Prize for Best Photo. Prize Winners on Display In Our Window COLUMBIA PHOTO SUPPLY SINCE 19M 14X4 New York Ave. N.W. CLAFLIN Optician—Optometrist 922 14th St. N.W. Established 1891 Talk of the Town "Trying to find the House of Commons?" "No, indeed, what I'm looking for is quite uncommon—a laundry as good as the WIST END back home." FINE DRY CLEANING Men’s Suits and Ladies’ Plain Dresses, $1.00 PHONE METROPOLITAN 0200 WEST END LAUNDRY 1723 Pennsylvania Avenue N.W. * 1201 Conn. Ave. 100* 15th St N.W. Store Hours: 7 A.M. to 6 P.M. — Saturday, Everything to Insure Success in Your Fall Painting-up — Not only the most reliable of roof k nationally-known Paints, Varnishes, House Stains, Enamels, Lacquers, etc., but dependable Brushes, etc., for every quick purpose. Drying, Glad to suggest the proper means for your requirements, make enamels quantity estimates, furnish prices, FURNITURE etc. Polishes Our stocks of Plate and Window FURNITURE at prices ever y regarding. HUGH REILLY CO. PAINTS—GLASS 1334 New York Ave.—Phone NAt. 1703 SCIENTISTS STUDY ARTIFICIAL QUAKES Yosemite Cliff Experiments Are Expected to Reveal Facts on Vibrations. The Carnegie Institution of Washington and the California Institute of Technology were granted permission, Saturday by the Interior Department to conduct in Yosemite National Park experiments with artificial earth tremors with the hope of learning more about earthquakes. According to Amo B. Cammerer, acting director of the National Park Service, the investigation has been undertaken at the suggestion of Dr. Arthur L. Day, director of the geophysical laboratory of the Carnegie Institution. A group of investigators already is at work producing earth tremors. A large tunnel is being cut into the base of the cliffs east of Bridal Veil Falls, and is now about 2,300 feet long. At the inner end of the tunnel, officials explained, charges of several hundred pounds of dynamite are exploded each day. The explosions set up vibrations which can be registered up to several miles. Echoes and Velocity Studied. Three problems are being studied in the experiments. The first is to determine the velocities of earthquake waves in several kinds of granite; the second is to ascertain the effect of a vertical wall on a valley or earthquake wave when they travel at right angles or across the valley, and the third is an attempt to record the echo in the rock wave by reflection from the bottom of the granite itself. Officials explained that the earth is made of concentric shells, the outer one of which is believed to be only 8 or 10 miles thick, and is made of granite. Below this granite layer are quite different rocks of basaltic composition. It was said that the waves from the explosion travel downward through the granite and should be reflected back from the base surface as an echo, but the return distance is great and the problem of recording the echo is very difficult. If the time for the return journey of the waves to the base of the granite can be ascertained, it was said, the thickness of the granite is determined, because the rate of travel of the waves to known approximately. Seismograph is Used. The instrumental equipment operates electrically, officials explained. A number of portable seismographs are placed some distance apart in the surface rock. When they are disturbed by vibrations they tend electrical impulses through rabies to a delicate recording instrument in the instrument trunk. These impulses are recorded as lines on a rapidly moving record. When the rock stands still the line is straight. When the rock vibrates the line becomes sinuous and irregular and by its form indicates the nature and amount of the reck vibrations. The group of scientists includes Dr. Ber.o Gutenberg of the California Institute, Henry Salvatori of Dallas, Tex.; Ray Felton, Frank Blerend and Edward Parts in assistants to Salvatori, and Dr. John P. Buwalda of the California school. Canada is now the second largest gold-producing country in the world. THE EVENING STAR, WASHINGTON, D.C., MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 21, 1931. TODAY'S AMUSEMENTS. Fayety—Burlesque, “Southern Belles,” at 2:15 and 8:15 p.m. Metropolitan—“Alexander Hamilton,” at 11 a.m., 12:48, 2:34, 4:33, 6:10, 7:58, and 9:46 p.m. Rialto—“East of Borneo,” at 11:45 a.m., 1:45, 3:45, 5:45, 7:45 and 9:45 p.m. Palace—“Personal Maid,” at 11:50 a.m., 2, 4:30, 7:15 and 9:40 p.m. Stage Shows at 1:20, 3:50, 6:35 and 9 p.m. Columbia—“Street Scene,” at 11:10 a.m., 1:15, 3:20, 5:25, 7:30 and 9:40 p.m. Fox—“The Spider,” at 12:10, 2:28, 4:42, 7:48 and 10:04 p.m. Stage shows at 1:22, 3:38, 6:44 and 9 p.m. R-K-O Keith I *—“Traveling Husbands.” at 11:50 a.m., 1:50, 3:50, 5:45, 7:45 and 9:45 p.m. Earle—“Side Show,” at 11:20 a.m., 1:45, 4:25, 7:30 and 10:05 p.m. Stage shows at 12:45, 3:30, 6:30 and 9:05 p.m. Tivoli—“Bought,” at 2, 3:50, 6:45, 7:40 and 9:35 p.m. Central—"Politics,” 11 a.m. to 11 p.m. Ambassador—“Alexander Hamilton,” at 6:15, 8:10 and 9:55 p.m. Picks Wrong Boy’s Thief. NEW YORK (AP). —It looks as if college boys’ razzing can beat science. Prescott Lecky, Instructor in psychology, put two freshmen at Columbia University through a scientific third degree designed to expose one as a thief who had taken a dollar in a mock theft. Lecky picked out the wrong man as the thief. His alibi was that the audience had applauded so much that they made the reactions of the subjects untrue. The United States leads the world in deaths by motor vehicles. Sweden and Norway come last on the list of countries. WHERE TO DINE. THE GORILLA On Georgia Avenue Pike 5 miles out, near Norbeck, Md., overlooking Capital, Maryland-style chicken dinner, hot biscuits, country ham, home-crown vegetables, homemade ice cream and chocolate cake. Only $1.00 Drop In to Beat and Belax. Kensington 90-F-4. MB. DABBY. AAA Brinkley’s The Place —where sandwich making is a fine art (they’re toasted, too!). Special dinners at all hours. Orchestra for dancing every night — no cover charge, of course! 533 8th St. S.E. WANG TO THE SEA IN GOODS GULL XYSTERS U RAW BAR Another Sensational Clearance Boudoir Chairs, hair - A super special. $10.49 $7.50 Windsor Chairs, all sanded ready-to-use, covered with cretonnes, $7.50 $300.00 3-piece Chesterfield Living Room Suite, covered with silk, $29.75 Luxurious Deep-seated velour, frieze imported, reverse on 4-piece $29.75 Luxurious Deep-seated velour, frieze imported, reverse on 4-piece $24.50 Comfortable Covered Breakfast Tables, all new $200.00 Large 3-piece Tapestry $1.98 Wrought-Iron Chair, in excellent condition $8.85 and ready to paint. Overstuffed Suite, $7.75 $8.75 Walnut Sewing Boudoir Chairs, $9.75 Dinner Sets of China Ware. | y $98.00 Velour 3-Piece Over- Gate-Leg Tables, tops $ a.99 hogany, walnut or iTry*!! slzes ■ < 4 stuffed Living Room Suite, marred 4 American maple finishes Ozr $19,75 25-yr. Fine Guaranteed 4 Ij * from storage 1/ Coil Springs, 99 helical tied sq.*» i ( K»n, cnoic, >t p.t- • j... NO CHARGES—ALL SALES FINAL „, u »»*.». w.i..i , JM < 4 ► $9.75 Perfect 9x12 Felt-Base ~~ . M * UI T, i C Linoleum Hon, all guar* S a .98 519.75 Slnunoni Doukla Day-bad, ► anteed 4 maN 4 i * Dav«iiM>rt. LO fTOm o^r" < M f 5l “ t*" l --*; „ , . ► 12 12mWW Jm $35.00 Fine Guaranteed Coll 4 . * M M yv 1 MW MM SskmJDEmyAmS Spring Day-beds, complete with 4 ► $9. .a Mahogany-finish Daven- heavy mattress Makes a com- * 4 port Table, slightly mar- red * m bed io h< '(<[ ONE DAY FREE TAXI SERVICE I] 4 ONLY Thl * •**• •» f* r Only CaU Decatur 6100 and take a| | 4 " TOMORROW. |„ R f Q1 0 JUt Cl MUf CITY CAB to thl. Sale. We have H < ► TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 22 ul jflO IYI Ol* lYsfV. arranged this service for your H < ► Only-starting at i:00 A.M. Lmrgm BrUh g. s<ory BmUing—N.nty of Parking Spec * convenience ... w. pay the MIL H < ________________________ Inquire for Wooduuard dk Lothrop’e Old Warehouse. ___ *.*****-*—*—mmmmmmm, J ’ BIG OPPORTUNITY FRANKLINS Never Driven —Fully Equipped—lmmediate Delivery In inaugurating the thirtieth anniver- make over-allowance aof from S3OO to aary of the Franklin Automobile Com- S7OO on cara traded on New Frank pany. we are prepared to offer a propo- K "»;" All cat. traded, aome make. If you prefer, preferred. It is probable that your preference never before possible. Car with the over-lowance will in an effort to make true the largest make-up of the down payment with no month in the history of the Franklin extra cash necessary. From 12 to 18 Company, we will, during this period, months to pay balance. AIR-COOLED * No Boiling—No Freezing The Air-Cooled Engines Dominated 1931 Races at Cleveland. New Cross-Country Record of 11% hours made with Air-Cooled Engine. Maybe you are can afford. Now one of those few not a solitary "Ours" or more. We who have a clean-up of old models, but new series 15 latest Trans-this desire, said so often, is not a reality. Our own a Franklin, story that these cars will be carried out but it is just a little throughout the year. Limited to more than I have been able to do, remember this is Franklin's thirtieth Anniversary, no other endorsement is necessary. Mr. Franklin started the Company and is still actively the head of it; only sound business policies and quality merchandise made this achievement possible. CALLAN MOTORS, Inc. Franklin Sales & Service. 1529 M St. N.W. North Open Evenings and Sunday AMUSEMENTS. I WIP,. W» W« Ml HJt i ErimSr'rr^MlaaiVYneVrrMMft «A"V BASIL ELLIS SYIREV lm » mv mm 4; kr Jeha tatnu •a4 Anita Uv, Aatken es "Gea- Preter Htata." “Cherries Are Ripe" “•» ) NEXT i !«• S£bJ MONDAY 1 &££, T^HOttCOHSRDyX M •* BAiUiAar tQMttt % ( PRIVATE ] V LIVES J E&Xh|!fc i tin niui. a»« t« jtjfc WAANC^BAOS^HBATRJtB p«w Mr* A OKKWOMAM CIHCt/M SHOW I I 'WILD WINNIE* UGHTNBt Side. Show W truer Free-FtfepAeae Mitt with h L Chari e« Btttnwsrlk S (£z) VEMTA* GOULD I y/ Aad * Other M( Acta | I NOW f»i Matter at Maatara I a ffu Cratamimp B icMcrmM MOM»I Arliss (titmmtaJkm&m Warner fl&\ Darla Kcaraai*^lu« CeDpee I laifc/ Vvata lm .1 y V Alta Selected fherte rsn NOW PLATING stem f^PEMONALMAID'i c»M<n-«OAc« wuicmj 1 New Shm Btgfai Friitytl | rCoiliitiiA^ “ f. NOW HATING » ► ps®°r U™*-&LU’t A [ isU\ "“"“JZ”*™ A ► "*■ COLLIER,JICg^ J iiiiiniiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiij ► | lT7Vj3|p[|jl ► | BBGNt 1 ► 5 Aided Attraction - ► 5 Tleyd Gihbeas’ Aotrtai Thrin ” S “Weedrew Witten'a Great Deelelen” - S- i ► | -SMART WOMAN” ~ If ► S 1^ S ► SllllllllllllllllllUllllllllllUlllHllUlllS •jroxi fM O W I Gals Anniversary BUI l I Edmund Lowe > I “The Spider” I i I "DISARMAMENT** | ■ With a Great Local Caat ► Fan-.hon and Marto'a '• Varieties” Idea iff:. [ Gayety—Burlesk NORA FORD : RED MARSHALL : EDNA “Hot Cha” DEE J AND A GREAT SHOW t National Symphony t ORCHESTRA l HANS KINDLER, Ceninetf CONSTITUTION BALL. ► EIGHT SYMPHONY CONCERTS L 4*|| t'CTttk \ ’vntKSni'te: a P Seasea tlekeU, 111 fit. Sit. S 3, 11. \ EIGHT POPULAR CONCERTS 4. e’Cleck. f lului. Not. If. Ner.M. Dec. IS. ha. a ► At. IT. J>a. SI. Fat. 14, Mar. I. __ S caeca ticket*. Sit. ST. SfcM. ► M Srcrc l^rs^ n ;t , .,te , » B t:a^ ► —= LW YOU*. HEALTH'S SAKE* ► XmbmladoC' ► L HOTELS POOL 1 ► [BRAKE*! ► , Lining*^!!/ ► IbWBW&Mft s i!WI AMWBUBWfB. 'MIDST BREATHLESS THRILLS NEVER SEfORE SHOWN ON ANT SCREEN/ IWILSOMKEK CONCERTS. 1931-ft. Ccaibtatioa Hall and Hatiaaal Theater MUSTS' COURSE, 4M N * «en*»tloD»i T Boprcno. Met. Opera. Dee. 11. MAST WIGMAN. Noted German Ocnscusc. Dee. 14. LAWEKNCB TOjUTT. lirrtMh Met. Overa. Jaa. It. WIIOBIIO GIOU. Tenor. Met. Optra. Mar. 14. “TME BLUS DOW.* Yuihny* Continental Revue. Ceerte. fISTt. SIS.M, Sll. ft. MM. PHILHARMONIC COURSE, 4:A ' Ju 15. LA USlNira*. ... .■'•|fc , S ®3M D .®Vt C • c-™. srindK ®r*a.»» ; WILSON-GREENE EVENING COURSE, If : A HHlu-HIN. HIM .t « mfw : HM.ll to lwi„ JVVl**' C 5*555. si?S3"“ r. Soprano. Met. Opera. ¥&: M. ”oHN C-HABlis THOMAS. * Barytone. Chieatg Ctvle Optra. ,^&3»SBSFI.n I .t. riDri C *lls Fa. Are. Phi W. MBS LIIxV. LL Heme of the Mirror Bereea. -A WOMAN OF KXPEHIENCg. ' CAROLINA “‘SitoAD&iAVb** - with JOE g- BROWN. < Per feet Bonndl Warner Brea.’ AMBASSADOR Cei*Bd?*N.W. I GEOROE ARLISS, ‘ALEXANDER HAMILTON." APOLLO «« e«. ac CONBTANCB BENNETT. 'BODOHT. rt av/u-on" «tssw*a.Va J< gy K w°,a. “* AVHIU'E GRAND /“ '.t Tfepm.’iggk^.?' CENTRAL" «•*-•»-* ■■ MARIE and POLLY_MOj REEL *<BTTr? CO-feT COLONY®"- Af *- * ,l,Mrrt **• - T^gaaas: Waraer Bree.' _ _ HOME _ »g. iser ‘ savoy"*" NORMA SHEARER. "FItEE JBgfc TIVWI P«m * Park BS. M.W. O INSTANCE BENNETT. "BOUGHT.'* YORK®"* * Qaahea Bt. EW. J *gy H w°a. STANTON, S.J. to. CLIVE BROOK to ‘THE LAWYERS BECRET.” JESSE THEATER “SYLVAN A.V.” DUMBARTON HOLMES and SYLVIA. SIDNEY in TENEMENTS OF A CO-ED. PRINCESS "HIGHWAY" IF 4th and Butt Street, it is TAKOMA Park in Park in Traverse WILLIAM HAINES in “JUST A GIGOLO” Waterman's Metropolitan San Francisco EMIL 4th and Cama CAMEO Today tomorrow Haines in JUST A GIGOLO.” RICHMOND BARBARA Stanwicks in “Night Nurse.” ASHTON today tomorrow MARIE DRESSLER and POLLY MORAN, “POLITICS” PARK PENN STUDIO-Instruction in Last. Bateman's “CATHERINE BAILEY” Re Opening the classes at the fair, all types at the fair. Price $1.00, including children's clothing, $1.00. MAE DAVISON, the manager of the fair, offers a wide range of products, including clothing, clothing, and other essentials.
| 29,169 |
https://github.com/COMBAT-SARS-COV-2/irida/blob/master/src/test/java/ca/corefacility/bioinformatics/irida/processing/impl/unit/ChecksumFileProcessorTest.java
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
| null |
irida
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COMBAT-SARS-COV-2
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Java
|
Code
| 158 | 750 |
package ca.corefacility.bioinformatics.irida.processing.impl.unit;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
import ca.corefacility.bioinformatics.irida.model.sequenceFile.SequenceFile;
import ca.corefacility.bioinformatics.irida.model.sequenceFile.SingleEndSequenceFile;
import ca.corefacility.bioinformatics.irida.processing.FileProcessorException;
import ca.corefacility.bioinformatics.irida.processing.impl.ChecksumFileProcessor;
import ca.corefacility.bioinformatics.irida.repositories.sequencefile.SequenceFileRepository;
public class ChecksumFileProcessorTest {
private ChecksumFileProcessor fileProcessor;
private SequenceFileRepository sequenceFileRepository;
private static final String FILE_CONTENTS = ">test read\nACGTACTCATG";
private static final String CHECKSUM = "aeaa0755dc44b393ffe12f02e9bd42b0169b12ca9c15708085db6a4ac9110ee0";
@BeforeEach
public void setUp() {
sequenceFileRepository = mock(SequenceFileRepository.class);
fileProcessor = new ChecksumFileProcessor(sequenceFileRepository);
}
@Test
public void testChecksumCreated() throws IOException {
final SequenceFile sf = constructSequenceFile();
SingleEndSequenceFile so = new SingleEndSequenceFile(sf);
fileProcessor.process(so);
ArgumentCaptor<SequenceFile> fileCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(SequenceFile.class);
verify(sequenceFileRepository).saveMetadata(fileCaptor.capture());
SequenceFile file = fileCaptor.getValue();
assertEquals(CHECKSUM, file.getUploadSha256(), "checksums should be equal");
}
@Test
public void testFileNotExists() throws IOException {
final SequenceFile sf = new SequenceFile(Paths.get("/reallyfakefile"));
SingleEndSequenceFile so = new SingleEndSequenceFile(sf);
assertThrows(FileProcessorException.class, () -> {
fileProcessor.process(so);
});
}
private SequenceFile constructSequenceFile() throws IOException {
SequenceFile sf = new SequenceFile();
Path sequenceFile = Files.createTempFile(null, null);
Files.write(sequenceFile, FILE_CONTENTS.getBytes());
sf.setFile(sequenceFile);
return sf;
}
}
| 12,219 |
mobot31753002306915_47
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German-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,818 |
Flora oder Botanische Zeitung ?welche Recensionen, Abhandlungen, Aufsa?tze, Neuigkeiten und Nachrichten, die Botanik betreffend, entha?lt /herausgegeben von der Ko?nigl. Botanischen Gesellschaft in Regensburg.
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Bayerische botanische Gesellschaft, Regensburg.
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German
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Spoken
| 7,466 | 16,408 |
Sp. aus Ohio: Arahis patens, Fedia umbilicata, Heleocharis eompressa.| [Der ..Bot. Teacher for N. Amer., in which are described the indigenous and common exotic plants, growing north of Mexico; by Laura Johnson, under the supervision of Prof. A. Eaton.“ (2, Edit. Troy IN.Y.', 1840. 268 pp- 12.) wird getadelt von A. Gray in Sillim. Amer. J. 42, 1. 184f. (Jan. 1842), wo Proben ausgezogen.} " 2. Fioren. Nord-America. 153 [Torrey hat [1839?] einen Bericht über die Flora des Staates New-York gegeben. Danach würde die Anzahl aller Spp., der einheimischen und der naturalisirten, mit den niederen Cryptogamen über 3400 gehen. Von Phanerog. sind 1350 Sp. gefunden, wovon 140 eingeführt u. jetzt hier naturalisirt sind; Parnkräuter u, ihnen verwandte: 53 Spp.; Moose 150; Lebermoose u. Characeae 30; Li- chenen über 150, Pilze wenigstens 300. Von den Phanerog. sind 277 [fast Y;] Bäume u. Sträucher; an 150 Sp. rühmt man mediecin. Eigenschaften; 250 sind krautartige Zierpfl.; 140 naturalisirt. Eigentl. Gräser sind 150 [üb. ';s], wovon 24 fremden Urprungs [bleiben 126 unter 1210 einheim. Phanereg., = 1:9,5!]. Cyperaceae sind „140“ [1:9,5! und davon sind gewiss wenigere nur eingeführt]. — So nach Prof. Ol. P. Hurbard in Sill. An. Journ. XL. 1. 77. (Jan. 1841.)] [E. Hampe’s Werzeichniss der von E. Beyrich in NAmer. gesammelten Laubmoose, geordnet (nach nat. Gruppen, mit Standert- angaben u. kritischen u. a. Bemerkk.) in Linnaea 1839, 1. 39 — 48. enthält deren 74 aus vielen Tribus auch Lexcophaneae, die aus Oc- toblepharum, Leucophanes u. den weissen Dieranis (Leucobryum Hmp.) bestehen: zum Char. des letzteren gehört... fruct. termin., fl. J'tela byssoidea hyal. ramosa einctus (so Dier. glaucum).] [Was für Bäume Labrador besitze, schrieben Missionüre an G. v. Schubert (s.: münch. Gel. Anz. 1841, Nr. 139.) Jene sind: „Fichten“, um Nain bis 50° hoch, bis mit 232 Jahrringen gefunden; „Lerchenbäume“ [ Pinus micerocarpa Lamb., EMey.]; ausserdem „Tannen“, doch seltner als Lerchenb.; „Birken“ [wahrsch. theils Bet. glandulosa Mx.: so nach Dierbach u. Hb. Zeyh.], südl. von Hoffen- thal ganze Wäldchen, dort (südlich) bis zu 7 Durchw., 12° hoch, bis 100 Jahre alt werdend; [theils B. nana, worauf sich wohl Fol. gendes theilweise beziehen mag:] um Hoffenthal u. Okak u. auderw. in landeinwärts gehenden Buchten „das ganze Laud mit Birkenge- strüpp erfüllt, aber es krümmt u. windet sich nur 1’—3’ lang über der Erde hin.“ „Zitterpappeln in Gegenden südlicher als Hoffen- thal‘“ (Schreiber hatte keine selbst gesehen). „Erlen“ „an d. Bächen u. Erlengesträuch überall nicht dicker als ein Arm, höchstens 20’ hoch“ [| A. incana v. viresc. Wbg.] Weiden [mehrere Spp.] aber nur als niedriges oft undurchdringliches Gesträuch; vom Vf. nie als Stamm gesehen. | (Prinz Maxim. zu Wied, Reise in NAm., s. unt.: I. Pf.- Geograph.] [Linnaea 1839, I. 106— 12. bringt ein Verzeichniss arctischer Pl. von den Inseln u. Küsten dies- u. jenseit der Behringsstrasse, die v. Chamisso, nebst einigen kamtschatkischen, die Redowski gesammelt. Junceae sind 9, Irid. 1, Colchicu 4,... Orchideae 14; 2 Conif. : P. Combra u. Ephedra monostachya, 13 Salices,... 33 Compos., Campanulac. 5, Eriein. & Rhodod. c. Empetro 28! Pri- mulac. 11, Scrofularinae 23, Labiatae 2! Polem. 5, Borrag. 7, Bot. Jahresber. über 1839 — 1842, 10» 154 T. Phytographie. Cent. 10,... Umb. 8, Kanunculac. 37! Papav. 1, Crucif. 34,... Caryoph. 34, Chenop. nur 1, Sazxifr. 30 od. 31, Rosac. 27; Le- gum. nur 14; Gram. & Cyperac. fehlen im Verz., könnten ‚aber an 70 u. dann die Summe über 500 sein; dann wären Legum. war "/s6! Compos. nur Yis, noch weniger als in Lappland, dagegen Ranune. viel mehr, Y4a bis Yı3 wie auf d. Melville-Insel 74° n. B.; elc. — Einen Theil hiervon s. den Spp. nach genannt im JBer. üb. 1856, S. 349 £.] [A. Gray theilte „Notizen von e. bot. Ausfluge in die Gebirge Nord-Carolina’s &e., nebst einigen Bemerkk. über die Flora der hö- hern Alleghani’s‘“ mit, in Sillim. Am. Journ. of sc. XLU. 1. (Jan. 1842) p. 1—49.; vorher Geschichte früherer bot. Reisen daselbst. Gr. reisete mit J. Carey u. Jas. Constable am 22. Juni 1841 von NYork dahin ab, d. 23. bis Winchester, 300 engl. M.. Man sah als eingebürgert: Echium vulg. in Menge, Marrub. vulg. über- all, Bupleurum rotundif., auch Euph. Lathyris ist es. — Synon. v. Carices: C. stenolepis Torr. ist — Frankä Kth., Kz., — athe- rodesPrk. exs. Unter denen der Unio itin. ist die angebliche hlanda vielmehr €. Careyana Dew., plantaginea vielm. anceps u. ihre C. Vleckii eine Var. derselben: ihre tribuloides ist Var. der festuca- cea, ihre depaup. var. amer. (Hitcheockiana Dew.) ist e. grosse oligocarpa Schk., indem Schk’s wahre oligoc. (nicht die Anderer) ein kleiner Zustand der €. Hitchcock. ist; ohiotica Hochst. (formosa Dew.?) ist €. Shortii:* zu dieser gehört auch Kunth’s (nicht De- wey’s) formosa; juncea W., Ktb., ist nur brachystachys u. nicht americanisch. — Unweit Staunton [südl. Virginien] schon einheimi- sche Gleditschia triacanthos, weiterhin Uvaria triloba. Thalietr. filipes T. & Gr. gehört zu clavatum DC... Zu Heterotropa ınuss ausser Asarum virginie. Thb. auch virgin. Linn. und arifol. Mx. kommen. Magnolia Fraseri und acumin. heissen cucumber - iree. — 1. Juli: Iron Mountains (Eisenb.) an d. Gränze zw. NCarol. u. Tennessee u. Virg.: Boykinia aconitifolia; zu Boyk. gehören nach Gr. auch Sawifr. Richardsonü u. ranunculifolia; S. elata Nutt. ist schon unter B. occid. T. & Gr. und die gleichfalls 5männige S. Sullivantü wird n. g. Sullivantia, S. Ohionis. Pyrularia Mx. = oil-nut, buffalo-tree. Trautvetteria (palmata) steht dem Tha- lictrum näher als der Actaea. Der wilde pea-vine, ein geschätztes Herbstfutter, ist Amphicarpaea. Ligustieum actaeifol. heisst an- gelico, in Virg. nondo, white-root der Creeks; Rhodod. catawb. u. max.: laurel; Kalmia latif.: ivy, ivy-bush. Lily of the valley (Convallaria maj.) scheint mit der europ. identisch zu sein. — Pag. 28 sq. Beschr. v. Carex aestivalis M. A. Curtis (überall in NCarol., nahe der graecillima) u. Sullivantii Boott (bei Columbus in Obio entd. v. W. S. Suillivant, nahe der arctata oder sylvat. auctt. amer.). Bei Jefferson u. anderw. Sarifr. Careyana n. SP- vom Habitus der Section Hydatica, Char. der S. Micranthes; S leueanthemif. u. erosa: letztere geh. zur S. Hydatica; 8. Wol- 2. Floren. Nord-America. 155 leana T. & Gr. ist Var. der erosa: zu dieser gehört vielleicht auch Robertsonia s. Aulaxis mieranthif. Haw., ihre Blätter „lettuce“, dienen zu Salat., Conioselinum canad. T. & Gr. (Selin. c. Mx.)? — p. 34.: Beschr. v. Aconitum reclinatum Gr., e. Lycoct. vom Negro-Berge u. Grandfather in 4—5000° H.; p. 35: Geum geni- cul. 8. Macreanum (nach Dr. J. F. Mac Ree zu Wilmington in NCarol.): Grandf. u. Roan-Berg, 5500 — 6000’ bh. — Amelanchier canad.: service-tree. Astilbe decandra. Beiläufig: Hoteia (jap.) gehöre auch zu Astilbe; u. diese ist älter. Am Roan-mtn. zw. Ten- nessee u. N-Carol. auch: Diphyscium folios.; Vaccinium Con- stablei, 17-3’ h., in 6000° H., beschr. p- 42 f. — Pag. 44 — 47.: Consp. Pyenanthemorum: Char. u. Bemerkk. zu 14 Sp. — P.49.: Char. ‘der Shortia T & Gr.: Sh. galacifolia, nur 1 Ex. in Mv’s Herbar: „an Pyrolae sp., an n. g. ?“; nach Prof. Short in Ken- tucky. — Zu Schrankia angustata T. & Gr. gehört uncinata DC., non W.; die netzblättrige 8. unein. T & Gr. ist — Leptoglottis Det. Mem. Legum.] v. Schlechtendal fuhr fort, Pfll. aus Mexico zu beschrei- ben oder mit Fundörtern u. Bemerkk. aufzuführen: in Linnaea 1839, IV. 402—436 [einzelne aus sehr vielen Fam.: Kos., Paronych. ete.; Melastomacear. n. g. Heeria Schldl. (non Msn.), nun Schizo- centron Msn.; ete.; dann: 1840, H. 160; IV. 379 f.: Polygaleae u. Loasa; V. 511 ff. und] 1841, 458: Celastr. et Rhamneue; [1842, IV. 394—-400.: Millingt., Gyrocarp.; V. 480 ff.: Terebin- thac.: 5 Rhoös, 3 neu; ete.; 1842, VI. 523 #.: Burserac.: hier- her Elaphrium: 8 Humboldtsche, davon 3 aus Mex.; Anh.: Ela- phria bei Hernandez, 12 neu] Bentham beschrieb die von Th. Hartweg aus London in Mexico gesammelten Pfll., und erwähnt zugleich der 400 von G. J. Graham Esq. von Real del Monte etc.) Hartw. war 1836 von der londner Hortic. Society dahin gesundt worden, um lebende Pflanzen u. Samen, auch Herbarien, zu sammeln, [Ad. Brongniart stellte in Ann. d. sc. n. Nov. 1840, 319 sq. e. neue mexican. Liliaceen-Gattung Roulinia auf, aus Yucca serratif. et longif. Karw., Cordyline parvifl. Kth. u. Barbacenia gracilis Hort... Frucht trocken 1fäch., Isam., nicht aufspringend.] [Ueber Liebman’s Reise in Mex. s.: Flora 1843, 108 — 118., durch Hornsch. aus dän. Schriften etc. v. 1842.. — In F. A. F. Mühlenpfordt’s „Ausflug an die Ufer der Südsee“ in „Ausland“ *) Plantas Hartwegianas adjeetis Gialamianis enumerat novasque deseri- bit Ge. Bentham. I. Lond., 18309. IV et 72pp. [P. IL: 1842. p. 73-112. (1sh.) enth. Nr. 518—631. Da die in Graham’s Sammlung allein befindlichen nicht numerirt sind, so hat schon P.1. fast 100 über die 517, u. 210 davon neu. Bis n. 522.: Pfll. aus Mex., die ferneren aus Guatimala etc. Char. aller 12 neuen Gatt. etc. s. in Flora 1841: LB, 102—6.; 1843: 132f. Zumpra {n. g- Comelynac.) volcanica Bih. im Crater des Vulcans Auga 13000° ü. d. M.] 156 1. Phytographie. 1839, Nr. 91 ff., sind auch manche unterwegs in Mex. in Menge angetroffene Bäume u. a. Gewächse genannt.] Von Ramon de la Sagra’s physie., polit. u. naturgeschichtlich. Beschreibung von Cuba, die etwa 50 Lief. (A 4 Bog. m. 4 Taf.) ge- ben soll, waren bis mit 1841 39 Lief. erschienen. Darin von der bot. Abth. der I. Band, Cryptog. cellulosae, von Montagne bearb. Algae: Fucoid.: nur 6 Sargassa; KFlorid. 15, Ceramieae 7, Dic- tyot. 8 gesammelt. Byssaceae Fr.; Lichenes 64, meist Rinden- flechten, 17 Parmeliae, Fungi 120, reich in andern Gatt. als bei uns, so nur I Agar., 29 Polypori, Hypo.yla 14, 1 Sphaeria. He- pat. 31: Lejeuniae 13. Musci nur 27, aus 12 Gatt. — Die Flora ist weit weniger mannigfaltig u. reich, als auf d. Continente, darum in den bisher (von A. Richard) bearbeiteten Fam. der Thalamifl. nur 200 Sp.; freilich sind fast der ganze Osten u. die undurchdring- lichen Wälder des Innern noch nicht untersucht. Das Verb. d. Fa- milien zu einander mag ihre Auzahl in den bereits abgehandelten zeigen: 4 Ranuneulaceae (Clematis), 4 Dilleniac., 12 Anonac., da- von 3 cult., 1 Menispermee, 1 Nymphaea, 2 Papaverac., 2 Crucif. eingewandert, 4 Cupparideae, 5 Bixvinae, 1 Violar., 1 Dros., 6 Polygaleae, I Sauvagesia, 2 Caryoph., 45 Malvac.! 7 Bombac., Jo Büttneriae., 9 Tiliae., 3 Ternströmiac., I Olacine, 2 Aurant., 3 Hypericin., 3 Guttif., 1 Canella, I Maregraria, 1 Hippocratea, 7 Erythrowyleae, 15 Malpighiac., 7 Meliac., 4 Ampelid., 3 O.rali- deae, 4 Zygophylleae,-2 Diosmeae, 8 Xunthoryleae, 1 Simaruba. Von den 3 Abth. dieses Werkes, näml.: Hist. physique (inel. @eo- graph.), H. politique (Geschichte und Statistik) und H.'naturelle (Fauna u. Flora),... [bearbeitet R. de la Sagra die erstern u. die Säugethiere selbst, u. S. Berthelot besorgt die Uebersetzung ins Französische; Mehrere die übr. Tbiere.] Zuerst kommt Geschichte der Entdeckung America’s u. der Coloniengründung, nebst älteren u. neueren Charten d. Antillen; dann phys. Geogr. |Die ersten 5 Lief. enth. Anfang der Geogr. mit 2 T. Abbildd., u. Anfang der Säugeth., Vögel u. Rept., m. vielen Abbildd..] , [Jamaica’s landwirthschaftl. Erzeugnisse: haupts. Zucker, In- digo, Kaffee, Baumwolle; dann Mais ete.;, für Pferde, wildwachsend Panicum hirtellum; als Viehfutter gebaut auch Panic. polygamum, eingeführt. Europ. Gewächse gebaut; einheimisch: Pisang, Yam (Dioscorea), Arum escul., Cassave, Bataten; ferner einh. Früchte: Ananas, Tamarinde,' Carica Papaya, Psid. pyrifer. & pomifer., Anona retic., palustris & squamosa, Blighia sapida, Cocos nuec., *) Histoire physique, politique et naturelle de Iile de Cuba. Par Mr. Ra- mon de la Sagra, Dir. du jardin de bot. de Ja Havane; MM. Alc. d’Orbiguy ete. etc. Livr. 1-39... Paris, 1839—1841.... 8vo. Planches: fol. — [Sub- ser.-Pr. 600Fr. Anz. v.1--5. in Gött. gel. Anzeig. 1839, Nr.105.; Bot. bis I ass sebach's phytogeograph. J.-Ber. in Erichson’s Arch. f. N,-G. 1842., . vol. 2 2. Floren. Süd-America. 157 Chrysophyllum Cainito, Passifl. quadrangularis, maliform., Tau- rifol., incarn. &e. Laurus Perseu, Spondias, Mammeg, Achras Sapota & var. Zupotilla, Opuntia, Grias caulifl., u. a. Einge- führt: Citri, Wein, Melone, Feige, Granatapfel, Mango; Zimmt. Nach e. Gartenzeit.] A. Bertoloni publicirte eine Arbeit über eine Sammlung von 79 Pfll. aus Guatimala, die ihm Joach. Velasquez (aus Mex.?) bei s. Besuche Italiens mitgetheilt. 59 sind neu, 12 abgeb.. [N. Gatt. Polyelathra (Cueurbitae., 1.12.) u. Velasguezia (Amentae.): V. Me. lanodendron, t. 11.: Char. d. letzt. s. in Linnaea 1842, V.: LB1 [Die „Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift“‘ enthält im 5. Hefte (Stuttg. 1840): „die Hochebene von Bogota“ von A.v. Humboldt. Das Pla- teau Llanura de Bogota, 15—18 geogr. [JM. gross, liegt 8130’ ü.d. M.. Mitteltemp.: 14,5 [C.?]; öfterer u. schneller Wechsel v. Nebel mit heiterem Himmel, daher die frischste Vegetation. Unter d. dort. neuen Gewächsen sind (die in Pl. equinow. abgebildeten:) Vullea stipularis, Tacsonia speciosa & molliss., Myrica pubese., Hype- ricum Brathys, Espeletia grandift..] [Rob. H. Schomburgk’s „Reisen in Guiana u. am Orinoko“* etc.**) enth. eingestreut Botanisches. Auch dessen „Geogr.-statistische Beschreib. v. British-Guiana, ete. aus d. Engl. von O. A. Schomb.“ (Magdeburg, 1841. gr.8. 1 Tblr. K. Anz.: Jen. Lit.-Z. 1842, Nr. 119.) enthält S.29—37.: Pflanzenreich; S. 18. Klima; 3ff. physie. Beschr. — Im erstern Werke: „Reisen“, ist 8.416. n.g. Elizabetha beschrieben, S. 301.: Bertholletia excelsa. — Vom brasilischen Fort St. Joaquim ging die eine Reise den Tacufü w. Pirara aufwärts; von hier üb. die Savannen unordwärts nach d. Gebirge Roraima. Die Rasen- decke bildeten Gräser, besonders Paniceae, Chlorideae, Agrosteae und krautartige Legum., Gentianeae, Compos., Scrofularinae, Ae- giphilae etc. ete.; spärlich Curutella u. Malpighiaceae. Auf sand. Erhöhungen dichteres Gebüsch und vielarmige Cacti. Auf diesem Wege, westl. von den Ausläufern des Pacaraimagebirges, an Trapp- säulengruppen: Agavae, Juatrophae, Bursera, Lecythideae, Cacti. *) Ant. Bertolonii ete. Florula Gwatimalensis etc. Bononiae, 1840. 45pp- 4. c. 12tabb. Iith. col. (Aus Comment. Acad. Bonon.) **) [Rob. H Schomburgk’s Reisen in Guiana u. am Orinoko während d. J. 1835— 1839. Nach s. Berichten u. Mittheil. an die geogr. Ges. in Lon- don herausg. v. O. A. Schomburgk. Mit e. Vorwort von Al. v. Humboldt u. dessen Abh. über einige wichtige astronom. Positionen Guiana’s, Mit 6.col, Ansichten u. 1 Charte. Leipzig, 1841. XXIV u. 5108. gr.8. 6 2/3 Thlr. Rec. u. Ausz., bes. der Folge der 4Reisen, Geogr. u. Naturk, durch Zucc., s. m münch. Gel. Anz. 1842, Jan. Nr...., Febr. Nr. 22—24.; k. Anz. u. Bem. in Linnaca 1842, IL: LB. S.92.; Anz.: Jen. Lit.-Zeit. 1812, Nr. 110,; Hall. Lit.- Z. 1843, Nr. 94£.; Rec. u. Ausz. aus 3 Berichten Sch's im Journ. Geogr. soc. X. 2. (1840) und aus Sch’s „geogr. statist. Beschr. v. Br. Guiana“, von Mei- wicke, in berl. Jahrbb. f. wiss. Kritik 1841, II. Nr.55. — Von der „geogr.- statist. Beschr.“ s. Ausz. des Geogr. u. Statist. in Blätt, f. lit. Unterhaltung 1841, Nr. 299.] 158 1. Phytographie. In Wäldern dieser Gebirgsthäler eine Heliconiee 58°’h., e. Cyathea 15’h. unter d. Wedeln;, Melustomac., Kielmeyerae; die prächtige duftende Lilie Sobralia Elisabethae 10-—-12°'h. In der Nähe des nebligen u. gewitterreichen Sandsteingebirges Roraima sind d. Nächte kalt, früh nur 130R.. Auf sumpf. Savannen an s. Fusse: Utricu- laria Humboldtii 4—5’h., mit 6— 7’ langen verkehrt-herzf. Blät- fern u. purpurf. Blumen von 2%,” Durchm.; Aeliamphora nutans (Sarraceniee); ein 8’ hohes Cypripedium mit kleiner Bl.-Rispe; Com- pos., Labiatae, Ternströmiaceae. Am Ursprunge des Parima vie- leriei Palmen, neue Legum., ete. — Nur wenige Stunden vom Ur- sprunge des Orinoko oder von da NW. gegen den Berg Warima die Hochebene Warima 3000 üb. d. Thale mit prächtiger trop. Berg- veget.: Bromeliaceae, die eine 14h. unter den Blättern, Orchideae, Commelynac., Tillandsiae; weiterhin Gipfel weiss von Cetraria is- landica“! Ganze Wäldchen von Manicola-Palmen; gegen den Duida Savannen mit Mauritia-Palmen. (Palmblatt-Rippen dienen zu Pfei- len; e. neue Arundinaria zu Blaseröhren). — Am Ursprunge des Essequibo am Aequator die Sierra Acarai 2000° über der Savanne: Wälder in den Baumarten schon wesentlich von denen des nördl. Guiana verschieden; Mora fehlt, Psidium arom. ist durch andere Myrtaceen ersetzt. — In der Waldgegend des Aequ. beginnt die Regenzeit im Allgem. Mitte Dechr. u. währt bis März, während auf der Savanne schönstes Wetter. Nur Juni, Juli u. den halben Aug. haben Steppe u. Berg gleichmässig Regenzeit. In der Sav. beginnt Regen erst im April...] Von den Pflanzen, welche Rob. Schomburgk im brit. Guiana auf s. 2ten Reise gesammelt, gab Bentham e. systematische Ueber- sicht, mit Standortangaben u. Char. der neuen Spp.. B. schätzt die ganze Sammlung über 1400 Sp. stark. Am reichsten scheinen dort die Leguminosae zu sein, sie machen mit 167 Sp. 12 proCt. (1:8,.) in d. Sammlung (näml. 56 Caesalpinieue & Swartz., 85 Mimoscae, 14 Dalbergieae, 46 Hedys. & Phaseoleae, nur 12 Loteae, 4 Sopho- reae); Melustomuc. sind SI! dem Reichthum nach folgen (uuter den zuerst bearbeiteten): Compos. nur 50 (Y/s) u. zwar 21 Sene- cionid., 13 Eupatoriac., 12 Vernon., 3 Asteroid., I Mutisiee; 35 Myrtac.; 26 Chrysobalaneae; 19 Verbenac., 17 Scrofularinae; 15 Gentianeae; 12 Labiatae; 5 Combretac., 5 Onagr., 4 Lythrar., 4 Mouririae., 1 Rhizoph.. In der Forts. in Bd. 1i., IV. des Journ. of B. sind bearbeitet: Rubiaceae, mit 87 Sp., Yıs aller! Loganiae. Strychn. & Spigeliac. 7, Apocyneae 35, Capparid. 4, Polyyaleae 18, Droserae. 1, Violar. 14, Samydeae 9, Bixinae 13, Homalin. 1, Turnerae. 8, Malvac. 23, Büttner. 19, Tiliac. 8’). — Die Pro- *) Hooker’s Journ. of Bot. Vol. II. (1840.) p. 38. etc. ann. St; II (1841.) p-212. IV. (1841.) p.99M. — In Vol. III. üb. Strychnos tozifer« Itorieopkora] (abgeb. in Hook. Icon. pl. 1.364.) die das Uraligift giebt, dem bei der Bereitung mit zugesetztem Safte der Strychn. cogens Festigkeit ge°- geben wird.| 2. Floren. Süd-America. 159 teac. (4) u. Piperac. (S) bearbeitete Klotzsch. — Als Fortsetzung zu Bentham’s Arbeit folgen in Hook. London Journ. of Bot. 1. (1842) p- 193— 202 die Filices, s. oben S. 42. Die Cyperaceae führt Nees v. Esenbeck in Journ. of B.U. (1840) p. 393 ff. auf u. beschreibt 3 n. Gatt. u. 9 neue Arten. — Bentham über 3 guian. Gatt.: Symplocos, Seguieria etc. s. Lin- naean Transact. XVIU. 2258. — Die Gatt. Siwartzia (s. ob. Le- gumin.) ist dort besonders artenreich. Bentham beschreibt 3 neue Sp. aus Guiana u. 7 aus Brasilien; auch 1 von Angola. F. L. Splitgerber beschrieb neue Pflanzen aus Surinam*). Endlicher und v. Martius begannen die Herausgabe einer Flora Brasiliens in natürl. Familien, mit Abbildung der merkwür- digsten Pflanzen**). In der Einleitung giebt v. Martius sehr inter- essante Landschaftsschilderungen oder Tabulae physiognomicae der verschiedenen Landstriche: Urwald, mehrere Waldbildungen, Thäler, Berggegenden, Fluren, Aussichten von Berggipfeln, Ansehen einzel- ner Gewächsformen u. s. w., mit schön gezeichneten Gemäldetafeln Ctabb. physiognom.). [Dieses interessante Phytogeographische hier auszuzieben, fehlt der Raum; die Note weiset Auszüge etc. nach.) Die einzelnen Pfl.-Familien werden von verschiedenen Autoren bear- beitet; am Schlusse einer jeden handelt aber v. Martius selbst ihre phytogeographischen Verhältnisse mehrseitig ab. — Fasc. I. Musei, durch Hornschuch. Hierzu 4Taf. 96 Arten, wovon 76 neu; mehrere sind zugleich europäische. In der Uebersicht der Verbreitung, am Schlusse, nennt v. Martius die, welche Brasilien mit andern Län- dern gemein hat. Die am weitesten üb. die Erde verbreiteten Moose sind: Sphagnum cymbifol., Funaria hygrom., Bryum argent. und Br. caespiticium. Die in Tropenländern am weitesten vorkommen- den: Octoblepharum albid., Hypnum spiniforme u. Drepanophyl- lum fulvum. — Lycopodiaceae, von Spring bearb.; hierzu t.5— 8., worauf 2 Lycop. u. 3 Selaginellae, die auch in Isis genannt. *) De plantis novis surinamensibus. — [s. a. ob.: Fırıces.] **) Flora Brasiliensis seu Enum. plantarum in Brasilia hactenus detectarum» quas cura Musei Caes. Regii palat. Vindobonensis suis alierumque Botanicorum studiis descriptas et methodo naturali digestas sub auspiciis Ferdinandi I. Austriae Imperatoris et Ludovici I. Bavariae Regis ediderunt Steph. Endli- cher et Car. Frid. Phil. de Martius. Fasc. I.... Vindobonae, Beck. 1840. [VII et 136pp. c. 8tabb. et tabb. physiogn. I—V.] (Royal-FoL.) — Fasc. II. 1841. [Tabb. physiogn. p. IX—XLIV., t. YI-IX.; et 64 pp. etc. e. 1.14. 7 Thir.] M-V.: 1842. [Tabb. physiogn. p. XLY—LXXIL, t. X-XVIIL; et Cyperac.: 126 pp. etc. c. 30tabb. — Anz. u. Inh. der abgebild. Pfil. in Isis 1843, VIL; Anz. u. Ausz., bes. der 5 Veget.-Gebiete Brasil, u. der Tabb. physiogn.: Gött. gel. Anz. 1841. 86 St., desgl. in Griseb. phytogeogr. JBB. in Erichs. Archiv f. NG. VII. (1811) 462, u. VIII. 458. — Vgl. a.: v. Martius: Die Plıysio- gnomie des Pflanzenreichs in Bras.“, München 1824. 4. u.: Fl. Brasil. Vol. II. (Stuttg. 1829. 8,maj.): die Obs. geogr. am Schlusse; endl.: St.-Hilaire: s.: bot. Jahresb. üb. 1837, 237. — Char. aller n. Cyperac.- Gatt. schon in Meisn. Gen.: Comm. 372.] 160 I. Phytographie. Lycopodium: 19 Sp.; Selaginella: 23; Psilotum: 2, zus. 43. Am weitesten verbreitet sind: Lycop. elavatum: in ganz Eur., Asien, Bras.; L. complanat.: ganz Eur., in Asien, N.- u. S.- Amer. und Westindien. — Fasc.I]I. Anonuceue, von Endlicher u. v. Mar- tius beschrieben: 97 Arten, wovon 21 auf 14 Taf. mehr od. minder vollständig abgebildet. Zuletzt ausser d. Verbreitung auch Geschichte der cultiv. Arten. [Anonae sind 29; Guatteriue 30; etc. Dem Vorkommen nach: 42 Dryades (in Wäldern), 2 Hamadryades, 15 Orea- des, 25 Najades, 4 Napaeae, 4 vagae, 5 eingeführt; Erklär. dieser Ausdrücke s. i. JB. üb. 1829, 8. 49.] — Fase. IHI—V.: Cypera- ceae, hearbeitet von Nees v. Esenbeck. Ks sind 314 Species; die Oypereae u. Rlıynchosporeae am reichsten, mit je 84 Sp., dann Sclerieae mit 56 Sp. Auf den 39 Tafeln sind, von Dr. Putterlick gezeichnet, 33 aus neuern und ganz neuen Gatt. dargestellt [z. B. Sclerieae: Beequerelia Bragn., Ophryoscleria, Lugenocarpus, Hoppia u. a. von Nees v.E.]. Unciniae sind in Bras. 3 gefunden, Carices nur 5, worunter Ü. caespitosa [Auctt. — C. vulgaris Fr.], die in Eur., Asien, N-Amer., Brasil. z. B. auf Waldwiesen bei Rio- Janeiro u. in Neuholland wächst. [Ptilochaeta, n. g. Rhynchospo- rear., steht nach A. Gray in Sill. Journ. XLV. Nr. 1. der Erio- chaete Gr. in Torr. Mon. Cyp. nahe.] Descourtilz gab Nachricht von Brasiliens parasitischen Orchi- deen u. der Auswahl der Gewächse, worauf sie vorkommen. Jede Art scheint nur auf einem bestimmten Gewächse zu gedeihen, ob- gleich der Wind die Samen überall hinwebt. Manche Pfl.-Familien sind von diesen Parasiten ganz frei, z.B. Palmen, Mulvaceen, Isorae u. Carolinaeae. (Bot. Reg. 1839, Nr.3., Anh. p. 21—23). — Ebds. p- 42.: Gardner über das Klima, das den bras. Orchideen zukommt; das. auch: Eigenheiten der bras. Parasiten, nach Walsh’s Notices of Brazil, 11. 306. — Bunbury beschrieb 15 neue hbras. Pflanzen aus verschiedenen Familien in Ann. of Nat. Hist. VII. 531 ff] [Aug. v. St.-Hilaire u. L. R. Tulasne fingen an, als „Re- vision der (St.-H.’schen) Flora des südl. Brasiliens“ in den Ann. d. sc. n. Mars 1842, 129—143, mit Taf. 6.,7., Nachträge zur bras. Fl. zu geben, sowohl von neuern Spp- der Reisenden und der Autoren, als auch von Berichtig., veränderten Charact. und neuen Synon. zu St.-H.s Flora, — hier durch mehrere Fam.: Ranunc. bis Rutac.. Zu Anonaceae kommt n.g. Hexalobus A. DC., Endl.; zu Rutaceae n.g. Fontenellea (nach d. Vf. der eloge Tourneforts, Bern. le Bo- vier de Font.), Verbindungsglied zw. Zygophylleae, Xanthox. und Diosmeae, beide abgeb. im Apr.-H. — Forts. oder 2. partie, v. St.- Hil. u.Ch. Naudin, im Juli-H. p- 24—55.; 3. part.: Oct. 209—213.: Malvac. bis Stereuliae.] Beiträge zu Brasiliens Flora gaben ausserdem: v. Martius (Flora 1839, 1. Beibl. S.1—64.; I1.: Bbl.1—112.: bis sp. Nr. 722. eines Herb. Fi. bras., Char. der grösstenth. neuen Spp., vgl. vor. J.-Ber. 185.), — Miers (Proceed. of the Linn. Soc. March 1840, über 2. Floren. Süd-America. 161 einige Burmanniae.), — @. Gardner [Journ. of Bot. II. 21}: über Houriria Aubl., J., die e. neue Fam. Mouririaceue bildet, sie hat 3 Arten, I ist abgeb.; u. über Iyyodgsodea, Cassyta, Carlude- vica, Crescentia; — Luschnath (Linfaea 1840, 1. 285-—302.): [verkäufl. Sammlungen, bestimmt meist von Klotzsch und Walpers; das Verzeichuiss hier zählt 187 Sp.; als neu beschrieben: Crepi- dotropis Wlps, n.g. Leg. Dalberg. u. 4 andre Legam. — Von Ca- saretto’s Decaden neuer bras. Pfil.*%) s. den Inhalt der 60 Nrn. der ersten 6 Dec. im Leipz. Repert. 1844, 13. H. Nr. 13.: Polygala pa- chyrrhiza (vulge: Poaya); 31. Cariniana (u. g. Myrt. Leeythid.) brasil.; 41. Gallesia (Phytolacc. Petiv.); 51. Redia (zw. Öleidia u. Alchornea) tricocca. — Brasilische u. systemat. Namen der wich- tigsten Nutz- und Arzneipfll. Brasiliens, von Dr. L. Riedel**), mit Noten von Guillemin, s. in Ann. des sc. nut. Oct. 1339, 212 —226. Sie sind geordnet als: Rinden u. Hölzer; Rinden, Blätter u. Kräuter; Früchte, Harze, Oele etc.,;, Palmen. — v. Martius’s Sy- stema materiae medic. vegetab. Bras. (Lipsiae. 8. 111%, Bos.) folgte erst 1843.] [Die Notizen von e. Reise James Tweedie’s durch die Pam- pas von Buenos-Ayres nach Tucuman im J. 1835, in Ann. of Nat. Hist. IV., V. (Sept. — Nov. 1839), Bergh. Ann. der Erdkunde Febr. 1840, 424—444. haudelu auch von der Vegetation im Allgem. von Wäldern aus Algaroba’s (Prosopis) u. a. Mimoseen arm Rio Curcuneon 75 g. Meil. NW. von B.-Ayres, grossem Cactis, von wei- ten Gras-Ebenen mit einzelnen Kräutern (Expator., Carduis ete.,) wobei auch Eryng. u. Digitalis genannt; etc.. Einiges in: Griseb. JB. im Archiv f. NG. 1841, II. 465.] Die Uyperaceen Tweedie’s aus Buenos Ayres hat Nees v. Esenbeck bestimmt u. 3 neue darunter beschrieben, wovon 2 n. Carices sind. Von den im Ganzen 13 Arten gehören 11 zu 11 ver- schiedenen Gattungen, worunter Scirpear. n.g. Androcoma. Journ. of Bot. II. 1840. 397 f. Von Pöppig’s und Endlicher's Werke über Chile’s u. Pe- ru’s etc. Gewächse erschienen die 1—4. Decade des III. Bdes. ”*), *) !Novarım stirpium brasiliensium Decades auctore Jo. Casaretto, M. D. Dec. 1-VE Genuae, J. Ferraud. 1842, 1843. 5öpp. Smaj. — Rec. bes. Inh., in Leipz. Rep. 1844, 13. H.} .. *) [Aus C. Taunay’s u. L. Riedel's „‚Manoal do agrieultor brasileiro. (Rio de Janeiro, 1839.)“. Dieses Werk enthält Vieles zur Naturgesch, Brasi- liens, soweit diese zu Öekon. u. Agrieultur inBezug steht]. **) Nova Genera ac Species Plant,, quas in Regno Chilensi, Peruv. et in Terra Amazonica a. 1827 ad 1832 legit et cum St. En dlicher deser. et illu- stravit Ed. Pöppig. Tom.IU. Dee. I—IV. Lipsiac, 1840, ısı1. fol. [8 Bog. und 14 Taf. — 1813 folgten, von Pöppig allein: Dee. V., VI. 5 Bog. bis ın Compositae, wo n. g. Garcilassa (Milleriear.) u. a. — Anz. und Inh.-Angabe der 6Dec.: im Leipz. Rep. 1842, XXIV.; Anz. v. Vol. I—I. 4. iu Isis 1812, VIL, nı. Angabe des Inhalts aller Taf. nach Gatt. und meist auch nach den Spp, u. vielen nicht abgebild. Spp.. t.236.: Rotheria aus Cruckshanksia.] Bot. Jahresber. iiber 1839—1842. 11% 162 1. Pbytographie. [enth. Gesneriaceae, Clusiac., Valer., Conif., Euph., Rub., Violac., Olacinae ete.; Euph. n. g. Tetrorchidium; Olac. n. g. Liriosma; Violar. n. g. Tefrathylaciup Pg., Baum, in Maynas.] Von dem Prachtwerk A. d’Orbigny’s: „Voy. dans P’Ameri- que merid.“ worin auch Pflanzen ans d. meisten Ländern Süd-Ame- rica’s beschrieben werden, sind nun bis mit 1842 G1 Lieferungen er- schienen; es werden deren 75; in gr. 4., jede 12!/, Fr. Hooker setzte die Fugus-Arten des antaretischen America aus einander. Er fand, dass Forster’s Betula antarctica eine Pagus ist, u. nennt sie F. Forsteri. An der Magellansstrasse u. im Feuerlande sind gefunden: Fugus antarctica Hook., betuloides [betuliformis] Mirb., u. jene Forsteri. Er kann nicht entscheiden, ob nicht diese und die betulif. u. dubia nur eine Art ausmachen. Hierzu kommen 6 meistens von Pöppig entdeckte chilenische, die H. auch beschreibt. Auf Van-Diemens-Land ist eine F. Cunninghamü”). Hooker u Walker-Arnett haben ihre „Beiträge zur Flora Süd-America’s“ nach Pflanzen in ihren Herbarien von Cuming, fer- ner von Bridges, Darwin, Cruckshanks, Gillies, Matthews, Tweeldie u. A, fortgesetzt u. zwar die Abtheilung für das extratropische S.- America”). Die sehr vielen neuen, auch n. Gatt., werden beschrie- ben, bekannte nur aufgeführt mit ihren Fundörtern. [Diese Beiträge begannen in Hook. Bot. Miscellauy UI. (1833) p. 129 — 277. mit zus. 11 Taf. Abbilda., t. 96 — 106. (Maihewsia foliosa, 3 Violae der Andes, ete.), mit 653 Sp., Ranune. bis Dipsac.;] diese Forts. enthält Composit«e; es sind nun 2067 Sp. behandelt. Nach einer von James Drummond nach England gesandten Sammlung von 1300 Pflanzenarten hat Lindley eine Skizze der Flora der Gegend des Schwanflusses im westl. Neuholland, 32° s. Br., u. dabei die Charactere von 283 neuen Sp., u. Abb. ge- geben**). Bericht darüber s.im Journal of Bot. 11. 1840. p. 79. Aus denselben Pfli. beschrieb W.-Arnott 3 neue Chamaelaucieen u. 1 Lasiopelalee, im Journ, of Bot. I. 378f., mit Abbild. aller; — Nees v. Esenbeck die Cyperaceen, 13, u. die Restiaceen, 8 Sp., in Aun. of Nat. Dist. VI. p. 48. — In Drummond's Brie- fen aus Neubolland in Hook. Lond. Journ. of Bot. [1. 1842. p. 86 — 106 u. in Artikel 18., 30.,45.] kommen mehrfach Nachrichten über jene Flora vor. [Langen Ausz. aus Lindley’s Skizze und Dr.s ar Bi" Grisebach’s phytogeogr. JB. im Archiv f. NG. 1841, *) Hooker’s Journ. of Bot. Vol. If. 1840. p. 147—157. Tab. VI-VII. **) Ebendaselbst IIL. p. 19--47., 310-348. (1810, 1841.) **#) Edwards’s Botanical Register, By J. Lindley. 1839. Appendix to tbe Bot. Register. By J. Linudley. Part. I, U, IIL (Lond. 1839 et 1840. gr. 8.) — [Daun besonders ausgegebeu m. d. Tit.: Swan River. Sketch of the vegetation of this colonv. By J. Lindley. i 4 1840. nn \ Y indley. With col. plates. London, 2. Floren. Neuhollaud. 165 IVon des Baron v. Hügef Pflanzen von dort (vgl. Eunn. ete. Vindob. 1837.) beschrieb Endlicher fernere 30 neue Arten in Ann. des Wiener Mus. d. NG. 11. 2. 189— 211: Stirp. anstralas. bi. Hüg. „Deendes 3: aus den Fam. Myrt. Chamaselane., Legum. Podalir. um. Neue Gatt.: Cesutia (ornata) zu Umb. Hydrocotyleae, Gli- schrocanyon (Roäi), Santalac., Cyenogeton (C. Hügeliö). Najad.] [Dr. L. Preiss (welcher an 2500 Sp. im westl. und südwestl, Neuholland gesammelt, worunter 178 Myrtac., 75 Myrt. neu, s.: Flora 1833, S. 136, 405) erwähnt, Linnaea 1842, IV. 385, dass auch dort, wie in Süd-Africa manche Pfll. nur auf e. einzigen Stand- ort angewiesen sind u. so gleichsam inselförmig vorkommen. Das Innere "les Landes ist dort gedrängt- wellenförmig. Die Wilder sind licht u. bestehen im Flachlande aus Caswarinen, Banrksia Menziesit u. Caleyi, auf dem Hochlande aus verschied. bis 130° hoben Fixea- Iypten. Parasitische Orchideen giebt es hier nicht. Farne u. Moose nur wenige.] Aus Lindley’s Arbeit über des Major Mitchell Pflanzen aus dem Innern des östlichen Neuhollands in dessen Tagebuche über s. 3 Reisen („Three exped.“ etc... s. vor. JB. S. 187 £.) sind die Char. der 76 neuen Sp. abgedruckt in Ann. des se. nat. 2. Ser. XV. (1841. Janv.) p.56—64. Es sind darunter 5 Myrtuceae, 7 Rutac. (4 Correae), 11 Pupilionae., 2 Cassiae, 9 Acaciae, 5 Amarantac. (5 Trichinia), 5 Gram., ete.] [ln der naturhist. Gesellsch. zu Boston sprach J. E. Tesche- macher, Esq., über einige von Neuseeland erhaltene Pfll.: sie gehörten th. zu den Proteacceugatt. Isopogoen, Manglesia, Petro- phila, th. zu Leptosp., Melaleuca, Verticordia, Acacia u. Trichi- nium. Sillim. Am. Journ. XL. 2. (1841.) 388.] Dr. Jos. Dalton Hooker (jun.) gab als „Beiträge zu e. Tlora von Van Diemens Land“ oder Tasmania ein systematisches Ver- zeichniss von Pflanzen, haupts. nach den ven Ronald Guun uw. dem verstorb. Lawrence dort gesammelten, in Hook. Journ. of Bot. N. 1840. 9.390. (angefangen ebds. J. 258.); bei manchen stehen Be- merkk., neue sind beschrieben. Wiele europäische Gaft. haben auch dort ihre Arten, doch andre. Panunculaceae sind 8: Anem. eras- sifolia Hk.: auf dem Black-Bluff 4-—5000° b.; Dilleniae. 10; 1 Maynol. : Kusmania arom. 9'—12’ h., gesellig. bildet Miniatur - Wald; Crueif. 10: 6 Cardaminae, 1 Arabis, 1 Lepid., 1 Corono- pus, ] Stenopetalum; Violar. 4; 7 Droserae!.. 6 Pittospor eue; Caryopk. 9: 2 Spergulae, 5 Stellar., Arcn. marina Sm., Cerast. rulg.; 4 Malvae.; 1 Bombae. ; 2 Lusiopetala;.. 2 Dodonaeae; Geraniae 7: Erod. eiext.: Dieses so wie Barbaraı aca praecox ein- geschleppt; Rutar. 18: 6 Correue; Rhamnene 10: 6 Pomadervis- Arten ete. — Nees v. Esenbeck bestimmte die Cyperaceen von dort: es sind 12 Sp. aus 7 Gatt., — u. die Ktestiaceen, 2 Sp. [Von den Familien, die den Hauptcharacter der Flora Neuhol- lands bedingen, treten in Van-Diem.-L. manche bedeutend zurück, 164 I. Phytographie. keine häufiger hervor, nur Epacrideae, Eucalypt. u. blattlose Aca- ciae behalten hier gleiches Verhältniss bei. Unter Pfll. von bier, welche Schayer d. berliner kön. Herbar mitgetheilt, u. Klotzsch bestimmt hat, sind nach Erichson’s Mittheilung im Arch. f. NG, 1842, 1. 87f.: Filices, den europäischen sich nähernde; Grumin. eben so, aus d. Gatt. Panieum, Festuca, Bromus, u. der neuboll. Anthesteria (Känguruhgras); Cyp.: 2 den europ. ähnliche Carices; 1 Restio; 1 Xyris; 1 Juncus u. Luzula camp.! Veratreae: 1 An- quillaria; Lil.: 1 Blandfordia, 4 Tulbaghiae; 2 Irideae; Orchi- deae 12, neuholl. Formen;... 3 Pimeleae, 1 Dais; 2 Proteae.; Primul.: europ. Formen: I Anag., Samolus litor.,; Serof.: 1 Ve- ron., 1 Euphr., Borrag.: 2 Myosot., 1 Exarrhena; 1 Convolv.; Epuerideae 12: 9 Epacrides, &e.;... Compos. 16; Umb.: 2 Apia; Ranunc. 4; Crucif.: 1 Lepid.;... Dros.: 1 Byblis; 1 strauchartige Polygula;,... Myrtac. 10, Rosac. 4, Pupil. 9: 3 Kennedyae ete. nit einf. B. (blattlosen B.-stielen); 6 Acaciae, 2 Pomauderrides. 2a Hooker's obige Sammlung etwa 4mal so stark ist, so dürften auch die von H. nicht aufgeführten unteren Fam.: Orchid. ete. da- rin 4&1al so reich sein.] \ [In dem Reisewerke von der Erdumsegelung des Schiffes Ja Bo- nite”) sind die Pfll. von Gaudichaud bearbeitet; sie sind aus Hin- ter-Indien, China, v. den Philippinen, Sandwichinseln u. den Küsten America's bes. am Stillen Meere. Abgebildet sind besonders viele Pandaneae, die meisten neuen Gatt. in den ersten 30 lithogr. Taf. gehören dazu; Inh. aller Taf. s. in Isis 1842, VII] [In dem Werke über die Fahrt des Tuscan”) umfasst der na- turhist. Theil Zool. u. Botanik. Den Beschluss macht ein descript. Catalog der gesammelten Pfll. nach d. Linn. Systeme, mit Bemerkk. über die wichtigen Spp.. Bei allen Inseln beschreibt.Fr. D. Ben- nett auch ihre physische Beschaffenheit.] [Die Reise des Astrolabe u. der Zelee 1837—40, ynter d’Ur- ville, (Voy. au Pöle Sud et dans P’Oceanie ete.. 18425sggq.) soll 14 Bde. u. 1 Atlas von gegen 250 Stichen u. Stdrt. geben. Die 3te . *) IVoy. autour du monde 1836 et 1837 sur la corvette la Bonite, comman- dee par Vaillant, eapit. T.J. Paris, Bertrand. 1840. 336pp. 11. 310pp. 8. (Beide Bände meteorol. Beobb.) Atlas in fol., illum. — Anz.: Isis 1842, VI. Unter den n.G. sind: t. 17. Vinsonia, Eudouxia, Souleyetia (aus Freyeinet- ien), Bryantia, Roussinia, Sussea, Jenneretia, etc.| **) [Narrative of a Whaling Voyage round the globe, from the y. 1833 to 1836, Comprising sketches of Polynesia, California, the Indian Archipelago etc. With an Account of Southern Whales, the Sperm Whale Fishery and the Nat. Hist. of the climates visited. By Fred. Debell Bennett, Fellow of the R. Coll. of Surgeons. In 2 Vols. Lond., 1840. L 402 pp. IL. 395 pp. 8. — Inh.- Anz. und etw. Ausz. in münch. Gel. Anz. 1841, Nr. 197— 199: Abstamm. der Südseeinsulaner von Westen (Asien) her: Verwandtschaft m. Malayen. Fahrt: um das Cap Hoorn, Juan Fernand., Pitcairn- Ins. Taheiti, Sandwichs-Ins. ete-, Californ.; Cap, St.-Helena.] 3. Botanische Gärten. 165 der 6 Abtheil., die Bot., giebt 2 Bde. m. 80 col. Kpft.. Von d. Isten Reise, 5 Bde., m. 200 [?] Stdr. u. 10 Charten, erscheint auch eine kleine Ausg. in 10 Oct.-Bdn. mit 10 Ch.; hiervon ist in Deutschland schon 1844 von e. Uebersetzung der Anfang da.] BOTANISCHE GAERTEN UND GARTENBAU. Heynhold’s Nomenclator von cultiv. Pflanzen*) enthält das im Titel genannte, giebt auch den Platz ders. in den Häusern oder im Freien an, etc... Link, Klotzsch u. Fr. Otto fingen von neuem an, ein Kupfer- werk über neuere Pflanzen des berliner Gartens herauszugeben **). 4 Hefte, mit je 6 Taf., bilden 1 Band. Die Char. sind lateinisch; Beschr., Bemerkk., Cultur ete. deutsch. Unter den schönsten der ab- gebildeten sind: Puya AÄltensteinii LKO. aus Columbien,, Scutella- ria splendens, Gonatanthus sarmentosus LKO., Aroid.; Pitcair- nia ringens LKO., t. 25., aus Demerara; Hibiscus Cameronis Knowles & Weste. v. Madagase.: ft. 32. — Ferner kommen vor: in I. 2.: Asterotrichion n.g. Malv.; Acanthostachys (n. g. Bromel.) strobilacea aus Süd-Bras.; im I. 3. Olinia acum. Kl. & cyınosa Th.; I. 1. t. 26. Lennea (robinioides), n. g. Leg. Lot., aus Mex., Strauch mit purpurf. hangenden Bl.-trauben, verwandt m. Robinia, Indigof. u. Colutga; 30 Commel. Ehrenbergiana Kl., nach Rec. — carnea Schldl., ete.] v. Schlechtendal begann Abbildd, m. Beschreibung von neuen Pill. des hallischen Gartens, 1841 mit 2 Heften zu je 4 Tafeln mit 1 Bogen lat. Text, worin auch andere Spp. berührt sind.***). Die Pfll. sind aus Mexico. Margaranthus [n. g. neben Physulis] sola- *) Nomenclator bot. hortensis oder alphab. u. synonymische Aufzählung der in den Gärten Europas cultivirten Gewächse, nebst Angabe ihres Autors, ihres Vaterlauds, ihrer Dauer u. Cultur, bearb. von Gust. Heynlold; nebst e. Vorrede von Dr. L. Reichenbach. Dresden u. Leipzig, 1810. XX u. 8888. hoch 8. |4 Thlr. Ldpr. 5 Thir. — Voran Verz. der Autoren: hier mehrere falsch z.B. Gouan, was Goüan, Laestadius was Lästadius heissen soll, u. a,; die an- gebl. 2 Wight sind nur einer: Rob. W., s.: Flora 1835: LB. S.35.; falsche Pfl.-Namen sind z.B. „Podalyria, Phoenixopus“!; Synen. zu selten. Stel- lung im Systeme ist angegeben. — Tad. Anz.: Gersd. Repert. 1840, XVL; 1841, XXIL] . .. **) Icones plantarum rariorum Horti Regii bot. Berolinensis. Abbildungen seltuer Pflanzen des Kön. bot. Gartens zu Berlin, herausgeg. von H.F. Link, F. Klotzsch u. Fr. Otto. I. Jahrg. Berl. 1810, 1841. IL Jahrg. 1.u.2. H. 1812. gr.4. [Jedes 6 Tafeln m. 2Bog. Text, n. 1 Thlr. col. n. 11a Thlr. — Anz. in Linvaca 1840, V.: LB.; 1841, „UL: LB.; 1812, V.; von II. ı1., 2. in Gersd. Rep. 1812, XIX.) . un: tion; **) Hortus Halensis tam vivus quam siecus iconibus et descriptionibus illustratus a D. F. L. de Schlechtendal. Fasc. I. u. 11. Halis Sax. |1841| Iv et 16pp. A.maj. c. tabb. col. [a n. 21Gr. Anz. u. Ausz. in Gersd. Repert. 1841, XXI. 166 1. Phytographie. nac. Schläl.; 2 Solana [beiläufig: Pöppig’s u. A. wilde Kartoffel aus Chile wird n.sp. S. Magliu]; Linosyris mer., Calandrinia mi- crantha: hier auch ein Verz. der eultivirten Cistanthae Sp., Calandr., u. Honocosmiae Fz).: alle Ijäbrigen Calundr. auf 5 redueirt; O.va- lis Eihrenbergii: hier ein synonym. Verzeichniss der mexic. Oxali- des, 29 Sp.; Commelyna variab. [hier nebenbei, dass Weldenia Schult. zu Pontederiac. gehöre]; Stevia glandulif. Schldl.: hier auch über St. leucantha & dissoluta n. Spp- Mörch gab 1839 ein alphab. Verzeichniss der Pfll. des kopen- hagner bot. Gartens, mit Augabe der Dauer, heraus”); und ein Nachtrag folgte **). : Von e, Verzeichnisse der Pill. des wiener Gartens, von End- licher, erschien 1842 d. 1. Bd.***), es enthält die Namen, Zeit der Entdeckung od. der Einführung [bei Dorstenia Contrayerva: 1741], Citate, Synon., Dauer; Vaterland, Benutzung. Dieser Band geht von. Equisetac. bis Fam. 83. Gentianeae, u. zählt 3553 Sp.; [mit denen io T. 11. 1843. zus. S186 Sp.] Einen Catalog der Gewächse in van der Hoop’s Garten zu Spaarn-Berg bei Harlem besorgte de Vriesef). In Link’s oben unter Fiziers erwähnter Schrift über die Filices des berliner bot. Gartens (Fil. spp. in H. b. berol, ec. 1841) sind 310 Fil. u. 11 Lycopodiaceae beschrieben. Von europäischen darin nen- nen wir bier als Beispiele der Vertheilung in die Gattungen: Cystop- teris dentata, fvag. nebst £ß. angustata Lk. (rhuetica Ht. ber.), alpina mit £. regin, u. montana (Asp. mont. Sm). Lomaria Spi- cant (Blechn. Sp.). Acropteris septentr. Asplenium FPilix fem., fontan., Halleri. Polystichum Lonchitis Schott, aculeat. Sch., lobat. & angulare Presl. Polypod. calcareum als Art. [Kunze beschrieb in Linnaea 1842, III. 308—22. viele, meist neue, Spp. des leipziger bot. Gartens, die er nicht schen ander- wärts publieirt bat, aus vielen Fam.: Filices, Comp., Legum. ete.: darunter Bembycodium (Senec. Anthemid. Athanasiear. n. g.):. Athanasiae v. Cap.; 2 Savifragae: eine der rotundif. nahe, die andre: 8. (Hydatica) excarata aus Graubünden, nahe der cuneifo- Tia, aber Blätter dunkler grün, dentafo-serr., disco excavata; pet. basi flavo-strielata, nicht bis z. Mitte gelb-gelleckt; ete.] *) Catalogus plantar. Horti bot. Hafniensis. Conseripsit O. J. N. Mörch, Hortulanus. Havniae, 1839, 102 et pp. 8 **) 1. Supplem. Catalogi Horti bot. Havniensis. Conser. O.N.H. Mörch. Havn., 1840. 12pp. 8. .) Catal. Horti academijei Vindobonensis. Disposuit St. Endlicher. T. I. Vindob., 1842. IV et 12 pp. 8. IH. 1813. 542 pp. — zus. 2 %/; Thlr. — Anz.: Isis 1843. TIL; leipz. Repert. 1843, IIL.: biernach die Dauer nicht immer richtig; Cultur od. Temper. nicht angedeutet.| DD Hortus Spaarn-Bergensis. Enumeratio stirpium quas ja villa Spaarn- Berg prope Haarlenum, alıt Adr. Van der Hoop.. Disposwit de Vriese. Am- stelod., Joh. Müller. 1830. XIL 146 et XVIpp. ce. 2tab. lith. col. }Anz. in Linnaca 1839, IV.: Lit. Ber.; Flora 1839: LB. S,195f. — Ein Catalog fast nach Art der engl. Horti; zuw. Synon.; Ordnung nach Fam. 3. Botanische Gärten. 167 Modena u. gab dazu dessen Grundriss u. Ansicht der Häuser ”**),] [Die „Huitieme Notice sur les pluntes rares cult. dans le Jardin de Geneve, par MM. A.-Pyr. et Alph. De Candolle (&e- neve, 1840. 31pp. 8. mit 3 col. Taf. — Abdr. aus Mem. de la Soc. de Phys. ete. IX. 1.; Anz.: Linnaea 1841, 1.: LB.] enthält 13 PAL, aus vielen Fam.; abgeb. sind Acrotriche depressa Br., Ma.xillaria Deppei u. Epidendr. Candollei, beide a. Mexico; beschrieben unter a. Cyclopia grandifl. (Ibbetsonia gr. Ht. beig., Legum.), ete.] In seiner Beschreibung des pariser Pflanzengartens’), deren Einleitung auch Geschichte u. Notizen über Personal u. Kosten ent- hält (41900 Fr. sind für den Garten, 4700 fr. für die Menagerie ausgesetzt), beschreibt Fk. Lemuout die Abtkeilungen des Gartens u. giebt e. Uebersicht der natürl. Familien u. der Pfl.-Physiologie; dann folgen, von Andern, Beschr. des naturb. Museums u. der vielen Lo- cale der Menagerie; beigefügt sind Ansichten einzelner Abth. des Gartens u. Miniatürzeichn. von Pill. u. Thieren: eig. für das grössere Publicum; ferner Bildnisse Cuvier’s, Lamarck’s und A. L. Jussieu’s, u. ein Plan des Gartens. — [Saillet’s Schrift s. unten r}).] [Ueber Alter, Grösse u. Pilanzenzahl der englischen Gärten u. einiger des Continents, auch Herbarien, steht eine kurze Tabelle in Fror. Neu. Notizen Nr. 439. (XX. 22. 1841... — Prof. R. Gra- ham beschrieb ausführlich: neue oder seltne Pfil., die im bot. Gar- *) [Deila origine ed anzianita dell’ orto bot. di Padova. Venezia, 1839. 46pp. 8.maj. (Bes. Abdr. aus Bd. I. des „NMemoriale della medicima contempo- ranea““) — Notiz s. in: Blätter f. lit. Unterh. 1840, Nr.249.; Linnaea 1840, Ill: LB. 88 —. **) L'Orto bot. di Padova. Nell’ anno 1842. Padova. (1518. Lex.-8.; m. 1 Stärtfl.) — k. Rec.: Leipz. Rep. 1844, XV.] **) [Horti bot. R. Archigynmnasti Mutinensis Historia Auctore Joanne de Brignolia Brunnhoff... Adjeeta Horti ejusd. ichuograplia et hypocausto- run orthographia. Mutinae, typogr. Solianj. 1812. 52 pp. 4 — Ausz. in berl.drt, Zeit. 1843, Sp. 404 #f.| j . \ 7) Le jardia des Plantes. Descr. complete bistorigne et pittoresque du Museum d’Hist. nat., de la Menagerie, des Serres; des Galeries de Mincralo- gie et d’Anatomie, et de la Vallde Suisse, moeurs et instincts des Animeaux, Botanique, Anat. comparde, Mineral, Geol. et Zoologie. Par MM. P. Der nard, L. Coueilhac, Gervais et E. Lemaont et une Soc. de Savants. attaches au Mus. d’Hist. nat. 2 Vol. Paris, L. Curmer. 1842, 8.. ++) |Une jouruee au Jardin des Plantes, precedee d’une introduction et de considerations generales sur Phist. naturelle; par Alex. de Saillet. Paris, 1840. 18. 4 Fres.] 168 1 Phytographie. ten zu Edinburg oder and. nahen Gärten geblüht, im Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. Nr. 57. Jul. 1840, p. 171ff.; Nr. 62. Oct. 1841: hier auch Marianthus coer.-punctatus LKO. v. Schwanflusse, Podotheca gnaphalioides Gr. ebdh., Rhodod. anthopogon Don v. Himal., ete.; ferner in Nr. 64., Apr. 1842, 401ff.: hier Acacia diptera Ldl., v. Schwanfl., ähnl. der platyptera, Loasa pinn. Gr., Mex., Stylidium recurvum Gr., Schwanfluss, ete.] [Die „Animadverss. bot.“ von F. E.L. Fischer, ©. A. Meyer u. J. L. E. Ave&-Lallemant zum VI. Samencatal. des petersb. Gar- tens, von 1839, sind abgedruckt in Ann. des sc. nut. Dec. 1840, 365—381., u. in Linnaea 1840, Nl.: LB. 139—169.: meist neue Spp., alphab. geordnet, dabei: Lallemuntia F. et M., n. g. aus Dra- coceph. canesc., iber. & peltat.. Seseli alpin. wird n.g. Lomato- carum (alp.), zw. Rumia u. Cnidium stehend. Sarifr. crassifolia Led. Alt. Cexel. syn.) ist cordif. Haw., Don; ete. — Gegen einen Aufsatz J. G. Kohl’s, „die Treibhäuser u. der Obsthandel in St.- Petersb.‘“, im Magaz. f. d. Lit. d. Auslands 1840, Nr.50ff., der in Nr. 52. mit k. Bemerkk. über den botan. Garten schliesst, giebt dessen Director, StR. Pe. L.v. Fischer, ebds. Nr. 154. einige Be- richtigung. Die 3 grossen Hauptlinien der Gewächshäuser, 14 bis successiv 32 engl. F. hoch, und die 10° hohen Verbindungsgallerien sind, in e. Länge von über 3700’, aus dicken Ziegelmauern gebaut; nur eine kleine Reihe niedriger Häuschen ist aus Holz. An Arten- menge steht der Garten den reichsten Europa’s wenig nach... — Die Animaduwv. Fischer's etc. zum petersb. Catal. von 1840 sind abgedr. in Ann des sc. n. Juill. 1841, p. 48—60., u. Linnaea 1841, IV.: LB. 104—124.: hierin ut. a.: Cuylusea abyssin. F. et M. (Reseda ab. Fres.), Arynitzkia FetM., benamt nach Kr., ehem. Prof. zu Charkow, neben Cryptantha, aus Echinosp. leiocarpon F.et M. Ind. 11.; Wydleria chil. F. et Trautv. (Apium ch. Ind. sem.
| 8,087 |
https://askubuntu.com/questions/448920
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StackExchange
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CC-By-SA
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Moha_E, Quty, Wanjan, https://askubuntu.com/users/1578042, https://askubuntu.com/users/1578043, https://askubuntu.com/users/1578044, https://askubuntu.com/users/1578241, https://askubuntu.com/users/1578397, local seo services, user288177
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Ubuntu 13.10 can't boot into unity
I installed ubuntu 13.10 on my laptop but it won't boot into unity just command line and says running in low graphics mode. How do I fix this.
I have an HP 15-g029wm laptop with amd radeon hd 3330 graphics
You can follow the instructions as shown above by Avinash Raj, and specifically you can do what they tell you to do on this page.
I quote from that page:
"The greeter is invalid. This is a bug in LightDM and a bug report has already been filed.
The reason why you end up with this failsafe X is because the pantheon-greeter you installed along with the elementary desktop is now not available and LightDM is not able to identify an alternative greeter.
As a workaround, you can edit the LightDM conf file and correct the error.
Run the following command in a terminal:
sudo nano /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf
and change the line
greeter-session=pantheon-greeter
to
greeter-session=unity-greeter
and save it.
After changing the file, reboot and you will now be greeted with Unity greeter."
If this workaround does not do the trick for you, my suggestion is to install the following packages in the terminal console (press Ctrl+Alt+F1 and login with your username and password):
sudo apt-get install mdm
MDM is a very friendly login greeter app with a highly customizable interface. You will be prompted when installing mdm to choose your default display manager, and you can choose mdm instead of lightdm and press ok to finish installing MDM. If, for any reason, you want to revert your display manager back to LighDM, you can do so by running the following code in the terminal console:
sudo dpkg-reconfigure lightdm
You should also install a decent video driver for your video card from the official support page for Radeon cards. They have drivers for both 32bit and 64bit Linux/ Ubuntu, and you can install them easily with just a few clicks.
You can also install:
sudo apt-get install xubuntu-desktop
sudo apt-get install xfce4*
Reboot and when you get to the MDM greeter, you can choose to boot into the xfce session, and not the gnome session or unity. This way you'll be able to get to a graphical desktop session, install your video driver and maybe fix the issues you're having with unity greeter so you be able to login into a Gnome session too.
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32560998
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Semantic data
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CC0
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تصنيف:بوابة كمبوديا/هل تعلم
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 12 | 63 |
تصنيف:بوابة كمبوديا/هل تعلم
تصنيف ويكيميديا
تصنيف:بوابة كمبوديا/هل تعلم نموذج من تصنيف ويكيميديا
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W3097316698.txt_1
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Open-Science-Pile
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Open Science
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Various open science
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Age-severity matched cytokine profiling reveals specific signatures in Covid-19 patients
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English
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Angioni et al. Cell Death and Disease (2020)11:957
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-020-03151-z
ARTICLE
Cell Death & Disease
Open Access
Age-severity matched cytokine profiling reveals
specific signatures in Covid-19 patients
Roberta Angioni1,2, Ricardo Sánchez-Rodríguez1,2, Fabio Munari1,2, Nicole Bertoldi1, Diletta Arcidiacono3,
Silvia Cavinato4, Davide Marturano5, Alice Zaramella6, Stefano Realdon3, Annamaria Cattelan4, Antonella Viola1,2 and
Barbara Molon1,2
1234567890():,;
1234567890():,;
1234567890():,;
1234567890():,;
Abstract
A global effort is currently undertaken to restrain the COVID-19 pandemic. Host immunity has come out as a
determinant for COVID-19 clinical outcomes, and several studies investigated the immune profiling of SARS-CoV-2
infected people to properly direct the clinical management of the disease. Thus, lymphopenia, T-cell exhaustion, and
the increased levels of inflammatory mediators have been described in COVID-19 patients, in particular in severe
cases1. Age represents a key factor in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality2. Understanding age-associated immune
signatures of patients are therefore important to identify preventive and therapeutic strategies. In this study, we
investigated the immune profile of COVID-19 hospitalized patients identifying a distinctive age-dependent immune
signature associated with disease severity. Indeed, defined circulating factors - CXCL8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-27, and TNF-α positively correlate with older age, longer hospitalization, and a more severe form of the disease and may thus
represent the leading signature in critical COVID-19 patients.
Introduction
The pathophysiology of COVID-19 is still a matter of
scientific investigation. The disease seems to manifest
itself in more or less severe forms depending on the age of
the patients, with older people being at higher risk of
developing serious complications3.
A timely coordinated host immune response represents
the leading driver for restraining SARS-CoV-2 infection,
having a remarkable impact on patient clinical outcomes.
Indeed, several studies have appointed a dysregulated
immunity as the crucial determinant for the failure of viral
control.
Correspondence: Annamaria Cattelan ([email protected]) or
Antonella Viola ([email protected]) or Barbara Molon (barbara.
[email protected])
1
Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
2
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
These authors contributed equally: Roberta Angioni, Ricardo SanchezRodriguez, Fabio Munari
Edited by H.-U. Simon
An increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines has
been detected in patients with pulmonary inflammation
and extensive lung damage4. In this regard, markedly high
levels of interleukin IL-2R, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α have
been reported in patients with severe illness5, although
other reports suggest that more cytokines are involved in
the COVID-19 pathogenesis6,7.
In addition to the deregulated cytokine response,
COVID-19 patients show immunological alterations of the
cellular compartment. Decreased total lymphocyte counts,
T cell exhaustion, and defective lymphocyte responses
were reported in patients8–10, suggesting that maladaptive
immunity tips the balance between effective immune
responses and unsolved inflammation in COVID-19
patients. In this scenario, the definition of novel clinical
approaches aimed at re-direct and boost a proper, protective immune response should be considered.
The identification of early indicators of disease severity
might improve the clinical management of COVID-19
patients having a great impact on the diagnostic and
therapeutic decision making. Moreover, a more detailed
© The Author(s) 2020
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction
in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if
changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If
material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain
permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Official journal of the Cell Death Differentiation Association
Angioni et al. Cell Death and Disease (2020)11:957
picture of the immunological alterations characterizing
different patients’ groups might offer novel insights for
understanding COVID-19 pathogenesis.
To date, it is unclear whether specific immune signatures are associated with the severity of the disease at
different patients’ ages.
In this study, we analyzed the cytokine and leukocyte
profile of COVID-19 patients at hospital admission and
identified distinctive immunological signatures that
characterize younger or older severe patients. We found
that severe patients under the age of 60 do not show
major leukocyte alterations and express high levels of IL1RA, IL-6, CCL2, CXCL1, CXCL9, CXCL10, and EGF. In
contrast, older patients express high levels of CXCL8, IL10, IL-15, IL-27, and TNF-α, present a significant reduction in the total T lymphocyte number and an increased
expression of T cell exhaustion markers as compared to
the younger.
These results provide novel manageable criteria to
improve patient stratification at hospital entry and unveil
novel age-dependent immune features of COVID-19associated morbidity.
Results and discussion
We evaluated the hospitalization time (HT), immune,
and clinical features in a cohort of 44 SARS-CoV-2positive symptomatic patients who have been admitted at
the University Hospital of Padova from 9.04.2020 to
5.05.2020. The demographic and clinical data of patients
are reported in Table 1. We selected three parameters that
may be relevant to stratify COVID-19 patients, such as
patients’ age, HT, and disease severity (DS) as defined by
the WHO guidelines11.
By performing correlation analysis in our clinical dataset, we obtained a significant positive correlation between
age and HT (R Pearson 0.35350 Fig. 1A) and, in agreement with the current literature12,13, we confirmed a
positive association between age and DS (R Pearson
0.4445, Fig. 1B), and HT versus DS (R Pearson 0.6568,
Fig. 1C) in our cohort.
The generation of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2
proteins might represent an applicable parameter for
COVID-19 patient stratification. Nevertheless, the parallel
between SARS-CoV2 seropositivity and the clinical outcome is still a matter of investigation14,15. In our cohort,
34% of the patients (15/44 patients) showed positive IgG
titer against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein at the
admission time (AT). However, no correlation between
IgG positivity and HT (Fig. 1D), age (Fig. 1E), or DS (Fig.
1F) was evident.
Although it has been reported that COVID-19 mortality
is higher in men than in women16, we did not observe
major differences in the HT between females (50%) and
males (50%) in our cohort study, with an HT mean of days
Official journal of the Cell Death Differentiation Association
Page 2 of 12
Table 1 Demographic and Clinical data of COVID-19
patients at the hospitalization admission.
All patients Group 1
N = 44
Group 2
(age < 60)
(age > 60)
%
%
Gender, M/F
22/22
Median Age,
57.5 (45–75) 48 (34–55)
11/13
P-value
11/9
0.544827
76 (67–85)
<0.001
years (IQR)
Diseases classification:
Mild
38.65
54.1
20
0.0304
Moderate
20.45
16.66
25
0.7095
Severe
22.72
16.66
30
0.4716
Critical
18.18
12.50
25
0.4361
Fever
84.09
87.5
80.9
0.6839
Cough
65.9
62.5
70
0.752
Dyspnoea
20.45
8.3
35
0.0573
Symptoms at
admission:
Oxygen therapy
56.81
37.5
80
0.0064
Comorbidities ≥ 1(%)
79.5
62.5
100
0.0021
Smoking
20.45
33.33
5
0.0271
Alcohol consumption 2.27
4.1
0
1
HT, days Median (IQR) 12 (5–17.5)
6.5 (4.2–12) 15 (12–24.5) 0.0082
P values (two-sided) were computed using Fisher’s exact test
10.72 for female (1.52 SEM) and HT mean of days 17.36
for male (3.15 SEM) (Fig. 1G) and not even a significant
variation in the timing from symptom onset to hospital
admission (Fig. 1H) and hospital discharge (Fig. 1I).
A properly-coordinated immune response represents a
mandatory requirement for the clearance of SARS-CoV-2
infection17. Importantly, circulating factors play a crucial
role in the immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection
and, in some cases, they might also tailor patient clinical
path18. To outline the prevailing immune milieu in our
cohort, we quantified cytokines and growth factors in
patients’ plasma at admission time. To this aim, by multiplexed analysis, we concomitantly measured 48 circulating analytes and we performed correlation analysis
between the plasma concentration of each analyte and
HT, age, or DS, as defined by the correlation matrix (Fig.
2A). Here, the upward slope of the ellipses showed positive correlations (blue ellipses) while downward ones
indicated negative correlations (red ellipses). Color
intensities and sizes of ellipses are proportional to the
absolute value of the corresponding Pearson correlation
coefficients. Among all analytes, the correlogram revealed
a distinctive pattern of cytokines showing a positive
Angioni et al. Cell Death and Disease (2020)11:957
Page 3 of 12
Fig. 1 Correlative analysis between demographic and clinical parameters in the COVID-19 patient cohort. A positive correlation between age
and HT (A), age and DS (B) or HT and DS (C) was measured by Person coefficient r (95% confidence interval) and two-tailed p-value analysis
(indicated inside the square). Correlation analysis of SARS-CoV-2 -specific IgG with HT (D), age (E) or DS (F) measured by Person coefficient r (95%
confidence interval) and two-tailed p-value analysis (indicated inside the square). Sex-matched analysis of HT (G), days from symptoms onset to HA
(H), and days from symptom onset to hospital discharge (I); all data are expressed as mean of days ± S.E.M. In B, C and F, DS is indicated as following:
0 = mild, 1 = moderate, 2 = severe, 3 = critical.
correlation with age (Fig. 2B), DS (Fig. 2C), or HT
(Fig. 2D). On the other side, an additional set of cytokines
unveiled no association with HT (Fig. 1S), age (Fig. 2S), or
DS (Fig. 3S). The Venn diagram represents a unique set of
cytokines that were differentially expressed in the three
groups (Fig. 3A). As expected, the cytokine signatures
associated with HT and DS were partially overlapping (12
out of 18 for HT, 12 out of 13 for DS). These shared
cytokines include molecules that have been implicated in
COVID-19 pathogenesis such as IL-1RA19, IL-6, CXCL10,
CXCL8, IL-10, CCL2, CXCL9, and TNF-α4,20, as well as
molecules that have not been associated to severity yet,
Official journal of the Cell Death Differentiation Association
such as IL-15, IL-27, and EGF. Interestingly, a specific
subset of nine factors was selectively increased in older
patients. Among these, we singled out a unique set of five
cytokines - CXCL8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-27, and TNF-α shared among the three variables. We also pointed out a
defined cytokine trait (IL-6, CXCL9, IL-1RA, CXCL1,
CXCL10, CCL2, EGF) of more severe COVID-19 patients,
which is independent of age. To further associate the
identified cytokine profiles to the clinical evaluation, the
absolute plasma concentrations of the aforementioned
age-dependent and age-independent cytokines were
compared in patients with different disease severity,
Angioni et al. Cell Death and Disease (2020)11:957
Fig. 2 (See legend on next page.)
Official journal of the Cell Death Differentiation Association
Page 4 of 12
Angioni et al. Cell Death and Disease (2020)11:957
Page 5 of 12
(see figure on previous page)
Fig. 2 Cytokine correlation to age, HT, and DS in the COVID-19 patient cohort. Correlation matrix between cytokines and age, DS, and HT (A).
The upward slope of the ellipses shows positive correlations in blue whereas downward ones show negative correlations in red. Color intensities and
sizes of ellipses are proportional to the absolute value of the corresponding Pearson correlation coefficients (legend at the bottom side). The analytes
are clustered according to the similarity of their correlation coefficients (horizontal black lines) using the “hclust” function of the R package “stats”
according to the “ward.D2” method applied to ‘manhattan’ distances. Figure generated with the R package corrplot32. Individual cytokine details of
Pearson’s correlation (95% confidence interval) of the indicated analytes with age (B, gray and horizontal lines), DS (C, orange and vertical lines 0 =
mild, 1 = moderate, 2 = severe, 3 = critical) and HT (D, green and diagonal pattern) are indicated within each graph together with the two-tailed
p-value analysis (boxed). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001.
Fig. 3 Cytokine profiles stratify COVID-19 patients. Venn diagram showing cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors as related to Age (Gray), HT
(Green), and DS (Orange) (A). Graphs indicate the minimum (Min), maximal (Max), and mean plasma concentration values (pg/ml) of age-dependent
(B) or age-independent (C) cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors of patients with the indicated DS score. The P-value (mild versus critical) has
been calculated using a non-parametric Mann–Whitney test.
confirming that the cytokines were significantly upregulated in critical cases, as compared to patients with
mild disease (Fig. 3B–C).
We further assessed the correlation between all cytokines and the considered demographic/clinical parameters, by unsupervised clustering analysis (Fig. 4A). The
heatmap and the clustering dendrogram confirmed the
presence of specific cytokine profiles depending on DS,
age, and HT. Moreover, the analysis demonstrated that
analytes stratified in two main branches, grouped on the
basis of concentration patterns. Intriguingly, 4 out of 5 of
the cytokines (CXCL8, IL-10, IL-15, and TNF-α) shared
among the three variables (DS, age, and HT) fell in a
Official journal of the Cell Death Differentiation Association
unique cluster, while IL-27 belongs to a different one, thus
suggesting two independent activated networks in our
patient cohort. The association of these proteins to different pathways has been validated through the biological
network integration, considering physical interactions and
pathway relations (Fig. 4B). We took advantage of the tool
GeneMANIA21 that finds relationship among interested
genes or proteins, but also with other genes that are
related to input genes, using a very large set of functional
association data. Association data include protein and
genetic interactions, pathways, co-expression, co-localization, and protein domain similarity. Enrichment data
revealed that CXCL8, IL-10, IL-15, and TNF-α interact
Angioni et al. Cell Death and Disease (2020)11:957
Fig. 4 (See legend on next page.)
Official journal of the Cell Death Differentiation Association
Page 6 of 12
Angioni et al. Cell Death and Disease (2020)11:957
Page 7 of 12
(see figure on previous page)
Fig. 4 Cytokine clustering and functional analysis in COVID-19 patients. Heatmap represents an unsupervised clustering of the Luminex Assay
analytes in 44 patients (every vertical line indicates one patient). On top of the severity, age, and HT clinical characteristics of each patient are
reported as color codes according to the legend on the right. Clusterings were calculated using the “hclust” function of the R package “stats”
according to the “ward.D2” method applied to “manhattan” distances and visualized through the ‘heatmap3’ package. Black arrows indicate the
5 cytokines correlating simultaneously with Age/HT/DS (A). Network integration for the 5 cytokines correlating simultaneously with Age/HT/DS, the
connections were built by physical interactions (Red lines), and Pathway association (Green lines), main biological functions enrichment are listed
(right) (B), analysis was performed using GeneMANIA algorithm.
with each other, but not with IL-27, thus reflecting different biological functions during the immune response.
Next, we performed correlation analysis among cytokines that positively associated with DS, age, and HT with
diagnostic parameters such as erythrocyte sedimentation
rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and fibrinogen
concentration (Correlation Matrix Fig. 5A). Enlarged
graphs (Fig. 5B) showed a positive correlation between
ESR, CRP, and fibrinogen concentration and cytokines
shared among DS, age, and HT (CXCL8, IL-10, IL-15,
TNF-α, and IL-27).
Patients’ age has been appointed as a crucial determinant for the response to SARS-CoV-2, being older people
generally at higher risk of severe illness22,23. In addition, it
has been described that 80 and 90% of deaths have
occurred in patients aged >70 years and >60 years in
Korea and Italy, respectively24. In line with this evidence,
our results identified a specific cytokine profile associated
with COVID-19 in older patients. To further characterize
patients’ immune responses in relation to age, we performed a detailed characterization of circulating immune
cells in a subset of patients at the admission time (Fig. 6
and Fig. 4S), by performing multiparametric FACS analysis of peripheral blood cells. We stratified our cohort
study by fixing the age of 60 as the cut-off for patient
grouping. Of note, these 2 groups clearly differed in terms
of clinical parameters, with age >60 patients having longer
hospital stay HT (18.65 ± 2.96 S.E.M) as compared to
the younger (10.21 ± 1.92 S.E.M) (Fig. 6A), higher ESR
(Fig. 6B) and lower antithrombin III (Fig. 6C) at the
admission time. Moreover, although we did not observe
divergences in the total CD3+ lymphocyte counts in
COVID-19 patients as compared to age-matched controls
(Fig. 6D), a significant reduction in the total lymphocyte
number appeared when our patients were stratified in
>60> years old (Fig. 6E).
The flow cytometry analysis of peripheral blood cells
showed that the reduction in total CD3+ T cells observed
in older patients was retained in the CD8+ T cell subsets
(Fig. 6F), with a similar trend in the CD4+ compartment
(Fig. 6G). Additionally, in patients over 60 years, the level
of expression of TIM3, ICOS, and PD1 molecules dramatically increased on both CD8+ (Fig. 6H) and CD4+ T
lymphocytes (Fig. 6I), suggesting that T cells are
Official journal of the Cell Death Differentiation Association
characterized by an inactive-exhausted phenotype in this
group. Consistently with previous reports17, we confirmed
a general decrease in the count of NK T and also NK cells
in patients, when compared to healthy subjects (Fig. 6L).
However, but very interestingly, we detected an increased
number of NK T cells in the >60 patients compared to the
<60 ones, with a similar trend in the NK compartment
(Fig. 6M). As previously reported25, NK cells in COVID19 patients presented an exhausted phenotype, as defined
by the expression of the higher expression of the inhibitory receptor NK group 2 member A (NKG2A), compared
to healthy donors (Fig. 6N); but, remarkably, this higher
NKG2A expression was specific of the over 60 groups
(Fig. 6O). Finally, we detected a slight but significant
reduction of the total CD11b+ events in patients compared to controls (Fig. 6P), but no age-related differences
were observed (Fig. 6Q). Age-dependent differences were
observed in terms of monocyte phenotype, being the
classical monocytes (CD11b+/CD14high/CD16−) less
represented in >60 patients (Fig. 6R) as compared to the
non-classical monocyte (CD11b+/CD14low/CD16+ subset) (Fig. 6S). Moreover, we observed an expansion of a
subset of granulocytic cells (CD11b+/HLA-DRlowneg/
CD14−/CD15+/CD66b+) in this group, mostly resembling low-density polymorphonucleocytes (LD-PMN)
(Fig. 6T) that have been described in sepsis and systemic
inflammatory response syndrome, and that might play
multiple immunomodulatory activities, including the
suppression of T cell responses26.
Collectively, these sets of data suggest that in patients
over 60 years old there is a specific immune signature
characterized by the suppression of T cell responses and
deregulated innate immunity. In this regard, the increased
level of circulating IL-15 in severe patients, having a
longer hospitalization, might nourish the expansion of NK
cell subsets in aged people as compared to the younger;
on the other side, the prolonged exposure of NK cells to
the circulating IL-15 might be responsible for the reduction of their cytolytic activity, potentially triggering a
deregulated exhausted phenotype of these cells in the >60
group27. We also confirmed an exhausted makeup of both
CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in older patients; this
could represent an additional suppressive mechanism,
feed by the peculiar cytokine milieu that contributed to
Angioni et al. Cell Death and Disease (2020)11:957
Page 8 of 12
Fig. 5 Clinical relevance of COVID-19-related cytokines. Correlogram showing a correlation between cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that have been shown to positively correlate with at least one of the three parameters (HT, age, and DS) - with the clinical features considered in our
study (ESR, CRP, and fibrinogen) (A). Graphs show individual cytokines details of Pearson’s correlation (95% confidence interval) of all the analytes
positively correlating with either ESR (green), CRP (red) amd fibrinogen (yellow) (B). Person coefficient r (95% confidence interval) and two-tailed
p-value analysis (boxed) were calculated. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001.
the inadequate immune response against the SARS-CoV2 virus in aged patients. Among all cytokines, we identified IL-27 as the circulating factor that showed the
best correlation coefficient with age (R Parson = 0.6097,
Fig. 2B), is also associated with HT and DS (Fig. 2). In
COVID-19 patients, IL-27 might be involved in the upregulation of inhibitory receptors such as TIM3 and in
skewing T cell responses. Moreover, IL-27 might modulate T cell activity by inducing IL-10 production28, which
we identified to be also increased in patients in relation to
age and DS. In turn, IL-10 might feed immunosuppressive
Official journal of the Cell Death Differentiation Association
circuits orchestrated by LD-PMN, that was expanded in
older COVID-19 patients, suggesting the possible targeting of immunosuppressive checkpoints for novel therapeutic approaches. Two other cytokines of the shared
signature, TNF-α, and CXCL8, were also suggestive of
bolstered innate immune responses in older SARS-CoV-2
infected individuals. In line with this, anti-TNF trials have
been recommended for COVID-19 patients who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in the
2 days following hospital admission29. Consistently with
available studies30, increased CXCL8 level in our cohort
Angioni et al. Cell Death and Disease (2020)11:957
Fig. 6 (See legend on next page.)
Official journal of the Cell Death Differentiation Association
Page 9 of 12
Angioni et al. Cell Death and Disease (2020)11:957
Page 10 of 12
(see figure on previous page)
Fig. 6 Age-dependent immune profiling of COVID-19 patients. Bar-charts showing HT, days (A), ESR, mm/h (B) and antithrombin III, % (C) in
younger (<60, light gray) or older (>60, dark gray) COVID-19 patients. Bar-charts showing T lymphocyte percentage (CD3+ T cells) in healthy (red),
age-matched controls and COVID-19 patients (gray) (D), or in younger (<60, light gray) or older (>60, dark gray) COVID-19 patients (E). FACS analysis
of immune cell subsets in younger (<60) and older (>60) COVID-19 patients. delineated a severe illness in patients and it might also
represent a predictive biomarker of acute lung injury and
ARDS in these patients31.
In conclusion, this study identified distinctive immunological features of COVID-19 patients that associate
with age and are predictors of disease severity. Being our
analysis performed at hospital admission, this study suggests novel markers that can be explored to identify novel
criteria for COVID-19 patient stratification at hospital
entry. In addition, the analyses revealed specific agedependent immune signatures that may shed light on
COVID-19 pathogenesis.
Methods
Participants, study design, and data collection
44 adult patients hospitalized at the COVID-19 center
of the infectious diseases division (IDD) of the University
Hospital of Padua, Italy, between 9.04.2020 and 5.05.2020
were enrolled in the study. All patients were diagnosed
with COVID-19 with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by
real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
method (WHO guidelines). 12 SARS-CoV-2- negative
age-matched participants were considered as a control
group. All patients were classified into mild, moderate,
severe, and critical cases based on results from chest
imaging, clinical examination, and symptoms (WHO
guidelines). In addition, patients were stratified into two
groups by fixing the age of 60 as the cut-off for patient
grouping.
Demographic, clinical, laboratory data were extracted
from paper and electronic medical records using a standardized data collection form. Laboratory data included:
complete blood count, ESR, CRP, coagulation profile,
serum biochemical tests. Both Chest X rays and CT scans
were performed for all COVID19 patients.
Ethical commitment
The local ethics committee was notified about the study
protocol. The study was performed according to the
Official journal of the Cell Death Differentiation Association
ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki (7th
revision). All the patients gave their written informed
consent and all analyses were carried out on anonymized
data as required by the Italian Data Protection Code
(Legislative Decree 196/2003) and the general authorization issued by the Data Protection Authority.
PBMC isolation
Peripheral blood (PB) from enrolled controls and
COVID-19 inpatients. PB was collected in EDTA tubes
and stored at 4 °C prior to processing for PBMC isolation
and plasma collection. Peripheral blood mononuclear
cells (PBMC) were isolated by density-gradient sedimentation using Ficoll–Paque PLUS (GE Healthcare,
Germany) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.
Post-purification the isolated PBMC were cryopreserved
in cell recovery media containing 10% DMSO (Gibco),
supplemented with 90% heat-inactivated HyClone™
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS; GE Healthcare, Germany) and
stored in liquid nitrogen. Plasma was then carefully
removed from the 2/3 of the top layer using a sterile
serological pipette until the mononuclear cell interphase,
portioned and aliquots were stored at −80 °C until the
analysis.
Flow cytometry
PBMC immune cell phenotyping was performed by
custom set-up panels and BD Lyotubes by multiparametric FACS analysis. PBMC were thawed in RPMI
1640 with L-Glutamine (LONZA) medium with 2% FBS
(GE Healthcare, Germany). 1 × 106 PBMC were resuspended in 100 μl PBS with 2% FBS (FACS buffer) and
stained with antibody cocktails at 4 °C in the dark. Following surface staining, cells were washed with FACS
buffer and fixed in FACS buffer/1%PFA. After two final
washes, cells were resuspended in 200 μl FACS buffer and
acquired on a BD FACSCelesta™ Cell Analyzer (BD
Biosciences, San Diego, CA). A list of antibodies used in
the multicolor panels can be found in Figs. 5S–6S–7S–8S.
Angioni et al. Cell Death and Disease (2020)11:957
Luminex assay
In total 48 analytes (sCD40L, EGF, Eotaxin, FGF-2, Flt-3
ligand, CX3CL1, G-CSF, GM-CSF, CXCL1, IFNα2, IFNγ,
IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7,
CXCL8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12 (p40), IL-12 (p70), IL-13, IL-15,
IL-17A, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-18, IL-22, IL-27,
CXCL10, CCL2, CCL7, M-CSF, CCL22, CXCL9, CCL3,
CCL4, PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB/BB, CCL5, TGF-α, TNF-α,
TNF-β, VEGF-A) were analyzed by Luminex assay (Millipore, Billerica, USA) in the plasma from controls and 44
patients. The diluted standard and quality control were
used according to the manufacture’s instruction. The
plate was read on Luminex 200™. Analysis was performed
using xPONENT 3.1 software.
Immunoglobulin testing
SARS-CoV-2 (Spike S1domain epitope) IgG and IgA
detection were performed by ELISA Assay Kit from
Euroimmun according to the manufacture’s instruction.
(https://www.euroimmun.it/coronavirus-2019-ncov/).
Page 11 of 12
Author details
1
Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy.
2
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
3
Istituto Oncologico Veneto- IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy. 4Infectious Disease Unit,
Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy. 5Department of Medicine,
Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Padova, Padova,
Italy. 6Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of
Padova, Padova, Italy
Data availability
The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the
corresponding authors upon written request.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information accompanies this paper at (https://doi.org/
10.1038/s41419-020-03151-z).
Received: 27 August 2020 Revised: 12 October 2020 Accepted: 14 October
2020
Data quantification and statistical analysis
Flow cytometry data were analyzed with BD FACSDiva™ (BD, Italy) and statistical analyses were done in
Prism 8.4 (GraphPad, USA). Statistical analyses were
carried out using packages of the R statistical software.
Cluster analyses were performed using the “heatmap3”
v1.1.7 package applying the ‘ward.D2” method on “manhattan” distances, which gives result values similar to the
“hclust” function from the ‘stats’ package. The resulting
clusterings were also used for grouping variables in the
correlation plots. The Pearson correlation coefficients and
the corresponding p-values were calculated using the
“cor” and “cor.test” functions respectively from “stats”
package. The correlation plots were generated with the
“corrplot” v0.84 package32. Individual Pearson correlation
test was graphed in Prism 8.4. Protein interaction and
pathway interaction networks were performed using
GeneMANIA software (https://genemania.org/). Data
plotted were expressed as mean with standard error of
mean (SEM). Data distribution was assessed by D’agostino-Pearson and Shapiro-Wilk normality test. Unpaired
Nonparametric t-test or Krustal–Wallis test followed by
post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparations was used to
compare differences between groups. Differences were
considered statistically significant at confidence levels *P
< 0.05 or **P < 0.01.
Acknowledgments
We thank all the patients who participated in the study, the entire clinical staff
of the Infectious Disease Unit of the Padova University Hospital. We also thank
Euroimmun for IgG test screening, Dr. Carlo Zanon for the essential
bioinformatics support, and Prof. E. Bucci for the critical reading of the
manuscript. The study was funded by Fondazione Città della Speranza, grant
number 20/02CoV, and Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Padova e Rovigo
(CARIPARO, Bando Progetti di Ricerca Covid 2019, n° 55784) to AV.
Official journal of the Cell Death Differentiation Association
References
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11. WHO. Clinical Management of COVID-19 - Interim Guidance. (WHO, 2020).
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Lancet Infectious Diseases [published online ahead of print: 2020]; https://doi.
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13. Qi, Z. & Yu, Y. Epidemiological Features of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak in China. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry [published online ahead
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14. Sun, B. et al. Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM and IgG responses in
COVID-19 patients. Emerging Microbes and Infections [published online
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15. Phipps, W. S. et al. SARS-CoV-2 Antibody responses do not predict COVID-19
disease severity. medrxiv [published online ahead of print: 2020]; https://doi.
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29. Remuzzi, A. & Remuzzi, G. COVID-19 and Italy: what next?. The Lancet 2020;
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30. Gong, J. et al. Correlation Analysis Between Disease Severity and Inflammationrelated Parameters in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia. (2020).
31. Isabel García-Laorden, M., Lorente, J. A., Flores, C., Slutsky, A. S. & Villar, J.
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10.21037/atm.2017.06.49.
32. Wei, T. et al. Visualization of a Correlation Matrix [Internet]22:58:08 UTC; https://
github.com/taiyun/corrplot.
| 39,679 |
https://github.com/Vagelis-Prokopiou/GitPolicyEnforcer/blob/master/src/structs.rs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0, MIT
| 2,021 |
GitPolicyEnforcer
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Vagelis-Prokopiou
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Rust
|
Code
| 317 | 954 |
use crate::traits::HookData;
use serde::Deserialize;
#[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
pub enum Hook {
Update,
Invalid,
}
impl From<&str> for Hook {
fn from(path: &str) -> Self {
let parts: Vec<&str> = path.split('/').collect();
if parts.len() == 0 {
return Self::Invalid;
}
match *parts.last().unwrap() {
"update" => Self::Update,
_ => Self::Invalid,
}
}
}
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
pub enum ValidationError {
TitleFormat(String),
TitleMaxLength(u8),
BodyRequired,
BodyMaxLineLength(u8),
EnforceSquashMerge,
RegexCompilation(String),
}
impl std::fmt::Display for ValidationError {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
let common_message_part = "Validation failed: ";
match self {
Self::TitleFormat(pattern) => write!(
f,
"{}The format of the commit title is wrong. Please follow the following regex pattern: {}",
common_message_part, pattern
),
Self::BodyMaxLineLength(body_max_line_length) => write!(
f,
"{}The body line length is larger than the allowed {} characters",
common_message_part, body_max_line_length
),
Self::TitleMaxLength(title_max_length) => write!(
f,
"{}The title length is larger than the allowed {} characters",
common_message_part, title_max_length
),
Self::EnforceSquashMerge => write!(
f,
"{}Make sure to squash before trying to merge.",
common_message_part
),
Self::BodyRequired => write!(
f,
"{}Body missing from commit(s). Ensure that all commits contain a commit body.",
common_message_part
),
Self::RegexCompilation(regex) => write!(
f,
"Regex \"{}\" failed to be created",
regex
),
}
}
}
#[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
pub struct UpdateRules {
pub branches: Option<Vec<String>>,
pub title_max_length: u8,
pub title_format: String,
pub body_required: Option<bool>,
pub body_max_line_length: Option<u8>,
pub enforce_squash_merge: Option<bool>,
}
#[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
pub struct Rules {
pub update: UpdateRules,
}
impl Rules {
pub fn new() -> Self {
return Self {
update: UpdateRules {
branches: None,
title_max_length: 80,
title_format: "".to_owned(),
body_required: None,
body_max_line_length: None,
enforce_squash_merge: None,
},
};
}
}
// Structs and implementations related to the Git hooks.
#[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
pub struct UpdateHookData {
pub branch: String,
pub new_commit: String,
pub old_commit: String,
}
impl HookData for UpdateHookData {
fn get_data(input: &str) -> Self {
let parts: Vec<&str> = input.split(',').collect();
let branch = parts[0].replace("refs/heads/", "");
let old_commit = parts[1].to_owned();
let new_commit = parts[2].to_owned();
return Self {
branch,
new_commit,
old_commit,
};
}
}
| 36,177 |
https://github.com/rtnpro/themis/blob/master/utils/error.go
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
| 2,017 |
themis
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rtnpro
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Go
|
Code
| 20 | 52 |
package utils
type NestedEntityError struct {
InnerError error
Code int
}
func (e NestedEntityError) Error() string {
return e.InnerError.Error()
}
| 8,266 |
<urn:uuid:f16a529e-aeb9-4902-ac1a-006dc95a9dea>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.cereq.fr/publications?f%5B0%5D=auteur%3A9541&f%5B1%5D=auteur%3A10114
|
cereq.fr
|
Haitian Creole (Latin script)
|
Spoken
| 507 | 2,278 |
Par auteur: Bouvet Nicolas, Silberman Roxane
FiltrerFermerPar année20232006Par thématiquesParcours de formation et parcours professionnelsPar auteurAboubadra-Pauly SandrineAdangnikou Noël Agbossou IgorAguettant NathalieAgulhon CatherineAhmad Abdoul-MalikAlbandea InèsAlfonsi JeremyAliaga ChristelAmarillo HubertAmat FrançoiseAmbre Guichard-Ménard Arrighi Jean-JacquesAubert Jean-PierreAubret JacquesAznar OlivierBaghioni LizaBaraldi LaurenceBargues ÉmilieBarneaud ChristianeBaron CécileBarret ChristopheBartelheimer PeterBas JérômeBaslé MauriceBauger PascalBeaupère NathalieBéduwé CatherineBel MaïtenBenoit PernelleBentabet ElyesBeraud DelphineBéret PierreBerho FrançoiseBernard Pierre-YvesBerthaud JulienBerthet ThierryBerthon-Dumurgier Alexandre Bertrand HuguesBiarnès JeanBlachere MichelBlanchard MarianneBlondet DanielBoisseau IsabelleBonleu AntoineBorras IsabelleBosse NathalieBouder AnnieBoudesseul GérardBoudon JacquesBouin BénédicteBourdon JeanBourgeois ClaraBourlier EmilieBouteiller Jacques(-)Bouvet NicolasBremond FannyBrinbaum Yaël Brochier DamienBrucy GuyBrunet Carole Bruyère MireilleBureau Marie-ChristineBüttner RenéCadet Jean-PaulCaillaud PascalCalmand JulienCampens EtienneCanals ValérieCapdevielle-Mougnibas ValérieCarel SophieCarloni PierreCaro PatriceCart BenoitCassette MartineCausse LiseCavestro WilliamCayre PatriceCécile GautierCédo FrançoiseCéline SchmidtChaintreuil LydieChakroun BorhèneChancelade CarineCharraud Anne-MarieChatagnon AnaïsCheccaglini AgnèsChevalier VérèneCIRCE CONSULTANTSCisse MadyCoinaud CyrilCollet Xavier Combes Marie-ChristineComte Maurice Corazza EloïseCostanza ClémentCostenoble OphélieCouppié ThomasCouprie HélèneCourtinat-Camps AmélieCoutellier FrançoiseCroity-Belz SandrineCuntigh PhilippeCuvillier Brunod'Agostino AlexandraDabet GaëlleDauty FrançoiseDéage MargotDe Besses MarieDechezelles StéphanieDegenne AlainDel Amo JulioDelanoë AnneDelignières GuillaumeDelouille SandrineDéloye FrédéricDescamps RenaudDétang-Dessendre CécileDevie PaulineDhouailly AlexandraDiagne MarièmeDiederichs-Diop LaurenceDieusaert PascalDif-Pradalier MaëlDi Paola VanessaDivay SophieDivisia FrançoiseDodier RodolpheDrouilleau-Gay Félicie Dubois Jean-MarieDubret-Dufour AnnetteDuplouy BérangèreDupray ArnaudDurieux ChristineDzikowski ChristopheEckert HenriEksl RenéEl Akremi AssâadElise TenretÉmilie RaquetEpiphane DominiqueErtul ServetEspinasse Jean-MichelEstrade Marc-AntoineFadda YannFalzon PierreFanny Bugeja-BlochFaudière LaëtitiaFerraton CyrilleFloriani CélineFoli OliviaFontaine RoméoForté MichèleFourcade BernardFournié DominiqueFournier ChristineFournier IrèneFrickey AlainGadille Martine Galli CatherineGarrigues RenaudGasquet CélineGaste DenisGaubert Emilie Gauthier ChristèleGay CatherineGayraud LaureGhaffari SarahGineste SandrineGiret Jean-FrançoisGleizes MartineGoffette CélineGosseaume ValérieGoudard MathieuGouin RodolpheGrandgérard ColetteGrando Jean-MarcGrelet YvetteGrimault SolveigGrivilliers EricGrumeau ChristelleGuégnard ChristineGuéguen ChantalGugenheim FrancisGuillemot DanièleGuironnet Jean-PascalGuitton ChristopheHaas JoachimHallier PierreHélène RobicHenguelle ValérieHenrard ValentineHibade ChristianHillau BernardHocquelet MathieuHoracy Debowsky Hotyat Jean-MichelHoudeville GéraldHounkannounon BertrandHugree CédricIlardi ValérieIssehnane SabinaJaneau EvelyneJanissin PatriciaJaoul-Grammare MagaliJarty JulieJean-Baptiste Bertrand Jonas IrèneJongbloed JanineJoseph OlivierJoutard XavierJugnot StéphaneKalck PaulKergoat PriscaKirsch Jean-LouisKocoglu YusufKogut-Kubiak FrançoiseKornig CathelLabarrade GaëlleLabruyère ChantalLafitte LaurenceLageix Marie-PauleLainé FrédéricLamanthe AnnieLambert MarionLamotte BrunoLandivar DiegoLandrier SéverineLarquier Guillemette de Laurent CorinneLavialle ChristopheLawes ShirleyLe Bayon FlavieLebeaux Marie-OdileLecoutre MarcLefebvre PhilippeLefresne FlorenceLegardez AlainLegay AgnèsLehberger TaniaLeïla FrouillouLemaire SylvieLemière SéverineLemistre PhilippeLe Mouillour IsabelleLendrin NinaLéné AlexandreLe Roux NathalieLe Ru Nicolas Levesque Alexia Leymarie ColetteLiaroutzos OlivierLizé LaurenceLochard YvesLopez AlbertoLorent PierreLouis Gustave SabineLoumé DanielleLozier FrançoiseLuttringer Jean-MarieMacaire SimonMachado JulienMagali Ballatore Magne ClaudineMagrini Marie-BenoîtMahlaoui SamiraMaillard DominiqueMaillard FabienneMamessier AlainMandon NicoleManifet ChristelleManon BrézaultMansuy MichèleMarchal NathalieMarie-Paule CoutoMarion-Vernoux IsabelleMarquette ChristianMartinelli DanielMartinez ChristineMassit CécileMas StéphanieMathieu Rossignol-Brunet Mayen PatrickMayeux CatherineMazari ZoraMazerm ThibaudMazouin AurélieMeliva AlexandreMelnik-Olive EkaterinaMelquiond VéroniqueMénabréaz MichèleMénard BorisMengin SabineMens YvesMériot Sylvie-AnneMerlin FanetteMéry-Costa PatrickMeslin KarineMétral Jean-FrançoisMeyer VirginieMichaut ChristopheMichot ClaireMichun StéphaneMignot Jean-FrançoisMinassian LaureMöbus MartineMoguérou PhilippeMoizeau FabienMolinari-Perrier Mickaële Moncel NathalieMonso OlivierMontchatre SylvieMora VirginieMoreau GillesMorin ChristineMoullet StéphanieMouy PhilippeMoysan-Louazel AnneMurdoch JackeNakhili NadiaNathalie JacobNauze-Fichet EmmanuelleNiss MyriamNivet BrigitteNivolle PatrickNoack EdmondNohara Hiroatsu Oiry EwanOkba MahrezOlaria ManonOllivier DominiqueOlry PaulOujia Ines Ourtau MauriceOutin Jean-LucPaddeu JosianePailhé ArianeParaponaris ClaudePascale Mériot Paul Jean-JacquesPaul Magnand Perez CoraliePernod MartinePerret CathyPersonnaz ElsaPetitberghien SéverinePetit JohannPeuvrel MorganPiau AnnyPillemont JacquesPlessard CécilePodevin GérardPollard JuliePottier EmmanuellePoulain LaëtitiaPoullaouec TristanPrieur Marie-Hélène Primon Jean-LucProt BernardPrudent EmmanuelQuenson EmmanuelQuéré MichelQuintero NathalieRavary YvelineRebeuh Marie-ClaudeRecotillet IsabelleRieucau GéraldineRieucau GéraldineRiot LaurentRivoire BernardineRobert AlexieRoche PierreRomain DelesRomani ClaudineRoos PascalRosa SerenaRose JoséRosenfeld Pierre-LouisRouaud PascaleRoupnel-Fuentes ManuellaRousseau MichelRousset PatrickRyk FlorenceRyk Gaël Saccomanno BenjaminSardas Jean-ClaudeSavoyant AlainSawadogo Arthur FélixSchmidt NicolasSéchaud FrédéricSegas SébastienSegon Michaël Seiler CarineSéverine Groult Sgarzi MatteoSigot Jean-Claude(-)Silberman RoxaneSimon-Zarca GeorgieSimonet PascalSimon VéroniqueSoldano CatherineSponton AlixStefani SandraStenger AnneStéphanie Favreau Stephanus CamilleStoeffler-Kern FrançoiseSulzer EmmanuelTallard MichèleTeissier JosianeThéry MichelThomas GwenaëlleTimoteo JoaquimTomasini MagdaTourmen ClaireToutin-Trelcat Marie-Hélène Trautmann JacquesTriby EmmanuelTrouve PhilippeTucci IngridTuchszirer CaroleUlmann Anne-LiseUrasadettan JenniferValette-Wursthen AlineVeneau PatrickVerdier EricVérétout AntoineVergnies Jean-FrédéricVerley EliseVero JosianeVignale MélanieVivent CélineVogt AmandineVolle NoémieWalker JoanneWarin PhilippeWendling JenniferWerquin PatrickWierup Emmelie Louise Winnicki PhilippeWolber OdileZaffran JoëlZalkind Madeleine Zavadski CaroleZizzo CarmeloFacet Par auteurPar CollectionCéreq BrefCéreq Etudes
| 36,173 |
https://github.com/sandlib/pythonpentest/blob/master/ssh_login.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,021 |
pythonpentest
|
sandlib
|
Python
|
Code
| 629 | 1,769 |
#!/usr/bin/env python
'''
Author: Christopher Duffy
Date: February 2015
Name: ssh_login.py
Purpose: To scan a network for a ssh port and automatically generate a resource file.
Copyright (c) 2015, Christopher Duffy All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions
of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and
the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the
name of the nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote
products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL CHRISTOPHER DUFFY BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
'''
import sys
try:
import nmap
except:
sys.exit("[!] Install the nmap library: pip install python-nmap")
try:
import netifaces
except:
sys.exit("[!] Install the netifaces library: pip install netifaces")
# Argument Validator
if len(sys.argv) != 5:
sys.exit("[!] Please provide four arguments the first being the targets the second the ports, the third the username, and the fourth the password")
password = str(sys.argv[4])
username = str(sys.argv[3])
ports = str(sys.argv[2])
hosts = str(sys.argv[1])
home_dir="/root"
gateways = {}
network_ifaces={}
def get_interfaces():
interfaces = netifaces.interfaces()
return interfaces
def get_gateways():
gateway_dict = {}
gws = netifaces.gateways()
for gw in gws:
try:
gateway_iface = gws[gw][netifaces.AF_INET]
gateway_ip, iface = gateway_iface[0], gateway_iface[1]
gw_list =[gateway_ip, iface]
gateway_dict[gw]=gw_list
except:
pass
return gateway_dict
def get_addresses(interface):
addrs = netifaces.ifaddresses(interface)
link_addr = addrs[netifaces.AF_LINK]
iface_addrs = addrs[netifaces.AF_INET]
iface_dict = iface_addrs[0]
link_dict = link_addr[0]
hwaddr = link_dict.get('addr')
iface_addr = iface_dict.get('addr')
iface_broadcast = iface_dict.get('broadcast')
iface_netmask = iface_dict.get('netmask')
return hwaddr, iface_addr, iface_broadcast, iface_netmask
def get_networks(gateways_dict):
networks_dict = {}
for key, value in gateways.iteritems():
gateway_ip, iface = value[0], value[1]
hwaddress, addr, broadcast, netmask = get_addresses(iface)
network = {'gateway': gateway_ip, 'hwaddr' : hwaddress, 'addr' : addr, ' broadcast' : broadcast, 'netmask' : netmask}
networks_dict[iface] = network
return networks_dict
def target_identifier(dir,user,passwd,ips,port_num,ifaces):
bufsize = 0
ssh_hosts = "%s/ssh_hosts" % (dir)
scanner = nmap.PortScanner()
scanner.scan(ips, port_num)
open(ssh_hosts, 'w').close()
if scanner.all_hosts():
e = open(ssh_hosts, 'a', bufsize)
else:
sys.exit("[!] No viable targets were found!")
for host in scanner.all_hosts():
for k,v in ifaces.iteritems():
if v['addr'] == host:
print("[-] Removing %s from target list since it belongs to your interface!") % (host)
host = None
if host != None:
home_dir="/root"
ssh_hosts = "%s/ssh_hosts" % (home_dir)
bufsize=0
e = open(ssh_hosts, 'a', bufsize)
if 'ssh' in scanner[host]['tcp'][int(port_num)]['name']:
if 'open' in scanner[host]['tcp'][int(port_num)]['state']:
print("[+] Adding host %s to %s since the service is active on %s") % (host,ssh_hosts,port_num)
hostdata=host + "\n"
e.write(hostdata)
if not scanner.all_hosts():
e.closed
if ssh_hosts:
return ssh_hosts
def resource_file_builder(dir, user, passwd, ips, port_num, hosts_file):
ssh_login_rc = "%s/ssh_login.rc" % (dir)
bufsize=0
set_module = "use auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_login \n"
set_user = "set username " + username + "\n"
set_pass = "set password " + password + "\n"
set_rhosts = "set rhosts file:" + hosts_file + "\n"
set_rport = "set rport" + ports + "\n"
execute = "run\n"
f = open(ssh_login_rc, 'w', bufsize)
f.write(set_module)
f.write(set_user)
f.write(set_pass)
f.write(set_rhosts)
f.write(execute)
f.closed
if __name__ == '__main__':
gateways = get_gateways()
network_ifaces = get_networks(gateways)
hosts_file = target_identifier(home_dir,username,password,hosts,ports,network_ifaces)
resource_file_builder(home_dir, username, password, hosts, ports, hosts_file)
| 45,542 |
W4233340607.txt_25
|
Open-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| 2,014 |
relative atomic mass (atomic weight), Ar
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,664 | 11,871 |
Source:
PAC, 1990, 62, 2167 (Glossary of atmospheric chemistry terms (Recommendations 1990)) on page
2196
infinite source thickness
For a specified radiation, the minimum thickness of a flat preparation of a radioactive material where
the intensity of the specified radiation at the surface does not increase when the thickness is increased
by adding more of similar radioactive material.
Source:
PAC, 1982, 54, 1533 (Glossary of terms used in nuclear analytical chemistry (Provisional)) on page
1544
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
729 of 1622
information theory
As applied in reaction dynamics, information theory analyses the deviations of experimentallydetermined energy distributions from predictions made on the basis of equal a priori probabilities for
all possible outcomes.
Source:
PAC, 1996, 68, 149 (A glossary of terms used in chemical kinetics, including reaction dynamics
(IUPAC Recommendations 1996)) on page 169
infrared
Region of the electromagnetic spectrum extending from
to about.
According to the CIE, the range between
and
is subdivided into:
IR-A
–
IR-B
–
IR-C
–
Note:
This is the wavelength region in which absorption by a molecular entity causes excitation of its
vibrational, rotational, and bending modes.
Source:
PAC, 2007, 79, 293 (Glossary of terms used in photochemistry, 3rd edition (IUPAC Recommendations
2006)) on page 354
inherent viscosity
Synonym: logarithmic viscosity number
of a polymer
The ratio of the natural logarithm of the relative viscosity,
, to the mass concentration of the polymer,
, i.e.
The quantity
, with which the inherent viscosity is synonymous, is the logarithmic viscosity
number.
Notes:
1. The unit must be specified;
2.
is recommended.
These quantities are neither viscosities nor pure numbers. The terms are to be looked on as
traditional names. Any replacement by consistent terminology would produce unnecessary
confusion in the polymer literature.
Source:
Purple Book, p. 63
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
730 of 1622
inhibition
Also contains definition of: degree of inhibition
The decrease in rate of reaction brought about by the addition of a substance inhibitor), by virtue
of its effect on the concentration of a reactant, catalyst or reaction intermediate. For example,
molecular oxygen and p-benzoquinone can react as 'inhibitors' in many reactions involving radicals
as intermediates by virtue of their ability to act as scavengers toward these radicals. If the rate of a
reaction in the absence of inhibitor is
and that in the presence of a certain amount of inhibitor is
, the degree of inhibition ( ) is given by:
See also: mechanism based inhibition
Source:
PAC, 1994, 66, 1077 (Glossary of terms used in physical organic chemistry (IUPAC
Recommendations 1994)) on page 1125
PAC, 1996, 68, 149 (A glossary of terms used in chemical kinetics, including reaction dynamics
(IUPAC Recommendations 1996)) on page 169
See also:
PAC, 1992, 64, 143 (Glossary for chemists of terms used in biotechnology (IUPAC Recommendations
1992)) on page 157
PAC, 1993, 65, 2291 (Nomenclature of kinetic methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 1993))
on page 2295
inhibitor
Also contains definition of: enzyme inhibitor
A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction; the process is called inhibition. Inhibitors
are sometimes called negative catalysts, but since the action of an inhibitor is fundamentally different
from that of a catalyst, this terminology is discouraged. In contrast to a catalyst, an inhibitor may be
consumed during the course of a reaction. In enzyme-catalysed reactions an inhibitor frequently acts
by binding to the enzyme, in which case it may be called an enzyme inhibitor.
See also: effector
Source:
PAC, 1993, 65, 2291 (Nomenclature of kinetic methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 1993))
on page 2295
See also:
PAC, 1991, 63, 1227 (Manual on catalyst characterization (Recommendations 1991)) on page 1244
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
731 of 1622
inhibitory concentration ( )
Concentration of a substance that causes a defined inhibition of a given system:
is the median
concentration that causes 50% inhibition.
See also: lethal concentration
Source:
PAC, 1993, 65, 2003 (Glossary for chemists of terms used in toxicology (IUPAC Recommendations
1993)) on page 2060
inhibitory dose (
)
Dose of a substance that causes a defined inhibition of a given system:
is the median dose that
causes 50% inhibition.
See also: lethal dose
Source:
PAC, 1993, 65, 2003 (Glossary for chemists of terms used in toxicology (IUPAC Recommendations
1993)) on page 2060
inhomogeneity error
in spectrochemical analysis
An error due to inhomogenous distribution of absorbing species in the analytical sample. It may be
observed by probing the sample volume with an incident beam of radiation of reduced cross-section.
Source:
PAC, 1988, 60, 1449 (Nomenclature, symbols, units and their usage in spectrochemical analysis VII. Molecular absorption spectroscopy, ultraviolet and visible (UV/VIS) (Recommendations 1988))
on page 1456
initial (final) state correlations
These are correlations between the states of the products of a reaction and the initial states of the
reactants. The correlations may relate to energy levels, quantum numbers, and symmetries.
Source:
PAC, 1996, 68, 149 (A glossary of terms used in chemical kinetics, including reaction dynamics
(IUPAC Recommendations 1996)) on page 169
initial rate method
A mode of measurement in a kinetic method of analysis, in which the initial reaction rate is determined
(usually by the slope method) and utilized for the measurement of concentration.
Source:
PAC, 1993, 65, 2291 (Nomenclature of kinetic methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 1993))
on page 2296
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
732 of 1622
initiation
A reaction or process generating free radicals (or some other reactive reaction intermediates) which
then induce a chain reaction. For example, in the chlorination of alkanes by a radical mechanism the
initiation step is the dissociation of molecular chlorine.
Source:
PAC, 1994, 66, 1077 (Glossary of terms used in physical organic chemistry (IUPAC
Recommendations 1994)) on page 1125
PAC, 1996, 68, 149 (A glossary of terms used in chemical kinetics, including reaction dynamics
(IUPAC Recommendations 1996)) on page 169
initiator
A substance introduced into a reaction system in order to bring about an initiation reaction.
Source:
PAC, 1996, 68, 149 (A glossary of terms used in chemical kinetics, including reaction dynamics
(IUPAC Recommendations 1996)) on page 170
PAC, 1976, 46, 71 (Manual of Symbols and Terminology for Physicochemical Quantities and Units
- Appendix II. Definitions, Terminology and Symbols in Colloid and Surface Chemistry. Part II:
Heterogeneous Catalysis) on page 74
injection temperature
in chromatography
The temperature at the point of injection.
Source:
Orange Book, p. 100
inner electric potential,
Quantity the gradient of which is equal to the negative of the electric field strength within the phase
concerned. It can be calculated from the model of the phase. It is sometimes called the Galvani
potential.
Source:
Green Book, 2nd ed., p. 59
inner filter effect
1.
2.
In an emission experiment, an apparent decrease in emission quantum yield and/or distortion of
bandshape as a result of reabsorption of emitted radiation.
During a light irradiation experiment, absorption of incident radiation by a species other than
the intended primary absorber.
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
733 of 1622
Source:
PAC, 1996, 68, 2223 (Glossary of terms used in photochemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1996))
on page 2247
inner Helmholtz plane (IHP)
The locus of the electrical centres of specifically adsorbed ions.
See also: outer Helmholtz plane
Source:
PAC, 1991, 63, 895 (Nomenclature, symbols, definitions and measurements for electrified interfaces
in aqueous dispersions of solids (Recommendations 1991)) on page 899
PAC, 1986, 58, 437 (Interphases in systems of conducting phases (Recommendations 1985)) on page
448
inner layer (compact layer)
in electrochemistry
The region between the outer Helmholtz plane and the interface.
Source:
PAC, 1983, 55, 1251 (Interphases in systems of conducting phases (Provisional)) on page 1261
inner orbital X-ray emission spectra
X-ray spectral lines generated by the transition of electrons between 'inner orbitals'. The term 'inner
orbital' serves to designate the sharp, not degenerate electronic levels of atoms in a solid and therefore
is a general term for all orbitals except the valence band.
Source:
PAC, 1983, 55, 2023 (Nomenclature, symbols and units recommended for in situ microanalysis
(Provisional)) on page 2026
inner-sphere electron transfer
Historically an electron transfer between two metal centres sharing a ligand or atom in their
respective coordination shells. The definition has more recently been extended to any situation in
which the interaction between the donor and acceptor centres in the transition state is significant
).
(
See also: outer-sphere electron transfer
Source:
PAC, 1994, 66, 1077 (Glossary of terms used in physical organic chemistry (IUPAC
Recommendations 1994)) on page 1125
PAC, 1996, 68, 2223 (Glossary of terms used in photochemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1996))
on page 2247
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
734 of 1622
inoculation
The introduction of a small sample of organisms (microbial, plant or animal cells) into a culture
medium to act as a seed for the production of large numbers of the same organism by growth and
propagation.
Source:
PAC, 1992, 64, 143 (Glossary for chemists of terms used in biotechnology (IUPAC Recommendations
1992)) on page 158
inorganic polymer
Polymer or polymer network with a skeletal structure that does not include carbon atoms.
Note:
Examples include polyphosphazenes, polysilicates, polysiloxanes, polysilanes, polysilazanes,
polygermanes, polysulfides, etc.
Source:
PAC, 2007, 79, 1801 (Definitions of terms relating to the structure and processing of sols, gels,
networks, and inorganic-organic hybrid materials (IUPAC Recommendations 2007)) on page 1812
inorganic–organic polymer
Acronym: IOP
Polymer or polymer network with a skeletal structure comprising inorganic and organic units.
Note:
Examples include poly(carbasilane)s, poly(phenylenesilanediyl)s, poly(phenylenesulfide)s, etc.
Source:
PAC, 2007, 79, 1801 (Definitions of terms relating to the structure and processing of sols, gels,
networks, and inorganic-organic hybrid materials (IUPAC Recommendations 2007)) on page 1812
inositols
Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexols.
Source:
PAC, 1995, 67, 1307 (Glossary of class names of organic compounds and reactivity intermediates
based on structure (IUPAC Recommendations 1995)) on page 1344
See also:
White Book, p. 151
input rate
in analysis
The number of samples that are processed by the instrument divided by time of operation. It should
be stated if the residence time is included or not.
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
735 of 1622
See: residence time
Source:
PAC, 1989, 61, 1657 (Nomenclature for automated and mechanised analysis (Recommendations
1989)) on page 1663
insert
in biotechnology
A sequence of foreign DNA introduced into a restriction site (insertion site, cloning site) of a vector
DNA.
Source:
PAC, 1992, 64, 143 (Glossary for chemists of terms used in biotechnology (IUPAC Recommendations
1992)) on page 158
insertion
1.
A chemical reaction or transformation of the general type:
in which the connecting atom or group Y replaces the bond joining the parts X and Z of the
reactant XZ. An example is the carbene insertion reaction:
The reverse of an insertion is called an extrusion.
See also: α-addition
2.
Source:
PAC, 1994, 66, 1077 (Glossary of terms used in physical organic chemistry (IUPAC
Recommendations 1994)) on page 1125
A general term given to a reaction involving the transfer of a guest atom, ion or molecule into
a host crystal lattice.
See: intercalation reaction, topochemical reaction, topotactic reaction
Source:
PAC, 1994, 66, 577 (Definitions of terms relating to phase transitions of the solid state (IUPAC
Recommendations 1994)) on page 583
instability of Hartree–Fock solution
Existence of additional solutions to the equations of the Hartree–Fock method occurring usually in
the case when potential energy surfaces of different electronic states are drawn close together. Within
the spin-restricted Hartree–Fock method (RHF), singlet and triplet instabilities are distinguished. The
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
736 of 1622
former involves the existence of another solution with lower energy and the electron distribution of
lower symmetry. It may be regarded as an indication that the initially assumed molecular shape needs
correction. The triplet instability involves rejection of the condition of double occupancy of molecular
orbitals and thus transition to the spin-unrestricted Hartree–Fock method (UHF). The triplet instability
is a necessary, but insufficient, condition for the conclusion as to the biradical character of the ground
state of a given system.
Source:
PAC, 1999, 71, 1919 (Glossary of terms used in theoretical organic chemistry) on page 1946
instability (with reference to instrumentation)
A change which takes place in an instrument reading over a stated period of unattended operation
for a given value of the air quality characteristic. It can be characterized by the variation with time
of its mean, specifying the drift and by the dispersion. Span instability is the change which takes
place in instrument span over a stated period of unattended operation. Zero instability is the change
in instrument reading in response to a zero sample over a stated period of unattended operation.
Source:
PAC, 1990, 62, 2167 (Glossary of atmospheric chemistry terms (Recommendations 1990)) on page
2197
instantaneous current
At a dropping electrode, the total current that flows at the instant when a time has elapsed since the
fall of the preceding drop. At any other electrode, the total current that flows at the instant when a
time has elapsed since the beginning of an electrolysis. The instantaneous current is usually timedependent and may have the character of an adsorption, catalytic, diffusion, double-layer, or kinetic
current, and may include a migration current. A plot of the dependence of instantaneous current on
time is commonly called an 'i-t curve'.
Source:
PAC, 1985, 57, 1491 (Recommended terms, symbols, and definitions for electroanalytical chemistry
(Recommendations 1985)) on page 1496
instantaneous rate of flow
in polarography
The rate of increase of the mass of a drop at a particular instant seconds after it has begun to form.
Source:
PAC, 1985, 57, 1491 (Recommended terms, symbols, and definitions for electroanalytical chemistry
(Recommendations 1985)) on page 1504
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
737 of 1622
instantaneous (spot) sampling
in atmospheric chemistry
Obtaining a sample of the atmosphere in a period which is short compared with the duration of the
sampling exercise. Such samples are often called 'grab' samples, a term not recommended. These
are useful for the analysis of hydrocarbons and other complicated mixtures of trace gases which are
relatively stable in a stainless steel canister or tank and can be transported back to the laboratory for
chromatographic or other analysis which cannot be done satisfactorily in the field.
Source:
PAC, 1990, 62, 2167 (Glossary of atmospheric chemistry terms (Recommendations 1990)) on page
2197
instrumental activation analysis
A kind of activation analysis in which element specificity is obtained by using appropriate irradiation
conditions, radiation measurement techniques and mathematical techniques for the interpretation of
the measurement results.
Source:
PAC, 1994, 66, 2513 (Nomenclature for radioanalytical chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1994))
on page 2515
instrumental dependability
This relates to the frequency of failures which interrupt the operation of an instrument. It can be
quantified, e.g. by the infrequency of breakdowns or by the availability of the instrument for use when
required.
Source:
PAC, 1989, 61, 1657 (Nomenclature for automated and mechanised analysis (Recommendations
1989)) on page 1663
instrumental indication (for a precision balance)
The observed deflection or rest point multiplied by the value of the division for the load in question.
Source:
Orange Book, p. 36
integral capacitance
of an electrode
Integral capacitance (per unit area of electrode) is given by
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
738 of 1622
where
is the electric charge (per unit area of electrode), is the potential of the electrode with
respect to a reference electrode, and
is the potential at the point of zero charge.
Source:
PAC, 1974, 37, 499 (Electrochemical nomenclature) on page 509
integral detector
in chromatography
A device which measures the accumulated quantity of sample component(s) reaching the detector.
Source:
PAC, 1993, 65, 819 (Nomenclature for chromatography (IUPAC Recommendations 1993)) on page
849
integrating sphere
A hollow sphere having a highly reflecting inside surface used as a device to collect, with very high
efficiency, light scattered or emitted from a sample contained in it or located outside and near one of
the ports. Small ports allow the entrance of light and access to a detector.
Source:
PAC, 1996, 68, 2223 (Glossary of terms used in photochemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1996))
on page 2248
intended crossing
of potential-energy surfaces
Synonymous with avoided crossing. The term 'intended' should not be used in this context since it
is an anthropomorphic term.
Source:
PAC, 1996, 68, 2223 (Glossary of terms used in photochemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1996))
on page 2248
intensity
1.
The traditional term for photon flux, fluence rate, irradiance or radiant power (radiant flux).
In terms of an object exposed to radiation, the term should now be used only for qualitative
descriptions.
Source:
PAC, 1996, 68, 2223 (Glossary of terms used in photochemistry (IUPAC Recommendations
1996)) on page 2248
See also:
Orange Book, p. 228
Green Book, 2nd ed., p. 31
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
739 of 1622
2.
PAC, 1990, 62, 2167 (Glossary of atmospheric chemistry terms (Recommendations 1990)) on
page 2197
The magnitude of a particular feature in a spectrum.
Source:
PAC, 1996, 68, 2223 (Glossary of terms used in photochemistry (IUPAC Recommendations
1996)) on page 2248
intensity (relative to base peak)
in mass spectrometry
The ratio of intensity of a separated ion beam to the intensity of the separated ion beam which has
the greatest intensity. This ratio is generally equated to the normalized ratio of the heights of the
respective peaks in the mass spectrum, with the height of the base peak being taken as 100.
Source:
PAC, 1991, 63, 1541 (Recommendations for nomenclature and symbolism for mass spectroscopy
(including an appendix of terms used in vacuum technology). (Recommendations 1991)) on page 1554
Orange Book, p. 206
intensive quantity
Physical quantity whose magnitude is independent of the extent of the system.
Source:
Green Book, 2nd ed., p. 7
interaction distance
The farthest distance of approach of two particles at which it is discernible that they will not pass at
the impact parameter.
Source:
PAC, 1991, 63, 1541 (Recommendations for nomenclature and symbolism for mass spectroscopy
(including an appendix of terms used in vacuum technology). (Recommendations 1991)) on page 1555
intercalation compounds
Compounds resulting from reversible inclusion, without covalent bonding, of one kind of molecule
in a solid matrix of another compound, which has a laminar structure. The host compound, a solid,
may be macromolecular, crystalline or amorphous.
See also: inclusion compounds
Source:
PAC, 1995, 67, 1307 (Glossary of class names of organic compounds and reactivity intermediates
based on structure (IUPAC Recommendations 1995)) on page 1344
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
740 of 1622
intercalation
in polymer chemistry
Process by which a substance becomes transferred into pre-existing spaces of molecular dimensions
in a second substance.
Note:
The term as defined here is specific to polymer science. An alternative definition of 'intercalation'
applies in some other fields of chemistry.
Source:
PAC, 2004, 76, 1985 (Definition of terms related to polymer blends, composites, and multiphase
polymeric materials (IUPAC Recommendations 2004)) on page 1991
intercalation reaction
Also contains definition of: insertion reaction
Reaction, generally reversible, that involves the penetration of a host material by guest species without
causing a major structural modification of the host.
Notes:
1. Intercalation can refer to the insertion of a guest species into a one-, two- or three-dimensional
host structure.
2. The guest species is not distributed randomly but occupies positions predetermined by the
structure of the host material.
3. Examples of intercalation reactions are the insertion of lithium into layered TiS2 [LixTiS2
(0 ≤ x ≤ 1)] and of potassium into the layers of graphite (C8K).
Source:
PAC, 2007, 79, 1801 (Definitions of terms relating to the structure and processing of sols, gels,
networks, and inorganic-organic hybrid materials (IUPAC Recommendations 2007)) on page 1823
interchange reaction
Reaction that results in an exchange of atoms or groups between a polymer and low-molar-mass
molecules, between polymer molecules, or between sites within the same macromolecule.
Note:
An interchange reaction that occurs with polyesters is called transesterification.
Source:
PAC, 2004, 76, 889 (Definitions of terms relating to reactions of polymers and to functional polymeric
materials (IUPAC Recommendations 2003)) on page 892
interchromophoric radiationless transition
See: radiationless transition
Source:
Orange Book, p. 187
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
741 of 1622
interconal region
The region of a Bunsen flame where the combustion zone has the form of a cone.
Source:
Orange Book, p. 166
interconvertible enzyme
An enzyme existing in at least two well defined, reversibly convertible forms, produced by covalent
modifications of amino acid side chains under biological conditions. Covalent modifications that
occur as intermediates in the catalytic process are not included in this definition.
Source:
White Book, p. 94
interface
The plane ideally marking the boundary between two phases.
Note:
The term should not be used synonymously with interphase.
Source:
PAC, 1986, 58, 437 (Interphases in systems of conducting phases (Recommendations 1985)) on page
439
See also:
PAC, 1972, 31, 577 (Manual of Symbols and Terminology for Physicochemical Quantities and Units,
Appendix II: Definitions, Terminology and Symbols in Colloid and Surface Chemistry) on page 583
Orange Book, p. 251
interfacial adhesion
Adhesion in which interfaces between phases or components are maintained by intermolecular forces,
chain entanglements, or both, across the interfaces.
Notes:
1. Interfacial adhesion is also referred to as tack.
2. Adhesive strength (recommended symbol: , unit:
) is the force required to separate one
3.
4.
condensed phase domain from another at the interface between the two phase domains divided
by the area of the interface.
Interfacial tension (recommended symbol: , unit:
,
) is the change in Gibbs energy
per unit change in interfacial area for substances in physical contact.
Use of the term interfacial energy for interfacial tension is not recommended.
Source:
PAC, 2004, 76, 1985 (Definition of terms related to polymer blends, composites, and multiphase
polymeric materials (IUPAC Recommendations 2004)) on page 1992
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
742 of 1622
interfacial concentration,
in electrochemistry
The interfacial concentration
(or simply
) of a species B is the concentration of that species at
the boundary of the electrical double-layer facing the solution, i.e. just outside the region where the
departures from the electroneutrality of the solution are significant. This concept is mainly used in
the usual case where the thickness of the electric double layer is very small as compared to that of the
diffusion layer. It is often calculated from theory or derived from measurements of the limiting current.
See: mass transfer coefficient in electrochemistry
Source:
PAC, 1981, 53, 1827 (Nomenclature for transport phenomena in electrolytic systems) on page 1837
See also:
PAC, 1980, 52, 233 (Electrode reaction orders, transfer coefficients and rate constants. Amplification
of definitions and recommendations for publication of parameters) on page 236
interfacial double-layer
Also contains definitions of: electrical double-layer, surface charge layer, transition layer
The Coulombic interaction of interfacial charges (e.g. ions) and the magnetic or electrostatic
interaction of interfacial molecules lead to particularly complex interfacial structures. Complex
interfacial profiles that can be approximated by two distinct sub-layers with different physical
properties (e.g. structure and/or nature and/or composition), are referred to as interfacial doublelayers. Examples of such approximated complex profiles are: the electrical double-layer consisting of
a surface charge layer (i.e. a two dimensional distribution of one type of ions) and a diffuse charge
layer (counter-ions distributed over the space region next to the surface); the approximated profile of
the orientation angle of anisotropic liquid molecules within a 'double-layer' consisting of a distribution
of so-called anchored molecules which are perturbed (strongly bound and orientated) by the surface,
and the adjacent, so-called, transition layer, i.e. the region where the surface perturbation is damped.
Source:
PAC, 1994, 66, 1667 (Thin films including layers: terminology in relation to their preparation and
characterization (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)) on page 1674
interfacial layer
The inhomogeneous space region intermediate between two bulk phases in contact, and where
properties are significantly different from, but related to, the properties of the bulk phases. Examples
of such properties are: compositions, molecular density, orientation or conformation, charge density,
pressure tensor, electron density, etc. The interfacial properties vary in the direction normal to the
surface. Complex profiles of interfacial properties occur in the case of multicomponent systems
with coexisting bulk phases where attractive/repulsive molecular interactions involve adsorption or
depletion of one or several components. This interfacial region may also be regarded as a distinct,
though not autonomous, phase and be called the interphase.
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
743 of 1622
Source:
PAC, 1994, 66, 1667 (Thin films including layers: terminology in relation to their preparation and
characterization (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)) on page 1673
PAC, 1986, 58, 437 (Interphases in systems of conducting phases (Recommendations 1985)) on page
439
interfacial layer width,
in thin films
The characteristic length defined by the variance of the Gaussian function fitted to the gradient of the
electron density profile established by X-ray specular reflectivity studies of the liquid interface.
Source:
PAC, 1994, 66, 1667 (Thin films including layers: terminology in relation to their preparation and
characterization (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)) on page 1674
interfacial region
See: interfacial layer
Source:
PAC, 1994, 66, 1667 (Thin films including layers: terminology in relation to their preparation and
characterization (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)) on page 1673
PAC, 1986, 58, 437 (Interphases in systems of conducting phases (Recommendations 1985)) on page
439
interfacial tension
See: surface tension
Source:
Green Book, 2nd ed., p. 12
PAC, 1972, 31, 577 (Manual of Symbols and Terminology for Physicochemical Quantities and Units,
Appendix II: Definitions, Terminology and Symbols in Colloid and Surface Chemistry) on page 596
interference
in analysis
A systematic error in the measure of a signal caused by the presence of concomitants in a sample.
Source:
PAC, 1983, 55, 553 (Recommendations for the usage of selective, selectivity and related terms in
analytical chemistry) on page 554
interfering lines
Radiation from nearby spectral lines may perturb the measurement of the intensity of the line wanted.
These lines are termed interfering lines.
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
744 of 1622
Source:
Orange Book, p. 159
interfering substance
in electroanalytical chemistry
Any substance, other than the ion being measured, whose presence in the sample solution affects
the measured emf of a cell. Interfering substances fall into two classes: 'electrode/electrochemical'
interferences and 'chemical' interferences. Examples of the first class include:
1. Those substances which give a similar response to the ion being measured and whose presence
generally results in an apparent increase in the activity (or concentration) of the ion to be
determined (e.g. Na+ for the Ca2+ electrode).
2. Electrolytes present at a high concentration that give rise to appreciable liquid junction potential
differences or results in a significant activity coefficient decrease, or incipient Donnan exclusion
failure. The second class of substances that should be recognized as chemical interferences
includes:
3. Species that interact with the ion being measured so as to decrease its activity or apparent
concentration. The electrode continues to report the true activity (e.g. CN− present in the
measurement of Ag+), but a considerable gap will occur between the activity and concentration
of the ions even in very dilute solutions. Under these circumstances the determination of ionic
concentration may be problematic.
4. Substances interacting with the membrane itself, blocking the surface or changing its chemical
composition [i.e. organic solvents for the liquid or poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane
electrodes] are grouped as interferences or electrode poisons.
Source:
PAC, 1994, 66, 2527 (Recommendations for nomenclature of ionselective electrodes (IUPAC
Recommendations 1994)) on page 2530
interferometer
See: Fourier transform spectrometer
Source:
PAC, 1996, 68, 2223 (Glossary of terms used in photochemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1996))
on page 2248
interferons
A class of glycoproteins (with sugar groups attached at specific locations) important in immune
function. They are able to inhibit the multiplication of viruses in cells.
Source:
PAC, 1992, 64, 143 (Glossary for chemists of terms used in biotechnology (IUPAC Recommendations
1992)) on page 158
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
745 of 1622
intermediate
A molecular entity with a lifetime appreciably longer than a molecular vibration (corresponding to
a local potential energy minimum of depth greater than
) that is formed (directly or indirectly)
from the reactants and reacts further to give (either directly or indirectly) the products of a chemical
reaction; also the corresponding chemical species.
See: reaction step, elementary reaction, stepwise reaction
Source:
PAC, 1994, 66, 1077 (Glossary of terms used in physical organic chemistry (IUPAC
Recommendations 1994)) on page 1126
See also:
PAC, 1996, 68, 149 (A glossary of terms used in chemical kinetics, including reaction dynamics
(IUPAC Recommendations 1996)) on page 170
intermediate neutrons
Neutrons of kinetic energy between the energies of slow and fast neutrons. In reactor physics, the
range might be
to.
Source:
PAC, 1982, 54, 1533 (Glossary of terms used in nuclear analytical chemistry (Provisional)) on page
1547
intermolecular
1.
2.
Descriptive of any process that involves a transfer (of atoms, groups, electrons, etc.) or
interactions between two or more molecular entities.
Relating to a comparison between different molecular entities.
See also: intramolecular
Source:
PAC, 1994, 66, 1077 (Glossary of terms used in physical organic chemistry (IUPAC
Recommendations 1994)) on page 1126
intermolecular radiationless transition
See: radiative transition
Source:
Orange Book, p. 185
internal absorptance,
Absorptance when surface effects and effects of the cuvette such as reflection losses are excluded.
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
746 of 1622
Source:
Green Book, 2nd ed., p. 32
internal compensation [obsolete]
Usage strongly discouraged.
See: meso-compound
Source:
PAC, 1996, 68, 2193 (Basic terminology of stereochemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1996)) on
page 2210
internal conversion
A photophysical process. An isoenenergetic radiationless transition between two electronic states of
the same multiplicity. When the transition results in a vibrationally excited molecular entity in the
lower electronic state, this usually undergoes deactivation to its lowest vibrational level, provided the
final state is not unstable to dissociation.
Source:
PAC, 1996, 68, 2223 (Glossary of terms used in photochemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1996))
on page 2248
See also:
Orange Book, p. 187
Orange Book, p. 216
internal energy,
Synonym: thermodynamic energy
Quantity the change in which is equal to the sum of heat, , brought to the system and work,
performed on it,
. Also called thermodynamic energy.
,
Source:
Green Book, 2nd ed., p. 48
PAC, 1996, 68, 957 (Glossary of terms in quantities and units in Clinical Chemistry (IUPAC-IFCC
Recommendations 1996)) on page 976
internal filling solution
of a glass electrode
Aqueous electrolyte solution, which may be gelled, containing fixed concentration of hydrogen ions,
e.g. HCl or a buffer solution, and a fixed concentration of the ion to which the internal reference
electrode is reversible, e.g. chloride ion in the case of silver-silver chloride, or calomel electrodes.
Source:
PAC, 1985, 57, 531 (Definition of pH scales, standard reference values, measurement of pH and
related terminology (Recommendations 1984)) on page 540
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
747 of 1622
internal reference electrode
An 'inner' reference electrode which is contained inside an ion-selective electrode assembly.
Note:
The system frequently consists of a silver/silver chloride electrode in contact with an appropriate
solution containing fixed concentrations of chloride and the ion for which the membrane is selective.
This 'inner' filling solution is in contact with the ion-selective membrane.
Source:
PAC, 1994, 66, 2527 (Recommendations for nomenclature of ionselective electrodes (IUPAC
Recommendations 1994)) on page 2533
internal standard
in chromatography
A compound added to a sample in known concentration to facilitate the qualitative indentification
and/or quantitative determination of the sample components.
Source:
PAC, 1993, 65, 819 (Nomenclature for chromatography (IUPAC Recommendations 1993)) on page
837
internal surface
With respect to porous solids, the surface associated with pores communicating with the outside
space. Since the accessibility of pores may depend on the size of the fluid molecules, the extent of the
accessible internal surface may depend on the size of the molecules comprising the fluid, and may be
different for the various components of a fluid mixture (molecular sieve effect).
Source:
PAC, 1976, 46, 71 (Manual of Symbols and Terminology for Physicochemical Quantities and Units
- Appendix II. Definitions, Terminology and Symbols in Colloid and Surface Chemistry. Part II:
Heterogeneous Catalysis) on page 79
PAC, 1972, 31, 577 (Manual of Symbols and Terminology for Physicochemical Quantities and Units,
Appendix II: Definitions, Terminology and Symbols in Colloid and Surface Chemistry) on page 585
internal valence force field
Acronym: IVFF
A force field expressed in terms of bond-stretching, angle-bending, torsional and other displacements
directly connected to the structural parameters of the molecule:
or
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
748 of 1622
where
(or
) are the force constants and
the internal valence coordinates.
Source:
PAC, 1978, 50, 1707 (Definition and symbolism of molecular force constants) on page 1709
international calorie
See: calorie
Source:
Green Book, 2nd ed., p. 112
PAC, 1996, 68, 957 (Glossary of terms in quantities and units in Clinical Chemistry (IUPAC-IFCC
Recommendations 1996)) on page 976
international unit [obsolete]
The unit of enzyme activity proposed by the International Union of Biochemistry in 1964.
Specifically, it is the amount of enzyme that catalyses the conversion of one micromole of substrate
per minute under the specified conditions of the assay method.
Note:
This unit is no longer recommended because the term does not indicate what physical quantity it refers
to, and because the minute is not the SI unit of time.
Source:
PAC, 1994, 66, 2587 (Glossary of bioanalytical nomenclature - Part 1: General terminology, body
fluids, enzymology, immunology (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)) on page 2593
interparticle porosity,
in chromatography
The interparticle volume of a packed column per unit column volume:
It is also called the interstitial fraction of the column.
Source:
PAC, 1993, 65, 819 (Nomenclature for chromatography (IUPAC Recommendations 1993)) on page
832
interparticle volume of the column,
in chromatography
The volume occupied by the mobile phase between the particles in the packed section of a column. It
is also called the interstitial volume or the void volume of the column. In liquid chromatography, the
) in the ideal case, neglecting
interparticle volume is equal to the mobile-phase hold-up volume (
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
749 of 1622
any extra-column volume. In gas chromatography, the symbol
may be used for the interparticle
volume of the column. In the ideal case, neglecting any extra-column volume,
corrected gas hold-up volume (
is equal to the
).
interpenetrating polymer network
Acronym: IPN
Polymer comprising two or more networks that are at least partially interlaced on a molecular scale
but not covalently bonded to each other and cannot be separated unless chemical bonds are broken.
Note:
A mixture of two or more preformed polymer networks is not an IPN.
Source:
PAC, 2007, 79, 1801 (Definitions of terms relating to the structure and processing of sols, gels,
networks, and inorganic-organic hybrid materials (IUPAC Recommendations 2007)) on page 1814
interphase
See: interfacial layer
Source:
PAC, 1986, 58, 437 (Interphases in systems of conducting phases (Recommendations 1985)) on page
439
PAC, 1994, 66, 1667 (Thin films including layers: terminology in relation to their preparation and
characterization (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)) on page 1673
interphase transition
A transition that occurs at boundaries between phases. Example: The precipitation of second phases
or the initiation of new phase growth at an interface.
Source:
PAC, 1994, 66, 577 (Definitions of terms relating to phase transitions of the solid state (IUPAC
Recommendations 1994)) on page 584
intersection space
(3N − 8)-dimensional subspace of the (3N − 6)-dimensional nuclear coordinate space consisting of
an infinite number of conical intersection points (N is the number of nuclei).
Source:
PAC, 2007, 79, 293 (Glossary of terms used in photochemistry, 3rd edition (IUPAC Recommendations
2006)) on page 356
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
750 of 1622
interstitial fraction
in chromatography
The interstitial volume per unit volume of a packed column. Defined by:
where
is the interstitial volume and
the column volume.
Source:
Orange Book, p. 100
interstitial velocity
in chromatography
The linear velocity of the mobile phase inside a packed column calculated as the average over the
entire cross section. This quantity can, under idealized conditions, be calculated from the equation:
where
is the nominal linear flow and
the interstitial fraction
Source:
Orange Book, p. 102
interstitial volume
in gas chromatography
The volume
of the column not occupied by the liquid phase and its solid support, or by the active
solid. It does not include any volume external to the column, such as the volume of the sample injector
or of the detector.
Source:
Orange Book, p. 99
intersystem crossing
A photophysical process. An isoenergetic radiationless transition between two electronic states
having different multiplicities. It often results in a vibrationally excited molecular entity in the lower
electronic state, which then usually deactivates to its lowest vibrational level.
Source:
PAC, 1996, 68, 2223 (Glossary of terms used in photochemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1996))
on page 2248
See also:
Orange Book, p. 187
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
751 of 1622
interval analysis
A method to estimate uncertainties in the results of a least-squares procedure. The input data are
primary values plus limits of intervals expressing their uncertainty. The output consists of derived
values plus limits of intervals expressing a pessimistic estimate of maximal uncertainty.
Source:
PAC, 1981, 53, 1805 (Assignment and presentation of uncertainties of the numerical results of
thermodynamic measurements (Provisional)) on page 1823
intervalence charge transfer
Electron transfer (thermal or photoinduced) between two metal sites differing only in oxidation state.
Quite often such electron transfer reverses the oxidation states of the sites. The term is frequently
extended to the case of metal-to-metal charge transfer between non-equivalent metal centres.
Source:
PAC, 1996, 68, 2223 (Glossary of terms used in photochemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1996))
on page 2248
interzonal region
The region of the Bunsen flame confined by the inner and outer zones, where in many instances the
conditions for flame analysis are optimum.
Source:
Orange Book, p. 166
intra-
in organic reaction mechanisms
The prefix for an elementary reaction or some part thereof indicating that the bond(s) undergoing
primitive changes form part of a ring in the transition state of the elementary reaction. This prefix is
used for nonpericyclic processes only and is replaced by 'cyclo' for pericyclic processes.
Source:
PAC, 1989, 61, 23 (System for symbolic representation of reaction mechanisms (Recommendations
1988)) on page 34
intrachromophoric radiationless transition
See: radiationless transition
Source:
Orange Book, p. 187
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
752 of 1622
intramolecular
1.
Descriptive of any process that involves a transfer (of atoms, groups, electrons, etc.) or
interactions between different parts of the same molecular entity.
2. Relating to a comparison between atoms or groups within the same molecular entity.
See also: intermolecular
Source:
PAC, 1994, 66, 1077 (Glossary of terms used in physical organic chemistry (IUPAC
Recommendations 1994)) on page 1126
intramolecular catalysis
The acceleration of a chemical transformation at one site of a molecular entity through the involvement
of another functional ('catalytic') group in the same molecular entity, without that group appearing
to have undergone change in the reaction product. The use of the term should be restricted to
cases for which analogous intermolecular catalysis by chemical species bearing that catalytic group
is observable. Intramolecular catalysis can be detected and expressed in quantitative form by a
comparison of the reaction rate with that of a comparable model compound in which the catalytic
group is absent, or by measurement of the effective molarity of the catalytic group.
See also: neighbouring group participation
Source:
PAC, 1994, 66, 1077 (Glossary of terms used in physical organic chemistry (IUPAC
Recommendations 1994)) on page 1126
intramolecular charge transfer, (ICT)
Process that changes the overall charge distribution in a molecule.
Note:
For intramolecular charge transfer in the excited state, several models are discussed in the literature
based on the molecular structure of the final state reached upon photo-induced ICT: planar
intramolecular charge transfer (PICT) or twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT). For example,
an ICT has been proposed to be responsible for the strongly Stokes-shifted additional fluorescence
band in fluorescent molecules with two fluorescence bands (dual fluorescent molecules).
Source:
PAC, 2007, 79, 293 (Glossary of terms used in photochemistry, 3rd edition (IUPAC Recommendations
2006)) on page 357
intramolecular isotope effect
A kinetic isotopic effect observed when a single substrate, in which the isotopic atoms occupy
equivalent reactive positions, reacts to produce a non-statistical distribution of isotopomeric products.
In such a case the isotope effect will favour the pathway with lower force constants for displacement
of the isotopic nuclei in the transition state.
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
753 of 1622
Source:
PAC, 1994, 66, 1077 (Glossary of terms used in physical organic chemistry (IUPAC
Recommendations 1994)) on page 1130
intraphase transition
A transition that occurs within a phase. Example: Initiation of phase growth at an intragranular feature,
such as twin planes and dislocations in steels.
Source:
PAC, 1994, 66, 577 (Definitions of terms relating to phase transitions of the solid state (IUPAC
Recommendations 1994)) on page 584
intrinsic activation energy,
If
and
are the activation energies for a reaction in forward and reverse directions, the lesser
of the two is sometimes called the intrinsic activation energy. It is the activation energy for the reaction
in the exothermic direction.
Source:
PAC, 1996, 68, 149 (A glossary of terms used in chemical kinetics, including reaction dynamics
(IUPAC Recommendations 1996)) on page 170
intrinsic barrier
) in the limiting case where
, i.e. when the effect of
The Gibbs energy of activation (
thermodynamic driving force is eliminated. According to the Marcus equation, the intrinsic barrier is
related to the reorganization energy, , of the reaction by the equation:
Source:
PAC, 1994, 66, 1077 (Glossary of terms used in physical organic chemistry (IUPAC
Recommendations 1994)) on page 1126
intrinsic detector efficiency
The ratio of the number of particles or photons detected to the number of similar particles or photons
which have struck the envelope limiting the sensitive volume of a radiation detector.
Source:
PAC, 1994, 66, 2513 (Nomenclature for radioanalytical chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1994))
on page 2518
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
754 of 1622
intrinsic full energy peak efficiency
The detector efficiency when considering only events where the total energy of the radiation is
absorbed in the sensitive volume of the detector.
Source:
PAC, 1982, 54, 1533 (Glossary of terms used in nuclear analytical chemistry (Provisional)) on page
1543
intrinsic photopeak efficiency
The detector efficiency when only counts resulting from the photoelectrical effect are considered.
Source:
PAC, 1982, 54, 1533 (Glossary of terms used in nuclear analytical chemistry (Provisional)) on page
1548
intrinsic reaction coordinate
A minimum-energy reaction path on a potential energy surface in mass-weighted coordinates,
connecting reactants to products via the transition state.
Source:
PAC, 1999, 71, 1919 (Glossary of terms used in theoretical organic chemistry) on page 1947
intrinsic viscosity
Synonym: limiting viscosity number
of a polymer
The limiting value of the reduced viscosity,
or the inherent viscosity,
, at infinite dilution of
the polymer, i.e.
Notes:
1. This term is also known in the literature as the Staudinger index.
2. The unit must be specified;
is recommended.
3.
This quantity is neither a viscosity nor a pure number. The term is to be looked on as a traditional
name. Any replacement by consistent terminology would produce unnecessary confusion in the
polymer literature. Synonymous with limiting viscosity number.
Source:
Purple Book, p. 63
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
755 of 1622
intrinsically conducting polymer
Electrically conducting polymer composed of macromolecules having fully conjugated sequences of
double bonds along the chains.
Notes:
1. The bulk electrical conductivity of an intrinsically conducting polymer is comparable to that of
some metals and results from its macromolecules acquiring positive or negative charges through
oxidation or reduction by an electron-acceptor or -donor (charge-transfer agent), termed a dopant.
2. Examples of intrinsically conducting polymers are polyacetylene, polythiophene, polypyrrole,
or polyaniline. Unlike polymeric electrolytes, in which charge is transported by dissolved ions,
charge in intrinsically conducting polymers is transported along and between polymer molecules
via generated charge carriers (e.g., holes, electrons).
3. An intrinsically conducting polymer should be distinguished from a conducting polymer
composite and from a solid polymer electrolyte.
Source:
PAC, 2006, 78, 2067 (Terminology of polymers containing ionizable or ionic groups and of polymers
containing ions (IUPAC Recommendations 2006)) on page 2070
intron
An intervening section of DNA occuring almost exclusively within a eukaryotic gene but which is not
translated to amino acid sequences in the gene product. The introns are removed from the premature
mRNA through a process called splicing to form an active mRNA.
Source:
PAC, 1992, 64, 143 (Glossary for chemists of terms used in biotechnology (IUPAC Recommendations
1992)) on page 158
inverse isotope effect
A kinetic isotope effect in which
, i.e. the heavier substrate reacts more rapidly than the lighter
one, as opposed to the more usual 'normal' isotope effect, in which
. The isotope effect will
normally be 'normal' when the frequency differences between the isotopic transition states are smaller
than in the reactants. Conversely, an inverse isotope effect can be taken as evidence for an increase
in the corresponding force constants on passing from the reactant to the transition state.
Source:
PAC, 1994, 66, 1077 (Glossary of terms used in physical organic chemistry (IUPAC
Recommendations 1994)) on page 1130
inverse kinetic isotope effect
See: isotope effect
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
756 of 1622
Source:
PAC, 1994, 66, 1077 (Glossary of terms used in physical organic chemistry (IUPAC
Recommendations 1994)) on page 1126
inverse square law
in radiation chemistry
The intensity of radiation from a point source in free space is inversely proportional to the square of
the distance from the source. Presence of absorbers necessitates corrections to this law.
Source:
PAC, 1982, 54, 1533 (Glossary of terms used in nuclear analytical chemistry (Provisional)) on page
1544
inversion
1.
2.
3.
4.
See: Walden inversion
See: pyramidal inversion
See: ring inversion
A symmetry operation involving a centre of inversion ( ).
Source:
PAC, 1996, 68, 2193 (Basic terminology of stereochemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1996)) on
page 2210
inversion height
in atmospheric chemistry
The height above ground level at which there is change in sign of the normal temperature 'lapse rate',
(the rate of change of the temperature with height). Several temperature inversions may be present
in the air over a given site at different altitudes as result of various meteorological factors.
Source:
PAC, 1990, 62, 2167 (Glossary of atmospheric chemistry terms (Recommendations 1990)) on page
2197
inversion point
in phase transitions
The temperature (pressure) at which one polymorph of a solid phase changes into another at constant
pressure (temperature).
| 49,606 |
https://github.com/Jeswang/Distribution/blob/master/e/ej_dot_web_dot_all/src/main/scala/typings/ejWebAll/ej/PivotGrid/CellContextEventArgs.scala
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
Distribution
|
Jeswang
|
Scala
|
Code
| 193 | 605 |
package typings.ejWebAll.ej.PivotGrid
import scala.scalajs.js
import scala.scalajs.js.`|`
import scala.scalajs.js.annotation._
trait CellContextEventArgs extends js.Object {
/** returns the original event object.
*/
var args: js.UndefOr[js.Any] = js.undefined
/** returns the cell position (row index and column index) in table.
*/
var cellPosition: js.UndefOr[String] = js.undefined
/** returns the type of the cell.
*/
var cellType: js.UndefOr[String] = js.undefined
/** returns the content of the cell.
*/
var cellValue: js.UndefOr[String] = js.undefined
/** returns JSON record corresponding to the selected cell.
*/
var rawdata: js.UndefOr[js.Any] = js.undefined
/** returns the role of the cell in PivotGrid.
*/
var role: js.UndefOr[String] = js.undefined
/** returns the unique name of levels/members.
*/
var uniqueName: js.UndefOr[String] = js.undefined
}
object CellContextEventArgs {
@scala.inline
def apply(
args: js.Any = null,
cellPosition: String = null,
cellType: String = null,
cellValue: String = null,
rawdata: js.Any = null,
role: String = null,
uniqueName: String = null
): CellContextEventArgs = {
val __obj = js.Dynamic.literal()
if (args != null) __obj.updateDynamic("args")(args.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
if (cellPosition != null) __obj.updateDynamic("cellPosition")(cellPosition.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
if (cellType != null) __obj.updateDynamic("cellType")(cellType.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
if (cellValue != null) __obj.updateDynamic("cellValue")(cellValue.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
if (rawdata != null) __obj.updateDynamic("rawdata")(rawdata.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
if (role != null) __obj.updateDynamic("role")(role.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
if (uniqueName != null) __obj.updateDynamic("uniqueName")(uniqueName.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
__obj.asInstanceOf[CellContextEventArgs]
}
}
| 28,597 |
https://github.com/SwarmDebugging/SwarmDbgETL/blob/master/tests/model/ProjectTest.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
SwarmDbgETL
|
SwarmDebugging
|
Python
|
Code
| 45 | 201 |
from src.model.project import Project
import unittest
import io
class ProjectTest(unittest.TestCase):
def test_loadProject(self):
jsondata = '{"Task":{"Project": {"Name": "ProjectName","Description":"Desc"}}}'
p = Project(jsondata)
self.assertEqual(p.name, "ProjectName")
self.assertEqual(p.description, "Desc")
def test_loadFromFile(self):
with io.open('../data/session.json', 'r', encoding='utf-8-sig') as file:
jsondata = file.read()
project = Project(jsondata)
self.assertEqual(project.name, "Legislacao.sln")
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
| 35,017 |
https://github.com/trotill/11parts_JS/blob/master/necron/Jnoda/app/base/ipaddr.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
11parts_JS
|
trotill
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 885 | 2,621 |
/**
* Created by i7 on 09.03.2017.
*/
function CorrectIP(addressDotQuad) {
if (addressDotQuad === undefined) return '0.0.0.0';
console.log('Correct IP s ', addressDotQuad);
const split = addressDotQuad.split('.', 4);
let byte1 = Math.max(
0,
Math.min(255, parseInt(split[0]))
); /* sanity check: valid values: = 0-255 */
let byte2 = Math.max(0, Math.min(255, parseInt(split[1])));
let byte3 = Math.max(0, Math.min(255, parseInt(split[2])));
let byte4 = Math.max(0, Math.min(255, parseInt(split[3])));
if (isNaN(byte1)) {
byte1 = 0;
} /* fix NaN situations */
if (isNaN(byte2)) {
byte2 = 0;
}
if (isNaN(byte3)) {
byte3 = 0;
}
if (isNaN(byte4)) {
byte4 = 0;
}
addressDotQuad = byte1 + '.' + byte2 + '.' + byte3 + '.' + byte4;
console.log('Correct IP f ', addressDotQuad);
return addressDotQuad;
}
function IPv4_GetNetAddr(addressDotQuad, netmaskDot) {
console.log('IPv4_GetNetAddr ip ', addressDotQuad, ' mask ', netmaskDot);
let addressInteger = IPv4_dotquadA_to_intA(CorrectIP(addressDotQuad));
let addressBinStr = IPv4_intA_to_binstrA(addressInteger);
let netmaskBinStr = IPv4_intA_to_binstrA(IPv4_dotquadA_to_intA(netmaskDot));
let netaddressBinStr = IPv4_Calc_netaddrBinStr(addressBinStr, netmaskBinStr);
let netaddressInt = IPv4_binstrA_to_intA(netaddressBinStr);
return IPv4_intA_to_dotquadA(netaddressInt);
}
function IPv4_GetBcast(addressDotQuad, netmaskDot) {
console.log('IPv4_GetBcast ip ', addressDotQuad, ' mask ', netmaskDot);
let addressInteger = IPv4_dotquadA_to_intA(CorrectIP(addressDotQuad));
let addressBinStr = IPv4_intA_to_binstrA(addressInteger);
let netmaskBinStr = IPv4_intA_to_binstrA(IPv4_dotquadA_to_intA(netmaskDot));
let netbcastBinStr = IPv4_Calc_netbcastBinStr(addressBinStr, netmaskBinStr);
let netbcastInteger = IPv4_binstrA_to_intA(netbcastBinStr);
return IPv4_intA_to_dotquadA(netbcastInteger);
}
/* In some versions of JavaScript subnet calculators they use bitwise operations to shift the values left. Unfortunately JavaScript converts to a 32-bit signed integer when you mess with bits, which leaves you with the sign + 31 bits. For the first byte this means converting back to an integer results in a negative value for values 128 and higher since the leftmost bit, the sign, becomes 1. Using the 64-bit float allows us to display the integer value to the user. */
/* dotted-quad IP to integer */
function IPv4_dotquadA_to_intA(strbits) {
if (strbits === undefined) return 0;
const split = strbits.split('.', 4);
return (
parseFloat(split[0] * 16777216) /* 2^24 */ +
parseFloat(split[1] * 65536) /* 2^16 */ +
parseFloat(split[2] * 256) /* 2^8 */ +
parseFloat(split[3])
);
}
/* integer IP to dotted-quad */
function IPv4_intA_to_dotquadA(strnum) {
const byte1 = strnum >>> 24;
const byte2 = (strnum >>> 16) & 255;
const byte3 = (strnum >>> 8) & 255;
const byte4 = strnum & 255;
return byte1 + '.' + byte2 + '.' + byte3 + '.' + byte4;
}
/* integer IP to binary string representation */
function IPv4_intA_to_binstrA(strnum) {
let numStr = strnum.toString(2); /* Initialize return value as string */
let numZeros = 32 - numStr.length; /* Calculate no. of zeros */
if (numZeros > 0) {
for (var i = 1; i <= numZeros; i++) {
numStr = '0' + numStr;
}
}
return numStr;
}
/* binary string IP to integer representation */
function IPv4_binstrA_to_intA(binstr) {
return parseInt(binstr, 2);
}
/* The IPv4_Calc_* functions operate on string representations of the binary value because I don't trust JavaScript's sign + 31-bit bitwise functions. */
/* logical AND between address & netmask */
function IPv4_Calc_netaddrBinStr(addressBinStr, netmaskBinStr) {
let netaddressBinStr = '';
let aBit = 0;
let nmBit = 0;
for (pos = 0; pos < 32; pos++) {
aBit = addressBinStr.substr(pos, 1);
nmBit = netmaskBinStr.substr(pos, 1);
if (aBit === nmBit) {
netaddressBinStr += aBit.toString();
} else {
netaddressBinStr += '0';
}
}
return netaddressBinStr;
}
/* logical OR between address & NOT netmask */
function IPv4_Calc_netbcastBinStr(addressBinStr, netmaskBinStr) {
let netbcastBinStr = '';
let aBit = 0;
let nmBit = 0;
for (pos = 0; pos < 32; pos++) {
aBit = parseInt(addressBinStr.substr(pos, 1));
nmBit = parseInt(netmaskBinStr.substr(pos, 1));
if (nmBit) {
nmBit = 0;
} /* flip netmask bits */ else {
nmBit = 1;
}
if (aBit || nmBit) {
netbcastBinStr += '1';
} else {
netbcastBinStr += '0';
}
}
return netbcastBinStr;
}
function getSubmask(input) {
// self explanatory
if (input === 0) {
return '0.0.0.0';
}
if (input === 1) {
return '128.0.0.0';
}
if (input === 2) {
return '192.0.0.0';
}
if (input === 3) {
return '224.0.0.0';
}
if (input === 4) {
return '240.0.0.0';
}
if (input === 5) {
return '248.0.0.0';
}
if (input === 6) {
return '252.0.0.0';
}
if (input === 7) {
return '254.0.0.0';
}
if (input === 8) {
return '255.0.0.0';
}
if (input === 9) {
return '255.128.0.0';
}
if (input === 10) {
return '255.192.0.0';
}
if (input === 11) {
return '255.224.0.0';
}
if (input === 12) {
return '255.240.0.0';
}
if (input === 13) {
return '255.248.0.0';
}
if (input === 14) {
return '255.252.0.0';
}
if (input === 15) {
return '255.254.0.0';
}
if (input === 16) {
return '255.255.0.0';
}
if (input === 17) {
return '255.255.128.0';
}
if (input === 18) {
return '255.255.192.0';
}
if (input === 19) {
return '255.255.224.0';
}
if (input === 20) {
return '255.255.240.0';
}
if (input === 21) {
return '255.255.248.0';
}
if (input === 22) {
return '255.255.252.0';
}
if (input === 23) {
return '255.255.254.0';
}
if (input === 24) {
return '255.255.255.0';
}
if (input === 25) {
return '255.255.255.128';
}
if (input === 26) {
return '255.255.255.192';
}
if (input === 27) {
return '255.255.255.224';
}
if (input === 28) {
return '255.255.255.240';
}
if (input === 29) {
return '255.255.255.248';
}
if (input === 30) {
return '255.255.255.252';
}
if (input === 31) {
return '255.255.255.254';
}
if (input === 32) {
return '255.255.255.255';
}
}
module.exports = {
IPv4_GetBcast,
IPv4_GetNetAddr,
IPv4_intA_to_dotquadA,
getSubmask
};
| 2,792 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/76090079
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Stack Exchange
|
https://stackoverflow.com/users/3902958, panoskarajohn
|
Danish
|
Spoken
| 137 | 409 |
EF Core contains case sensitive query
I have a project where I use Entity Framework Core and PostgreSQL. In this project, I want to query for string types with case insensitivity. How can I do that?
Here is my DbContext methods:
protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
{
modelBuilder.HasCollation("my_collation", locale: "en-u-ks-primary", provider: "icu", deterministic: true);
modelBuilder.ApplyConfigurationsFromAssembly(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly());
base.OnModelCreating(modelBuilder);
SeedDatabase(modelBuilder);
}
protected override void ConfigureConventions(ModelConfigurationBuilder configurationBuilder)
{
configurationBuilder.Properties<string>().UseCollation("my_collation");
}
Here are my query samples:
var b = await _uow.SysHistoryRepository.FirstOrDefaultAsync(x => x.TableName.Contains("Sirket"));
var a = await _uow.SysHistoryRepository.FirstOrDefaultAsync(x => x.TableName.Contains("sirket"));
It works in the like query in PostgresSql, but I get the error I specified in EF Core.
The error message that is returned while querying:
Npgsql.PostgresException: '0A000: nondeterministic collations are not supported for substring searches'
Not specific to EF core but maybe it helps -> https://dba.stackexchange.com/questions/266097/postgresql-nondeterministic-collations-are-not-supported-for-like
Might be duplicate -> https://stackoverflow.com/questions/66084881/ef-core-postgresql-string-compare-case-insensitive
| 13,240 |
https://github.com/hengxin/evalsys/blob/master/code/src/main/java/transaction/YCSBTxnManager.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
evalsys
|
hengxin
|
Java
|
Code
| 11 | 44 |
package transaction;
public class YCSBTxnManager extends TxnManager{
private long nextRecordId;//记录事务执行到的位置
}
| 40,554 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebrada%20Las%20Araguatas%20%28suba%20sa%20Estado%20Anzo%C3%A1tegui%2C%20lat%209%2C43%2C%20long%20-64%2C04%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Quebrada Las Araguatas (suba sa Estado Anzoátegui, lat 9,43, long -64,04)
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quebrada Las Araguatas (suba sa Estado Anzoátegui, lat 9,43, long -64,04)&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 53 | 92 |
Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang Quebrada Las Araguatas.
Suba ang Quebrada Las Araguatas sa Venezuela. Nahimutang ni sa estado sa Estado Anzoátegui, sa amihanan-sidlakang bahin sa nasod, km sa sidlakan sa Caracas ang ulohan sa nasod.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Mga suba sa Estado Anzoátegui
| 4,347 |
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohr%20bei%20Hartberg
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Rohr bei Hartberg
|
https://sk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rohr bei Hartberg&action=history
|
Slovak
|
Spoken
| 31 | 85 |
Rohr bei Hartberg je obec v Rakúsku v spolkovej krajine Štajersko v okrese Hartberg-Fürstenfeld.
Žije tu 1 452 obyvateľov (01. 01. 2017).
Iné projekty
Externé odkazy
Oficiálna stránka
Obce okresu Hartberg-Fürstenfeld
| 12,331 |
2011LYO10017_2
|
French-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| 2,011 |
Régulation des fonctions mitochondriales dans la cardioprotection : spécificité du rat
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 6,946 | 12,336 |
I-3-2-7. Le complexe I de la chaîne respiratoire
La probabilité d’ouverture du mPTP est plus grande après activation de la chaîne respiratoire par les substrats du complexe I qu’avec ceux du II 47. De plus, l’inhibition du complexe I par la roténone, en présence du substrat du complexe II, retarde l’ouverture de ce pore. Il a également été démontré, sur un modèle de cellules tumorales, que la roténone inhibe plus efficacement l’ouverture du mPTP que la CsA 117. Dans notre étude (2ème article), nous avons montré qu’il existait une relation entre le complexe I, la Cyp D et le mPTP. En effet, l’administration conjointe de CsA et de roténone, un inhibiteur du complexe I, inhibe plus fortement l’ouverture du mPTP qu’en présence de CsA seule sur des mitochondries cardiaques de souris wild type et de rat. De plus, l’ajout de roténone sur des mitochondries isolées de souris Cyp D-/-, naturellement cardioprotégées contre les lésions d’I/R, retarde l’ouverture de ce mPTP. Tous ces résultats suggèrent un rôle du complexe I dans la régulation du mPTP. I-3-2-8. Les ubiquinones
L’étude de la régulation du mPTP par le flux d’électrons à travers le complexe I de la chaîne respiratoire a permis la découverte d’une nouvelle classe de régulateurs, les ubiquinones. Il a tout d’abord été démontré que l’ubiquinone 0 inhibe l’ouverture du mPTP dans le foie en bloquant le transfert d’électrons à travers le complexe I 47. Les effets d’analogues de l’ubiquinone ont ensuite été étudiés afin d’élucider leur mode d’action. Ces molécules sont classées en 3 groupes selon leur effet sur le mPTP (Figure 7) : les ubiquinones du groupe I inhibent l’ouverture de ce pore, celles du groupe II l’induisent, alors que celles du groupe III n’ont pas d’effet 115. Aucune corrélation n’a été trouvée entre la structure primaire de ces analogues et leurs fonctions. L’utilisation d’animaux transgéniques déficients en Cyp D a permis de démontrer que ces molécules sont Cyp D-indépendantes 90. Dans notre étude (3ème article), nous avons montré sur des mitochondries cardiaques de lapin que des analogues du 25 coenzyme Q, CoQ10 et CoQ2, facilitaient l’ouverture du mPTP indépendamment de leur effet oxydant. A l’heure actuelle, le mécanisme d’action de ces ubiquinones est toujours inconnu.
Figure 7. Structure chimique des analogues de l’ubiquinone. Les groupes I, II et III correspondent respectivement aux inhibiteurs, inducteurs et aux analogues qui n’ont pas d’effet direct sur le mPTP. Ub, ubiquinone. D’après Walter et al. 115. I-3-2-9. Autres facteurs régulateurs D’autres facteurs peuvent également moduler l’ouverture de ce pore, telle que la PKC dont l’activation ouvrirait les canaux KATP mitochondriaux, ce qui augmenterait alors la production d’H2O2 et inhiberait ainsi le mPTP 118. Des cations bivalents autres que le Ca2+ (comme Sr2+, Ba2+ et Mn2+) peuvent également inhiber l’ouverture du mPTP, par compétition sur ses sites de fixation 95. Les nucléotides adényliques régulent aussi ce pore, notamment l’ATP qui, lorsque sa production diminue, augmente la probabilité d’ouverture du mPTP 64, 100. 26
II. Ischémie-reperfusion cardiaque II-1. Ischémie
L’ischémie myocardique est la conséquence de l’insuffisance de la perfusion coronaire. Elle se traduit par un déséquilibre entre les apports et les besoins du myocarde en oxygène et en substrats, et induit l’accumulation des produits du métabolisme. Elle peut être d’origine physiopathologique (infarctus, ischémie, athérosclérose...) ou chirurgicale (circulation extracorporelle). L’agression ischémique est un processus dynamique qui dépend à la fois de la durée et de la sévérité de l’ischémie. II-1-1. La durée de l’ischémie
La gravité des lésions cellulaires engendrées par une séquence d’ischémie-reperfusion dépend avant tout de la durée de l’ischémie. On distingue classiquement deux phases lors d’une occlusion coronaire. La première phase d’ischémie est réversible et débute dans les secondes suivant le début du processus. Elle entraîne une diminution très brutale et importante de l’activité contractile : l’épaississement-raccourcissement du myocarde est remplacé par un amincissement-dilatation passif. Elle entraîne également des modifications ultrastructurales essentiellement caractérisées par une diminution des réserves intracellulaires de glycogène et le développement d’un œdème intracellulaire. Cette phase se caractérise par sa réversibilité puisque si la perfusion coronaire est rétablie, il n’y aura pas de nécrose myocytaire 119. A l’inverse, si l’ischémie perdure, des lésions irréversibles vont apparaître. Cette deuxième phase d’ischémie voit la nécrose s’étendre progressivement du sous-endocarde, qui est la région la plus sensible et qui reçoit le moins de perfusion collatérale, vers l’épicarde selon un phénomène d’onde de progression (ou « wavefront », Figure 8) 120-121. 27
Figure 8. Importance de la durée de l’ischémie sur la taille de l’infarctus du myocarde. L’extension de la nécrose au sein de la zone à risque suit une onde de progression depuis une lésion sous-endocardique jusqu’à une lésion transmurale. La durée de l’ischémie est un déterminant majeur de cette progression. La reperfusion permet de diminuer les lésions ischémiques.
II-1-2. La taille de la zone à risque
La zone à risque (AAR) est la région du myocarde dont la vascularisation dépend de l artère coronaire occluse 122. Plus elle est large, c'est-à-dire plus l’occlusion coronaire est proximale, plus l’infarctus risque d’être étendu (Figure 9) 123. Il est classiquement admis qu’une AAR de petite taille est à exclure car la survenue d’un infarctus est alors aléatoire. 28
Figure 9. La zone à risque est un déterminant majeur de la taille de l’infarctus du myocarde. La quantité totale de myocarde infarci, exprimée par le pourcentage de nécrose du ventricule gauche, est étroitement corrélée avec le lit vasculaire de l’artère circonflexe occluse, c'est-à-dire la taille de la zone à risque (r = 0.81). D’après Lowe et al. 123.
II-1-3. Le débit collatéral
Il se définit comme le débit sanguin myocardique qui persiste dans la zone ischémique après occlusion coronaire. Lors de l’occlusion d’une artère coronaire, les zones voisines épargnées par l’ischémie vont perfuser la zone à risque selon la vascularisation native. Cette circulation collatérale est rendue possible grâce à des connexions artériolaires qui sont essentiellement épicardiques. Ce débit collatéral est également un facteur capable d’influencer la taille de l’infarctus du myocarde. Le débit collatéral résiduel est inversement proportionnel à la taille de l’infarctus 119, c'est-à-dire que plus la circulation collatérale est faible, plus l’évolution vers la nécrose est rapide. Ce débit varie selon les espèces (il est par exemple beaucoup plus développé chez le chien que chez le lapin), mais il existe également une importante variabilité individuelle.
II-2. Reperfusion
En 1983, Jennings et Reimer 119 ont démontré que la reperfusion était essentielle afin de protéger le myocarde ischémique. La reperfusion coronaire est reconnue comme étant la seule méthode permettant de réduire la taille de l’infarctus, à condition d’être entreprise suffisamment tôt, de façon indiscutable aussi bien en expérimental qu’en clinique. Du fait de la dynamique d’apparition de né rose, qui suit une courbe sigmoïde (Figure 7), il existe une période de temps critique pour sauver le myocarde ischémique. Après cette constatation, l’utilisation de thérapies thrombolytiques devint une routine. Bien qu’il ne fasse aucun doute que la reperfusion précoce soit le seul moyen de sauver un myocarde ischémique, de nombreux travaux ont soulevé la question d’un possible effet néfaste de cette reperfusion. La reperfusion s’accompagne d’une accélération du processus 29 nécrotique commencé lors de l’ischémie préalable 119, 124. Elle apparaît ainsi comme une « épée à double tranchant ». Il a été démontré que la réoxygénation du myocarde s’accompagne d’une libération massive d’enzymes cardiaques et de dommages cellulaires beaucoup plus importants que si l’ischémie avait été maintenue 125. Il existe quatre formes de lésions de reperfusion : les arythmies de reperfusion, la sidération myocardique (myocardial stunning), les dommages vasculaires (no-reflow) et la nécrose de reperfusion. Leurs mécanismes sont probablement multiples et comportent notamment une aggravation de la surcharge calcique et une surproduction de ROS. La reperfusion est l’événement principal dans le déclenchement de la cascade moléculaire conduisant à la cardioprotection 126, renforçant la distinction à faire entre l’ischémie et la reperfusion.
II-3. Conséquences de l’ischémie-reperfusion cardiaque
Les événements moléculaires et cellulaires à la base des lésions d’I/R sont complexes. Néanmoins, de nombreux mécanismes physiopathologiques impliqués dans les lésions d’I/R ont émergé (Tableau 1).
Tableau 1. Mécanismes physiopathologiques des lésions d’ischémie-reperfusion du myocarde. D’après Turer et al. 127. Accumulation ionique Surcharge calcique intracellulaire Augmentation du sodium intracellulaire Baisse du pH avec une normalisation rapide au moment de la reperfusion Chute du potentiel membranaire mitochondrial mPTP Formation de radicaux libres / ROS Production par la xanthine oxydase Relargage d’intermédiaires mitochondriaux réactifs Infiltration de neutrophiles Production de ROS ROS-dépendante (rétrocontrôle positif) Métabolisme du NO Perte de la vasodilatation NO-dépendante Accumulation de peroxinitrite Apoptose et autophagie Dysfonction endothéliale Signalisation des chémokines et cytokines Expression des marqueurs d’adhésion cellulaire Altération de la vasodilatation Agrégation plaquettaire et microembolisation Activation immune Immunité innée (activation complémentaire, expression récepteurs Toll-like...) Accumulation de neutrophiles Dommages médiés par les macrophages et les lymphocytes T 30 II-3-1. Métabolisme énergétique
II-3-1-1. Normoxie
Le cœur est l’un des organes les plus oxydatifs chez les mammifères, utilisant environ 10 % de la consommation totale d’oxygène de l’organisme 128. Son activité contractile permanente nécessite un apport continu d’énergie, dont la quasi-totalité provient du métabolisme oxydatif. Ses réserves énergétiques ne lui permettant que quelques secondes d’autonomie, il est obligé de fonctionner en flux tendu. Ainsi, le cœur est dépendant de l’oxygène car la phosphorylation oxydative est le seul mécanisme permettant un flux d’ATP suffisant. Le myocarde a un besoin essentiel en substrats oxydatifs, quelles que soient les conditions nutritionnelles. Ainsi, il est capable d’utiliser tous les substrats exogènes (lipides, glucose, lactate...) ou endogènes (glycogène, acides aminés, corps cétoniques). En condition de normoxie, l’énergie provient majoritairement de la -oxydation des acides gras (60 %), mais également du glucose (30 %) et du lactate (10 %). L’ATP doit être régulée de manière extrêmement fine car elle contrôle autant les mécanismes cellulaires vitaux (cascades de signalisation, synthèses protéiques...) que les activités spécifiques (telle la contraction). Cette régulation fine est particulièrement importante lorsque la synthèse d’ATP est limitée, à cause d’un apport faible en oxygène et en substrats (ischémie, hypoxie...). La mitochondrie est l’organite qui joue un rôle central dans la régulation de ces flux énergétiques intracellulaires.
II-3-1-2. Ischémie modérée
L’ischémie partielle diminue l’oxydation des acides gras et augmente la glycolyse anaérobie par multiplication du nombre de transporteurs de glucose, notamment GLUT-1 129. Cependant, la -oxydation reste encore la principale source énergétique du cardiomyocyte. Au cours de cette ischémie modérée, le myocarde « hiberne », autopréservant ainsi la viabilité de ses cellules qui s’adaptent en réduisant leur activité mécanique et leur besoin énergétique. Cette situation est néanmoins précaire car le cœur est incapable de faire face à une augmentation d’activité.
II-3-1-3. Ischémie sévère
Le débit coronaire chute lorsque l’ischémie est sévère, ce qui réduit l’apport de glucose aux cellules. Ainsi, l’oxydation du glucose cesse pratiquement, tout comme la -oxydation (par manque d’O2). Le glycogène intracellulaire devient alors la source principale de production d’ATP, même si le rendement est faible (2 ATP par molécule de glucose). Dans ces conditions, l’oxydation du pyruvate cesse, ce qui aboutit à l’accumulation de protons (découplage entre la glycolyse anaérobie et l’oxydation du pyruvate) 130, et la production de lactate augmente. Le flux coronaire étant réduit, ces protons et ce lact s’accumulent dans les cardiomyocytes, ce qui se traduit par une acidification intracellulaire. Une partie de l’ATP est alors utilisée afin de rétablir l’homéostasie, entre autre, des ions H+, ce qui peut conduire à 31 une diminution marquée de l’efficacité cardiaque aboutir à la nécrose cellulaire. 131. Si cette situation perdure, elle peut
II-3-1-4. Reperfusion
Pendant cette période, le cœur est exposé à une augmentation de concentration d’acides gras circulants. La -oxydation devient alors la source prédominante de production d’ATP, apportant 80 à 90 % des besoins énergétiques myocardiques 132. Cependant, la production d’ATP par la -oxydation est plus coûteuse en O2 que l’oxydation du glucose. Ainsi, l’utilisation préférentielle des acides gras, couplée à la baisse de l’oxydation du glucose, contribue à la dysfonction contractile. Expérimentalement, il a été montré qu’une stimulation de l’oxydation du glucose pouvait entraîner une amélioration de la fonction cardiaque 132.
II-3-2. Altérations ioniques cellulaires
L’ischémie et la reperfusion entraînent des perturbations ioniques cellulaires marquées. L’ischémie induit une accumulation intracellulaire de Na+, H+ et Ca2+, aboutissant à une acidose tissulaire. L’organisme va alors s’employer à rétablir l’équilibre du pH intracellulaire au plus vite. Parmi les mécanismes de régulation du pH, l’antiport Na+/H+ représente une voie majeure pour la sortie d’ions H+ des cellules lors d’une acidification 133. Ainsi, cet échangeur va être particulièrement actif au moment de la reperfusion. Cependant, les conséquences de cette activation sont plus complexes que le seul rétablissement du pH, car elle est également associée à un flux entrant de Na+, de même que l’activation du symport Na+/HCO3-, autre mécanisme alcalinisant 134. Cette accumulation intracellulaire de sodium va conduire, en retour, à une augmentation du Ca2+ du réticulum sarcoplasmique via l’échangeur Na+/Ca2+ 135. L’augmentation de l’entrée de Ca2+ par les canaux calciques sarcolemmaux de type L 136 et la déficience de l’import de Ca2+ cytosolique dans le réticulum sarcoplasmique 137 favorisent la surcharge calcique. Ces altérations ioniques conduisent à une hyper contractilité myofibrillaire, une déplétion d’ATP, des dommages ultra structuraux de la mitochondrie et à la sidération myocardique 138-140. Ainsi, la reperfusion modifie très rapidement les flux ioniques, mais une normalisation rapide du pH augmente paradoxalement la cytotoxicité 141-142.
II-3-3. Chute du potentiel membranaire mitochondrial
La membrane mitochondriale interne, qui est responsable du maintient du potentiel transmembranaire, est normalement imperméable aux ions et aux protéines. Lorsque le cardiomyocyte est soumis à une séquence d’I/R, le mPTP va s’ouvrir, créant ainsi un canal non sélectif entre la membrane mitochondriale interne et le sarcoplasme. Il en résulte une chute du gradient électrochimique, le relargage de ROS et l’apoptose.
II-3-4. Formation de ROS
Lors de la reperfusion, le retour massif d’oxygène couplé à la baisse d’ADP favorise la production de ROS par augmentation de la fuite d’électrons. De plus, la xanthine oxydase va 32 également augmenter la production de ces ROS dans le cœur reperfusé. En effet, le retour d’oxygène lors de la reperfusion va permettre à cette enzyme de catalyser l’oxydation de la xanthine et de l’hypoxanthine, ses deux substrats qui s’étaient accumulés durant l’ischémie 143, produisant ainsi de l’H2O2. Ces ROS vont non seulement endommager les cellules par réactions avec les lipides, protéines et acides nucléiques, mais aussi favoriser l’ouverture du mPTP 92. La production mitochondriale de ROS va alors augmenter par un mécanisme de rétrocontrôle positif (ou production de ROS ROS-dépendante) 144.
II-3-5. Métabolisme du NO
L’endothélium est également impliqué dans les lésions d’I/R. C’est la source principale de formation du NO. En conditions normales, la production de NO entraîne une vasodilatation qui a des effets bénéfiques lors de l’I/R, tels que la modulation de la consommation d’oxygène 145 , de l’agrégation plaquettaire 146, et de la défense anti-radicalaire 147. Paradoxalement, une concentration élevée de NO favorise la formation d’espèces fortement radicalaires, telle que le peroxinitrite 148. II-3-6. Dysfonction endothéliale
L’endothélium est également impliqué dans d’autres rôles pathophysiologiques lors de l’I/R. Il permet notamment la production de substances vasoactives et active le système immun à travers l’expression de cytokines, de chémokines et de molécules d’adhésion cellulaire (telles que l’E-sélectine, la molécule-1 d’adhésion intercellulaire et la molécule-1 d’adhésion de cellule vasculaire).
II-3-7. Apoptose et autophagie
Au moment de la reperfusion, toutes les conditions favorisant l’ouverture du mPTP sont réunies (normalisation rapide du pH, production de ROS, surcharge calcique...), favorisant ainsi l’apoptose. Des travaux récents ont également impliqué l’autophagie dans la pathogénèse de l’I/R 149-150. A l’heure actuelle, les données concernant cette implication sont encore peu nombreuses, il est donc nécessaire d’attendre pour savoir si ce mécanisme est une cible thérapeutique potentielle des lésions d’I/R.
II-3-8. Activation immune
Les molécules d’adhésion cellulaire induites par la lésion de l’endothélium favorisent l’invasion tissulaire de cellules inflammatoires. Ces cellules, en particulier les neutrophiles, sont directement toxiques pour le myocarde en sécrétant des protéases, en produisant des ROS et en occluant la microvascularisation. D’autres composants du système immunitaire inné, comme les récepteurs Toll-like 151, semblent également participer à la pathogénèse des lésions d’I/R. De plus, il semble que les cellules médiant l’immunité, les macrophages et les lymphocytes T, soient impliquées dans la pathogénèse des lésions myocardiques après reperfusion 152-153. 33
III. Cardioprotection
Les maladies cardiovasculaires sont la première cause de décès en France. Les pathologies ischémiques représentent 27 % de ces décès. L’incidence de l’infarctus du myocarde reste encore élevée avec 120 000 cas par an en France. Selon l’OMS, ces cardiopathies sont également devenues la première cause de mortalité dans certains pays en voie de développement. Les facteurs de risque de cette maladie sont multiples, parmi lesquels certains sont incontrôlables tels l’âge, le sexe et les antécédents familiaux. A l’inverse, on peut agir en prévention de ces pathologies sur de nombreux facteurs de risque comme le tabagisme, l’hypertension artérielle, l’hypercholestérolémie, la sédentarité, l’obésité et le diabète. La mortalité de l’infarctus a diminuée de 30 % en 10 ans aux Etat Unis et en Europe de l’Ouest. Ce pronostic a été amélioré grâce à un ensemble de progrès : prise en charge précoce ayant permis la correction immédiate des troubles du rythme, extension de la thrombolyse hospitalière puis pré hospitalière, angioplastie de désobstruction coronaire, meilleure prévision des sujets à risque... Cependant, le vieillissement de la population et la persistance des facteurs de risque de la coronaropathie font que cette maladie est un enjeu de santé publique 154-155. L’amélioration de morbi-mortalité post-infarctus reste toutefois conditionnée par une réduction maximale et incompressible des délais de prise en charge des malades afin d’assurer une préservation optimale du myocarde contre sa nécrose. De nombreuses interventions expérimentales ont été proposées afin de protéger le myocarde ischémique, mais les résultats des essais cliniques sont malheureusement décevants 156. La découverte d’une technique permettant d’augmenter la résistance du myocarde à l’ischémie, dénommée préconditionnement (PreC), par Murry et al. 157 a permis une grande avancée dans le domaine de la cardioprotection. Moins de 20 ans après, Zhao et al. 158 ont eu la brillante idée de translater cette technique, inapplicable en clinique dans la plupart des cas, au moment de la reperfusion. Ainsi, le corollaire du PreC a été dénommé postconditionnement (PostC), en rapport avec le timing de son application. Les premiers essais cliniques de cette stratégie thérapeutique semblent prometteurs 159-162. III-1. Préconditionnement III-1-1. Préconditionnement ischémique III-1-1-1. Historique
En 1986, l’équipe de Murry et Reimer a présenté deux articles qui allaient être déterminants dans la lutte contre les lésions d’I/R myocardiques. Dans une première étude, ces auteurs ont démontré que l’application de plusieurs occlusions coronaires brèves de 10 minutes, espacées de périodes de reperfusion de 20 minutes, n’entrainaient pas de nécrose et n’avaient pas d’effet cumulatif en terme de perte d’ATP sur le myocarde de chien 163. Par la suite, ces auteurs ont montré de façon surprenante que l’administration de 4 séquences de 5 minutes d’occlusion coronaire, séparées de périodes de reperfusion de 5 minutes, réduisaient considérablement les lésions myocardiques induites par une ischémie coronaire prolongée de 34 40 minutes 157. La zone infarcie du myocarde était réduite par un facteur 4 grâce à ce protocole, et ce sans modification de la perfusion coronaire collatérale. Tout aussi étonnant, ils démontraient que cette protection n’était pas conservée si la durée de l’ischémie prolongée passait à 3 heures. Ces auteurs démontraient ainsi que le préconditionnement ischémique (PreC Isch, nom donné à ce phénomène) n’empêchait pas la mort cellulaire mais qu’il en retardait la survenue. Ces premiers travaux ont donné naissance à une littérature extrêmement abondante et complexe 164-165. L’engouement suscité par ce PreC tient principalement à trois facteurs : la pathologie coronaire qui est un réel problème de santé publique, la puissance de cette protection et le fait que ce phénomène se retrouve chez l’Homme. Ce traitement demeure à ce jour le plus puissant mécanisme capable de diminuer la taille de l’infarctus,
à l’exclusion de la reperfusion en elle-même. III-1-1-2. Design du PreC Isch
Le PreC Isch consiste en l’application de brèves séquences d’ischémie-reperfusion avant une occlusion coronaire prolongée suivie d’une reperfusion (Figure 10). Figure 10. Le préconditionnement ischémique.
Le préconditionnement ischémique consiste
en
l
’application de
brèves séquences d’ischémie
-reperfusion
avant une occlusion
coronaire
prolong
ée
suiv
ie
d
’une
reperfusion
(sch
éma
du haut).
Il retarde la survenue de l’infarctus en décalant vers la droite la courbe de la cinétique d’apparition de la nécrose (
schéma
du
bas). 35
Ce phénomène de mémorisation cellulaire a été retrouvé dans toutes les espèces animales, y compris chez l’Homme, mettant ainsi en évidence que ce mécanisme est conservé au sein de l’évolution 157, 166-170. Le même type de protection a été décrit dans des organes autres que le myocarde, tels que le cerveau 171, le foie 172 et le rein 173. Dans la première description de ce phénomène, la protection consistait en l’application de 4 séquences de 5 minutes d’ischémie suivie de 5 minutes de reperfusion avant une ischémie prolongée de 40 minutes. Cependant, il n’existe pas un modèle unique d’algorithme. Certaines équipes ont par exemple utilisé une seule séquence d’I/R pour induire une protection 31, 174, alors que d’autres en utilisent plusieurs 157, 175. Cette différence pourrait s’expliquer par l’espèce animale étudiée. Néanmoins, cette hétérogénéité des protocoles est également retrouvée au sein des mêmes espèces 34,121. Il semblerait tout de même que les séquences d’I/R doivent être de l’ordre de plusieurs minutes, pour que les cellules aient un seuil de souffrance « suffisant » afin de la mémoriser. Le délai qui sépare le signal inducteur de la protection de l’ischémie prolongée est un paramètre fondamental pour le PreC. Ce temps de mémorisation a ainsi permis d’établir deux fenêtres de protection qui définissent le PreC classique (ou précoce) durant 1 à 2 heures et le PreC tardif qui survient après une période réfractaire d’environ 24 heures et qui persiste jusqu’à 72 heures 176 (Figure 11). Cela signifie que si l’on réalise l’occlusion coronaire prolongée entre ces deux phases, le PreC sera inefficace. Par contre, si on attend 24 heures pour la réaliser, on verra réapparaître un effet protecteur du PreC sur la réduction de la taille d’infarctus.
Figure 11. Préconditionnement précoce et tardif. 2 phases de PreC ont été décrites : une phase précoce qui dure de 1 à 2 heures, et une phase tardive qui dure entre 24 et 72 heures. La phase définit le temps entre le PreC et l’ischémie longue. 36
III-1-1
-3.
Mécanisme d’action du PreC Isch
Les voies mécanistiques étant à la base de cette cardioprotection endogène sont complexes et incomplètement élucidées à ce jour (Figure 12). Par convention, il est admis que la cascade de réactions aboutissant à cette protection comprend des facteurs inducteurs, des médiateurs et des effecteurs. L’identification des voies de signalisation du PreC Isch a facilité l’utilisation d’agents pharmacologiques mimant la cardioprotection apportée par ce PreC Isch (on parle alors de PreC pharmacologique). Ces agents permettent ainsi de protéger le myocarde en s’affranchissant de l’utilisation d’un protocole invasif. Figure 12. Schéma simplifié des voies de signalisation impliquées dans le PreC.
La transmission du signal protecteur au sein du myocarde préconditionné implique en particulier les récepteurs (B2, et A1) de substances cardioactives (bradykinine, opioïdes, adénosine) situés sur le sarcolemme, différentes kinases – protéine kinase C (PKC), PI3K, tyrosine kinase (TK) – et la production de ROS. Les canaux potassiques sensibles à l’ATP (KATP) mitochondriaux et le mPTP semblent être des médiateurs importants de ce phénomène. PLC, PLD : phospholipases C et D. D’après Argaud et al. 177.
a. Inducteurs Inducteurs endogènes récepteurs-dépendants - Adénosine
Le récepteur à l’adénosine a été le premier élément identifié de la voie de signalisation du PreC Isch 178. Il a été montré qu’une augmentation de la concentration interstitielle d’adénosine apparaissait durant l’ischémie du PreC 179. Ainsi, le blocage des récepteurs A1 et A3, mais pas A2, inhibe presque totalement la cardioprotection apportée par le PreC Isch 178, 37 180-181. Réciproquement, l’augmentation de la concentration d’adénosine favorise la cardioprotection apportée par le PreC Isch 182. - Bradykinine La bradykinine contribue également à réduire la taille de l’infarctus par le PreC Isch 183. L’augmentation de la concentration interstitielle de bradykinine précède celle de l’adénosine 184. La bradykinine serait impliquée dans le PreC peu intense, c'est-à-dire lorsque la durée de l’ischémie du PreC est courte 184 ou qu’il n’y a qu’un seul cycle d’I/R 183, alors que pour un PreC plus intense, c'est-à-dire lorsque la durée de l’ischémie du PreC est plus longue 184 ou qu’il y a plusieurs cycles d’I/R 183, l’adénosine joue un rôle plus important. Cependant, Goto et al. 183 ont proposé que ces deux inducteurs agiraient en synergie. Ainsi, cette hypothèse expliquerait pourquoi la cardioprotection apportée par le PreC n’est complètement abolie que lorsque le récepteur B2 de la bradykinine est bloqué et que le taux d’adénosine endogène s’effondre 184.
- Opioïdes
Le blocage des récepteurs opioïdes abolit la réduction de la taille de l’infarctus engendrée par le PreC Isch 185. Il a été démontré que c’est le récepteur qui est responsable de cette cardioprotection 186. Cependant, le récepteur pourrait également être impliqué, bien que son rôle soit controversé 187-188. En effet, certains auteurs ont montré que le blocage de ce récepteur abolit la cardioprotection 187, alors que d’autres ont montré que son activation augmente la taille de l’infarctus 190. Les opioïdes et l’adénosine semblent intéragir dans la signalisation du PreC Isch 185-186. Récemment, Yao et al. 189 ont montré que les récepteurs de l’adénosine sont impliqués dans la signalisation du PreC cardiaque à distance par la morphine. Les récepteurs centraux seraient importants dans l’initiation du processus, alors que les récepteurs périphériques auraient un rôle dans la médiation de cet effet protecteur. - Endothéline, angiotensine
L’administration exogène d’agonistes neurohumoraux peut préconditionner le cœur, mais ils ne sont pas libérés en quantité suffisante par le myocarde ischémique pour déclencher la protection de manière endogène. Le prétraitement à l’endothéline-1 mime le PreC Isch, permettant ainsi de réduire la taille d’infarctus 190-191. Cependant, l’administration d’un antagoniste des récepteurs à l’endothéline n’inhibe pas cette cardioprotection, indiquant que l’endothéline n’est pas un médiateur physiologique important du PreC Isch 190. De même, le prétraitement à l’angiotensine II réduit la taille de l’infarctus 192-193, mais l’inhibition de son récepteur AT2 n’abolit pas cette cardioprotection 192.
Inducteurs endogènes récepteurs-indépendants - Radicaux libres
Les radicaux libres, qui endommagent les cardiomyocytes lors des lésions d’I/R, sont également impliqués dans l’induction du PreC Isch 194. Ainsi, il a été montré que l’administration d’antioxydant 194 ou de piégeur de ROS 195 bloquait la cardioprotection 38 apportée par le PreC Isch. Le mécanisme d’action par lequel les ROS protègent le myocarde n’est pas bien clair, mais il semble qu’ils puissent activer les protéines G 196, les protéines kinases 195, et les canaux KATP 197. - Monoxyde d’azote (NO) Le rôle du NO endogène dans le PreC Isch n’est pas clair. Il a été montré que le NO n’est pas un inducteur ou un médiateur du PreC Isch chez le lapin 198 ou le cochon 199. Cependant, le blocage de sa synthèse atténue le rétablissement fonctionnel engendré par le PreC Isch chez le 200. De plus, il a été proposé que le NO produit dans le tissu ischémique pouvait agir aussi bien en tant qu’inducteur que médiateur du PreC tardif 164. - Calcium
Les résultats de différentes études laissent à penser que le calcium est un inducteur du PreC Isch. Miyawaki et al. 201 ont démontré que le blocage des canaux calciques, par le verapamil, inhibait le PreC Isch. De plus, l’administration intracoronaire de Ca2+ induit une cardioprotection, alors que le PreC Isch peut être inhibé par un bloqueur de l’échangeur Na+/Ca2+ 202. Cependant, la nisoldipine, un antagoniste calcique, n’atténue pas le PreC Isch chez le cochon, remettant ainsi en question le rôle inducteur du calcium endogène dans la signalisation du PostC Isch 203. Inducteurs exogènes
Tous les inducteurs décrits précédemment peuvent préconditionner le cœur lorsqu’ils sont administrés de façon exogène. Ceci est vrai pour les substances endogènes qui agissent par activation de leurs récepteurs (adénosine, bradykinine, opioïdes), pour les donneurs de NO 198, 204, pour l’activation des récepteurs de l’endothéline 190 et de l’angiontensine 192...
Protéines G et phospholipases
Tous les récepteurs couplés aux protéines G inhibitrices (Gi) peuvent induire un PreC. Ainsi, le traitement chronique par une toxine bloquant les Gi abolit la cardioprotection apportée par le PreC Isch 205. Il a été montré que l’adénosine 205 et les récepteurs aux opioïdes 206 sont couplés à ces protéines. La stimulation des Gi a plusieurs effets : elle provoque l’inhibition de l’influx calcique entrant durant l’ischémie, l’activation directe des canaux KATP, et l’activation des phospholipases C et D (PLC et PLD). La PLC hydrolyse la liaison ester entre le glycérol et le phosphate, tandis que la PLD lyse la fonction ester entre la fonction acide du phosphate et l’alcool. L’activation de la PLC catalyse l’hydrolyse des phospholipides membranaires contenant de l’inositol en diacylglycérol (DAG) et inositol triphosphate (IP3). La PLD dégrade les autres phospholipides membranaires, notamment la phosphatidylcholine, ce qui aboutit également à la formation de DAG 207. L’activité de la PLD est augmentée lors d’un PreC Isch. A l’inverse, son inhibition atténue cette cardioprotection 208. 39
b
.
Médiateurs Protéine kinase C (PKC)
Le DAG stimule la translocation et l’activation des différentes isoformes de la protéine kinase C ( PKC). Les phospholipases sont donc des composants essentiels de l’activation des PKC. En effet, le DAG se lie à la sous-unité régulatrice de la PKC, ce qui résulte en un changement de conformation de cette PKC qui va alors se lier à son récepteur, dénommé RACK (récepteur de la kinase C activée). Cette liaison complète l’activation de la PKC qui va alors pouvoir phosphoryler ses substrats. Le peptide V1-2, un antagoniste de RACK 2 209 bloque la capacité du PreC à protéger les cardiomyocytes de rat 210 et de lapin 211, suggérant que c’est la PKC qui est l’isoforme impliquée dans le PreC 212. Ping et al. 213 ont suggéré que c’est la translocation des isoformes et qui est responsable de la cardioprotection apportée par le PreC Isch. Il a également été montré, chez le rat, que ce sont les isoformes, et qui sont impliquées dans le PreC 214. Chez le chien, seule la PKC est transloquée en réponse à un PreC Isch 215. Bien que l’implication des différentes isoformes ne soit pas complètement clarifiée, il apparaît toutefois que la PKC joue un rôle important dans le PreC Isch. Ainsi, l’inhibition de cette protéine abolit la cardioprotection du PreC 216. L’activation de la PKC aboutit in fine à l’activation des canaux KATP 167. Tyrosine kinases (TK) La protection conférée par le PreC Isch peut être abolie par l’administration d’un inhibiteur de la tyrosine kinase (TK), la génistéine 217. Baines et al 218 ont montré que la TK agissait en aval de la PKC. Cependant, d’autres études ont suggéré qu’elle agirait en parallèle de la PKC 219220. Lorsque le stimulus du PreC est modéré, tel qu’une occlusion unique, la protection peut être inhibée par l’administration d’un bloqueur de la PKC ou de la TK. Ceci laisse penser que ces deux voies doivent être activées pour atteindre le seuil de la protection. Lorsque le stimulus utilisé est plus puissant, il faut bloquer les deux voies pour abolir la protection. Ces résultats suggèrent que ces voies peuvent induire une cardioprotection à elles seules si elles sont suffisamment stimulées 221. Mitogen-activated
protein
kinases (MAPK) Les cibles potentielles de la PKC et de la TK sont les MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases). Les MAPK sont divisées en sous-familles, ERK, JNK et p38, qui semblent chacune jouer un rôle dans la cardioprotection apportée par le PreC Isch 222-223. Les MAPK sont activées par les MAPK kinases. La MAPK p38 est bloquée par la génistéine 224. Ainsi, la MAPK kinase a été proposée comme étant la TK responsable de la signalisation du PreC 225. Le PreC Isch augmente l’activité d’ERK1 dans le myocarde de lapin 226, alors qu’aucune différence de phosphorylation d’ERK1 et d’ERK2 n’est retrouvée chez le cochon 227. Le rôle de l’activation d’ERK dans la cardioprotection apportée par le PreC Isch est controversé. En 40 effet, alors que l’inhibition d’ERK n’empêche pas cette cardioprotection chez le lapin 226, elle l’abolit chez le cochon 228. JNK46 et JNK54 sont présents dans le cœur 229 et sont activés durant la reperfusion qui suit une ischémie. L’activation de JNK et p38 MAPK réduit la taille d’infarctus chez le lapin 230 et le cochon 231. Chez le rat, la cardioprotection apportée par le PreC Isch est inhibée lorsque JNK46 est bloqué 232. Seules les isoformes p38 et p38 des p38 MAPK sont exprimées dans le cœur 233. Après un PreC Isch, la phosphorylation de la p38 durant l’ischémie longue est augmentée dans certains modèles 224-225, 234, alors qu’elle peut être inaltérée 227 ou diminuée dans d’autres 235-236. De ce fait, l’importance de l’activation de la p38 dans la cardioprotection reste controversée. L’inhibition de l’activation ischémique de la p38 augmente la résistance des cardiomyocytes à une ischémie létale 233. De même, le blocage de la p38 n’affecte pas la réduction de taille d’infarctus apportée par le PreC Isch 237-238. A l’inverse, ce blocage abolit cette cardioprotection dans d’autres études 236, 239. Ces résultats contradictoires peuvent s’expliquer par la balance relative entre les différentes isoformes de p38 selon les espèces et les modèles utilisés, de même que par la sélectivité des différents inhibiteurs utilisés. En effet, le SB 203580 n’inhibe pas seulement la p38 MAPK 240, mais également la JNK de façon dosedépendante 241 ou des TK 242. Phospatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)
La PI3K est une autre protéine kinase impliquée dans la cardioprotection. Son activation permet la phosphorylation d’Akt, une autre kinase. Cette voie PI3K/Akt est essentielle dans les mécanismes de survie cellulaire. Des travaux récents ont impliqué la PI3K dans la cascade de signalisation du PreC Isch. Tong et al. 243 ont été les premiers à montrer que l’inhibition de la PI3K, par la wortmannine, bloquait l’effet protecteur du PreC. Ces résultats ont été confirmés par Mocanu et al. 244 sur un modèle d’infarctus chez le rat. La voie PI3K/Akt peut agir à plusieurs niveaux. Elle active la PKC, stimule l’eNOS et inhibe la caspase 9 et les protéines pro-apoptotiques BIM, BAX et BAD. Le mode d’action de la voie PI3K/Akt est semblable à celui de MEK/ERK, regroupant ainsi ces kinases sous le terme de la voie RISK (reperfusion injury salvage kinase) 245. c.
Effecteurs
La dernière étape de la transduction du signal n’est pas encore clairement identifiée. Ce sont principalement les canaux KATP et le mPTP qui sont envisagés comme étant les effecteurs de cette cardioprotection. Canaux KATP
Les canaux KATP ont été découverts par Noma et al. 246 au niveau des cardiomyocytes. Ces canaux potassiques sont appelés ATP dépendants car ils sont normalement inhibés par des concentrations physiologiques d’ATP. Leur ouverture provoque l’entrée de K+ dans la mitochondrie selon leur gradient électrochimique favorable. Gross et al. 247 ont été les premiers à proposer que l’ouverture de ces canaux KATP était impliquée dans le PreC. Ceci a 41 été confirmé par la suite puisque les ouvreurs de ces canaux miment le PreC 248, alors que leurs bloqueurs abolissent la protection apportée par le PreC Isch 247,249. De plus, le glibenclamide, un bloqueur de ces canaux, abolit également la protection apportée par la stimulation des récepteurs A1 de l’adénosine, suggérant que l’activation des récepteurs à l’adénosine joue un rôle en amont de celui des canaux KATP 249. Deux populations distinctes de canaux KATP existent dans les cardiomyocytes, les sarcolemmaux et les mitochondriaux (mitoKATP). Initialement, le rôle cardioprotecteur de ces canaux a été attribué aux sarcolemmaux, les mitochondriaux étant alors inconnus. Par la suite, il a été proposé que les mitoKATP seraient en réalité responsables de cette protection 250-251. Cependant, certains travaux suggèrent toujours un rôle critique du canal sarcolemmal dans ce processus protecteur. Ainsi, Suzuki et al. 252 ont montré que le PreC Isch n’avait pas d’effet sur les souris dont les canaux KATP sarcolemmaux sont invalidés. Malgré tout, la majorité des équipes s’accorde à considérer que les mitoKATP sont les canaux les plus importants dans cette protection. Le mode d’action des canaux mitoKATP est encore hypothétique Trois principaux concepts tentent d’expliquer leur fonctionnement. - Hypothèse du gonflement mitochondrial
Dos Santos et al. 253-254 ont suggéré que le gonflement mitochondrial consécutif à l’entrée de K+ préserverait le bon fonctionnement de la mitochondrie. Lors d’une ischémie, la baisse du potentiel membranaire entraîne une baisse de la pénétration intra-mitochondriale de K+ et d’eau (car osmotiquement liée). Ceci entraine un déficit en eau de la matrice et une augmentation du volume de l’espace intermembranaire. Or, l’architecture de cet espace est primordiale pour le métabolisme énergétique du myocarde. Les canaux mitoKATP vont alors s’ouvrir pour faire rentrer le K+ et l’eau dans la matrice, préservant ainsi la structure de l’espace intermembranaire. En retour, cela va permettre de préserver le bon fonctionnement de la mitochondrie, notamment le transfert d’énergie vers le cytoplasme. - Hypothèse du calcium L’ouverture des mitoKATP entraîne une dépolarisation de la membrane mitochondriale interne, diminuant ainsi la force motrice de captation de Ca2+ 255-256. Ceci préviendrait alors la surcharge calcique mitochondriale, inhibant ainsi l’ouverture du mPTP. - Hypothèse des ROS Pain et al. 257 ont trouvé que la protection induite par le diazoxide était bloquée par un piégeur (scavenger) de ROS. Ces résultats ont été confirmés par Forbes et al. 258. L’ouverture des mitoKATP entraînerait donc une production de ROS capable d’activer en aval les kinases qui moduleraient alors l’effecteur final du PreC. Selon cette hypothèse, les mitoKATP seraient donc plus des modulateurs que des effecteurs de cette protection. 42 mPTP
Il est connu qu’un prétraitement à la CsA est cardioprotecteur. Cependant, il n’était pas établi si cette protection était la conséquence de son effet inhibiteur sur les phosphatases (par exemple la calcineurine) ou sur l’ouverture du pore de transition. Hausenloy et al. 259 ont proposé que le PreC Isch puisse agir en inhibant l’ouverture de ce mPTP. Ils ont démontré que les protections apportées par le PreC Isch, le diazoxide et par un agoniste de l’adénosine étaient toutes bloquées par l’ajout d’actractyloside, un ouvreur du pore. Le diazoxide inhibe également l’ouverture calcium-dépendante du pore sur des mitochondries isolées. Là encore, ceci laisse supposer que le mPTP est l’effecteur final du PreC. Par la suite, Javadov et al. 260 ont montré que le PreC Isch inhibait l’ouverture de ce mPTP. Argaud et al. 31 ont été les premiers à démontrer que le PreC Isch, comme la CsA, inhibe l’ouverture du mPTP induite par la surcharge calcique et diminue la taille de l’infarctus du myocarde. L’importance de ce pore dans ce processus protecteur est également soutenue par l’apport de la transgénèse. En effet, les souris dont le gène codant la Cyp D est invalidé présentent une protection endogène contre les lésions d’I/R 60. A ce jour, l’identité moléculaire de ce pore n’est toujours pas élucidée, mais tout laisse à penser que ce mPTP joue un rôle majeur dans les phénomènes de protection myocardique contre les lésions d’I/R. III-1-2. Préconditionnement à la CsA
L’effet cardioprotecteur d’un prétraitement à la CsA est connu 261-262. Crompton et al. 56 ont été les premiers à montrer que la CsA inhibait l’ouverture du mPTP. Il a été trouvé que cet effet était en relation avec l’inhibition de l’activité d’une protéine 54,60, identifiée ensuite comme étant la Cyp D 58. La CsA inhiberait l’ouverture du mPTP en empêchant la liaison physique entre la Cyp D et l’ANT 64. In vitro, il a été montré que la CsA renforce la résistance de la mitochondrie à la surcharge calcique, retardant ainsi l’ouverture de ce pore 31. La CsA est devenue la molécule de référence dans la cardioprotection, tant par son effet pré/postconditionnant que par son utilisation in vitro pour confirmer/infirmer l’implication du mPTP.
III-1-3. Préconditionnement aux halogénés III-1-3-1. Historique
L’effet protecteur des anesthésiques halogénés sur le myocarde est également connu. Cope et al. 263 ont montré qu’une anesthésie entièrement conduite sous agents halogénés diminuait significativement la taille de l’infarctus du myocarde par rapport à une anesthésie intraveineuse de pentobarbital, kétamine-xylazine ou propofol. Cason et al. 264 ont montré qu’un PreC à l’isoflurane permettait de réduire la taille de l’infarctus. Ce PreC consistait en l’administration de cet isoflurane pendant 15 minutes, avant l’ischémie coronaire, interrompue 15 minutes avant la ligature coronaire (wash out). A la même époque, Kersten et al. 265 ont également montré qu’un PreC à l’isoflurane était cardioprotecteur. 43 Tous les agents anesthésiques halogénés ont é un effet préconditionnant 263, 266-267. Toller et al. 266 ont démontré que le sévoflurane a la particularité d’être plus sensible au wash out que les autres halogénés. En effet, ils ont remarqué qu’un wash out de 30 minutes gommait tout effet protecteur sur un modèle canin. Par la suite, Piriou et al. 268 ont trouvé un résultat similaire chez le lapin.
III-1-3-2. Voies de signalisation du PreC aux halogénés a. Récepteurs couplés aux protéines G
L’utilisation d’un antagoniste de l’adénosine bloque le PreC induit par l’halotane ou l’isoflurane 263, 269. Ces agents anesthésiques pourraient activer directement les récepteurs A1 de l’adénosine, couplés aux protéines Gi, ou augmenter leur sensibilité aux concentrations circulantes d’adénosine 270. Par ailleurs, l’injection d’un inhibiteur de la protéine Gi abolit l’effet cardioprotecteur de l’isoflurane 271. Enfin, il existe probablement un lien entre les récepteurs aux opioïdes et les agents anesthésiques volatils. En effet, l’administration conjointe d’isoflurane et d’agonistes des opioïdes potentialise l’ouverture des canaux KATP, améliorant ainsi la protection myoardique 272. De même, le PreC induit par l’isoflurane est abolit par un antagoniste non sélectif des opioïdes 273.
b. Protéines kinases
Le PreC à l’isoflurane, tout comme le PreC Isch, active et transloque la PKC au niveau de la mitochondrie et du sarcolemme 274. Cette activation semble indispensable à l’activation et l’ouverture des canaux KATP 275. Les familles des TK et des MAPK semblent aussi impliquées dans ce PreC pharmacologique 276-277.
| 20,398 |
https://github.com/mskamp/StarSmith/blob/master/src/main/java/i2/act/errors/specification/parser/ErrorListener.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
StarSmith
|
mskamp
|
Java
|
Code
| 94 | 358 |
package i2.act.errors.specification.parser;
import i2.act.errors.specification.LanguageSpecificationError;
import i2.act.lala.info.SourcePosition;
import org.antlr.v4.runtime.BaseErrorListener;
import org.antlr.v4.runtime.RecognitionException;
import org.antlr.v4.runtime.Recognizer;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
public final class ErrorListener extends BaseErrorListener {
private final List<LanguageSpecificationError> languageSpecificationErrors;
public ErrorListener() {
this.languageSpecificationErrors = new ArrayList<LanguageSpecificationError>();
}
@Override
public final void syntaxError(final Recognizer<?, ?> recognizer, final Object offendingSymbol,
final int line, final int charPosition,
final String message, final RecognitionException recognitionException) {
final SourcePosition position = new SourcePosition(line, charPosition);
final LanguageSpecificationError languageSpecificationError =
new LanguageSpecificationError(position, message);
this.languageSpecificationErrors.add(languageSpecificationError);
}
public final boolean successful() {
return this.languageSpecificationErrors.isEmpty();
}
public final List<LanguageSpecificationError> getLanguageSpecificationErrors() {
return Collections.unmodifiableList(this.languageSpecificationErrors);
}
}
| 16,976 |
https://github.com/alipay/alipay-sdk-java-all/blob/master/v2/src/main/java/com/alipay/api/domain/RuleHitResult.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
alipay-sdk-java-all
|
alipay
|
Java
|
Code
| 137 | 534 |
package com.alipay.api.domain;
import java.util.List;
import com.alipay.api.AlipayObject;
import com.alipay.api.internal.mapping.ApiField;
import com.alipay.api.internal.mapping.ApiListField;
/**
* 规则匹配信息
*
* @author auto create
* @since 1.0, 2022-05-20 11:34:53
*/
public class RuleHitResult extends AlipayObject {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 6184192666542113851L;
/**
* 命中的句子 详情
*/
@ApiListField("hit_dialogues")
@ApiField("hit_dialogue")
private List<HitDialogue> hitDialogues;
/**
* 规则命中提示
*/
@ApiField("notice")
private String notice;
/**
* 解语花规则配置的风险等级 高中低
*/
@ApiField("risk_level")
private String riskLevel;
/**
* 规则编码
*/
@ApiField("rule_code")
private String ruleCode;
public List<HitDialogue> getHitDialogues() {
return this.hitDialogues;
}
public void setHitDialogues(List<HitDialogue> hitDialogues) {
this.hitDialogues = hitDialogues;
}
public String getNotice() {
return this.notice;
}
public void setNotice(String notice) {
this.notice = notice;
}
public String getRiskLevel() {
return this.riskLevel;
}
public void setRiskLevel(String riskLevel) {
this.riskLevel = riskLevel;
}
public String getRuleCode() {
return this.ruleCode;
}
public void setRuleCode(String ruleCode) {
this.ruleCode = ruleCode;
}
}
| 11,767 |
https://github.com/xperiandri/DisposableFixer/blob/master/src/DisposableFixer.Test/DisposeableFixerAnalyzerSpecs/DisposeOutSideOfDisposeMethod/SpecialDisposeMethods/SystemIOPorsSerialPortTests.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
CC-BY-4.0
| 2,022 |
DisposableFixer
|
xperiandri
|
C#
|
Code
| 79 | 383 |
using System.Collections.Generic;
using FluentAssertions;
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace DisposableFixer.Test.DisposeableFixerAnalyzerSpecs.DisposeOutSideOfDisposeMethod.SpecialDisposeMethods
{
internal partial class SystemIOPorsSerialPortTests : DisposeableFixerAnalyzerSpec
{
private static IEnumerable<TestCaseData> TestCases
{
get
{
yield return CloseSerialPortCreatedByObjectCreation();
yield return CloseSerialPortOfFactoryMethod();
yield return CloseSerialPortCreatedByObjectCreationWithConditionalAccess();
yield return CloseSerialPortOfFactoryMethodWithConditionalAccess();
yield return CloseSerialPortOfFieldByFactoryMethod();
yield return CloseSerialPortOfFieldByObjectCreation();
yield return CloseSerialPortOfFieldByFactoryMethodWithConditionalAccess();
yield return CloseSerialPortOfFieldByObjectCreationWithConditionalAccess();
yield return CloseSerialPortOfPropertyByObjectCreation();
yield return CloseSerialPortOfProertyByFactoryMethod();
yield return CloseSerialPortOfPropertyByObjectCreationWithConditionalAccess();
yield return CloseSerialPortOfProertyByFactoryMethodWithConditionalAccess();
}
}
[Test, TestCaseSource(nameof(TestCases))]
public void The_number_of_Diagnostics_should_be_correct(string code, int numberOfDiagnostics)
{
var diagnostics = MyHelper.RunAnalyser(code, Sut);
diagnostics.Length.Should().Be(numberOfDiagnostics);
}
}
}
| 1,869 |
5525737_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 17 | 33 |
Concur: Chief Judge Fuld and Judges Scileppi, Bergan, Breitel, Jasen and Gibson. Taking no part: Judge Burke.
| 48,813 |
https://github.com/kai2002/caffemarkdown/blob/master/src/jp/cappuccino/tools/markdown/util/FileUtils.scala
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference
| 2,014 |
caffemarkdown
|
kai2002
|
Scala
|
Code
| 85 | 291 |
package jp.cappuccino.tools.markdown.util
import java.io.{File, FileOutputStream, OutputStreamWriter}
object FileUtils {
def load(file: String): String = {
val source = io.Source.fromFile(file, "utf-8")
try {
source.getLines.mkString("\n")
} finally {
source.close
}
}
def load(file: File): String =
load(file.getPath)
def save(text: String, file: String) {
val outp =
new OutputStreamWriter(
new FileOutputStream(file), "utf-8")
try {
outp.write(text)
} finally {
outp.close
}
}
def save(text: String, file: File): Unit =
save(text, file.getPath)
def prefixFileName(fileName: String) =
fileName.replaceAll("\\.[^\\.]+$", "")
def createFile(fileName: String, ext: String): File =
new File(prefixFileName(fileName) + ext)
}
| 16,002 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2363386
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,010 |
Stack Exchange
|
András Tóth, Chandrasekar Puvvada, Indranil Chowdhury, Joel, Nalguedo, Nir Ben Yossef, Pascal Thivent, Shen Tian, Tarball, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4802632, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4802633, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4802634, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4802979, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4807583, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4807664, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4807746, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4822090, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5561834, https://stackoverflow.com/users/70604, scottjanousek
|
Swedish
|
Spoken
| 314 | 502 |
Toplink Exception, what's wrong?
I've got an exception when I generate this EJB SQL Statement.
Exception Description: Syntax error parsing the query [SELECT h FROM Busmodul h WHERE LOWER(h.modulNummer) LIKE :modulnummer AND h.einbauort.id = :einbauort_fk AND h.plattform.id = :plattform_fk ORDER BY TRIM(TRAILING '-' FROM CONCAT('0', h.modulNummer))], line 1, column 150: syntax error at [TRIM].
Internal Exception: line 1:150: expecting IDENT, found 'TRIM'
What's the meaning of IDENT. Any Ideas what I am doing wrong?
Your ORDER BY clause is not valid, you can't order on the values or objects for values or objects not returned by the SELECT clause (see chapter 4.9 ORDER BY Clause of the EJB 3.0 JPA specification).
BTW, I couldn't find any mention of the use of SQL functions and aggregate functions in the ORDER BY clause in the Query Language chapter of the EJB 3.0 specification so I don't know if this is supported.
I think the first thing to note is that EJB-QL is not the same thing as SQL even though it looks similar, so it does not always behave in the same way as one would expect a SQL query to behave.
Although TRIM is specified in the EJB-QL spec, ORDER BY must use something returned by the SELECT statement. In this case, the result of the TRIM function is not an identifier that can satisfy the ORDER BY clause. From the JPA Query Language Syntax section of the Java EE 5 Tutorial:
When using the ORDER BY clause, the SELECT clause must return an orderable set of objects or values. You cannot order the values or objects for values or objects not returned by the SELECT clause.
You will find more information on the Java Persistance Query Language in the relevant chapter of the Java EE 5 Tutorial.
-1: TRIM is defined in EJB-QL (see the JPA spec or the Java EE 5 tutorial http://java.sun.com/javaee/5/docs/tutorial/doc/bnbuf.html#bnbvo)
| 4,976 |
worksofjohnowen02owen_15
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,862 |
The works of John Owen
|
Owen, John, 1616-1683 | Goold, W. H. (William H.) | Thomson, Andrew, 1814-1901
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,521 | 9,885 |
\\st.^ Honour. It is by holiness that we are made like unto God, and his image is renewed again in us. This was our honour at our creation, this exalted us above all our fellow-creatures here below, — we were made in the image of God. This we lost by sin, and became like the beasts that perish. To this honour, of conformity to God, of bearing his image, are we exalted again by holiness alone. " Be ye holy," says God, " for I am holy," 1 Pet. i. 16; and, " Be ye perfect" (that is, in doing good), "even as your Father which is in heaven is per- fect," Matt. V. 48, — in a hkeness and conformity to him. And herein is the image of God renewed ; Eph. iv. 23, 24, therein we " put on the new man, which after God is created in righteousness and holiness of truth." This was that which originally was attended with power and dominion ; — is still all that is beautiful or comely in the world. How it makes men honourable and precious in the sight of God, of angels, of men ; how alone it is that which is not despised, which is of price before the Lord ; what contempt and scorn he hath of them in whom it is not, — in what abomination he hath them and all their ways, — might easily be evinced. l^dly^ Peace. By it we have communion with God, wherein peace alone is to be enjoyed. " The wicked are like the troubled sea, that cannot rest;" and, " There is no peace" to them, "saith my God," Isa. OF COMMUNION WITH T^E SON JESUS CHRIST. 185 ivii 20, 2 J . There is no pesuce, rest, or quietness, in a distance, sepa- ration, or alienation from God. He is the rest of our souls. In the light of his countenance is life and peace. Now, " if we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we have fellowship one with another," 1 John i. 7; " and truly our fellowship is with the Father, and with his Son •Jesus Christ," verse 3. He that walks in the light of new obedience, he hath communion with God, and in his presence is fulness of joy for ever ; without it, there is nothing but darkness, and wandering, and confusion. [Sdly.] Usefulness. A man without holiness is good for nothing. " Ephraim," says the prophet, " is an empty vine, that brings forth fruit to itself" And what is such a vine good for? Nothing. Saith another prophet, " A man cannot make so much as a pin of it, to hang a vessel on." A barren tree is good for nothing, but to be ■cut down for the fire. Notwithstanding the seeming usefulness of jnen who serve the providence of God in their generations, I could easily manifest that the world and the church might want them, and that, indeed, in themselves they are good for nothing. Only the holy man is commune honum. (Sdly.) The end of it in respect of othej^s in the vrorld is mani- fold:— [}st.] It serves to the conviction and stopping the mouths of some of the enemies of God, both here and hereafter: — 1. Here. 1 Pet. iii. 16, " Having a good conscience; that, wherein they speak evil of you, as of evil-doers, they may be asham^ed that falsely accuse your good conversation in Christ." By our keeping of a good conscience men will be made ashamed of their false accusations ; that whereas their malice and hatred of the ways of God hath provoked them to speak all manner of evil of the profession of them, by the holiness and right- eousness of the saints, they are convinced and made ashamed, as a thief is when he is taken, and be driven to acknowledge that God is amongst them, and that they are wicked themselves, John xvii. 23. 2. Hereafter. It is said that the saints shall judge the world. It is on this, as well as upon other considerations: — their good Avorks, their righteousness, their holiness, shall be brought forth, and mani- fested to all the world; and the righteousness of God's judgments against wicked men be thence evinced. " See," says Christ, " these are they that I own, whom you so despised and abhorred ; and see tHeir works following them : this and that they have done, when you walloAved in your abominations," Matt. xxv. 42, 43. [2dly ] The conversion of others. 1 Pet. ii. 12, " Having your con- versation honest among the Gentiles; that, wherein they speak against you as evil-doers, they may, by your good works, which they shall behold, glorify God in the day of visitation," Matt, v 16. Even ISO" OF COMMUNION WITH THE SON JESUS CHEIST. revilerSj persecutors, evil-speakers, have been overcome by the con- stant holy walking of professors; and when their day of visitation liath come, have glorified God on that account, 1 Pet. iii. 1, 2. [odlij.] The benefit of all; partly in keeping off judgments from the residue of men, as ten good men would have preserved Sodom : ' partly by their real communication of good to them with whom they have to do in their generation. Holiness makes a man a good man, useful to all ; and others eat of the fruits of the Spirit that he brings forth continually. [Uhly.] It is necessary in respect of the state and condition of justified persons; and that whether you consider their relative state of acceptation, or their state of sanctification : — First. They are accepted and received into friendship with a holy God, — a God of purer eyes than to behold iniquity, — who hates every unclean thing. And is it not necessary that they should be holy who are admitted into his presence, walk in his sight, — yea, lie in his bosom? Should they not with all diligence cleanse themselves from all pollution of ^ flesh and spirit, and perfect holiness in the fear of the Lord ? Secondly. In respect of sanctification. We have in us a new crea- ture, 2 Cor. V. 1 7. This new creature is fed, cherished, nourished, kept alive, by the fruits of holiness. To what end hath God given us nev/ hearts, and new natures ? Is it that we should kill them ? stifle the creature that is found in us in the v>romb ? that we should give him to the old man to be devoured ? [othly^ It is necessary in respect of the j^rojjer jylace of holiness in the new covenant ; and that is twofold : — First Of the means unto the end. God hath appointed that holi- ness shall be the means, Hhe way to that eternal life, which, as in it- self and originally [it] is his gift by Jesus Christ, so, with regard to his constitution of our obedience, as the means of attaining it, [it] is a reward, and God in bestowing of it a rewarder. Though it be neither the cause, matter, nor condition of our justification, yet it is the way appointed of God for us to walk in for the obtaining of sal- vation. And therefore, he that hath hope of eternal life purifies him- self, as he is pure: and none shall ever come to that end who walketh not in that way ; for without holiness it is impossible to see God. Secondly. It is a testimony and pledge of adoption, — a sign and evidence of gTace ; that is, of acceptation Avith God. And, — Thirdly. The whole expression of our thankfulness. Now, there is not one of all these causes and reasons of the neces- ' Gen. xviii. 32. = 2 Cor. vii. 1, 2 Rom, vi. 23; Ileb. xi. 6; Gen. xvii. 1; Vs. xix. 11, Iviii.ll; Matt. v. 12,x.41; Rom. iv. 4; Col. ii. 18, iii. 24; lleb. x. 35, xi. 26; 2 Pet. ii. 13. OF COMMUNION WITH THE SON JESUS CHRIST. 187 sity, the indispensable necessity of our obedience, good works, and personal righteousness, but would require a more large discourse to unfold and explain than I have allotted to the proposal of them all • and innumerable others there are of the same import, that I cannot name. He that upon these accounts doth not think universal holi- ness and obedience to be of indispensable necessity, unless also it be exalted into the room of the obedience and righteousness of Christ, let him be filthy still. These objections being removed, and having, at the entrance of this chapter, declared what is done on the part of Christ, as to our fellow- ship with him in this purchased gi'ace, as to our acceptation with God^ it remains that I now shoAV what also is required and performed on our part for the completing thereof. This, then, consists in the ensuing particulars : — 1. The saints cordially approve of this righteousness, as that alone which is absolutely complete, and able to make them acceptable before God. And this supposeth six things : — (1.) Their clear and full conviction of the necessity of a righteous- ness wherewith to appear before God. This is always in their thoughts ; this in their whole lives they take for gTanted. Many men spend their days in obstinacy and hardness, adding drunkenness unto thirst, never once inquiring what their condition shall be when they enter into eternity; others trifle away their time and their souls, sowing the ^vind of empty hopes, and preparing to reap a whirlwind of wrath; but this lies at the bottom of all the saints' communion with Christ, — a deep, fixed, resolved persuasion of an absolute and indispensable necessity of a righteousness wherewith to appear before God. The holiness of God's nature, the righteousness of his govern- ment, the severity of his law, the terror of his "wrath, are always before them. They have been all convinced of sin, and have looked on themselves as ready to sink under the vengeance due to it. They have all cried, " Men and brethren, what shall we do to be saved?" " Wheremth shall we come before God?" and have all concluded, that it is in vain to flatter themselves mth hopes of escaping as they are by nature. If God be holy and righteous, and of purer eyes than to behold iniquity, they must have a righteousness to stand before him ; and they know wliat will be the cry one day of those who now bear up themselves, as if they were otherwise minded, Isa. liii. 1-5 ; Mic. vi. 6, 7. (2.) They weigh their own righteousness in the balance, and find it wanting; and this two ways: — [1.] In general, and upon the whole of the matter, at their first setting themselves before God. When men are convinced of the necessity of a righteousness, they catch at every thing that presents 1S8 OF COMMUNION WITH THE SON JESUS CUPJST. itself to them for relief Like men ready to sink in deep waters, [they] catch at that which is next, to save them from drowning; which sometimes proves a rotten stick, that sinks with them. So did the Jews, Rom. ix. 31, 32; they caught hold of the law, and it would not relieve them ; and how they perished with it the apostle declares, chap. X. 1-4. The law put them upon setting up a righteousness of then- own. This kept them doing, and in hope; but kept them from submitting to the righteousness of God. Here many perish, and never get one step nearer God all their days. This the saints re- nounce ; they have no confidence in the flesh : they know that all they can do, all that the law can do, which is weak through the flesh, will not avail them. See what judgment Paul makes of all a man's own. righteousness, Phil. iii. 8-10. This they bear in their minds daily, this they fill their thoughts withal, that upon the account of what they have done, can do, ever shall do, they cannot be accepted with God, or justified thereby. This keeps their souls humble, full of a sense of their own vileness, all their days. [2.] In iKirticular. They daily weigh all i\\e\x jMrticular actions iu the balance, and find them wanting, as to any such completeness as, upon their own account, to be accepted with God. " Oh ! " says a saint, " if I had nothing to commend me unto God but this prayer, this duty, this conquest of a temptation, wherein I myself see so many failings, so much imperfection, could I appear Avith any boldness before him? Shall I, then, piece up a garment of righteousness out of my best duties? Ah ! it is all as a defiled cloth,'' Isa. Ixiv. 6. These thoughts accompany them in all their duties, in their best and most choice per- formances:— " Lord, what am I in my best estate? How little suit- ableness unto thy holiness is in my best duties ! 0 spare me, in refer- ence to the best thing that ever I did in my life ! " Neh. xiii. 22. V/hen a man who lives upon convictions hath got some enlargements in duties, some conquest over a sin or temptation, he hugs himself, like Micah when he had got a Levite to be his priest : now surely it shall be well with him, now God will bless him : his heart is now at ease ; he hath peace in what he hath done. But he who has communion with Christ, when he is highest in deities of sanctification and holi- ness, is clearest in the apprehension of his own unj^rofitahleness, and rejects eveiy thought that might arise in his heart of setting his peace in them, or upon them. He says to his soul, " Do these things seem something to thee? Alas! thou hast to do with an infinitely righteous God, who looks through and through all that vanity, which thou art but little acquainted withal; and should he deal with thee according to thy best works, thou must perish." (3.) They approve of, value, and rejoice in, this righteousness, for their acceptation, which the Lord Jesus hath torought out and pro- OF COMMUNION AYITH THE SON JESUS CHRIST. 189 vided for them; this being discovered to them, they approve of it with all their hearts, and rest in it. Isa. xlv. They see infinite wisdom in this way of their acceptation with God. " In what darkness," says such a one, " in what straits, in what entan- glements, was my poor soul ! How little able was I to look through the clouds and perplexities wherewith I vv^as encompassed ! I looked inwards, and there was nothing but sin, horror, fear, tremblings; I looked upwards, and saw nothing but wTrath, curses, and vengeance. I knew that God was a holy and righteous God, and that no unclean thing could abide before him; I knew that I w^as a poor, vile, un- clean, and sinful creature; and how to brirsg these tvvo together in peace, I knew not. But in the righteousness of Christ doth a world of wisdom open itself, dispelling all difficulties and darkness, and manifesting a reconciliation of all this." " 0 the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of God!" Rom. xi. S3; Col, ii. 3. But of this before. [2.] As full of grace. He knows that sin had shut up the whole way of grace towards him ; and whereas God aims at nothing so much as the manifestation of liis grace, he was utterly cut short of it. Now, to have a complete righteousness provided, and yet abun- dance of grace manifested, exceedingly delights the soul; — to have God's dealing with his person all grace, and dealing -svith his right- eousness all justice, takes up his thoughts. God everywhere assures us that this righteousness is of grace. It is " by gi'ace, and no more of works," Rom xi. 6, as the apostle at large sets it out, Eph. ii. 7-9. It is from riches of gTace and kindness that the provision of this righteousness is made. It is of mere grace that it is bestowed on us, it is not at all of works; though it bo in itself a righteousness of works, yet to us it is of mere grace. So Tit. iii. 4-7, " But after that the kindness and love of God our Saviour toward man appeared, not 190 OF COMMUNION WITH THE SON JESUS CHRIST. I)}- works of lightoousucss which we have done, but accordmg to hia mercy he saved us, by the washing of regeneration, and renewing of the Holy Ghost, which he shed on us abundantly through Jesus Christ our Saviour, that being justified by his grace, we should be made heirs according to the hope of eternal life." The rise of all this disjiensation is kindness and love ; that is, grace, verse 4. The way of communication, negatively, is not by works of righteousness that ■wo have done; — positively, by the communication of the Holy Ghost, verse 5; the means of whose procurement is Jesus Christ, verse 6; — and the work itself is by grace, verse 7. Here is use made of every word almost, whereby the exceeding rich grace, kindness, mercy, and goodness of God may be expressed, all concurring in this work. As: 1. Xf'/jirroVjjj, — his goodness, benignity, readiness to communicate of liimself and his good things that may be profitable to us. 2. <i>iXav- ipu'ffia, — mercy, love, and propensity of mind to help, assist, relieve them of whom he speaks, towards whom he is so affected. 3. "EXsoj, — mercy, forgiveness, compassion, tenderness, to them that suffer; and Xapig, — free pardoning bounty, undeserved love. And all this is said to be rov 0f oD duTT^pog, — he exercises all these properties and attributes of his nature towards us that he may save us; and in the bestowing of it, giving us the Holy Ghost, it is said, s^^yjiv, — he poured him out as w^ater out of a vessel, without stop and hesitation ; and that not in a small measure, but rrXovalug, — richly and in abundance: vs^hence, as to the work itself, it is emphaiically said, dixaiuShrig r^ r/,iivrj %ap/r/, — justified by the grace of him who is such a one. And this do the saints of God, in their communion with Christ, exceedingly rejoice in before him, that the way of their acceptation before God is a way of grace, kindness, and mercy, that they might not boast in themselves, but in the Lord and his goodness, crying, " How great is thy good- ness ! how gi'eat is thy bounty ! " (4.) They approve of it, and rejoice in it, as a way of great peace and security to themselves and their own souls. 6-8. Hence do the souls of believers exceedingly magnify Jesus Christ, that they can behold the face of God with boldness, confidence, peace, joy, assurance, — that they can call him Father, bear themselves on his love, walk up and do"wn in quietness, and without fear. How glorious is the Son of God in this grace ! They remember the worm- wood and gall that they have eaten; — the vinegar and tears they have drunk ; — the trembling of their souls, like an aspen leaf that is shaken with the wind. Whenever they thought of God, what con- trivances have they had to hide, and fly, and escape! To be brought now to settlement and security, must needs greatly affect them. (5.) They cordially ajjjJrove of this righteousness, because it is a way and means of exceeding exaltation and honour of the Lord Jesus, whom their souls do love. Being once brought to an acquaintance with Jesus Christ, their hearts desire nothing more than that he may be honoured and glorified to the utmost, and in all things have the pre-eminence. Now, what can more tend to the advancing and hon- ouring of him in our hearts, than to know that he is made of God unto us " wisdom and righteousness?" 1 Cor. i. 30. Not that he is this or that part of our acceptation with God ; but he is all, — he is the whole. They know that on the account of his working out then- acceptation with God, he is, — [1.] Honoured of God his Father. Phil. ii. 7-11, " He made himself of no reputation, and took upon him the form of a servant, and was made in the likeness of men : and being found in fashion as a man, he humbled himself, and became obedient unto death, even the death of the cross. Wherefore God also hath highly exalted him, and given him a name which is above every name : that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth; and that every tongue should con- fess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father." Whether that word " wherefore " denotes a connection of causality or only a consequence, this is evident, that on the account of his suffer- ing, and as the end of it, he Avas ^honoured and exalted of God to an ' Ps. ex. 1, 5, ii. 8, 9; Zech. ix. 10; Ps. Ixxii. 8; Eom. xiv. II ; Isa. xlv. 23; Pliil. ii. 10. 192 OF COMMUNION WITH THE SON JESUS CHRIST. unspealcable pre-eminence, dignity, and authority; according as God had promised liim on the same account, Isa. hii. 11, 12; Acts ii. 36, V. oO, 31. And therefore it is said, that when " he had by himself pm-ged our sins, he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on higli," Heb. i. 3. [2.] He is on this account honoured of all the angels in heaven^ even l)ecause of this great work of bringing sinners unto God; for they do not only bow down and deshe to look into the mystery of the cross, 1 Pet. i. 12, but worship and praise him always on this account: Rev. v. 11-14, " I heard the voice of many angels round about the throne, and the living creatures and the elders : and the number of them was ten thousand times ten thousand, and thousands of thousands; saying with a loud voice. Worthy is the Lamb that was slain to receive power, and riches, and wisdom, and strength, and honour, aiad glory, and blessing. And every creature which is in hea- ven and earth, and under the earth, and such as are in the sea, and all that are in them, heard I saying. Blessing, and honour, and glory, and power, be unto him that sitteth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb for ever and ever. And the living creatures said. Amen. And the four and twenty elders fell down and worshipped him that liveth for ever and ever." The reason given of this glorious and wonderful doxology, this attribution of honour and glory to Jesus Christ by the whole host of heaven, is, because he was the Lamb that was slain; that is, because of the work of our redemption and our bringing unto God. And it is not a little refreshment and rejoicing to the souls of the saints, to know that all the angels of God, the whole host of heaven, which never sinned, do yet continually rejoice and ascribe praise and honour to the Lord Jesus, for his bringing them to peace and favour with God. [3.] He is honoured &?/ his saints all the world over; and in- deed, if they do not, who should? If they honour him not as they honour the Father, they are, of all men, the most unworthy. But see what they do. Rev. i. 5, 6, " Unto him that loved us, and washed us from our sins in his own blood, and hath made us kings and priests imto God and his Father; to him be glory and dominion for ever and ever. Amen." Chap. v. 8-10, " The four living creatures and four and twenty elders fell doAvn before the Lamb, having every one of them harps, and golden vials full of odours, which are the prayers of saints. And they sung a new song, saying, Thou art worthy to take the book, and to open the seals thereof: for thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us to God by thy blood, out of every kindred, and tongue, and people, and nation ; and hast made us unto our God kings and priests : and we shall reign on the earth." The great, solemn worship of the Christian church consists in this assignation of honour and glory to OF COMMUNION WITH THE SON JESUS CHEIST. i:;3 the Lord Jesus : therefore do they love him, honour him, delight in him; as Paul, Phil. iii. 8; and so the spouse, Cant. v. 9-16. And this is on this account, — (6.) They cordially approve of this righteousness, this way of ac- ceptation, as that which brings glory to God as such. When they were labouring under the guilt of sin, that which did most of all per- plex then- souls was, that their safety was inconsistent with the glory and honour of the great God, — ^with his justice, faithfulness, and tmth, all which were engaged for the desti-uction of sin ; and how to come off from ruin without the loss of then- honour [i. e., the honour of the fore-mentioned attributes] they savv^ not. But now l)y the reve- lation of this righteousness from faith to faith, they plainly see that all the properties of God are exceedingly glorified in the pardon, justifi- cation, and acceptance of poor sinners; as before was manifested. And this is the first way whereby the saints hold daily communion with the Lord Jesus in this purchased grace of acceptation with God : they consider, approve of, and rejoice in, the way, means, and thing itself. 2. They make an actual commutation with the Lord Jesus as to their sins and his righteousness. Of this there are also sundry parts : — (L) They continually keep ahve upon their hearts a sense of the guilt and evil of sin ; even then when they are under some comfort- able persuasions of their personal acceptance with God. Sense of pardon takes away the horror and fear, but not a due sense of the guilt of sin. It is the daily exercise of the saints of God, to consider the great provocation that is in sin, — ^their sins, the sin of their nature and lives ; to render themselves vile in their own hearts and thoughts on that account; to compare it with the terror of the Lord; and to judge themselves continually. This they do in general. " My sin is ever before me," says David. They set sin before them, not to temfy and affright their souls with it, but that a due sense of the evil of it may be kept alive upon their hearts. (2.) They gather up in their thoughts the sins for which they have not made a particular reckoning with God in Christ ; or if they have begun so to do, yet they have not made clear work of it, nor come to a clear and comfortable issue. There is nothing more dread- ful than for a man to be able to digest his convictions; — to have siu look him in the face, and speak perhaps some words of teiTor to him, and to be able, by any charms of diversions or delays, to put it off, without coming to a full trial as to state and condition in reference thereunto. This the saints do : — they gather up their sins, lay them in the balance of the law, see and consider their weight and desert • and then, — ' Horn. i. 17, .^. 3, 4. VOL, II. IfJ 194 OF COMMUNION \Y1TH T]IE SON JESUS CHRIST (3.) They malvc this commutation I speak of with Jesus Christ; tliat is, — [1.] They seriously consider, and by faith conquer, all objections to the contrary, that Jesus Christ, by the will and appointment of the Father, hath really undergone the punishment that was due to those sins that lie now under his eye and consideration, Isa. liii. 6 ; 2 Cor. V. 21. He hath as certainly and really answered the justice of God for them as, if he himself (the sinner) should at that instant be cast into hell, he could do. [2.] They hearken to the voice of Christ calling them to liim with then- burden, " Come unto me, all ye that are weary and heavy laden;" — " Come with youx burdens; come, thou poor soul, with thy guilt of sin." Why? what to do? " Why, this is mine," saith Christ ; " this agreement I made with my Father, that I should come, and take thy sins, and bear them away: they were my lot. Give me thy burden, give me all thy sins. Thou knowest not what to do with them ; I know how to dispose of them well enough, so that God shall be glorified, and thy soul delivered." Hereupon, — [3.] They lay down their sins at the cross of Christ, upon his shoulders. This is faith's great and bold venture upon the gi'ace, faithfulness, and truth of God, to stand by the cross and say, " Ah ! he is briused for my sins, and woimded for my transgressions, and the chastisement of my peace is upon him. He is thus made sin for me. Here I give up my sins to him that is able to bear them, to undergo them. He requires it of my hands, that I should be content that he should undertake for them; and that I heartily consent unto." This is every day's work; I know not how any peace can be maintained with God without it. If it be the work of souls to receive Christ, as made sin for us, we must receive him as one that takes our sins upon him. Not as though he died any more, or suffered any more; but as the faith of the saints of old made that present and done before their eyes [which had] not yet come to pass, Heb. xi. 1, so faith noAV makes that present which Avas accomplished and past many generations ago. This it is to know Christ crucified. [4.] Having thus by faith given up their sins to Christ, and seen God laying them all on him, they draw nigh, and take from him that righteousness which he hath wrought out for them; so fulfilling the whole of that of the apostle, 2 Cor. v. 21, " He was made sin for us, that we might be made the righteousness of God in him." They con- sider him tendering himself and his righteousness, to be their right- eousness before God; they take it, and accept of it, and complete this blessed bartering and exchange of faith. ' Anger, curse, wrath, death, sin as to its gi-iilt, he took it all and takes it all away. With OF COMMUNION WITH THE SON JESUS CHRIST. 195 him we leave whatever of this nature belongs to us; and from him we receive love, life, righteousness, and peace. Objection. But it may be said, " Surely this course of procedure can never be acceptable to Jesus Christ. What ! shall we daily come to him with our filth, our gaiilt, our sins? May he not, will he not, bid us keep them to ourselves? they are our own. Shall we be always giving sins, and taking righteousness?" Ansiuer. There is not any thing that Jesus Christ is more delighted with, than that his saints should always hold communion with him as to this business of giving and receiving. For, — 1. This exceedingly honours him, and gives him the glory that is his due. Many, indeed, cry " Lord, Lord," and make mention of him, but honour him not at all. How so? They take his work out of his hands, and ascribe it unto other things ; their repentance, their duties, shall bear their iniquities. They do not say so; but they do so. The commutation they make, if they make any, it is with them- selves. All their bartering about sin is in and with their own souls The work that Christ came to do in the v/orld, was to " bear our ini- quities," and lay down his life a ransom for our sins. The cup he had to drink of was filled with our sins, as to the punishment due to them. What greater dishonour, then, can be done to the Lord Jesus, than to ascribe this work to any thing else, — to think to get rid of our sins [by] any other way or means? Herein, then, I say, is Christ honoured indeed, when we go to him with our sins by faith, and say unto him, " Lord, this is thy work ; this is that for which thou camest into the world ; this is that thou hast undertaken to do. Thou callest for my burden, which is too heavy for me to bear; take it, blessed Redeemer Thou tenderest thy righteousness ; that is my portion." Then is Christ honoured, then is the glory of mediation ascribed to him, when we walk with him in this communion. 2. This exceedinglij endears the sotds of the saints to him, and constrains them to put a due valuation upon hun, his love, his righteousness, and grace. When they find, and have the daily use of it, then they do it. Who would not love him? " I have been with the Lord Jesus," may the poor soul say : " I have left my sins, my burden, with him; and he hath given me his righteousness, where- with I am going with boldness to God. I was dead, and am cdive; for he died for me: I was cursed, and am blessed; for he Avas made a citrsefor me: I was troubled, but have peace; for the chastisement of my peace was upon him. I knew not what to do, nor whither to cause my sorrow to go; by him have I received joy tinsj^ealcable and glorious. If I do not love him, delight in him, obey him, live to him, die for him, I am worse than the devils in hell." Now the great aim of Christ in the world is, to have a high place and esteem in the 196 OF COMMUNION WITH THE SON JESUS CHRIST. hoarts of his people; to have there, as he hath in himself, the pre- ciniucnce in all things,— not to be jostled up and down among other things, — to be all, and in all. And tlius are the saints of God pre- pared to esteem him, upon the engaging themselves to this commu- nion with him. Obj. Yea, but you will say, " If this be so, what need we to repent or amend our luays? it is but going to Christ by faith, makuig this exchange with him: and so we may sin, that grace may abound." Ans. I judge no man's person; but this I must needs say, that I do not understand how a man that snakes this objection in cold blood, not under a temptation or accidental darkness, can have any true or real acquaintance with Jesus Christ: however, this I am certain of, that this communion in itself produces quite other effects than those supposed. For, — 1. For repentance; it is, I suppose, a gospel rejyentance that is intended. For a legal, bondage repentance, full of dread, amazement, terror, self-love, astonishment at the presence of God, I confess this communion takes it aAvay, prevents it, casts it out, with its bondage and fear; but for gospel repentance, whose nature consists in godly sorrow for sin, with its relinquishment, proceeding from faith, love, ■and abhorrency of sin, on accounts of Father, Son, and Spirit, both law and love, — that this should be hindered by this communion, is not possible. I told you that the foundation of this communion is laid in a deep, serious, daily consideration of sm, its guilt, vileness, and abomination, and our own vileness on that account; that a sense hereof is to be kept alive in and upon the heart of every one that will enjoy this communion with Christ : without it Christ is of no value nor esteem to him. Now, is it possible that a man should daily fill his heart with the thoughts of the vileness of sin, on all considera- tions whatever, — of law, love, grace, gospel, life, and death, — and be filled -with self-abhorrency on this account, and yet be a stranger to godly sorrow ? Here is the mistake, — the foundation of this com- munion is laid in that which they suppose it overthrows. 2. But what shall v/e say for obedience? " If Christ be so glorified and honoured by taking our sins, the more we bring to him, the more will he be glorified." A man could not suppose that this objection would be made, but that the Holy Ghost, who knows wliat is in man and his heart, hath made it for them, and in their name, Rom. vi. 1-S. The very same doctrine that I have insisted on being delivered, chap. V. 18-20, the same objection is made to it: and for those who think it may have any weight, I refer them to the answer given in that chapter by the apostle; as also to what was said before to the neces- sity of our obedience, notwithstanding the imputation of the right- eousness of Christ. OF COMMUNION WITH THE SON JESUS CHEIST. 197 But you will say, " How should we address ourselves to the per- formance of this duty ? what path are we to walk in ?" Faith exercises itself in it, especially three ways : — (1.) In meditation. The heart goes over, in its own thoughts, the part above insisted on, sometimes severally, sometimes jointly, some- times fixing primarily on one thing, sometimes on another, and some- times going over the whole. At one time, perhaps, the soul is most upon consideration of its own sinfulness, and filling itself with shame and self-abhoiTency on that account; sometimes it is filled with the thoughts of the righteousness of Christ, and with joy unspeakable and glorious on that account. Especially on grea,t occasions, when grieved and burdened by negligence, or eruption of corruption, then the soul goes over the whole work, and so drives things to an issue with God, and takes up the peace that Christ hath wrought out for him. (2.) In considering and inqim^ing into the promises of the gospel, which hold out all these things : — the excellency, fulness, and suitable- ness of the righteousness of Christ, the rejection of all false right- eousness, and the commutation made in the love of God; vv^hich was formerly insisted on. (3.) In prayer. Herein do their souls go through this work day by day; and this communion have all the saints with the Lord Jesus, as to their acceptation with God : which was the first thing proposed to consideration. CHAPTER IX. Of communion with Christ in holiness — The several acts ascribed unto the Lord Christ herein: 1. His intercession; 2. Sending of the Spirit; 3. Bestows habitual grace — What that is, and wherein it consists — This purchased by Christ ; bestowed by him — Of actual grace — How the saints hold communion with Christ in these things ; manifested in sundry particulars. II. Our communion with the Lord Jesus as to that grace of sanc- tification and purification whereof v/e have made mention, in the several distinctions and degrees thereof, formerly, is nextly to be con- sidered. And herein the former method must be observed ; and we must show, — 1. What arc the peculiar actings of the Lord Christ as to this communion ; and, 2. What is the duty of the saints herein. The sum is, — How we hold communion with Christ in holiness, as well as in righteousness; and that very briefly: — 1. There are several acts ascribed unto the Lord Jesus in reference to this particular; as, — 198 OF COMMUNION WITH THE SON JESUS CHRIST. (1.) His intercedinj witli the Father, by virtue of his oblation in the behalf of his, that ho would bestow the Holy Spirit on them. Here I choose to enter, because of the oblation of Chiist itself I have sjiokon before ; otherwise, every thing is to be run up to that head, that source and spring. There lies the foundation of all spiritual mercies whatever; as afterward also shall be manifested. Now the Spirit, as unto us a Spirit of grace, holiness, and consolation, is of the pur- chase of Christ. It is upon the matter, the great promise of the new covenant, Ezek. xi. 19, "I will put a new spirit within you;" so also, chap, xxxvi. 27; Jer. xxxii. 39, 40 ; and in sundry other places, whereof afterward. Christ is the mediator and " surety of this new covenant." Heb. vii. 22, " Jesus was made surety of a better testament," or rather covenant; — a testament needs no surety. He is the undertaker on the part of God and man also: of man, to give satisfaction; of' God, to bestow the whole grace of the promise ; as chap. ix. 15, " For this cause he is the mediator of the new testament, that by means of death, for the redemption of transgressions that were under the first testament, they which are called might receive the promise of eternal inheritance." He both satisfied for sin and procured the promise. He procures all the love and kindness which are the fruits of the covenant, being himself the original promise thereof. Gen. iii. 15; the whole being so " ordered in all things, and made sure," 2 Sam. xxiii. 5, that the residue of its effects should all be derived from him, depend upon him, and be procured by him, — " that he in all things might have the pre-eminence," Col. i. 18; according to the compact and agreement made with him, Isa. liii. 12. They are all the pur- chase of his blood ; and therefore the Spirit also, as promised in that covenant, 1 Cor. i. 30. Now, the whole fruit and purchase of his death is made out from the Father upon his intercession. This (John xiv. 16-18) he promiseth his disciples, that he will pursue the work which he hath in hand in their behalf, and intercede with the Father for the Spirit, as a fruit of his purchase. Therefore he tells them that he will not pray the Father for his love unto them, because the eternal love of the Father is not the fruit but the fountain of his purchase : but the Spirit, that is a fruit ; " That," saith he, " I will pray the Father for," etc. And what Christ asketh the Father as medi- ator to bestow on us, that is part of his purchase,^ being promised unto him, upon his undertaking to do the will of God. And this is the first thing that is to be considered in the Lord Jesus, as to the communication of the Sj^irit of sanctification and purification, the first thing to be considered in tliis our communion with him, — he inter- cedes with his Father, that he may be bestowed on us as a fruit of his Ueath and bloodshed in our behalf This is the relation of the Spirit » Ps. ii. 8; Tsa. liii. 12; Ps. xl, 8-12, OF COMMUNION WITH THE SON JESUS CHRIST. 199 of holiness, as bestowed on us, unto tlie mediation of Christ. He is the gi-eat ^foundation of the covenant of grace; being himself ever- lastingly destinated and freely given to make a purchase of all the good things thereof Receiving, according to promise, the Holy Ghost, Acts ii. 33, he sheds him abroad on his own. This faith considers, fixes on, dwehs upon.
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-118 RFPP RAPPV;-;T , 32 i 1™v"Î9(p" 117 50 ÎÎ Ô" 60 ' 118* 50 *; ; : "93 75 G OEItZ et C. .. Limited , août 1900 93 3.94 50.93 50..;,,, 157 .. THARSIS, jouiss. 10 mai 1901 157.159 320 .. MARCINELL-COUILLET ..... 560 .. VIEILLE-MONTAGNE.. 560 118 .. CAPF.-COPPER ex-c. 32, j. janv. 190 ... IL M.UJ 50-118 ou.... R. o 40 . J Camp. 89 .. d 5 95 d250 R. 0 75 1 .. Comp. 181 .. d 5 d2 50 159-160 5000 .. ASTURIEN.DESMINES -JO .. BISCUITSOLIBET ..... 69 15 FP d5 L)O FP d2 50 fe m " d 5 131 .. IIUAlCHAq. ex-c. 18, j. janv. 1902... 130 50.134-132 150 .. TRANSYAAI. CONSOLIDATED.... 150-148 50.151-149 50 ..... 705 .. DONETZ ......••• . : •• ' 'kk . a 0 U o ........ XOI Camp. 131 d5 131 50 34 d2 50 135-136] R. 0 60. 0 75 Comp. Hi .. d 5 d2 50 135 .. HUANCHACA ......... 130 DÙ RHAoRJoER0E60aU P Camp. "1Ô4"' d 10 dé".'.'.'.'.';.'! • 187 .' R. KERTCH (Mines et Usines). 186-190-189 50 231 50 VILLAGE MAIN REEF, j. JUIllet 1899.. 231 50.232,231 1270 .. 11AItPENER ........... 1260 .................................. :: FP DI.. FP «NTS». ?? :: S2 50 92...................... :. R. 0 60 0 75 c0LP. 210.. d 10 ....... d5190.191.1 ...... R. 1.. 110 Camp. 227 .. d 5 ........ d250 ....... Changes à Paris Escorap CHANGES PAPIER COURT a 1 etr. VALEURS SE NÉGOCIANT A TROIS MOIS 3 .. % HOLLANDE 204 3/4 à 205 1/4 3 .. % ALMMAGNE 121 9/16 à 121 13/16 3 % % VIENNE 103 1/2 à 103 3/4 5 % ESPAGiiit 356 ./. 11 3S5 /. — versement.. 361 ./. à ..../. 6 .. % PORTUGHL 42i) ./. à 430 ./. 5 Ys % PÈTERSBOURG........ 264 3/4 à 266 3/4 versem. 264 7/8 à 266 7/8 VALEURS SE NÉGOCIANT A VUE 3 .. % LONDRES 25 14 ./. à 25 il ./. chèque 25 16 ./. à 25 19 ,/. 3 .. % BELGIQUE 1/4 p'a à 1/8 P'° 3 % % SUISSE 3/4 p" à 5/8 pl. 5 .. % ITALIE (lire) 2 3/4 pl. à 2 1/4 p" 4 .. % Ksw-KoRK )en or).. 513 1/2 11 516 1/2 PRIMES SUR L'OR 26 mars) Lisbonne 29 . /. 0/0. — Buenos-Ayres 141 1/2 0/0 CHANGES SUR LONDRES Rio-de-Janeiro. 12 1/16 — Valparaiso 13 13/16 MÉTAUX: Etain, Londres, 116 3/4.— Cuivre, Londres terme 51 7/8 cpt52./., New-York 12 1/4. | Plomb, Glascow 11 9/16 — Fers, Glascow 52j8 % Argent, Londres24 7/8à ..../..; Paris 89 75 à 91 % Changes à Paris (suite) Escomp CHANGES PAPIER LONG a 1 etr. VALEURS SE NÉGOCIANT A TROIS MOIS 3 .. % IIOLLANDIÎ 205 ./. à 205 1/2 et 4 .. % 3 .. % ALLEMAGNE 121 7/8 à 122 1/8 et 4 .. % 3 % % VIENNE 103 5/8 à 103 9/8 et 4 •• % 5 .. % ESPAGNE /. à ..../. et 4 .. % — versem ...../. à ..../. '6 .. % PORTUGAL 420 ./. à 430 ./. et 4 .. % 5 Yi % PÉTERSBOURG... 260 1/2 à 262 1/2 et 4 .. % — versem. 266 ./ à 218 ./. et 4 .. % VALEURS SE NÉGOCIANT A VUE 3 .. %ILoNDREs 25 14 ./. à25 11 ./. m' 3 .. % 3 .. % BELGIQUE 3/16 p1" à 1/'!6 m' 3 .. % 3 Vt % SUISSE 5/8 p" à 1/2 pt. m' 5 .. % 5 .. % ITALIE (lire).... 2 5/8 p" à. 2 1/8 pt. m' 5 .. % 4 .. % NEW-YORK (or). 512 1/2 à 515 1/2 m' 4 .. % CHANGES SUR PARIS (26 mars) LONDRES Chèq. 25 17 ./. ROME Li. 102 25 . /. VIENNE FI. 95 50 ./ GÈNES ..L.. 102 22 1/2 IBERLI-,; Rm. 81 50 ./. MILAN L.. 102 25 ./. MADRID P. 38 80 BRUXELLES ..F. 100 18 3/4 BARCELONE P. 38 10 AMSTERDAM ..FI. 48 25 ./. S.-PETIT.RSBOURGR. 31 81 ./. LISBONNE Rs. 697 .. 1/2 CONSTANTINOPLEL. 22 13 7/8 I NEW-YORK ..Dol. 5 17 1/2 Bourses étrangères VIENNE RENTE OR... LAENDERBANK HONGROIS ALPINES 399 .. MOBILIER AUTRICH 697 .. AUTRICHIENS 67o 75 FONCIER I)'ÀUTRICII LOMBARDS 65 15 BERLIN CONSOLIDÉS 3 Y. % 101 75 1 ROUBLE 216 25 3 0/0.. 92 25 1 ITALIEN 100 90 BARCELONE INTÉRIEURE 12 22 1 EXTÉRIEURE ~ — BRUXELLES LOTS DU CONGO.... 81 15 1 HUTA-BANKOWA COCKERILL 2075 .. I BRIANSK ..... 397 .. PROVIDENCE 1900 .. OUGRÉE .... 985 •• DNIÉPROVIENNE . • • 2100 .. 1 TOULA ............. 30 Bourses des Départements BORDEAUX 3 0/0 100 62 1 EXTÉRIEURE 73 10 NORD ESPAGNE ... 181 .. 1 RIO 1085 • • LYON 3 0/0 4no 62 BANQUE OTTOMANE 562.. CRÉDIT LYONNAIS. iClS •• RIO 10:-,9 .. GAZ DE LYO'N. 7L 5 .. CREUSOT 1.1OU .. OMNIB. ET TRAMW. 93'J .. ACIÉR. de la MARINE 1367 .. LILLS LILLE 1860 112 .. DOURGES lOO' 236 .. DÉP. DU NORD 1870 113 . COURGES act. ent.. 24100 .. DROCOURT 1 à 1800 3000 .. — 1801 à 3500 3000 .. Actions f;P:KAC 2400* 1350 .. B. DU NORD ET DU ESC.A.RPELLE. 845 .. PAS-DE-CALAIS.. 1290 .. FENFAT 689 .. B. REG. DU NORD. 465 .. FUNES-L.nACIIES 690 .. CRÉDIT DU No RD . 496 .. LENS 588 .. JI. DET!LDER ETC" 1031 .. LIÉVIN. 2330 .. GAZ deWAZEMMES 510 .. LIGNY-LES-AIRES 0 429 .. ÉCONOM. DU NORD — 250 f. p. 408 .. BIACHE S'-W AAST 3S50 .. M ARLES 30 0/0.... 1675.. DENAIN ET ANZIN 1098 .. — 70 0/0.... 1800 .. H. F. DE MAUBEUGE li5 .. MEURCHIN 2295 .. NORD-IINCENDIE — c. de 5'. 11550 .. OSTRICOURT . 1300 . THIVENCELLES-... 4i8. Charbonnage» (Actions) YICOIGNE 20995 ALBI 1:200.. CLARENCE 520 .. BUUY-GRENAY... 36-15 .. BETH UNE 1877 .... 4,0 .. CVMPAGNAC 1300.. DOURGES 1894 .... 511 .. CARVIN 5' 430.. DROCOURT 1894... 5il .. CARVIN 2130 .. ESCARPELLE 1894. b-) 1 .. COURRIÈRES 10' .. 2279 .. LENS 1893...: .... 507 .. BOUCHY ........... 10 43 .. MARLES 1893 ...... SOO .. , INFORMATIONS Canal de Suez 190a 1901 1 Recette du 25 mars 390.000 310.000 Recet. l"janv.<ui25mars 25.090.000 2'J.490.000 Caisse nationale d'épargne. — Opération. effectuées pendant le mois de février 1902 : . Versements : 41,547,154. Retraits : 28,004,480. Excédent des recettes : 12.846,424. i Rentes achetées au-x déposants pour un capital de 696.249 fr. • Bilan de la Banane d'Angleterre Encaisse : £ 96.391 diminution. Réserve: 45 63 0/0 (contre 46 31 0/0 le 13 mars). Pour tout ce qui concerne la Rédaction et la Publicité financières, s'adresser à M. J.-Ed. MONTES, aux Bureaux du Journal. Bourse de Commerce Glôtur* Clôtur. Clôture Clôturo mars précéd. du jour précéd. du jour Farines-fleur Blés Courant 2o 80 26 60 21 80 21 55 Avril 26 80 26 65 22.. 21 80 Mai-Juin......... 27 20 27 10 22 35 , 21 20 4 de mai 27 35 27 25 22 25 22 10 Juillet-Août 27 50 27 40 22 10 21 95 4 derniers 33 50 26 40 20 60 20 50 Farines consomm. 27 .. 30 .. Marq. Corbeil 30 .. Seigles Avoines Courant.......... 14 75 14 75 22 15 23 20 Avril 14 85 14 85 21 90 21 80 Mai-Juin 15 10 15 .. 21 95 21 90 4 de mai 14 75 14 75 21 .. 20 95 Juillet-Août...... 14 50 14 50 19 95 19 95 4 derniers ) 14 25 1If 25 17 30 17 30 Huile de Colza Huile de lin Gourant.......... 62 75 62 .. 73 .. i 73 .. Avril 62 75 61 50 71 25 71.. 4 de mai 62 .. 62 .. 71 25 70 75 4 derniers 62 .. 61 50 70 25 70 .. J Alcools Sucres Courant 25 50 25 62 21 37 21 50 Avril 5^5 75 25 62 21 62 21 62 4 de mai 26 75 26 62 22 12 22 12 Juillet-août 22 25 22 37 4 derniers 28 .. 27 87 4 d'octobre 23 .. 23 12 .................. Stock spiritueux : aujourd'hui, 23 825 pipes; hier, 23.850 pipes; 1901, 10.775 pipes. Spiritueux cote du disponible 25 50 à 25 75 Sucres roux 88° nets 17 ,. à 17 50 — raffinés .............. 95 50 à 96 .. OBSERVATIONS SUR LE MARCHÉ Farines. — Très faibles, avec peu d'aSairea, Blés. — Bon courant d'affaire» à des prix fai-hlpq, Seigles. — Soutenus. Avoines. — Marché actif, mais faible. Huile de colza.— Rapproché très faible, livrable calme. Huile de lin. — Faible, avec quelques affaires. Spiritueux. — Soutenus ; quelques échanges sur le courant. . Sucres. — Calmes, mais soutenus sur l'étranger. Bourse da Havre du 26 mars Cafét. — New-York est partiellement en baisse de 5 points. Marché calme et facile vu la petite demanda spéculative. Sur place, on débute en baisse de 25 centimes. A midi, prix inchangés; mars 37, mai 37 25, juillet 37 75, septembre 38 50, décembre 39 25. Cotons. — New-York est en baisse de 3 à 13 points. Le marché se ressent des fortes liquidations. Ventes 450.000 balles. Sur place, on débute baisse de 50 à 62 centimes. A midi, prix inchangés; mars 54 87, mai 54 62, juillet 54 50, septembre 54 25, décembre 50 50, janvier 50 25. Laines. — Soutenues; mois rapprochés, inchangés; éloignés, en hausse dé 50 centimes. Mars 128 50, mai 129 50, juillet 131 50, septembre 133, décembre 134 50, janvier 135. Marché de Roubaix-Tourcoing Laines. — Calmes. Ventes: 15.000 kil.; mars nominal, avril 4 47, mai 4 45, juin 4 45, juillet 4 45, août 4 45, septembre 4 45, octobre 4 45, novembre 4 45, décembre 4 45. MARCHE AUX FOURRAGES DE LA CHAPELLE du 26 mars Tendance soutenue. 1" quai. S* quai. 3, quai. Paille de blé.... 37à33 35 à 36 30 à33 — de seigle. 40 42 36 38 33 34 — . d'avoine. 35 36 33 34 29 32 Foin 65 .. 58 60 50 53 Luzerne 55 .. 48 52 43 46 Regain 55 .. 48 52 43 46 Trèfle ....... ». « Le tout rendu dans Paris 'au domicile de l'acheteur, frais de camionnage et droits d'entrée compris par 104 bottes da 5 kil. : savoir 6 fr. pour foin et fourrages secs ; 2 40 pour paille. Pourboire en sus 1 fr. par 104 bottes. FORMATIONS DE SOCIÉTÉS 4 mars. — Société coopérative anonyme à capi-!a.l et personnel variables « Le Progrès social », 44, rue de Flandre, 99 ans. 4.000 fr. — Société en nom collectif Jeanne et Schmitt, couture, 63 bis, rue de la Victoire, 3 ans, 10.000 fr. — Société anonyme dite Société française d'Epuration de Caoutchouc, 59, rue de Provence, 50 ans. 365.000 fr. — Société anonyme coopérative à capital variable d'habitations à bon marché dite Le Castor, aux Magasins du Louvre, 40 ans, 110.000 fr. — Société en commandite Bélin et Cie, Société Internationale de Tir, 13, 15, rue des Petites-Ecuries, 10 ans. 40.000 fr. dont 20.000 fr. par la commandite. — — Socièté en nom collectif Chafaroux et ses fils, corderie, 4, rue Saint-Martin. 20 ans. 215.000 fr. — Société en commandite Filliol et Cie, fournitures industrielles, 8, rue de Bretagne, à Asnières. 15 ans. 131.000 fr. dont 110.000 fr. par la commandite. 5 mars. — Société en nom collectif Emile Tayer-nier et Cie, confiserie, 4, rue de Jouy. 2.000 fr. — Société en commandite J. Demoreuil et Cie, vaporisateur, 3, rue Rampon. 10 ans. 1.596 fr. — Société en nom collectif Julien Schwab et Cie, nouveautés pour dames, 219, rue Saint-Denis. 10 ans. 25.000 francs. — Société en commandite Victor Branger et Cie, rôtisserie, beurre, œufs, 201, rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis. 10 ans. — Société en nom collectif Lévy frères, loueurs de chevaux et voitures, 13, boulevard Inkermann, à Neuilly. 20 ans. 515.000 francs. 6 mars. — Société en nom collectif Charles Prieu? et A. Poix, moutons en gros, aux Abattoirs de Ja Villette. 5 ans. 7.000 fr. — Société anonyme dite L'Imprimerie Miriam, 24, rue des Ecoles. 50 ans. — Société anonyme dite Cote graphique, 23, rie de la Chaussée-d'Antin. 20 ans. 15.000 fr. — Société en commandite Tétard frères, orfèvrerie d'argent et autres métaux, 4, rue Béranger. 20 ans. 530.000 fr,, dont 500.000 fr. par la commandite. ^ Sport, Jeudi 27 mars, à 2 heures, courses à Saint-Ouen. Appréciations Prix du Cambrésis : Ec. Thiébaux, Urbain. Prix du Hainaut : Robo, Balascès. Prix du Nord : Siroés, Caen. Prix de la Scarpe : North Sea, Sans Culotte II. Prix de l'Artois : Saverdun, Balascès. Prix de la Flandre : Barnevelt, Bilbaude. Prix du Cambrésis. — L'écurie Thiébaux est bien représentée avec Balascès et Rembrandt, qui vient de prendre une place de second à Auteuil. Les plus sérieux adversaires devraient être Urbaine, qui a gagné dimanche à Auteuil, Taurus, second derrière elle dans cette même course, et Guillaume, dont la dernière course à Saint-Ouen est bonne. — Ec. Thiébault, Urbaine. Prix du Hainaut. — Hameau vient de montrer une bonne forme à Saint-Ouen et à Auteuil, en dernier lieu second derrière Argument à 14 livres. Balascès, pour ses débuts en steeple, s'est placé second, hier, derrière Lierru. Robo n'a pas encore débuté sur les gros obstacles, mais il a eu toute une série de bonnes courses en haies. Fadette, en bonne forme, aurait une excellente chance, mais elle n'a rien fait depuis longtemps. — Robo, Balascès. Prix du Nord. — La forme publique indique Retiré, Siroës, Caen et Pince Cœur, qui tous viennent da gagner ou de bien courir. On peut mentionner Bilbaude, dont le poids vis-à-vis dos 4 ans est favorable. J'incline en faveur d e Siroës et Gaen. Prix de la Scarpe. — North Sea, qui a gagné j une course de haies à Saint-Ouen; Quakereas et Sans Culotte II, qni viennent de bien figurer dans plusieurs courses, sont les plus reco.moiandablea. — North Sea, Sans Culotte Il, Prix de lArtois. —* itorfaits du handicap, comme ceux du suivant, ne seront déclarés que ce soir, 0,n peut voir, dès à présent, Saverdun, Balascès, Empress of India, Trivia dans cet ordre. Prix de la Flandre, On peut noter comme étant les mieux placés : Barnevelt, Bilbaude, Robo, • II Trésor II. COURSES A SAINT-OUEN Résultats du Pari mutuel Noms Situât. I Courses des g <:) o1® des chevaux chev. j 0 & d / 1 P £> Puycalvel Gagn.. 74 5o! 38 50 1 r. c. — Placé.. 24 50 12 .. 11 part. Sans Culotte II.... Placé.. 14 50 7 50 Moteur Placé.. 70 50 ! 23 . ■ Sainfoin II. Gagn.. 60 50, 29 .. S'c. — Placé.. 21 50| 10 .. 10 part.iLocarn Plac,,.. 37 50' 1103 50 IPrimitif Placé.. 27 50i 13 . ■ Solon [Gagn.. 13 .. 6 50 S' c. » Placé ... 3 part. > Placé , . l Placé.. IGar,,Ctot Gagn.. 15 .. 7 50 ,( . e. i » ■ Placé 3 part. » Placé | D Placé | iVindex ......Grag'n.. j 31,. 17 50 5'c. — Placé.. 17 9 50 7 part. « Olonne Placé.. 30 .. 15 50 0 Placé..! ^ Lierru iGagn.. 40 50 ' 26^50 6, e — IPlacé.. 25 50 14 ■■ 7 part. Balascès Place.. 16 50 9 50 1 . «. I Placé CONCOURS HIPPIQUE Toujours la même monotonie. On remarquait quelques personnalités officielles ; Mme Loubet, les généraux Zurlinden et Brugère. Dans le défilé des attelages internationaux, on remarqnait ceux de MM. Ferrand, Goyard. baron Foache, O. Gallice, Dedyn, baron de Veauce, etc. . La journée s'est terminée par le Prix des Ecoles. Le éra-.t responsable : ALPHONSE MÉNAGER; IMPRIMERIE DE LA PRESSE M. rue du Croissant, PA&tS. — S lin art, lDJ1Io.
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— 25. Ne se réveillent pas ; certains dorment depuis six jours ; thermomètre à zéro le matin. — 26. Malgré les efforts faits pour les réchauffer, ils ne se meuvent plus. — 27. Ils sont inertes, ne mangent plus ; la pluie dure toute la journée. — 28, Il n'y a plus de remède, on renonce et on les jette. N° 2 GRANDE MAGNANERIE DE SAINT-ALBAN Graine de pays non lavée (20 grammes) MAI. 5. Sont tous éclos; satisfaisants. — 6. Ils vont bien. — 7. — — 8. — — 9. — — 10. Ils dorment de la première mue. — 11. Font leur premier repas; sont transportés dans la grande magnanerie. — 12. Ils vont bien. — 13. Délités; pluie. — 14. N'ont pas mangé; toujours grande pluie. — 15. Le soir mangent un peu ; toujours pluie. — 16. Dorment de la deuxième mue. — 17. Se réveillent très-satisfaisants; font leur premier repas. — 18. Délités; vont bien. — 19. Vont bien. — 20. — — 21. Délités; vont toujours bien. — 22. Vont bien. — 23. Ils dorment de la troisième mue. — 24. Commençent à se réveiller ; sont satisfaisants. — 25. Se réveillent difficilement; thermomètre a zéro le matin. — 26. Font leur premier repas; paraissent bien satisfaisants. — 27. Délités ; mangent bien ; vont bien ; cependant quelques morts. — 28. Vont bien ; toujours satisfaisants. — 29. Délités; vont bien ; quelques morts. — 30. Mangent bien ; sont passables. — 31. Sont bien changés; deviennent laids. JUIN. 1er. Il n'y a plus de remède; on renonce, on les jette. N° 3 GRANDE MAGNANERIE DE SAINT-ALBAN Graine de pays. Saint-Georges-de-Reneins (40 grammes) MAI. 3. Sont tous éclos; très-satisfaisants. — 4. Ils vont bien. — 5. — — 6. — — 8. Ils dorment de la première mue. — 9. Font leur premier repas; vont très-bien. — 10. Délités; vont très-bien. — 11. Vont très-bien. — 12. — — 13. Commencent à dormir. — 14. Dorment de la deuxième mue. — 15. Réveillés; prennent leur premier repas. — 16. Vont bien; seulement on trouve que pour 40 grammes, ils tiennent peu de place. — 17. Vont bien; pas de morts. — 18. Délités; vont bien; cependant quelques petits. — 19. Vont toujours bien. — 20. Délités; vont bien; cependant quelques petits. — 21. Quelques-uns dorment. — 22. Dorment de la troisième mue ; toujours satisfaisants. — 23. Font leur repas. — 24. Grande différence entre ceux de la magnanerie et ceux de cabane ; les premiers plus beaux. — 25. Délités; nous trouvons des petits et des morts. — 26. Ceux de la magnanerie, quoique moins mauvais que ceux de la cabane, ne vont pas bien. — 27. Ils sont séparés et mis à part pour ne pas infester les autres. — 28. On espère qu'ils s'amélioreront. — 29. Mangent peu; crèvent en grande quantité. — 30. Plus de remède ; ils sont jetés. 4e SÉRIE, T. I. 6 N° 4 CABANE DE PAILLE Graine de pays. Saint-Georges-de-Reneins (22 grammes) MAI. 3. Sont tous éclos ; satisfaisants. — 4. Ils vont bien. — 5. — — 6. — — 7. — — 8. Dorment de la première mue. — 9. Font leur premier repas. — 10. Délités; très-satisfaisants. — 11. Ils vont bien. — 12. — — 13. Dorment de la deuxième mue. — 14. Dorment; grande pluie. — 15. Réveillés ; font leur premier repas. — 16. Vont bien; cependant pour 22 grammes tiennent peu de place; pas de morts toutefois. — 17. Vont bien. — 18. Délités; vont bien. — 19. Vont bien. — 20. Délités; quelques petits. — 21. Quelques-uns dorment. — 22. Dorment de la troisième mue. — 23. Font leur premier repas ; vont bien ; rapportés de la cabane dans laquelle il pleut. — 24. Délités; on trouve des morts; on leur donne de la feuille de mûrier sauvage qu'ils mangent mieux. — 25. Ils ne veulent plus manger; ne grossissent plus; beaucoup de petits. — 26. On les change de magnanerie pour ne pas infester les autres lots. — 27. Deviennent de plus en plus laids. — 28. Il n'y a plus de remède; ils sont jetés. — 29. Remplacés par d'autres provenant de graines de pays qui vont bien. — 30. Ces nouveaux vers dépérissent. — 31. Mangent peu ; courent au bord des claies. JUIN. ler. Marchent très-mal. — 2. Plus de remède; ils sont jetés. N° 5 GRANDE MAGNANERIE DE SAINT-ALBAN 2 Cartons. Japon (70 grammes) MAI. 1er. L'éclosion est terminée ; elle s'est faite dans de bonnes conditions. — 2. Ils sont en bon état et marchent bien. — 5. On les délite. — 6. Ils commencent à s'endormir. — 7. Dorment de la première mue. — 8. Se réveillent; vont très-bien. — 9. Délités; ils font leur premier repas. — 10. État satisfaisant; ils mangent bien. — 11. Délités ; transportés dans la grande magnanerie ; très-bien. — 12. Vont très-bien. — 13. Dorment de la deuxième. — 14. Continuent à dormir. — 15. La feuille humide par suite de pluie n'est pas donnée aux vers. — 16. La feuille à peu près sèche, nous la donnons en trois repas. — 17. Délités ; ils vont bien et mangent bien. — 18. Ils vont bien. — 19. — — — 20. Délités; ils marchent toujours bien. — 21. Marchent bien. — 22. Une partie s'endort de la troisième. — 23. Dorment. — 24. Pas assez éveillés pour leur donner la feuille. — 25. Séparation de ceux éveillés à l'aide de filets. — 26. Marchent passablement. — 27. La feuille étant mouillée ne leur est pas donnée. — 28. Vont bien. — 29. Délités; quelques petits se montrent. — 30. Marchent bien. — 31. Paraissent moins bien que la veille ; on les délite ; on trouve beaucoup de morts. JUIN. 1er. Sont longs à s'endormir; on sépare ceux qui ne sont pas encore endormis. — 2. Quelques-uns se réveillent mais marchent très-mal. — 3. Délités; les trois quarts restent dans la litière. — 4. Le peu qui reste est conservé. — 5. Impossible de les mener plus loin, ils sont jetés. N° 6 GRANDE MAGNANERIE DE SAINT-ALBAN Graine de Quito remise par M. Gelot de Paris (5 grammes) MAI. 2. Depuis deux jours, quelques éclosions. — 3. Quelques éclosions successives. — 6. — — — 7. L'éclosion est à peu près terminée. — 8. Marchent bien ; quelques graines n'ont pas encore éclos. — 9. Vont bien mais sont très-irréguliers par suite de l'éclosion — 10. Une partie dort de la première mue. — 11. Quelques vers se réveillent en bon état. — 12. De grands efforts sont faits pour les régulariser. — 13. Délités; ils vont bien. — 14. Rien mangé à cause de la pluie. — 15. Ils font un repas à midi. — 16. Vont assez bien mais sont inégaux. — 17. Dorment de la deuxième mue en partie. — 18. Dorment à peu près tous. — 19. Font leur premier repas à midi. — 20. Délités, quelques petits apparaissent. — 21. Marchent assez bien. — 23. — — Sont délités. — 26. Ils dorment de la troisième mue. — 27. Commencent à se réveiller; sont passables mais très-irréguliers très-irréguliers grosseur. — 28. Font leur premier repas ; marchent passablement. — 29. Délités; sont assez bien. — 30. Marchent bien. _ 31. _ _ JUIN. 1er. Délités; leur apparence est passable. — 2. Une partie s'endort de la quatrième, mais une grande partie périssent de la flétrissure. — 3. Ils se réveillent de la quatrième, mais il y a beaucoup de morts., — 4. Ils périssent en nombre prodigieux. — 5. La mortalité est telle que nous les jetons. N° 7 GRANDE MAGNANERIE DE SAINT-ALBAN Croisement des femelles du Japon avec les mâles du pays MAI. 2. Sont tous éclos. — 3. Ils vont bien. — 4. — — — 5. — — — 6. — — — 7. Quelques-uns commencent à dormir. — 8. Ils dorment de la première mue. — 9. Ils font leur premier repas. — 10. Délités; ils vont bien. — 11. Ils vont bien. — 12. — — — 13. Ils commencent à dormir. — 14. Ils dorment. — 15. Ils se réveillent de la deuxième mue ; sont en bon état. — 16. Marchent bien. — 17. — — Sont délités. — 18. — — — 19. — — — 20. — — Sont délités. — 21. — — — 22. Quelques-uns commencent à dormir de la troisième mue. — 23. Ils dorment de la troisième mue — 24. Ils dorment toujours; une partie se réveille. — 25. Ils font un repas; marchent bien. — 26. Ils vont toujours bien. — 27. La feuille étant mouillée ne leur est pas donnée. — 28. Ils vont bien. — 29. — — Sont délités. — 30. — — — 31. Sont délités ; vont passablement; cependant quelques petits. JUIN. 1er. Une bonne partie s'endort de la quatrième mue. — 2. Ils se réveillent; paraissent bien ; cependant quelques morts. — 3. Continuent à se réveiller ; sont mieux que tous les autres ; cependant quelques morts. — 4. Sont toujours les mieux ; sont délités. — 5. Sont toujours passables. — 6. La mortalité continue. — 7. Ils commencent à monter ; très-mal. — 14. Sur la totalité, il n'y a qu'une trentaine de cocons. N° 8 OBSERVATIONS MÉTÉOROLOGIQUES PENDANT LE TEMPS DES ÉDUCATIONS THERMOMETRE g DATES PLUIE OBSERVATIONS ET ÉTAT DU CIEL MINIMA MAXIMA 9H.DUM. g MAI 1 7,2 18,8 12,0 750 2,00 NO assez fort, pluie et grêle à 1 heure. 2 6,9 18,3 13,5 749 » NO — temps douteux, 3 6,7 20,3 13,6 749 » NO — — 4 6,2 21,4 16,0 748 » NNE — — 5 7,2 23,3 19,2 748 » Ciel pur. 6 10,2 25,3 21,2 749 » — 7 11,3 27,8 22,1 751 » — 8 11.2 27,9 22,9 749 » S fort — 9 13,0 26,8 22,8 747 » SE — 10 12,2 27,5 22,6 746 » S Ciel brouillé. 11 14,0 26,6 25,1 742 p. SS0 Pluie légère. 12 13,5 26,3 22,8 735 p. SE Pluie, averses. 13 11,2 20,2 22,2 738 2,00 S0 fort, pluie. 14 11,1 17,8 17,3 739 15,20 S Pluie, grêle et éclairs. Impossible de 15 8,5 18,9 14,0 741 3,60 OSO Ciel sombre et plucueillir des feuilvieux. feuilvieux. les trop mouillées. 16 8,2 17,8 17.0 742 2,70 SE Pluie intermittente. 17 8,0 14,9 12,6 749 2,20 NNO — — 18 6,0 21,7 11,8 747 » NE Ciel brumeux. 19 10,8 19,8 16,6 745 » SS Ciel orageux. 20 9,5 23,0 19,0 744 p. N à S Tonnerres, éclairs, averses. 21 11,0 17,9 11,2 742 14,60 SSO Ciel brouillé, tonnerres. 22 7,2 16,9 15,0 743 4,10 N à S — pluie. 23 4,8 11,8 8,1 745 1,80 NO fort, ciel vaporeux, pluie Beaucoup de 24 3,2 15,2 8,2 748 1,40 NE Ciel brouillé, neige fondue, fondue, pluie. fer les vers pen25 pen25 22,1 14,6 748 » SE Ciel brouillé, forte gelée ces trois blanche le matin. )jours. 26 9,5 23,2 21,2 745 p. S fort, ciel brouillé, pluie. 27 11,2 17,9 13,8 744 5,60 N Ciel à l'orage, pluie; on ne peut cueillir la feuille. 28 9,5 24,2 18,6 749 11,20 E Ciel à l'orage, grosse pluie. 29 12,8 28,5 24,0 749 » SSE Ciel pur. 30 13,4 29,8 27,0 749 » SE Ciel pur. 31 11,8 24,2 16,6 750 4,70 N à S Ciel vaporeux, pluie. JUIN 1 13,4 28,2 23,9 751 » E Belle journée. 2 15,0 31,0 26,5 748 » ESE — 3 14,8 25,9 26,2 745 » ESE Ciel brouillé, tonnerres. 4 11,6 25,2 17,0 749 6,30 ESE — pluie, 5 13,5 25,3 19,7 750 » ENE — 6 13,2 28,9 23,2 747 » S Ciel pur. 7 11,7 28,7 19,9 747 p. N Ciel gris, pluie. RAPPORT DE LA COMMISSION DES SOIES SUR SES OPÉRATIONS DE L'ANNÉE 1868 MEMBRES DE LA COMMISSION DES SOIES MM. PARISET, PRÉSIDENT; JOURDAN, JOANNON, FOURNET, DURAND, BIÉTRIX BILLOUD, PIATON (C), LOCARD, TABOURIN, GUINON, SAUZEY, CHARVÉRIAT, PERRET PAUL EYMARD, SECRÉTAIRE-RAPPORTEUR MESSIEURS, Dans le dernier Rapport sur la campagne de 1867, nous vous disions que l'irréussite de nos éducations et de nos essais avait été complète. L'année 1868 n'a pas été aussi malheureuse ; nous voudrions pouvoir dire plus heureuse, mais notre réussite n'a pas été assez générale pour que la satisfaction de la Commission soit ce qu'elle devrait être. La Commission des Soies est du reste instituée, vous le savez, bien plus pour faire des essais et des recherches sur les bonnes méthodes d'éducation que pour obtenir un résultat lucratif. La période calamiteuse dans laquelle se trouve toujours la 88 RAPPORT DE LA COMMISSION DES SOIES sériciculture impose donc à la Commission des Soies de poursuivre sans relâche ses recherches et de faire de nombreux essais dans le but de trouver, s'il est possible, des moyens qui puissent conjurer ou tout au moins amoindrir ce fléau qui, depuis vingt ans, ruine nos sériciculteurs. Animée de cette idée, elle a cru, cette année, devoir multiplier ses expériences et élargir la sphère de ses travaux, pour atteindre au moins un résultat relatif et contribuer autant qu'elle le pouvait à éclairer la question si obscure de la maladie des vers à soie et pour répondre, autant que possible, à l'initiative de S. Exc. le Ministre de l'Agriculture, qui, accordant des primes aux petites éducations, et en la chargeant de les surveiller et de lui en faire un rapport, lui a facilité des obervations plus nombreuses. Elle vient donc vous rendre compte des résultats qu'elle a obtenus, des observations qu'elle a faites et des conclusions qu'elle en a tirées. ÉDUCATIONS DIRIGÉES PAR LA COMMISSION Pour la campagne de 1868, nous avons, comme nous vous l'avions annoncé, abandonné la vieille magnanerie que la Commission des Soies avait occupée depuis dix années, et toutes nos éducations ont été effectuées dans un vaste local nouvellement bâti et n'ayant jamais abrité un ver à soie. Toutes les mesures ont été prises pour que l'aération fût complète et que les vers ne souffrissent pas du froid, dans le cas où la température s'abaisserait d'une manière trop sensible. Les vers ont été mis, après leur deuxième mue, sur des étagères composées de claies en sparterie, de manière à ce que la circulation de l'air fût complète. Ils ont été délités souvent, soit, à la main, soit à l'aide de filets. SUR SES OPÉRATIONS DE L'ANNÉE 1868 89 Jamais les feuilles ne se sont présentées dans de meilleures conditions de fraîcheur, de fermeté et de belle venue ; le seul défaut qu'on ait pu leur reprocher, c'est qu'à peine parues elles ont pris un développement qu'elles atteignent ordinairement beaucoup plus lentement (1). Il est résulté de cette trop hâtive végétation deux inconvénients : le premier, c'est que les feuilles étaient déjà un peu dures, que les vers à soie étaient encore trop faibles pour les entamer facilement; le second, c'est que les graines qui avaient été mises un peu tard à l'éclosion, dans la crainte que la végétation ne fût pas assez avancée, auraient pu éclore dix jours plus tôt sans inconvénient, ce qui eût été un avantage, les éducations précoces offrant en général plus de chance de réussite que celles qui sont en retard. D'après l'inspection des tableaux de nos diverses éducations annexés au présent Rapport, on peut juger de la marche des différentes graines sur lesquelles nous avons opéré ; mais, cette année, la réussite exceptionnelle de nos cartons du Japon, d'origine certaine, est venue donner raison aux opinions émises par la Commission des Soies, dans son dernier Rapport, sur l'opportunité qu'il y avait à favoriser, par tous les moyens possibles, l'introduction en France des graines du Japon, car la réussite des graines japonaises achetées dans de bonnes conditions est la seule dont les résultats aient été constamment satisfaisants et indiscutables. Celles qui n'ont pas réussi n'étaient pas des graines d'origine certaine ou avaient été importées dans de mauvaises conditions, car de nombreuses fraudes, comme vous le savez, ont été signalées, et beaucoup de cartons de rebut avaient été importés comme bons. (1) Le 1er mai, les bourgeons paraissaient à peine, il faisait froid, et, le 8, les feuilles avaient pris un développement inattendu sous l'influence d'une chaleur subite. 90 RAPPORT DE LA COMMISSION DES SOIES MALADIES DES VERS A SOIE Votre Commission ne s'est pas bornée à constater la marche des éducations qu'elle avait entreprises ; elle a été à même de suivre aussi celle des vingt-deux concurrents qui se sont présentés pour concourir aux primes d'encouragement offertes par le Ministre de l'agriculture ; elle a également été appelée à suivre, à différents titres, plusieurs autres éducations, et toutes ses observations lui ont apporté une somme de faits dont elle croit pouvoir tirer quelques conclusions qui devront être utiles aux sériciculteurs. Cette année, la maladie des vers à soie s'est présentée dans de toutes autres conditions que les années précédentes. La pébrine, qui était la principale cause des désastres dans les magnaneries, ne s'est presque plus montrée dans la dernière campagne. Sur quarante ou cinquante éducations dont votre Commission a été à même de suivre la marche, deux seulement ont offert quelques caractères de pébrine, qui sont, comme vous le savez, des taches noires, principalement aux pattes et à l'appendice caudal ayant l'apparence d'avoir été brûlé. Toutes les éducations qui ont échoué, on peut le dire, ont échoué par la flacherie ou morts flats ou flétris, dont les caractères sont bien différents. Les symptômes de cette maladie commencent par un engourdissement qui les empêche de manger, quelques-uns ont des dispositions à fuir des tables; on les trouve errants sur les bords, comme cherchant un milieu meilleur, enfin ils meurent, pour ainsi dire subitement, ayant toute l'apparence de la santé. Cette maladie, qui n'est pas nouvelle, qui, toutes les années, sévissait plus ou moins sérieusement et qui venait compléter, pour ainsi dire, les désastres occasionnés par la pébrine, avait été considérée comme accidentelle et comme étant la consé SUR SES OPÉRATIONS DE L'ANNÉE 1868 91 quence soit de la saison, soit de la nourriture ou de l'aération ou toutes autres causés occasionnelles. Mais cette année elle a été si générale, et les rapports qui sont arrivés à votre Commission des Soies sont si unanimes à représenter la flacherie comme la cause presque unique de toutes les irréussites, qu'il est impossible de la considérer comme un accident. Ce qui vient à l'appui de cette opinion, c'est qu'elle s'est produite, en différents lieux et à différentes époques, dans des conditions qui étaient loin d'être les mêmes. Déjà, dans notre Rapport de l'année dernière, nous signalions de nombreux symptômes de flacherie. L'on crut devoir généralement les attribuer à une saison pluvieuse et froide; mais cette année-ci, où la chaleur et la sécheresse ont dominé (1), ses ravages ont été plus grands encore; ce qui viendrait confirmer que cette maladie est plutôt endémique ou contagieuse qu'accidentelle, puisqu'elle arrive à se produire sous l'influence de causes entièrement opposées. Il est donc à croire que la flacherie qui, jusqu'à ce jour, n'était qu'un accident comme la Touffe ou la maladie des Vaches, prend les proportions d'une épidémie peut-être héréditaire, peut-être endémique, et qu'elle a subi, si ce n'est une transformation, au moins une profonde modification. Mais les désastres sont toujours les mêmes : que les vers meurent de la pébrine ou de la flacherie, le résultat est toujours identique pour les malheureux éducateurs. M. Pasteur, par ses savants et judicieux travaux, avait prouvé que les corpuscules étaient un symptôme de pébrine ; en écartant du grainage tout papillon envahi par les corpuscules, il était à peu près arrivé, à l'aide de graines (1) Voir à la suite des tableaux d'éducation celui des observations météorologiques qui nous a été fourni par l'Observatoire et qui se rapporte aux jours pendant lesquels ont vécu les vers à soie. 92 RAPPORT DE LA COMMISSION DES SOIES saines, à régénérer la race des vers à soie, et l'on pouvait espérer que la sériciculture allait entrer dans cette voie heureuse, que nos éducateurs magnaniers avaient perdu depuis si longtemps. Quelques résultats avaient été obtenus, et l'espoir renaissait; mais un autre fléau se produit, qui nécessite de nouvelles études et de nouvelles recherches, car il vient détruire les fruits qu'un long labeur semblait avoir produit; et, au moment où l'on proclame que la sériciculture est sauvée, que les races françaises vont reprendre leur place, occupée par les races japonaises, on est obligé de convenir que les productions françaises et italiennes n'ont eu quelque importance, cette année, que par l'introduction de graines du Japon. Quelques sériciculteurs cependant, dont l'opinion fait autorité, persistent à considérer la flacherie comme un accident qui, dans des conditions climatériques différentes, ne se reproduira probablement pas une autre année. Nous faisons des voeux ardents pour qu'ils aient raison; mais cette opinion, fort discutable du reste, ne nous empêchera pas de proclamer bien haut que, jusqu'à nouvel ordre, nos sériciculteurs français feront bien de se munir, dans les conditions les meilleures, de graines du Japon, dont l'Italie, l'Espagne et la Syrie même font de grands approvisionnements. Est-ce à dire, pour cela, que la science doive se tenir pour vaincue. Cette conclusion est loin de notre pensée, et nous espérons bien que les savants, loin de se décourager par la présence de ce nouvel ennemi, chercheront dans les arcanes de la science des armes pour le combattre. Si nous en croyons les nombreux rapports de ceux qui disent avoir trouvé les moyens sûrs pour réussir, on serait tenté de croire que nous touchons bientôt à la fin de cette période malheureuse dans laquelle nous sommes depuis vingt ans; mais votre Commission, à la connaissance de laquelle une quantité de faits sont arrivés de tous les points séricicoles, croit pouvoir émettre l'opinion qu'il semble que cer SUR SES OPÉRATIONS DE L'ANNÉE 1868 93 taines contrées soient abandonnées par le fléau ; et que si les localités paraissent avoir plus d'influence sur la réussite des éducations que le choix des graines, la maladie est cependant loin d'être conjurée ; car, si l'on s'en rapporte aux renseignements qui nous sont parvenus, les mêmes graines, choisies et produites sous la direction de M. Pasteur, qui ont parfaitement réussi dans certaines contrées, dans le Var et les Basses-Alpes, par exemple, n'ont pas eu, à beaucoup près, d'aussi heureux résultats dans d'autres localités. OBSERVATIONS MICROSCOPIQUES D'après ce qui précède, il est constant que les données de la science sont encore loin d'être certaines ; mais, à défaut d'autres bases plus solides, il faut bien encore se rattacher à celles qui nous sont offertes; c'est à ce titre que votre Commission des Soies, tout en ne partageant pas l'opinion exclusive des micrographes, a cru cependant avoir recours aux observations microscopiques, et s'en est sérieusement occupée. Quatre cents observations environ ont été faites et consignées sur un registre, et chaque observation était représentée par une commune de dix-neuf à vingt examens (1). Les membres de votre Commission ont suivi avec soin et intérêt ces expériences, qui ont eu lieu tous les jours au siège de la Faculté des sciences, et faites avec une grande précision par le jeune Pierre Vaucher, élève de La Martinière, et attaché au laboratoire de chimie, guidé qu'il était par notre honorable collègue, M. Loir, professeur de chimie à la Faculté des sciences. Ces observations microscopiques sont venues nous prouver que la majeure partie des papillons non corpusculeux provenaient d'éducations réussies, et que la plus grande partie des (1) Ce registre est tenu à la disposition de ceux qui auraient intérêt à le consulter au siége de la Faculté, section des sciences (chimie). 94 RAPPORT DE LA COMMISSION DES SOIES papillons corpusculeux était le résultat d'éducations dont la réussite laissait beaucoup à désirer. Néanmoins, lorsque nous disons la majeure partie, nous ne disons pas la totalité, car nous avons eu sous les yeux des exemples d'éducation d'une réussite aussi complète qu'on puisse le désirer, et dont les papillons étaient corpusculeux dans des conditions très-prononcées; et, d'un autre côté, nous avons eu d'assez fréquents exemples d'éducation qui ont échoué et dont les rares papillons restant étaient exempts de corpuscules. Votre Commission considère donc l'examen des corpuscules comme une indication utile à consulter, mais dont les résultats ne peuvent être présentés comme un fait dont on peut tirer des conséquences absolues. Nous disions dans notre dernier Rapport : « La campagne séricicole dans laquelle nous allons entrer « se présente dans les conditions les plus intéressantes pour « les éducateurs; car les expériences de M. Pasteur ont été « assez multipliées pour que les observations soient consta« tées; mais ne nous hâtons pas de juger; les résultats vien« dront affirmer heureusement la méthode indiquée s'il y a « réussite et l'infirmer, ou tout au moins en ajourner l'ex« ploitation si la réussite n'est pas celle attendue » : la réussite n'a pas été celle attendue. MÉTHODES AYANT RÉUSSI, EXPÉRIMENTÉES PAR DIVERS ÉDUCATEURS Tout en reconnaissant que les localités ont une très-grande influence sur la réussite des éducations, il est néanmoins constaté que certains éducateurs, plus habiles ou peut-être plus heureux, ont presque toutes les années des résultats satisfaisants. Nous croyons devoir vous citer quelques exemples pris dans les nombreuses éducations dont votre Commission a été SUR SES OPÉRATIONS DE L'ANNÉE 1868 95 à même de suivre la marche. Chacun de ces sériciculteurs privilégiés proclame sa méthode comme la meilleure, et il est assez difficile de contester l'efficacité de leurs procédés, puisque les effets sont péremptoires, et qu'il n'y a rien à opposer à un fait indiscutable. Nous avons vu un sériciculteur réussir en mettant éclore de fort bonne heure, au commencement d'avril, et nourrissant les petits vers avec de la feuille de scorsonère, à défaut de bourgeons de mûrier. Ces vers ont été maintenus ainsi dans leur premier âge fort longtemps en ne multipliant pas trop les repas; ils ne paraissaient pas trop incommodés de ce régime d'abstinence et se développèrent rapidement une fois la feuille assez abondante pour ne plus leur épargner les repas. Cette marche a été suivie d'un résultat complet : du 10 au 15 juin, quarante-sept grammes d'origine africaine ont donné cent vingt kilogrammes de très-beaux cocons, parfaitement réussis. Ces vers avaient donc vécu deux mois et demi au lieu de quarante à quarante-cinq jours que mettent les éducateurs à élever leurs vers. Par cette méthode, ce sériciculteur croit que les organes de la vie, en restant longtemps à se former, acquièrent une force et une robusticité qui met plus tard les vers à même de mieux résister aux mauvaises influences. Ce procédé, qui paraît assez rationnel, aurait besoin d'être confirmé par d'autres expériences que la Commission se propose de suivre dans la campagne prochaine. Un autre éducateur a mis en pratique un système que nous avons déjà vu réussir plusieurs fois : c'est celui qui consiste à changer les vers à soie de local. Ces vers, éclos et conduits jusqu'à la deuxième mue dans un appartement situé rue Centrale, à Lyon, ont été transportés dans une maison nouvellement bâtie aux Brotteaux, jusqu'à la fin de la troisième mue, et avant le quatrième sommeil, ils ont été de nouveau transportés dans un local également aux Brotteaux, exposé au nord, où ils ont terminé très-heureusement leur coconage ; 96 RAPPORT DE LA COMMISSION DES SOIES 10 kilog. ont donné environ 17 kilogr. de cocons trèsbeaux. Parmi les éducateurs qui réussissent constamment le mieux, nous citerons M. Rolland, habitant la Guillotière, dont l'éducation, qui se borne à une dizaine de grammes, se fait dans une salle basse, voûtée, ne recevant le jour que par une large ouverture. Cet éducateur, ayant cru remarquer que la litière des vers produisait des exhalaisons ammoniacales, pensa devoir les neutraliser en insufflant sur les vers des vapeurs nitreuses obtenues à l'aide de la décomposition de l'acide azotique par le fer. A chaque mue, il administre à ses vers une douche, pour ainsi dire, de vapeurs acides, et, jusqu'à ce jour, il a toujours réussi depuis douze ans qu'il met cette méthode en pratique. Il est à la connaissance de la Commission des Soies que plusieurs sériciculteurs auxquels M. Rolland a remis de la graine, en leur recommandant de suivre sa méthode, ont parfaitement réussi en la mettant à exécution. Votre Commission avait aussi été informée que des éducations faites dans les usines de MM. Perret, à Saint-Fond, sous l'influence d'émanations acides, avaient réussi. Nous avons cru devoir faire une enquête sur ces faits, et MM. Perret nous ont confirmé que, pendant trois années, la réussite de ces éducations faites sous l'influence des émanations de l'acide chlorhydrique et non azotique, comme chez M. Rolland, avait été complète ; que l'on pouvait supposer que cette influence était la cause du succès; mais que, cette année, le résultat n'avait pas été satisfaisant. Néanmoins, M. Perret se propose de continuer ces expériences, afin de savoir si des causes étrangères ne sont pas venues troubler l'action des acides. Cette méthode a été tentée par d'autres personnes, et notamment par un des membres de votre Commission, sur plusieurs onces de graines déjà à la troisième mue, il est vrai. Ces essais n'ont pas été heureux, soit qu'ils aient été appli SUR SES OPÉRATIONS DE L'ANNÉE 1868 97 qués trop tard, soit peut-être que cela ait tenu à l'inexpérience de l'opérateur en pareille matière. Aussi votre Commission se propose-t-elle de poursuivre ces expériences avec toute l'attention qu'elles méritent. Un de nos éducateurs, prenant une marche tout à fait contraire à celle dont nous avons cité l'éclosion très-précoce, a pensé que, pour soustraire ses vers aux froids tardifs, il devait les faire éclore très-tardivement; ses graines n'ont été mises à l'éclosion que du 9 au 10 mai. La marche de cette éducation a été parfaite et rapide, et le 15 juin, trente-cinq jours après, il avait des cocons fort beaux et bien réussis, et 5 grammes de graines donnaient 9 kilog. 750 grammes de cocons. Un éducateur distingué de Saint-Georges de Reneins, M. Laugier, a toujours obtenu de très-beaux résultats par une sélection sévère ; tous les jours, il élimine les vers qui ne se présentent pas dans une condition de santé complète ; et, comme il est largement récompensé des sacrifices qu'il fait en rejetant les vers d'une santé équivoque, il affirme que sa méthode de sélection est infaillible et, en résumé économique. Cet intelligent sériciculteur a fait également plusieurs expériences intéressantes, qu'il se propose de renouveler. Il a nourri des vers à soie avec de la feuille de mûrier dont les tiges avaient absorbé des principes de tanin, par l'immersion dans de l'acide quercitanique étendu d'eau, espérant donner par là de la robusticité aux vers; d'autres avec des feuilles dont les tiges avaient été plongées dans une solution légère d'iode. Toutes ces expériences, qui seront suivies avec soin ultérieurement, ont besoin de la sanction du temps et de la réussite pour être présentées comme ayant une valeur réelle, mais devaient cependant vous être signalées. La Commission croit qu'il serait trop long de vous entretenir de toutes les méthodes qui lui ont été soumises ou dont elle a eu connaissance ; elle s'est donc bornée à vous indiquer 4e SERIE, T. I. 7 98 RAPPORT DE LA COMMISSION DES SOIES les plus saillantes et celles qui lui ont paru devoir être répétées pour constater leur valeur et leur efficacité. D'après l'exposé qui vient d'être fait, si l'on considère les moyens que chacun met en pratique, on y découvre des procédés pour ainsi dire opposés les uns aux autres, qui, néanmoins, donnent de bons résultats. Cependant il n'est pas impossible, en groupant et généralisant les moyens employés, d'établir une doctrine dont les préceptes généraux laissent encore une grande latitude aux procédés individuels. GRAINAGE En dehors des influences locales auxquelles nous attribuons une certaine part dans la réussite des éducations, nous reconnaissons cependant l'importance qu'il y a dans les soins que l'on doit apporter dans le choix des graines. II est évident qu'il doit y avoir une bien plus grande réussite lorsque la graine qu'on emploie est le résultat d'éducations elles-mêmes réussies, que, si les graines sont prises au hasard, sans examen, quoique quelques exemples contraires viennent donner un démenti à ce que ce principe peut avoir d'absolu; il faut donc apporter tous les soins possibles dans l'opération du grainage. C'est ce que votre Commission a compris. Elle a d'abord soumis les cocons aux observations microscopiques avant de les acquérir, et elle les a choisis parmi ceux dont les caractères de bonne qualité étaient les plus prononcés ; après le grainage, elle a soumis de nouveau les papillons en grande quantité aux observations du microscope, pour contrôler les premières, faites avant ; les graines des cocons corpusculeux ont été mises de côté et ont été classées comme ne remplissant pas les conditions nécessaires à une bonne éducation. Plusieurs lots de cocons de pays ont donc été acquis pour SUR SES OPÉRATIONS DE L'ANNÉE 1868 99 production de semences, et ont donné de bons résultats au grainage. Ces graines seront mises à l'essai à la campagne prochaine, et seront suivies avec soin pour en constater la marche. La Commission a cru devoir faire grainer les cocons du Japon de son éducation de Saint-Alban, qui ont si bien réussi, bien persuadée qu'elle est que ces graines maintiendront en core plusieurs années leurs bonnes qualités. A ce sujet, votre Commission a été dans le cas d'être mise en rapport avec un riche propriétaire du Liban, qui fait de la soie un de ses principaux revenus; M. Tabet a mis sous nos yeux une note dans laquelle il établit que les graines de Chypre, de Candie et d'Egypte, qui étaient celles dont s'approvisionnaient les Libanais pour leurs éducations, ayant échoué par suite de la maladie, en 1863, les graines du Japon furent introduites en Syrie. Ces graines y donnèrent de bons résultats; mais les cocons n'étaient pas riches en matières, et 15 à 20 kilog. suffisaient à peine pour produire 1 kilog. de soie, comme nous le voyons encore dans nos contrées. Aujourd'hui, ces mêmes races, reproduites depuis cinq ans, vont en s'acclimatant et s'améliorant de mieux en mieux ; les cocons ont augmenté de grosseur, la qualité de la soie est plus fine et se rapproche de celle des anciennes races ; et, cette année, ces mêmes cocons d'origine japonaise, quatrième reproduction, produisent 1 kilog. de soie pour 12 kilog. de de cocons, rendement le plus avantageux que puissent donner des races françaises. Ne se reproduirait-il pas dans ce fait ce qui se passa lors de l'introduction primitive des vers à soie sur les bords de la Méditerranée ? C'est qu'apporté de la Chine à Constantinople, au sixième siècle, ils firent une longue station d'acclimatation en Syrie avant d'arriver sur les côtes d'Espagne et d'Italie, d'où ils ne s'introduisirent que plus tard dans nos contrées. Il y a là un fait très-important à signaler, et on peut se demander si cette race du Japon qui, après avoir fait cette 100 RAPPORT DE LA COMMISSION DES SOIES étape, acclimatée dans dans un pays qui, comme le Liban, se rapproche du nôtre, n'est pas susceptible de donner de bons résultats dans nos pays. Nous avons entre les mains des cocons de cette provenance, que M. Ibrahim Tabet a eu l'obligeance de nous remettre à l'appui de ses dires, ainsi que des graines d'origine japonaise de la deuxième, quatrième et cinquième reproduction, que votre Commission se propose de mettre à l'essai l'année prochaine. Elle espère que d'autres éducateurs tenteront des essais avec cette graine japo-syrienne, qui peut être d'une très-grande ressource, si elle vient justifier ce qu'il est permis d'en attendre. L'importation des graines du Japon étant soumises à des éventualités chanceuses, celles-ci auraient l'immense avantage de pourvoir bien plus sûrement à l'approvisionnement de nos sériciculteurs d'Occident, qui ne seraient plus obligés d'avoir recours à une importation dont la source si éloignée est toujours aventureuse. Une production de graines, dont nous avons été à même de constater les résultats, et dont l'Italie commence à s'approvisionner largement, est celle originaire d'Algérie, et la preuve que la réussite en a été constatée, c'est que des commissions très-considérables de graines ont été données à notre connaissance à un éducateur de l'Algérie, M. Grisard, dont le siége est dans la province d'Alger, à Charleville, près de Milianah. Quant aux graines portugaises, moins malheureuses dans certaines contrées que l'année dernière, leur réussite n'a donné que des résultats fort irréguliers. Il en a été de même de celles de Quitto et de Montevideo, qui n'ont pas tenu ce que l'on croyait pouvoir espérer. La Commission ne croit pas devoir vous entretenir, cette année, de ce qui a trait à la filature. Ses ressources pécuniaires ne lui ayant pas permis de s'en occuper. SUR SES OPÉRATIONS DE L'ANNÉE 1868 101 CONCLUSION De toutes les observations qui précèdent et de tous les ren seignements qui sont parvenus à votre Commission, elle croit pouvoir tirer quelques conclusions qui, sans être rigoureusement absolues, n'en doivent pas moins être prises sérieusement en considération. Elles peuvent se résumer ainsi : 1° L'importance de la récolte, en France, a été, cette année, plutôt en dessous qu'au-dessus de celle de l'année dernière. En suivant ces préceptes, les éducateurs auront fait le possible pour obtenir une réussite, et si les résultats ne répondent pas à leurs efforts, c'est que, tant que l'influence de la maladie existera, il faut s'attendre, malgré tous les soins qu'on peut apporter, à une grande incertitude dans les récoltes. La Commission des Soies ne croit pas devoir terminer ce Rapport sans remercier M. le Ministre de l'Agriculture, qui, par la création de primes offertes aux petits éducateurs qui auraient le mieux réussi, a rendu un véritable service à la sériciculture, en favorisant les petites éducations, reconnues pour être un des moyens les plus efficaces pour régénérer ou tout au moins pour maintenir les races de pays. La Commission espère donc que le Ministre voudra bien continuer à la sériciculture son bienveillant appui. PAUL EYMARD, Rapporteur. 1868 ÉDUCATIONS DE LA COMMISSION DES SOIES A SAINT-ALBAN TABLEAUX ET DOCUMENTS Détail des Graines soumises à l'incubation. N° 1. Race Pays (cocons Rolland) 30 grammes. 2. Race Japon verts (importation directe) ; trois cartons 73 — 3. Race Pays (cocons de Saint-Galmier) ... 15 — 4. Race Pays (cocons de Bourgoin) 30 — 5. Race Andrinople blancs 25 — 6. Race Pays (cocons d'Anduze) 7 — 7. Petit échantillon graines de Montévideo ... » — 8. Échantillon de graines du Chili » — TOTAL 180 grammes. Expériences de M. DE PLAGNIOL, maire de Chomérac (Ardèche). N° 9. Sac blanc B n° 2 10 grammes. 10. Sac gris B n° 2 10 — 11. Sac blanc RL n° 6 10 12. Sac gris RL n° 6 10 — TOTAL 40 grammes. N° 1 GRAINES RAGE PAYS Cocons Rolland (30 grammes) MAI. 4. Ces graines commencent à éclore. — 5. Il y a eu, aujourd'hui, une forte éclosion. — 6. Ils sont tous éclos et sont très-jolis. — 7. Ils vont bien. — 8. Nous les avons délités. — 9. Ils vont bien. — 10. Ils dorment de la première mue. — 11. Ils ont fait leur premier repas à midi. — 12. Nous les avons délités et transportés à la grande magnanerie. — 13. Ils vont bien. — 14. Ils sont toujours très-jolis, nous les avons délités. — 15. Ils dorment de la deuxième mue. — 16. Ils ont fait leur premier repas ce soir. — 17. Ils vont bien. — 18. Délités, ils sont très-jolis. — 19. Ils vont bien. — 20. Nous les avons délités. — 21. Ils dorment de la troisième mue. — 22. Ils ont fait leur premier repas ce soir. — 23. Délités, ils vont bien. — 24. Ils vont bien. — 25. Ils vont bien. — 26. Délités, ils vont très-bien. — 27. Ils dorment en partie de la quatrième mue. — 28. Ils dorment toujours. — 29. Ils ont fait leur premier repas ce matin. — 30. Délités ; nous avons trouvé quelques flétris. — 31. Nous trouvons beaucoup de flétris, ces vers commencent à nous donner de l'inquiétude. JUIN. 1er. Nous nous voyons forcés, aujourd'hui, de jeter les quatre claies supérieures de la magnanerie, étant presque tous tombés en flétris. — 2. Nous les sortons tous de la magnanerie, nous n'en gardons que deux claies pour voir ce que cela deviendra. — 3. Des deux claies que nous avons gardées, il en crève beaucoup. — 4. Il nous en reste très-peu. — 5. Les quelques vers qui nous restent sont tous rouges et ne veulent pas monter, ils périssent tous morts flats et nous les jetons. N°2 GRAINES RACE JAPON VERTS Importation directe (3 cartons) MAI. 3. Ils commencent à éclore. — 4. Avons eu une jolie éclosion. — 5. Avons eu une forte éclosion. — 6. Sont tous éclos et les trouvons très-jolis. — 7. Ils vont bien et les avons délités. — 8. Ils vont bien. — 9. Ils dorment de la première mue. — 10. Ils ont fait leur premier repas ce matin à 10 heures. — 11. Nous les avons délités, ils sont très-jolis. — 12. Ils vont toujours très-bien. — 13. Nous les avons délités, ils sont très-jolis. — 14. Ils vont bien. — 15. Ils dorment de la deuxième mue. — 16. Ils ont fait leur premier repas ce matin. — 17. Délités ; ils vont bien. — 18. Ils vont bien. — 19. Délités, ils vont bien. — 20. Ils vont bien. — 21. Ils dorment de la troisième mue. — 22. Ils ont fait leur premier repas ce soir, ils vont bien, — 23. Délités, ils vont bien. — 24. Ils vont bien. — 25. Délités, ils sont très-jolis. — 26. Ils vont très-bien. — 27. Ils vont très-bien. — 28. Ils dorment de la quatrième mue. — 29. Ils ont fait leur premier repas à midi. — 30. Délités, ils sont très-jolis. — 31. Ils vont toujours très-bien et mangent beaucoup. JUIN. 1er. Délités, vont toujours bien. — 2. Sont très-jolis toujours. — 3. Ils vont toujours très-bien. — 4. Ils vont très-bien. — 5. Nous leur mettons les bruyères, ils montent avec vigueur. — 6. Ils sont tous montés jusqu'au dernier et nous n'avons pas vu trace de maladie. N° 3 GRAINES RAGE PAYS Cocons de Saint-Galmier (15 grammes) MAI. 4. Commencent à éclore. — 5. Continuent d'éclore. — 6. Ont fini d'éclore et sont très-jolis. — 7. Délités, ils vont bien. — 8. Ils vont bien et mangent avec appétit. — 9. Ils dorment de la première mue. — 11. Ils ont fait leur premier repas ce matin. — 12. Délités, ils sont très-jolis. — 13. Ils vont très-bien. — 14. Ils vont très-bien. — 15. Ils dorment de la deuxième mue. — 16. Ils ont fait leur premier repas à midi. — 17. Délités ; ils vont bien. — 18. Ils vont très-bien. — 19. Délités, ils vont bien. — 20. Ils sont très-jolis. — 21. Délités, ils vont très-bien. — 22. Ils dorment de la troisième mue. — 23. Ils ont fait leur premier repas ce soir. — 24. Délités, ils vont bien. — 25. Ils vont bien. — 26. Délités, ils vont bien. — 27. Ils vont bien. — 28. Ils vont bien. — 29. Ils dorment de la quatrième mue. — 30. Ils ne sont pas très-jolis ; au réveil, nous les avons trouvons beaucoup de flétris dans les litières. — 31. Nous les sortons de la magnanerie, ils tombent tous et ne nous donnent plus d'espoir. JUIN 1er. Nous avons transporté le peu qui restait à la cabane d ils sont très-laids. — 2. Nous les avons presque tous jetés. 3. Nous n'en gardons que quelques-uns de la deuxième — 4. Le peu qui reste ne vaut absolument rien. N° 4 GRAINES RACE PAYS Cocons de Bourgoin (30 grammes) MAI. 5. Ils commencent à éclore. — 6. Nous avons eu aujourd'hui une forte éclosion. — 7. Ont fini d'éclore et sont très-jolis. — 8. Ils vont bien. — 9. Ils vont bien. — 10. Ils vont bien. — 11. Ils dorment de la première mue. — 12. Ils ont fait leur premier repas ce matin. — 13. Délités; ils sont très-jolis. — 14. Ils vont bien. — 15. Délités, ils sont très-jolis. — 16. Ils vont bien. — 17. Ils dorment de la deuxième mue. — 18. Ils vont bien. — 19. Délités, ils vont bien. — 20. Ils vont bien. — 21. Nous les avons délités. — 22. Ils vont bien. — 23. Ils dorment de la troisième mue. — 24. Ils ont fait leur premier repas ce soir. — 25. Délités, ils vont bien. 26. Ils vont bien. — 27. Délités, ils vont bien. — 28. Ils vont bien. — 29. Ils commencent à s'endormir. 30. Ils dorment de la quatrième mue. — 31. Ils ont fait leur premier repas ce matin. JUIN. 1er. Délités, jusqu'à présent ils sont passables. — 2. Nous commençons à trouver quelques flétris. — 3. Nous jetons aujourd'hui la deuxième division, ils sont tous très-laids et trouvons beaucoup de flétris. — 4. Délités, toujours beaucoup de flétris. — 5. Délités, toujours beaucoup de flétris. 6. Nous les encabanons, mais pas un ne monte. — 7. Ils crèvent tous au pied de la bruyère morts flats. — 8. Nous jetons ce qui reste. N° 5 GRAINES RACE ANDRINOPLE BLANCS (25 grammes) MAI. 4. Commencent à éclore. — 5. Nous avons eu une forte éclosion aujourd'hui. — 6. Ont fini d'éclore et sont très-jolis. — 7. Délités, ils vont bien. — 8. Ils vont bien. 9. Ils dorment de la première mue. — 10. Ils se réveillent et font leur premier repas. — 11. Délités, ils sont jolis. — 12. Ils vont très-bien. — 13. Ils vont très-bien, délités. — 14. Ils dorment de la deuxième mue. — 15. Ils se réveillent et font leur premier repas.
| 36,550 |
https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%20%28%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%29
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Олурдере (Олур)
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https://ce.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Олурдере (Олур)&action=history
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Chechen
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Spoken
| 40 | 175 |
Олурдере () — Туркойчоьнан Малхбален Анатоли регионан Эрзурум провинцин (ил) Олурнан кӀоштара эвла/микрокӀошт ().
Географи
Истори
Бахархой
Билгалдахарш
Хьажоргаш
Эрзурум провинцин нах беха меттигаш
Эрзурум провинцин микрокӀошташ
Олурнан микрокӀошташ
Олурнан кӀоштан нах беха меттигаш
Туркойчоьнан микрокӀошташ
Туркойчоьнан нах беха меттигаш
| 37,201 |
https://github.com/Jpoliachik/JPSpamGestureRecognizer/blob/master/JPSpamGestureRecognizer/JPSpamGestureRecognizer.m
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
| 2,016 |
JPSpamGestureRecognizer
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Jpoliachik
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Objective-C
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Code
| 224 | 630 |
//
// JPSpamGestureRecognizer.m
// flood
//
// Created by Justin Poliachik on 11/30/14.
// Copyright (c) 2014 justinpoliachik. All rights reserved.
//
#import <UIKit/UIGestureRecognizerSubclass.h>
#import "JPSpamGestureRecognizer.h"
@interface JPSpamGestureRecognizer()
@property (nonatomic, assign) NSUInteger tapCount;
@property (nonatomic, assign) double previousTime;
@end
@implementation JPSpamGestureRecognizer
- (NSUInteger)numberOfTapsPerSecondRequired
{
if (!_numberOfTapsPerSecondRequired) {
_numberOfTapsPerSecondRequired = 4;
}
return _numberOfTapsPerSecondRequired;
}
- (double)minimumTimeBetweenTaps
{
return 1.0 / (double) self.numberOfTapsPerSecondRequired;
}
- (void)reset
{
[super reset];
self.tapCount = 0;
self.state = UIGestureRecognizerStatePossible;
}
- (void) touchesEnded:(NSSet *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event
{
[super touchesEnded:touches withEvent: event];
// get CoreAnimation absolute time because it is quicker than NSDate
double currentTime = CACurrentMediaTime();
if (self.previousTime) {
// compares the current tap time to the previous one
// if the two happened in quick enough succession, we increment the tap count
// when the tap count reaches the required number (minus one, since we are actually counting the number of taps after the first one)
// the gesture is recognized.
// if any tap did not happen quick enough after the previous,
// the recognizer fails and count starts over.
double elapsed = currentTime - self.previousTime;
if (elapsed <= [self minimumTimeBetweenTaps]) {
self.tapCount++;
if (self.tapCount >= self.numberOfTapsPerSecondRequired - 1) {
// recognized
self.state = UIGestureRecognizerStateRecognized;
if (self.recognizedBlock) {
self.recognizedBlock();
}
}
} else {
self.tapCount = 0;
self.state = UIGestureRecognizerStateFailed;
}
}
self.previousTime = currentTime;
}
@end
| 26,387 |
US-201816132532-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,018 |
None
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None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,149 | 7,389 |
Modifying a configuration of a port hub
ABSTRACT
In some examples, an electronic device includes a hub configurator to obtain, from a port hub that expands a number of ports for the electronic device, information of topological elements of the port hub, and modify a configuration of the port hub.
BACKGROUND
Electronic device includes various types of ports that can connect to other devices. An example type of port is a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port. Peripheral devices such as a storage card, a display device, a camera, a smartphone, or any other type of device can connect to the USB port.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Some implementations of the present disclosure are described with respect to the following figures.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example arrangement that includes devices connected to a port hub, according to some implementations of the present disclosure.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a hub configuration interface according to some implementations of the present disclosure.
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a process according to some implementations of the present disclosure.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of example configuration objects according to some implementations of the present disclosure.
Throughout the drawings, identical reference numbers designate similar, but not necessarily identical, elements. The figures are not necessarily to scale, and the size of some parts may be exaggerated to more clearly illustrate the example shown. Moreover, the drawings provide examples and/or implementations consistent with the description; however, the description is not limited to the examples and/or implementations provided in the drawings.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In the present disclosure, use of the term “a,” “an”, or “the” is intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Also, the term “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” “comprising,” “have,” or “having” when used in this disclosure specifies the presence of the stated elements, but do not preclude the presence or addition of other elements.
A Universal Serial Bus (USB) hub is a device that expands a USB port of a host device into multiple USB ports so that more devices can connect to the host device. Examples of host devices include any or some combination of the following: desktop computers, notebook computers, tablet computers, smartphones, vehicle computers, or other types of electronic devices.
As used here, a “host device” can refer to an electronic device that is capable of acting as a bus master on a bus (e.g., a USB bus) to initiate communications on the bus with one or more slave devices. In the context of USB, the host device on a USB bus operates in a host mode, and a slave device on the USB bus operates in a device mode.
Although reference is made to USB in examples described in the present disclosure, it is noted that techniques or mechanisms according to some examples can be applied in the context of other protocols that govern communications between devices.
Traditionally, a USB hub (or more generally, a port hub that expands a number of ports for an electronic device) is statically configured. The USB hub can include functionalities defined by a USB Specification (e.g., the USB 3.0 Specification, the USB 3.1 Specification, etc.). In some cases, the USB hub can include additional features that are outside the scope of the USB Specification.
A USB hub being statically configured refers to the USB hub having a topology with a static configuration that cannot be changed dynamically by an electronic device. While ports of a USB hub can be enabled and disabled, the way the ports are connected and additional features of the ports cannot be dynamically modified. Accordingly, once the USB hub is deployed, the configuration of the topology of the USB hub cannot be dynamically changed to re-wire or re-connect the ports or to dynamically enable or disable or dynamically change various features of the ports.
Although reference is made to devices that operate according to USB in examples described herein, it is noted that techniques or mechanisms according to some implementations can be applied to operations according to other communication protocols in other examples.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example arrangement that includes an electronic device 102, a port hub 104 (e.g., a USB hub), and a second device 106. Examples of the electronic device 102 can include any or some combination of the following: a desktop computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a smartphone, a game appliance, a vehicle computer, or any other type of electronic device. The second device 106 can also be one of the foregoing types of electronic devices, or a different type of device.
The electronic device 102 has a USB port 108 that is connected to a corresponding USB port 110 of the port hub 104, which expands a number of ports for the electronic device 102. The second device 106 also includes a USB port (not shown) that is connected to a corresponding USB port 112 of the port hub 104. The port hub 104 includes additional USB ports 114 and 116, which can be connected to other devices (not shown). Although FIG. 1 shows an example in which the port hub has a specific number of USB ports, it is noted that in other examples, the port hub 104 can include a different number of USB ports.
Moreover, although FIG. 1 shows just two devices 102 and 106 connected to one port hub 104, it is noted that more than two devices can be connected to the port hub 104 or more than one port hub in other examples.
The electronic device 102 includes a hub configurator 118 that is able to perform tasks according to some implementations of the present disclosure. In some examples, the hub configurator 118 is implemented as a hardware processing circuit.
A hardware processing circuit can include any or some combination of a microprocessor, a core of a multi-core microprocessor, a microcontroller, a programmable integrated circuit, a programmable gate array, or another hardware processing circuit. Alternatively, the hub configurator 118 can be implemented as a combination of a hardware processing circuit and machine-readable instructions (software and/or firmware) executable on the hardware processing circuit.
In some implementations, the hub configurator 118 is able to obtain, from the port hub 104, information of topological elements of the port hub 104. Such information is stored as topological information 120 in a storage medium 122 of the port hub 104. The storage medium 122 can be implemented using one or more storage devices, such as a memory device or a persistent storage device. Although FIG. 1 shows the storage medium 122 as being part of the pot hub 104, in other examples, the storage medium 122 storing the topological information 120 can be external of the port hub 104, but accessible by the port hub 104.
The topological elements for which the topological information 120 contains information can represent the port hub 104 itself and the USB ports 110, 112, 114, and 116 of the port hub 104. In further examples, the topological elements of the port hub 104 can further represent a bridge 125 that is able to support role swapping and perform host-to-host communications (discussed further below in Section 2). Note that some ports of the port hub 104 do not pass through the bridge 125.
Based on the topological information 120 obtained by the hub configurator 118, the hub configurator 118 can modify a configuration of the port hub 104. The interaction between the hub configurator 118 of the electronic device 102 and the port hub 104 can be through a hub configuration interface 124 that is part of the port hub 104.
1. Hub Configuration
The hub configuration interface 124 can be used for obtaining configuration options (as represented by the topological information 120) of the port hub 104, and for setting the configuration options of the port hub 104. Configuration actions can be performed through the paradigm of getting and setting configuration options associated with topological elements of the port hub 104. Configuration operations can be used to modify the internal topology of the hub, get and set states of the topological elements of the port hub 104, and query metadata (as included in the topological information 120) for topological elements of the port hub 104.
In some examples, as shown in FIG. 2, the hub configuration interface 124 can include the following layers: a transport layer 202, a messaging layer 204, an operations layer 206, and a content layer 208. In such examples, the transport layer 202 can be considered the lowest layer in the protocol stack of the hub configuration interface 124.
Although specific layers of the hub configuration interface 124 are shown in FIG. 2, it is noted that in other examples, the hub configuration interface 124 can include different layers.
The transport layer 202 of the hub configuration interface 124 transports information in-band using the same USB bus on which the managed port hub 104 is connected. In other words, configuration information, queries, commands, and so forth, relating to the configuration of the port hub 104 can be communicated with USB signaling over the USB bus to which the port hub 104 is connected.
The messaging layer 204 provides a logical channel for sending information to and receiving information from a device (e.g., the electronic device 102). In some examples, to reduce driver support and protocol stack modification, messages exchanged using the messaging layer 204 can be implemented as vendor-specific commands (which can be commands defined by a vendor of the port hub 104 or another device and carried as payload in messages over the USB bus). For example, the vendor-specific commands can be used to implement a remote procedure call (RPC) invoke and RPC response mechanism to perform configuration actions with respect to the port hub 104 using RPC invoke commands and RPC responses.
In alternative examples, asynchronous behavior can be implemented by triggering operations of the hub configuration interface 124 in response to events from notification channel for the port hub 104.
The operations layer 206 provides for CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations in which topological elements and their attached configurations may be manipulated. The CRUD operations can be initiated by the hub configurator 118 or another entity. A create operation includes creating an instance of an object in the port hub 104, such as an instance of the bridge 125 (discussed further below in Section 2).
The content layer 208 provides for representations of the topological elements of the port hub 104 as well as their associated configurations and metadata. In some examples, representations (in the form of a topological model 210) of the topological elements of the port hub 104 can be according to the YANG model as described in Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Request for Comments (RFC) 7950, entitled “The YANG 1.1 Data Modeling Language,” dated August 2016. In other examples, representations of the topological elements of the port hub 104 can be in other formats. The representations of the topological elements of the port hub 104 can be stored as part of the topological information 120 (FIG. 1).
The topological model 210 of the topological elements of the port hub 104 provided by the content layer 208 can be in the form of a hierarchy. The hierarchy can include a root, which represents the port hub 104 itself. Other topological elements of the port hub 104 can be represented by other nodes of the topological model 210 that extend from the root. In the topological model 210, each topological element can have any number of configuration objects, where in some examples each configuration object can include a key-value pair. A key-value pair includes a key (which includes an attribute that represents a configuration of a topological element), and a value assigned to the key. In some examples, the configuration objects of a topological element can be in the form of a list of key-value pairs. Configuration objects can be used to store and control metadata and configurations associated with each topological element. Configuration objects can also be used to encode inter-device dependencies, such as dependencies between ports of the port hub 104 (discussed further below).
2. Role Swapping
In accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure, the bridge 125 of the port hub 104 (FIG. 1) supports a role swapping functionality. In FIG. 1, in some scenarios, the electronic device 102 may operate in host mode, and the second device 106 may operate in device mode. A device operating in host mode behaves as a bus master on a USB bus, and can initiate transactions on the USB bus with a device operating in device mode.
However, in other scenarios, the roles of the electronic device 102 and the second device 106 may be swapped, with the second device 106 operating in host mode and the electronic device 102 appearing to operate in device mode. One example of such a scenario is where the electronic device 102 is a head controller of a vehicle, and the second device 106 is a mobile device such as a smartphone, tablet computer, notebook computer, and so forth. A “vehicle” can refer to any or some combination of a truck, a trailer, a tractor, a car, a railed vehicle (e.g., a train), a watercraft (e.g., a ship), an aircraft, a spacecraft, or any other moveable structure that can carry cargo or people.
The head controller of a vehicle can refer to a computer of the vehicle that controls certain vehicle functionalities, such as controlling the display of images on a display device (such as a navigation map, etc.), controlling a sound system of the vehicle, and so forth. The second device 106 may be operated to cast a video on the display device of the vehicle, by leveraging the operation of the head controller. To do so, the second device 106 operates in host mode, and the head controller appears to operate in device mode. Casting a video involves the second device 106 accessing a source of the video, and causing the video to be presented on a different device, such as the display device of the vehicle.
Role swapping can be performed in other scenarios.
To enable role swapping, the bridge 125 can place a downstream USB port (e.g., the port 110 connected to the electronic device 102) in device mode, which effectively makes the downstream USB port appear as a downstream device to both the electronic device 102 and the second device 106. However, both the electronic device 102 and the second device 106 are operated in host mode, such that the electronic device 102 and the second device 106 can perform host-to-host communications through an instance of the bridge 125.
The topological information 120 presented by the port hub 104 can represent a number of ports that reflect the actual physical USB ports 110, 112, 114, and 116 of the port hub 104, internal devices (including the bridge 125) of the port hub 104, and a maximum potential number of instances of the bridge 125. Multiple instances of the bridge 125 can be invoked to handle respective multiple role swap sessions between devices, such as between the electronic device 102 and the second device 106 and/or between other devices.
In examples where the bridge 104 is implemented as machine-readable instructions, invoking an instance of the bridge 125 can refer to starting an instance of the machine-readable instructions of the bridge 125. In other examples where the bridge 104 is implemented as hardware, invoking an instance of the bridge 125 can refer to starting a new session on the bridge 125.
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a process for performing a role-swap session between devices, such as between the electronic device 102 and the second device 106.
A candidate role-swap device (such as the second device 106) for role swap is inserted (at 302) into a USB port of the port hub 104. The candidate role-swap device is a device whose role is to be swapped from device mode to host mode.
In response to receiving an indication of the insertion of the role-swap device in the port hub 104, the hub configurator 118 of the electronic device 102 performs (at 304) a create bridge operation (using the operations layer 206 of the hub configuration interface 124 as shown in FIG. 2) by setting a CreateBridge configuration object, which allows the hub configurator 118 to specify details about a bridge configuration of an instance of the bridge 125. The create bridge operation invokes a new instance of the bridge 125 (new “bridge instance”). The bridge configuration includes a port to target (e.g., the USB port 110 of the port hub 104 to which the electronic device 102 is connected) as well as device descriptor information to present to the role-swap device. The port to target is the port (e.g., USB port 110) that is to be changed from host mode to device mode for a role-swap session. The device descriptor information includes information of the electronic device 102 to be used by the second device 106, after the role of the port to target has changed to a device mode, and the role of the second device 106 has changed to a host mode.
The hub configurator 118 of the electronic device 102 receives (at 306) a bridge identifier that is reported back by the port hub 104 in response to successful completion of the create bridge operation at the port hub 104, which creates the new bridge instance. A new BridgeSession object representing a role-swap session is created at the port hub 104 as a result of the create operation. The new BridgeSession object defines the role-swap session to be performed using the bridge instance.
The hub configurator 118 of the electronic device 102 receives (at 308) an indication that a new bridge instance is inserted on an internal virtual port by the port hub 104. A reason for deferring creation of a bridge instance in the port hub 104 until a role-swap session is to be created is to avoid inflating the number of devices on a USB bus, and to prevent host side drivers from trying to talk to the bridge instance before the bridge instance is ready. The bridge identifier of the created bridge instance can be in the form of a configuration object, which allows host software (e.g., the hub configurator 118) in the electronic device 102 to reliably identify the created bridge instance.
Once the new bridge instance is ready, the hub configurator 118 sends (at 310) a command to the role-swap device (e.g., the second device 106) to initiate a role swap. Additionally, the hub configurator 118 performs (at 312) an update operation on an ActivateBridge configuration object of the bridge instance. The ActivateBridge configuration object when updated causes the bridge instance to be activated. As a result, the USB port 110 (identified by the bridge configuration as a port to target) is taken over by the bridge instance. Any host-to-host communication (e.g., between the second device 106 and the electronic device 102) will be active over the bridge instance.
Once the role-swap session is done, the hub configurator 118 of the electronic device 102 may disable (at 314) the role-swap session by deleting the BridgeSession object in the port hub 104 or updating the ActivateBridge object in the port hub 104.
Disabling the role-swap session returns the USB port 110 to normal operation, i.e., the USB port 110 is the port connected to the electronic device 110 in host mode.
3. Deterministic Mapping Between Logical and Physical Ports
An issue with existing USB Specifications is that they do not allow for deterministic mapping between logical topological elements (such as representations of port hubs and ports) and physical ports of the port hub 104. For example, in a vehicle with USB ports on a left side of the vehicle, the right side of the vehicle, the front of the vehicle, and the rear of the vehicle, there may be no way for the head controller of the vehicle to reliably target a particular one of the physical USB ports. This can present an issue when a system attempts to selectively set rules for specific physical ports. For example, different display devices can be connected to different physical USB ports of the vehicle. A feature to be implemented in the vehicle may be for a video casting session to cast the video to a specific display device, such as the display device connected to a physical USB port on a left, rear side of the vehicle. As another example, a feature can include access control of specific physical ports, where certain functions are enabled or disabled on a per-physical port basis.
In accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure, configuration objects can be associated with respective (logical) topological elements of the port hub 104.
As shown in FIG. 4, the configuration objects associated with topological elements 404 of the port hub 104 can include Name configuration objects 402. Each Name configuration object 402 denotes a well-known name of a physical USB port. A “well-known” name refers to a name that is assigned to a device or a physical USB port, and such name is propagated to users or other entities. The name of a device or a physical USB port can be in the form of a number, an alphabet string, an alphanumeric string, or any other identifier. The name can be programmed at the time of manufacture (such as the manufacture of a vehicle or other system) or at a different time. The name can be optionally changeable through update operations. In the context of a vehicle, port hubs can have a name denoting their location in the vehicle, and physical ports can have names denoting their detailed orientation in relation to each other (e.g., “Left Rear Port,” “Right Front Port,” etc.). The names can then be used to uniquely identify physical ports in a particular system and used to support per-port policy and functionality.
Based on accessing the Name configuration objects 402, the hub configurator 118 is able to map USB identifying properties (properties identifying ports as defined by USB Specifications) of at least a subset of the topological elements of a port hub to respective names of physical ports of the port hub 104.
4. Dependencies Between Ports
Generally, current USB specifications do not provide a way for a port hub to communicate information about dependencies between ports of the port hub. A dependency between ports can refer to a power sharing dependency, for example. A system may restrict the amount of power that can be consumed by the ports, such that if a first port consumes a certain amount of power, then another port (or other ports) may have a limited amount of power available for consumption.
In other examples, other types of dependencies can exist between ports, such as a maximum active port dependency. The maximum active port dependency can specify that a specified number (one or more) of ports can be active at a time. For example, if the port hub 104 has N (N>1) ports, and the maximum number of ports that can be active at a time is M (M≥1), then no more than M port(s) can be active at any given time.
Another example of a dependency includes a functional dependency, where a first port is enabled if a second port is enabled or disabled, but the first port is disabled from operation if the second port is disabled or enabled.
Dependencies between ports can be specified in a configuration object associated with a port hub, such as the port hub 104.
As shown in FIG. 4, a configuration object for the port hub 104 may include a PortGroup object 406 that identifies a group 408 of ports of the port hub that have a port dependency on each other. As noted above, a port dependency can include a power sharing dependency, maximum active port dependency, or a different dependency.
There can be multiple PortGroup objects 406 for different groups of ports with respective port dependencies.
Each PortGroup object 406 includes information that describes the maximum amount of current draw between the ports of the group, and/or the maximum number of ports which can be active at the same time, and so forth.
5. Port State and Status
Current USB specifications do not provide a mechanism by which non-standard states can be reported. A “non-standard” state refers to a state of a port not defined by the current USB Specification. Furthermore, there is no method for reporting on the status of ports in non-standard states. A state of a port can include a disabled state, an enabled state, and so forth. Another example state is a charge-only state (an example of a non-standard state of a port), where a port behaves as a charging port, but data communication to the port is disabled. A data line to a port in the charge-only state is disconnected, but a device can still be connected to the port in the charge-only state.
In accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure, as shown in FIG. 4, a State configuration object 410 is defined for each port of a port hub. The State configuration object 410 specifies a state for a respective port (e.g., enabled, disabled, charge-only, etc.). An entity (such as the hub configurator 118) can read information pertaining to the state of the respective port from the State configuration object 410 to determine more nuanced information about ports, including its state. An entity (such as the hub configurator 118) can update the State configuration object 410 to initiate a port state change. As an example, the State configuration object 410 can be used to control and detect when a port has been put into a charge-only state and made to look like a dedicated charging port.
A port can also be associated with a Status configuration object 412 from which information about a current status of the port can be read, such as by the hub configurator 118. The Status configuration object 412 can include information about whether a port is connected, a status of data activity of the port, a power draw of the port, and/or information of a device connected to the port (e.g., where the information can specify if the connected device is data capable, if the connected device is operating in host mode or device mode, etc.).
The Status configuration object 412 can also specify other properties of a port.
In other examples, instead of using both a State configuration object 410 and Status configuration object 412, a same configuration object can be used to indicate both the state and status of a port.
6. Per Port Security Policy and Functionality
Current USB Specifications do not provide a mechanism to set a security policy and/or function for a USB device, where a specific operation may be enabled or disabled on a per-port basis. This can be due to the lack of an ability to reliability map logical topological elements to physical ports, as explained above in Section 3.
By using the Name configuration objects 402 as discussed in Section 3 and shown in FIG. 4, a deterministic mapping can be performed between logical topological elements and physical ports. By using the Name configuration objects 402, a reliable mechanism is provided by the hub configuration interface 124 to identify different physical ports and to apply different security policies and/or functionalities to different physical ports. For example, a security policy can specify that a rear physical port of a vehicle can be configured for guest access, while a front physical port of the taxi can be configured for full access, such as by the driver of the vehicle. As a further example, a port in the trunk of a vehicle, a port in the back of a vehicle, and a port on the driver's side of the vehicle may be assigned different security policies (to enable different access).
In further examples, by using the Name configuration objects 402 to map topological elements to physical ports, functionalities can be assigned to specific physical ports on a per-port basis, such as assigning a functionality of casting a video on a display device connected to a port in the rear of a vehicle. As another example, a functionality of displaying vehicle controls can be assigned to a port connected to a display device at the front of the vehicle.
7. System Architecture
A processor on which machine-readable instructions are executable can include a microprocessor, a core of a multi-core microprocessor, a microcontroller, a programmable integrated circuit, a programmable gate array, or another hardware processing circuit.
Machine-readable instructions executable on a processor can refer to the instructions executable on a single processor or the instructions executable on multiple processors.
A non-transitory machine-readable or computer-readable storage medium for storing machine-readable instructions can include any or some combination of the following: a semiconductor memory device such as a dynamic or static random access memory (a DRAM or SRAM), an erasable and programmable read-only memory (EPROM), an electrically erasable and programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) and flash memory; a magnetic disk such as a fixed, floppy and removable disk; another magnetic medium including tape; an optical medium such as a compact disk (CD) or a digital video disk (DVD); or another type of storage device. Note that the instructions discussed above can be provided on one computer-readable or machine-readable storage medium, or alternatively, can be provided on multiple computer-readable or machine-readable storage media distributed in a large system having possibly plural nodes. Such computer-readable or machine-readable storage medium or media is (are) considered to be part of an article (or article of manufacture). An article or article of manufacture can refer to any manufactured single component or multiple components. The storage medium or media can be located either in the machine running the machine-readable instructions, or located at a remote site (e.g., a cloud) from which machine-readable instructions can be downloaded over a network for execution.
In the foregoing description, numerous details are set forth to provide an understanding of the subject disclosed herein. However, implementations may be practiced without some of these details. Other implementations may include modifications and variations from the details discussed above. It is intended that the appended claims cover such modifications and variations.
1. (canceled)
2. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein the hub configurator is executable on the processor to interact with a configuration interface of the port hub to obtain the information of the topological elements and to modify the configuration of the port hub.
3. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein the topological elements comprise the port hub and the plurality of ports of the port hub.
4. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein the topological elements comprise a bridge through which multiple host devices are to communicate with each other.
5. The electronic device of claim 4, wherein the hub configurator is executable on the processor to: create a role swap session with a further device connected to the port hub; and configure the bridge.
6. The electronic device of claim 5, wherein the configuring of the bridge comprises configuring a port of the port hub as a downstream port that appears as a device to both the electronic device and the further device that behave as host devices.
7. (canceled)
8. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein the dependency further comprises a power dependency among the plurality of ports that share power.
9. An electronic device comprising: a processor; and a hub configurator executable on the processor to: obtain, from a port hub that expands a number of ports for the electronic device, information of topological elements of the port hub, wherein the obtained information of the topological elements of the port hub comprises information specifying a dependency among a plurality of ports of the port hub, and wherein the dependency comprises a maximum active port dependency corresponding to a restriction on a number of ports of the plurality of ports that can be active at a time; and modify a configuration of the port hub.
10. An electronic device comprising: a processor; and a hub configurator executable on the processor to: obtain, from a port hub that expands a number of ports for the electronic device, information of topological elements of the port hub, wherein the obtained information of the topological elements of the port hub comprises information specifying a dependency among a plurality of ports of the port hub, and wherein the information specifying the dependency among the plurality of ports is included in a configuration object representing a group that includes the plurality of ports; and modify a configuration of the port hub.
11. The electronic device of claim 10, wherein the obtained information of the topological elements of the port hub comprises information specifying a state or status of an individual port of the port hub.
12. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the information specifying the state of the individual port comprises information of whether the individual port is enabled, disabled, or charge-only.
13. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the status of the individual port comprises one or more of: a connected status indicating whether or not the individual port is connected to a device, a data activity status indicating a data activity of the individual port, a power draw status indicating a power draw of the individual port, and information of a device connected to the individual port.
14. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the information specifying the state or status of the individual port is included in a configuration object for the individual port.
15. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein the modifying of the configuration of the port hub comprises updating a configuration object of an individual port of the port hub to change a mode of operation of the individual port.
16. The electronic device of claim 15, wherein the updating of the configuration object comprises changing the mode of operation of the individual port between a charge-only mode and a mode in which data communication can be performed through the individual port.
17. The electronic device of claim 10, wherein the modifying of the configuration of the port hub comprises setting a security policy to an individual port of the port hub.
18. The electronic device of claim 10, wherein the modifying of the configuration of the port hub comprises setting different security policies for respective different ports of the port hub.
19. The electronic device of claim 10, wherein the modifying of the configuration of the port hub comprises setting different functionalities for respective different ports of the port hub.
20. The electronic device of claim 10, wherein the obtained information of the topological elements of the port hub comprises names of ports of the port hub.
21. The electronic device of claim 20, wherein the hub configurator is executable on the processor to map Universal Serial Bus (USB) identifying properties of at least a subset of the topological elements to respective names of the ports of the port hub.
22. A method performed by an electronic device, comprising: obtaining, from a port hub that expands a number of ports for the electronic device, information of topological elements of the port hub, wherein the topological elements comprise a bridge; and configuring the port hub using a configuration interface of the port hub, wherein configuring the port hub comprises: initiating a role swap session with a further device connected to the port hub, and configuring the bridge that comprises configuring a port of the port hub as a downstream port that appears as a device to both the electronic device and the further device that behave as host devices, to enable host-to-host communications between the electronic device and the further device using the bridge.
23. A port hub comprising: a plurality of ports to connect to respective devices; and a configuration interface to: provide, to an electronic device connected to a port of the plurality of ports, information of topological elements of the port hub, the information of the topological elements of the port hub comprises information specifying a dependency among the plurality of ports of the port hub, the dependency comprising a maximum active port dependency corresponding to a restriction on a number of ports of the plurality of ports that can be active at a time; and modify a configuration of the port hub in response to control of the electronic device.
24. The method of claim 22, further comprising: during the role swap session, creating the bridge, wherein configuring the bridge comprises specifying a bridge configuration for the bridge that has been created..
| 24,317 |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/4066028
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Stack Exchange
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Bogdan, https://math.stackexchange.com/users/901810
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English
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Spoken
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One sided derivative of the moment generating function
Let $Z$ be a random variable with one-sided heavy tailed distribution, that it, the moment generating function of $Z$ is infinite for every $t<0$, but is finite on interval $[0,z)$ for some $z>0$. In this case, does the moment generating function have one-sided derivative at $0$? If yes, does this derivative is equal to (possibly negative infinite) expectation of $Z$? If yes, reference to a book where this is rigorously proved would be appreciated.
In this case, does the moment generating function have one-sided derivative at 0?
The moment-generating function is convex on its domain of definition (just differentiate twice in the expectation). Its derivative is well-defined on $(0,z)$ and nondecreasing, and thus has a right-limit at $0$. This limit can be finite or infinite.
If yes, does this derivative is equal to (possibly negative infinite) expectation of Z?
Yes. Writing $\psi(t) := \mathbb{E} (e^{tZ})$, for all $t \in (0,z)$,
$$\psi'(t) = \mathbb{E} (Ze^{tZ}) = \mathbb{E} (Z e^{tZ} \mathbf{1}_{Z \leq 0}) + \mathbb{E} (Z e^{tZ} \mathbf{1}_{Z > 0}).$$
Then $\lim_{t \to 0^+} \mathbb{E} (Z e^{tZ} \mathbf{1}_{Z \leq 0}) = \mathbb{E} (Z \mathbf{1}_{Z \leq 0})$ and $\lim_{t \to 0^+} \mathbb{E} (Z e^{tZ} \mathbf{1}_{Z > 0}) = \mathbb{E} (Z \mathbf{1}_{Z > 0})$, both by the monotone convergence theorem. Finally, their sum is well-defined (potentially $-\infty$) since $Z \mathbf{1}_{Z > 0}$ is integrable, so that
$$\lim_{t \to 0^+} \psi'(t) = \mathbb{E} (Z).$$
Thank you! This is indeed helpful.
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Phylogenetic Analyses and Biogeography of Trilliaceae
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Susan Beth Farmer
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Phylogenetic Analyses and Biogeography of Trilliaceae
Phylogenetic Analyses and Biogeography of Trilliaceae
Susan B. Farmer
University of Tennessee, Knoxville Susan B. Farmer
University of Tennessee, Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation
Recommended Citation Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany Volume 22
Issue 1 Volume 22
Issue 1 Article 45 Farmer, Susan B. (2006) "Phylogenetic Analyses and Biogeography of Trilliaceae," Aliso: A Journal of
Systematic and Floristic Botany: Vol. 22: Iss. 1, Article 45.
Available at: https://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol22/iss1/45 Part of the Botany Commons INTRODUCTION hypothesized to be Arcto-Tertiary in origin (Tamura 1998),
referring to high latitude, Northern Hemisphere areas having
an abundance of Tertiary fossils (Bufford and Spongberg
1983; see Engler 1879). Most contemporary botanists agree
that this distribution consists of four disjunct areas: eastern
North America, western North America, eastern Asia and
southeastern Europe-Asia Minor (Wood 1972; Tiffney
1985b). Members of Trilliaceae occur in each of these re-
gions north of Mexico as well as most of Europe. Because of their simple and distinctive morphology, Tril-
liaceae (Table 1) have been easy to circumscribe but difficult
to place. Since initial recognition of the family as a unit by
Chevallier (1827), its members have been placed in seven
orders and as parts of five families (Table 2; Zomlefer 1996;
Farmer 2000). Recent studies using a variety of molecular
and morphological techniques (see Farmer & Schilling 2002
for summary) agree that Trilliaceae are monophyletic (Chase
et a!. 1993, 1995a, b; Davis 1995; Kato et a!. l995a, b;
Stevenson and Loconte 1995). Within the Tertiary relict disjunctions, the most widely
studied of these patterns is that of eastern Asia and North
America, particularly eastern North America (Gray 1846;
White 1983; Tiffney 1985a; Hong 1993; Wen 1999; see Buf-
ford and Spongberg 1983 for summary). Other patterns of
distribution such as that between the eastern North America
and the Old World (Fernald 1931) and the southern Appa-
lachians and western North America (Wood 1971) have also
been noted. Thorne (1972) and Raven (1972) discuss more
general disjunct patterns in plants. The traditional view of generic limits in Trilliaceae has
been the classification into the two Linnaean genera based
on floral merosity: Trillium is trimerous, whereas Paris is 4-
to 11-merous. Within Trillium, a major issue is whether the
two subgenera (subgen. Trillium having a flower pedicel,
subgen. Phyllantherum lacking a pedicel [Freeman 1969,
1975]) are monophyletic (summary in Zomlefer 1996). Two
species within Trillium have more recently been segregated
as monotypic genera: Pseudotrillium and Trillidium. Pseu-
dotrillium was erected based its broad spotted petals, contin-
uously elongating pedicel, and molecular evidence; Trilli-
dium was described based on its tepaloid inflorescence, ex-
trorse anther dehiscence, and trimerous phyllotaxy (see Table
1). Within Paris, the debate is whether to recognize a single
broad genus (Hara 1969; Li 1984, 1998) or split it into three
genera (Takhtajan 1983; Dahlgren et al. 1985; Tamura 1998). Recommended Citation
Recommended Citation Farmer, Susan B. (2006) "Phylogenetic Analyses and Biogeography of Trilliaceae," Aliso: A Journal of
Systematic and Floristic Botany: Vol. 22: Iss. 1, Article 45. Available at: https://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol22/iss1/45 Farmer, Susan B. (2006) "Phylogenetic Analyses and Biogeography of Trilliaceae," Aliso: A Journal of
Systematic and Floristic Botany: Vol. 22: Iss. 1, Article 45. Available at: https://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol22/iss1/45 Available at: https://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol22/iss1/45 Aliso 22, pp. 579-592
© 2006, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Aliso 22, pp. 579-592
© 2006, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Aliso 22, pp. 579-592
© 2006, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden ABSTRACT Trilliaceae are plants of North Temperate forests with a holarctic distribution and a high degree of
endemism. Molecular phylogenetic analyses are presented in order to examine the tribal, generic, and
species-level classification of the family. These molecular studies, and earlier morphological studies,
support the placement of the genus Pseudotrillium as basal in the family and sister to the tribes Trillieae
and Parideae, which are monophyletic sister groups. Trillidium (Trillium) govanianum provides an
unresolved problem: morphologically it is included within Parideae, but molecular data place it within
Trillium as sister to T. undulatum. Within tribe Trillieae, clades are noted that correspond to previous
taxonomic groups. Within tribe Parideae the separation of Paris s.l. into Daiswa, Kinugasa, and Paris
s.s. is strongly supported. In addition, some biogeographic correlations are noted, and phylogenetic
distribution patterns are discussed. words: biogeography, Daiswa, Kinugasa, molecular analyses, morphology, Paris, phylogeny,
Pseudotrillium, Trilliaceae, Trillidium, Trillium. PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF TRILLIACEAE SUSAN B. FARMER
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 442 Hesler Biology Building, University of Tennessee,
Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1100, USA
(sfarmer@ goldsword.com) Genus, number of species, and type Trillium L. ( 43/43/41)
T. cernuum L. Paris L. (25/14/14)
P. quadrifolia L. Daiswa Raf. (NA/10/10)
D. polyphylla (Smith) Raf. P. polyphylla Smith
Trillidium Kunth (NA/NA/1)
Td. govanianum (Wall. in Royle) Kunth
T. govanianum Wall. in Royle
Kinugasa Tatew. & Suto (NA/111)
K. japonica (Franch. & Sav.) Tatew. & Suto
Td. japonicum Franch. & Sav. Pseudotrillium S. Farmer (NA/NA/1)
Pst. rivale (S. Watson) S. Farmer
T. rivale S. Watson
Trimerous phyllotaxy; flowers sessile (subgen. Phyllantherum) or pedicellate (subgen. Trillium). 4- to 12-merous phyllotaxy; flowers pedicellate. 4- to 12-merous phyllotaxy; flowers pedicellate. Trimerous phyllotaxy; tepaloid inflorescence; petiolate
leaves; pedicellate flowers. 7- to 10-merous phyllotaxy; showy white sepals;
pedicellate flowers. Trimerous phyllotaxy; broad spotted petals; petiolate
leaves; pedicellate flowers. Trimerous phyllotaxy; flowers sessile (subgen. Phyllantherum) or pedicellate (subgen. Trillium). 4- to 12-merous phyllotaxy; flowers pedicellate. 4- to 12-merous phyllotaxy; flowers pedicellate. Trimerous phyllotaxy; tepaloid inflorescence; petiolate
leaves; pedicellate flowers. 7- to 10-merous phyllotaxy; showy white sepals;
pedicellate flowers. Trimerous phyllotaxy; broad spotted petals; petiolate
leaves; pedicellate flowers. Trillium L. ( 43/43/41)
T. cernuum L. Paris L. (25/14/14)
P. quadrifolia L. Daiswa Raf. (NA/10/10)
D. polyphylla (Smith) Raf. P. polyphylla Smith
Trillidium Kunth (NA/NA/1)
Td. govanianum (Wall. in Royle) Kunth
T. govanianum Wall. in Royle
Kinugasa Tatew. & Suto (NA/111)
K. japonica (Franch. & Sav.) Tatew. & Suto
Td. japonicum Franch. & Sav. Pseudotrillium S. Farmer (NA/NA/1)
Pst. rivale (S. Watson) S. Farmer
T. rivale S. Watson 4- to 12-merous phyllotaxy; flowers pedicellate. Trimerous phyllotaxy; tepaloid inflorescence; petiolate
leaves; pedicellate flowers. 7- to 10-merous phyllotaxy; showy white sepals;
pedicellate flowers. Trimerous phyllotaxy; broad spotted petals; petiolate
leaves; pedicellate flowers. Table 2. Historical placement and composition of genera associated with Trilliaceae. Liliaceae is assumed to be in Liliales. 1 = Medeola
as Gyroomia, 2 = Medeola, 3 = Scoliopus, 4 = Demidovia, 5 = Listed in synonymy for Trillium, but mentioned in text, 6 = Clintonia,
7 = Daiswa, Kinugasa, and Paris s.s., 8 = Trillium and Trillidium, 9 = Pseudotrillium. Note that Watson and Dallwitz (199lb, 1996)
refer to DELTA data sets (Watson and Dallwitz 199la). Farmer Farmer 580 ALISO ALISO Table I. Generic types of Trilliaceae. Numbers after the genus name refer to numbers of species: National Flora (e.g., Flora of China
[Liang and Soukup 2000]; Flora of North America [Case 2002]; Tamura 1998; Farmer and Schilling 2002). All species have a single flower
subtended by a whorl of leaves on an otherwise naked stem. INTRODUCTION The most recent treatment of the family indicates that the
two traditional subgenera of Trillium are not monophyletic,
but there is morphological and molecular support for split-
ting Paris s.l. into three genera so that a total of six genera
are recognized in the family: Trillium, Trillidium, Pseudo-
trillium, Paris, Daiswa, and Kinugasa (Farmer and Schilling
2002; see Tamura 1998; Fig. 1-6). Within Trilliaceae there are some interesting distributional
patterns: there are no Trillium in Europe; no members of
Parideae are found in the New World; polyploids are re-
stricted to the Old World; the only documented hybrids are
in Asia; and the only sessile-flowered species are in the New
World. In addition, there is only one globally widespread
species, Paris quadrifolia (which is found from Ireland to
Mongolia and Siberia); there are two widespread genera,
Paris and Trillium; but there are three narrowly endemic
genera, Pseudotrillium, Kinugasa, and Trillidium. The tra-
ditional sister species groups that are often found in Arcto-
Tertiary distributions also exist: the Erectum Group (dis-
cussed later) exhibits the traditional eastern North America-
Asia pattern (Fernald 1931; Raven 1972; Thorne 1972;
Wood 1972; Xiang et al. 1998), while both the Grandiflorum
Group (discussed later) and the sessile flowered species of
Trillium (subgen. Phyllantherum Raf.) exhibit the western
North America-eastern North America pattern (Wood 1971 ). Trilliaceae are plants of North Temperate forests with a
holarctic distribution (Takhtajan 1986; Fig. 7) and are thus Genus, number of species, and type Included genera
Reference
Date
Trillium
Paris
Other
Family
Order
de Jussieu
1789
Liliaceae
Dumortier
1829
X
X
Paridaceae
Pari dales
Endlicher
1836-1840
X
X
2, 4
Smilaceae (Parideae)
Lindley
1846
X
X
4, 5
Trilliaceae
Dioscoreales
Kunth
1850
8
X
Smilacineae
Watson
1879
8
X
2, 3
Liliaceae (Trillieae)
Bentham & Hooker
1883
X
X
2, 3, 6
Liliaceae (Medeoleae)
Engler
1888
X
X
2
Liliaceae (Parideae)
Dalla Torre & Harms
1908
X
X
2, 3
Liliaceae (Parideae)
Hutchinson
1926
X
X
2, 3
Trilliaceae
Liliales
Rendle
1930
X
X
Liliaceae
Cronquist
1968
Liliaceae
Takhtajan
1959
Trilliaceae
Dioscoreales
Melchior
1964
X
X
2
Liliaceae (Parideae)
Huber
1969
Trilliaceae
Stemonales
Takhtajan
1969
Liliaceae
Willis
1973
X
X
2, 3
Trilliaceae
Dahlgren
1975
Trilliaceae
Stemonales
Huber
1977
Trilliaceae
Roxburghiales
Takhtajan
1980
X
X
Trilliaceae
Smilacales
Dahlgren et al. 1985
X
X
3
Trilliaceae
Dioscoreales
Takhtajan
1987
X
7
Trilliaceae
Dioscoreales
Watson & Dallwitz
1991b
X
X
2, 3
Trilliaceae
Dioscoreales
Brummitt & Powell
1992
X
7
3
Trilliaceae
Thorne
1992
X
X
Trilliaceae
Liliales
Noltie
1994
8
X
Trilliaceae
Stevenson & Loconte
1995
Trilliaceae
Stemonales
Watson & Dallwitz
1996
X
7
Trilliaceae
Dioscoreales
Takhtajan
1997
Trilliaceae
Trilliales
APG
1998
Melanthiaceae
Liliales
Farmer & Schilling
2002
8
7
9
Trilliaceae
Liliales
APG II
2003
Melanthiaceae
Liliales LUME 22
Trilliaceae Phylogeny and Biogeography Trilliaceae Phylogeny and Biogeography Trilliaceae Phylogeny and Biogeography Trilliaceae Phylogeny and Biogeography VOLUME 22 581 LUME 22
Trilliaceae Phylogeny and Biogeography
g. 1-6.-Type species for each genus within Trilliaceae.-1. Trillium cern.uum.-2. Paris quadrifolia.-3. Daiswa polyphylla
idiwn govan.ianum.-5. Kinugasa japon.ica.-6. Pseudorrillium rivale. Photography by G. C. Denton ( I, 4), J. M. McCiements (2
Wofford (3), Y. G. Soukup (5), and S. B. Farmer (6); all images used by permission. Fig. 1-6.-Type species for each genus within Trilliaceae.-1. Trillium cern.uum.-2. Paris quadrifolia.-3. Daiswa polyphylla.-4. Trillidiwn govan.ianum.-5. Kinugasa japon.ica.-6. Pseudorrillium rivale. Photography by G. C. Denton ( I, 4), J. M. McCiements (2), B. E. Wofford (3), Y. G. Soukup (5), and S. B. Farmer (6); all images used by permission. Both subgenera of Trillium have a long history of study
(Small 1897; Gleason 1906; Barksdale 1938; Freeman 1969,
1975; lhara and Ihara 1978, 1982), but the genus has only
recently begun to be studied in a phylogenetic context (Kato
et al. 1995a, b; Kazempour Osaloo et al. 1999; Kazempour
Osaloo and Kawano 1999; Farmer and Schilling 2002). Genus, number of species, and type The
matK protocol (Fuse and Tamura 2000) used primers trnK-
710F and matK-8R and proceeded as follows: initial dena-
turing at 94°C for 2 min, followed by 40 cycles of a 94°C
denaturing step for 60 sec, a 50°C annealing step of 60 sec,
and a 72°C extension step for 90 sec followed by an addi-
tional extension step for 3 min at 72°C to complete any un-
finished DNA strands. After PCR, the samples were purified
with ExoSAP-IT (USB Corp., Cleveland, Ohio, USA) before
sequencing. In all cases, both strands of the PCR products
were sequenced using the ABI PRISM Dye Terminator cycle
Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit (Perkin-Elmer Applied Bio-
systems, Foster City, California, USA) per manufacturer's
instructions. To sequence the ITS region, primers ITS4 and
17SE were used; to sequence the matK region primers trnK-
7lOF, matK-1470R, matK-1470F, and matK-8R were used. After the sequencing reaction, the samples were purified
with Sephadex (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA)
using Centri-Sep tubes (Princeton Separations, Adelphia,
New Jersey, USA) and vacuum dried. The dried samples
were delivered to the sequencing facility where they were
sequenced on an ABI Prism 3100 automated sequencer (Per-
kin-Elmer Applied Biosystems) at the University of Tennes-
see Molecular Biology Resource Facility. species are from the southern Appalachians and southeastern
United States, with the exception ofT. nivale, which ranges
from Pennsylvania westward to Montana, including distri-
butions in South Dakota, Nebraska, and Missouri. Genus, number of species, and type The
matK protocol (Fuse and Tamura 2000) used primers trnK-
710F and matK-8R and proceeded as follows: initial dena-
turing at 94°C for 2 min, followed by 40 cycles of a 94°C
denaturing step for 60 sec, a 50°C annealing step of 60 sec,
and a 72°C extension step for 90 sec followed by an addi-
tional extension step for 3 min at 72°C to complete any un-
finished DNA strands. After PCR, the samples were purified
with ExoSAP-IT (USB Corp., Cleveland, Ohio, USA) before
sequencing. In all cases, both strands of the PCR products
were sequenced using the ABI PRISM Dye Terminator cycle
Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit (Perkin-Elmer Applied Bio-
systems, Foster City, California, USA) per manufacturer's
instructions. To sequence the ITS region, primers ITS4 and
17SE were used; to sequence the matK region primers trnK-
7lOF, matK-1470R, matK-1470F, and matK-8R were used. After the sequencing reaction, the samples were purified
with Sephadex (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA)
using Centri-Sep tubes (Princeton Separations, Adelphia,
New Jersey, USA) and vacuum dried. The dried samples
were delivered to the sequencing facility where they were
sequenced on an ABI Prism 3100 automated sequencer (Per-
kin-Elmer Applied Biosystems) at the University of Tennes-
see Molecular Biology Resource Facility. Kit (QIAGEN Inc., Valencia, California, USA) from frozen,
desiccated, or herbarium specimens (Table 3). PCR ampli-
fication and sequencing was carried out using the primers in
Table 4. The PCR reactions were performed in 20 JJ..I reac-
tions containing 13.5 JJ-.1 sterile water, 2.0 JJ..I lO X PCR buffer,
1 .8 JJ-.1 2.5 mM MgC12, 0.4 JJ-.1 0.2 mM dNTPs in equimolar
ratio, 1 unit Taq polymerase (Eppendorf North America,
Westburg, New York, USA), 0.4 JJ-.1 0.5 mM each primer, 0.4
JJ-.1 BSA and I JJ-.1 genomic DNA. The ITS protocol was de-
scribed by Sun et al. (1994), used primers ITS4 and ITS5,
and proceeded as follows: initial denaturing at 94°C for 3
min, followed by 35 cycles of a 94°C denaturing step for 60
sec, a 58°C annealing step of 60 sec, and a 72°C extension
step for 120 sec followed by an additional extension step for
5 min at 72°C to complete any unfinished DNA strands. Sampling Strategy Seventy species were considered in earlier morphological
analyses of Trilliaceae (Farmer 2000; Farmer and Schilling
2002). Samejima and Samejima (1987), Li (1984, 1998), and
Takhtajan (1983) served as primary taxonomic sources al-
though species more recently recognized were also included. The Flora of China (Liang and Soukup 2000) was used as
the source for currently recognized Parideae taxa. The first molecular analysis, using ITS data alone, was
based on 38 accessions from GenBan.k sequence data (Table
3). The second analysis, combining ITS and matK data, fo-
cused on the Delostylis Group of Trillium. All 54 members
of this group were selected (including varieties, geographical
variants, and closely related species) (Table 3). Molecular markers.-DNA sequence information for two
gene regions was available from GenBan.k for a subset of
taxa used in the morphological analysis (Table 3). The two
molecular data sets were the Internal Transcribed Spacer
(ITS) region (ITSl, 5.8S, ITS2 sequences) of nuclear ribo-
somal DNA, and the chloroplast DNA sequences for the ma-
turase (matK) gene. Because ITS and matK sequence data
were already available for species within the family, these
two regions were chosen for initial sequencing of additional
taxa. All ancillary data sets and sequence alignments are
available from the author. Molecular markers.-DNA sequence information for two
gene regions was available from GenBan.k for a subset of
taxa used in the morphological analysis (Table 3). The two
molecular data sets were the Internal Transcribed Spacer
(ITS) region (ITSl, 5.8S, ITS2 sequences) of nuclear ribo-
somal DNA, and the chloroplast DNA sequences for the ma-
turase (matK) gene. Because ITS and matK sequence data
were already available for species within the family, these
two regions were chosen for initial sequencing of additional
taxa. All ancillary data sets and sequence alignments are
available from the author. Outgroup selection.-Despite the fact that Xerophyllaceae
are the nearest relatives of Trilliaceae, (Chase et al. 1995b,
2000; Davis 1995; Davis et al. 1998; Fuse and Tamura 2000;
Rudall et al. 2000; Zornlefer et al. 2001), taxa within Me-
lanthiaceae s.I. are not satisfactory outgroups for Trilliaceae
(Farmer 2000) due to both morphological and molecular di-
vergence making assessment of character homologies diffi-
cult. I therefore used Pseudotrillium rivale as a functional
outgroup based on preliminary analyses (Farmer and Schil-
ling 2002; Fig. 8, 9). Genus, number of species, and type For-
mal subgroups have not been proposed for the pedicellate T. subgen. Trillium, but two informal subgroups are used based
on texture and aging characteristics of the petals: the Gran-
diflorum Group (characterized by delicate textured, undu-
late-margined petals that age to pink) and the Erectum Group (characterized by more coarsely textured petals without un-
dulate margins that age to brown) (Gleason 1906; Barksdale
1938; Ihara and Ihara 1978, 1982; Patrick 1984). However,
studies that use informal groups include other characters
such as pistil morphology (Gleason 1906; Barksdale 1938;
Ihara and Ihara 1978). Often considered a part of the Gran-
diflorum Group, the Delostylis Group was recognized by Raf-
inesque ( 1819) to refer to species with an apparent style
between the ovary and three slender stigmas. As defined by
Rafinesque, this group comprises four species: Trillium ca-
tesbaei, T. nivale, T. persistens, and T. pusillum. All of these 582
Farmer
Fig. ? .-Distribution map for members of Trilliaceae (after Samejima and Samejima [1987] and Li [1998]). ALISO ALISO 582 Farmer Fig. ? .-Distribution map for members of Trilliaceae (after Samejima and Samejima [1987] and Li [1998] Kit (QIAGEN Inc., Valencia, California, USA) from frozen,
desiccated, or herbarium specimens (Table 3). PCR ampli-
fication and sequencing was carried out using the primers in
Table 4. The PCR reactions were performed in 20 JJ..I reac-
tions containing 13.5 JJ-.1 sterile water, 2.0 JJ..I lO X PCR buffer,
1 .8 JJ-.1 2.5 mM MgC12, 0.4 JJ-.1 0.2 mM dNTPs in equimolar
ratio, 1 unit Taq polymerase (Eppendorf North America,
Westburg, New York, USA), 0.4 JJ-.1 0.5 mM each primer, 0.4
JJ-.1 BSA and I JJ-.1 genomic DNA. The ITS protocol was de-
scribed by Sun et al. (1994), used primers ITS4 and ITS5,
and proceeded as follows: initial denaturing at 94°C for 3
min, followed by 35 cycles of a 94°C denaturing step for 60
sec, a 58°C annealing step of 60 sec, and a 72°C extension
step for 120 sec followed by an additional extension step for
5 min at 72°C to complete any unfinished DNA strands. Previous Analyses In all cases, Paris s.l. (tribe Parideae) and Trillium (tribe
Trillieae) were shown to be sister clades with varying de-
grees of bootstrap support. Within Parideae, Paris and Dais-
wa were placed as sister clades. Kinugasa was sometimes
sister to Daiswa and sometimes outgroup to Paris + Daiswa. In Trillieae, T. subgen. Phyllantherum was placed in a well-
defined, monophyletic clade, but T. subgen. Trillium was not
monophyletic. In morphological analyses, Trillidium gov-
anianum was placed with Parideae, but in molecular analy-
ses, it was placed with Trillieae (Farmer and Schilling 2002). Full details of these analyses are available from the author. Phylogenetic Analyses Data sets were analyzed using PAUP* (Swofford 2003)
vers. 4.0b I 0 with maximum parsimony using heuristic
search methods with TBR (tree bisection reconnection) and
MULPARS and a simple addition sequence. Random addi-
tion with steepest descent was used to check for islands of
trees (Maddison 1991). Bootstrap support (Felsenstein 1985)
was estimated based on 100,000 FastStep replicates with the
same search strategy as simple parsimony. In the initial anal-
yses, gaps were treated as missing. In subsequent analyses,
gaps were coded according to Simmons and Ochoterena
(2000). Sequence Manipulation and Alignment was supported at 98%, Daiswa at 100% with Kinugasa
as basal to Daiswa at 89%. Within Trillieae, the most notable
result was the placement of Trillium ovatum var. hibbersonii
as not only the most basal taxon in the clade but also not as
a diminutive form of T. ovatum var. ovatum (Taylor and
Szczawinski 1974). An unresolved clade comprised sister
species T. undulatum and Trillidium govanianum (supported
at 82%), the Erectum Group (supported at 98%), and all
other species of Trillium as successive sister groups (Fig. 11). The monophyletic group, T. subgen. Phyllantherum was
supported at 100% and is sister to the rest of the pedicellate
species of Trillium. Within the clade containing the remain-
der of the pedicellate Trillium, the basal T. ovatum var. ova-
tum (100% bootstrap support) was followed by paired sister
species T. grandiflorum and T. nivale supported at 61%, with
the Delostylis Group most terminal and supported at 99%. Within the Delostylis Group, T. catesbaei and T. persistens
are sister taxa and most basal, leaving the Pusillum Complex
most terminal. Within T. pusillum, there were successive-
sister clades, the most basal of which contains var. texanum
and the Georgia (var. indet. GA) populations. The remainder
of the successive sister groups were the wetland sessile-flow-
ered varieties (var. virginianum), the montane sessile-flow-
ered variety (var. monticulum), populations from North Car-
olina (var. indet.) and Mississippi (var. indet. MS), then the
Ozarks (var. ozarkanum), with the Alabama populations (var. alabamicum nom ined.) comprising the terminal-most clade. 1578 base pairs, 84 of which were variable for Trilliaceae. The data matrices from the previous analyses were deposited
at TreeBase; the final matrices from these analyses will also
be deposited at TreeBase at the completion of the project. All aligned data matrices, tree files, and supporting data are
also available from the author. Sequence Manipulation and Alignment The sequences were manually contiged (where necessary)
and aligned using BioEdit (Hall 1997-2005, 1999). The ITS
sequences obtained from GenBan.k (Kazempour Osaloo and
Kawano 1999) consisted of 648 base pairs (of which 199
were variable for Trilliaceae); the matK sequences obtained
from GenBank (Kazempour Osaloo et al. 1999) comprised DNA Extraction, PCR, and Sequencing Protocols DNA Extraction, PCR, and Sequencing Protocols For the analysis of the Delostylis Group, genomic DNA
was extracted from plant material using the DNeasy Plant Trilliaceae Phylogeny and Biogeography 583 VOLUME 22 913 with a CI of 0.59 in multiple islands; the 50% majority
rule is shown in Fig. 11. A poorly supported basal dichot-
omy separated Parideae and Trillieae. Within Parideae, Paris
s.s. was supported at 98%, Daiswa at 100% with Kinugasa
as basal to Daiswa at 89%. Within Trillieae, the most notable
result was the placement of Trillium ovatum var. hibbersonii
as not only the most basal taxon in the clade but also not as
a diminutive form of T. ovatum var. ovatum (Taylor and
Szczawinski 1974). An unresolved clade comprised sister
species T. undulatum and Trillidium govanianum (supported
at 82%), the Erectum Group (supported at 98%), and all
other species of Trillium as successive sister groups (Fig. 11). The monophyletic group, T. subgen. Phyllantherum was
supported at 100% and is sister to the rest of the pedicellate
species of Trillium. Within the clade containing the remain-
der of the pedicellate Trillium, the basal T. ovatum var. ova-
tum (100% bootstrap support) was followed by paired sister
species T. grandiflorum and T. nivale supported at 61%, with
the Delostylis Group most terminal and supported at 99%. Within the Delostylis Group, T. catesbaei and T. persistens
are sister taxa and most basal, leaving the Pusillum Complex
most terminal. Within T. pusillum, there were successive-
sister clades, the most basal of which contains var. texanum
and the Georgia (var. indet. GA) populations. The remainder
of the successive sister groups were the wetland sessile-flow-
ered varieties (var. virginianum), the montane sessile-flow-
ered variety (var. monticulum), populations from North Car-
olina (var. indet.) and Mississippi (var. indet. MS), then the
Ozarks (var. ozarkanum), with the Alabama populations (var. alabamicum nom ined.) comprising the terminal-most clade. 913 with a CI of 0.59 in multiple islands; the 50% majority
rule is shown in Fig. 11. A poorly supported basal dichot-
omy separated Parideae and Trillieae. Within Parideae, Paris
s.s. Trilliaceae Based on all molecular analyses, Trilliaceae can be clas-
sified into the monotypic Pseudotrillium rivale and two
monophyletic tribes: Parideae and Trillieae. The distinctive-
ness of Pseudotrillium rivale from both Paris and Trillium
required erection of a new genus (Farmer and Schilling
2002); the basal position of Pseudotrillium is supported from
prior molecular studies incorporating outgroups to the family
(Fig. 8, 9). Tribe Parideae is composed of Paris, Daiswa,
and Kinugasa whereas Trillieae is comprised of Trillium and
apparently (in these analyses) the monotypic Trillidium gov-
anianum. However, there are conflicts with the latter hy-
pothesis. Morphologically, Pseudotrillium and Trillium have
omniaperturate, spherical pollen grains with helobial endo-
sperm development, features tentatively hypothesized as an-
cestral given the basal position of Pseudotrillium in the fam-
ily. In contrast, Trillidium together with Parideae are char-
acterized by ellipsoidal, monosulcate pollen grains and nu-
clear
endosperm
development,
features
apparently
apomorphic in the family. The placement of Trillidium (near
Trillium undulatum) within Trillieae in the molecular anal-
yses may be an artifact of long-branch attraction (see later
discussion). A new key to the genera of Trilliaceae is pro-
vided in Appendix 1. Analysis Using ITS Data Alone Analysis Using ITS Data Alone New ITS sequence data were deposited by Y. Li of China
with GenBank after the previous analyses were published
(Farmer and Schilling 2002). Using these new sequence
data, parsimony analysis produced two shortest trees of
length 355 with a consistency index (CI) of 0.67; the strict
consensus tree is shown in Fig. 10. The data set included
659 characters, 202 variable and 83 informative. As in all
other analyses, Trillieae and Parideae were placed as sister
clades; the basal split into these two clades was poorly sup-
ported, but individual clades typically had bootstrap support
over 90%. These new data indicated that with the recogni-
tion of the segregate genera Daiswa and Kinugasa, Paris s.s. (Fig. 10) could be restricted to those species with a narrow
creeping rhizome and without a seed aril. In addition, Dais-
wa (Paris) polyphylla and its varieties were found to be non-
monophyletic. The topology of Trillieae changed slightly
from previous analyses in that the putative group formed by
T. undulatum and Trillidium govanianum was not placed in
a basal position in this tree and was less well supported
(bootstrap = 69% ). Analysis of Delostylis Group Using Combined ITS and
matK Data Parideae is monophyletic in all of the analyses (Fig. 10,
11). In addition to the traditionally used trait of merosity, Tribe Parideae Preliminary parsimony analysis of combined ITS and
matK sequence data produced 454 shortest trees of length Parideae is monophyletic in all of the analyses (Fig. 10,
11). In addition to the traditionally used trait of merosity, Ul
00
-!>- Table 3. Taxa included in the previously published matK and ITS sequencing analysis. Accession numbers are listed with ITS first then matK. Pu
Kazempour Osaloo and Kawano (1999); (B) unpublished data by X. Tang, L. Yao, and R. Tang; (C) sequences produced by S. Farmer; populations will be v
will be deposited with GenBank at the completion of the project. VIU = voucher information unknown; LMC = leaf material collected; PV = population Table 3. Taxa included in the previously published matK and ITS sequencing analysis. Accession numbers are listed with ITS first then matK. Publication notes: (A) published in
Kazempour Osaloo and Kawano (1999); (B) unpublished data by X. Tang, L. Yao, and R. Tang; (C) sequences produced by S. Farmer; populations will be vouchered at TENN and sequences
will be deposited with GenBank at the completion of the project. VIU = voucher information unknown; LMC = leaf material collected; PV = population vouchered. usly published matK and ITS sequencing analysis. Accession numbers are listed with ITS first then matK. Publication notes: (A) published in
(B) unpublished data by X. Tang, L. Yao, and R. Tang; (C) sequences produced by S. Farmer; populations will be vouchered at TENN and sequences
ompletion of the project. VIU = voucher information unknown; LMC = leaf material collected; PV = population vouchered. Taxon
Locality
Voucher information
Source
GenBank numbers
Kinugasa japonica (Franch. & Sav.) Tatew. Japan: Toyama, Tateyama-machi, Mt. Kato VIU
A
AB018804, AB018831
& Sut6
Tateyama
Paris axialis H. Li
VIU
B
AY192537
P. cronquistii (Takht.) H. Li
VIU
B
AY192025
P. daliensis H. Li & V. G. Soukup
VIU
B
AY192530, AY192529
P. fargesii Franch. Japan: Setsunan University, cultivated
Murata & Murata VIU
A
AB018800, AB018827
in botanical garden
VIU
B
AY192536
P. incompleta M. Bieb. UK: Edinburgh, cultivated in Royal
VIU
A
ABOI8805, ABOI8832
Botanic Garden
P. luquanensis H. Li
VIU
B
AY192534
P. marmorata Stearn
VIU
B
AY192535
P. polyphylla (Smith) Raf. Thailand: Chiang Mai, Doi Inthanon
Tamura VIU
A
AB018801, AB018828
P. polyphylla var. chinensis (Franch.) H. VIU
B
AY192531
Hara
P. polyphylla var. minora S. F. Wang
VIU
B
AY192540
P. polyphylla var. stenophylla Franch. Tribe Parideae VIU
B
AY192538
P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis (Franch.)
VIU
B
AY192539
Hand.-Mazz. '"I1
P. tetraphylla A. Gray
Japan: Hokkaido, Hakodate City, Mt. Kato VIU
'"
A
AB018806, AB018833
3
Hakodate-yama
0
'"'
P. thibetica Franch. UK: Edinburgh, cultivated in Royal
VIU
A
AB018802, AB018829
Botanic Garden
VIU
B
AY192532
P. undulata H. Li & V. G. Soukup
VIU
B
AY192533
P. verticillata M. Bieb. Japan: Hokkaido, Hakodate City, Mt. Kato VIU
A
AB018807, AB018834
Hakodate-yama
P. violacea Lev. Japan: Setsunan University, cultivated
Murata & Murata VIU
A
AB018803, ABOI8830
in botanical garden
P. sp. Purchased, Chen Yi Nursery
Farmer s. n. May 2002 (DNA 787)
c
P. sp. Purchased, Chen Yi Nursery
Farmer s. n. May 2002 (DNA 788)
c
Pseudotrillium rivale (S. Watson) S. B. USA: OR, Josephine Co. Hayashi et al. VIU
A
AB018822, AB017404
Farmer
USA: CA, Del Norte Co. Kawano et al. VIU
A
AB018822, AB017404
USA: OR, Josephine Co. Kawano et al. VIU
A
AB017404
USA: OR, Polk Co., in cultivation
Graham s. n. Apr 2001 (DNA 792)
c
Trillidium govanianum Wall. ex Royle
Bhutan: Himalayas, Shin-gonpa
Umezawa VIU
A
ABOI8813, AB017391
Trillium camschatcense Ker Gawl. Japan: Hokkaido, Samani-cho
Kato VIU
A
AB018808, AB017379
T. catesbaei Elliott
USA: AL, Escambia Co. Farmer & Searcy s. n. 19 Mar 2002 (DNA 780),
c
Farmer & Searcy s. n. 19 Mar 2002 (DNA 781)
c
USA: AL, DeKalb Co.; TN, Knox Co.,
LMC: Farmers. n. 14 May 1996 (DNA 807); PV:
c
in cultivation
Sherman 227 10 May 1959 TENN
USA: GA, Whitfield Co. Jones s. n. 11 Apr 2001 (DNA 808)
c
>
T. chloropetalum (Torr.) Howell
USA: CA, Santa Cruz Co. Ohara et al. VIU
A
AB018809, AB017382
t""
T. decipiens Freeman
USA: FL, Jackson Co. Ohara et al. VIU
A
AB018810, ABOI7385
Cii
0
T. discolor Wray ex Hooker
USA: SC, McCormick Co. Ohara et al. VIU
A
AB018811, AB017387
T. erectum L. USA: PA, Westmoreland Co. Kawano et al. VIU
A
AB018812, AB017388 Taxon
Kinugasa japonica (Franch. & Sav.) Tatew. & Sut6
Paris axialis H. Li
P. cronquistii (Takht.) H. Li
P. daliensis H. Li & V. G. Soukup
P. fargesii Franch. P. incompleta M. Bieb. P. luquanensis H. Li
P. marmorata Stearn
P. polyphylla (Smith) Raf. P. polyphylla var. chinensis (Franch.) H. Hara
P. polyphylla var. minora S. F. Wang
P. polyphylla var. stenophylla Franch. P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis (Franch.)
Hand.-Mazz. P. Tribe Parideae 26 Apr 2002 (DNA 811)
c
Ohara et al. VIU
A
AB018820, AB017402
Ohara et al. VIU
A
AB018821, AB017403
VIU
A
AB018823, AB017405
Kawano et al. VIU
A
AB018824, AB017406
Kawano et al. VIU
A
AB018825, AB017413
Farmer & Clevinger s. n. 27 Apr 2002 (DNA 784)
c
Vl
00
Vl
Kato VIU
A
AB018826, AB017417 Table 3. Continued. r c:
Voucher information
Source
GenBank numbers
~
til
Kawano et al. VIU
A
AB018814, AB017392
N
N
Farmers. n. 2 May 1996 (DNA 812)
c
Ohara et al. VIU
A
AB018815, AB017394
Ohara et al. VIU
A
AB018816, AB017397
Steven s. n. 13 Apr 2003 (DNA 789)
c
Kawano et al. VIU
A
AB018817, AB017399
Farmer s. n. 7 Apr 2002 (DNA 779)
c
Karstad s. n. May 2002 (DNA 799)
c
Graham s. n. Apr 2001 (DNA 801)
c
LMC: Gundlandsen s. n. Apr 2001 (DNA 796)
c
LMC: Thimble Farms s. n. May 2001 (DNA 800)
c
>-3
Patrick s. n. Apr 2000 (DNA 806)
c
~
Ohara et al. VIU
A
AB018818, AB017400
;·
()
(1>
Kawano et al. VIU
A
AB018819, AB017401
p:
(1>
LMC: Farmer & Wieland s. n. 20 Mar 2002
"0
::r
(DNA 790); PV: Morgan 468 9 May 1978 MNHP
'< 0
Farmer & Noble s. n. 11 Apr 2001 (DNA 736)
(JQ
(1>
Farmer s. n. 5 Apr 2002 (DNA 809)
=
'<
LMC: Farmer & Simmons s. n. 18 Apr 2001
c
p: =
(DNA 735); PV: Patrick & Simmons 1113 29
p. Apr 1980 TENN
to
a·
Farmer et al. s. n. 13 Mar 2002 (DNA 793)
c
(JQ
(1>
Farmer & Clevinger s. n. 27 Apr 2002 (DNA
c
0
(JQ
...,
785)
p:
'0
Hollis s. n. 27 Jun 2001 (DNA 734)
c
::r
'<
Farmer & Whitsell s. n. 22 Mar 2002 (DNA 791)
c
LMC: Singhurst s. n. 22 Mar 2002 (DNA 786);
c
PV: Correll 36935 9 Apr 1969 NCU
Farmer et al. s. n. 22 Mar 2002 (DNA 794)
c
Reynolds s. n. 16 Apr 2002 (DNA 778)
c
LMC: Ware & Grubbs s. n. 16 May 2002 (DNA
c
782); PV: Ware & Ware 7322 8 Apr 1979 VPI
Farmer & Wieboldt s. n. 16 May 2002 (DNA 783)
c
Frye s. n. 26 Apr 2002 (DNA 811)
c
Ohara et al. VIU
A
AB018820, AB017402
Ohara et al. Tribe Parideae tetraphylla A. Gray
P. thibetica Franch. P. undulata H. Li & V. G. Soukup
P. verticillata M. Bieb. P. violacea Lev. P. sp. P. sp. Pseudotrillium rivale (S. Watson) S. B. Farmer
Trillidium govanianum Wall. ex Royle
Trillium camschatcense Ker Gawl. T. catesbaei Elliott
T. chloropetalum (Torr.) Howell
T. decipiens Freeman
T. discolor Wray ex Hooker
T. erectum L. USA: FL, Jackson Co. USA: SC, McCormick Co. USA: PA, Westmoreland Co. <
0 r c:
Voucher information
Source
GenBank numbers
~
til
Kawano et al. VIU
A
AB018814, AB017392
N
N
Farmers. n. 2 May 1996 (DNA 812)
c
Ohara et al. VIU
A
AB018815, AB017394
Ohara et al. VIU
A
AB018816, AB017397
Steven s. n. 13 Apr 2003 (DNA 789)
c
Kawano et al. VIU
A
AB018817, AB017399
Farmer s. n. 7 Apr 2002 (DNA 779)
c
Karstad s. n. May 2002 (DNA 799)
c
Graham s. n. Apr 2001 (DNA 801)
c
LMC: Gundlandsen s. n. Apr 2001 (DNA 796)
c
LMC: Thimble Farms s. n. May 2001 (DNA 800)
c
>-3
Patrick s. n. Apr 2000 (DNA 806)
c
~
Ohara et al. VIU
A
AB018818, AB017400
;·
()
(1>
Kawano et al. VIU
A
AB018819, AB017401
p:
(1>
LMC: Farmer & Wieland s. n. 20 Mar 2002
"0
::r
(DNA 790); PV: Morgan 468 9 May 1978 MNHP
'< 0
Farmer & Noble s. n. 11 Apr 2001 (DNA 736)
(JQ
(1>
Farmer s. n. 5 Apr 2002 (DNA 809)
=
'<
LMC: Farmer & Simmons s. n. 18 Apr 2001
c
p: =
(DNA 735); PV: Patrick & Simmons 1113 29
p. Apr 1980 TENN
to
a·
Farmer et al. s. n. 13 Mar 2002 (DNA 793)
c
(JQ
(1>
Farmer & Clevinger s. n. 27 Apr 2002 (DNA
c
0
(JQ
...,
785)
p:
'0
Hollis s. n. 27 Jun 2001 (DNA 734)
c
::r
'<
Farmer & Whitsell s. n. 22 Mar 2002 (DNA 791)
c
LMC: Singhurst s. n. 22 Mar 2002 (DNA 786);
c
PV: Correll 36935 9 Apr 1969 NCU
Farmer et al. s. n. 22 Mar 2002 (DNA 794)
c
Reynolds s. n. 16 Apr 2002 (DNA 778)
c
LMC: Ware & Grubbs s. n. 16 May 2002 (DNA
c
782); PV: Ware & Ware 7322 8 Apr 1979 VPI
Farmer & Wieboldt s. n. 16 May 2002 (DNA 783)
c
Frye s. n. Tribe Parideae VIU
A
AB018821, AB017403
VIU
A
AB018823, AB017405
Kawano et al. VIU
A
AB018824, AB017406
Kawano et al. VIU
A
AB018825, AB017413
Farmer & Clevinger s. n. 27 Apr 2002 (DNA 784)
c
Vl
00
Vl
Kato VIU
A
AB018826, AB017417 Voucher information Taxon
Locality
T. grandiflorum (Michx.) Salish. USA: PA, Westmoreland Co. USA: VA, Wise Co. T. lancifolium Raf. USA: SC, McCormick Co. T. maculatum Raf. USA: GA, Early Co. T. nivale Riddell
USA: IN, Putnam Co. T. ovatum Pursh var. ovatum
USA: CA, Del Norte Co. USA: OR, Washington Co.; TN, Knox
Co., in cultivation
Canada: British Columbia, Westbank
USA: OR, Polk Co., in cultivation
T. ovatum var. hibbersonii (T. M. C. Taylor
Canada: British Columbia, Vancouver
& Szczaw.) G. W. Douglas & P. Pojar
in cultivation
Canada: British Columbia, Vancouver
in cultivation
T. persistens Duncan
USA: GA, Habersham Co. T. petiolatum Pursh
USA: W A, Chelan Co. T. pusillum Michx. var. indet. USA: NC, Sokes Co. (sic.)
USA: MS, Jones Co. (MS)
USA: GA, Whitfield Co. (GA)
USA: GA, Whitfield Co. (GA)
T. pusillum var. alabamicum nom ined. USA: TN, Lincoln Co. USA: AL, Limestone Co. T. pusillum var. monticulum Bodkin &
USA: VA, Rockingham Co. Reveal
T. pusillum var. ozarkanum (E. J. Palmer &
USA: MO, Barry Co. Steyerm.) Steyerm. USA: AR, Montgomery Co. T. pusillum var. texanum (Buckley) Reveal
USA: TX, Cass Co. & C. R. Broome
USA: TX, Smith Co. USA: LA, Caddo Parish
T. pusillum var. virginianum Fernald
USA: VA, James City Co. USA: VA, Grayson Co. USA: MD, Worcester Co. T. recurvatum Beck
USA: AR, Newton Co. T. reliquum Freeman
USA: GA, Columbia Co. T. rugelii Rendle
Japan: Hokkaido University, cultivate
in botanical garden
T. sessile L. USA: PA, Westmoreland Co. T. undulatum Willd. USA: PA, Westmoreland Co. USA: VA, Rockingham Co. Veratrum maackii Regel
Japan: Nyukawa-mura Locality USA: PA, Westmoreland Co. USA: VA, Wise Co. USA: SC, McCormick Co. USA: GA, Early Co. USA: IN, Putnam Co. USA: CA, Del Norte Co. USA: OR, Washington Co.; TN, Knox
Co., in cultivation
Canada: British Columbia, Westbank
USA: OR, Polk Co., in cultivation
Canada: British Columbia, Vancouver,
in cultivation
Canada: British Columbia, Vancouver,
in cultivation
USA: GA, Habersham Co. USA: W A, Chelan Co. USA: NC, Sokes Co. (sic.)
USA: MS, Jones Co. (MS) T. persistens Duncan
T. petiolatum Pursh
T. pusillum Michx. var. indet. USA: W A, Chelan Co. Kawano et al. Tribe Parideae VIU USA: NC, Sokes Co. (sic.) USA: MS, Jones Co. (MS) y
Farmer & Noble s. n. 11 Apr 2001 (DNA 736) USA: GA, Whitfield Co. (GA) Farmer s. n. 5 Apr 2002 (DNA 809) USA: GA, Whitfield Co. (GA) T. pusillum var. alabamicum nom ined. USA: TN, Lincoln Co. Apr 1980 TENN 8.~Strict consensus tree from principal analysis of Trilli- r------------ Veratrum maackii
r---------- Pseudotrillium rivale
r--- Paris verticil/ala
Paris incompleta
Paris tetraphylla
r---- Kinugasa japonica
Paris fargesii
Paris violacea
Paris thibetica
Paris polyphyl/a
r--- Trillium camschatcense
Trillium erectum
Trillium rugelii
Trillidium govanianum
Trillium undulatum
r---- Trillium ovatum
Trillium grandiflorum
Trillium pusillum
Trillium decipiens
r--+-- Trillium reliquum
Trillium discolor
Trillium chloropetalum
Trillium sessile
Trillium recurvatum
Trillium petiolatum
Trillium maculatum
Trillium lancifolium
Fig. 8.~Strict consensus tree from principal analysis of Trilli-
aceae with Veratrum maackii as the outgroup using matK data (1326
trees, length 285). Fig. 8.~Strict consensus tree from principal analysis of Trilli-
aceae with Veratrum maackii as the outgroup using matK data (1326
trees, length 285). Fig. 9.~Strict consensus tree from principal analysis of Trilli-
aceae with Veratrum maackii as the outgroup using ITS data (6 trees,
length 748). (From Farmer and Schilling 2002). Parideae can be distinguished by synapomorphies such as
filiform petals, elliptical, monosulcate pollen, and nuclear
endosperm (Farmer and Schilling 2002). but D. fargesii has an indehiscent rather than a dehiscent
berry, and D. thibetica has a partial rather than a complete
aril (Li and Noltie 1997). Character-mapped cladograms are
available from author. The molecular analyses supported the separation of Pari-
deae into two sister clades, Paris and Kinugasa + Daiswa
(Fig. 10, 11). The support for the monophyly of Kinugasa
+ Daiswa was provided primarily by the molecular analyses
rather than traditional morphology. In addition, the problem-
atic placements of D. fargesii and D. thibetica are now re-
solved because of apparent character-state reversions. Both
species exhibit the thick rhizome characteristic of Daiswa; In traditional, morphological classifications, Kinugasa has
always been aligned with Paris subgen. Paris, but mor-
phology now interpreted in light of the current analyses sug-
gests a closer relationship between Kinugasa and Daiswa,
with both exhibiting the thick rhizome and arillate seeds in
addition to many of the same insertions/deletions (indels)
and base-pair changes. One alternative is to lump Kinugasa ing primers used in the new sequencing analyses of Trilliaceae. Amplification primers are denoted PCR; Table 4. PCR and sequencing primers used in the new sequencing analyses of Trilliaceae. Amplification primers are denoted PCR;
sequencing primers SEQ. Table 4. PCR and sequencing primers used in the new sequencing analyses of Trilliaceae. Amplification primers are denoted PCR;
sequencing primers SEQ. Region
Reference
Primer
5'-Primer sequence-3'
Use
ITS
White et al. Apr 1980 TENN USA: AL, Limestone Co. USA: VA, Rockingham Co. USA: MO, Barry Co. USA: TX, Smith Co. USA: LA, Caddo Parish USA: VA, James City Co. USA: MD, Worcester Co. USA: AR, Newton Co. USA: GA, Columbia Co. USA: PA, Westmoreland Co. USA: PA, Westmoreland Co. USA: VA, Rockingham Co. ALISO ALISO Farmer 586 r------------ Veratrum maackii
r---------- Pseudotrillium rivale
r--- Paris verticil/ala
Paris incompleta
Paris tetraphylla
r---- Kinugasa japonica
Paris fargesii
Paris violacea
Paris thibetica
Paris polyphyl/a
r--- Trillium camschatcense
Trillium erectum
Trillium rugelii
Trillidium govanianum
Trillium undulatum
r---- Trillium ovatum
Trillium grandiflorum
Trillium pusillum
Trillium decipiens
r--+-- Trillium reliquum
Trillium discolor
Trillium chloropetalum
Trillium sessile
Trillium recurvatum
Trillium petiolatum
Trillium maculatum
Trillium lancifolium
Fig. 8.~Strict consensus tree from principal analysis of Trilli-
aceae with Veratrum maackii as the outgroup using matK data (1326
trees, length 285). r---------- Veratrum maackii
r--------- Pseudotrillium rivale
r-------- Trillidium govanianum
t-------- Trillium undulatum
1------- Paris verticillata
Paris incompleta
Paris tetraphyl/a
Trillium camschatcense
Trillium erectum
Trillium rugelii
Paris thibetica
Kinugasa japonica
Paris fargesii
Paris violacea
Paris polyphylla
------ Trillium pusillum
Trillium grandiflorum
Trillium ovatum
r---- Trillium petiolatum
Trillium discolor
Trillium decipiens
Trillium reliquum
Trillium chloropetalum
Trillium sessile
-..__ __ Trillium maculatum
Trillium lancifolium
Trillium recurvatum
Fig. 9.~Strict consensus tree from principal analysis of Trilli-
aceae with Veratrum maackii as the outgroup using ITS data (6 trees,
length 748). (From Farmer and Schilling 2002). r---------- Veratrum maackii
r--------- Pseudotrillium rivale
r-------- Trillidium govanianum
t-------- Trillium undulatum
1------- Paris verticillata
Paris incompleta
Paris tetraphyl/a
Trillium camschatcense
Trillium erectum
Trillium rugelii
Paris thibetica
Kinugasa japonica
Paris fargesii
Paris violacea
Paris polyphylla
------ Trillium pusillum
Trillium grandiflorum
Trillium ovatum
r---- Trillium petiolatum
Trillium discolor
Trillium decipiens
Trillium reliquum
Trillium chloropetalum
Trillium sessile
-..__ __ Trillium maculatum
Trillium lancifolium
Trillium recurvatum
Fig. 9.~Strict consensus tree from principal analysis of Trilli-
aceae with Veratrum maackii as the outgroup using ITS data (6 trees,
length 748). (From Farmer and Schilling 2002). r------------ Veratrum maackii
r---------- Pseudotrillium rivale
r--- Paris verticil/ala
Paris incompleta
Paris tetraphylla
r---- Kinugasa japonica
Paris fargesii
Paris violacea
Paris thibetica
Paris polyphyl/a
r--- Trillium camschatcense
Trillium erectum
Trillium rugelii
Trillidium govanianum
Trillium undulatum
r---- Trillium ovatum
Trillium grandiflorum
Trillium pusillum
Trillium decipiens
r--+-- Trillium reliquum
Trillium discolor
Trillium chloropetalum
Trillium sessile
Trillium recurvatum
Trillium petiolatum
Trillium maculatum
Trillium lancifolium
Fig. Apr 1980 TENN ITS5
GGA AGT AAA AGT CGT AAC AAG G
PCR, SEQ
(1990)
ITS4
TCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC
PCR
Sun et a!. (1994)
17SE
ACG AAT TCA TGG TCC GGT GAA GTG TTC G
SEQ
matK
Fuse and Tamura
trnK-710F
GTA TCG CAC TAT GTA TCA TTT GA
PCR, SEQ
(2000)
matK-1470R
AAG ATG TTG ATC GTA AAT GA
SEQ
matK-1470F
TCA TTT ACG ATC AAC ATC TT
SEQ
matK-8R
AAA GTT CTA GCA CAA GAA AGT CGA
PCR, SEQ 587 Trilliaceae Phylogeny and Biogeography VOLUME 22 Pseudotrillium rivale
T. camschatcense
97
T. erectum
Trillium
T rugelii
T. undulatum
69
T d. govanianum
0111(
Trillidium
T. ovatum var. ovatum
T. grandiflorum
Q)
co
T. pusillum var. indet. Q)
T. discolor
T. decipiens
s..... T. reliquum
Trillium
r-
95
T. chloropetalum
T. recurvatum
T. petiolatum
59
T. maculatum
T. lancifolium
T. sessile
P verticillata
97
P incompleta
Paris s.s. P tetraphylla
K. japonica
0111(
Kinugasa
P undulata
P fargesii
P fargesii
P polyphylla var. stenophylla
Q)
P cronquistii
co
98
P polyphylla var. chinensis
Q)
P thibetica
"""C
·-
P thibetica
Daiswa
s..... 100
co
P polyphylla var. minora
a_
P polyphylla var. indet. P violacea
85
P marmorata
P luquanensis
1
P axialis
P polyphylla var. yunnanensis
P daliensis
Fig. 10.-Strict consensus of two trees from the ITS analysis of 38 accessions of Trilliaceae taxa. Length = 355 steps; consistency i
0 67 Percentages below the branches are bootstrap values Q)
co
Q)
s..... r- Fig. 10.-Strict consensus of two trees from the ITS analysis of 38 accessions of Trilliaceae taxa. Length = 355 steps; consistency index
= 0.67. Percentages below the branches are bootstrap values. Fig. 10.-Strict consensus of two trees from the ITS analysis of 38 accessions of Trilliaceae taxa. Length = 355 steps; consistency index
= 0.67. Percentages below the branches are bootstrap values. ALISO Farmer 588 Pseuddrillium rivale 792
P vertidl/ata
I
Paris s.s. (]
98
P incorrpleta
co
P tetraphylla
(]
54
Kjaponica
Ill(:
Kinugasa
P thibetica
"'0·-
P rx:Jyphylla var. indet. s... P vidacea
Daiswa
co
p fargesii
a. Psp. 787
Psp. 788
T ovatum var. hibbersonii 796
I Trillium
100
T ovatum var. Apr 1980 TENN hibbersonii 800
Td govanianum
Ill(:
Trillidium
82
T undu/atum 784
T undulatum
T carrschatcense
I
Erectum
98
Teredum
T rugelii
group
T discdor
T dedpiens
E
T reliquum
.2
100
c
(])
T petidatum
(]) ...c:::
C)-
T chloropetalum
..cC:::
::l~
T rreculatum
oo:s.,
Tlandfdium
ct
T recurvatum
T ovatumvar. ovatum779
T ovatumvar. ovatum
(]
100
T ovatumvar. ovatum801
T ovatumvar. ovatum 799
co
T nivale789
(]
T grandiflorum 812
Trillium
T grandiflorum
s... T persistens 806
I-
T catesbaei 807
T catesbaei 808
T catesbaei 780
T catesbaei 781
T p. var. indet. GA 736
T p. var. indet. GA 809
T p. var. texanum778
-~
T p. var. texanum794
>. -
T p. var. texanum786
(/)
0
T p. var. virginianum811
(])
T p. var. virginianum 782 §
0
T p. var. virginianum 783 1
T p. var. rmnticulum 785
T p. var. indet. MS 790
I-:
T p. var. indet. T p. var. ozarkanum 734
T p. var. ozarkanum791
T p. var. alabarricum 735
T p. var. alabarricum 793
g. 11.-50% majority rule consensus of 454 trees in 57 islands from the ITS-matK analysis of 54 accessions of Trilliacea
th = 913 steps; consistency index = 0.86. Percentages below the branches are bootstrap values. Numbers refer to DNA samp
3. (])
co
(])
s..... I- Fig. 11.-50% majority rule consensus of 454 trees in 57 islands from the ITS-matK analysis of 54 accessions of Trilliaceae taxa. Length = 913 steps; consistency index = 0.86. Percentages below the branches are bootstrap values. Numbers refer to DNA samples in
Table 3. Fig. 11.-50% majority rule consensus of 454 trees in 57 islands from the ITS-matK analysis of 54 accessions of Trilliaceae taxa. Length = 913 steps; consistency index = 0.86. Percentages below the branches are bootstrap values. Numbers refer to DNA samples in
Table 3. Trilliaceae Phylogeny and Biogeography VOLUME 22 589 with Daiswa. However, because of the unusual morphology
of the species (i.e., the octoploid chromosome count, and
showy, white sepals), the segregate genus Kinugasa should
be retained. with Daiswa. However, because of the unusual morphology
of the species (i.e., the octoploid chromosome count, and
showy, white sepals), the segregate genus Kinugasa should
be retained. The Delostylis Group s.s. (i.e., Rafinesque's 1819 defini-
tion of Delostylis minus Trillium nivale) makes up the re-
mainder of the tree shown in Fig. 11. Trillium persistens and
T. Biogeography Distribution and endemism patterns in Trilliaceae.- Each
of the Arcto-Tertiary areas of refuge has its own center of
diversity. In eastern Asia, which has the highest diversity of
this modern Tertiary flora (Tiffney l985a ), the center of di-
versity is in south central China in the Qinling Mountains
(Bufford 1998). In eastern North America the highest diver-
sity is in the southern Appalachians (Bufford 1998; Wen
1999). The Klamath range of northern California and south-
ern Oregon has the greatest diversity in western North Amer-
ica (Wood 1971). In the Europe-Asia Minor refuge, the cen-
ter of diversity appears to be in the Caucasus Mountains
(Wood 1971). This pattern is similar in Trilliaceae with Asia
having the greatest diversity (34 species and five known hy-
brids in five genera). North America is next with 30 species
of Trillium in eastern North America while western North
America has at least eight species in two genera (Trillium
and Pseudotrillium). Europe has the least diversity with only
two species of Paris. With fewer species of Parideae in the analysis shown in
Fig. 11, the grouping of T. undulatum and Trillidium gov-
anianum is better supported at 82% (Fig. 11) than in Fig. 10. Due to insufficient sampling (Graybeal 1998), it is pos-
sible that the problematic placement of Trillidium (e.g., as
sister species to Trillium undulatum, see Fig. 10, 11) is
caused by long-branch attraction or lineage sorting. The best
solution for eliminating long-branch attraction is to increase
taxon sampling (Graybeal 1998). This hypothesis is sup-
ported not only by the drop in bootstrap support from 82%
(Fig. 11) with only 10 members of Parideae to 69% (Fig. 10) when 20 species of Parideae are included in the analysis,
but also the fact that if Trillium undulatum is removed from
the analysis, Trillidium is placed as the basal ingroup species
(i.e., sister to Trillium and Parideae combined). In addition to the traditional Arcto-Tertiary distribution
patterns, genetics provide another distribution pattern; poly-
ploidy is restricted to the Old World. All North American
Trillium are diploid; although there are scattered reports of
triploid specimens (Haga 1942; Sparrow and Pond 1950;
Kozuka et al. 1964). Of the nine Trillium in Asia, only one
is diploid; the rest are triploid, tetraploid, or hexaploid (Sa-
mejima and Samejima 1987). Within Paris, the primary Eu-
ropean taxon, P. quadrifolia, is tetraploid. Tribe Trillieae Trillium ovatum var. hibbersonii and T. ovatum var. ova-
tum do not together comprise a monophyletic group and oc-
cur in separate clades in the combined ITS-matK analysis
(Fig. 11). Trillium ovatum var. hibbersonii is placed at a
more basal position in the tree than T. ovatum var. ovatum. There are approximately 29 absolute base pair changes and
one indel of five base pairs in length that separate these two
taxa in the ITS data set; in the matK data set, there are 13
absolute base pair changes within the coding region and nine
base pair changes and three indels of length five, six, and
11 base pairs in the 5' spacer region that separate varieties
hibbersonii and ovatum, but only two that unite them as
distinct from all other Trillium species. There are several
morphological characters that separate them as well, most
notably the extremely small stature of T. ovatum var. hib-
bersonii, but also phenology, gynoecial and androecial mor-
phology, as well as a difference in petal coloration (T. ova-
tum var. hibbersonii flowers pink before fading to white
whereas T. ovatum var. ovatum flowers white and fades to
pink [Wiley 1969]). Thus, it is suggested that Trillium ova-
tum var. hibbersonii be elevated to species rank (Farmer in
prep.). Trillium pusillum var. texanum and the Georgia popula-
tions are more closely related to each other than they are to
the rest of the pusillum complex. This relationship is sup-
ported by the synapomorphy of stomates on the upper sur-
face of the leaves. Based on sampling of other non-coding
plastid regions (Shaw et al. 2005), the varieties of T. pusil-
lum are separable on a molecular level. Apr 1980 TENN catesbaei are sister taxa that form the base of this clade
with T. pusillum and its varieties monophyletic. In previous
analyses, the placement of T. pusillum varied depending on
the data set. In the large morphological analysis (Farmer and
Schilling 2002), T. pusillum was part of a clade basal to all
other taxa. In addition, its placement in the ITS analysis (Fig. 10) was different from that produced by the combined ITS-
matK tree (Fig. 11). In the analysis of the relationships
among the varieties of T. pusillum, the strict consensus tree
of 454 most parsimonious trees (Fig. 11) shows several well-
defined and well-represented groups. However, in the
FastStep Bootstrap of 100,000 reps, separation into distinct
varietal units with bootstrap support was not observed-only
a polytomy was produced. Because of the recognition of Kinugasa as a genus, and
because Paris and Daiswa were separated on a molecular
level as well as morphologically, Daiswa as distinct from
Paris should be recognized. Nomenclatural consequences
will be addressed at a later date. Biogeography Paris incompleta
from the Caucasus Mountains is diploid as are most of the
other Asian taxa including all members of Daiswa (Li 1998). Kinugasa japonica is octoploid (Tatewaki and Suto 1935). Of the Asian polyploid Trillium, five are recognized as hy-
brids. Hybridization is believed to occur in North America
in the Erectum Group as well as in the Phyllantherum Group The grouping of Trillium nivale and T. grandifiorum to-
gether is poorly supported in the analysis shown in Fig. 11
at 61 %; however, results are available from only one acces-
sion ofT. nivale. Traditionally, T. grandifiorum and T. ova-
tum have been placed with members of the Delostylis Group
because of their anthocyanin chemistry and petal texture
(Gleason 1906; Barksdale 1938; Ihara and Ihara 1978, 1982;
Patrick 1984); however, they do not share the character states
of a fused style and sub-petiolate to petiolate leaves. This
analysis does not support a close relationship between T. grandifiorum and T. ovatum, but rather between T. grandi-
jlorum and T. nivale. Farmer 590 ALISO ALISO (Freeman 1969), but has not been proven (Case and Case
1997). CASE, F. W. 2002. Trillium, pp. 90-117. In Flora of North America
Editorial Committee [eds.], Flora of North America north of Mex-
ico, Vol. 26. Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales. Ox-
ford University Press, New York, USA. Phylogenetic distribution patterns.-If the phylogeny
based on a morphological analysis of the family (Farmer
2000; Farmer and Schilling 2002) is an accurate represen-
tation of the evolutionary history of the various species, then
the oldest extant lineage is in the Klamath Mountains of the
Pacific Northwest, represented by Pseudotrillium rivale. Given that Parideae and Trillieae are sister groups occupying
largely different geographical areas (Eurasia vs. Asia-North
America), a taxon-area cladogram based on phylogeny
would not be informative; however, some patterns may be
noted. Based on the phylogeny, the basal taxa in the two
tribes are either Asian or western North American. From the
center of origin, the Paris-like species dispersed to Asia and
from Asia into Europe. The Erectum Group dispersed to
Asia and eastern North America. The American species may
have diverged from the Asian species before or after dis-
persal, and the Asian taxa are likely to be ancestral in this
group. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ---, D. W. STEVENSON, P. WILKIN, AND P. J. RUDALL. 1995b. Monocot systematics: a combined analysis, pp. 685-730. In P. J. Rudall, P. J. Cribb, D. F. Cutler, and C. 1. Humphries [eds.], Mono-
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Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK. The author thanks the Botany Department of the Univer-
sity of Tennessee, the DeSelm Fund, the Sharp Fund, and
the SABS for support of this work; Michael Simpson and
the two reviewers whose comments made this a better paper;
Ed Schilling, Gene Wofford, Randy Small, Heng Li, Soichi
Kawano, Vic Soukup, Carl Denton, and Michael Simpson
for valuable assistance to this project; and the curators at
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emplaria imprimis in herbariis Kewensibus servata definita, Vol. 3, part 2. L. Reeve and Co., London, UK. 1258 p. 3, part 2. L. Reeve and Co., London, UK. 1258 p. BRUMMITT, R. K., AND C. E. POWELL. 1992. Vascular plant families
and genera. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK. 804 p. DE JussiEu, A. L. 1789. Genera plantarum secundum ordines natur-
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!'indication des principaux genres que s'y rattachent. J. Caster-
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Universitatis Bibliopolam, Vienna, Austria. 1483 p. ---, AND S. A. SPONGBERG. 1983. Eastern Asian-eastern North
American phytogeographical relationships-a history from the
time of Linnaeus to the twentieth century. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 70: 423-439. ENGLER, A. 1879. Versuch einer Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pflan-
zenwelt, insbesondere der Florengebiete seit der Tertiiirperiode. I. Trilliaceae Phylogeny and Biogeography VOLUME 22 591 Die extratropischen Gebiete der niirdlichen Hemisphiire. W. En-
gelmann, Leipzig, Germany. 202 p. atics of Trilliaceae II. LITERATURE CITED A. Morrison [eds.], Monocots: systematics and evolution. CSIRO
Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, Australia. HUBER, H. 1969. Die Samenmerkmale und Verwandtschaftsverhlilt-
nisse der Liliiflorae. Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. Miinchen 8: 219-538. ---. 1977. The treatment of the monocotyledons in an evolu-
tionary system of classification. Pl. Syst. Ecol., Suppl. 1: 285-298. HUTCHINSON, J. 1959. Trilliaceae, pp. 615-616. In The families of
flowering plants, Vol. 2. Monocotyledons, Ed. 2. Clarendon Press,
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tionary system of classification. Pl. Syst. Ecol., Suppl. 1: 285-298. SAMEJIMA K., AND J. SAMEJIMA. 1987. Trillium genus illustrated. Uni-
versity of Hokkaido Press, Japan. 237 p. HUTCHINSON, J. 1959. Trilliaceae, pp. 615-616. In The families of
flowering plants, Vol. 2. Monocotyledons, Ed. 2. Clarendon Press,
London, UK. SHAW, J., E. B. LICKEY, J. T. BECK, S. B. FARMER, W. LIU, J. MILLER,
K. C. SIRIPUN, C. T. WINDER, E. E. SCHILLING, AND R. L. SMALL. 2005. The tortoise and the hare II: relative utility of21 non-coding
chloroplast DNA sequences for phylogenetic analysis. Amer. J. Bot. 92: 142-166. IHARA, K., AND M. IHARA. 1982. A biosystematic study on the ped-
icellate-flowered species of North American Trillium (2). J. Phy-
togeogr. Taxon. 30: 74-82. IHARA, M., AND K. IHARA. 1978. A biosystematic study of the ped-
icellate-flowered species of North American Trillium (1). J. Ceo-
bot. 25: 139-172. SIMMONS, M. P., AND H. 0CHOTERENA. 2000. Gaps as characters in
sequence-based phylogenetic analyses. Syst. Bioi. 49: 369-381. KATO, H., S. KAWANO, R. TERAUCHI, M. OHARA, AND F. H. UTECH. 1995a. Evolutionary biology of Trillium and related genera (Tril-
liaceae) I. Restriction site mapping and variation of chloroplast
DNA and its systematic implications. Pl. Spec. Bioi. 10: 17-29. KATO, H., S. KAWANO, R. TERAUCHI, M. OHARA, AND F. H. UTECH. 1995a. Evolutionary biology of Trillium and related genera (Tril-
liaceae) I. Restriction site mapping and variation of chloroplast
DNA and its systematic implications. Pl. Spec. Bioi. 10: 17-29. ---, R. TERAUCHI, F. H. UTECH, AND S. KAWANO. i995b. Molec-
ular systematics of the Trilliaceae sensu Jato as inferred from rbcL
sequence data. Molec. Phylogenet. Evol. 4: 184-193. SMALL, J. K. 1897. Studies in the botany of the southeastern United
States-X. The sessile flowered Trillia of the southern states. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 169-175. SPARROW, A. H., AND V. PoND. 1950. Supernumerary chromosomes
in diploid and triploid Trillium erectum L. Genetics 45: 694. APPENDIX I. KEY TO THE GENERA OF TRILLIACEAE ---. 1992. Classification and geography of the flowering plants. Bot. Rev. (Lancaster) 58: 225-348. 1. Inflorescence composed of tepals (if outer perianth segments
are green, shape and size of inner and outer segments simi-
lar); phyllotaxy trimerous ................. TRILLIDIUM
1. Inflorescence composed of sepals and petals (shape and size
of inner and outer segments dissimilar); phyllotaxy trimerous
to numerous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Sepals petaloid, showy, white; petals filiform (to 1 [-2] mm
wide) or absent ......................... KINUGASA
2. Sepals herbaceous, green or purplish; petals filiform to broad
(0.1-6 em wide), or absent ...................... . 3. Phyllotaxy mostly trimerous with leaves (0.8-) 5-15 (-25)
em wide; petals (2-) 7-15 (-60) em wide (if narrower, petals
either white or pink, or plants sessile-flowered) ....... . 3. Phyllotaxy mostly 4- to 11-merous; leaves (0.8-) 2-5 (-7)
em wide (rarely to 60 em with fewer leaves and height to 1
m or more); petals filiform 1-2 (-3) mm (rarely 5-6 mm)
3
5
4
4. Rhizome slender, running; seeds without aril . . . . . . . PARIS
4. Rhizome thick; seeds with enclosing red or orange sarcotes-
ta, or partial green aril ...................... DAISWA
5. Petals generally spotted, ovate, frequently appearing clawed;
leaves cordate to rounded, coriaceous ... PSEUDOTRILLIUM
5. Petals not spotted, from ovate to obovate; leaves ovate to
obovate, "herbaceous" or not coriaceous . . . . . . . TRILLIUM T!FFNEY, B. H. 1985a. Perspectives on the origin of the floristic
similarity between eastern Asia and eastern North America. J. Arnold Arbor. 66: 73-94. ---. 1985b. The Eocene North Atlantic land bridge: its impor-
tance in Tertiary and modern phytogeography of the northern
hemisphere. J. Arnold Arbor. 66: 243-273. WATSON, L., AND M. J. DALLWITZ. 199la. The families of angio-
sperms: automated descriptions with interactive identification and
information retrieval. Austral. Syst. Bot. 4: 681-695. ---,AND---. 199lb. Trilliaceae. The families of flowering
plants: descriptions and illustrations. http://delta-intkey.com/angiol
www!trilliac.htm (Jul 2005). [Note: data sets from 1991 no longer
available. URL currently references data for 1996 citation, listed
below]. ---, AND ---. 1996. Trilliaceae. The families of flowering
plants: descriptions and illustrations. http://delta-intkey.com/angiol
wwwltrilliac.htm (Jul 2005). WATSON, S. 1879. Contributions to American Botany-!. Revision
of the North American Liliaceae. Proc. LITERATURE CITED Morphology and phytogeography: the classical ap-
proach to the study of disjunctions. Ann. Missouri Bot. Card. 59:
107-124. WooD, C. E., JR. 1971. Some floristic relationships between the
southern Appalachians and western North America, pp. 331-404. In P. C. Holt [ed.], The distributional history of the biota of the
southern Appalachians, part II, Flora. Virginia Polytechnic Insti-
tute and State University, Blacksburg, USA. ---. 1983. A revision of Daiswa (Trilliaceae). Brittonia 35: 255-
270. ---. 1986. Floristic regions of the world. University of Califor-
nia Press, Berkeley, USA. 552 p. ---. 1972. Morphology and phytogeography: the classical ap-
proach to the study of disjunctions. Ann. Missouri Bot. Card. 59:
107-124. ---. 1987. Systema magnoliophytorum. Soviet Sciences Press,
Leningrad, Russia. 438 p. [In Russian.]
---. 1997. Diversity and classification of flowering plants. Co-
lumbia University Press New York USA 643 p ---. 1987. Systema magnoliophytorum. Soviet Sciences Press,
Leningrad, Russia. 438 p. [In Russian.] Leningrad, Russia. 438 p. [In Russian.] ---. 1997. Diversity and classification of flowering plants. Co-
lumbia University Press, New York, USA. 643 p. XIANG, Q.-Y., D. E. SOLTIS, AND P. S. SOLTIS. 1998. The eastern
Asian and eastern and western North American floristic disjunc-
tion: congruent phylogenetic patterns in seven diverse genera. Ma-
lec. Phylogenet. Evol. 10: 178-190. lumbia University Press, New York, USA. 643 p. TAMURA, M. N. 1998. Trilliaceae, pp. 444-452.In K. Kubitzki [ed.],
The families and genera of vascular plants, Vol. 3. Monocotyle-
dons. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. lec. Phylogenet. Evol. 10: 178-190. ZoMLEFER, W. B. 1996. The Trilliaceae in the southeastern United
States. Harvard Pap. Bot. 1: 91-120. TATEWAKI, M. AND T. SuT6. 1935. On the new genus Kinugasa. Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc. 14: 34-37. ---, N. H. WILLIAMS, W. M. WHITTEN, AND W. S. JUDD. 2001. Generic circumscription and relationships in the tribe Melanthieae
(Liliales: Melanthiaceae), with emphasis on Zigadenus: evidence
from ITS and trnL-F sequence data. Amer. J. Bot. 88: 1657-1669. TAYLOR, T. M. C., AND A. F. SZCZAWINSKI. 1974. Trillium ovatum
Pursh forma hibbersonii Taylor et Szczawinski f. nov. Syesis 7:
250. THORNE, R. F. 1972. Major disjunctions in the geographic ranges of
seed plants. Quart. Rev. Bioi. 47: 365-411. LITERATURE CITED ---, R. TERAUCHI, F. H. UTECH, AND S. KAWANO. i995b. Molec-
ular systematics of the Trilliaceae sensu Jato as inferred from rbcL
sequence data. Molec. Phylogenet. Evol. 4: 184-193. STEVENSON, D. W., AND H. LOCONTE. 1995. Cladistic analysis of
monocot families, pp. 543-578. In P. J. Rudall, P. J. Cribb, D. F. Cutler, and C. J. Humphries [eds.], Monocotyledons: systematics KAZEMPOUR 0SALOO, S., AND S. KAWANO. 1999. Molecular system- 592 Farmer Farmer ALISO ALISO ican disjunct distributions in flowering plants. Annual Rev. Ecol. Syst. 30: 421-455. and evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey,
UK. WHITE, P. S. 1983. Eastern Asian-eastern North American floristic
relations: the plant community level. Ann. Missouri Bot. Card. 70: 734-747. SUN, Y., D. Z. SKINNER, G. H. LIANG, AND S. H. HULBERT. 1994. Phylogenetic analysis of Sorghum and related taxa using internal
transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Theor. Appl. Ge-
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and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phy-
logenetics, pp. 315-322. In M. Innis, D. Gelfand, J. Sninsky, and WHITE, T., J. T. BRUNS, S. LEE, AND J. TAYLOR. 1990. Amplification
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the author, Portland, Oregon, USA. 501 p. ---. 1969. Flowering plants: origin and dispersal. Smithsonian
Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA. 310 p. WILLIS, J. C. 1973. A dictionary of flowering plants and ferns, Ed. 8. Cambridge University Press, UK. 1245 p. ---. 1980. Outline of the classification of flowering plants. Bot. Rev. (Lancaster) 46: 225-359. WooD, C. E., JR. 1971. Some floristic relationships between the
southern Appalachians and western North America, pp. 331-404. In P. C. Holt [ed.], The distributional history of the biota of the
southern Appalachians, part II, Flora. Virginia Polytechnic Insti-
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288. WEN, J. 1999. Evolution of eastern Asian and eastern North Amer-
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https://github.com/zyanycall/stressTestPlatform/blob/master/src/main/java/io/renren/modules/test/jmeter/engine/LocalStandardJMeterEngine.java
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package io.renren.modules.test.jmeter.engine;
import io.renren.modules.test.entity.StressTestFileEntity;
import io.renren.modules.test.jmeter.JmeterTestPlan;
import org.apache.jmeter.JMeter;
import org.apache.jmeter.engine.*;
import org.apache.jmeter.samplers.SampleEvent;
import org.apache.jmeter.testbeans.TestBean;
import org.apache.jmeter.testbeans.TestBeanHelper;
import org.apache.jmeter.testelement.TestElement;
import org.apache.jmeter.testelement.TestStateListener;
import org.apache.jmeter.threads.*;
import org.apache.jmeter.util.JMeterUtils;
import org.apache.jorphan.collections.HashTree;
import org.apache.jorphan.collections.ListedHashTree;
import org.apache.jorphan.collections.SearchByClass;
import org.apache.jorphan.util.JMeterStopTestException;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
/**
* 本身从Jmeter源码StandardJMeterEngine复制来的，为的是解决平台同时进行多脚本问题。
* 增加了对JmeterTestPlan的引用和处理。
* 后面还增加了工作线程数监控的内容
*
* 父类StandardJMeterEngine中都是私有变量，无法仅仅复写configure()方法，所以都复制过来了。
*
* Created by [email protected] on 2018/11/5 16:13.
*/
public class LocalStandardJMeterEngine extends StandardJMeterEngine {
private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(LocalStandardJMeterEngine.class);
// Should we exit at end of the test? (only applies to server, because host is non-null)
private static final boolean EXIT_AFTER_TEST =
JMeterUtils.getPropDefault("server.exitaftertest", false); // $NON-NLS-1$
// Allow engine and threads to be stopped from outside a thread
// e.g. from beanshell server
// Assumes that there is only one instance of the engine
// at any one time so it is not guaranteed to work ...
private static volatile LocalStandardJMeterEngine engine;
/*
* Allow functions etc to register for testStopped notification.
* Only used by the function parser so far.
* The list is merged with the testListeners and then cleared.
*/
private static final List<TestStateListener> testList = new ArrayList<>();
/** Whether to call System.exit(0) in exit after stopping RMI */
private static final boolean REMOTE_SYSTEM_EXIT = JMeterUtils.getPropDefault("jmeterengine.remote.system.exit", false);
/** Whether to call System.exit(1) if threads won't stop */
private static final boolean SYSTEM_EXIT_ON_STOP_FAIL = JMeterUtils.getPropDefault("jmeterengine.stopfail.system.exit", true);
/** Whether to call System.exit(0) unconditionally at end of non-GUI test */
private static final boolean SYSTEM_EXIT_FORCED = JMeterUtils.getPropDefault("jmeterengine.force.system.exit", false);
/** Flag to show whether test is running. Set to false to stop creating more threads. */
private volatile boolean running = false;
/** Flag to show whether engine is active. Set to false at end of test. */
private volatile boolean active = false;
/** Thread Groups run sequentially */
private volatile boolean serialized = false;
/** tearDown Thread Groups run after shutdown of main threads */
private volatile boolean tearDownOnShutdown = false;
private HashTree test;
private final String host;
// The list of current thread groups; may be setUp, main, or tearDown.
private final List<AbstractThreadGroup> groups = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
// 为本地增加的脚本对象。
private StressTestFileEntity stressTestFile;
public LocalStandardJMeterEngine() {
this("");
}
public LocalStandardJMeterEngine(StressTestFileEntity stressTestFile) {
this("");
this.stressTestFile = stressTestFile;
}
public LocalStandardJMeterEngine(String host) {
// 为保留源代码方式，null可能作为判断的条件所以不变。
this.host = "".equals(host) ? null : host;
// Hack to allow external control
initSingletonEngine(this);
}
/**
* Set the shared engine
*/
private static void initSingletonEngine(LocalStandardJMeterEngine localStandardJMeterEngine) {
LocalStandardJMeterEngine.engine = localStandardJMeterEngine;
}
/**
* set the shared engine to null
*/
private static void resetSingletonEngine() {
LocalStandardJMeterEngine.engine = null;
}
public static void stopEngineNow() {
if (engine != null) {// May be null if called from Unit test
engine.stopTest(true);
}
}
public static void stopEngine() {
if (engine != null) { // May be null if called from Unit test
engine.stopTest(false);
}
}
public static synchronized void register(TestStateListener tl) {
testList.add(tl);
}
public static boolean stopThread(String threadName) {
return stopThread(threadName, false);
}
public static boolean stopThreadNow(String threadName) {
return stopThread(threadName, true);
}
private static boolean stopThread(String threadName, boolean now) {
if (engine == null) {
return false;// e.g. not yet started
}
boolean wasStopped = false;
// ConcurrentHashMap does not need synch. here
for (AbstractThreadGroup threadGroup : engine.groups) {
wasStopped = wasStopped || threadGroup.stopThread(threadName, now);
}
return wasStopped;
}
// End of code to allow engine to be controlled remotely
/**
* 是为了修改的这个方法，将TestPlan替换成JmeterTestPlan
* @param testTree
*/
@Override
public void configure(HashTree testTree) {
// Is testplan serialised?
SearchByClass jmeterTestPlan = new SearchByClass(JmeterTestPlan.class);
JmeterTestPlan tpTemp = new JmeterTestPlan();
// testPlan对应的是测试计划，每一个测试脚本之中只有一个测试计划，所以直接取第一个即可。
// 交换key值，让我们的自实现的子类jmeterTestPlan进入。
testTree.replaceKey(testTree.keySet().toArray()[0], tpTemp);
testTree.traverse(jmeterTestPlan);
Object[] plan = jmeterTestPlan.getSearchResults().toArray();
if (plan.length == 0) {
throw new RuntimeException("Could not find the TestPlan class!");
}
JmeterTestPlan tp = (JmeterTestPlan) plan[0];
// 设置我们平台自己的变量
tp.setStressTestFile(stressTestFile);
serialized = tp.isSerialized();
tearDownOnShutdown = tp.isTearDownOnShutdown();
active = true;
test = testTree;
}
@Override
public void runTest() throws JMeterEngineException {
if (host != null){
long now=System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("Starting the test on host " + host + " @ "+new Date(now)+" ("+now+")"); // NOSONAR Intentional
}
try {
Thread runningThread = new Thread(this, "LocalStandardJMeterEngine");
runningThread.start();
} catch (Exception err) {
stopTest();
throw new JMeterEngineException(err);
}
}
private void removeThreadGroups(List<?> elements) {
Iterator<?> iter = elements.iterator();
while (iter.hasNext()) { // Can't use for loop here because we remove elements
Object item = iter.next();
if (item instanceof AbstractThreadGroup) {
iter.remove();
} else if (!(item instanceof TestElement)) {
iter.remove();
}
}
}
private void notifyTestListenersOfStart(SearchByClass<TestStateListener> testListeners) {
for (TestStateListener tl : testListeners.getSearchResults()) {
if (tl instanceof TestBean) {
TestBeanHelper.prepare((TestElement) tl);
}
if (host == null) {
tl.testStarted();
} else {
tl.testStarted(host);
}
}
}
private void notifyTestListenersOfEnd(SearchByClass<TestStateListener> testListeners) {
log.info("Notifying test listeners of end of test");
for (TestStateListener tl : testListeners.getSearchResults()) {
try {
if (host == null) {
tl.testEnded();
} else {
tl.testEnded(host);
}
} catch (Exception e) {
log.warn("Error encountered during shutdown of "+tl.toString(),e);
}
}
if (host != null) {
log.info("Test has ended on host {} ", host);
long now=System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("Finished the test on host " + host + " @ "+new Date(now)+" ("+now+")" // NOSONAR Intentional
+(EXIT_AFTER_TEST ? " - exit requested." : ""));
if (EXIT_AFTER_TEST){
exit();
}
}
active=false;
}
@Override
public void reset() {
if (running) {
stopTest();
}
}
/**
* Stop Test Now
*/
@Override
public synchronized void stopTest() {
stopTest(true);
}
@Override
public synchronized void stopTest(boolean now) {
Thread stopThread = new Thread(new LocalStandardJMeterEngine.StopTest(now));
stopThread.start();
}
private class StopTest implements Runnable {
private final boolean now;
private StopTest(boolean b) {
now = b;
}
/**
* For each current thread group, invoke:
* <ul>
* <li>{@link AbstractThreadGroup#stop()} - set stop flag</li>
* </ul>
*/
private void stopAllThreadGroups() {
// ConcurrentHashMap does not need synch. here
for (AbstractThreadGroup threadGroup : groups) {
threadGroup.stop();
}
}
/**
* For each thread group, invoke {@link AbstractThreadGroup#tellThreadsToStop()}
*/
private void tellThreadGroupsToStop() {
// ConcurrentHashMap does not need protecting
for (AbstractThreadGroup threadGroup : groups) {
threadGroup.tellThreadsToStop();
}
}
/**
* @return boolean true if all threads of all Thread Groups stopped
*/
private boolean verifyThreadsStopped() {
boolean stoppedAll = true;
// ConcurrentHashMap does not need synch. here
for (AbstractThreadGroup threadGroup : groups) {
stoppedAll = stoppedAll && threadGroup.verifyThreadsStopped();
}
return stoppedAll;
}
/**
* @return total of active threads in all Thread Groups
*/
private int countStillActiveThreads() {
int reminingThreads= 0;
for (AbstractThreadGroup threadGroup : groups) {
reminingThreads += threadGroup.numberOfActiveThreads();
}
return reminingThreads;
}
@Override
public void run() {
running = false;
resetSingletonEngine();
if (now) {
tellThreadGroupsToStop();
pause(10L * countStillActiveThreads());
boolean stopped = verifyThreadsStopped();
if (!stopped) { // we totally failed to stop the test
if (JMeter.isNonGUI()) {
// TODO should we call test listeners? That might hang too ...
log.error(JMeterUtils.getResString("stopping_test_failed")); //$NON-NLS-1$
if (SYSTEM_EXIT_ON_STOP_FAIL) { // default is true
log.error("Exiting");
System.out.println("Fatal error, could not stop test, exiting"); // NOSONAR Intentional
System.exit(1); // NOSONAR Intentional
} else {
System.out.println("Fatal error, could not stop test"); // NOSONAR Intentional
}
} else {
JMeterUtils.reportErrorToUser(
JMeterUtils.getResString("stopping_test_failed"), //$NON-NLS-1$
JMeterUtils.getResString("stopping_test_title")); //$NON-NLS-1$
}
} // else will be done by threadFinished()
} else {
stopAllThreadGroups();
}
}
}
@Override
public void run() {
log.info("Running the test!");
running = true;
/*
* Ensure that the sample variables are correctly initialised for each run.
*/
SampleEvent.initSampleVariables();
JMeterContextService.startTest();
try {
PreCompiler compiler = new PreCompiler();
test.traverse(compiler);
} catch (RuntimeException e) {
log.error("Error occurred compiling the tree:",e);
JMeterUtils.reportErrorToUser("Error occurred compiling the tree: - see log file", e);
return; // no point continuing
}
/**
* Notification of test listeners needs to happen after function
* replacement, but before setting RunningVersion to true.
*/
SearchByClass<TestStateListener> testListeners = new SearchByClass<>(TestStateListener.class); // TL - S&E
test.traverse(testListeners);
// Merge in any additional test listeners
// currently only used by the function parser
testListeners.getSearchResults().addAll(testList);
testList.clear(); // no longer needed
test.traverse(new TurnElementsOn());
notifyTestListenersOfStart(testListeners);
List<?> testLevelElements = new LinkedList<>(test.list(test.getArray()[0]));
removeThreadGroups(testLevelElements);
SearchByClass<SetupThreadGroup> setupSearcher = new SearchByClass<>(SetupThreadGroup.class);
SearchByClass<AbstractThreadGroup> searcher = new SearchByClass<>(AbstractThreadGroup.class);
SearchByClass<PostThreadGroup> postSearcher = new SearchByClass<>(PostThreadGroup.class);
test.traverse(setupSearcher);
test.traverse(searcher);
test.traverse(postSearcher);
TestCompiler.initialize();
// for each thread group, generate threads
// hand each thread the sampler controller
// and the listeners, and the timer
Iterator<SetupThreadGroup> setupIter = setupSearcher.getSearchResults().iterator();
Iterator<AbstractThreadGroup> iter = searcher.getSearchResults().iterator();
Iterator<PostThreadGroup> postIter = postSearcher.getSearchResults().iterator();
ListenerNotifier notifier = new ListenerNotifier();
int groupCount = 0;
JMeterContextService.clearTotalThreads();
if (setupIter.hasNext()) {
log.info("Starting setUp thread groups");
while (running && setupIter.hasNext()) {//for each setup thread group
AbstractThreadGroup group = setupIter.next();
groupCount++;
String groupName = group.getName();
log.info("Starting setUp ThreadGroup: {} : {} ", groupCount, groupName);
startThreadGroup(group, groupCount, setupSearcher, testLevelElements, notifier);
if (serialized && setupIter.hasNext()) {
log.info("Waiting for setup thread group: {} to finish before starting next setup group",
groupName);
group.waitThreadsStopped();
}
}
log.info("Waiting for all setup thread groups to exit");
//wait for all Setup Threads To Exit
waitThreadsStopped();
log.info("All Setup Threads have ended");
groupCount=0;
JMeterContextService.clearTotalThreads();
}
groups.clear(); // The groups have all completed now
/*
* Here's where the test really starts. Run a Full GC now: it's no harm
* at all (just delays test start by a tiny amount) and hitting one too
* early in the test can impair results for short tests.
*/
JMeterUtils.helpGC();
JMeterContextService.getContext().setSamplingStarted(true);
boolean mainGroups = running; // still running at this point, i.e. setUp was not cancelled
while (running && iter.hasNext()) {// for each thread group
AbstractThreadGroup group = iter.next();
//ignore Setup and Post here. We could have filtered the searcher. but then
//future Thread Group objects wouldn't execute.
if (group instanceof SetupThreadGroup ||
group instanceof PostThreadGroup) {
continue;
}
groupCount++;
String groupName = group.getName();
log.info("Starting ThreadGroup: {} : {}", groupCount, groupName);
startThreadGroup(group, groupCount, searcher, testLevelElements, notifier);
if (serialized && iter.hasNext()) {
log.info("Waiting for thread group: {} to finish before starting next group", groupName);
group.waitThreadsStopped();
}
} // end of thread groups
if (groupCount == 0){ // No TGs found
log.info("No enabled thread groups found");
} else {
if (running) {
log.info("All thread groups have been started");
} else {
log.info("Test stopped - no more thread groups will be started");
}
}
//wait for all Test Threads To Exit
waitThreadsStopped();
groups.clear(); // The groups have all completed now
if (postIter.hasNext()){
groupCount = 0;
JMeterContextService.clearTotalThreads();
log.info("Starting tearDown thread groups");
if (mainGroups && !running) { // i.e. shutdown/stopped during main thread groups
running = tearDownOnShutdown; // re-enable for tearDown if necessary
}
while (running && postIter.hasNext()) {//for each setup thread group
AbstractThreadGroup group = postIter.next();
groupCount++;
String groupName = group.getName();
log.info("Starting tearDown ThreadGroup: {} : {}", groupCount, groupName);
startThreadGroup(group, groupCount, postSearcher, testLevelElements, notifier);
if (serialized && postIter.hasNext()) {
log.info("Waiting for post thread group: {} to finish before starting next post group", groupName);
group.waitThreadsStopped();
}
}
waitThreadsStopped(); // wait for Post threads to stop
}
notifyTestListenersOfEnd(testListeners);
JMeterContextService.endTest();
if (JMeter.isNonGUI() && SYSTEM_EXIT_FORCED) {
log.info("Forced JVM shutdown requested at end of test");
System.exit(0); // NOSONAR Intentional
}
}
private void startThreadGroup(AbstractThreadGroup group, int groupCount, SearchByClass<?> searcher, List<?> testLevelElements, ListenerNotifier notifier)
{
try {
int numThreads = group.getNumThreads();
JMeterContextService.addTotalThreads(numThreads);
boolean onErrorStopTest = group.getOnErrorStopTest();
boolean onErrorStopTestNow = group.getOnErrorStopTestNow();
boolean onErrorStopThread = group.getOnErrorStopThread();
boolean onErrorStartNextLoop = group.getOnErrorStartNextLoop();
String groupName = group.getName();
log.info("Starting {} threads for group {}.", numThreads, groupName);
if (onErrorStopTest) {
log.info("Test will stop on error");
} else if (onErrorStopTestNow) {
log.info("Test will stop abruptly on error");
} else if (onErrorStopThread) {
log.info("Thread will stop on error");
} else if (onErrorStartNextLoop) {
log.info("Thread will start next loop on error");
} else {
log.info("Thread will continue on error");
}
ListedHashTree threadGroupTree = (ListedHashTree) searcher.getSubTree(group);
threadGroupTree.add(group, testLevelElements);
groups.add(group);
group.start(groupCount, notifier, threadGroupTree, this);
} catch (JMeterStopTestException ex) { // NOSONAR Reported by log
JMeterUtils.reportErrorToUser("Error occurred starting thread group :" + group.getName()+ ", error message:"+ex.getMessage()
+", \r\nsee log file for more details", ex);
return; // no point continuing
}
}
/**
* Wait for Group Threads to stop
*/
private void waitThreadsStopped() {
// ConcurrentHashMap does not need synch. here
for (AbstractThreadGroup threadGroup : groups) {
threadGroup.waitThreadsStopped();
}
}
/**
* Clean shutdown ie, wait for end of current running samplers
*/
public void askThreadsToStop() {
if (engine != null) { // Will be null if StopTest thread has started
engine.stopTest(false);
}
}
/**
* Remote exit
* Called by RemoteJMeterEngineImpl.rexit()
* and by notifyTestListenersOfEnd() iff exitAfterTest is true;
* in turn that is called by the run() method and the StopTest class
* also called
*/
@Override
public void exit() {
ClientJMeterEngine.tidyRMI(log); // This should be enough to allow server to exit.
if (REMOTE_SYSTEM_EXIT) { // default is false
log.warn("About to run System.exit(0) on {}", host);
// Needs to be run in a separate thread to allow RMI call to return OK
Thread t = new Thread() {
@Override
public void run() {
pause(1000); // Allow RMI to complete
log.info("Bye from {}", host);
System.out.println("Bye from "+host); // NOSONAR Intentional
System.exit(0); // NOSONAR Intentional
}
};
t.start();
}
}
private void pause(long ms){
try {
TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(ms);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
}
}
@Override
public void setProperties(Properties p) {
log.info("Applying properties {}", p);
JMeterUtils.getJMeterProperties().putAll(p);
}
@Override
public boolean isActive() {
return active;
}
public List<AbstractThreadGroup> getGroups() {
return groups;
}
}
| 23,270 |
https://github.com/benkohler/packages-built/blob/master/packages-built
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-2-Clause
| 2,018 |
packages-built
|
benkohler
|
Shell
|
Code
| 212 | 577 |
#!/bin/bash
usage() {
echo "Usage:"
echo " ${0} <after|before> <packagename>"
echo " or"
echo " ${0} <after|before> <epochtime>"
echo ""
echo "Examples:"
echo " ${0} after glibc"
echo " ${0} before gcc-6"
echo " ${0} before 1512655201"
echo ""
echo "Note: package specifications rely on qlist -I matching"
exit
}
if ! [[ $# == 2 ]]; then
usage
fi
#parse $1
if [ ${1} == "after" ]; then
operator="-gt"
elif [ ${1} == "before" ]; then
operator="-lt"
else
echo "arg1 must be 'before' or 'after'"
echo ""
usage
exit
fi
#parse $2
if [[ "$2" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]]; then
timestamp=${2}
timespec="${2} epoch"
elif qlist -ICve ${2} &>/dev/null; then
timestamp=$(cat /var/db/pkg/$(qlist -ICve ${2} | head -n1)/BUILD_TIME)
timespec="$(qlist -ICve ${2} | head -n1)"
elif qlist -ICv ${2} &>/dev/null; then
timestamp=$(cat /var/db/pkg/$(qlist -ICv ${2} | head -n1)/BUILD_TIME)
timespec="$(qlist -ICv ${2} | head -n1)"
else
echo "Don't know what to do with arg2"
echo ""
usage
exit
fi
#echo operator: $operator
#echo timestamp: $timestamp
pushd /var/db/pkg > /dev/null || ( echo "Uh oh, can't read VDB" && exit )
for i in $(ls -d */* | grep -v MERGING); do
[ $(cat ${i}/BUILD_TIME) ${operator} ${timestamp} ] && echo ${i} | sed -e 's/^/=/'
done
popd >/dev/null
echo "Listed packages built ${1} ${timespec} ($(date --date=@${timestamp}))" >&2
| 16,238 |
2017111801557
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 2,017 |
LES RÊVES D'ELOÏSE
|
ASSOCIATIONS
|
French
|
Spoken
| 80 | 116 |
concourir à la lutte contre tous les cancers pédiatriques en contribuant au financement de la recherche médicale ; soutenir directement ou indirectement toute oeuvre ou structure à but non lucratif contribuant à la lutte contre les cancers pédiatriques ; mobiliser le public autour des dons de vie : dons de sangs, de plaquettes, de plasma de sang, de cordon, de moelle osseuse et d'organes ; réaliser des actions et manifestations afin de récolter des dons ; réaliser les rêves d'Éloïse
| 38,997 |
https://github.com/hengxyz/cari-visual-recognition-via-multitask-learning/blob/master/src/align_ext/face_detect_mtcnn.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
cari-visual-recognition-via-multitask-learning
|
hengxyz
|
Python
|
Code
| 532 | 1,996 |
"""face_detect_mtcnn is used for aligning faces based on mtcnn algorithm.
K. Zhang and Z. Zhang and Z. Li and Y. Qiao Joint, Face Detection and Alignment Using Multitask Cascaded Convolutional
Networks, IEEE Signal Processing Letters
"""
### The dataset should have the two level structure:
### Such as Casia-Webface, YoutubeFace:
### Casia-Webface:
### |--Subjects : Person0, Person1,....
### |--images0, images1, images2, images3,...
# MIT License
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function
from scipy import misc
import sys
import os
import argparse
import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np
import random
#### libs of DavaideSanderburg ####
sys.path.insert(0, '../../lib/facenet/src')
import facenet
###### user custom lib
import detect_face
def main(args):
output_dir = os.path.expanduser(args.output_dir)
if not os.path.exists(output_dir):
os.makedirs(output_dir)
# Store some git revision info in a text file in the log directory
src_path,_ = os.path.split(os.path.realpath(__file__))
facenet.store_revision_info(src_path, output_dir, ' '.join(sys.argv))
dataset = facenet.get_dataset(args.input_dir)
print('Creating networks and loading parameters')
with tf.Graph().as_default():
gpu_options = tf.GPUOptions(per_process_gpu_memory_fraction=args.gpu_memory_fraction)
sess = tf.Session(config=tf.ConfigProto(gpu_options=gpu_options, log_device_placement=False))
with sess.as_default():
pnet, rnet, onet = detect_face.create_mtcnn(sess, '../../data/')
minsize = 20 # minimum size of face
threshold = [ 0.6, 0.7, 0.7 ] # three steps's threshold
factor = 0.709 # scale factor
# Add a random key to the filename to allow alignment using multiple processes
random_key = np.random.randint(0, high=99999)
bounding_boxes_filename = os.path.join(output_dir, 'bounding_boxes_%05d.txt' % random_key)
with open(bounding_boxes_filename, "w") as text_file:
nrof_images_total = 0
nrof_successfully_aligned = 0
if args.random_order:
random.shuffle(dataset)
for cls in dataset:
output_class_dir = os.path.join(output_dir, cls.name)
if not os.path.exists(output_class_dir):
os.makedirs(output_class_dir)
if args.random_order:
random.shuffle(cls.image_paths)
for image_path in cls.image_paths:
nrof_images_total += 1
filename = os.path.splitext(os.path.split(image_path)[1])[0]
output_filename = os.path.join(output_class_dir, filename+'.png')
print(image_path)
if not os.path.exists(output_filename):
try:
img = misc.imread(image_path)
except (IOError, ValueError, IndexError) as e:
errorMessage = '{}: {}'.format(image_path, e)
print(errorMessage)
else:
if img.ndim<2:
print('Unable to align "%s"' % image_path)
text_file.write('%s\n' % (output_filename))
continue
if img.ndim == 2:
img = facenet.to_rgb(img)
img = img[:,:,0:3]
bounding_boxes, landmarks = detect_face.detect_face(img, minsize, pnet, rnet, onet, threshold, factor)
nrof_faces = bounding_boxes.shape[0]
# if nrof_faces>1:
# print('landmarks')
if nrof_faces>0:
det = bounding_boxes[:,0:4]
img_size = np.asarray(img.shape)[0:2]
if nrof_faces>1:
bounding_box_size = (det[:,2]-det[:,0])*(det[:,3]-det[:,1])
img_center = img_size / 2
offsets = np.vstack([ (det[:,0]+det[:,2])/2-img_center[1], (det[:,1]+det[:,3])/2-img_center[0] ])
offset_dist_squared = np.sum(np.power(offsets,2.0),0)
index = np.argmax(bounding_box_size-offset_dist_squared*2.0) # some extra weight on the centering
det = det[index,:]
landmarks = landmarks[:,index]
det = np.squeeze(det)
bb = np.zeros(4, dtype=np.int32)
bb[0] = np.maximum(det[0]-args.margin/2, 0)
bb[1] = np.maximum(det[1]-args.margin/2, 0)
bb[2] = np.minimum(det[2]+args.margin/2, img_size[1])
bb[3] = np.minimum(det[3]+args.margin/2, img_size[0])
cropped = img[bb[1]:bb[3],bb[0]:bb[2],:]
scaled = misc.imresize(cropped, (args.image_size, args.image_size), interp='bilinear')
nrof_successfully_aligned += 1
misc.imsave(output_filename, scaled)
text_file.write('%s %d %d %d %d\n' % (output_filename, bb[0], bb[1], bb[2], bb[3]))
text_file.write('%f %f %f %f %f %f %f %f %f %f\n' % (landmarks[0], landmarks[1], landmarks[2], landmarks[3], landmarks[4],landmarks[5],landmarks[6],landmarks[7],landmarks[8],landmarks[9]))
else:
print('Unable to align "%s"' % image_path)
text_file.write('%s\n' % (output_filename))
print('Total number of images: %d' % nrof_images_total)
print('Number of successfully aligned images: %d' % nrof_successfully_aligned)
def parse_arguments(argv):
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument('--input_dir', type=str, help='Directory with unaligned images.')
parser.add_argument('--output_dir', type=str, help='Directory with aligned face thumbnails.')
parser.add_argument('--image_size', type=int,
help='Image size (height, width) in pixels.', default=182)
parser.add_argument('--margin', type=int,
help='Margin for the crop around the bounding box (height, width) in pixels.', default=44)
parser.add_argument('--random_order',
help='Shuffles the order of images to enable alignment using multiple processes.', action='store_true')
parser.add_argument('--gpu_memory_fraction', type=float,
help='Upper bound on the amount of GPU memory that will be used by the process.', default=0.5)
return parser.parse_args(argv)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main(parse_arguments(sys.argv[1:]))
| 31,248 |
US-37689303-A_8
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,003 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 8,377 | 19,932 |
[0657] The nucleic acid codes of the invention or the polypeptide codes of the invention may be stored and manipulated in a variety of data processor programs in a variety of formats. For example, they may be stored as text in a word processing file, such as MicrosoftWORD or WORDPERFECT or as an ASCII file in a variety of database programs familiar to those of skill in the art, such as DB2, SYBASE, or ORACLE. In addition, many computer programs and databases may be used as sequence comparers, identifiers, or sources of reference nucleotide or polypeptide sequences to be compared to the nucleic acid codes of the invention or the polypeptide codes of the invention. The following list is intended not to limit the invention but to provide guidance to programs and databases which are useful with the nucleic acid codes of the invention or the polypeptide codes of the invention. The programs and databases which may be used include, but are not limited to: MacPattern (EMBL), DiscoveryBase (Molecular Applications Group), GeneMine (Molecular Applications Group), Look (Molecular Applications Group), MacLook (Molecular Applications Group), BLAST and BLAST2 (NCBI), BLASTN and BLASTX (Altschul et al, 1990), FASTA (Pearson and Lipman, 1988), FASTDB (Brutlag et al., 1990), Catalyst (Molecular Simulations Inc.), Catalyst/SHAPE (Molecular Simulations Inc.), Cerius².DBAccess (Molecular Simulations Inc.), HypoGen (Molecular Simulations Inc.), Insight II, (Molecular Simulations Inc.), Discover (Molecular Simulations Inc.), CHARMm (Molecular Simulations Inc.), Felix (Molecular Simulations Inc.), DelPhi, (Molecular Simulations Inc.), QuanteMM, (Molecular Simulations Inc.), Homology (Molecular Simulations Inc.), Modeler (Molecular Simulations Inc.), ISIS (Molecular Simulations Inc.), Quanta/Protein Design (Molecular Simulations Inc.), WebLab (Molecular Simulations Inc.), WebLab Diversity Explorer (Molecular Simulations Inc.), Gene Explorer (Molecular Simulations Inc.), SeqFold (Molecular Simulations Inc.), the EMBL/Swissprotein database, the MDL Available Chemicals Directory database, the MDL Drug Data Report data base, the Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry database, Derwents's World Drug Index database, the BioByteMasterFile database, the Genbank database, and the Genseqn database. Many other programs and data bases would be apparent to one of skill in the art given the present disclosure.
[0658] Throughout this application, various publications, patents, and published patent applications are cited. The disclosures of the publications, patents, and published patent specifications referenced in this application are hereby incorporated by reference into the present disclosure to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains.
EXAMPLES Example 1 Identification of Biallelic Markers—DNA Extraction
[0659] Donors were unrelated and healthy. They presented a sufficient diversity for being representative of a French heterogeneous population. The DNA from 100 individuals was extracted and tested for the detection of the biallelic markers.
[0660] 30 ml of peripheral venous blood were taken from each donor in the presence of EDTA. Cells (pellet) were collected after centrifugation for 10 minutes at 2000 rpm. Red cells were lysed by a lysis solution (50 ml final volume: 10 mM Tris pH 7.6; 5 mM MgCl₂; 10 mM NaCl). The solution was centrifuged (10 minutes, 2000 rpm) as many times as necessary to eliminate the residual red cells present in the supernatant, after resuspension of the pellet in the lysis solution.
[0661] The pellet of white cells was lysed overnight at 42° C. with 3.7 ml of lysis solution composed of:
[0662] 3 ml TE 10-2 (Tris-HCl 10 mM, EDTA 2 mM)/NaCl 0.4 M
[0663] 200 μl SDS 10%
[0664] 500 μl K-proteinase (2 mg K-proteinase in TE 10-2/NaCl 0.4 M).
[0665] For the extraction of proteins, 1 ml saturated NaCl (6M) (1/3.5 v/v) was added. After vigorous agitation, the solution was centrifuged for 20 minutes at 10000 rpm.
[0666] For the precipitation of DNA, 2 to 3 volumes of 100% ethanol were added to the previous supernatant, and the solution was centrifuged for 30 minutes at 2000 rpm. The DNA solution was rinsed three times with 70% ethanol to eliminate salts, and centrifuged for 20 minutes at 2000 rpm. The pellet was dried at 37° C., and resuspended in 1 ml TE 10-1 or 1 ml water. The DNA concentration was evaluated by measuring the OD at 260 nm (1 unit OD=50 μg/ml DNA).
[0667] To determine the presence of proteins in the DNA solution, the OD 260/OD 280 ratio was determined. Only DNA preparations having a OD 260/OD 280 ratio between 1.8 and 2 were used in the subsequent examples described below.
[0668] The pool was constituted by mixing equivalent quantities of DNA from each individual.
Example 2 Identification of Biallelic Markers: Amplification of Genomic DNA by PCR
[0669] The amplification of specific genomic sequences of the DNA samples of Example 1 was carried out on the pool of DNA obtained previously. In addition, 50 individual samples were similarly amplified.
[0670] PCR assays were performed using the following protocol: Final volume 25 μl DNA 2 ng/μl MgCl₂ 2 mM dNTP (each) 200 μM primer (each) 2.9 ng/μl Ampli Taq Gold DNA polymerase 0.05 unit/μl PCR buffer (10x = 0.1 M TrisHCl pH 8.3 0.5M KCl) 1x
[0671] Each pair of first primers was designed using the sequence information of the purH gene disclosed herein and the OSP software (Hillier & Green, 1991). [0673] Primers from the columns labeled “Position range of amplification primer in SEQ ID No 1,” and “Position range of amplification primer” contain the following additional PU 5′ sequence: TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGT; and primers from the columns labeled “Complementary position range of amplification primer in SEQ ID No 1,” and “Complementary position range of amplification primer” contain the following RP 5′ sequence: CAGGAAACAGCTATGACC. The primer containing the additional PU 5′ sequence is listed in SEQ ID No 23. The primer containing the additional RP 5′ sequence is listed in SEQ ID No 24.
[0674] The synthesis of these primers was performed following the phosphoramidite method, on a GENSET UFPS 24.1 synthesizer.
[0675] DNA amplification was performed on a Genius II thermocycler. After heating at 95° C. for 10 min, 40 cycles were performed. Each cycle comprised: 30 sec at 95° C., 54° C. for 1 min, and 30 sec at 72° C. For final elongation, 10 min at 72° C. ended the amplification. The quantities of the amplification products obtained were determined on 96-well microtiter plates, using a fluorometer and Picogreen as intercalant agent (Molecular Probes).
Example 3 Identification of Biallelic Markers—Sequencing of Amplified Genomic DNA and Identification of Polymorphisms
[0676] The sequencing of the amplified DNA obtained in Example 2 was carried out on ABI 377 sequencers. The sequences of the amplification products were determined using automated dideoxy terminator sequencing reactions with a dye terminator cycle sequencing protocol. The products of the sequencing reactions were run on sequencing gels and the sequences were determined using gel image analysis (ABI Prism DNA Sequencing Analysis software (2.1.2 version)).
[0677] The sequence data were further evaluated to detect the presence of biallelic markers within the amplified fragments. The polymorphism search was based on the presence of superimposed peaks in the electrophoresis pattern resulting from different bases occurring at the same position as described previously.
[0678] In the 30 fragments of amplification, 33 biallelic markers were detected. The localization of these biallelic markers are as shown in Table 2. TABLE 2 Genic purH-related biallelic markers Polymor- BM position Position of Marker Localization phism in SEQ ID probes in Amplicon BM Name in purH gene all1 all2 No 1 No 2 SEQ ID No 1 Probes 99-32284 A1 99-32284-107 Intron 2 C T 6491 6479 6503 P1 99-5602 A2 99-5602-372 Exon 5 G C 15234 424 15222 15246 P2 T or S (116) 5-290 A3 5-290-32 Intron 5 C T 15868 15856 15880 P3 99-22573 A4 99-22573-321 Intron 6 C T 16729 16717 16741 P4 99-22586 A5 99-22586-300 Intron 7 G C 18311 18299 18323 P5 99-22586 A6 99-22586-39 Intron 7 C T 18572 18560 18584 P6 99-5596 A7 99-5596-216 Intron 8 A G 22906 22894 22918 P7 5-293 A8 5-293-76 Intron 8 C T 23175 23163 23187 P8 5-293 A9 5-293-155 Intron 8 A G 23253 23241 23265 P9 5-294 A10 5-294-285 Intron 11 G C 26106 26094 26118 P10 99-23454 A11 99-23454-317 Intron 12 A G 30464 30452 30476 P11 99-23454 A12 99-23454-105 Intron 12 G C 30669 30657 30681 P12 99-15528 A13 99-15528-333 Intron 12 A G 31250 31238 31262 P13 99-15798 A14 99-15798-86 Intron 13 A G 35148 35136 35160 P14 5-297 A15 5-297-209 Exon 14 A G 36801 1520 36789 36813 P15 99-32281 A34 99-32281-276 Intron 14 C T 37286 37274 37298 P33 99-32281 A35 99-32281-26 Intron 14 C T 37536 37524 37548 P34 5-298 A16 5-298-376 Intron 15 A G 39321 39309 39333 P16 99-23460 A17 99-23460-199 3′regulatory G T 39689 39677 39701 P17 region Non-genic purH-related biallelic markers Polymor- Marker phism Position of Amplicon BM Name Localization all1 all2 BM position probes Probes 99-22578 A18 99-22578-78 Intergenic C T 78 in SEQ ID 66 90 P18 region No 4 SEQ ID No 4 99-22580 A19 99-22580-72 Intergenic A T 72 in SEQ ID 60 84 P19 region No 5 SEQ ID No 5 99-22585 A36 99-22585-462 Intergenic G C 462 in SEQ ID 450 474 P35 region No 6 SEQ ID No 6 99-23437 A20 99-23437-347 Intergenic A G 347 in SEQ ID 335 359 P20 region No 7 SEQ ID No 7 99-23440 A21 99-23440-274 Fibronectin A G 273 in SEQ ID 261 285 P21 gene No 8 SEQ ID No 8 99-23442 A22 99-23442-190 Fibronectin C T 190 in SEQ ID 178 202 P22 gene No 9 SEQ ID No 9 99-23442 A37 99-23442-396 Fibronectin A C 396 in SEQ ID 384 408 P36 gene No 9 SEQ ID No 9 99-23444 A23 99-23444-203 Fibronectin A G 203 in SEQ ID 191 215 P23 gene No 10 SEQ ID No 10 99-23451 A24 99-23451-78 Fibronectin A G 77 in SEQ ID 65 89 P24 gene No 11 SEQ ID No 11 99-23452 A25 99-23452-306 Fibronectin G T 306 in SEQ ID 294 318 P25 gene No 12 SEQ ID No 12 99-28437 A38 99-28437-417 Intergenic C T 417 in SEQ ID 405 429 P37 region No 13 SEQ ID No 13 99-32278 A39 99-32278-218 Intergenic A G 218 in SEQ ID 206 230 P38 region No 14 SEQ ID No 14 99-32278 A40 99-32278-414 Intergenic C T 414 in SEQ ID 402 426 P39 region No 14 SEQ ID No 14 99-5575 A26 99-5575-330 Intergenic C T 327 in SEQ ID 315 339 P26 region No 16 SEQ ID No 16 99-5582 A27 99-5582-71 Fibronectin G C 71 in SEQ ID 59 83 P27 gene No 17 SEQ ID No 17 99-5582 A41 99-5582-354 Fibronectin A G 354 in SEQ ID 342 366 P40 gene No 17 SEQ ID No 17 99-5590 A28 99-5590-99 Intergenic C T 99 in SEQ ID 87 111 P28 region No 18 SEQ ID No 18 99-5590 A42 99-5590-425 Intergenic G C 424 in SEQ ID 412 436 P41 region No 18 SEQ ID No 18 99-5595 A29 99-5595-380 Fibronectin A G 379 in SEQ ID 367 391 P29 gene No 19 SEQ ID No 19 99-5604 A30 99-5604-376 Fibronectin A G 374 in SEQ ID 362 386 P30 gene No 20 SEQ ID No 20 99-5605 A31 99-5605-90 Fibronectin G T 90 in SEQ ID 78 102 P31 gene No 21 SEQ ID No 21 99-5605 A43 99-5605-135 Fibronectin G T 135 in SEQ ID 123 147 P42 gene No 21 SEQ ID No 21 99-5608 A32 99-5608-324 Intergenic A G 323 in SEQ ID 311 335 P32 region No 22 SEQ ID No 22 99-5574 A33 99-5574-388 Intergenic Del 382 in SEQ ID region AA No 15 Example 4 Validation of the Polymorphisms Through Microsequencing [0679] The biallelic markers identified in Example 3 were further confirmed and their respective frequencies were determined through microsequencing. Microsequencing was carried out for each individual DNA sample described in Example 1. TABLE 3 Complementary Position range of position range of microsequencing microsequencing Biallelic primer mis. 1 in primer mis. 2 in Marker Name Marker Mis. 1 SEQ ID NO 1 Mis. 2 SEQ ID NO 1 99-32284-107 A1 D1 6472 6490 E1 6492 6510 99-5602-372 A2 D2 15215 15233 E2 15235 15253 5-290-32 A3 D3 15849 15867 E3 15869 15887 99-22573-321 A4 D4 16710 16728 E4 16730 16748 99-22586-300 A5 D5 18292 18310 E5 18312 18330 99-22586-39 A6 D6 18553 18571 E6 18573 18591 99-5596-216 A7 D7 22887 22905 E7 22907 22925 5-293-76 A8 D8 23156 23174 E8 23176 23194 5-293-155 A9 D9 23234 23252 E9 23254 23272 5-294-285 A10 D10 26087 26105 E10 26107 26125 99-23454-317 A11 D11 30445 30463 E11 30465 30483 99-23454-105 A12 D12 30650 30668 E12 30670 30688 99-15528-333 A13 D13 31231 31249 E13 31251 31269 99-15798-86 A14 D14 35129 35147 E14 35149 35167 5-297-209 A15 D15 36782 36800 E15 36802 36820 99-32281-276 A34 D16 37267 37285 E16 37287 37305 99-32281-26 A35 D17 37517 37535 E17 37537 37555 5-298-376 A16 D18 39302 39320 E18 39322 39340 99-23460-199 A17 D19 39670 39688 E19 39690 39708 Complementary Position range of position range of microsequencing microsequencing Marker Name BM Mis. 1 primer Mis. [0681] The preferred primers used in microsequencing were about 19 nucleotides in length and hybridized just upstream of the considered polymorphic base. According to the invention, the primers used in microsequencing are detailed in Table 3.
[0682] The microsequencing reaction was performed as follows After purification of the amplification products, the microsequencing reaction mixture was prepared by adding, in a 20 μl final volume: 10 pmol microsequencing oligonucleotide, 1 U Thermosequenase (Amersham E79000G), 1.25 μl Thermosequenase buffer (260 mM Tris HCl pH 9.5, 65 mM MgCl₂), and the two appropriate fluorescent ddNTPs (Perkin Elmer, Dye Terminator Set 401095) complementary to the nucleotides at the polymorphic site of each biallelic marker tested, following the manufacturer's recommendations. After 4 minutes at 94° C., 20 PCR cycles of 15 sec at 55° C., 5 sec at 72° C., and 10 sec at 94° C. were carried out in a Tetrad PTC-225 thermocycler (MJ Research). The unincorporated dye terminators were then removed by ethanol precipitation. Samples were finally resuspended in formamide-EDTA loading buffer and heated for 2 min at 95° C. before being loaded on a polyacrylamide sequencing gel. The data were collected by an ABI PRISM 377 DNA sequencer and processed using the GENESCAN software (Perkin Elmer).
[0683] Following gel analysis, data were automatically processed with software that allows the determination of the alleles of biallelic markers present in each amplified fragment.
[0684] The software evaluates such factors as whether the intensities of the signals resulting from the above microsequencing procedures are weak, normal, or saturated, or whether the signals are ambiguous. In addition, the software identifies significant peaks (according to shape and height criteria). Among the significant peaks, peaks corresponding to the targeted site are identified based on their position. When two significant peaks are detected for the same position, each sample is categorized classification as homozygous or heterozygous type based on the height ratio.
Example 5
[0685] Association Study Between Prostate Cancer and the purH-Related Biallelic Markers
[0686] Collection of DNA Samples from Affected and Non-Affected Individuals
[0687] Affected Population:
[0688] The positive trait followed in this association study was prostate cancer. Prostate cancer patients were recruited according to a combination of clinical, histological and biological inclusion criteria. Clinical criteria can include rectal examination and prostate biopsies. Biological criteria can include PSA assays. The affected individuals were recorded as familial forms when at least two persons affected by prostate cancer have been diagnosed in the family. Familial forms in which at least three persons are affected by prostate cancer in the family are described in the present application as >3CaP. Remaining cases were classified as informative sporadic cases when at least two sibs of the case both aged over 50 years old are unaffected, or uninformative sporadic cases when no information about sibs over 50 years old is available. All affected individuals included in the statistical analysis of this patent were unrelated. Cases were also separated following the criteria of diagnosis age: early onset prostate cancer (under 65 years old) and late onset prostate cancer (65 years old or more).
[0689] Unaffected Population:
[0690] Control individuals included in this study were checked for both the absence of all clinical and biological criteria defining the presence or the risk of prostate cancer (PSA<4) (WO 96/21042), and for their age (aged 65 years old or more). All unaffected individuals included in the statistical analysis of this patent were unrelated.
[0691] The affected group was composed of 491 unrelated individuals, comprising 197 familial cases and 294 sporadic cases. Among the familial cases, 85 individuals are >3CaP. Among the sporadic cases, 70 individuals are informative sporadic cases. The unaffected group contained 313 individuals aged 65 years old or more.
[0692] Genotyping of Affected and Control Individuals
[0693] The general strategy to perform the Association studies was to individually scan the DNA samples from all individuals in each of the populations described above in order to establish the allele frequencies of the above described biallelic markers in each of these populations.
[0694] Allelic frequencies of the above-described biallelic marker alleles in each population were determined by performing microsequencing reactions on amplified fragments obtained by genomic PCR performed on the DNA samples from each individual. Genomic PCR and microsequencing were performed as detailed above in Examples 1 and 2 using the described PCR and microsequencing primers.
[0695] Haplotype Frequency Analysis
[0696] None of the single marker alleles showed a significant association with prostate cancer except the biallelic marker 99-23437/347 (A20) in the informative sporadic individuals (p value of 1.9 10⁻³). However, significant results were obtained in haplotype studies. Allelic frequencies were useful to check that the markers used in the haplotype studies meet the Hardy-Weinberg proportions (random mating).
[0697] For sets of 2 and 3 markers haplotype frequency estimation can be derived using the E-M algorithm (see above). It has to be noted that all of these approaches are applied to markers under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and only these markers are included.
[0698] The profile of haplotypes frequencies can be compared by two main approaches.
[0699] Omnibus Likelihood Ratio Tests
[0700] For one combination of 2 and 3 markers, this procedure allows us to compare the profile of haplotype frequency differences between the two populations under study. The null hypothesis is that both cases and controls are samples derived from the same population, i.e., the haplotypes frequencies are only due to the sampling process. Using the E-M algorithm, one can calculate the haplotype frequencies in cases, in controls and in the overall population. Once the haplotype frequencies are estimated, a likelihood ratio test (LR test) can be derived which gathers all the haplotype frequency differences in one statistic.
[0701] As 1) haplotype frequencies are inferred via the E-M algorithm and not observed and 2) that rare haplotypes occur, the LR test does not follow a chi-square with h−1 degrees of freedom (h being the number of haplotypes). A permutation procedure then allows assessment of the significance of the LR test. The permutation procedure is performed as follows:
[0702] The affected status (case/controls) is shuffled in individuals and replicate samples of original size are generated. For each generated replicate sample haplotype frequencies are derived and a LR test is calculated. This procedure mimics the null hypothesis of the test, i.e. the two samples are derived from a single population. The process is repeated generally a hundred times. The proportion of test superior to the observed value (the real value) is the level of significance of the test.
[0703] Haplo-max Test
[0704] Another procedure is based on the haplotype frequency difference of each haplotype between the two groups. For one combination of marker with h haplotypes, h differences of haplotype frequencies can be compared via a Pearson chi-square statistic (1 degree of freedom). The haplo-max test selects the difference showing the maximum positive (Max-M) or negative (Max-S) test value between cases and controls, rejecting test values based on rare haplotype frequencies (with an estimated number of haplotypes inferior to 10). Here, for one combination of marker, there is one Max-M and one Max-S test value.
[0705] The significance of this test can be compared by several means:
[0706] First, significance thresholds taking into account the multiple testing procedure due to selection of the maximum test value can be arbitrarily set,
[0707] Secondly, one can assess the observed distribution of the statistics based on all Max-M (or Max-S) statistics derived from the analysis and estimate signification thresholds,
[0708] Thirdly, one can use the permutation procedure to evaluate a level of significance not based on chi-square with one degree of freedom.
[0709] The results of the haplotype analysis using 20 biallelic markers (99-23437/347 (A20), 99-5605/90 (A31),99-23452/306 (A25), 99-5604/376 (A30), 99-23440/274 (A21), 99-5582/71 (A27), 99-23451/78 (A24),99-23442/190 (A22), 99-23444/203 (A23),99-5595/380 (A29), 99-5608/324 (A32), 99-23460/199 (A17), 99-15798/86 (A14), 99-15528/333 (A13), 99-23454/317 (A11), 99-5596/216 (A7), 99-22573/321 (A4), 99-5602/372 (A2), 99-5575/330 (A26), and 99-5590/99 (A28)) are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. Haplotype analysis for association of purH-related biallelic markers and prostate was performed by estimating the frequencies of all possible 2, 3 and 4 marker haplotypes in the affected and control populations described above. Haplotype estimations were performed by applying the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm (Excoffier and Slatkin, 1995), using the EM-HAPLO program (Hawley et al., 1994) as described above. Estimated haplotype frequencies in the affected and control population were compared by means of a chi-square statistical test (one degree of freedom).
[0710] Sporadic Cases
[0711]FIG. 1 shows the most significant haplotypes obtained with the sporadic cases.
[0712] Haplotype no.1 (HAP1) consisting of two biallelic markers (99-5595/380 (A29) allele A, and 99-5596/216 (A7) allele A, presented a p-value of 1.1×10⁻⁹ and an odd-ratio of 22. Estimated haplotype frequencies were 6.9% in the sporadic cases and 0.3% in the controls. The association between the HAP 1 haplotype and prostate cancer was still more significant in the sporadic cases under 65 years old with a p-value of 2×10−¹³ (see FIG. 3).
[0713] However, six other two-markers haplotypes are also highly significant, namely HAP2, HAP3, HAP4, HAP5, HAP6, and HAP7. These haplotypes presented p-value comprised in the range between 2.2×10⁻⁸ and 8.3×10⁻⁵. They often comprised the biallelic marker (99-5596/216 (A7) allele A. Haplotype HAP8 had a highly significant p value in the informative sporadic population (2.6×10⁻⁷) (see FIG. 3).
[0714] Haplotype no.9 (HAP9) consisting of three biallelic markers (99-23444/203 (A23) allele G, 99-5595/380 (A29) allele A and 99-5596/216 (A7) allele A, had a p-value of 3×10⁻⁸ and an odd ratio of 18.64. Estimated haplotype frequencies were 6.5% in the cases and 0.4% in the controls. The three-markers haplotypes HAP 10 to HAP 17 and the four-markers haplotypes HAP20 to HAP28 also showed very significant association. The haplotypes HAP10 to HAP17 and HAP20 to HAP28 all comprise the biallelic marker 99-5596/216 (A7).
[0715] The more preferred haplotypes HAP1 and HAP9 are both strongly associated with sporadic prostate cancer. They can be used in diagnosis of prostate cancer.
[0716] The statistical significance of the results obtained for the haplotype analysis was evaluated by a phenotypic permutation test reiterated 1000 times on a computer. For this computer simulation, data from the affected and control individuals were pooled and randomly allocated to two groups which contained the same number of individuals as the case-control populations used to produce the data summarized in FIG. 1. A haplotype analysis was then run on these artificial groups for the 2 markers included in the haplotype HAP1 and in the haplotype HAP8 which, showed the strongest association with sporadic prostate cancer, more particularly with informative sporadic prostate cancer for the HAP8. This experiment was reiterated 1000 times and the results are shown in FIG. 3. These results demonstrate for the HAP1 haplotype of FIG. 1 that among 1000 iterations none of the obtained haplotypes in the simulation had a p-value comparable to the one obtained for the haplotype HAP1. These results clearly validate the statistical significance of the association between the HAP1 haplotype and prostate cancer, preferably sporadic prostate cancer. The permutation test also shows for the HAP8 of FIG. 1 haplotype that among 1000 iterations none of the obtained haplotypes in the simulation had a p-value comparable to the one obtained for the haplotype HAP8 with the informative sporadic cases.
[0717] Haplotype Analysis with Genic Biallelic Markers of the purH Gene
[0718] The results of the haplotype analysis using 7 biallelic markers (5-297-209 (A 15), 99-15798-86 (A14), 99-15528-333 (A13), 5-294-285 (A10), 99-5596-216 (A7), 99-22573-321 (A4), and 99-5602-372 (A2)) are shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. Haplotype analysis for association of genic purH-related biallelic markers and prostate was performed by estimating the frequencies of all possible 2, and 3 marker haplotypes in the affected and control populations described above.
[0719]FIG. 4 shows the most significant haplotypes obtained with the sporadic cases (FIG. 4A: 2-markers haplotypes; FIG. 4B: 3-markers haplotypes).
[0720] Two 2-biallelic markers haplotypes, namely Haplotype no 1 and 2, showed a highly significant association with sporadic prostate cancer.
[0721] Haplotype no.1 (HAP1) consisting of two biallelic markers (5-294-285 (A10) allele G, and 99-5596-216 (A7) allele A), presented for the haplotype frequency test a p-value of 2.8×10⁻⁷ and an odd-ratio of 100. Estimated haplotype frequencies were 4.5% in the sporadic cases and 0% in the controls. This haplotype presented a p-value for the likelihood ratio test of 3.2×10⁻⁷. The association between the HAP 1 haplotype and prostate cancer was still more significant in the sporadic cases under 65 years old with a p-value of 1.9×10−⁸ and in the informative sporadic cases with a p-value of 1.2×10−¹¹ (see FIG. 5).
[0722] Haplotype no.2 (HAP2) consisting of two biallelic markers (99-15528-333 (A13) allele G, and 99-5596-216 (A7) allele A), presented for the haplotype frequency test a p-value of 1×10⁻⁶ and an odd-ratio of 100. Estimated haplotype frequencies were 3.9% in the sporadic cases and 0% in the controls. This haplotype presented a p-value for the likelihood ratio test of 1.1×10⁻⁵.
[0723] Two 3-biallelic markers haplotypes, namely Haplotype no 18 and 19, showed a highly significant association with sporadic prostate cancer. Compared to the 2-markers haplotypes, these 3-markers haplotypes further comprise the biallelic marker 5-297-209 (A15), allele A.
[0724] Haplotype no.18 (HAP18) consisting of three biallelic markers (5-294-285 (A10) allele G, 99-5596-216 (A7) allele A and 5-297-209 (A15), allele A), presented for the haplotype frequency test a p-value of 3.8×10⁻⁷ and an odd-ratio of 100. Estimated haplotype frequencies were 4.5% in the sporadic cases and 0% in the controls. This haplotype presented a p-value for the likelihood ratio test of 3.5×10⁻⁶.
[0725] Haplotype no.19 (HAP19) consisting of three biallelic markers (99-15528-333 (A13) allele G, 99-5596-216 (A7) allele A and 5-297-209 (Al 5), allele A), presented for the haplotype frequency test a p-value of 1.2×10⁻⁶ and an odd-ratio of 100. Estimated haplotype frequencies were 4% in the sporadic cases and 0% in the controls. This haplotype presented a p-value for the likelihood ratio test of 11.1×10⁻⁴.
[0726] The more preferred haplotypes HAP1 and HAP2 are both strongly associated with sporadic prostate cancer. They can be used in diagnosis of prostate cancer.
[0727] The statistical significance of the results obtained for the haplotype analysis was evaluated by a phenotypic permutation test reiterated 1000 times on a computer. The permutation tests demonstrate for the HAP1, HAP2, HAP18 and HAP19 haplotypes of FIG. 4 that among 100 iterations none of the obtained haplotypes in the simulation had a p-value comparable to the one obtained for these haplotypes. Moreover, the permuation test for the HAP1 haplotype of FIG. 4 demonstrates that among 1000 iterations none of the obtained haplotypes in the simulation had a p-value comparable to the one obtained for the HAP1 haplotype for the sporadic cases. These results clearly validate the statistical significance of the association between the HAP1, HAP2, HAP18 and HAP19 haplotypes of FIG. 4, more particularly HAP1 haplotype, and prostate cancer, preferably sporadic prostate cancer.
[0728] HAP1, HAP2, HAP18 and HAP19 haplotypes of FIG. 4, preferably HAP1 haplotype, can be used in diagnosis of prostate cancer, more particularly sporadic prostate cancer.
[0729] Familial Cases
[0730]FIG. 2 shows the most significant haplotypes obtained with the familial cases.
[0731] Two three-markers haplotypes, namely HAP9 and HAP10, showed a highly significant association with familial prostate cancer. The haplotype HAP9 consisting of three biallelic markers (99-5605/90 allele G, 99-23460/199 (A17) allele C and 99-5590/99 (A28) allele T, presented a p-value of 2.1×10⁻⁵ and an odd-ratio of 2.43. Estimated haplotype frequencies were 16.8% in the familial cases and 7.6% in the controls. The haplotype HAP10 consisting of three biallelic markers (99-5604/376 (A30) allele G, 99-23460/199 (A17) allele C and 99-5590/99 (A28) allele T, presented a p-value of 3.7×10⁻⁵ and an odd-ratio of 2.32. Estimated haplotype frequencies were 17.1% in the familial cases and 8.2% in the controls. The association between the HAP 10 haplotype and prostate cancer was more significant in the familial cases which are either >=3CaP or under 65 years old with a p-value of 1.4×10−⁷ or 7.1×10−⁷, respectively (see FIG. 3). However, ten other three-markers haplotypes are also significant, namely HAP11 to HAP20. These haplotypes presented p-value comprised in the range between 8.3×10⁻⁵ and 9.6×10⁴.
[0732] The four-markers haplotypes HAP 22 to HAP 33 showed a highly significant association wih familial prostate cancer and presented p-values comprised in the range between 3.2×10⁻⁷ and 9.5×10⁻⁶. One preferred haplotype HAP22 consisting of the four biallelic markers (99-23452/306 (A25) allele G, 99-5582/71 (A27) allele G, 99-15798/86 (A14) allele T and 99-5590/99 (A28) allele T, presented a p-value of 3.2×10⁻⁷ and an odd-ratio of 2.82. Estimated haplotype frequencies were 18.6% in the familial cases and 7.5% in the controls. An other preferred haplotype HAP 24 consisting of the four biallelic markers (99-23452/306 (A25) allele G, 99-23440/274 (A21) allele A, 99-15798/86 (A14) allele T and 99-5590/99 (A28) allele T, presented a p-value of 1×10⁻⁶ and an odd-ratio of 2.73. Estimated haplotype frequencies were 18.6% in the familial cases and 7.7% in the controls. The association between the HAP 24 haplotype and prostate cancer was still more significant in the familial cases which are either >=3CaP or under 65 years old with a p-value of 9.1×10−¹¹ or 3.5×10−⁹, respectively (see FIG. 3).
[0733] The haplotypes HAP10 and HAP24 are the more preferred haplotype of the invention. It can be used in diagnosis of prostate cancer and more particularly familial prostate cancer.
[0734] The statistical significance of the results obtained for the haplotype analysis was evaluated by a phenotypic permutation test reiterated 1000 times on a computer. For this computer simulation, data from the affected and control individuals were pooled and randomly allocated to two groups which contained the same number of individuals as the case-control populations used to produce the data summarized in FIG. 2. A haplotype analysis was then run on these artificial groups for the 3 markers included in the haplotype HAP10 and for the 4 markers included in the haplotype HAP24 which, showed the strongest association with familial prostate cancer, more particularly with prostate cancer >=3CaP or under 65 years old. This experiment was reiterated 1000 times and the results are shown in FIG. 3. These results demonstrate for the HAP10 haplotype that among 1000 iterations none or only one of the obtained haplotypes had a p-value comparable to the one obtained for the haplotype HAP10 with the familial cases, and more particularly familial cases >=3CaP or under 65 years old. The permutation test also shows for the HAP24 haplotype that among 1000 iterations none of the obtained haplotypes had a p-value comparable to the one obtained for the haplotype HAP24 with the familial cases, and more particularly familial cases >=3CaP or under 65 years old. These results clearly validate the statistical significance of the association between the HAP10 and HAP24 haplotypes and prostate cancer, more particularly familial prostate cancer and more preferably either >=3CaP familial prostate cancer or familial prostate cancer under 65 years old.
[0735] All references cited herein are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety
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Biol. 4:1099-1103/ 1 24 1 41684 DNA Homo sapiens misc_feature 1..2000 5′regulatory region 1 aaattgattc caggctggac gcggtggctc acgcctgcaa tcccagccct ttgggaggcc 60 aaggcaggtg gatcacctga ggtcaggagt tcgagaccag cgtggccaac atggcgaaac 120 cccatctcta ctaaaaatac aaaaattagc caggcatggt ggcacgcgcc tgtagtgcca 180 gatactcggg aggctgaggc aggagaatcg cttgaacctg ggaggcagag gttgcagtga 240 gccgagatcg cgctactgca ctccagtgtg ggtgacagag cgagactctg tctcaaaaaa 300 aaaaaaaaaa aattgattct agtcaatagg tatttatttt ggggagtaaa gagatgggaa 360 gaattagaga aaggaagagg aaaaacaaaa ataaatagca tgcagataat gagaaaatag 420 actcattttt acagctgtga gctcagacta aaagataaac aatgctatta ctttggaata 480 taattctaat aacacaaaaa agactcacag accacaatat gtatttattt tgtggcaaag 540 gtgtcatttt tagaaagaaa caaatgtgtt caattttgct ttccctgttt ttaatgaatt 600 aagaaaggtc ttctcttacc ttcttttgac tgtcatcatt cctctcatcc aggaatattt 660 acaggtttgc aagaagacac catctttaag tagtttttag gcacttttac aatactgact 720 aaattgtata aaatagtatt ataaattaat atttaaatta taattttatg acgtgaaaat 780 caacaacgaa tgtcaatttc acttcgtttt gactgtcatc tgtggcctct ggagtccctc 840 acttaaatca ttggtccttg gttttatttt ttaagcctat taaaaaggag gatggggccg 900 ggcactgtgg ctcacacctg taatcccagc actttgggag gctgaggtgg acagatcatt 960 tgaggtcagg agttgaagac cggcctggcc aacaccgtga aaccccatct ctactaaata 1020 tacaaaaaaa aaaaaataca acaacaacaa aaaattagac gggtgtggag gcagaggcag 1080 gagaatttct tgaacctggg aggcagaggt tgcagtgagc tgagatggtg ccactgctct 1140 ccagtctggg agacagagcg agaccctgtc tcaaaacaaa caagcaaaca agcaagcaag 1200 caaacaaaca aaaaacaagt tgggcatggt ggctcacccc tgtaatccca gcactttggg 1260 aagccgaggc aggcggatca cctgaggtca ggagtttgag accagcttgg ccaacatggc 1320 gaaaccccat gtctactaaa aatacaaaaa ttagccgggc atcgtggcgc ctgcctataa 1380 ttccagctac tcgggaggct gaggcaggat aaactcttga acccgggatg tggaggttgc 1440 aggttgcacg tgacatagcc gagatcgcgc cattgcactc cagcctgggc aacaaaagcg 1500 aaactccatc tcaaaaaaaa aaaaaaacca aaaaaaaaaa caaaaaaacc agaaaaacaa 1560 aaaaacaaca aacaaaaagg gaggatggta gataactgtc cagatacttt ccagctttgc 1620 cgctatatga actattcctt ttgtttagtt ttcagcatgg gagcttctgg cacttttacg 1680 tactttccag cttctgggga ccggctgcct agaataacag gcatttgccc cagaggccgt 1740 ggagtggcct cactttgggg tcgtgggcag atcgctggct cccacgcctg gacttcggga 1800 tcgcaggcag gatcccttcc agcccaagca ctccgcccag gcgcgccagg cagagccccg 1860 ccccatcccg ccgttccctt cagccccggg gcgcggatct tgcatctgaa actgagcaga 1920 gcagggcgcc gggcagggcc ggcgggccac gtgataagcc cggaaacagc tccgccccct 1980 cgcttcctga gccgccacat cccggcagcc ctcctacctg cgcacgtggt gccgccgctg 2040 ctgcctcccg ctcgccctga acccagtgcc tgcagccatg gctcccggcc agctcggtga 2100 ggccctagcg gagcggcgcg gtctgcgtcc tcgcctgcgg ccccccacgc tcccgccttg 2160 gcggcggccg gcgggacccg gcactgcagg ggcggcgctg cgggattgaa agccagcgtc 2220 cccgctcccc ggccgggccg cagcctgcgt ggggcccgcc ttagagcagc tcgcgggtgt 2280 aagacctggg gaggcccgga ccaggcctgc gaacgcaggg tccaggtgct ggccttgcga 2340 ttcgagaatc tcctccccca gaccctccca aggccttgca gaacacagtg caatgtgctg 2400 cgaatcatga gaaaaaatgt cttctctttc agccttattt agtgtctctg acaaaaccgg 2460 ccttgtggaa tttgcaagaa acctgaccgc tcttggtttg aatctggtcg cttccggagg 2520 gactgcaaaa gctctcaggg atgctggtct ggcagtcagg taaggcatag ctagttccat 2580 cagaaaggag tgtgatcaca ttaaccagga agtattgtat tccaggcacc agcagcaaaa 2640 cgccttattt actcctccca gtagcgctgt gaggttggtg taatacttcc ccactttatg 2700 gggaaaaaaa gtgaggctca gagagattta gcaactttta agaccctgga cggctgggct 2760 aggtggctca cgcatgtaat cccagcactt tgggaggccg aggtgggctg atcacttacg 2820 gtcaagagtt cgagaccagc ctggccaaca tggtgaaacc cgtctctact aaaaatacaa 2880 aaattagccg gtatggtggc acacgcctgt aatcccagct actgggaagg ctgaggcagg 2940 agaatcgctt gaacctagga ggcggaggtt gtggtgagcc gagatggcac tactgcactc 3000 catcctgggt gacagagaaa gaccctggac aacacactgg acagatttag catcttctgc 3060 acaagtttaa acagttgagt aagggaaaag taggattgga acccgtgctg ttcctgattt 3120 taggacacta gtcttagccc cttccttaaa cagattaact taggtgggcc acttgttatg 3180 caaggaaaac ttcagttact ttgactggtg atttaataaa actcgacatc atgaagattc 3240 caatttacct gccttccctt agaatctctg gtaaccatat gaaggtgcaa atcattcatt 3300 cccacgttca caagcccttc attagctgac taggccatgg aaagaaggga cttagaaatg 3360 attaaccagg atgccattgc tgatgtcaag gagtggcatt ctgggaggag agggaggaag 3420 tctactgaaa ggtagaaaaa tgaaaaaaac tataggatag ctatttaata aacggcagtg 3480 agagttggga ggaacgagat gaccacccct gaaacatatt ttagaatgaa agagatgaag 3540 gatatctgtc tgctttttgt tgccatgtgg aaaatttgct tcttggtttc tagatccatg 3600 tagaggtagg ttattacctt ttctttgtgc agttcccagc tatgtgagca gtacacagct 3660 tccctaagtt taacaagttc agatggtaag aatgccttac tttattaaca aatacataac 3720 tgtatatttt cggatgtctt tttgcgtctt gtctctgtgg ttttcatggg aaacctgtga 3780 gaatcgtggc aggcaagttg gctctttgct catcagcaac cgaatgagaa ttcaaagtcc 3840 agacctgcgt gctttccatt gggccaagtt gggtcctcct atggtaatgg aaccttcgta 3900 aagcaaaatc ctcatctgta gtctcttttt tttccccacc aaactttgta ttatggaaac 3960 atttcagaca caatcaaaag tagaaaagta taatgatccc ttgggtccta tatctgtcac 4020 ccactttagg tacttatcaa ctgattagtc ttgtttctgt acctataccc actcctcact 4080 tatcttcatt atggtcatat cttctttaaa aactggaaat gtaaatgtgt ttctcttcta 4140 tgaaaggata agaagttcac catgagtgat ttatttagac cccagcacag taaagttcac 4200 tgaatgaaat gtaaacaact tggagcaatt gttttttctt caacaaaggc cacattcagt 4260 tgcagtggta ttttattcag ttgcagtggt attttacata tataaactct tatagtcctt 4320 ataacaactt tttagtttag gtagtgttat cctcatttta taggtgagga aactaagcac 4380 aacgtagtta agtaactcgc tcgagattac acagctagtt aagaggccaa gatttttttt 4440 ttttttctct gagacagagt ttcactcttg ttgctcaggc tggagtgcaa tggcactgtc 4500 tcagctcact gcaacctctg cctcccaggt tcaaacgatt ctcctgcctc agcctcccaa 4560 gtagctagga ttacaggcgc ccgccaccac gcctggctaa tttttttgta tttttggtag 4620 agacagagtt tcaccatgtt ggccaggctg atctcgaact cctgacctca agtgatcgcc 4680 cgccttggcc tgctgggatt acaggtgtga gccaccgcac ccgaggccaa gattttgtag 4740 gggtggaaag gtgtgatcct ttgctctcca tcgtaaacgt cacggccaat atttttataa 4800 gagaagacag gttataataa gagaaaagca taacaaattt atttaacaaa gttttacatg 4860 acatgagagc cttcagaatg aagacccaaa gacagaggaa aaaccatcca tttttatgtt 4920 taggttcaac aaagaatgga cagaaaggtg gaagtatgat tggacagcaa ggatatggtg 4980 tatgctagta gactgaggtg gagaaagcca ggaaagcctg tctgtccaga ttcttcttgg 5040 cttctctaaa attctttctc caccccctaa ggatctcctg acctactaat gggcaaggag 5100 atgagaggat ttctttacgt ccagctccta gacagaaagc cagtggaaag ttagaatcat 5160 aagtttaaat cttatgactg gctttgggga aaaagagttt tagtttctgt aaactgccct 5220 ggggaagaga aattctcatt tctgtgactt cagggaagaa tgaagggtga gaggcaagag 5280 ggcaggagaa agctatatat atattttttt tgagagggtt ttactctgtc acccaggctg 5340 gagtgcagtg gcacaatcat ggctaattgc agcctcgatc tcccaggctg aggcaatcct 5400 tccacctcag cctcctgagt atctgggact acaggtgcac accagcatgc ccaactaatt 5460 tttgtatttt tcatagagat ggtttcacca tgttgtctgt ctggtcttga actctagggc 5520 ttaagcaatt ttgcctgcct tggcctccca aagtgctggg attacaagtg tgatccacca 5580 tgcctggaca aggtcttggt tctggctggg cgcagtggct cacccctgta atcccagcac 5640 tttgggaggc tgaggctgct ggatcatctg aggtcaggag tttgagccca gcctggccaa 5700 catggtgcaa ctccatctct gctaaaaata caaaaaagaa tcagccgggt gtggtggcgt 5760 gcacctgtaa tcccagctac tcaggaggct gaggcaggag aattgcttga acccaggagg 5820 tggaggttgc agtgagccga gattccacca ctacactcca gcctggatga cagagagaaa 5880 cactgtctca aaaaaaaaaa aaaagatctt ggttctgagg ctgcttctga gcatattttt 5940 gggtgttgtt atctgcaata attttatccc aggaagttaa ccattacctt gtcatgaggt 6000 aaactgatgg attttaatta gtgagtatac agcagtgagc atacatagaa ttatttcccg 6060 agactacagc cattatgtat aaattcttca gttcaaagga gtagcaagct ttttaattac 6120 cccaaatgtt taattctaga aataaatccg ccttctctaa gttttaagtg actgtcttca 6180 tttggaggaa atggatttta tttcctgaac cccaggaaaa gaaattttga atttgaaaac 6240 acttatgtca ccagtttgtg gatgttggaa ctgtgtgtgt cattggtcaa acaccagtca 6300 tttgcaaatg gctcccctta acaggagaat ctacccagga aattccgtat cttactggca 6360 gaacttgctg ctttaaagtg tttattatag tctcagctac ttggaggatt acttaataag 6420 cccaggagtt ctaggctgcc atggactgta atcttgcctg tgaataatca ctgtactcca 6480 ggctgggcaa yatagtgaga tcccatctca aaaactatat atgttgattg tagaaaattc 6540 gaaaatatgg acaactataa agaaggtagt aaaaatggat tgtaattctt aacatgctag 6600 tatatttttc ttcaagcatt tttataagca tgtactttat ttcatagctt acacagaaga 6660 tagatgcagt tttgcttcct gctttattta tttttatgta tttatttatt ttttgagacg 6720 gagttttgct gttgttgccc aggttgaaat gcagtggcac aatcttggct cactgcaacc 6780 tccgcctccc gggttcaagc gattctcctg cctcagcctc ccaagtagct gggattatag 6840 gcatgcccca ccatgcctgg ctaattttgt atttttagta gaggcggggt ttcaccatgt 6900 tggtcaggct ggtctggaac tcccttacct caggtgatcc attcgccttg gcctcccaaa 6960 gtgctgggat tacaggtgtg agccacccca cctggcccct gctttatttt ttcttatata 7020 ttgtgggcat ttttacacac cattacaact tataaagtct gccagagtgt tcgtggttat 7080 gactttctag gggtctgctt tgtgatatgg attaatattt actgtccttc acttgaccct 7140 ttgtcacatt gtgtgattat tttttctagt ttactttttt ttcccatgta aaacttttta 7200 tttaacattt ctgtaatcag aactctcaat cttttgttta aaacttggaa agcattcctc 7260 acatatttaa ttttgctaca tgcatgattt tttaaatgct aaacctttga ttcataagga 7320 atatattttt gtttgggttt aacccgttat tccaatagca acaccacttt attaaacagt 7380 cttttatgtc ttcactcact tgatatgcca tcttcatgtg ttgttgttgt tgttttttga 7440 gatggagtct tgctctgtcg cccaggctgg agtgcagtgg catgatctcg gctcactgcg 7500 acctccaact cttgggttca agtgattctc ctgcctcagc ctccccagta gctgggatta 7560 caggtgcccg ccatcacgct cggctaattt tttgtatttt tttagtagag ctggggtttc 7620 atcatgttgg ccaggctggt ctcaaactcc cctcctcagg tgatccacct gcctcagcct 7680 tccaaagtgc tgggtttaca gccatgagcc accgtgcccg gccaaggata tttttaatgc 7740 tttttgttac atactgccaa attctcagtt gtatgtctta gtaatattta atgagtatgg 7800 cttatgattc agtttctaaa tgctctgaaa attataaaac cagtgctgta gtagttacca 7860 attatccctg aacatacaca acagttagga aataaattaa ataaactttt tttcggaagt 7920 aaatagaatt ttacttaaga aataaaatat agtgaaatac tttaaaaaat cagaattttc 7980 ttgttgaatt caggctcaaa atctcttgaa atgaaaacag tagatgcttt gaatagtgaa 8040 aattacaatt cagccacacc agtagtacca ttctgtttat ctgtttttca gagatgtctc 8100 tgagttgacg ggatttcctg aaatgttggg gggacgtgtg aaaactttgc atcctgcagt 8160 ccatgctggt aagtggttgg tatctttaat gtaaaaacag tcagtggttt ccaggaatat 8220 tttagttgat agcgtcctaa aataaaggaa gaaaaaggct caagagaaat ttacatataa 8280 agttaatgtt atgaagttgc tgccagattt cataatacgt tagaactggt ttaaaatcca 8340 gcttgtctta ctacttgatg aattcagatt gttttcctct gcttgctatt agtcctgacc 8400 tgatacctaa tttagagtct ggtgtttcct gctcaagttg ctgaagatat ttagatttca 8460 tcgtatgaaa atacttttaa aatagttcaa acttagaaga aagcatcaca gcgtaactga 8520 cttgcaaagg aatttttttt ttcaaagtgc tttacatttg ttcgttcacc taagaatgaa 8580 ttgtatataa accgaaacgg caagaaactg gtatcctcct agtttgtcag ttgtggtaca 8640 atttggtgaa taaagctgaa tggctacaga tcatcagaca agccattgac ttacagaaac 8700 gcatagactg ttctggaact agcaacagtt ttgtaaaatt ccttttacct tttttacatt 8760 ttattgctca agaaactggg atcaagaact gaagaaaaag atttttaaat atatctctct 8820 tttttttttt tgagacagga ttatactctt gcccaggctg gagtgcagtg gtgcgatcat 8880 ggctcgctgc agcctctgtc tgcttcccag gctcaagcag ttctcccacc tcagcctccc 8940 aagtagctgg gactataggc atgtgccacc acacccagct aatttttgta ttttttatag 9000 agacggggtc tcaccttgtt gcccaggctg gtctcgaaca cctgggctca agcgatcccc 9060 caccttagcc tcccaaagtg ctggtattac agacatgagc cactgtggcc agccagatat 9120 atctgttaat cctaattttt ttgtttgata actccccaac tacatgtttg atattcttta 9180 attaagaata ttatgctggg catggtggct cttgcctgta gtcccagcac ttggagagct 9240 gagacaggag aaccgcttga gcccaggagt ttaagatcac cctgggcaag atggcaacac 9300 cccccttctc tttaaaaaat tgaaaagacc agctgggtgt ggtgatgcat tcctgtagtc 9360 ccagctactt gggaggctga ggtaggagga tcacttgagc cctggaggtc agggctatag 9420 tgagttgtga ttacgccact acaatccagc ctgggcgata gagtgagacc atctcaaaaa 9480 aataaatttt ttttttaatc aatgggattt aatttgattg aagacactat gttgaaagac 9540 attccttaat ctgacttgtt ttttgaagct aatgactttg tttaactttt ttaaattagg 9600 aatcctagct cgtaatattc cagaagataa tgctgacatg gccagacttg atttcaatct 9660 tataaggtaa aaacctgaaa ttaaactttt aacgcattac gaaccaacga caaagactat 9720 gccaaacctg gtgtccctgt gttttcttac tcactataaa cctttactgc gtaccttctg 9780 tgtgactttg tatgtgtgta agcattttgg tttggccaga tttatatacc aaaatacata 9840 ctgaagtttt ttaggaagtt acaatctaaa tcttagtatg tataggttga gtatccctta 9900 tctgaaatgc ttgggaccca gaagtgtctt ggatttcaga tttcttcaga ttttggaata 9960 tttgcaggta acatgccagt tgagcgtccc tcagaaatcc gaaatgcttc agtgagcatt 10020 tcctccaagt gtcatgttga cgctcaaaaa gtttcagatt ttggagcatt tcagatttca 10080 ggttttcata ttaggaatta tcaacttgca caactaactg agttatttgc ataaagatac 10140 tggctgtttc tcttaaatat acgtaacagc tttattgaga tctaatccac ataccataca 10200 actcaccaat ttaaaatgta caaatcagtg gttcacagaa gttgtgcaac cattactgtg 10260 ttagtctgtt ctgcattgct ataaaggaat actagaagct gggtaattta tgaaaatagg 10320 tttattttgg ctcgtgattc tatagacagt acaagaagtg tggtgccagc atcaacttct 10380 ggtgagggcc tcaggaagtt tataatcaca gtggaaagca gagggggagc tggcatatcc 10440 catgagagaa gaagcaagag agagggagag gaggagttgc ccagctcttt tactttttaa 10500 cttttattct taatttaatt taattttatt ttgagacagg gtctcgctct gttgctcagg 10560 ttggagttca gtggcatgac cttggctcac tgcaacctct gcctcctgtg ttcaagtgat 10620 tctcctgcct cagcctcctg agtagctgag attacaggcg tttgtcacca cgcccaactc 10680 atttttacta tttttagtag agatggggtt tcaccatgtt ggtcaggctg ctcttggaac 10740 tcctgacctc aaatgatgca cccaccccgg cctcccaaag tgctgggatt aggtgtgagc 10800 caccacgccc ggcctgcccg gctctgttaa acaaccagct ctacatgaac tcagagtgag 10860 gactcattat ggggagggca ccaagccatt cataagggat ctcccccgtg acccaatcat 10920 ctcccaccag gccccacctc caacattggg gatcacattg caaaatgaga tttggagagg 10980 acacacatcc aaaccatatt aattgccaca tccaatatta aaacatattc atcaccccca 11040 ccctaaaccc tatacccata cgcatttatt ctccatttcc ccaacgtcct ccagcctcgg 11100 caaccaccaa ttgttacgtg tctgatttgc ctgtagtgga cattttcata taaatagaat 11160 ctaacaatat atggtttttt tgttcctggc ttctttcact tagcatgttt tcaaggttta 11220 tccatgttat agcatagtat caatagttca tttcgttttt agtgctgaaa aataatccat 11280 tgtgtggtca taccctgttt tgtttatcag ttcatttgtt gatggacatt tgggttgttt 11340 ctactttttg aatattatga ataatgcagc tataaatatt tgtgtataag tttttgtgtg 11400 gacatacaca ttcgtttcat tggggtatat acctaggagt ggaattcctt ggtcatatgg 11460 taactatgtt tagcttttga ggaactgcga ccctgtattt cagagtgctg caccatttta 11520 catttccagc agcagtgtgc tggatggggc tccagtttct ccacatcctc atcaacgtta 11580 ctatctgtct ttttgattct agtcattcta ggggttctga agtggcatct cattgtggtt 11640 ataatttgct ttccaaataa tgtggaacac cgttggatgt gcttcctagc cagttgttta 11700 cctcctttgg agaaatgtct gttgagacct cttgtccatt tttagttgag gtatttatct 11760 gtttattatt gagttgtaag tttatttcct ctcattctat ggattgtgtt agcctttctt 11820 gatggtttcc tttgatcatc acaagttttt tctttttttt gagacggagt cttactctcg 11880 cccaggctgg agcacagtgg cgtcatcttg gctcactgca acctccacct cccggattca 11940 agcgattctg cctcagtctc atgagtagct ggggttacag gtgcccgcca ccacacttgg 12000 ctaatttttt tggattttta atagagatag ggtttcacta tgttggccag gttggtcttg 12060 aattcctgac ctcgggttat ctgcccgcct tggcctccca aagtgctggg attacaggct 12120 tgagccacca tgcccggccc acaaaagttt ttaattttga tgatgttgaa tttatttttt 12180 cttttgttgc ttgtgttaat ggtgtcatgt ctaagaaacc attgcctaat cctcagtgat 12240 gaagattttt gtgtatattt tctttctttt tttttttttt tttgagatgg agtttcgctc 12300 ttgttgccca ggctggagtg cagtggcgtg atctcggctc actgcaactt tcgcctcctg 12360 ggttcaagcg attctcatgc ctcagcctcg caagtagctg tgattacagg tgcccgccac 12420 cacgcccagc taattttttt gtgtttttag tagagacggg gtttctccat gttggccagg 12480 ctggtcttga actcctgacc tcaggtgatc cacctgcctc ggtctcccaa agtgctggga 12540 ttacaagtgt gagccaccgc acccggcgtg tgtacatttc ttttaagagt tattttagtg 12600 ttagctctta tacttaagtc tttggttcat tttaagttaa ttttcatata cagacatgaa 12660 atagaagtct tattttattt tgtatgtggc tgtctagttg tctcagcatc atttgttgaa 12720 aagactgttc tttgcccaat cgaatggtct
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4958119_1
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ORDER
AND NOW, this 19th day of July, 2001, an Order and Rule to Show Cause having been entered by this Court on June 13, *Page 206
2001, and upon consideration of the responses filed, it is hereby ORDERED that:
1. The Rule is made absolute and, pursuant to Rule 208(f), Pa.R.D.E., respondent is placed on temporary suspension until further definitive action by this Court;
2. Respondent shall comply with the provisions of Rule 217, Pa.R.D.E.;
3. The President Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County, in accordance with Rule 217(g), Pa.R.D.E., shall take such further action and make such further orders as may appear necessary to fully protect the rights and interests of respondent's clients; and
4. All financial institutions in Pennsylvania in which respondent holds accounts containing fiduciary funds shall freeze such accounts pending further order of this Court.
This Order constitutes an imposition of public discipline within the meaning of Rule 402, Pa.R.D.E., pertaining to confidentiality.
It is directed that the proceedings in this matter be expedited..
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388 So. 2d 1319 (1980)
George C. WRIGHT, Appellant,
v.
Ruby M. WRIGHT, Appellee.
No. 79-217.
District Court of Appeal of Florida, Fifth District.
October 8, 1980.
*1320 Richard W. Hennings, Tavares, for appellant.
W.B. Hunter, Tavares, for appellee.
FRANK D. UPCHURCH, Jr., Judge.
This is an appeal from a final judgment of dissolution of marriage entered by the Circuit Court for Lake County which denied the husband a special equity in real and personal property held by the parties as tenants by the entirety and property in Indiana held by the wife individually.
Appellant, George C. Wright, and appellee, Ruby M. Wright, were married on December 20, 1969. During the marriage, appellant conveyed real property in Florida, a $1,000.00 savings account, two $10,000.00 certificates of deposit, and fifteen shares of bank stock to himself and his wife as tenants by the entirety. He also transferred to the wife, individually, real property he owned in Indiana.
Appellant raises as error the court's failure to award him a special equity in this property.
Mr. Wright contends that he is entitled to a special equity in Mrs. Wright's interest in all property which had been owned by him on the date of the marriage. There is no dispute that he had purchased or acquired all of this property during his first marriage and that appellee had made no contribution toward the acquisition or purchase of the property. Mr. Wright explains that he conveyed the property to avoid probate expenses if he should predecease Mrs. Wright. Appellee says that her interest was for the purpose of providing security.
These factual circumstances bring into play the application of Ball v. Ball, 335 So. 2d 5 (Fla. 1976), which overturned the law established by Steinhauer v. Steinhauer, 252 So. 2d 825 (Fla. 4th DCA 1971). Steinhauer, decided after the 1968 revision of the Florida Constitution, held that there was no longer any distinction between the property rights of men and women. A conveyance from a husband to a wife was *1321 presumed to be a gift as was a conveyance from a wife to a husband-an understandable result which comported with reason. The deed meant what it said unless the grantor could prove otherwise. The presumption could be overcome but it was the grantor's burden to prove that no gift was intended.
Ball v. Ball revised the rule and under the guise of doing away with all presumptions stated:
Either spouse has the right to attempt to establish a `special equity' in the realty by reason of his or her extraordinary contribution toward its acquisition, either financially or through personal industry and service to the other party. The other party, of course, can negate the attempted showing or affirmatively attempt to show that a gift was intended... . Consistent with prior decisional law, however, we hold that a special equity is created by an unrebutted showing, as was developed here, that all of the consideration for property held as tenants by the entireties was supplied by one spouse from a source clearly unconnected with the marital relationship. In these cases the property should be awarded to that spouse, as if the tenancy were created solely for survivorship purposes during coverture, in the absence of contradictory evidence that a gift was intended. (Emphasis supplied.)
Id. at 7. The effect of the decision, however, was to raise yet another presumption: a presumption that a special equity is created by an unrebutted showing that all consideration for property held as tenants by the entirety was supplied by one spouse from a source clearly unconnected with the marital relationship. Now the burden is on the grantee to establish, by "contradictory" evidence, that a gift was intended. In sum, the grantee must overcome the presumption of the special equity.
To make a valid gift, a donor or grantor must have an unqualified right to the property he transfers. This principle is self-evident. Before a gift can be made the donor must first own the subject of the gift. If we still recognize that parties to a marriage may acquire and own property individually from their own labors, there should be no more distinction or restriction in its transfer than for property acquired before the marriage. Ball places the burden on the recipient to prove that a gift was intended, a heavy burden in an instance where the marital discord does not develop until some years after the conveyance. It is unrealistic to expect a dutiful and happily married grantee-spouse to anticipate the possibility of later marital problems and to insist upon documentation that the conveyance was intended as a gift. It is also unlikely that any "documentation" of the grantor's intent will exist unless a knowledgeable attorney protects the spouse by inserting in the deed adequate language to evidence a donative purpose. What the attorney will anticipate will, to some extent at least, depend on the interest of the spouse he represents. The grantor, given the benefit of hindsight and a clear understanding of the import of the Ball decision, can hardly be expected to admit the conveyance was unqualified any more than a grantee can be expected to readily admit that a gift was not intended.
The Ball decision makes no distinction whatever between marriages of long or short duration. Its result depends on the source of the consideration. The harsh consequences of the application of the rule are obvious.
The Ball decision has troubled trial judges and the appellate courts have strained to sustain them. In Parramore v. Parramore, 368 So. 2d 1308 (Fla. 1st DCA 1978), the First District Court of Appeal, while noting that Ball limited its retroactive effect to "dissolution proceedings" instituted prior to Ball, explained that the supreme court had clearly intended that Ball not have retroactive effect. The court then concluded that Ball was inapplicable because at the time the deed was executed, delivered and recorded, the law was to the effect that the husband was presumed to have intended a gift of an entireties interest to his wife. See also Hart v. Hart, 377 So. 2d 51 (Fla. 2d DCA 1979).
*1322 However, in Laws v. Laws, 364 So. 2d 798 (Fla. 4th DCA 1978), the Fourth District applied the Ball principle even though the tenancy by the entirety had been created in 1968. The opinion, however, did not discuss the issue addressed by the courts in Parramore and Hart. While the argument can be persuasively maintained that the supreme court intended to limit Ball only to litigation instituted subsequent to the effective date of the decision, we shall follow the interpretation expressed in Parramore that the Ball decision is not to have any retroactive application.
We respectfully suggest that the supreme court revisit Ball and reconsider its effect. We know of no decision in the domestic relations area more likely to encourage litigation.
In the case sub judice, all conveyances were prior to Ball v. Ball and the rule announced in Parramore applies. This decision conflicts with Laws v. Laws.
AFFIRMED.
ORFINGER, J., and MELVIN, WOODROW M., Associate Judge, concur.
| 22,473 |
https://github.com/darrenatienza/doorlocksys_web_angular/blob/master/src/app/shared/obj/user-model.ts
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doorlocksys_web_angular
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darrenatienza
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export class UserModel {
public username: String;
public password: String;
public fullname: String;
}
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sn91068401_1935-12-13_1_1_1
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lIINDLILSON L uhWAYTO CENTRAL ( \ROUNA rWKNTY-SECONI) YEAR Japan Maneuvering For Franco-Italian Support On Parity Common Upper Limit of Naval Tonnage Revised To Include Those Two Nations. NEW PLAN LIKELY TO PROVE FAILURE French and Italians, Omit ted from Japanese Propos als Before, Are Now Ex pected to Give More De tailed Views; Arms Parley adjourns Until Monday. I.o.litn, Dec. 13 (Al*) —.Japan «• rant •' 1 fb*vict Russia (lie ritjlit (il , perl ripial to its own in nrgu- j (l ,. i,,r tonnage (‘quality for all ua lj,,iis in loro tin* international nav §ll i iiiitiTonoo, authoritative quart ers (Ii■ Hosed today. I Ins widening of the scopo of m's position was regarded its dm hI the most significant deve- Infiuii ills of (In* five-day old cun frrence. tin* delcgation from Tokyo dc- M'lopr ! the theory that a single standard should apply to all na tions indiscriminately, regardless ol their defense requirements or ■ iiiniiial commitments, otlii‘r dele ”«finns reported. London. Doc, 13 (AIM —Japan’s ; (Irleuat ion to the international naval j coiifi i cnee maneuvers today to win | :L,• stippori of France and Italy in j Asiatic Empire's demand for sea ]i(i\vi r ecmality. The Japanese revised their request for a common upper limit of naval force to include the five powers, the United States, Great Britain, France, and Italy instead of the three only, as previously stated. The French and Italians opposed the Japanese demands yesterday because they were not included. However, information was said they did not consider the new tactics, would prove still further, although they will bring French and Italians more into general debate. A result of the new Japanese negotiations, the French and Italians are expected to present more detailed views when the conference is held Monday. The Monday meeting will be for the leaders of the delegations only, however, saw significance in this limitation, and said they believed it meant the delegates would thresh out Mr. Japanese equality demands and future possibilities at that. Morehead Harbor Improvement Work Let On Contracts Washington, Dec. 13. (AP) Many engineers said today that $200,000 contract for Morehead City, inlet harbor improvements had been awarded and work would be started immediately. The contract, awarded to the Cahagan Construction Company, Brooklyn, calls for dredging an ocean vessel channel inside the Morehead City inlet to the Bermudian now under construction. and a turning basin at the terminal. The project is a part of the Public Works Administration project under construction here. Two months was the time estimated to be required for completing the project. S. C. HOUSE VOTES TROOP WITHDRAWAL Joins Senate in Special Session in Request to Gov. Johnston Columbia, S. C., Dec. 13 (AP) By a vote of 108 to 2, the South Carolina House of Representatives today aligned itself with the Senate in requesting Governor Johnston to withdraw troops from the State Highway Department, but did not suspend legislation pending such action. The vote was taken after Representative Neville Bennett, of Marlboro, lost it after a modified resolution for an introduced by Representative Arrowsmith, of Williamsburg, and the governor was quoted on the floor as having "not objectionable to the Senate already on record." The Senate already on record, the withdrawal of troops holding State Highway Department, the "one of Representatives" moved that the Senate immediately set a stop. ONLY DAILY NEWSPAPER PUBLISHED IN THIS SECTION OF NORTH CAROLINA AND VIRGINIA The Associated Press. Old Age Pensions Start in January Washington, Dec. 13. (AP) Striving to get the non-controversial old age pensions system into effect soon after New Year's officials disclosed today they have sent a questionnaire to all states. It is a final check-up by the social security board to determine which states will participate in the system at. The beginning. Board officials expect to be ready to put the plan into operation as soon as Congress provides the money. They hope it will go a long way toward helping care for unemployment relief rolls as of December 1. The Federal government will grant $15 a month for each needy individual or over, provided a similar amount is granted by the states. BLACK WILL CARRY NEW DEAL DEFENSE Alabama Senator Chief Reliance in Senate of President Roosevelt. WILL PRODUCE BUSINESS Plans To Dig Deep Into “Influence” by Pressing Lobby Probe; Hugo Is Said to Have Plenty of Ammunition By CHARLES L. STEWART Washington, Dec. 13. President Roosevelt inevitably must depend largely upon Senator Hugo L. Black of Alabama for his defense of the New Deal against the big business and financial group which declared war on his administration at the recent convention of the National Manufacturers’ association and affiliated bodies in New York. Black's task, as chairman of the Senate’s lobby investigating committee, will be to make out so overwhelming a case of the pernicious influence of business in government as completely to nullify the assaults of business upon Rooseveltian policies. The Alabaman made a vigorous start on this campaign at the last session of congress, but indications are that this will be looked back on as trifling, in comparison with what is to come. IMPLACABLE The assumption is that the President would have preferred to placate business men with “breathing spell” (Continued on Page Two.) Japanese Troops Occupy Key Town In Chaliar Region Kalgun, Chahar Province, China (Saturday) Dec. 14. — (All — A small detachment of Japanese troops entered this gateway city of the Chinese northwest today while the populace and Chinese soldiers gaped in wonderment. Not a shot was fired and not a voice was lifted in protest. It was the first appearance of Japanese armed forces here and the “invasion” was viewed as a manifestation of the Japanese army’s determination to clench its hold on North China by acquiring military control of strategic centers. Where the troops came from and what their immediate purpose might be was not disclosed, but the arrival of 20 Japanese buses from Peiping was thought possibly to indicate an expedition deeper into the interior. Hostilities between Manchukuo and Chinese forces in southwestern Chaliar province, meanwhile, lulled. 9" shopping days until. HENDERSON, N. C., FRIDAY AFTERNOON, DECEMBER 13, 1935 LIBERAL GOVERNOR OF KENTUCKY MAY AID DR. M’DONALD Democratic Radical Played Havoc With State Machine in Blue Grass State. OUTSIDER MIGHT BE OBJECTED TO HERE McDonald Himself is Not North Carolinian; Graham And Hoey Backers Say Happy” Chandler Would Not Help McDonald Much Even if He Came Here. Hail j- OiM|»jt|(-h llurc.-m In The Sir Waller Hotel ID J. <. MASKER, 11,1, Raleigh, Dec. 13. If Governor Happy (A. B.> Chandler, of Kentucky, the exuberant and youthful Democratic "radical" who opposed the sales tax and fought the old line Demon at the machine” in Kentucky, and as a result won the governorship, comes to North Carolina in January to help Dr. Ralph W. McDonald, of Winston-Salem, his North Carolina counterpart, open his campaign for the Democratic nomination for governor, he will undoubtedly get a crowd No one seems to know for sure yet whether Governor Chandler is actually going to help McDonald in his campaign here or not. But someone who claims he heard it from someone who says he knows absolutely that it is a fact, has let it slip out that Governor “Happy” Chandler will open McDonald’s campaign for him here early in January. At any rate, even the rumor that Chandler may come here and help McDonald is giving the boys on the other side of the political fence from McDonald the jitters. They know only too well what kind of havoc Chandler played with the Democratic machine of former Governor Ruby 'Laffoon of Kentucky, and the bricks he heaved into it, with the result neither all of Buffoon's colonels nor all of his ac mirals could put it back together again after Chandler got through humpty-dumptying it. They also know that McDonald is running on almost the same platform in North Carolina that Chandler ran on in Kentucky— opposition to the three per cent sales tax and to the present Democratic administration and so-called “ma chine.” About the only difference is that McDonald has trimmed and re decorated his platform to fit with the other aspects of the North Carolina political picture. It is also pointed out (Continued on Page Six.) Argentine Price Boost Puts Wheat Up Above $1 Here Chicago, Doc. 13.—(AIM—World wheat prices shot higher today following announcement that Ar gentine had fixed a minimum price for its grain 20 cents above the ruling market. Wheat futures in Chicago jumped the five cents per bushel limit permitted by trading rules. Trading at the opening here was very excited and both De cember and May wheat contracts were lifted above the <lol!.ar-a hiisliol level for the first time in recent weeks. Values in all intornational mar kets rose swiftly with the opening. Liverpool reflected the bullish Ar gentine news by jumping around five cents. Winnipeg was up the three cents daily limit allowable. The Buenos Ayres market scor ed one of. the sharpest, wheat price advances on record by open ing 19 cents a bushel above the previous close. Push Your Sales Now Take Advantage of Best December Business in Years, Babson Advises By ROGER W. BABSON Copyright 1935 Publishers Financial Bureau, Inc. Babson Park, Mass., Dec 13.—Business is the best for any December since 1929! Factories are running night and day; employment is increasing; profits are better and sales are speeding up. Total business, as measured by the Babson chart, although still thirteen percent below normal, is twenty-five percent above a year ago and fifty percent above the depression low. Building Faces Recovery Not since the early days of 1929 has there been as much drive behind a business upswing as there is in back of this current advance. The most encouraging angle is the pickup in building and other heavy goods industries where unemployment has been the most severe. These industries are shoeing - a stent of utilities. MIDWEST FEARFUL EAST MIGHT RUIN G. O. P. S CHANCES Terrific Blasts of Big Business Scaring Farmers And Workers Into FDR’S FOLD LIVING COSTS AND HIGH TAX MAJORED At Least That is What Mid west Party Chiefs Desire; Even in Wall Street Is Protest Against “Big Business” Program; Administration Silent. By LESLIE EICIIEL New York, Dec. 13.—Republican midwest leaders evidently are becoming fearful that Eastern leaders and Wall Street are ruining Republican chances even before a campaign goes under way. The terrific blasts of Big Business from New York against the New Deal are scaring farmers. and workers straight to the Rooseveltian folds, midwest leaders are said to believe. It is significant that the Roosevelt administration has not answered. But one of its commissions did issue some figures of high salaries (from $100,000 on up to $365,000) paid to business executives who are critics. In many papers that received a larger play than did specific criticism of the New Deal which originated in the Congress of American Industry in New York. Furthermore, there now are rumors in Washington that Senator Hugo Black’s investigating committee will be busy through the year. And the Progressives plan to see that election campaigns are thoroughly sifted. Republican leaders, in the interest of the United States, say they could come near winning on a high-cost-of-living campaign, even a high-tax campaign, but when the social accomplishments and social security aims of the Roosevelt administration are attacked and the inference is left that they would be revoked should the Republicans gain power, the Battle becomes difficult. EVEN IN WALL STREET There is a protest even in Wall Street. Under the heading, “Both Protest Too Much,” the Wall Street Journal remarks, in part: “In their eagerness to defeat the New Deal, a good many business men appear to be in danger of allowing their indignation to get the better of their judgment.” SIOO,OOO Blaze in Government’s New Postal Structure Washington, Dec. 13.—(Al) — The $8,000,000 post office building which stands on Pennsylvania Avenue four blocks from the White House today was scarred. By an interior fire which blazed dangerously through early morning hours, all the capital's fire apparatus was summoned to battle flames in the new structure, from which volumes of smoke billowed. More than a dozen firemen were overcome temporarily in their efforts to reach the blaze. When government employees went to their offices today, the fire was reported out, although apparatus still was on hand awaiting a final check of the damaged structure. One semi-official estimate — and that admittedly rough — put the repulsive damage at “more than $100,000.” The revival but despite the big gains, operations are still averaging less than fifty per cent of capacity. With the tremendous deferred orders which have piled up since 1929 and the high credit reserves available, we may be approaching one of the most active industrial periods in our history. The current upswing, unlike some of the other “boomlets” since 1933, seems to be a natural pick-up spring on by activity in the motor industry, the death of the NRA, and the realease of orders which could no longer be postponed. With advancing security and commodity prices, there has come a very healthy change in public morale. As I make my rounds among merchants, bankers, manufacturers, and salesmen, I find a wonderful improvement in sentiment. In 'Centime' on the British Parliament Bitter toward African Peace Plan; Ethiopia Calls On Geneva Anglo-French Proposal Would Give Italy Near Two-Thirds of Ethiopia Plan Being Examined With Care by Mussolini, Italian Government Chief Says. LEAGUE COMMISSION WOULD BE ADVISOR But no Member Would Be Citizen of Interested Power; Various Frontiers Would be ‘Recitified’. Under Plan, Published in Rome For First Time. Rome, Dec. 13 (AP) The Franco-British plan for peace between Italy and Ethiopia, made public today, would give Italy sovereignty or control over approximately two-thirds of Ethiopia. An Italian government spokesman said his government could make no comment on the proposals at present, but that “they are being examined with care.” There are five points to the plan, as follows: 1. Italy would get sovereignty over Tigre province, already conquered by her military forces, except for the sacred city of Aksum and a corridor connecting that city with Ethiopia. 2. The Banakil frontier would be “rectified” so as to give the Assa region to Ethiopia in full sovereignty. 3. The Somaliland frontier would be “rectified,” running from the Kenya-Somaliland boundary intersectional to Gorahei. 4. Ethiopia would get a free port on the sea, preferably Assab, and a corridor leading to it; France and Great Britain would undertake to get from Ethiopia guarantees against the importation of arms and munitions. 5. France and Great Britain would agree at Geneva to urge Emperor Haile Selassie to grant Italy a zone of influence running from the new Somaliland frontier established under point three and extending all across Ethiopia from the 35th to the 15th longitude and northward to the eighth parallel. Emperor Haile Selassie would have sovereignty over this zone of Italian influence, but would have an advisor who might or might not be an Italian. There would be a League of Nations Commission to advise the monarch on internal affairs, but no member of this commission could be a citizen of any other interested power. RICHMOND COUNTY SCHOOL IS CHOSEN Columbia University Picks Ellerbe as Outstanding In United States Dully this, the Strand Hotel, My. C. HAS KIT VIM, Raleigh, Dec. 13. — Selection of the Ellerbe school in Richmond county by Teachers College of Columbia University as one of the outstanding rural schools in the United States and as a laboratory for the study of rural education, was warmly commended here today by Lloyd E. Griffin, executive secretary of the State School Commission, also by Claude F. Gaddy, assistant secretary. That this school was selected by Columbia University from among all of the rural schools in the State is regarded as a distinct tribute to County Superintendent of Schools L. J. Bell, who has been superintendent of the Richmond county schools for 36 years, both Griffin and Gaddy pointed out. “We have long regarded Superintendent Bell as one of our ablest and most far-seeing county superintendents — and apparently Teachers College of Columbia University agrees with us,” Griffin said. “I am confident (Continued on Page Six.) WEATHER FOR NORTH CAROLINA. Cloudy, preceded by light rains in north and west portions; colder in east and central portions tonight; Saturday partly cloudy, slightly warmer in west portion. PUBLISHED EVERY AFTERNOON EXCEPT SUNDAY. FOR IS Trying To Extend Neutrality Washington, Dec. 13.—(AP) — Continuation in some form or Other of the temporary neutrality law will be proposed to the next Congress by President Roosevelt. He told his regular press conference today that the present neutrality law enacted last August, expires next February. Obviously, he is trying to get something to take its place. Mr. Roosevelt said it would be a couple of weeks before his program. Fiscal on neutrality is put into final form. AAA Seeks Farm Views on Contract Attitude of Growers on New Agreement And Court Tests Asked Firsthand. Washington, Dec. 13 (AP)—Several ranking officials of the AAA cotton section traveled into the South today seeking reaction of farmers to the new cotton control contracts and to litigation before the Supreme Court involving the Farm Administration. The officials were said to be concerned chiefly about the attitude of the farmers toward the Bankhead law and the operation of the cotton program without this enforcing act. The AAA officials privately expressed the opinion the Bankhead law would be invalidated eventually and the cotton program would depend on voluntary adjustment contracts. The Bankhead act provides a penalty for farmers ginning cotton in excess of allotments. Because of this possibility and pending Supreme Court action on the case, more importance was attached in some quarters to this southern trip to the AAA executives. Approximately 90 percent of the South’s cotton acreage has been covered by adjustment contracts. Secretary Wallace said he believed this percentage would not fall below 80, even if the Bankhead act were declared unconstitutional. STATE MAKES BIG PROFIT ON BONDS Securities Held in Sinking Fund for Years Sold to Chicago Bank Daily Dispatch from Raleigh, Dec. 13. — The State of North Carolina made a profit of $54,527.75 when the State Sinking Fund Commission sold $528,000 worth of North Carolina bonds which have been held in the sinking fund for some years, and which will mature in 1944, 1945, 1946, and 1947, State Treasurer Charles M. Johnson announced today. The sale was made yesterday, the State receiving $582,527.73, which was $54,527.73 above par—hence the profit. They were sold to the Northern Trust Company of Chicago. This was the first time a middle-western bank or trust company has ever bid on North Carolina bonds. The $582,527.73 received for these bonds will be re-invested in other North Carolina bonds which will give a better yield to the sinking fund and hence be a more desirable investment from the standpoint of the sinking fund, State Treasurer Johnson said, “The sale of these bonds shows the North Carolina bonds are more desirable than ever before from an income basis.” TODAY FIVE CENTS COPY CABINET CRISIS IN LONDON LIKELY IF PUN IS ACCEPTED British Constituents Protest To Commons Against Concessions to Mussolini. POPE PUN ACTIVE IN SEEKING PEACE Meanwhile, Ethiopia reports the Rout of Italians near Makale; Many smaller nations in league opposition to Anglo-French offer to the Slice Ethiopia. (By The Associated Press) Emperor Haile Selassie asked the League of Nations to call a special meeting of the League Assembly on the grounds that the Franco-British peace plans violated the spirit of the League covenant. The plan, which it is understood offers about half of Ethiopia to Italy in exchange for peace, already has resulted in a call for a session of the Council for next Wednesday. Many of the smaller nations in the League were represented as opposed to the plan on the ground that it would give Premier Mussolini his objective in East Africa. Rebellion against the Franco-British proposals for peace threatened in the House of Commons today as the impression grew in Geneva the plan would be turned down. By letter and telegram British constituents protested to their representatives in Parliament against the war settlement suggestions which would give Italy part of Ethiopia. An official communique from Addis Ababa reported the defeat of an Italian post north of Makale by a strong Ethiopian patrol. The Italians fled, burning villages behind them, the communique said. The opposition from the British countryside led to comment in Parliamentary circles threatening to oust Foreign Secretary Sir Samuel Hoare unless the League of Nations vetoes the peace offer formulated by him and Premier Pierre Laval of France. A mutiny in the British cabinet was brewing, informed sources said, under the leadership of Neville Chamberlain, chancellor of the exchequer. Unofficial advices from Geneva predicted the failure of the proposal before the League Council next Wednesday, when that body begins its consideration. Authoritative sources at Rome said Pope Pius, through the church’s wide diplomatic channels, was influencing the attempts for peace. Three papal nuncios in France, Poland and Austria —were named as Having played important parts in the movements to bring the war to an amicable end. N. UEGSLATORS Refuse to Allow Gov. Hoffman to Call Session To Investigate Him. Trenton, N. J., Dec. 13. —(AP)—Legislative leaders turned down today by Governor Harold G. Hoffman’s offer to call a special session to investigate his activities in the Bruno Richard Hauptmann case. The investigation was suggested by Assemblyman Crawford Jamieson, Mercer, Democrat, who criticized the governor for his death house visit to Hauptmann. Jamieson said he believed a plan existed to subject the people of the world to a series of recurrent explosions that will carry this celebrated case into the press at intervals until the Republican National Convention meets in June. Governor Hoffman has been mentioned as a possible candidate for the Republican presidential nomination. The governor discussed with leaders today the need of a special session to discuss emergency relief and social security legislation. They concluded no session was necessary for those purposes, and when the governor also offered to reconvene the legislature to investigate him they rejected that proposal. Senator C. C. Barbodr, Republican, majority leader, one of the conferees, termed Jamieson’s suggestion “insolent.”
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La vie de S. Norbert, archevêque de Magdebourg et fondateur de l'ordre de Prémontrez
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In Nomine Saffa, ejr Individuum, Ego Alexander, gratia Dei, fasciculis Leodisensis Ecclesiae Episcopus, qui pro opinante Domino Pontifici ali, Cathedra licet indignus praesidemus. Et si omni bus in communis nostri Diarceos fideltibus generalem curam de bonis, itlis tomis, qui seclerati naufragti abjecti fie ultime arti sarcinis de mundo hujus fluctuante pelago, ad tranquillum ejr placidum contemplationis portum, evadaverunt, spectali dilectionis & si studium nosti nequidine obligamur, ut ex nostro isti prodessimus aliorum erga eos liberalitatem approbare & ejr confirmare studemus, quatenus pia victimitudine de orationibus eorum, aliquid imper fefione nostro Jubilando, comparere mm. Notum volumus serit tam presentibus quam futuris quod Godefridus, Ducis Lotharingiae idem & Marchia idem ejr Cornelia, tam pro salutem futuram quam juraorum filiarum auftralis parte Lovaniae si et tam, quam sictato & vallo clausam, seruitutem deputavit, Deo inspexte transe, in meliores usus volens convertere animibus filiis suis Godefrido ejr Henrico, fratri Waltero Abbas Ecclesiae B. Martini suburbano Laudunensis Civitatis ejr fratribus suis secundum Regulantum B. Augustini viventibus ad construendam in ea Ecclesiam in honoremet Dei Genitricis Mariae perpetuo ponderandam donnaverit: Et postea nubendi seditionis ejr discordiae inter nos, ejr ipsum non bene habitam, in beati pacis Jerusalemite, propitiante Deo, convertam, ut eumdem locum in conspicuum plurimorum qui pro reskundanda pace convenerant, liberum facere merits ejr eandem libertatem sigilti nostri impressione confirmaremm pia petitorie sua apud nos obtinuerit. Hoc etiam donum Ducis salutum est impressum a Tetdelino Sillico, amico suo, qui omnia qua strata ejusdem loci ambitu possidebant, seilicet tam molendinum quam terras adjacentes, ad optes eorumdem Fratrum consentit his in manu Ducis reddidit. Hoc interposito quod quant. Deinde vero Abbas eletfus virgam pafloralem ab altari Ecclefia fancla Maria acetpiet , dr à Fratribus fuis Epifcopo Leodtenfi confecrandus prafèntabitur. Hanc [igitur quam) pralibavimm elettionem in eodem loco authoritate SS. Patrum libère dr cano nice fieri concedimus. Sepeliri in cimiterio pramemorata Ec clefia tam fua Congregationis,quàm famtlia inibi fèrvientis defun tfos concedimus > alium vero nttllum nifi ex confenfu fuorum Pa rochialium Sacerdotum, olettm quoqtte infirmorttm ab Ecclefia noflra Sedis , ctfdem Fratribus dtligenter impendatur. Praterea Digitized by Google DE S. NORBERT. Liv. IV. 3<rr vero pradicJam Ecclefiam ejr Abbatem tam nofira quam mini jlrorum noftrorum qualicumque exacJione prorfus abfol'vtmus. Ce neralt tanttim fynodo , fi a nobis monitus fuerit , tte intereffe ne ijt g* t. Orationes autem 'de votas quas potiffimum amamust ejr filialem obedientiam nobis retinctmts. Vt autem es qua pra diéfa fiant) rata & incommutabtlia permaneant , figifli nofirt im prefifione tjr tefiium fubfcriftione corroborâmes , atque anathe matis fententia quemvis harum infiitutionum violatorem con demnamus. Hac itaque facJa fitnt Leodij tjr confirmata anno Dominiez Incarnat tonis M. C. XXX T. indiÛione S. Signum Godefridi Balthenfis Epific. & Stepponis Ârchidiaconi ejr Prapofiti. S. Caterorum Archidiaconorum fohannis, Liberté Dodonis , Reineri , Alexandri , ejr Remzonis Dec an t , Retnbaldi, Arnulphi Cufiodis ejr tyger* Prapofiti ejr Ovekini Presbytert & Magifiri fikezonis , & LegenFaldi Presbyteri & Walteri Smb diac. & Everaldi Subdiac. & Godefridi Ducis fit y & Comitum Godefridi Namurcenfis , Arnulphi Lonenfis y Lambert i Montau cenfis. Gifleberti Duracenfis , ejr Franconis Cafiellani , Arnulphi Dapiferi ejr Remzonis de Tild. Gofcrwini deAeverte, Willelmi de DaU. Vingeri Advocati ejr Reinneri Guederici de Prato & Arnulphi de Rode. foannes Dei gratia Brabantia et Limburgenesis Ducis, Sacrique Imperii Marchio, Universis praesentes lit seras nosti pervenient, salutem et dilectionem. Cum Venerabilis in Christo Pater, D. Gerardus Abbas Monasterii S. Mariae Parochialis proprie Lovanium Ordinis Præmonstratensis Leodiensis Diocesis Capellanus noster fidelis, sive in Christo dictus, nobis exposuit quod Praedecessores sui in Parochia, Abbatem de jure esse antiqua consuetudine fuerint Archicapellani et Consellores perpetui divina memoria Praedecessorum nostrorum Brabantia Ducum, ipsi qui etiam jus competuerit ratione praedictae Parochiae Ecclesiae, in summis servitutibus coram praedictis Ducibus in ipsa forum Capella nostra servitiae et alia officia celebrare divina, nobis humiliter supplicando, quatenus ipsum praedictum suum Ecclesiam et suorum scelerorum nomine, in omni eo jure quod sit in praesenti quomodolibet communi ere poterit, conservare dignaremur, Ut consequentes sibi super concessionem concedere opportunit. Hinc etsi quod nos ut tendentes in quod jus retinendi non est denegandum assensu, communicato primo super hoc consilio nonnullis Consiliaris nostris et maturae deliberatione praehabita declaravimus, et tendemus praesentium declaramus, volentes praedictum Abbatem et Successores eius pus tanquam nostros Archicapellanos et Conselleros perpetuos in nostram diuins succurrendum nostrorum Brabantia Ducum praesentia in summis servitutibus divina seruitus et alia officia celebrare, omnis alia lingua facere debere ratione suo divi Sancti Ecclesiae sibi ipsi pertinentia quomodolibet de consuetudine vel de jure, quodque ipsi et successores sine memorati universis et singulis praerogativis, privilegiis, gratis et liberatis et immunitatibus potentur gaudeant, quittus praedecessores sui et fretus fuerint, et gavisse et ceteri Capellani necessi poteantur, et gaudent, nec non ad nos pro suis promovendis negotiationibus recursum habeant cum fiducia speciali, nostrum cuique alterius jure impramissis semel per salvo, hanc Artem testimonio Utterarum sigilli nostri appensione communitarum. Datum in oppido nostro Bruxelles die 22. anno Domini 1416. Hanc scriptum super plicam. Per Dominant Ducem, Dominus Henricus de Bergis, Dominus Grimbergennis et de Melino, et Henricus Dominus de Reverie militibus, et Rector de Graves, de Malvern, Reynoildus Moers et Henricus de Wertbufens, nonnullisque alios de consilio praesentibus. Et erat inscriptum de Dintere. L'administration des revenus de l'hôpital, par 4,501. La charte qui suit. N.15. In Domino Sancte Trinitatis. Nos Norbertus, Dei vinctus, Archiepiscopus Magdeburgensis, cum pluribus co-equalibus, Acteur et Articulus nostri piae memoriae Adalbertus monachus et lectarius, cum 4,501. Articulus. Quia ipsi vii sessores nostri pia memoria Adalbertus, monachus et lectarius, cum 4,501, in hospitalali domo nostra Magdeburgensi laborantes, miserias illorum quos ad eundum hospitalem venerabantur, considerantes, cum precantur quod ipsi vii sessores nostri pia memoria Adalbertus, monachus et lectarius, cum 4,501, in administratione hospitali ipsi laborantes, misericordia vestra impensas eorum quotidianas accipiant, et indecens miserrimis pauperculis essentibus, quorum veste solata miseriam et paupertatem considerantes, consilium et consensum vestrum aspirant. Volentes igitur presentes nostres in unum collectas, ut a jure erc tenebrac repositum in persona vobis, Godefridus canonikus et notarius nostros, presentes nostre voluntatis sententiam exhibeatis. Actum in suburbio civitatis Magdeburgensis, anno dominicae incarnationis unij. Hujus rei testes similiter viginti novem de Magdeb integrum, et in palacio nostro presentes nomine, sensu, et consensu. Digitized by Google DE S. NORBERT. Liv. IV. 33 Ecclesia Beata et perpetua Virginis Maria, consilium ut, cum omni, bus eidem hospitali pertinente, regendam et disponendam jure perpetuo tradidimus. Ad jugum in suburbio Civitatis Magdeburgensis, anno dominicae incarnationis unij. Hujus rei testes similiter viginti novem de Magdeburg integrum, et in palacio nostro presentes nomine, sensu, et consensu. P. 308. Albertus Archiepiscopus de Bremen N. 16. Successeur en 1113. à Frederic, et gouverna l'Église de Bremen l'espace de 44 ans. Il se déclara d'abord pour le parti d'Anaclet, et accepta sa légation en Allemagne. Mais il ne tarda point à quitter une si mauvaise cause, puisque nous liions dans une lettre de l'Empereur Lothaire, T. p. 480. qu'Alberic s'opposa à la déposition de ce faux Pontife en 1133. Crantzius I. 6, c. 13. de la Métropole parle d'Alberic avec éloges, et le nomme Vert et prudent à la fois. Ce fut sous son Épiscopat, que Victor, disciple de S. Norbert, alla porter l'Évangile avec Rodolphe Chanoine de Verden, et Ludolf Chanoine d'Hildesheim, aux Vandales et aux Alains répandus le long de la mer Baltique. Le Porteur des présentes Attique a dit: "Lector presentium Atticus Ecclesia tua Archidiacetonus ad Apostolorum limina ventens, a fraternitate tua se vehementius praegravatum, et inusta fratrum praesentia intimavit. Ketultus quis demet dit de productionem ipsum coram fratribus impetibus, sed quoenagiste dar tibi canonice statuendum in Capitulo respondet. Cum igitur sit ut a die ad agendum pro eadem causa, in tuam et Capituli praesentiam devemus, teque accusatore mysticul inditum (quod omni rationi et justitia adversatur) apertius intelligit, Sedem Apostolicam appellavit, et serthinum quid coram Pontifici Romani justitiam faceret, notitiaeavit. Post hanc autem appellationem, sic ut ipse assert, accepta occasione de olim sacerdos noster Honorius, cum ad nos ventit, benevolentiam suorum Ecclesiasticus et relus alios ex spoliat. Perpendat ergo fraternaliter tua praesentia, quam gravem, quamque inconsensus fit, ut illud Sed et Apostolus postule, "digitale" Fraternitati tua per Apostolica scripta mandaveramus, ut pro extremis B. Martini O CJavis y nostro te conspectus praedicatorius quatenus in nostro & Fratrum nostrorum praesentia y quaestio ad nos per Atticum Archidiaconum tuum delata, plenius examinarentur, & tibi si ratio positulem plena tribueretur satisfacio. Tu veto si li inobedienti, fili Beliali, non modo paternis admonitionibus pare curisti y sed ad impudentiam ta cumulum ejus Nos, ejus in nobis Petri Cathedra, vipereis prospistionibus sermonibus, & ut ex religioso relatu intelleximus, atque ut tuo crimine succum aliqua lemp date, non exhorrescere palam asserere, Nos non petitioni optuli, non spontanea Cleri electione, sed vi parentum, potentia fratrum, insignisque fidelium sanguine, ad Apostolatus culmen ascendisti; quidem merces ursae signa ab Haimerico homine didimus ob simonia luxuria labem proscripto ab Cardinalium coetu segregato, hauseris, ejus seriissimo Regi Lodvario, quem justa supramodita abuseris, eligenda propinacuisti. Unde ittum, titulari duellionis fubragatorem, tua haresis approbatorem habere pasim gloriaris, quasi errar ex patronorum dignitate convalescat. S. Norbert. Liv. IV. Miramur famem tantum principem, tanto patrocynario mendacio, miramur amplius, quomodo tantum religiosum Principem patiatur, contra Apollodorus nosti apicem, velut cane tempudentissimum oblatarare. Circumquaque enim, per omnes Episcopos potentes, fculi visendus divertis, ut Nocentus id est Anti-Christianum proselytum facias, eri devotus as nobis plebes ab obeditia subtrahas. Quis te sursum exercitat? Quis tibi Ecclesia Catholica male sicut fecit? An quod veteris amicitiae signa tot dederimus? An quod Ordini tuo approbationem imperium tetigerimus? Ultor dum apud Galios ageremus, idolum in Germania, contra afferis? Tam praesumpsum schismatis excussum ferre Ecclesia Catholica unius, non patitur; circumspecta malum quod charitatis unitate non valuit, ferro abscessionis amputari vult. A competito quoque tu, tuosque sequaces tanquam tumores a Christi signores sacrales, Sede Apostolica praedestinatos ineffi sapios damnamus cum Jamnes et Mambres, cum Dathan et Abiron, omnibusque tum Ecclesiasticis tum sacularibus praemiotis aeterno subjicimus anathema. Datum Roma apud S. Petrum a. Kal. Februarii. Le Cardinal Gérard était natif de Boulogne de la Maison des Caccianimici. P. 313. De la Bibliothèque et Chancelier de l'Église Romaine, il fut fait Cardinal par Honoré II en 1125. Il fut employé en différentes negotiations. Il était à Spire en qualité de Légat. S. Norbert fut choisi Archevêque. Parthenopolitana civitatis Archiepiscopo descriptus, cum Clericis et civibus eiusdem Urbis coram Imperatore Luithero, ad eligendum Archipresbiterum apud Spiram concurrens, nuntiatus Domus Gerardi Romana Sedis Legatus, qui positae facts est a Papa Lucius, et Alberoni Metensis Primicerius, qui positae facts est a Trevirorum Archipresbiteris, Norbertum Promoturata Ecclesia Patrum in passionem clinuit. Robertus, suppelii ad Sigeberus, ad ann. 1127. Il continua sa légation sous Innocent II. Il soutint les intérêts du Pape auprès de Lothaire et des Princes d'Allemagne. Après la mort de Celestin II, on le choisit Souverain Pontife le 9 de Mars de l'année 1144. Il prit le nom de Lucius II, et gouverna l'Église onze mois et quatorze jours. Du LA VIE durant ce petit intervalle, il eut de grandes persécutions à souffrir de la part des rebelles qui suivaient les erreurs d'Arnoul de Brescia. Nous avons dix lettres de ce Pape auxquelles on pourrait ajouter une onzième qu'il écrivit au Chapitre Général de l'Ordre de Prémontré, dans laquelle il règle plusieurs points de discipline, et exempte les Maisons de cet Ordre de payer la dixième. Albéric, Évêque de Verdun après l'abdication d'Urbain ou Ursus était le cinquième Abbé de Saint-Denis de Reims de l'Ordre des Chanoines Réguliers de Saint-Augustin. Henry de Blois ayant été déplacé de l’Évêché de Verdun dans un Concile tenu à Châlons, assemblé par Mathieu, Cardinal d'Albano et Légat du Saint-Siège, en 1119, Urbain fut mis en sa place la même année, ne garda l'Épiscopat que jusqu'en 1130. L'amour de la solitude lui fit reprendre son premier état, il se retira à l’Abbaye du Mont Saint-Eloi au Diocèse d’Aire où il finit ses jours en 1149. Vallèsburg, antiq. Belg. spicil. T. 11. p. 121. Albéric, ad ann. 1119. Pris pour Norbert de lui donner des disciples pour l’Abbaye de Saint-Paul de Verdun. Cette Abbaye a eu successivement des Chanoines Réguliers, des Moines, et enfin des Chanoines Prémontrés. Albinus dans la lettre à Innocent rendant compte de sa conduite, dit au Pape, qu'il n'a point changé l'esprit de la fondation du Monastère de S. Paul en y introduisant des Chanoines Religieux, mais qu'il l'a rétabli dans son premier état. Ordinem non mutamm, sed in forma, primae constitutionis re spursumus. Ce qui suppose que l'Abbaye dans son origine était remplie par des Chanoines Réguliers. Les Benedictions leur succédèrent sur la fin du dixième siècle, sous l'Empire du Grand Octrome, l'Épiscopat de Widode, le premier Abbé le nomma Blichernus, comme on le lit dans la Charte du même Widode. Sub regula S. Benedicti Monachorum turres per manum tenemus noftri Blicheri praemxi Abbatis cooperatorum. Enfin, les Religieux de Saint Boris furent traduits tombés dans les désordres que Laurent de Liège et le Moine Jean, continuateur de Berthaire, dont l'Histoire manuscrite est dans les Archives de S. Paul, décrivent en ces termes. famc Ecclesia S. Pauli intra urbem forduperat, divulfa, dilacerat, et disipata, cum jus diripuerant sin Belial, eam inhabitantes terram et omnia bona. Horreo enim dicere quantis illecerebus in ferovirint quam ne sartæ servitium Domini notti die que detraherent, quomodo Monachum professus, non se fortissimos Coenobitas, sed teterrimos sartabotis ejir girovagos in dedecus santis Ordinis no sine exhiberent ejir Alberus les chazelle et mit en leur place les discípulos de S. Norbert. In ignem nuliam spem reservabat frui et candidi, ne amplius terrant possesionem occuparet sero abfissio nis extirpavit, Clauorum Clericorum Monachorum Ordinis, auxilium nunc germinabit, peut-être paradisus Dei, ibi inservit, quos Norbertus Magdeburgensis Archiepiscopus vir magnus in Beverla, et Procedentibus sui Ordinis delegaverat. Leur établissement causa de grands troubles dans l'Ordre Monastique, le Pape en voulut connaître, mais après cinq années de contention, malgré tous les efforts des ennemis d'Alberus, il fut approuvé, et l'Ordre de Prémontré maintenu par les Bulles des Papes, de l'Évêque et de l'Empereur, que je rapporterai. In nomine Sancti Individui, Trinitatis Ego Alberus Desgraciá Sancii Virdunensis Ecclesia Episcopus, omnibus in Christo pie vivere volentibus, Ecce vita brevis spem inchoare Longam venit humanum vitis casus solus finis suadentem ante mam periculis exposita ad hoc erudiendo conducunt, fluctuationem suam in creas erc suo stabile omnimodis studiat; finis enim legis Christi ad judicium omni credenti ante cujus tribunal testante Apostolus omnes nos manifestari oportet, ut recipiat unus quidque pro proprio corporis prout gestit sive bonum sive malum: propter hoc de meritis nostris dispensantes, divino timore ductus de temporalis vitae lucrum aeternam vitam desiderantes ad meliorem. qua nos Jimus, patrocinia consulere celandilium duximus, ut quibus velimentum non est in frigore, celerrimis meritis sublimium viro rum operiamur, est enim opera praetium amare servos Dei et semper et servire perfecte possumus honorare pauperes Christi quamvis esset indigentum pauperes esse valemus, itaque ut isti finem bonum perhibeant, quod sine fine ab Deo nobis remunerari exoptamus, etiam litteris ad notitiam omnium assignare studemus, quod bonorum virorum consilium et totius Capituli nostri consentit, fratres secundum Regulam S. Aug. viventes in Ecclesia S. Pauli quae est ab ipso in suburbio nostri civitatis sancitae diffimini, diffimini, ad honorem Dei qui gloriossus est in Sanctis suis, et ad nostram miserrimam excusatiam, quos calamitas hanc debilitat et reproba audaciam saepe accitat. Igitur Fratres Promotorientes Ecclesiae, qui temporebus nostris sicut et laudabilem Religionis esse videbantur, secundum Canonem S. Aug. institutum, elimina ta insolentiam et ireligiositate habitantium frettae Ecclesiae intronizare curavi, sic itaque ut sit, et tot Ecclesiae nostre assernfirmatum et sacerdatum Episcopalianae autoritate in perpetuum cesset, ut nullus Canonem Ordinem praedictum secundum instituta et mores Promotorientium Ecclesiae, ab ulla Sancti Pauli Virunensis Ecclesia concurreret, vel in ipsa quietas area, vel alterius Ordinis Fratres sambrogare audeat, secutus decretum In cooperatori Venerabilis Papae II, cuius ex tot epistola ad Promotorem. Eccelsiam inter alia eteam hac continentis statuimus inquit ut in Ecclesis vespertina in quibus Fratres Canonicam vitam profuserit de cunis nulli omnino homini liceat jucundum B. Augustini Regulam ibidem constituatur ut Ordinem commutare. Nullus etiam Episcoporum futuris temporibus audeat eisdem Religionis Fratres de Ecclesis vespertina experiri, nec professionis Canonica quidquam ex eisdem Ecclesis aut clavis audeat sine communi Congregations sententia disscedere, dissidentem vero nullus Episcoporum, nullus Abbatum, nullus Monachorum sine communi cautione litterarum sustinere. Igitur quod a nobis pia intentione factum est ne futuri temporibus invidorum fraude conturbetur, Ecclesia his licet paci et religionis seruitati providentes, sigilli nostri impressione, & testimonium idoneorum canonica subscriptione sub anathema perpetuo confirmamus. Signum met ipfius Alberonis Virdunensis Episcopi. Signum Villelmi Decani. Signum Alberti Primicerii. Signum André Archidiaconi. Signum Richardi Archidiaconi. Signum Johannis Archidiaconi. Signum Richardi Archidico. S. Stephani Cantoris. S. Hugonis Thesaurarii. S. Theodoricus Sacrista. S. Hardii Sacerdos. Signum Salomonis Sacerdotis. S. Odonis Ducis. S. Theodorici Diaconi. S. Codrus Subdiaconus. S. Wirinus Subdiaconus. S. Petrus Subdiaconus. Signum Rognitus Subdiaconus, S. Emmelinus Capellis. Atum Virdunum, 4. Decembris Anno domini Incarnati Verbi 1175. Indictionis 7. Epacte 12. Concurrente omnibus ordinatum a Alberone Virdunensi Episcopo, prius Lethorius Augustus & Patricius, ego Herbertus Comus recognovi. In nomine Dei, & Individuum Trinitatis. Lotharius, Dei filius, demptis favoribus Romanorum Imperator Augustus. Divinus bonus, speciali providentia nullus praecedentibus meritis communis generis humanae conditionis. Ad sicut temporalis imperii Jubilatum, coluit beneficia non immemores bonorum nostrorum Urgent vicem redendere, in confessione humilitatis ejus componenda non dissimulabimus, qui et universus militaribus negotiis intentus Domino ad integrum victoris non volimus, reliqua forum pace ut pro nobis suppliciter Domino quietus et futurus in oratione misericordia fungatur, pro posteris querere & corroborare debemus. Igitur, quod ad Venerabile Episcopi Viridunensis Alberonem senescu & confirmationem dilectissimi filii nostri Alberonis, Treviroorum Archiepiscopi de Ecclesia Sancti Pauli Apostoli ejusdem nominis consessus forum, quod in suburbio Viridunensis est, scimus et cognovimus, nos et auctoris Ecclesiarum & inhabitorum quietus providentem es in perpetuum manendum confirmamus. Ut videlicet Canonici ordine Sancti Augustini secundum institutum in mores Promontastratenesis Ecclesiae in predicta Ecclesia constitutus sit, ut unius merarum in esse & pereundum honorem Dei propagetur, ne quis inquietus in ea sedere, ne nullus ab ea convenire, vel fratres Ordinis in subrogationem pronuntiat, ut dum hic praecepti nostri autoritas omni tempore ratum & firmum permaneat, manu propria more Augustorum praediximus & intextis nostra impressione roborari fecimus. Signum Lotharius magni viri insignium Imperatoris Angusti, Sancti Alberonis Trevirensis Archipresbiteri, Sancti Alberti Moguntii Archiepiscopi, Sancti Conradi Magdeburiensis Archiepiscopi, Sancti Alberonis Viridunensis Episcopi. Autumn Split • Ovid's Fasti • The Holding Power of Ribbons. Ind. i ep. Unknown. Lothmer Regni, Rom. Imperium, Augustus. Ego Achates, Vice-Canceler. Innocentius, Episcopus Servus, Servus Decius et Filii Regis, Rogerus Abbott, Monachus, S. Pauli, quod in submergente lite Vindemni fit sumende, quae necessario in perpetuum. Cum enim Ecclesiae tertis fonts debitor ex indebito nobis a Dec. Apostolatam officiis extramultimite totem propositis corium cortione studium convenit immineret, quod invicem religione habitar omnipotentis Domini milite cognoscentur, ideo qua dilectis in Dei nomine, Rogerus Abbas, tuispecta clementer annuimus. S. Pauli Monasterium, cum Deo auxilium praeside, dignissime, Apostolica Sedis priviliegio commune. Statuimus et ordinamus, quod a Vencreabili Fratre Nostro Alberico, Sadus in office episcope de statu tenenda lectio profus ter melentiam fratri nostro Alberico, Triverni Archiepiscopo consilium, perpetuus temperietur ratum et auctoritate nostra firmatum. Vt videlicet in Canonicum secundum B. Augusti Regulam namquam institutio Fratrum Premonstratensis in eodem lectio invioliabiliter conservetur et per cedem divinam Majestatem debitum obsequium intendatur. Decemtum etiam ne quacumque bona quaqualisque officine in presentia idem Monasterium ad futures tenementa injuste aut in futurum conscriptione Pontificum, larga Houe Regnum, in sublatione fideltum seu in eorum jura ista modo procurante Domino futuris adfisis et firmiter tuisque servientum, quod in quaestionibus Annotandis videlicet Paulus, cum enumeratione annexe, Ecclesiam in Rintelenbach cum manu 16. Quod Capitolium in Salvingen cum molemdino una et dimidio, Ecclesiam in Bengelfeld cum manu et dimidio, Ecclesiam in Broderode cum manu et dimidio, curandum omnibus in santca, situatorum anteforta monastitium a muros civitatis usque ad Vadum S. Pauli, penitentiariam in Forma, penitentiariam in Deua, ab ertu Armi curte usque ad Pilare, Ecclesiam in Fislans. Ergo omnes homines Italice praestitum Monasterium perturbare, aut quem offendere. Poteris, quod ab istorico in minuere seu quidquam illi mollius sitie, fatigare, usque in omnia interea conserventur eorum pro quorum substantia et gubernatione coeneessa sunt usitata, eminedis proclivis futuris. Salva mirum Diocesei Episcopi debita justitia. Si qua in quibusque imperiis Ecclesiarum Sacularium persona in banc nostram cura et servitium pagnam sensens centum aut saeclerem venire et tentare, secundo tertio et in communia necessaria reatum suum, congrua satisfactione exercerit, petit et sit ad honoriga Sunt dignitati careat, reamque se divino judicio exhibere de perpera a nemine cogitata, et in sacrsactissimo corpore et sanguine Dominis servire, Christi allegra sit, et in extreme exanimatione distinet et subiacet ultioni. Continuum autem in eisdem lectis seu in rite servandis sit sancu-Domini N. J. Incarné. Domus. 117. Pontificat. Domus. Innocent. Papa. 6. p. 317. Pierre le Vénérable porta ces plaintes à Mathieu. Cardinal d'Albane. Mathieu, originaire du Diocèse de Reims, était pourvu d'un Canonicat de la Cathédrale de Laon, lorsqu'Radulphe ou Raoul, qui était Trésorier de la même Église, fut fait Archevêque de Reims. Ce Prélat l'attira près de lui en lui conférant une Prébende de son Église. Après l'avoir poli quelques temps, il se fit Religieux de Cluny à S. Martin des Champs, et à la mort de Théobald, il en fut Prieur. Etant allé à Rome pour défendre la cause de Pierre le Vénérable contre Ponce qui prétendait rentrer dans la dignité Abbaticale de Cluny, le Pape Honorius le retint, le fit Cardinal Evêque d'Albano en 1132, et l'envoya en Légat en France. En 1118, il préside au Concile de Troyes où l'Ordre des Templiers fut approuvé, et S. Bernard, député pour leur défense des régies. En 1129, il indiqua un Concile à Châlons, dans lequel Henry, Evêque de Verdun, fut déposé, ou plutôt se dépola lui-même par les conseils de S. Bernard. En 1134, il alla à Milan pour reconcilier la Ville avec Innocent II. À son retour, il mourut à Piers le jour de Noël de la même année. P. $19* Monseigneur l'Evêque de Châlons N.**. Ce fut Geoffroy, auparavant Abbé de Saint Médard de Soissions, et après la mort d'Herbert, élu en l'île. Evêque de Châlons. Albéric dit qu'il doit son élection au refus que fit S. Bernard de cet Évêché. L'Auteur de la vie de Guillaume Duc d'Aquitaine appelle Geoffroy, un homme plein de l'esprit de conseil et de force. S. Bernard parle aussi de lui avec éloges (Ep. $$. I. 4. de consid. es Pierre de Cluny). Ep. 48, Meilleurs de Sainte Marthe veulent qu'il ait affilié au Concile de Sens de l'année 1140, dans lequel les erreurs d'Abelard furent condamnées, mais D. Mabillon estime qu'il était mon dés l'année 1138. LA VIE La mode lui fit refuser l'Archevêché de Trêves. Les annales de Trêves n'attribuent pas à la mode, mais à l'ambition, les obstacles que Brunon forma à son élection pour l'Archevêché de Trêves. Optimes y ajoutent convaincre Acmore même en brûlant ses papiers, prioris Brunonis quondam archifive, ex ipsa scientia, etcetera. Tréves renforce, nemo uno extrinseque desertus, etcetera. At quem magis restrincebat quod optime desideratum sternebat, gerere sofferi commode negabat quamqueam tantum adhuc hominum suspicio, sicut mori superstitio, ubi sive opulent torts sacerdotii. Ce sous-concept me paraît assez mal fondé, si l'on juge des sentiments de Brunon par sa conduite. Car s'il avait agi par ambition, pourquoi balancer sur l'acceptation de l'Archevêché de Cologne, pour lequel on prétend qu'il soutenait? pourquoi faire une confession ingénue de ses péchés à S. Bernard? Bernard, et remettre à sa décision le parti qu'il devait prendre? Un homme poussé par l'ambition n'a point coutume de se donner l'exclusion des dignités par la révélation de ses fautes cachées. La Chronique de Saxe dit qu'accompagnant l'Empereur Lothaire en Italie en 1051, il mourut l'année suivante la veille de la Pentecôte. Les Annales de Tournus retardent la mort d'une année. Leur erreur se détruit non seulement par la Chronique Saxone, mais encore par le témoignage d'Othon de Frisingue, 7. c. 11., qui ne donne que six années d'Épiscopat à Brunon. Bernard in Apulée, acte dens sexto Préfutus, est un *anno. Or Frédéric Prédecesseur de Brunon mourut sur la fin d'Octobre de l'année 1131. Brunon lui fut subrogé l'année suivante, et par conséquent le temps de son Épiscopat qui est de six ans, finit en 1137. Brunon fut enterré à Barry. Roger Roi de Sicile s'étant rendu maître de la Ville, le fit déterrer et jeter son corps à la forêt. Le Roi des Romains créa Norbert Chancelier de P. y_9. l'Empire. Historiographie. Norbert ne fait pas mention. tion de cette dignité. Mais la Chronique Saxone fur l'année nu. la rapporte enxes termes. Rex (Utbtrws) ceLebr*vif Digitized by Google DE S. NO.RBEUT. Liv. IV. 375 ptionom S, MéW in W<v7jc^##rg, ériadecum cxcrcitu Leng&bar derum fines tn/rtvtf, qnia 4r(*i*ft' QoLdefwtj^ttjuredekctejje Conccïïarius intjiisptrtibus^Norbertns Jrchiep. jfagdeb. btàcêjfîr cio deputttus eft. Il y a dans les fpicileges uueJletrredu même Empereur, où la même qualité dpChancclier 4oflgée aSainc Norbert. Cêternmipfiutpotepuïs amttores dejnjfoi* confidtnt£tt tam perfonas f»ju nec non Cen. Pet. Frajapants & Ft/ri Leonk ejr munit ipnes in msnu nojira libère ebfuUrufiir Advff/k ver 0 pars dits reds/nere cupiens.yjub velfjnwe fr&uduUnttrum txopitjjtpnurn-, nos abattant o temporc a nojira intetttipne rttraxit .Tandem efnùt.ipfi fepe commonitt , tmpLcre quodpronii feront noluerunt, ttnqntmfair Uces & perfidi & ttm divin* auÀm régi* majejlatts ret , cum Petro Letnis, ejufqtte cmplUibm damuati & hofies a Principibns nofirn CnrU judicath videttat IfyrbertoMagdebnrgenfiCânfeUario noftro, hlberone premenji, Pkilipvo Ofembnrgenfi , P. hdelhrontnfi* An. Brondeburgenji. T. i.Jpuil.p. 4 fo. p L'entrée magnifique du Pape & du Roi à Rome. Lottotre étant sorti de Rome après un séjour de six femmes. Je Pape fut contraint de se retirer à Pise pour ne pas exposer à la fureur de Pierre de Léon et de ses partisans qui étaient demeurés maîtres des maisons fortes de Rome. Pendant sa retraite à Pise, il asséma un Concile en. Les Milanais rentrèrent bientôt après dans leur obéissance, tandis que la Province de Guyenne à la persuasion de l'Évêque Gérard perseverait dans le schisme, et que Roger, Duc de Sicile, à qui Anaclet avait donné (à sécuriser en mariage, avec le titre de Roi, demeurait attaché aux intérêts du faux Pontife. Lorhaire en 1136, repassa en Italie avec Henri, Duc de Bavière, il battit Roger, et donna à Raymond le Duché de la Pouille. Il y a quelques Historiens qui ajoutent qu'il rétablit Innocent à Rome. Il expulsa Pierre de Léon, Innocent nous Papam fur sédibus suis invitis hostibus conspuebat. Ursepergi (éreworthy) le marquer de même. Les Annales de Trèves ont l'année 1137, &c. Dom Mabilon, dans sa Préface sur S. Bernard, veut au contraire qu'Innocent II, ayant refusé à Pise jusqu'à la paix de Pise, de Léon arrivée en papauté. Primat à S. Norbert, et celle de Primatie à son Église de Magdebourg. Il y a néanmoins des Auteurs qui prétendent que ce titre fut accordé à l'Archevêché de Magdebourg dès sa fondation. La Chronique Saxonne fait l'histoire de l'erection de la Métropole de Magdebourg, dit, que le Pape Jean XIII, à la prière de l'Empereur Otton I, accorda le Palladium à S. Adalbert premier Archevêque, avec une primatie semblable à celle dont jouissaient les Archevêques de Cologne, de Mayence et de Trèves. In omni Ecclefæftico ordine primatum habere omnium Ecclesiarum & Archiep. qui in Germania ordinabant. . . .& Colon. Moguntin. Invictæ Archiepescopio omni a honore sic miles et sic esse. David the Crusader dans ses Annales dit la même chose. Primatum autem semel sumpermum inspectionem & jurisdictionem in omnes Germanias Archiep. Otto I. Invictus de consilio & assentimento Pontificis & Concilii Provençais, Magdeburgensis comment Adjfec, scribatur. Theodoric de Niem tient ce sentiment. Archiepiscopus Magdeburgensis ser Papam ejus actis, Primatum fieri procuravit (Otto) Streensburg produit p. 41, un Bref du Pape Léon X, de l'année 1517, adressé à Albert de Brandenburg, dans lequel l'Archevêché de Magdebourg est qualifié Primatie. Germanus Primas. En l'année 1447, Jean, Évêque de Mersebourg, écrivant à l'Université de Leipzig, dit que Frédéric de Bichlingen, Archevêque & Primat de Magdebourg, s'était déclaré pour le Pape Nicolas V, contre l'Antipape Félix V. Reverendissimus in Christo Pater ad Domum nofler D. Fridericus, Archiepiscopus Magdeburgensis & Primas Germania, qui nos sua Metropolitana Ars tantit, se cum suo Clero pro dicto Domino nos ipso Papa Nicolao Decimo quattuorzevadavit. Ces autorités n'ont point paru assez décisives à ces habiles Écrivains, ni à Crantzius, Metrop. cap. 2.8., pour pouvoir fonder la certitude de la Primatie de Magdebourg parce que d'un côté Dithmar, Evêque de Mayence, qui mourut au commencement du onzième siècle, n'étant mort qu'en 1018, ne donne pas le titre de Primat à S. Adalbert, et de l'autre il est tout-à-fait contre la vérité de l'histoire d'affliger les Archevêques de Mayence, de Cologne & de Trèves à celui de Magdebourg, ni ayant au seul acte, qui justifie leur dépendance. On convient que Dithmar ne dit mot de la Primatie de S. Adelbert, et qu'il le nomme Amplement Archevêque et Archievêcopatus specem, tenons et Patre per omnia probatum (Adelbertum) et Dominus Incarnationis per. 15. Étal. Novembre Apologie, tutrice promulguée. Mais outre qu'il était assez ordinaire de confondre le nom de Primat, avec celui d'Archevêque, on ne peut rien conclure du partage de Dithmar contre la Primatie de Magdebourg. Pour ce qui est de la subordonnation des trois grandes Métropoles, quand on passeroit aux Bollandistes, qu'il n'y en eut jamais à l'égard de celle de Magdebourg, cela ne détruirait pas la Primatie, puisque la Chronique de Saxe, la renferme dans l'étendue des deux Saxes, et dans une égalité de juridiction sur ces deux Provinces, semblable à celle que Mayence, Cologne et Trèves excernaient dans leurs territoires. Néanmoins, on ne peut dissimuler que si la primatie de Magdebourg accordée par Jean XIII, à la prière d'un Empereur à qui il était redevable de la Papauté, ne donne à cette Église aucune prééminence de juridiction sur les trois grands sièges, elle lui a cependant fait exercer un droit de préférence sur eux. Car on voit que dans les Diètes et dans les signatures, l'Archevêque de Magdebourg précède celui de Trèves. Nous sommes même que dans le schisme qui arriva en 1199, touchant l'élection d'Otton le Superbe, "Wichmannus Archevêque de Magdebourg, qui se déclara pour Philippe Duc de Suabe, souffrit à son élection avant l'Archevêque de Trèves, et que dans le 13e siècle, l'Archevêque Albert de Querfurt se plaignit dans les Diètes de l'Empire, de ce qu'on postposait son Église de Magdebourg, que Benoît VIII et l'Empereur Otton avaient honorée du titre de Primatie, de ce qu'on la postposait ainsi à celles de Trèves et de Cologne. Sa plainte parut si juste que Théodoric de Wied, Archevêque de Trèves, et Henri d'Eppenstein, Archevêque de Mayence, reconnurent son droit de primatie et de préférence sur eux. Mais quoiqu’il en soit de la primatie héréditaire de Magdebourg qui n’est ni assez provée pour la croire, ni assez fortement combattue pour la nier, il semble qu’on peut au moins donner à cette Église la gloire d’avoir eu quelques-uns de ses Archevêques revêtus de ce titre qui leur était personnel. Sur ce principe, on pourra concilier l’histoire, et dire que S. Adalbert, Wichmannus, Frédéric et Albert ont joui des honours de primat, qui leur sont donnés dans des actes qui ne souffrent pas de censurer, on pourra par la même raison dire que S. Norbert a été personnellement honorer de cette prééminence que la Tradition de Magdebourg, les histoires manuscrites de sa vie lui attribuent. Si les bons de fait se regroupaient sur les raisonnements, il est très certain que celle-ci aurait de grands avantages. Les services essentiels que S. Norbert avait rendus à l’Église, qu’elle en devait encore attendre, étaient un motif assez pressant pour engager le Pape à les récompenser de cet honneur. Sergius l’accorda à Drogon, Évêque de Metz à cause de sa naissance, Zacharie à Boniface, Évêque de Mayence en considération de son zèle, S. Grégoire à Austine d'Angleterre pour la gloire de son Apostolat, & sans recourir à l'antiquité, l’Évêque de Genève pour avoir été attaché au parti d’Innocent. Ce Pontife ne l'a-t-il pas soumis? traité à l'Archevêque de Milan, érigé son Église en Métropole, il en fit autant à l'égard de Plaisance qui lui avait été dévouée, et qui lui donna refuge pendant les persécutions qu'Anaclet, Antipape, Roger, Roi de Sicile, lui suscitaient. Saint Malachie, Archevêque d'Armagh, obtint aussi du même Pape le Pallium qu'il n'avait pas eu jusqu'alors. Pesez-vous que Saint Norbert, qui maintint l'Allemagne dans l'obéissance du Pontife légitime, qui procura son premier relatif sauf-conduit à Rome, aura été le seul exclu des faveurs que le S. Siège répandit si libéralement sur tous ceux à qui il avait de moindres obligations. Sous le nom de Norbert, apparaît après sa mort, et donne des marques de sa béatitude. Les Chanoines de la Cathédrale et ceux de Ste-Marie disputent pour lui donner la Sépulture. Son corps demeure incorruptible. L'Empereur Lothaire décide la contestation en faveur des Chanoines de Ste-Marie. Les Évêques, les Peuples, les Historiens, les Églises particulières décernent à Saint Norbert les honneurs et le titre de bienheureux avant la Canonisation de Grégoire XIII. Raison pour laquelle les Religieux de Prémontré n'en ont pas fait la joie avant la déclaration de Grégoire XIII. L'Hérésie de Luther s'empare de la Saxe, elle contraint les Religieux de Sainte-Marie de sortir de Magdebourg. Le R. P. Lohelius, Abbé de Prague, Archevêque de la même Ville, fait plusieurs tentatives pour retirer des Hérétiques le Corps de Saint Norbert. L'Abbé de Queiserberg, son Successeur, les renouvelle. L'Empereur Ferdinand II soutient ces entreprises. Résistance des Luthériens aux prières de l'Empereur. Après la défaite du Comte de Mansfeld, on renonce inutilement à la négociation pour le recouvrement des Reliques. Le Comte de Tilly défait le Danemark. L'Abbé de Queiserberg retourne pour la quatrième fois à Magdebourg, il obtient du Sénat la permission d'enlever le Corps de Saint Norbert. Histoire de sa Translation en Bohême. Les miracles arrivés au tombeau du Saint. Il est mis au rang des Protecteurs du Royaume. Magnificence à sa réception à Prague. L'Empereur et toute sa Cour se trouvent au jour de l'anniversaire de la Translation. Miracles arrivés au tombeau du Saint. Réponses aux indices de Mr. Muller, Prévôt de Sainte-Marie sur la vérité des Reliques de Prague. Lettres de l'Empereur Leopold et de l'Abbé de Prague à Clément X. pour faire élever la fête de Saint Norbert à la classe des fêtes doubles. Supplique du Procureur Général de l'Ordre de Prémontré présentée aux Cardinaux pour le même sujet. Décret du Pape. LA VIE DE SAINT NORBERT, ARCHEVÊQUE DE MAGDEBURG, &c LIVRE CINQUIÈME. Le lieu qui a vu le luire la main (préfixe) de Norbert par des miracles, voulut aussi honorer la mort par des prodiges. Au bout de quelques jours, un Religieux le vit à Prémontré dans un état lumineux, tenant en main un rameau d'olive. Il apparut quelques jours après à un autre qui le reconnut à sa taille, à sa figure, & à ses habits. Il se changea en un lis d'une blancheur éclatante, que les Anges transportaient dans le Ciel. Hugo eut aussi le bonheur de voir Conchér Maître dans un Palais, tout rayonnant de gloire. Cette apparition charma le Disciple, & excita sa curiosité à lui demander quelle était la félicité de son âme. À quoi le Saint répondit, ce que vous me demandez est difficile à exprimer, mon fils, mais puisque Dieu excite ceux qui le prient, & ouvre la porte à ceux qui frappent. Venez, & je vous ferai connaître ce que je suis, & ce qui m'est arrivé au moment de ma mort. Norbert fit asseoir Hugo. lui découvrit sa gloire, il lui donna des assurances que, comme il avait été le compagnon de ces peines, il serait un jour participant du même bonheur. Pendant que Dieu révélait à Prémontré la béatitude de l'âme du S. Archevêque, il déclarait à Magdebourg par l'incorruption de son corps sa félicité à venir. Les Chanoines de la Cathédrale prétendirent qu'il leur appartint de lui donner sépulture dans leur Église. Ceux de Sainte-Marie au contraire soutinrent que ce précieux dépôt était à eux; que le Saint ayant été leur père, sa dépouille était leur héritage, qu'il s'était expliqué avant sa mort pour le lieu de son repos, & qu'ils ne permettraient pas qu'on leur ravisse un corps qui leur servait de consolation dans leur triste vie. Les esprits s'échauffèrent de part & d'autre. On convint d'arbitres pour terminer le différent. Chacun fit valoir les raisons, les Juges les trouvèrent également fortes, & ne sachant pour qui se déterminer, ils renvoyèrent l'affaire au jugement de l'Empereur. La Cathédrale y députa des Chanoines, Evermode y alla en personne pour plaida la cause des Religieux devant ce Prince qui était alors à Mersbourg en Suabe. Dans cet espace de temps le corps du Saint demeura exposé à la vénération des fidèles. On le transportait tous les jours dans une des Églises de la Ville pour satisfaire à la piété de tout le peuple. Les chaleurs qui étaient excessives, firent appréhender queelles ne le corrompaient, mais la pourriture n'entama le temple du Saint Esprit, et n'osa s'attacher à un corps consacré par la pénitence. Il conserva son ancienne beauté. La couleur de ses joies ne fut point effacée par la pallidurde de la mort. On aurait cru qu'il était en état, si avant que de mourir, il n'avait donné des assurances de sa mort. On s'approchait de lui avec plaisir, parce que l'odeur agréable qu'il exhalait, était une marque de sa gloire. Ce miracle qui commença à la mort de Norbert, a continué pendant près de cinq siècles à son tombeau, depuis même que l'hérésie de Luther se fut introduite dans Magdebourg, et que les Religieux Catholiques furent chassés de Sainte Marie pour faire place à des Luthériens. Cette odeur charmante ayant fait naître le désir d'un Prévôt hérétique, de fouiller dans le cercueil du Saint, la main de Dieu arrêta la main de ce sacrilège, et le frappa d'une mort foudaine. L'Empereur Lothaire prononça en faveur des Chanoines de Sainte Marie, qui par cet Arrêt de justice virent paisibles possesseurs des reliques de leur Saint. Patriarche. Ils firent la cérémonie de l'enterrement avec toute la pompe qui était due à leur père et à un Saint. Ils le placèrent au milieu de la nef de l'Église devant l'Autel de la Croix, où il resta quelques années. Dans la suite, les Religieux désirant avoir sous leurs yeux un mémorial éternel des vertus et de la sainteté de leur Fondateur, transportèrent l'Autel dans le Chœur, et mirent le corps du Saint de manière que ses pieds entraient dans le Chœur, et que sa poitrine était immédiatement devant le milieu de l'Autel, afin que les Prêtres célébraient le sacrifice de l'agneau, sur les reliques d'une de ces victimes. Le tombeau du Saint fut l'objet de toute la Saxie. Les miracles s'y opéraient souvent. L'incendie qui consume les ouvrages du bienheureux Archevêque, dévora aussi le journal des merveilles que les Chanoines de sainte Marie avaient composé. Ils remanièrent après ce ravage ce que la mémoire leur put rappeler des miracles de leur Père, et le présentèrent à Innocent XI, pour en obtenir la Canonisation. La voix publique et le consentement des Évêques avaient déjà prévenu les oracles de Rome. On remarque en effet que les Auteurs qui écrivirent après la mort de S. Norbert lui donnèrent le nom de Saint et de Bienheureux, avant que le Saint Siège lui en eût décerné le titre. Ainsi quelque douteuse que soit la Canonisation par Innocent III.
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The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies
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United States. War Dept | United States. Record and Pension Office | United States. War Records Office | Moodey, John Sheldon, 1842- | Cowles, Calvin D. (Calvin Duvall), 1849- | Ainsworth, Fred C. (Fred Crayton), 1852-1934 | Scott, Robert N. (Robert Nicholson), 1838-1887 | Lazelle, Henry Martyn, 1832- | Davis, George B. (George Breckenridge), 1847-1914 | Perry, Leslie J | Kirkley, Joseph W. (Joseph William), 1841-1912
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Lieut. S. C. Boylston, Acting Assistant Adjutant- General : I have the honor to report, pursuant to instructions, in regard to matter contained in the accompanying communication, that the engineer's boat was taken from the cove on the night of the 10th instant, and that Privates Bond and Am berg. Company C, and Pri- vates Gately and Conroy, of Company D, First South Carolina Artillery, left this island on the same night, which, of course, is strong circumstantial evidence that they were the persons who took the boat. After a careful investigation, I have been unable to de- termine where these men have gone, whether to the enemy or to the city. There is no evidence whatever that would indicate that they have deserted to the former. Where they got oars to row the boat, if they had any, I have also been unable to imagine. The oars belonging to the above-mentioned boat, as well as those belonging to Colonel Rhett's boat, were not taken, and I understand that there was no other boat in the neighborhood of the cove from which they could have been taken, and none probably on the island which are not under guai'd. In connection with the subject, I would respectfully call the atten- tion of the colonel commanding to the following regulations now existing on the island in regard to' the picket-boats passing out at night : The officer of the picket-boat reports at nightfall to the officer of the day of the First Sub-Division before going out, and the latter cautions his sentinels that the picket-boat is going out. So far it would seem that the arrangement was a good one, but the sentinel .S4 r r— vol xxxv, pt ii 530 S. C, FLA., AND ON THE GA. COAST. [Chap. XLVn. is then allowed on his own responsibility to permit the boat to pass, provided it answers when hailed, "Confederate picket-boat, No. — ," or shows three white lights. By displaying these signals to the sentinels any boat can pass out at any time of the night, and as these are standing signals and known to every parapet sentinel, and therefore also public signals, it would seem to be an easy matter for any small boat to pass out of this harbor. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, IREDELL JONES, Acting Aide-de-Camp. [Indorsement.] Headquarters, Sullivan's Island, June 14, 1864. Respectfully forwarded. The boat was moored at the usual place, under charge of the sen- tinel at the bridge. The guard has been doubled. I would request that the navy picket-boats be required to give the pass-word in pass- ing and repassing the batteries. ALFRED RHETT, Colonel, Commanding. [Inclosure.] Engineer's Office, Sullivan's Island, June 13, 1864. Lieut. S. C. BoYLSTON, Acting Assistant Adjutant-General, Sullivan's Island : Lieutenant : I have the hdiior to report that the boat belonging to the engineer department, placed under my charge, was stolen from the Cove wharf on the night of- the 10th June. The boat was moored at her usual landing, and the oars, sail, &c., were taken iip to my tool-house and there locked up. Oars must have been ob- tained elsewhere, as all of mine are under lock and key at present. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, EDWIN J. WHITE, Lieutenant of Engineers, in Charge. Headquarters First Sub-Division, Sullivan's Island, June 14, 1864. Lieut. S. C. Boylston, Acting Assistant Adjutant- General : Sir : I have the honor to forward the following extract from the remarks of the oflBcgr of the day : I discovered at 1.45 this morning the fact that picket-boat No. 4 had not gone out at all, or had returned without reporting. The officer in charge, upon being ordered to go out by me, went immediately, but for some hours of a very darK night there was no picket-boat out from this post. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, ORMSBY BLANDING, Major, Commanding, Chap. XLVn.] CORRESPONDENCE, ETC. CONFEDERATE. 531 Charleston, S. C, June 14, 1864. Brig. Gen. William B. Taliaferro, James Island, S. C. : The major-general commanding has this day ordered Bonaud's battalion, over 600, from Savannah, to report to you. Maior-Gen- eral Foster is here at present, and will be on Morris Island to-day. General Cooper has bepn informed that the Pee Dee Artillery has not yet reported for duty. Major Lay has returned, and has tele- §raphed to General Robertson to send on the First Cavalry from econd Military District. H. W. FEILDEN, Assistant Adjutant-General. Charleston, S. C, June 14, 1864. Brig. Gen. B. H. Robertson, Adams' Run, S. C. : Send all the companies of the First South Carolina Cavalry at once to Brigadier-General Taliaferro. The detachment of the Sec- ond South Carolina Cavalry, now in this city, will be sent to you as soon as relieved by a company from James Island. SAM. JONES, Major- General. Charleston, S. C, June 14, 1864. Maj. Gen. L. McLaw^s, Savannah, Ga. : The major-general commanding desires that you send Bonaud's battalion to Charleston without delay. If Savannah is threatened, it will be returned. At present the enemy are landing troops on Folly Island, and their demonstrations point to Charleston. Please answer by telegram. H. W. FEILDEN, Assistant Adjutant-General. Charleston, June 15, 1864. Hon. James A. Seddon, Secretary of War, Richmond, Va. : The chief quartermaster of this department has not received a dollar since early in February. His estimates have gone in regu- larly, but he has not heard from them. Great inconvenience results from the want of money. Government employes are tired working without pay ; cannot live without it ; farmers and planters refuse to sell forage. Impressments cannot be made unless holders refuse to sell, and offers to purchase cannot be made because there are no funds with which to pay. This want of money is becoming most serious, and I respectfully urge that funds be supplied. SAM. JONES, Major- General, 532 S. C, KLA., AND ON THE GA. COAST. [Chap. XLVII. Charleston, S. C, June 15, 1864. General Joseph E. Johnston, Commanding Army, near Marietta, Ga. : The movements of the enemy indicate an attack on this or some point near here. Troops are landed on Folly Island. My force is entirely too small, and some of it is unsound and not to be relied on. If you can give me any aid, I beg that you give it without delay. I have not even received the reserves the President informed me you and General Cobb had been requested to send to me. Wlien can I get them ? SAM. JONES, Major- General. Charleston, S. C, June 15, 1864. Maj, C. D. Melton, Columbia, S. C: The men belonging to the disbanded companies of Palmetto Bat- talion Light Artillery have been sent to you for reassignment. It is of vital importance to the safety of Charleston that our present gar- rison should not be decreased. If possible assign these men to com- panies or regiments around Charleston. The enemy are concentrat- ing here. Troops are greatly needed. By order: H. W. FEILDEN, Assistant Adjutant- General. Charleston, S.'C, June 15, 1864. Maj. Gen. L. McLaws, Savannah, Ga. : Your telegram and that of Colonel Anderson have been received. Retain sufficient of Bonaud's battalion to garrison the point you name, but whatever you can spare of the regiment send on here ; it is very important. By command : H. W. FEILDEN, Assistant Adjutant- General. Hdqrs. Dept. op S. Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, Charleston, S. C, June 16, 1864. ., Major-General McLaws, Commanding, Savannah : General : I am directed by the major-general commanding to inform you that Lieutenant-Colonel Johnson, at Hardeeville, re- ports this evening the Federal fleet at Port Royal has thirteen war vessels and forty-six transports of all sorts, and adds that since the 26th ultimo he has been reporting double the number of transports to what there really were. This appears to be an inexcusable act of carelessness, and an immediate investigation is required to determine Chap. XLVII.] CORRESPONDENCE, ETC. CONFEDERATE. 533 on whom the blame rests. - In consequence of these false reports, tele- grams have been sent to the War Department informing the authori- ties of the large and threatening increase of the enemy's fleet, and on these unreliable reports false surmises have been made. The dan- gerous results of such patent carelessness cannot be overestimated. A rigid investigation is required. H. W. FEILDEN, Assistant Adjufnnt- General. Special Orders, ) Adjt. and Insp.- General's Office, No. 140. 5 Richmond, June 16, 1864. ******* XXIX. Capt. R. H. Hill, assistant quartermaster, is "relieved from duty at Kingsville, S. C. , and will report to Brig. Gen. James Chesnut at Columbia, S. C, for assignment to duty JNO. WITHERS, Assistant Adjutant-General. RoYALL's House, June 17, 1864—10 a. m. Capt. H. W. Feilden, Assistant Adjutant- General : Reports from observatories state the enemy's fleet to consist of 5 monitors, 7 schooners, 4 barks, and 2 steamers off Morris Island ; 2 transports, and 5 schooners in Light-House Inlet ; 3 gun-boats, 1 transport, and 6 schooners off Cole's Island ; 1 gun-boat, 1 transport, and 2 schooners in Folly River. Yesterday evening, in reply to the practice, the inlet batteries fired 65 shells at Secessionville, doing no damage. This morning at 5 o'clock the Long Island batteries commenced a brisk fire at the same place from four guns and threw 35 shells, damaging the elevating bed of No. 6, rifle 32-pounder. WM. B. TALIAFERRO, Brigadier-General. Hdqrs. First Mil. Dist., Dept. of S. C, Ga., and Fla., Charleston, June 17, 1864. Col. A. Rhett, Sullivan's Island: Colonel : I am directed to acknowledge the receipt of the report of Lieut. Iredell Jones upon his investigation of the loss of the en- gineer boat on the 10th instant. The report is not satisfactory to the brigadier-general commanding. There seems to have been not only culpable negligence on the part of some of your command in allowing the boat to be taken, but in not reporting the fact. Infor- mation of the desertion of the 4 men, who doubtless carried this boat 534 S. C, FLA., AND ON THE GA. COAST. [Chap. XLVII. away, was received from the enemy before any report was made of the matter by you or any one else on Sullivan's Island. The brigadier- general commanding hopes that a proper exercise of vigilance will in future prevent a recurrence of such things. Commodore Tucker has been requested to have the navy picket boats give the pass-word in passing and repassing your batteries, in accordance with your suggestion. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, WM. F. NANCE, Assistant Adjutant-General. Charleston, S. C, June 18, 1864. His Excellency President Jefferson Davis, Richmond, Va. : Your dispatch of 16th received to-day and will be attende4 to. Since my telegram of 15th instant two large transports with troops have gone to sea, believed to have gone north. All quiet. SAM. JONES, Major- General. Headquarters, Savannah, Ga., June 19, 1864. Major Stringfellow, Assistant Adjutant-General: Sir : I have received several applications from females, whose hus- bands have been taken prisoners, at various times, while endeavor- ing to run the blockade. Their families are in destitute circum- stances and desire to go North to their relations and friends. I respectfully request authority to send them by flag of truce, via Pocotaligo, to Port Royal Ferry. With proper precautions, I think that route offers less objections than any other within my command. I would like to get authority, also, to send out of Savannah the families of those soldiers who have deserted from our army from time to time. I ask this as a precaution against attempts to commu- nicate with the enemy. I wish to send them by Pocotaligo to Port Royal also. Very respectfully, L. McLAWS, Major- General, Commanding. Hdqrs. Dept. of S. Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, Charleston, 8. C, June 20, 1864. Flag-Officer J. R. Tucker, Commanding, &c. : The major-general commanding directs me to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the 18th, announcing the organiza- tion of the Charleston Naval Battalion. He will be very happy to have its assistance should circumstances render it necessary, and fully appreciates the cordial co-operation you have evinced in your efforts to add to the strength of the forces for the protection of the city from Chap. XLVfl.] CORRESPONDENCE, ETC. — CONFEDERATE. 535 land attacks. It will afford him great pleasure to arm and equip the battalion as well as he can. He regrets that some of the smaller equipments cannot be immediately supplied. The ordnance officer of the department will be instructed to turn over the arms to the ordnance officer of the navy. Respectfully, &c. , your obedient servant, CHAS. S. STRINGFELLOW, Assistant Adjutant- Oeneral. Special, Orders, ) Adjt. and Insp. General's Office, No. 143. <i Bichmond, June 20, 1864. XXIV. Brig. Gen. James Chesnut, jr. , will take immediate com- mand of the reserve forces of the State of South Carolina. He will complete their organization and place them at once in service. To this end he is authorized to employ all enrolling officers, who are hereby directed to obey his instructions. He will establish his head- quarters at such point as he may deem best. Officers of the quarter- master's, commissary, ordnance, and medical departments, are. re- quired to furnish all necessary facilities. All officers from the State of South Carolina of the Invalid Corps, and such of the regular forces as are for any reason unassigned, will immediately report to General Chesnut, who is authorized to assign them temporarily to duty with the reserves. 4: 4: 4: « * 4< IK By command of the Secretary of War : SAML. W. MELTON, Assistant Adjutant-General. Special Orders, ) Adjt. and Insp. General's Office, No. 144. subsistence, will relieve Maj. A. B. Noyes of the duties of chief commissary. Second District of Florida. Major Noyes will continue to discharge the duties of chief commissary of Maj. Gen. Pattou Anderson's com- mand. « * * • * * * * By command of the Secretary of War : SAML. W. MELTON, Assistant A djuian t- General. Roy all's House, June 32, 1864—10.20 p. m. Major Stringpellow, Assistant Adjutant- General : Colonel Frederick reports that a transport passed down Polly River-from a point near Campbell's house toward Cole's Island this morning, and this afternoon came up the Stono and landed men on Battery Island for the supposed purpose of scouting it, and when 536 - S. C, FLA., AND ON THE GA. COAST. [Chap. XLVII. men returned made four or five trips to Horseshoe Island. A num- ber of shell were fired from the battery on Horseshoe Island, and a few rockets were thrown at our pickets late tlii« afternoon. No cas- ualties. All quiet at present. WM. B. TALIAFERRO, Brigadier- General. Hdqrs. Dept. of S. Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, Charleston, S. C, June n, 1864. Maj. Gen. L. McLaws, Commanding, &c., District of Georgia : General : The major-general commanding directs me to say that he approves the suggestions contained in yoiir letter of the 19th instant, and that you are hereby authorized to carry them into eflfect. The route proposed will be adopted. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, CHAS. S. STRINGFELLOW, Assistant Adjidant-General. Headquarters, Savannah, Ga., June 22, 1864. Major Stringfellow, Assistant Ad.jtdant- General : Brig. Gen. H. R. Jackson, who was appointed a brigadier-general and assigned to duty with the reserve forces of the State of Georgia, has reported to me for duty, by order of Maj. Gen. Howell Cobb, who has charge of the organization of the reserve forces of the State of Georgia. About ten companies of reserves are now at this place. Four of them came without arms, but a supjjly arrived tliis morn- ing, which, however, are totally out of order, and three-fourths of them unserviceable, wanting repairs. General Jackson thus reports to me for duty with about 400 effective men. * I respectfully request to be informed if General Cobb has author- ity to assign a brigadier-genefal of his command to duty with me, when the force which this officer brings with him is but the com- mand of a colonel. And if he has the right, can the officer so as- signed claim a territorial command ? Again, if he is assigned to duty with me and has a territorial or district command, can General Cobb call on him for duty with the reserve forces in the State ? In other words, is General Jackson, after he reports to me, to be con- sidered as an officer of the Confederate States, liable to be ordered anywhere, out of tlie State and elsewhere, or is he for duty in the State only ? I ask these questions in order solely to prevent misun- ' derstanding and bad feeling in the future between all parties. If General Jackson is considered to be regularly on duty by General Cobb's assignment, I can assign him to a district command, where his services will be important and valuable to the country. He is now liere awaiting my orders, and I beg that you will give answer to this as soon as possible. Very respectfully, L. McLAWS, Major-General, Commanding. Chap. XLVII.] CORRESPONDENCE, ETC. CONFEDERATE. 537 ' Hdqrs. Dept. op S. Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, Charleston, June 33, 1864. Brig. Gen. R. S. Ripley, Comdg. First Military District, Charleston, S. C. : General : As it is of great importance, in the present state of our forces, to cause the defensive works of our most important points to be finished without delay, and of but little less to eifect this object with as little interference with the agricultural labor of the country as possible, I desire that you will take steps to obtain from the rice planters in this vicinity the services of as many hands as can be spared during the coming period when their crop is laid by, and make such preparation as will insure that this labor shall be expended to the best advantage, and that proper care and attention is given to the negroes. It is my wish that under no circumstances shall the negroes be retained when their services are required for gathering in the crop. The iisual pay will be allowed and the labor furnished by each planter reported to the State agent to be credited him in future calls. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, SAM. JONES, Major-Oeneral, Commanding. Charleston, S. C, June 23, 1864. Maj. Gen. L. McLaws, ' Savannah, (jfa., and Col. C. J. COLCOCK, Poeotaligo, S. C. : At 10 a. m. a large side-wheel transport with a large monitor in tow came from the north and passed the bar, going south. Monitor very large ; believed to have two turrets. Keep sharp lookout and notify the commanding general of its arrival and movements. CHAS. S. STRINGFELLOW, * Assistant Adjutant-General. Special Orders, ) Adjt. and Insp. General's Oefice, No. 145. [ Richmond, June 23, 1864. XIII. Capt. J. H. Thomas, assistant quartermaster, will relieve Capt. T. W. Neely, assistant quartermaster, on duty with the river batteries near Savannah, Ga. Captain Neely, on being relieved, will report to Maj. Gen. J. F. Gilmer for assignment to duty as trans- portation quartermaster at' Savannah, Ga. ******* By command of the Secretary of War : SAML. W. MELTON, Assistant Adjutant- General. 538 8. C, FLA., AND ON THE GA. COAST. [Chap. XLVII. Charleston, S. C, June 24, 1864. Capt. J. C. MiTCHEL, Fort Sumter : General Taliaferro informs us that two regiments moved from Folly to Morris Island this evening. It will be advisable to keep a bright lookout. By order : H. W. FEILDEN, Assistant Adjutant-General. Charleston, S. C, June 24, 1864. Col. A. Rhett, Sullivan's Island : The garrison of Morris Island was increased this evening by two regiments from Folly Island. An attempt may be made against Sumter. By order : H. W. FEILDEN, Assistant Adjutant-General. Hdqrs. Second and Sixth Military Districts, Dept. op S. Carolina, Geob«ia, and Florida, June 24, 1864. Maj. Gen. Samuel Jones, Charleston, S. C. : General : I am very anxious to destroy the gun-Doat which for some time past has been lying in North Edisto River, and had made arrangement to do so last winter, but at General Beauregard's sug- gestion postponed it. The force of the enemy then occupying Kia- wah Island rendered the expedition somewhat hazardous, but at present there is no such objection*. I will require two 30-pounder Parrott guns from James Island with the horses and men belonging to them. Major Jenkins, who will visit you to-morrow (Saturday), will give you all necessary information, and I respectfully ask that he may be charged with the execution of the design. He is bold, discreet, and has excellent JTidgment, and I would greatly prefer him to any one else. I would like to receive your views at once, as I will have to repair ■ the bridge at Haulover Cut, and make other arrangements. I would respectfully call your attention to the fact that the bridge in process of construction over Stono River, near Fort or Battery Fringle, has been discontinued. I consider it important for the re- enforcement of John's Island, and must request that it be finished if practicable. I have the honor to be, very respectfully, B. H. ROBERTSON, Brigadier- General, Com manding. Cbap. XLVII.] correspondence, etc. — CONFEDERATE. 539 War Department, C. S. A., Richmond, Va., June 24, 1864. His Excellency M. LI Bonham, Governor of South Carolina, Columbia, S. C. : Sir : A reply to your letter of the 2d instant, urging the impor- tance of allowing the reserve classes to remain at home, has been delayed by my wish to submit the matter to the President and re- ceive the benefit of his instructions. The views of the President are expressed in the following indorsement, which he has placed upon your communication : The views of the Governor would be readily accepted if the basis on which they rest was correct. It is because we cannot send troops from the army to protect the coast that we, of necessity, and I hope temporarily, call for reserves. Frequent reliefs of those furnished will diminish the evil, but, under existing circumstances, the use of the reserves to aid in the defense of the frontiers of South Carolina is a necessity. In this opinion I am compelled by the exigencies of the service to concur. While appreciating fully the liberality with which South Carolina has contributed of means and men to the cause, and feeling deeply the importance of fostering all our means of production and supply, I can only say that as soon and as far as our ruling mili- tary necessities will allow my efforts will be exerted to restore the reserves to their usual avocations. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, JAMES A. ^EDDON, Secretary of War. Hdqrs. Dept. of S. Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, Charleston, S. C, June 24, 1864. Major-General McLaws, CommoMding District of Georgia : General : Your communication of the 22d instant, received this morning, has been laid before the major-general. It contained the first intimation that had reached these headquarters of the order assigning Brig. Gen. H. R. Jackson, of the reserve.forees of Georgia, to duty with you. In reply to your inquiry, I am directed to say that the act, under which the reserve forces are organized, expressly provides that they are for local defense and State service, and are not to be ordered beyond the limits of their State. The same limitation, of "course, applies to the general officers commanding such troops, and you will at once perceive the practical diflSculties which might at any mo- ment arise if such officers were assigned to territorial command, and our officers of the Provisional Army, C. S., subject to be or- dered to any point within the limits of the department assigned to the command of this department by the Secretary of War, and re- sponsible for the safety not only of that portion of Georgia over which his command extends, but for the safety of South Carolina and Florida also. The major-general commanding cannot admit that the distribution of territorial commands, made by his orders or sub- ject to his approval, can be changed by the order of General Cobb 540 S. C, FLA., AND ON THE GA. COAST. [Chap. XLVIl. assigning to duty within the limits of Georgia an officer of rank higher than that of the officer commanding in the district or sub- district in which his services may be needed. 'Major-General Cobb is not subject to orders from these headquarters and has not com- municated with them. Officers of the reserve forces of Georgia can- not, therefore, claim district commands by virtue of superiqr rank. You can assign Brigadier-General Jackson to duty at such point as you deem best, and allow him to report directly to your head- quarters, but so long as tlie reserve troops he commands remain in your district under the order of General Cobb they can be used at any point within the District of Georgia. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, CHAS. S. STRINGFELLOW, Assistant Adjutant-General. Hdqes. Dept. op S. Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, Charleston, S. C, June 24, 1864. Maj. Gen. L. McLaws, Commanding at Savannah: General : I am instructed by the major-general commanding to authorize you to send through the enemy's Hues, via Port Royal Ferry, the families of those men who have deserted to the enemy. In future all communication with the enemy will be through Port Royal Ferry and not through Florida, without an order from these headquarters to that effect. I have to-day addressed a communica- tion to the medical director informing him that it is considered judicious that the office of chief surgeon of the Third Military Dis- trict should be merged with that of the District of Georgia. In a letter written to you of this date you will find the position of the reserve officers laid down as interpreted by these headquarters. The very light armament of Barnwell's, Jo. Thompson, and Clinch's batteries is under consideration, and will be improved if practicable. The major-general commanding directs that you release the two men, Fry, on parole, provided they report daily at your headquar- ters. A report has been forwarded to the War Department in reference to the untrustworthy element in the Twenty-second Georgia Bat: talion, with a recommendation that these men be weeded out and able-bodied conscripts supplied to fill their places from the conscript camp. It would be as well to transfer the dismounted men of the Fourth Georgia Cavalry, unable to remount themselves, to depleted companies in this battalion. It is understood that there are between 20 or 30 of these men in Fourth Georgia Cavalry. It has been suggested, and with an air of probability, that the double-turreted monitors seen ofif Savannah, and another one seen to pass the bar the day before yesterday, are ordinary monitors, equipped with-a movable deck-house. If this view is coiTect, it will account for the difference of opinion, as ex- pressed by your officers. Respectfully, your obedient servant, H. W. FEILDEN, Assistant Adjutant- General. Ciup. XLVII.l CORBESPONDKNCE, KTC. — CONFEDEEATE. 541 Special Orders, ) Adjt. and Jnsp. General's Office, No. 147. J Richmond, June 24, 1864. ******* VIII. Lieut. Col. Jolm J. Clarke, Engineer Corps, Provisional Army, C. S., will report to Maj. Gen. Samuel Jones, commanding, &c., Charleston, S. C, for assignment to duty as chief engineer Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. ******* By command of the Secretary of War : SAML. W. MELTON", Assistant Adjutant- General. Sumter, June 26, 1864—2 p. m. Capt. W. F. Nance. Assistant Adjutant-General : I beg leave to direct the attention .of the brigadier-general com- manding to the portion of my last night's* report to Major Echols Avhich relates to the taking away at this time of the whole negro force. It was relieved last night by order, and the work left-in criti- cal corniition. JNO. JOHNSON, Captain of Engineers. [ladorsement.] Especial attention respectfully recommended to the above. J. C. MITCHEL, Captain, Commanding Post. Hdqrs. Dept. of S. Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, Charleston, S. C, June 27, 1864. Brig. Gen. B. H. Robertson, Commanding, &c. , Adams' Run : General : Major Jenkins did not call on me Saturday, as you supposed he would, but called to-day. His suggestion seems to me good and promises success. As a number of troops was landed on Folly Island yesterday I cannot immediately give the aid asked for, but may be able to do so in a day or so. In the mean time repair the bridge at Haulover Cut and make the other necessary arrange- ments. I will communicate further with you on the subject. Very respectfully, &c., SAM. JONES, Major- General. Hdqrs. Dept. of S. Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, Charleston, S. C, June 28, 1864. Col. A. J. Gonzales, Chief of Arty., Dept. of S. Carolina, Georgia, and Florida: Colonel : I am directed by the major-general commanding to acknowledge the receipt of youf communication, of the 26th instant, relative to the distribution of 6-pounder guns in this department. He considers that it would be expedient to assign the section of 542 S. C, FLA., AND ON THE GA. COAST. [Chap. XLVII. 3^-inch Blakely guns to the bq,tteries in Georgia, as well as the other section when the carriages are prepared, and desires that you have it attended to as early as possible. General Jones con- siders it advisable that our light batteries should be armed with a heavier class of guns than 6-pounders with as little delay as possi- ble, and wishes you to renew your requisitions on the Ordnance De- partment for 12-pounder Napoleons and lO-pounder Parrotts, if you think it would expedite matters. In the event of operations on this coast during the summer months we shall have to rely mainly on the light batteries for defense. As heretofore, all guns for this department when received will be assigned by the chief of artillery with the approval of the commanding general. Respectfully, your obedient servant, H. W FEILDEN, Assistant Adjutant-General. HdQRS. DePT. of S. tJABOLINA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA, Charleston, S. C. June 28, 1864. Brig. Gen. B. H. Robertson, Commanding, &c. : ' General : Your telegram in relation to the torpedoes was received and immediately referred to the officer charged with their care to have them replaced. I will have an investigation made into the de- lay, of which you complain in your letter of the 25th instant, and see that the previous orders are promptly carried out. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, CHAS. S. STRINGFELLOW, Assistant Adjutant-General. Charleston, June 28, 1864. Maj. Gen. L. McLavps, Commanding, &c., Savannah, Ga. : General : In reply to your communication of the 23d instant, just received, the major-general commanding directs me to say that it will be impossible to supply the guns required from this place. He has forwarded your letter, however, to Colonel Gorgas, to know whether they can be procured from Richmond ; meanwhile the prep- arations for occupying the point indicated can be pushed forward in order that they may be in readiness to receive the guns if they can be furnished. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, CHAS. S. STRINGFELLOW, Assistant Adjutant- General. Charleston, S. C, June 29, 1864, His Excellency M. L. Bonham, Governor of South Carolina, Columbia: I regret that I am compelled to call your attention to the great want of slave labor to work on the fortifications for the defense of this State. The chief engineer of this district reports that he abso- Chap. XLVII] CORRESPONDENCE, ETC. — CONFEDERATE. 543 lutely needs 2,000 negro men, and has but 9 furnished by the State •agent ; he finds it impossible to hire. At least aoo are required at Fort Sumter, and there are not a dozen there. The recent heavy rains have greatly damaged many of the works, and the longer they are allowed to remain unrepaired, the more difficult and expensive the repairs become. The enemy daily shells Secessionville, and though the frames of bomb-proofs have been erected for over a month they still remain uncovered, and the soldiers who are performing most arduous duties are constantly exposed to the fire of the enemy, simply because we have not the labor to construct the necessary de- fensive works. Under these circumstances, as I cannot order the impressment of negroes in those States which have taken action on this subject, I must urge that the necessary steps be at once taken to supply Major Echols, the chief engineer, with 3,000 men, assuring Your Excellency that this is, in my judgment, indispensably neces- sary for the successful defense of Charleston against a continued and determined attacking force. I cannot myself secure this labor, and must therefore place the responsibility upon the State authori- ties. May I ask an early reply to this communication. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, SAM. JONES, Major-General, Commanding. Headquarters, Savannah, Ga., June 29, 1864. Major Stringfellow, Assistant Adjutant-General: Your order to send the Fourth Georgia Cavalry to General Johnston has been received, and instructions have been sent to have it carried out. The departure of that regiment, without replacing it by other forces, would, as you are undoubtedly aware, leave the southwestern part of Georgia, from the Ogeechee to Saint Mary's, without a sin- gle soldier, excepting the garrison at Fort McAllister, one company of reserves, and one of artillery. The regiment is so scattered that it will take some time to collect all the companies. For the more complete equipment and arming of the men, and to give greater protection to the railroad against raiding parties, which might land at various eligible points between the Ogeechee and the Altamaha, some now watched by pickets and others unguarded, I had ordered six companies to be concentrated at some point in Liberty County. I suppose by this time those companies have been collected and are in motion in this direction from the other side of the Alta- maha, which concentration will facilitate the movement now ordered. But the other four companies are so much scattered it will take time to collect them. Shall I send on the six companies and not wait for the concentration of the whole regiment? I ask this because the telegram of General Cooper implies a concentration before leaving. To guard against the ill effects upon the planting interests along the coast by the sudden withdrawal of the Fourth Regiment, I have directed that three companies. of the Third South Carolina Regi- ment, now in the Third Military District of South Carolina, which were sent from Georgia to re'enforce Colonel Colcock's command, at 544 S. Cy FLA., AND ON THE GA. TOO AST. [CeAp. XLVII. the time of the excitement incident to the reported raid from Port Royal, be sent back to the Georgia coast, so as to picket the most important and exposed points. I have called on Colonel Browne, aide-de-camp of the President, who is superintendent of conscription in the State of Georgia, re- questing him to give me the use of six companies, or of some com- panies which he has under his control by authority from Richmond, and which are now on duty through the State arresting deserters and conscripts. No answer has been received to my application. I will make requisition on General Cobb for some more companies of reserves. Unless I receive those re-enforcements it will not require a large force to land and burn the bridges over the Altamaha and Ogeechee, and there are no works to defend the Ogeechee bridge and the long trestle on the west side. There is or was a considerable excitement a few days ago in Pierce County, caused by a number of women armed with guns and pistols, who broke open a store-house of one of the tithe collectors, and carried off several wagon-loads of bacon, and burned some houses. A prominent citizen who came up to inform me of it, stated that the people of property were much alarmed, as the women boasted that they had plenty of men to back them if resisted, and they stated that there were a number of deserters in the Okefenokee Swamp who, they said, would soon commence carrying off the negroes, as the Yankees had offered them $50 in gold for every •negro they run off. I seut Colonel Fiser there, with an armed party, to examine into the matter. I mention this to show the bad effects which will follow should the regiment be moved at once, and, therefore, to request that the movement may be delayed until I hear from Colonel Browne and General Cobb, and can get the re- enforcements on the way at least to take their places. The dela^ which will necessarily ensue from waiting for the regiment to con- centrate, will perhaps answer all purposes, but one or two days more may be necessary. I have given Colonel Colcock authority to visit you in Charleston in order to represent the consequences to follow from the withdrawal of Kirk's squadron from his command at this time, and request your consideration on the subject. Very respectfully, L. McLAWS, 3Iajor-General, Commanding. Royall's, July 1, 1864—11 a. m. Maj. C. S. Stkingpellow : The reports from observatories state that there were off Cole's Island 1 gun-boat, 1 transport, and 6 schooners ; in Folly River 1 gun-boat, 1 transport, and 1 schooner, and 2 schooners in -Light- House Inlet. There are off Morris Island 5 monitors, 4 steamers, and 8 sailing vessels. Thirty-five shots were fired at Secessionville yesterday. We did not reply ; no damage done. Nineteen boat- loads of troops were landed up to dark on Long Island last evening, and two this morning. There are a number of small boats collected about Light- House Inlet, Wis.. B. TALIAFERRO, Brigadier-Qentral. Cbap. XLVU.] COBKESPONDENCE, etc. — CONKEDKRATE. 545 „ . KoYALL's, Jvltj 1, 1864—9.40 p. m. Major Stringfellow: The enemy's pickets fired on ours this evening from Dixon's Island. They have cut away the trees and undergrowth on Horse Island, so as to open the right of our picket-line to the fire of their gun-boats from below the obstructions. The enemy are reported as being unusually active. WM. B. TALIAFERRO, Brigadier- General, Charleston, S. C, July 1, 1864. Maj. Gen. L. McLaws, Savannah, Ga. : Send on the six companies Fourth Georgia Cavalry, and let the rest follow as soon as possible. The desired order in regard to Kirk's battalion has been given, and General Anderson has been directed to send you Colonel Hood's battalion also. By order : CHAS. S. STRINGFELLOW, Assistant Adjutant-General, Hdqbs. Dept. of S. Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, Charleston, 8. C, July 1, 1864. Maj. Gen. L. McLaws, Commanding, &c., Savannah: General : Your communication of the 29th ultimo, in regard to Brigadier-General Jackson, has been referred to the War Department for the decision of the question involved, though the major-general commanding sees no reason to change the opinion already expressed. In his judgment any other construction ot the law would involve very serious practical difficulties. It was supposed that General JacKSon reported to you with a command of reserves, under orders from the ofiioer charged with the organization of such troops. As General Cobb does not report to these headquarters, the major-gen- eral commanding is ignorant of his instructions, but this would seem to be the extent of any order that he could give. Certainly an order for General Jackson to report for assignment as a^general officer of the Provisional Army, C. S., appears to be in direct violation of the fourth paragraph of General Orders, No. 35, current series, Adjutant and Inspector General's Office, as it could only be con- strued as detaching an officer and ordering him for assignment in another command. In that case General Jackson should have been directed to report to these headquarters, or, at least, the order should have been sent to you through the major-general commanding. The "previous authority," required by the general order in ques- tion, may have been received by General Cobb, but on this point nothing is here known. Very respectfully, &c., CHAS. S. STRINGFELLOW, Assistant Adjutant-General. 35 R K— VOL XXXV, PT II 546 S. C, FLA., AND ON THE GA. COAST. [Chap. XLVil. Charleston, S. C, July 1, 1864. Maj. Gen. Patton Anderson, I Lake City, Fla. : Order Lieutenant-Colonel Hood's battalion of cavalry to report as soon as practicable to Major-General McLaws, commanding at Savannah. By order : CHAS. S. STRINGFELLOW, Assistant Adjutant-General. Charleston, S. C, July 2, 1804. General J. E. Johnston, Commanding, near Marietta, Ga. : This place is most seriously threatened. The enemy is in force on James and John's Islands, and are sending troops in transports up the Edisto. I have not troops enough to dislodge them. If possible, send me some troops. SAM. JONES, Major- General. Charleston, S. C, July 2, 1864. Maj. Gen. W. H. C. Whiting, Wilmington, N. C. : The enemy have landed in force on James Island, and are intrench- ing. They must be driven off. Can you possibly send me any re-enforcements? If so, please send them with utmost dispatch. Answer. SAM. JONES, Major- General. Charleston, S. C, July 2, 1864. Brig. Gen. R. S. Ripley, Sullivan's Island: The general commanding directs you to return to the city, but does not desire you to send any more troops to James Island at pres- ent. > CHAS. S. STRINGFELLOW, Assistant Adjutant- General. Charleston, S. C, July 2, 1864. Brig. Gen. R. S. Ripley, Commanding, &c., Sullivan's Island: The major-general commanding directs yoa to hold the three com- panies of the Thirty-second Georgia Regiment in readiness to come over to the city at a moment's notice. Do not send any artillery unless some immediate emergency arises. Do not open fire on Morris Island until directed by the major-general commanding. The companies of the Thirty-second Georgia must be brought to McCormick's Landing, and there await further orders. Very respectfmly, &c., CHAS. S. STRINGFELLOW, Assistant Adjutant-General. Chap. XLVH.] CORRESPONDENCE, ETC. CONFEDERATE. 547 Charleston, S. C, July 2, 1864. Brig. Gen. R. S. Ripley, Mount Pleasant: Enemy still re-enforcing. Send the three companies of Thirty- second Georgia Regiment to Hatch's Wharf, to report to Brigadier- General Taliaferro without delay. By order : CHAS. S. STRINGFELLOW, Assistant Adjutant- Qeneral. Charleston, S. C, July 2, 1864. Brig. Gen. R. S. Ripley, Sullivan's Island: Telegram received. Have ordered Captain Guerard to report to General Taliaferro with the two light batteries. CHAS. S. STRINGFELLOW, Assistant Adjutant-General. Charleston, S. C, July 2, 1864. Col. A. Rhbtt, Sullivan's Island : Are there any movements in the fleet this morning indicating like- lihood to engage our batteries ? By order : H. W. FEILDEN, Assistant Adjutant-General. Charleston, S. C, July 2, 1864. Col. A. Rhett, Sullivan's Island: Hold every man you can possibly spare in readiness for James Island, and a battery of light artillery. By order : H. W. FEILDEN, Assistant Adjutant-General. Charleston, S. C, July 2, 1864. Col. Alfred Rhett, Sullivan's Island : Carry over to James Island the 400 men gotten ready by General Ripley. Boat will be at Mount Pleasant Wharf at 8 o'clock to take you to Hatch's Wharf. Report to General Taliaferro promptly. By order : CHAS. S. STRINGFELLOW, Assistant Adjutant-General, 548 , S. C, FLA., AND ON THE GA. COAST. IChap. XLVH. Charleston, S. C, July 2, 1864. Col. A. Rhett, Sullivan's Island: Did you receive orders to report to General Taliaferro with the 400 men General Ripley got together ? Let there be no delay. Go direct to Hatch's Wharf. CHAS. S. STRINGFELLOW, Assistant Adjutant-General. Charleston, S. C, July 2, 1864. Col. George P. Harrison, Jr., Mount Pleasant: Hold every man you can spare in readiness to go to James Island. By order of Major-General Jones : H. W. FEILDEN, Assistant Adjutant-General. Charleston, S. C, July 2, 1864. Capt. John M. Guerard, Mount Pleasant: Proceed immediately to James Island with your two light batter- ies, and report to General Taliaferro. Inform General Ripley of this order. CHAS. S. STRINGFELLOW, Assistant Adjutant- General. Charleston, S. C, July 2, 1864. Brig. Gen. W. B. Taliaferro, RoyalVs House, James Island : There are only 3 monitors, 6 sailing vessels, and 1 tug inside the bar. Can anything be seen of the others in the waters in your front ? SAM. JONES, Major- General. Charleston, S. C, July 2, 1864. Brig. Gen. W. B. Taliaferro, Via RoyaU's House: Captain Hayne's company has been ordered to Battery Pringle. CHAS. S. STRINGFELLOW, Assistant Adjutant-General. Charleston, S. C, July 2, 1864. Brig. Gen. W. B. Taliaferro, Battery No. 2, via 'RoyaU's House, James Island: Four companies of the Thirty-second Georgia Regiment, two light batteries, the Bureau and Naval Battalions, and 400 men under Cbap. xlvii.] CORllESPONDENCE, ETC. — CONFEDERATE. 549 Colonel Rhett, have been ordered to yoii. This should make at least 1,100 men. Which of these commands have already reported to you ? Hurry on the rest as soon as they reach James Island. CHAS. S. STRINGFELLOW, Assistant Adjutant- General. Charleston, S. C, July 2, 1864. Brig. Gen. W. B. Taliaferro, Battery No. 2, via RoyalVs House, James Island: Four hundred more men leave Mount Pleasant Wharf at 8 o'clock to report to you. Two light batteries were ordered to you this morning. We cannot get more troops. Do not let them' intrench if you can prevent it. Keep the commanding general well advised. CHAS. S. STRINGFELLOW, Assistant Adjutant-General. Charleston, S. C, July 2, 1864. Brig. Gen. W. B. Taliaferro, Roy all's House, James Island: One of the naval officers, with 150 men, will be at Hatch's Wharf, on James Island, with orders to report to you. Send instructions without delay to the officer at Hatch's Wharf to what point he shall march his men. By order : P. C. WARWICK, Aide-de-Camp.
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Gene GenBank name GI# Accession # Organism pflB 16128870 NP_415423.1 Escherichia coli pflA 16128869 NP_415422.1 Escherichia coli tdcE 48994926 AAT48170.1 Escherichia coli pflD 11499044 NP_070278.1 Archaeglubus fulgidus pfl 2500058 Q46266.1 Clostridium pasteurianum act 1072362 CAA63749.1 Clostridium pasteurianum pfl1 159462978 XP_001689719.1 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii pflA1 159485246 XP_001700657.1 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
2.6.1.a Aminotransferase. Steps E, H and J of FIG. 12 and Steps C and G of FIG. 13 require conversion of an aldehyde or ketone to an amino group. This transformation can be accomplished by an aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.-). The conversion of an aldehyde to a terminal amine (FIG. 12, Step E; FIG. 13, Steps C and G) can be catalyzed by gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase (GABA transaminase). One E. coli GABA transaminase is encoded by gabT and transfers an amino group from glutamate to the terminal aldehyde of succinic semialdehyde (Bartsch et al., J. Bacteriol. 172:7035-7042 (1990)). This enzyme exhibits a broad substrate range (Liu et al., Biochemistry 43:10896-10905 (2004)). The gene product of puuE encodes the other 4-aminobutyrate transaminase in E. coli (Kurihara et al., J. Biol. Chem. 280:4602-4608 (2005)). GABA transaminases in Mus musculus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Sus scrofa have been shown to react with 6-aminocaproic acid (Cooper, Methods Enzymol. 113:80-82 (1985); and Scott and Jakoby, J Biol. Chem. 234:932-936 (1959)).
Gene name GI# GenBank Accession # Organism gabT 16130576 NP_417148.1 Escherichia coli puuE 16129263 NP_415818.1 Escherichia coli abat 37202121 NP_766549.2 Mus musculus gabT 70733692 YP_257332.1 Pseudomonas fluorescens abat 47523600 NP_999428.1 Sus scrofa
Additional enzyme candidates include putrescine aminotransferases or other diamine aminotransferases. Such enzymes are particularly well suited for carrying out the conversion of 6-aminocaproate semialdehyde to HMDA. The E. coli putrescine aminotransferase is encoded by the ygjG gene and the purified enzyme also was able to transaminate cadaverine and spermidine (Samsonova et al., BMC. Microbiol. 3:2 (2003)). In addition, activity of this enzyme on 1,7-diaminoheptane and with amino acceptors other than 2-oxoglutarate (e.g., pyruvate, 2-oxobutanoate) has been reported (Kim, J Biol. Chem. 239:783-786 (1964); and Samsonova et al., BMC. Microbiol. 3:2 (2003)). A putrescine aminotransferase with higher activity with pyruvate as the amino acceptor than alpha-ketoglutarate is the spuC gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Lu et al., J. Bacteriol. 184:3765-3773 (2002)).
Gene name GI# GenBank Accession # Organism ygjG 145698310 NP_417544 Escherichia coli spuC 9946143 AAG03688 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Additional candidate enzymes include beta-alanine/alpha-ketoglutarate aminotransferases which produce malonic semialdehyde from beta-alanine (WO08027742). The gene product of SkPYD4 in Saccharomyces kluyveri was shown to preferentially use beta-alanine as the amino group donor (Andersen and Hansen, Gene 124:105-109 (1993)). SkUGA1 encodes a homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae GABA aminotransferase, UGAJ (Ramos et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 149:401-404 (1985)), whereas SkPYD4 encodes an enzyme involved in both β-alanine and GABA transamination (Andersen and Hansen, Gene 124:105-109 (1993)). 3-Amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase catalyzes the transformation from methylmalonate semialdehyde to 3-amino-2-methylpropionate. The enzyme has been characterized in Rattus norvegicus and Sus scrofa and is encoded by Abat 1968 (Kakimoto et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 156:374-380 (1968); and Tamaki et al., Methods Enzymol. 324:376-389 (2000)).
GenBank Gene name GI# Accession # Organism SkyPYD4 98626772 ABF58893.1 Saccharomyces kluyveri SkUGA1 98626792 ABF58894.1 Saccharomyces kluyveri UGA1 6321456 NP_011533.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Abat 122065191 P50554.3 Rattus norvegicus Abat 120968 P80147.2 Sus scrofa
Steps J and H of FIG. 12 are catalyzed by aminotransferases that transform amino acids into oxo-acids. In Step J, OHED is transaminated to form 2-AHE by OHED aminotransferase. The transamination of 2-OHD to 2-AHD by 2-OHD aminotransferase (Step H) is a similar reaction. An exemplary enzyme candidate for catalyzing these reactions is aspartate aminotransferase, an enzyme that naturally transfers an oxo group from oxaloacetate to glutamate, forming alpha-ketoglutarate and aspartate. Aspartate is similar in structure to OHED and 2-AHD. Aspartate aminotransferase activity is catalyzed by, for example, the gene products of aspC from Escherichia coli (Yagi et al., FEBS Lett. 100:81-84, (1979); and Yagi et al., Methods Enzymol. 113:83-89 (1985)), AAT2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yagi et al., J. Biochem. 92:35-43 (1982)) and ASPS from Arabidopsis thaliana (de la Torre et al., Plant J 46:414-425 (2006); Kwok and Hanson, J Exp. Bot. 55:595-604 (2004); and Wilkie and Warren, Protein Expr. Purif. 12:381-389 (1998)). The enzyme from Rattus norvegicus has been shown to transaminate alternate substrates such as 2-aminohexanedioic acid and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (Recasens et al., Biochemistry 19:4583-4589 (1980)) Aminotransferases that work on other amino-acid substrates can catalyze this transformation. Valine aminotransferase catalyzes the conversion of valine and pyruvate to 2-ketoisovalerate and alanine The E. coli gene, avtA, encodes one such enzyme (Whalen and Berg, C. J. Bacteriol. 150:739-746 (1982)). This gene product also catalyzes the transamination of α-ketobutyrate to generate α-aminobutyrate, although the amine donor in this reaction has not been identified (Whalen and Berg, J. Bacteriol. 158:571-574 (1984)). The gene product of the E. coli serC catalyzes two reactions, phosphoserine aminotransferase and phosphohydroxythreonine aminotransferase (Lam and Winkler, J. Bacteriol. 172:6518-6528 (1990)), and activity on non-phosphorylated substrates could not be detected (Drewke et al., FEBS. Lett. 390:179-182 (1996)).
Gene name GI# GenBank Accession # Organism aspC 16128895 NP_415448.1 Escherichia coli AAT2 1703040 P23542.3 Saccharomyces cerevisiae ASP5 20532373 P46248.2 Arabidopsis thaliana Got2 112987 P00507 Rattus norvegicus avtA 49176374 YP_026231.1 Escherichia coli serC 16128874 NP_415427.1 Escherichia coli
2.7.2.a Phosphotransferase (carboxy acceptor). Phosphotransferase enzymes in the EC class 2.7.2 transform carboxylic acids to phosphonic acids with concurrent hydrolysis of one ATP. Steps A and E in FIG. 13 require a phosphotransferase to activate the carboxyl groups of 6-ACA (Step A) and 6-acetamidohexanoate (Step E) to their corresponding phosphonic acids. Butyrate kinase carries out the reversible conversion of butyryl-phosphate to butyrate during acidogenesis in C. acetobutylicum (Cary et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:1576-1583 (1990)). This enzyme is encoded by either of the two buk gene products (Huang et al., J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol 2:33-38 (2000)). Related enzyme isobutyrate kinase from Thermotoga maritima has also been expressed in E. coli and crystallized (Diao et al., Acta Crystallogr. D. Biol. Crystallogr. 59:1100-1102 (2003); and Diao and Hasson, J. Bacteriol. 191:2521-2529 (2009)). Aspartokinase catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of aspartate and participates in the synthesis of several amino acids. The aspartokinase III enzyme in E. coli, encoded by lysC, has a broad substrate range and the catalytic residues involved in substrate specificity have been elucidated (Keng and Viola, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 335:73-81 (1996)). Two additional kinases in E. coli are also good candidates: acetate kinase and gamma-glutamyl kinase. The E. coli acetate kinase, encoded by ackA (Skarstedt and Silverstein, J. Biol. Chem. 251:6775-6783 (1976)), phosphorylates propionate in addition to acetate (Hesslinger et al., Mol. Microbiol. 27:477-492 (1998)). The E. coli gamma-glutamyl kinase, encoded by proB (Smith et al., J. Bacteriol. 157:545-551 (1984)), phosphorylates the gamma carbonic acid group of glutamate.
Gene name GI# GenBank Accession # Organism buk1 15896326 NP_349675 Clostridium acetobutylicum buk2 20137415 Q97II1 Clostridium acetobutylicum buk2 6685256 Q9X278.1 Thermotoga maritima lysC 16131850 NP_418448.1 Escherichia coli ackA 16130231 NP_416799.1 Escherichia coli proB 16128228 NP_414777.1 Escherichia coli
Acetylglutamate kinase phosphorylates acetylated glutamate during arginine biosynthesis and is a good candidate for phosphorylating 6-acetamidohexanoate (FIG. 13, Step E). This enzyme is not known to accept alternate substrates; however, several residues of the E. coli enzyme involved in substrate binding and phosphorylation have been elucidated by site-directed mutagenesis (Marco-Martin et al., J Mol. Biol. 334:459-476 (2003); and Ramon-Maiques et al., Structure. 10:329-342 (2002)). The enzyme is encoded by argB in Bacillus subtilis and E. coli (Parsot et al., Gene 68:275-283 (1988)), and ARG5,6 in S. cerevisiae (Pauwels et al., Eur. J Biochem. 270:1014-1024 (2003)). The ARG5,6 gene of S. cerevisiae encodes a polyprotein precursor that is matured in the mitochondrial matrix to become acetylglutamate kinase and acetylglutamylphosphate reductase, an enzyme candidate for the reduction of 6-AAHOP (FIG. 13, Step F).
Gene name GI# GenBank Accession # Organism argB 145698337 NP_418394.3 Escherichia coli argB 16078186 NP_389003.1 Bacillus subtilis ARG5,6 6320913 NP_010992.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae
2.8.3.a Coenzyme-A transferase. Coenzyme-A (CoA) transferases catalyze the reversible transfer of a CoA moiety from one molecule to another. In Step M of FIG. 13, 3-aminocaproyl-CoA is formed by the transfer of a CoA group from acetyl-CoA, succinyl-CoA, or another CoA donor. A similar transformation is catalyzed by 6-acetamidohexanoate CoA-transferase, shown in Step I of FIG. 13. Exemplary CoA transferase candidates are catalyzed by the gene products of cat1, cat2, and cat3 of Clostridium kluyveri which have been shown to exhibit succinyl-CoA, 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, and butyryl-CoA transferase activity, respectively (Seedorf et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 105:2128-2133 (2008); and Sohling and Gottschalk, J. Bacteriol. 178:871-880 (1996)). Similar CoA transferase activities are also present in Trichomonas vaginalis (van Grinsven et al., J. Biol. Chem. 283:1411-1418 (2008)) and Trypanosoma brucei (Riviere et al., J. Biol. Chem. 279:45337-45346 (2004)).
GenBank Gene name GI# Accession # Organism cat1 729048 P38946.1 Clostridium kluyveri cat2 172046066 P38942.2 Clostridium kluyveri cat3 146349050 EDK35586.1 Clostridium kluyveri TVAG_395550 123975034 XP_001330176 Trichomonas vaginalis G3 Tb11.02.0290 71754875 XP_828352 Trypanosoma brucei
A CoA transferase that can utilize acetyl-CoA as the CoA donor is acetoacetyl-CoA transferase, encoded by the E. coli atoA (alpha subunit) and atoD (beta subunit) genes (Korolev et al., Acta Crystallogr. D. Biol. Crystallogr. 58:2116-2121 (2002); and Vanderwinkel et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 33:902-908 (1968)). This enzyme has a broad substrate range (Sramek and Frerman, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 171:14-26 (1975)) and has been shown to transfer the CoA moiety to acetate from a variety of branched and linear acyl-CoA substrates, including isobutyrate (Matthies and Schink, Appl Environ. Microbiol. 58:1435-1439 (1992)), valerate (Vanderwinkel et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 33:902-908 (1968)) and butanoate (Vanderwinkel et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 33:902-908 (1968)). This enzyme is induced at the transcriptional level by acetoacetate, so modification of regulatory control may be necessary for engineering this enzyme into a pathway (Pauli and Overath, Eur. J. Biochem. 29:553-562 (1972)). Similar enzymes exist in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 (Duncan et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:5186-5190 (2002)), Clostridium acetobutylicum (Cary et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:1576-1583 (1990); and Wiesenborn et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:323-329 (1989)), and Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum (Kosaka et al., Biosci. Biotechnol Biochem. 71:58-68 (2007)).
GenBank Gene name GI# Accession # Organism AtoA 2492994 NP_416726 Escherichia coli K12 AtoD 2492990 NP_416725 Escherichia coli K12 actA 62391407 YP_226809.1 Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 cg0592 62389399 YP_224801.1 Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 ctfA 15004866 NP_149326.1 Clostridium acetobutylicum ctfB 15004867 NP_149327.1 Clostridium acetobutylicum ctfA 31075384 AAP42564.1 Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum ctfB 31075385 AAP42565.1 Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum
The glutaconyl-CoA-transferase (EC 2.8.3.12) enzyme from anaerobic bacterium Acidaminococcus fermentans reacts with glutaconyl-CoA and 3-butenoyl-CoA (Mack et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 226:41-51 (1994)). The genes encoding this enzyme are gctA and gctB. This enzyme has reduced but detectable activity with other CoA derivatives including glutaryl-CoA, 2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA, adipyl-CoA and acrylyl-CoA (Buckel et al., Eur. J Biochem. 118:315-321 (1981)). The enzyme has been cloned and expressed in E. coli (Mack et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 226:41-51 (1994)).
Gene name GI# GenBank Accession # Organism gctA 559392 CAA57199.1 Acidaminococcus fermentans gctB 559393 CAA57200.1 Acidaminococcus fermentans
Yet another CoA transferase is the two-unit succinyl-CoA:3:oxoacid-CoA transferase encoded by pcal and pcaJ in Pseudomonas putida (Kaschabek et al., J. Bacteriol. 184:207-215 (2002)). Similar enzymes based on homology exist in Acinetobacter sp. ADP1 (Kowalchuk et al., Gene 146:23-30 (1994)). Additional exemplary succinyl-CoA:3:oxoacid-CoA transferases are present in Helicobacter pylori (Corthesy-Theulaz et al., J Biol. Chem. 272:25659-25667 (1997)) and Bacillus subtilis (Stols et al., Protein Expr. Purif. 53:396-403 (2007)).
GenBank Gene name GI# Accession # Organism pcaI 24985644 AAN69545.1 Pseudomonas putida pcaJ 26990657 NP_746082.1 Pseudomonas putida pcaI 50084858 YP_046368.1 Acinetobacter sp. ADP1 pcaJ 141776 AAC37147.1 Acinetobacter sp. ADP1 pcaI 21224997 NP_630776.1 Streptomyces coelicolor pcaJ 21224996 NP_630775.1 Streptomyces coelicolor HPAG1_0676 108563101 YP_627417 Helicobacter pylori HPAG1_0677 108563102 YP_627418 Helicobacter pylori ScoA 16080950 NP_391778 Bacillus subtilis ScoB 16080949 NP_391777 Bacillus subtilis
3.5.1.a Hydrolase (acting on linear amides). Deacetylation of linear acetamides is catalyzed by an amidohydrolase in the 3.5.1 family of enzymes. Such an enzyme is required for the deacetylation of 6-acetamidohexanamine to HMDA (FIG. 13, Step H). An enzyme catalyzing a similar transformation is 4-acetamidobutyrate deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.63), which naturally deacetylates 4-acetamidobutyrate. The enzyme, studied for its role in putrescine degradation in Candida boidinii (Gillyon et al., Journal of General Microbiology 133:2477-2485 (1987)), has been shown to deacetylate a variety of substrates including 6-acetamidohexanoate (Haywood and Large, Journal of General Microbiology 132:7-14 (1986)). Although 6-Acetamidohexanoate is similar in structure to the desired substrate, deacetylation of this compound (FIG. 13, step D, reverse reaction) may hinder efficient production of HMDA. Protein engineering or directed evolution may be required to improve specificity for 6-acetamidohexanamine. The gene associated with this activity has not been identified to date.
Acetylpolyamine amidohydrolase (EC 3.5.1.62), is another candidate enzyme that forms the diamines putrescine and cadaverine from their acetylated precursors. The acetylpolyamine deacetylase (AphA) from Mycoplana ramosa has been cloned in E. coli and characterized (Sakurada et al., J. Bacteriol. 178:5781-5786 (1996)) and a crystal structure is available (Fujishiro et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 157:1169-1174 (1988)). This enzyme has also been studied in Micrococcus luteus, but the associated gene has not been identified to date (Suzuki et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 882:140-142 (1986)). A protein the histone deacetylase superfamily with high sequence similarity to AphA was identified in the M. luteus genome (evalue=1e-18, 37% identity). The N-acetyl-L-ornithine deacetylase from E. coli is another candidate amidohydrolase (EC 3.5.1.16). The E. coli enzyme, encoded by the argE gene (McGregor et al., J Am. Chem. Soc. 127:14100-14107 (2005); and Meinnel et al., J. Bacteriol. 174:2323-2331 (1992)), removes N-acetyl groups from a variety of substrates including ornithine, lysine, glutamine, and other amino acids (Javid-Majd and Blanchard, Biochemistry 39:1285-1293 (2000)).
GenBank Gene name GI# Accession # Organism aphA 3023317 Q48935.1 Mycoplana ramose MlutDRAFT_1143 172071524 EDT57566.1 Micrococcus luteus argE 16131795 NP_418392.1 Escherichia coli
4.1.1.a Carboxy-lyase. Steps D and F in FIG. 12 are catalyzed by 2-ketoacid decarboxylase enzymes that generate 6-OHE and adipate semialdehyde from OHED (Step F) and 2-OHD (Step D). In addition, alpha-ketoglutarate is decarboxylated to form pathway precursor succinic semialdehyde by alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylase, a keto-acid decarboxylase. The decarboxylation of keto-acids is catalyzed by a variety of enzymes with varied substrate specificities, including pyruvate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.1), benzoylformate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.7), alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylase and branched-chain alpha-ketoacid decarboxylase. Pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC), also termed keto-acid decarboxylase, is a key enzyme in alcoholic fermentation, catalyzing the decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetaldehyde. The enzyme from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a broad substrate range for aliphatic 2-keto acids including 2-ketobutyrate, 2-ketovalerate, 3-hydroxypyruvate and 2-phenylpyruvate (22). This enzyme has been extensively studied, engineered for altered activity, and functionally expressed in E. coli (Killenberg-Jabs et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 268:1698-1704 (2001); L1, H. and F. Jordan, Biochemistry. 38:10004-10012 (1999); and ter Schure et al., Appi. Environ. Microbiol. 64:1303-1307 (1998)). The PDC from Zymomonas mobilus, encoded by pdc, also has a broad substrate range and has been a subject of directed engineering studies to alter the affinity for different substrates (Siegert et al., Protein Eng Des Sel 18:345-357 (2005)). The crystal structure of this enzyme is available (Killenberg-Jabs et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 268:1698-1704 (2001)). Other well-characterized PDC candidates include the enzymes from Acetobacter pasteurians (Chandra et al., Arch. Microbiol. 176:443-451 (2001)) and Kluyveromyces lactis (Krieger et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 269:3256-3263 (2002)).
GenBank Gene name GI# Accession # Organism pdc 118391 P06672.1 Zymomonas mobilus pdc1 30923172 P06169 Saccharomyces cerevisiae pdc 20385191 Q8L388 Acetobacter pasteurians pdc1 52788279 Q12629 Kluyveromyces lactis
Like PDC, benzoylformate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.7) has a broad substrate range and has been the target of enzyme engineering studies. The enzyme from Pseudomonas putida has been extensively studied and crystal structures of this enzyme are available (Hasson et al., Biochemistry 37:9918-9930 (1998); and Polovnikova et al., Biochemistry 42:1820-1830 (2003)). Site-directed mutagenesis of two residues in the active site of the Pseudomonas putida enzyme altered the affinity (Km) of naturally and non-naturally occurring substrates (Siegert et al., Protein Eng Des Sel 18:345-357 (2005)). The properties of this enzyme have been further modified by directed engineering (Lingen et al., Protein Eng 15:585-593 (2002); and Lingen et al., Chembiochem. 4:721-726 (2003)). The enzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, encoded by mdlC, has also been characterized experimentally (Barrowman et al., FEMS Microbiology Letters 34:57-60 (1986)). Additional gene candidates from Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas fluorescens and other organisms can be inferred by sequence homology or identified using a growth selection system developed in Pseudomonas putida (Henning et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:7510-7517 (2006)).
GenBank Gene name GI# Accession # Organism mdlC 3915757 P20906.2 Pseudomonas putida mdlC 81539678 Q9HUR2.1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa dpgB 126202187 ABN80423.1 Pseudomonas stutzeri ilvB-1 70730840 YP_260581.1 Pseudomonas fluorescens
A third enzyme capable of decarboxylating 2-oxoacids is alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylase (KGD). The substrate range of this class of enzymes has not been studied to date. The KDC from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Tian et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:10670-10675 (2005)) has been cloned and functionally expressed in other internal projects at Genomatica. However, it is not an ideal candidate for strain engineering because it is large (˜130 kD) and GC-rich. KDC enzyme activity has been detected in several species of rhizobia including Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Mesorhizobium loti (Green et al., J. Bacteriol. 182:2838-2844 (2000)). Although the KDC-encoding gene(s) have not been isolated in these organisms, the genome sequences are available and several genes in each genome are annotated as putative KDCs. A KDC from Euglena gracilis has also been characterized but the gene associated with this activity has not been identified to date (Shigeoka and Nakano, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 288:22-28 (1991)). The first twenty amino acids starting from the N-terminus were sequenced MTYKAPVKDVKFLLDKVFKV (SEQ ID NO: 1) (Shigeoka and Nakano, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 288:22-28 (1991)). The gene can be identified by testing candidate genes containing this N-terminal sequence for KDC activity.
Gene GenBank name GI# Accession # Organism kgd 160395583 O50463.4 Mycobacterium tuberculosis kgd 27375563 NP_767092.1 Bradyrhizobium japonicum kgd 13473636 NP_105204.1 Mesorhizobium loti
A fourth candidate enzyme for catalyzing this step is branched chain alpha-ketoacid decarboxylase (BCKA). This class of enzyme has been shown to act on a variety of compounds varying in chain length from 3 to 6 carbons (Oku and Kaneda, J Biol Chem. 263:18386-18396 (1988); and Smit et al., Appl Environ Microbiol. 71:303-311 (2005)). The enzyme in Lactococcus lactis has been characterized on a variety of branched and linear substrates including 2-oxobutanoate, 2-oxohexanoate, 2-oxopentanoate, 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate, 4-methyl-2-oxobutanoate and isocaproate (Smit et al., Appl Environ Microbiol. 71:303-311 (2005)). The enzyme has been structurally characterized (Berg et al., Science. 318:1782-1786 (2007)). Sequence alignments between the Lactococcus lactis enzyme and the pyruvate decarboxylase of Zymomonas mobilus indicate that the catalytic and substrate recognition residues are nearly identical (Siegert et al., Protein Eng Des Sel 18:345-357 (2005)), so this enzyme would be a promising candidate for directed engineering. Decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate by a BCKA was detected in Bacillus subtilis; however, this activity was low (5%) relative to activity on other branched-chain substrates (Oku and Kaneda, J Biol Chem. 263:18386-18396 (1988)) and the gene encoding this enzyme has not been identified to date. Additional BCKA gene candidates can be identified by homology to the Lactococcus lactis protein sequence. Many of the high-scoring BLASTp hits to this enzyme are annotated as indolepyruvate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.74). Indolepyruvate decarboxylase (IPDA) is an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of indolepyruvate to indoleacetaldehyde in plants and plant bacteria.
Gene name GI# GenBank Accession # Organism kdcA 44921617 AAS49166.1 Lactococcus lactis
Recombinant branched chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylase enzymes derived from the E1 subunits of the mitochondrial branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase complex from Homo sapiens and Bos taurus have been cloned and functionally expressed in E. coli (Davie et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267:16601-16606 (1992); Wynn et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267:1881-1887 (1992); and Wynn et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267:12400-12403 (1992)). In these studies, the authors found that co-expression of chaperonins GroEL and GroES enhanced the specific activity of the decarboxylase by 500-fold (Wynn et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267:12400-12403 (1992)). These enzymes are composed of two alpha and two beta subunits.
Gene name GI# GenBank Accession # Organism BCKDHB 34101272 NP_898871.1 Homo sapiens BCKDHA 11386135 NP_000700.1 Homo sapiens BCKDHB 115502434 P21839 Bos taurus BCKDHA 129030 P11178 Bos taurus
The decarboxylation of 2-AHD to 6-aminocaproate (FIG. 12, Step I) is catalyzed by an amino acid decarboxylase such as aspartate decarboxylase. Aspartate decarboxylase participates in pantothenate biosynthesis and is encoded by gene panD in Escherichia coli (Dusch et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:1530-1539 (1999); Merke and Nichols, FEMS Microbiol Lett. 143:247-252 (1996); Ramjee et al., Biochem. J323 (Pt 3):661-669 (1997); and Schmitzberger et al., EMBO J 22:6193-6204 (2003)). Similar enzymes from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Chopra et al., Protein Expr. Purif. 25:533-540 (2002)) and Corynebacterium glutamicum (Dusch et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:1530-1539 (1999)) have been expressed and characterized in E. coli.
GenBank Gene name GI# Accession # Organism panD 67470411 P0A790 Escherichia coli K12 panD 18203593 Q9X4N0 Corynebacterium glutamicum panD 54041701 P65660.1 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
4.1.2.a Aldehyde-lyase. HOHD aldolase, also known as HHED aldolase, catalyzes the conversion of 4-hydroxy-2-oxo-heptane-1,7-dioate (HOHD) into pyruvate and succinic semialdehyde (FIG. 12, Step A). The enzyme is a divalent metal ion dependent class II aldolase, catalyzing the final step of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid degradation in E. coli C, E. coli W, and other organisms. In the native context, the enzyme functions in the degradative direction. The reverse (condensation) reaction is thermodynamically unfavorable; however the equilibrium can be shifted through coupling HOHD aldolase with downstream pathway enzymes that work efficiently on reaction products. Such strategies have been effective for shifting the equilibrium of other aldolases in the condensation direction (Nagata et al., Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 44:432-438 (1995); and Pollard et al., Appl Environ. Microbiol. 64:4093-4094 (1998)). The E. coli C enzyme, encoded by hpcH, has been extensively studied and has recently been crystallized (Rea et al., J Mol. Biol. 373:866-876 (2007); and Stringfellow et al., Gene 166:73-76 (1995)). The E. coli W enzyme is encoded by hpaI (Prieto et al., J. Bacteriol. 178:111-120 (1996)).
Gene name GI# GenBank Accession # Organism hpcH 633197 CAA87759.1 Escherichia coli C hpaI 38112625 AAR11360.1 Escherichia coli W
4.2.1.a Hydro-lyase. The enzyme OHED hydratase participates in 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid degradation, where it converts 2-oxo-hept-4-ene-1,7-dioate (OHED) to 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-hepta-1,7-dioate (HODH) using magnesium as a cofactor (Burks et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120 (1998)) (FIG. 12, Step B). OHED hydratase enzyme candidates have been identified and characterized in E. coli C (Izumi et al., J Mol. Biol. 370:899-911 (2007); and Roper et al., Gene 156:47-51 (1995)) and E. coli W (Prieto et al., J. Bacteriol. 178:111-120 (1996)). Sequence comparison reveals homologs in a range of bacteria, plants and animals. Enzymes with highly similar sequences are contained in Klebsiella pneumonia (91% identity, evalue=2e-138) and Salmonella enterica (91% identity, evalue=4e-138), among others.
GenBank Gene name GI# Accession # Organism hpcG 556840 CAA57202.1 Escherichia coli C hpaH 757830 CAA86044.1 Escherichia coli W hpaH 150958100 ABR80130.1 Klebsiella pneumoniae Sari_01896 160865156 ABX21779.1 Salmonella enterica
Dehydration of 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA to 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA (FIG. 12, Step M) is catalyzed by an enzyme with enoyl-CoA hydratase activity. 3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.55), also called crotonase, dehydrates 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA to form crotonoyl-CoA (FIG. 14, step 2). Crotonase enzymes are required for n-butanol formation in some organisms, particularly Clostridial species, and also comprise one step of the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle in thermoacidophilic Archaea of the genera Sulfolobus, Acidianus, and Metallosphaera. Exemplary genes encoding crotonase enzymes can be found in C. acetobutylicum (Atsumi et al., Metab Eng 10:305-311 (2008); and Boynton et al., J. Bacteriol. 178:3015-3024 (1996)), C. kluyveri (Hillmer and Gottschalk, FEBS Lett. 21:351-354 (1972)), and Metallosphaera sedula (Berg et al., Science. 318:1782-1786 (2007)) though the sequence of the latter gene is not known.
Gene name GI# GenBank Accession # Organism crt 15895969 NP_349318.1 Clostridium acetobutylicum crt1 153953091 YP_001393856.1 Clostridium kluyveri
Enoyl-CoA hydratases (EC 4.2.1.17) also catalyze the dehydration of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA substrates (Agnihotri and Liu., J. Bacteriol. 188:8551-8559 (2003); Conrad et al., J. Bacteriol. 118:103-111 (1974); and Roberts et al., Arch. Microbiol. 117:99-108 (1978)). The enoyl-CoA hydratase of Pseudomonas putida, encoded by ech, catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA to crotonoyl-CoA (Roberts et al., Arch. Microbiol. 117:99-108 (1978)). Additional enoyl-CoA hydratase candidates are phaA and phaB, of P. putida, and paaA and paaB from P. fluorescens (Olivera et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 95:6419-6424 (1998)). The gene product of pimF in Rhodopseudomonas palustris is predicted to encode an enoyl-CoA hydratase that participates in pimeloyl-CoA degradation (Harrison and Harwood, Microbiology 151:727-736 (2005)). Lastly, a number of Escherichia coli genes have been shown to demonstrate enoyl-CoA hydratase functionality including maoC (Park and Lee, J. Bacteriol. 185:5391-5397 (2003)), paaF (Ismail et al., J. Biochem. 270:3047-3054 (2003); Park and Lee, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol 113-116:335-346 (2004); and Park and Yup, Biotechnol Bioeng 86:681-686 (2004)) and paaG (Ismail et al., J. Biochem. 270:3047-3054 (2003); Park and Lee, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol 113-116:335-346 (2004); and Park and Yup, Biotechnol Bioeng 86:681-686 (2004)).
Gene GenBank name GI# Accession # Organism ech 26990073 NP_745498.1 Pseudomonas putida paaA 26990002 NP_745427.1 Pseudomonas putida paaB 26990001 NP_745426.1 Pseudomonas putida phaA 106636093 ABF82233.1 Pseudomonas fluorescens phaB 106636094 ABF82234.1 Pseudomonas fluorescens pimF 39650635 CAE29158 Rhodopseudomonas palustris maoC 16129348 NP_415905.1 Escherichia coli paaF 16129354 NP_415911.1 Escherichia coli paaG 16129355 NP_415912.1 Escherichia coli
Alternatively, the E. coli gene products of fadA and fadB encode a multienzyme complex involved in fatty acid oxidation that exhibits enoyl-CoA hydratase activity (Nakahigashi and Inokuchi, Nucleic Acids Res. 18:4937 (1990); Yang, J. Bacteriol. 173:7405-7406 (1991); and Yang et al., Biochemistry 30:6788-6795 (1991)). Knocking out a negative regulator encoded by fadR can be utilized to activate the fadB gene product (Sato et al., J Biosci. Bioeng 103:38-44 (2007)). The fadl and fadJ genes encode similar functions and are naturally expressed under anaerobic conditions (Campbell et al., Mol. Microbiol. 47:793-805 (2003)).
Gene name GI# GenBank Accession # Organism fadA 49176430 YP_026272.1 Escherichia coli fadB 16131692 NP_418288.1 Escherichia coli fadI 16130275 NP_416844.1 Escherichia coli fadJ 16130274 NP_416843.1 Escherichia coli fadR 16129150 NP_415705.1 Escherichia coli
6.2.1.a Acid-thiol ligase (also called CoA synthetase). Steps I and M of FIG. 13 require acid-thiol ligase or CoA synthetase functionality to transform 6-ACA and 6-acetamidohexanoate into their corresponding CoA derivatives (the terms ligase, synthetase, and synthase are used herein interchangeably and refer to the same enzyme class). Enzymes catalyzing these exact transformations have not been characterized to date; however, several enzymes with broad substrate specificities have been described in the literature. ADP-forming acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACD, EC 6.2.1.13) is an enzyme that couples the conversion of acyl-CoA esters to their corresponding acids with the concomitant synthesis of ATP. ACD I from Archaeoglobus fulgidus, encoded by AF1211, was shown to operate on a variety of linear and branched-chain substrates including isobutyrate, isopentanoate, and fumarate (Musfeldt and Schonheit, J. Bacteriol. 184:636-644 (2002)). A second reversible ACD in Archaeoglobus fulgidus, encoded by AF1983, was also shown to have a broad substrate range with high activity on cyclic compounds phenylacetate and indoleacetate (Musfeldt and Schonheit, J. Bacteriol. 184:636-644 (2002)). The enzyme from Haloarcula marismortui (annotated as a succinyl-CoA synthetase) accepts propionate, butyrate, and branched-chain acids (isovalerate and isobutyrate) as substrates, and was shown to operate in the forward and reverse directions (Brasen and Schonheit, Arch. Microbiol. 182:277-287 (2004)). The ACD encoded by PAE3250 from hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum showed the broadest substrate range of all characterized ACDs, reacting with acetyl-CoA, isobutyryl-CoA (preferred substrate) and phenylacetyl-CoA (Brasen and Schonheit, Arch. Microbiol. 182:277-287 (2004)). Directed evolution or engineering can be used to modify this enzyme to operate at the physiological temperature of the host organism. The enzymes from A. fulgidus, H. marismortui and P. aerophilum have all been cloned, functionally expressed, and characterized in E. coli (Brasen and Schonheit, Arch. Microbiol. 182:277-287 (2004); and Musfeldt and Schonheit, J. Bacteriol. 184:636-644 (2002)). An additional candidate is the enzyme encoded by sucCD in E. coli, which naturally catalyzes the formation of succinyl-CoA from succinate with the concomitant consumption of one ATP, a reaction which is reversible in vivo (Buck et al., Biochemistry 24:6245-6252 (1985)).
GenBank Gene name GI# Accession # Organism AF1211 11498810 NP_070039.1 Archaeoglobus fulgidus DSM 4304 AF1983 11499565 NP_070807.1 Archaeoglobus fulgidus DSM 4304 scs 55377722 YP_135572.1 Haloarcula marismortui ATCC 43049 PAE3250 18313937 NP_560604.1 Pyrobaculum aerophilum str. IM2 sucC 16128703 NP_415256.1 Escherichia coli sucD 1786949 AAC73823.1 Escherichia coli
Another candidate enzyme for this step is 6-carboxyhexanoate-CoA ligase, also known as pimeloyl-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.14), which naturally activates pimelate to pimeloyl-CoA during biotin biosynthesis in gram-positive bacteria. The enzyme from Pseudomonas mendocina, cloned into E. coli, was shown to accept the alternate substrates hexanedioate and nonanedioate (Binieda et al., Biochem. J340 (Pt 3):793-801 (1999)). Other candidates are found in Bacillus subtilis (Bower et al., J. Bacteriol. 178:4122-4130 (1996)) and Lysinibacillus sphaericus (formerly Bacillus sphaericus) (Ploux et al., Biochem. J287 (Pt 3):685-690 (1992)).
GenBank Gene name GI# Accession # Organism pauA 15596214 NP_249708.1 Pseudomonas mendocina bioW 50812281 NP_390902.2 Bacillus subtilis bioW 115012 P22822.1 Lysinibacillus sphaericus
Additional CoA-ligases include the rat dicarboxylate-CoA ligase for which the sequence is yet uncharacterized (Vamecq et al., Biochem. J230:683-693 (1985)), either of the two characterized phenylacetate-CoA ligases from P. chrysogenum (Lamas-Maceiras et al., Biochem. J395:147-155 (2006); and Wang et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 360:453-458 (2007)) and the phenylacetate-CoA ligase from Pseudomonas putida (Martinez-Blanco et al., J. Biol. Chem. 265:7084-7090 (1990)). Additional candidate enzymes are acetoacetyl-CoA synthetases from Mus musculus (Hasegawa et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1779:414-419 (2008)) and Homo sapiens (Ohgami et al., Biochem. Pharmacol. 65:989-994 (2003)) which naturally catalyze the ATP-dependant conversion of acetoacetate into acetoacetyl-CoA.
GenBank Gene name GI# Accession # Organism phl 77019264 CAJ15517.1 Penicillium chrysogenum phlB 152002983 ABS19624.1 Penicillium chrysogenum paaF 22711873 AAC24333.2 Pseudomonas putida AACS 21313520 NP_084486.1 Mus musculus AACS 31982927 NP_076417.2 Homo sapiens
EXAMPLE XXII Demonstration of Escherichia coli Tolerance to 6-Aminocaproate
E. coli was assayed for tolerance, metabolic activity and growth during exposure to various concentrations of 6-aminocaproate (6-ACA). Aerobically, cultures were able to grow media with up to 10% 6-ACA, while anaerobic cultures could grow in media with approximately 6% 6-ACA (FIG. 15). Because the pathway for producing 6-ACA could require anaerobic conditions, all other further testing was performed under anaerobic conditions. To assay tolerance, cultures were grown anaerobically to mid-log(0.3 OD) and early stationary phase (0.6 OD), the cells were spun down and resuspended in medium containing various concentrations of 6-ACA. The cultures were grown in capped microfuge tubes, grown overnight and the ODs of the cultures were assayed (FIG. 16). Under these conditions, cultures were able to grow (double at least 1 time) in up to 10% 6-ACA. The additional tolerance could have been from the additional glucose from resuspending the cultures in fresh M9-glucose medium or from limited oxygen that was present in the capped microfuge tube. To determine if the cells were metabolically active in the presence of 6-ACA, samples were taken and assayed for ethanol production (FIG. 17). Ethanol production (and thus metabolic activity) closely tracked with OD suggesting that if cells are present, they are likely to be metabolically active. This is helpful to understand because it suggests that even though cells may be growth inhibited by the accumulation of a product, they can still continue to produce product.
At high concentrations (>65 g/L) the osmolarity of 6-ACA is ˜0.5 M which may cause osmotic stress. To determine osmotic stress as the basis for 6-ACA growth inhibition, cultures were grown in various concentrations of 6-ACA with and without the osmoprotectant glycine betaine. As seen in FIG. 18, anaerobic growth in medium with up to 10-12% 6-ACA can be achieved if glycine betaine is present but only 4-6% without glycine betaine. Therefore much of the toxicity of 6-ACA is likely due to the osmotic stress. However, it should be noted that G-ACA is similar to the amino acid lysine and could have a greater toxic effect in the cell cytoplasm vs. outside the cell.
EXAMPLE XXIII Demonstration of Enzyme Activity for Condensing Succinyl-CoA and Acetyl-CoA to Form β-ketoadipyl-CoA
Several β-ketothiolase enzymes have been shown to break β-ketoadipyl-CoA into acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA. For example, the gene products encoded by pcaF in Pseudomonas strain B13 (Kaschabek et al., J. Bacteriol, 184(1): 207-15 (2002)), phaD in Pseudomonas putida U (Olivera et al., Proc Nall Acad Sci USA, 95(11), 6419-24 (1998)), paaE in Pseudomonas fluorescens ST (Di Gennaro et al., Arch Microbiol, 188(2), 117-25 (2007)), and paaJ from E. coli (Nogales et al., Microbiology, 153(Pt 2), 357-65 (2007)) catalyze the conversion of 3-oxoadipyl-CoA into succinyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA during the degradation of aromatic compounds such as phenylacetate or styrene. To confirm that β-ketothiolase enzymes exhibit condensation activity, several thiolases (Table 10; SEQ ID NOS: 3-50, respectively) were cloned into a derivative of pZE13 (Lutz et al., Nucleic Acids Res, 29(18), 3873-81 (2001)), which results in the clones having a carboxy-terminal 6×His tag (SEQ ID NO: 2).
TABLE 10 Cloned Thiolases Species Enzyme template Gene Length 5′ PRIMER 3′ PRIMER ORF SEQ beta- Ralstonia bktB 1185 ATGACGCGTGAAG GATACGCTCGAAGAT atgacgcgtgaagtggtagtggtaagc ketothiolase eutropha H16 TGGTAGTGGTAAG GGCGG ggtgtccgtaccgcgatcgggaccttt (SEQ ID NO: 3) (SEQ ID NO: 4) ggcggcagcctgaaggatgtggcaccg gcggagctgggcgcactggtggtgcgc gaggcgctggcgcgcgcgcaggtgtcg ggcgacgatgtcggccacgtggtattc ggcaacgtgatccagaccgagccgcgc gacatgtatctgggccgcgtcgcggcc gtcaacggcggggtgacgatcaacgcc cccgcgctgaccgtgaaccgcctgtgc ggctcgggcctgcaggccattgtcagc gccgcgcagaccatcctgctgggcgat accgacgtcgccatcggcggcggcgcg gaaagcatgagccgcgcaccgtacctg gcgccggcagcgcgctggggcgcacgc atgggcgacgccggcctggtcgacatg atgctgggtgcgctgcacgatcccttc catcgcatccacatgggcgtgaccgcc gagaatgtcgccaaggaatacgacatc tcgcgcgcgcagcaggacgaggccgcg ctggaatcgcaccgccgcgcttcggca gcgatcaaggccggctacttcaaggac cagatcgtcccggtggtgagcaagggc cgcaagggcgacgtgaccttcgacacc gacgagcacgtgcgccatgacgccacc atcgacgacatgaccaagctcaggccg gtcttcgtcaaggaaaacggcacggtc acggccggcaatgcctcgggcctgaac gacgccgccgccgcggtggtgatgatg gagcgcgccgaagccgagcgccgcggc ctgaagccgctggcccgcctggtgtcg tacggccatgccggcgtggacccgaag gccatgggcatcggcccggtgccggcg acgaagatcgcgctggagcgcgccggc ctgcaggtgtcggacctggacgtgatc gaagccaacgaagcctttgccgcacag gcgtgcgccgtgaccaaggcgctcggt ctggacccggccaaggttaacccgaac ggctcgggcatctcgctgggccacccg atcggcgccaccggtgccctgatcacg gtgaaggcgctgcatgagctgaaccgc gtgcagggccgctacgcgctggtgacg atgtgcatcggcggcgggcagggcatt gccgccatcttcgagcgtatctga (SEQ ID NO: 5) 2- Mus musculus ACAT1 1215 ATGGAAGTAAGAT CAGCTTCTCAATCAG atggaagtaagatgcctggaacgaagt Methylaceto- GCCTGGAACGAAG CAGGGC tatgcatccaaacccactttgaatgaa acetyl-CoA (SEQ ID NO: 6) (SEQ ID NO: 7) gtggttatagtaagtgctataagaact Thiolase cccattggatccttcctgggcagcctt (branched gcctctcagccggccactaaacttggt chain?) actgctgcaattcagggagccattgag aaggcagggattccaaaagaagaagtg aaggaagtctacatgggcaatgtcatc caagggggtgaaggacaggcccctacc aggcaagcaacactgggcgcaggttta cctatttccactccatgcaccacagta aacaaggtttgtgcttcaggaatgaaa gccatcatgatggcctctcaaagtctt atgtgtggacatcaggatgtgatggtg gcaggcgggatggagagcatgtccaat gtcccatacgtaatgagcagaggagca acaccatatggtggggtaaaacttgaa gacctgattgtaaaagacgggctaact gatgtctacaataaaattcatatgggt aactgtgctgagaatactgcaaagaag atgaatatctcacggcaggaacaggat acgtacgctctcagctcttacaccaga agtaaagaagcgtgggacgcagggaag tttgccagtgagattactcccatcacc atctcagtgaaaggtaaaccagatgtg gtggtgaaagaagatgaagaatacaag cgtgttgactttagtaaagtgccaaag ctcaagaccgtgttccagaaagaaaat ggcacaataacagctgccaatgccagc acactgaacgatggagcagctgctctg gttctcatgactgcagaggcagcccag aggctcaatgttaagccattggcacga attgcagcatttgctgatgctgccgta gaccccattgattttccacttgcgcct gcatatgccgtacctaaggttcttaaa tatgcaggactgaaaaaagaagacatt gccatgtgggaagtaaatgaagcattc agtgtggttgtgctagccaacattaaa atgctggagattgacccccaaaaagta aatatccacggaggagctgtttctctg ggccatccaattgggatgtctggagcc cggattgttgttcatatggctcatgcc ctgaagccaggagagttcggtctggct agtatttgcaacggaggaggaggtgct tccgccctgctgattgagaagctgtag (SEQ ID NO: 8) 2- Pseudomonas fadAX 1194 ATGACCCTCGCCA GTACAGGCATTCAAC atgaccctcgccaatgaccccatcgtt Methylaceto- putida ATGACCC AGCCATGG atcgtcagcgccgtgcgcacgcccatg acetyl-CoA (KT2440) (SEQ ID NO: 9) (SEQ ID NO: 10) ggcgggttgcagggcgacctcaagagc Thiolase ctgactgcgccgcaactgggcagcgcc (branched gccattcgtgctgccgtggaacgggcc chain?) ggcatcgatgccgccggtgtcgagcag gtactgttcggctgcgtgctgccggcc ggccagggccaggcaccggcacgccag gccgcgctgggcgccgggctggacaag cacaccacctgcaccaccctgaacaag atgtgcggctcgggtatgcaagccgcg atcatggcccatgacctgctgctggcc ggcaccgcagacgtggtagtggcgggt ggcatggaaagcatgaccaacgcgccg tacctgctggacaaagcccgtggcggc taccgcatgggccacggcaagatcatc gaccacatgttcatggacggtctcgaa gacgcctacgacaaaggccgcctgatg ggtacctttgccgaggactgtgcccag gccaatgccttcagccgcgaggcccag gaccagttcgccatcgcctcgctgacc cgagcgcaggaagccatcagcagcggc cgttttgccgccgagatcgtgccggtg gaagtcaccgagggcaaggaaaagcgc gtcatcaaggatgacgagcagccgccc aaggcgcgtctggacaagattgcgcag ctcaaaccggcgtttcgtgaaggcggc accgtgacggcggccaacgccagttcg atttccgacggcgctgcggcgctggta ctgatgcgccgctccgaggccgacaaa cgtggcctcaagccattggccgtcatc cacggccacgccgcctttgccgacacc ccggcgctgttcccgaccgccccgatc ggcgcgatcgacaaactgatgaaacgc accggctggaacctggccgaagtcgac ctgttcgagatcaacgaggccttcgcc gtggtcaccctggcggccatgaaacac ctcgacctgccacacgacaaggtcaat atccacggcggcgcctgcgccctcggt cacccgatcggcgcttctggcgcacgt tatctggtcaccctgttgtcggccttg cgccagaacaatctgcgtcggggtgtg gcggccatctgcatcggcggtggcgag gccacggccatggctgttgaatgcctg tactca (SEQ ID NO: 11) beta- Caenorhabditis kat-1 1167 ATGAACAAACATG TAATTTCTGGATAAC atgaacaaacatgctttcatcgtcgga ketothiolase elegans CTTTCATCGTCG CATTCCACTTGAGC gccgcccgtacacctattggatcattt (SEQ ID NO: 12) (SEQ ID NO: 13) cgttcttctctctcttcggtaactgct ccagagctcgcctcggttgccatcaaa gcagcattggagcgtggagcagtgaag ccgagttcaattcaggaggtgttcctt ggtcaagtctgtcaagcaaatgctggt caagctcccgctcgtcaagcagctctt ggagccggactcgatctttcggttgct gttaccaccgtcaataaagtgtgctct tctgggctgaaagcaatcattcttgct gcccagcaaattcaaaccggtcatcaa gattttgccattggcggaggaatggag agcatgtcacaagtaccattttatgtt caaagaggagagatcccatatggtgga tttcaagtgattgatggaatcgtcaaa gacggactgaccgatgcttatgataaa gttcacatgggaaactgcggagagaag acttcaaaagaaatgggaattacacgt aaagaccaagacgaatatgctatcaac agctacaaaaagtcagctaaagcatgg gagaatggaaatatcggaccagaagtg gtgccagtgaacgtcaaatcaaagaag ggagtcacgattgttgataaagatgaa gagttcacaaaagtcaatttcgacaag ttcacctcgctgagaactgttttccag aaagacggaactatcactgctgctaat gcttcaacattgaacgacggtgcagct gctgtcattgttgcctcacaggaagca gtttccgagcaaagcttaaagcctctg gcccgaattttggcttatggagatgcc gccacgcacccactcgatttcgctgta gcaccaactttgatgttcccaaaaatt cttgaaagagcaggagtgaagcaatca gatgttgctcaatgggaagttaatgaa gcctctcatgtgttccccttgctttca tcaaaaaactaggagtcgatccatccc ttgtgaacccacatggaggagctgttt caattggtcaccccatcggaatgtccg gagcccgcctcatcactcatcttgtgc acacactcaaaagtggccaaatcggag ttgctgccatttgcaatggaggtggtg gctcaagtggaatggttatccagaaat tataa (SEQ ID NO: 14) beta- Escherichia paaJ 1206 ATGCGTGAAGCCT AACACGCTCCAGAAT atgcgtgaagcctttatttgtgacgga ketothiolase coli TTATTTGTGACG CATGGCG attcgtacgccaattggtcgctacggc NP_415915.1 (SEQ ID NO: 15) (SEQ ID NO: 16) ggggcattatcaagtgttcgggctgat gatctggctgctatccctttgcgggaa ctgctggtgcgaaacccgcgtctcgat gcggagtgtatcgatgatgtgatcctc ggctgtgctaatcaggcgggagaagat aaccgtaacgtagcccggatggcgact ttactggcggggctgccgcagagtgtt tccggcacaaccattaaccgcttgtgt ggttccgggctggacgcactggggttt gccgcacgggcgattaaagcgggcgat ggcgatttgctgatcgccggtggcgtg gagtcaatgtcacgggcaccgtttgtt atgggcaaggcagccagtgcattttct cgtcaggctgagatgttcgataccact attggctggcgatttgtgaacccgctc atggctcagcaatttggaactgacagc atgccggaaacggcagagaatgtagct gaactgttaaaaatctcacgagaagat caagatagttttgcgctacgcagtcag caacgtacggcaaaagcgcaatcctca ggcattctggctgaggagattgttccg gttgtgttgaaaaacaagaaaggtgtt gtaacagaaatacaacatgatgagcat ctgcgcccggaaacgacgctggaacag ttacgtgggttaaaagcaccatttcgt gccaatggggtgattaccgcaggcaat gcttccggggtgaatgacggagccgct gcgttgattattgccagtgaacagatg gcagcagcgcaaggactgacaccgcgg gcgcgtatcgtagccatggcaaccgcc ggggtggaaccgcgcctgatggggctt ggtccggtgcctgcaactcgccgggtg ctggaacgcgcagggctgagtattcac gatatggacgtgattgaactgaacgaa gcgttcgcggcccaggcgttgggtgta ctacgcgaattggggctgcctgatgat gccccacatgttaaccccaacggaggc gctatcgccttaggccatccgttggga atgagtggtgcccgcctggcactggct gccagccatgagctgcatcggcgtaac ggtcgttacgcattgtgcaccatgtgc atcggtgtcggtcagggcatcgccatg attctggagcgtgtttga (SEQ ID NO: 17) beta- Psuedomonas phaD 1221 ATGAATGAACCGA GAGGCGCTCGATGAT atgaatgaaccgacccacgccgatgcc ketothiolase putida CCCACGCC CATGG ttgatcatcgacgccgtgcgcacgccc AAN6887.1 (KT2440) (SEQ ID NO: 18) (SEQ ID NO: 19) attggccgctatgccggggccctgagc agcgtgcgcgccgacgacctggcggcc atcccgctcaaagccttgatccagcgt caccccgaactggactggaaagccatt gatgacgttatcttcggctgtgccaac caggctggcgaagacaaccgcaacgtg gcccacatggcgagcctgctggccggg ctgccactcgaagtaccagggaccacg atcaaccgcctgtgcggttccggtctg gatgccatcggtaatgcggcacgtgcc ctgcgctgcggtgaagcggggctcatg ctggccggtggtgtggagtccatgtcg cgtgcaccgtttgtgatgggtaagtcg gagcaggcattcgggcgtgcggccgag ctgttcgacaccaccatcggctggcgt ttcgtcaacccgctgatgaaggccgcc tacggcatcgattcgatgccggaaacg gctgaaaacgtggccgaacagttcggc atctcgcgcgccgaccaggatgccttt gccctgcgcagccagcacaaagccgca gcagctcaggcccgcggccgcctggcg cgggaaatcgtgccggtcgaaatcccg caacgcaaaggcccagccaaagtggtc gagcatgacgagcacccgcgcggcgac acgaccctggagcagctggctcggctc gggacgccgtttcgtgaaggcggcagc gtaacggcgggtaatgcctccggcgtg aatgacggcgcttgcgccctgctgctg gccagcagcgccgcggcccgccgccat gggttgaaggcccgcggccgcatcgtc ggcatggcggtggccggggttgagccc aggctgatgggcattggtccggtgcct gcgacccgcaaggtgctggcgctcacc ggcctggcactggctgacctggatgtc atcgaactcaatgaggcctttgccgcc caagggctggccgtgttgcgcgagctg ggcctggccgacgacgacccgcgagtc aaccgcaacggcggcgccatcgccctg ggccatcccctgggcatgagcggtgcc cggttggtgaccactgccttgcacgag cttgaagaaacggccggccgctacgcc ctgtgcaccatgtgcatcggcgtaggc caaggcattgccatgatcatcgagcgc ctctga (SEQ ID NO: 20) beta- Clostridium thiA 1179 ATGAAAGAAGTTGT GCACTTTTCTAGCAA atgaaagaagttgtaatagctagtgca ketothiolase acetobutylicum AATAGCTAGTGCAG TATTGCTGTTCC gtaagaacagcgattggatctttatgg NP_349476.1 ATCC 824 TAAGAAC (SEQ ID NO: 22) aaagtctcttaaggatgtaccagcagt (SEQ ID NO: 21) agatttaggagctacagctataaagga agcagttaaaaaagcaggaataaaacc agaggatgttaatgaagtcattttagg aaatgttcttcaagcaggtttaggaca gaatccagcaagacaggcatcttttaa agcaggattaccagttgaaattccagc tatgactattaataaggtttgtggttc aggacttagaacagttagcttagcagc acaaattataaaagcaggagatgctga cgtaataatagcaggtggtatggaaaa tatgtctagagctccttacttagcgaa taacgctagatggggatatagaatggg aaacgctaaatttgttgatgaaatgat cactgacggattgtgggatgcatttaa tgattaccacatgggaataacagcaga aaacatagctgagagatggaacatttc aagagaagaacaagatgagtttgctct tgcatcacaaaaaaaagctgaagaagc tataaaatcaggtcaatttaaagatga aatagttcctgtagtaattaaaggcag aaagggagaaactgtagttgatacaga tgagcaccctagatttggatcaactat agaaggacttgcaaaattaaaacctgc cttcaaaaaagatggaacagttacagc tggtaatgcatcaggattaaatgactg tgcagcagtacttgtaatcatgagtgc agaaaagctaaagagcttggagtaaaa ccacttgctaagatagtttcttatggt tcagcaggagttgacccagcaataatg ggatatggacctttctatgcaacaaaa gcagctattgaaaaagcaggttggaca gttgatgaattagatttaatagaatca aatgaagcttttgcagctcaaagttta gcagtagcaaaagatttaaaatttgat atgaataaagtaaatgtaaatggagga gctattgcccttggtcatccaattgga gcatcaggtgcaagaatactcgttact cttgtacacgcaatgcaaaaaagagat gcaaaaaaaggcttagcaactttatgt ataggtggcggacaaggaacagcaata ttgctagaaaagtgctag (SEQ ID NO: 23) beta- Clostridium thiB 1179 ATGAGAGATGTAGTA GTCTCTTTCAACTAC atgagagatgtagtaatagtaagtgct ketothioalse acetobutylicum ATAGTAAGTGCTGTA GAGAGCTGTTCCC gtaagaactgcaataggagcatatgga NP_149242.1 ATCC 824 AGAACTG (SEQ ID NO: 25) aaaacattaaaggatgtacctgcaaca (SEQ ID NO: 24) gagttaggagctatagtaataaaggaa gctgtaagaagagctaatataaatcca aatgagattaatgaagttatttttgga aatgtacttcaagctggattaggccaa aacccagcaagacaagcagcagtaaaa gcaggattacctttagaaacacctgcg tttacaatcaataaggtttgtggttca ggtttaagatctataagtttagcagct caaattataaaagctggagatgctgat accattgtagtaggtggtatggaaaat atgtctagatcaccatatttgattaac aatcagagatggggtcaaagaatggga gatagtgaattagttgatgaaatgata aaggatggtttgtgggatgcatttaat ggatatcatatgggagtaactgcagaa aatattgcagaacaatggaatataaca agagaagagcaagatgatttttcactt atgtcacaacaaaaagctgaaaaagcc attaaaaatggagaatttaaggatgaa atagttcctgtattaataaagactaaa aaaggtgaaatagtctttgatcaagat gaatttcctagattcggaaacactatt gaagcattaagaaaacttaaacctatt ttcaaggaaaatggtactgttacagca ggtaatgcatccggattaaatgatgga gctgcagcactagtaataatgagcgct gataaagctaacgctctcggaataaaa ccacttgctaagattacttcttacgga tcatatggggtagatccatcaataatg ggatatggagctttttatgcaactaaa gctgccttagataaaattaatttaaaa cctgaagacttagatttaattgaagct aacgaggcatatgcttctcaaagtata gcagtaactagagatttaaatttagat atgagtaaagttaatgttaatggtgga gctatagcacttggacatccaataggt gcatctggtgcacgtattttagtaaca ttactatacgctatgcaaaaaagagat tcaaaaaaaggtcttgctactctatgt attggtggaggtcagggaacagctctc gtagttgaaagagactaa (SEQ ID NO: 26) 3-oxoadipyl- Candida POT98 1182 ATGTTCAAGAAATCA CTCGTTAGCAAACAA atgttcaagaaatcagctaatgatatt CoA thiolase albicans GCTAATGATATTGTT GGCAGCG gttgttattgcagcaaagagaactcca SC5314 G (SEQ ID NO: 28) atcaccaagtcaattaaaggtgggttg (SEQ ID NO: 27) agtagattatttcctgaggaaatatta tatcaagtggttaagggtactgtatca gattcacaagttgatttaaacttgatt gatgatgtgttagtcggtacggtcttg caaactttagggggacagaaagctagt gccttggccattaaaaagattggattc ccaattaagaccacggttaatacggtc aatcgtcaatgtgctagttctgctcaa gcgattacttatcaagcaggtagtttg cgtagtggggagaatcaatttgctatt gctgctggagtagaaagtatgactcat gattattttcctcatcgtgggattccc acaagaatttctgaatcatttttagct gatgcatccgatgaagctaaaaacgtc ttgatgccaatggggataaccagtgaa aatgttgccactaaatatggaatttct cgtaaacaacaagatgagtttgccctt aattctcatttgaaagcagcacaaggc tacaaaactgggtcattttgcaaaaga aatcattcctattcaaacaacggatga aaacaaccaacacgtttcaataaccaa agatgatggtataaggggaagttcaac aattgaaaagttgggtggcttaaaacc tgtgttcaaggatgatgggactactac tgctggtaattcctcgcaaatttcaga tggagggtctgctgtgattttaactac tcgtcaaaatgctgagaaatcgggagt aaagccaatagctagatttattggttc gtcagtagctggtgttccttcgggact tatgggaattggtccatcggctgctat tcctcaattgttgtcgagattaaatgt tgacacgaaagacattgatatttttga attgaacgaggcatttgcatcccaact gatttattgtattgaaaaattgggtct tgattatgataaagtcaatccatatgg tggagctatagccttgggacatccatt aggagccactggcgcaagagttacggc aacgttgcttaatggattaaaagatca gaataaagagttgggtgtcatctcaat gtgcacatccacaggtcaaggatacgc tgccttgtttgctaacgagtag (SEQ ID NO: 29) 3-oxoadipyl- Candida POT1 1227 ATGGATAGATTAAAT TTCCTTAATCAATAT atggatagattaaatcaattaagtggt CoA thiolase albicans CAATTAAGTGGTCAA GGAGGCAGCAC caattaaaaccaacttcaaaacaatcc SC5314 TTAAAACC (SEQ ID NO: 31) cttactcaaaagaacccagacgatgtt (SEQ ID NO: 30) gtcatcgttgcagcatacagaactgcc atcggtaaaggtttcaaagggtctttc aaatctgtgcaatctgaattcatcttg actgaattcttgaaagaatttattaaa aagactggagtcgatgcatctttgatt gaagatgttgctattggtaacgttttg aaccaagctgctggtgccaccgaacac agaggtgctagtttggctgcaggtatt ccttacactgcagctttccttgccatc aacagattgtgttcctcagggttaatg gccatttctgacattgccaacaaaatc aaaaccggtgaaatcgaatgtggtctt gctggtggtattgaatccatgtctaaa aactatggtagtccaaaagttattcca aagattgacccacacttggctgatgac gaacaaatgagtaaatgtttgattcca atgggtatcaccaacgaaaatgttgct aatgaattcaacattccaagagaaaaa caagatgcctttgctgctaaatcttat agtaaagccgaaaaagccatctcctct ggagctttcaaagatgaaatcttacca atcagatccattatcagatccccagac ggttctgaaaaagaaatcattgtcgat accgacgaaggtccaagaaagggtgtt gacgctgcttccttgagcaaattgaaa ccagcatttggtggtactaccactgcc ggtaacgcttctcaaatttcagatggt gctgctggtgttttattgatgaagaga agtttggctgaagccaaaggttaccca attgttgctaaatacattgcttgttca actgttggtgttccgccagaaatcatg ggtgttggtccagcttacgccattcca gaagtgttgaagagaactggattgact gtggatgacgttgatgtgtttgaaatc aacgaagcttttgctgctcaatgtctt tactcagctgaacaatgtaatgttcca gaagaaaaattgaacataaacggtggt gccatcgctttaggtcatcctcttggt tgtactggtgccagacaatatgccact atcttgagattgttgaaaccaggtgaa attggtttgacttctatgtgtatcggt agtggtatgggtgctgcctccatattg attaaggaatag (SEQ ID NO: 32) 3-oxoadipyl- Candida POT2 1233 ATGTCATCCAAACAA TTCTCTAACCAAAAC atgtcatccaaacaacaatacttgaag CoA thiolase albicans CAATACTTGAAGAAG AGAAGCAGCACC aagaatcctgacgatgtcgttgtcgtt SC5314 (SEQ ID NO: 23) (SEQ ID NO: 34) gcagcatacagaactgctttaaccaaa ggtggaagaggtggattcaaagatgtt ggatctgatttccttttgaaaaaaatt gactgaagaatttgttaaaaaaactgg tgttgaccctaaaatcattcaagatgc tgccattggtaatgtcttgaacagaag agctggtgatttcgaacatagaggtgc attattatctgctggattaccttattc agttccatttgttgcccttaacagaca atgttcatctgggttaatggccatttc tcaagtggccaacaagatcaagactgg tgaaattgaatgtggtttagctggtgg tgttgaaagtatgacaaaaaactatgg tccagaagcattgattgctattgaccc tgcttatgaaaaagacccagaatttgt taaaaacggtattccaatgggtattac taatgaaaatgtttgtgccaaattcaa tatttcaagagatgttcaagatcaatt tgctgctgaatcttatcaaaaagctga aaaggcacaaaaagaaggtaaatttga tgatgaaattttaccaattgaagtttt ccaagaagatgaagatgctgaagatga agacgaagatgaagatgaagatgctga accaaaagaaaaattggttgttattag taaagatgaaggtattagaccaggtgt tactaaagaaaaattggctaaaattaa accagctttcaaatctgatggtgtatc ttcagctggtaactcttcacaagtttc cgatggtgctgccttggtgttattgat gaaacgttcatttgctgaaaagaatgg attcaaaccattggctaaatacatttc ttgtggtgttgctggtgtcccaccaga aattatgggtattggtccagctgttgc cattccaaaagttttgaaacaaactgg attatcagtcagtgatattgatattta tgaaatcaatgaagcatttgccggtca atgtttgtactcaattgaaagttgtaa tattccaagagaaaaagtcaatcttaa tgggggtgctattgccttgggtcaccc tcttggttgtactggtgctagacaata cgctactattttaagattgttaaaacc aggtgaatttggtgtgacttctatgtg tattggtactggtatgggtgctgcttc tgttttggttagagaataa (SEQ ID NO: 35) beta- Pseudomonas pcaF 1206 ATGAGCCGCGAGGTA GACCCGCTCGATGGC atgagccgcgaggtattcatctgcgat ketoadipyl aeruginosa TTCATCTG CAG gccgtgcgcacgccgatcggccgtttc CoA thiolase PAO1 (SEQ ID NO: 36) (SEQ ID NO: 37) ggcggcagtctttccgcggtgcgcgcc pcaF gacgacctcgcggcggtgccgctgaag gccctggtcgagcgcaacccgggggtc gactggtcggcgttggacgaggtgttc ctcggctgcgccaaccaggccggcgag gacaaccgtaacgtggcgcgcatggcg ctgctgctggccggtttgccggagagc gtgcccggcgtcaccctcaaccgcctc tgcgcctcggggatggacgccatcggc acggcgttccgcgccatcgcctgcggc gagatggagctggccatcgccggcggc gtcgagtcgatgtcgcgcgcgccgtac gtgatgggcaaggccgatagcgccttc ggtcgcggccagaagatcgaggacacc accatcggctggcgcttcgtcaatccg ctgatgaaggagcagtacggcatcgac ccgatgccgcagaccgccgacaacgtc gccgacgactatcgcgtgtcgcgtgcc gaccaggatgccttcgccctgcgcagc cagcagcgcgccggcagggcgcaggag gccggtttcttcgccgaggaaatcgtc ccggtgacgattcgcgggcgcaagggc gacaccctggtcgagcacgacgagcat ccgcgtcccgacaccaccctggaggcg ctggcccggctcaagccggtcaacggg ccggagaagaccgtcaccgccggcaac gcgtccggggtcaacgacggcgccgcc gcgctggtcctggcctccgccgaggca gtggagaagcacggcctgactccgcgc gcgcgggtgctgggcatggccagcgcc ggcgtcgccccacggatcatgggcatc ggcccggtgccggcggtgcgcaagctg ctgcggcgcctggacctggcgatcgac gccttcgacgtgatcgaactcaacgaa gccttcgccagccagggcctggcctgc ctgcgcgaactgggcgtggccgacgac agtgagaaggtcaacccgaacggcggt gccatcgccctcggccacccgctgggg atgagcggtgcgcggctggtcctcacc gcgctccatcaacttgagaagagcggc ggccggcgcggcctggcgaccatgtgc gtaggcgtcggccaaggcctggcgctg gccatcgagcgggtctga (SEQ ID NO: 38) acyl-CoA Pseudomonas bkt 1206 ATGCTCGATGCCTAT TCGGCAGCGCTCGAT atgctcgatgcctatatctacgccggc thiolase aeruginosa ATCTACGCC CAC ctgcgtacgcctttcggccggcatgcc PAO1 (SEQ ID NO: 39) (SEQ ID NO: 40) ggtgcactctcgacggtgcgtccggac gacctggccggcctgctgctggcgcgt ctcgcggaaacctccgggttcgccgtc gacgacctggaggatgtgatcctcggt tgcaccaaccaggccggcgaagacagc cgcaacctggcgcgcaacgcgctgctc gcagccggcctgccggcgcggctgccc gggcagacggtcaaccgcttgtgtgcc agcggactgtcggcggtgatcgacgcg gcgcgcgcgatcagttgcggtgagggc cggctgtacctggccggcggcgccgaa agcatgtcccgggcgccgttcgtcatg ggcaaggcggagagcgccttcagccgc acgctggaggtcttcgacagcaccatc ggcgcgcgcttcgccaaccccaggctg gtcgagcgctatggcaacgacagcatg ccggagaccggcgacaacgtggcccgc gccttcggcatcgcccgcgaagacgcc gaccgtttcgccgcttcttcccaggcg cgctaccaggctgcgctggaggagggc tttttcctcggcgagatccttccggtg gaggtgcgtgccggacgcaagggcgag acgcggctggtggagcgcgacgagcat ccgcgaccgcaggccgacctggcggcc ctggcgcgcttgccggcgttgttcgcc ggtggggtagtgaccgccggtaatgcg tctgggatcaacgacggggcggcggta gtgctgctgggcagtcgcgcgatcggc gagcgcgagggcatccggccgttggcg cggatcctcgccagcgccagcgtcggc gtcgagccccggttgatgggcatcggc ccgcagcaggcgatcctccgcgcgctg caacgcgccggcatcgacctggacgag gtcggcctgatcgagatcaacgaagcc ttcgcgccgcaggtcctggcctgcctg aagttgctcggcctggactacgaggac ccgcgggtcaatccccatggcggcgcc attgccctcggccatccgctcggcgcc tccggtgcgcgcctggtgctcaccgcc gcccgcgggctgcaacgcatcgagcgg cgctacgcggtggtcagcctgtgcgtc gggctcggccagggcgtggcgatggtg atcgagcgctgccgatga (SEQ ID NO: 41) 3-oxoadipyl- Pseudomonas pcaF 1203 ATGCACGACGTATTC AACCCGCTCGATGGC atgcacgacgtattcatctgtgacgcc CoA thiolase putida ATCTGTGACG CAAC atccgtaccccgatcggccgcttcggc (KT2440) (SEQ ID NO: 42) (SEQ ID NO: 43) ggcgccctggccagcgtgcgggccgac gacctggccgccgtgccgctgaaggcg ctgatcgagcgcaaccctggcgtgcag tgggaccaggtagacgaagtgttcttc ggctgcgccaaccaggccggtgaagac aaccgcaacgtggcccgcatggcactg ctgctggccggcctgccggaaagcatc ccgggcgtcaccctgaaccgtctgtgc gcgtcgggcatggatgccgtcggcacc gcgttccgcgccatcgccagcggcgag atggagctggtgattgccggtggcgtc gagtcgatgtcgcgcgccccgttcgtc atgggcaaggctgaaagcgcctattcg cgcaacatgaagctggaagacaccacc attggctggcgtttcatcaacccgctg atgaagagccagtacggtgtggattcc atgccggaaaccgccgacaacgtggcc gacgactatcaggtttcgcgtgctgat caggacgctttcgccctgcgcagccag cagaaggctgccgctgcgcaggctgcc ggcttctttgccgaagaaatcgtgccg gtgcgtatcgctcacaagaagggcgaa atcatcgtcgaacgtgacgaacacctg cgcccggaaaccacgctggaggcgctg accaagctcaaaccggtcaacggcccg gacaagacggtcaccgccggcaacgcc tcgggcgtgaacgacggtgctgcggcg atgatcctggcctcggccgcagcggtg aagaaacacggcctgactccgcgtgcc cgcgttctgggcatggccagcggcggc gttgcgccacgtgtcatgggcattggc ccggtgccggcggtgcgcaaactgacc gagcgtctggggatagcggtaagtgat ttcgacgtgatcgagcttaacgaagcg tttgccagccaaggcctggcggtgctg cgtgagctgggtgtggctgacgatgcg ccccaggtaaaccctaatggcggtgcc attgccctgggccaccccctgggcatg agcggtgcacgcctggtactgactgcg ttgcaccagctggagaagagtggcggt cgcaagggcctggcgaccatgtgtgtg ggtgtcggccaaggtctggcgttggcc atcgagcgggtttga (SEQ ID NO: 44) 3-oxoadipyl- Burkholderia bkt 1203 ATGACCGACGCCTAC CACGCGTTCGATCGC atgaccgacgcctacatctgcgatgcg CoA thiolase ambifaria AMMD ATCTGCG GATC attcgcacacccatcggccgctacggc (SEQ ID NO: 45) (SEQ ID NO: 46) ggcgccctgaaagacgttcgtgccgac gatctcggcgcggtgccgctcaaggcg ctgatcgaacgcaaccggaacgtcgac tggtcggcgatcgacgacgtgatctat ggctgcgcgaaccaggccggcgaagac aaccgcaacgtcgcgcgcatgtccgcg ctgctcgcgggcttgccgaccgccgtg ccgggcacgacgctgaaccggttatgc ggctcgggcatggacgccgtcggcacg gccgcgcgcgcgatcaaggcgggcgag gcacgcttgatgatcgcgggcggcgtc gaaagcatgacgcgcgcgccgttcgtg atgggcaaggccgccagcgcattcgcg ccaggctgcgattttcgacacgacgat cggctggcgtttcattaatccgctgat gaaacagcaatacggcgtcgattcgat gcccgagacggccgagaacgtcgcggt cgactacaacatcagccgcgccgacca ggatctattcgcgctgcgcagccagca gaaggccgcgcgtgcgcagcaggacgg cacgctcgccgccgaaatcgtccccgt cacgattgcgcagaaaaaaggcgacgc gctcgtcgtatcgctgacgagcatccg cgcgaaacatcgctcgaagcgctcgcg aagctgaagggcgtcgtgcgtcccgac ggctcggtcacggccggcaacgcgtca ggcgtcaacgacggcgcatgcgcactg ctgctcgccaacgcggaagccgccgat caatatgggctgcgccgccgcgcgcgt gtcgtcggcatggcgagcgccggcgtc gagccgcgcgtgatgggtatcggcccg gcgccggccacgcagaaactgttgcgc cagctcggcatgacgatcgaccagttc gacgtgatcgagctgaacgaagcgttc gcgtcgcagggtctcgcggtgctgcgc atgctcggtgtcgccgacgacgatccg cgcgtgaaccccaacggcggtgcgatc gcgctcggccatccgctcggcgcatcg ggtgcgcggctcgtgaccacggcgctt caccaactcgagcgtacgggcggccgc tttgcgctctgtacgatgtgcatcggc gtcggccagggcatcgcgatcgcgatc gaacgcgtgtaa (SEQ ID NO: 47) beta- Ascaris suum kbt 1242 ATGGCCACCTCAAGA CAATTTCTCGATGAC gtgatggccacctcaagacttgtctgc ketothiolase CTTGTCTGC CATTCCACC agcaatttaacgaagcaatgctttacg (SEQ ID NO: 48) (SEQ ID NO: 49) atctcgtcacgtgctgctagccaattt accgatgtggtattcgtgggtgccgca cgaacaccggtcggatcgtttcgctct tcgctttccactgttccagccactgtc ctcggagctgaggctattaagggtgca cttaaacatgccaatctaaaaccctca caagtgcaagaggtgttctttggctgt gtcgttccatccaactgtggacaagtt cctgcccgtcaagcgacacttggagct ggatgcgatccttcgacaatcgttaca actctcaataaattgtgcgcctcggga atgaagtcgattgcttgtgccgcctca cttttgcaacttggtcttcaagaggtt accgttggtggcggtatggagagcatg agcttagtgccgtactatcttgaacgt ggtgaaactacttatggtggaatgaag ctcatcgacggtatcccaagagatggt ccgactgatgcatatagtaatcaactt atgggtgcatgcgctgataatgtggct aaacgattcaacatcacccgtgaggaa caggataaattcgctattgaaagctat aaacgatctgctgctgcatgggagagt ggagcatgcaaagctgaagtagttcct attgaagtgacaaagggcaagaaaaca tacattgtcaacaaggatgaggaatac atcaaagtcaacttcgagaagcttccc aaactgaaacccgccttcttgaaagac ggaaccatcacggctggcaatgcttca acactgaacgatggtgctgcggcagtt gtgatgacgactgtcgaaggagcgaaa aaatacggtgtgaaaccattggcccga ttgctctcatatggtgatgcggcaaca aatccagtcgattttgctattgcacca tcaaggttatcccaaaggtacttaaat tggctaatctcgagatcaaggatattg atttgtgggaaatcaacgaggctttcg ccgttgttccccttcattcaatgaaga cactcggtatcgatcactcgaaagtga acattcatggtggtggcgtatctcttg gacatcctattggaatgtctggagctc gaattatcgttcatctgattcatgcgt tgaaacctggccagaaaggctgcgctg caatctgcaatggtggcggtggcgctg gtggaatggtcatcgagaaattgtaa (SEQ ID NO: 50) The genes were expressed in E. EXAMPLE XXIV Pathways for Production of Hexamethylenediamine from Glutamate, Glutaryl-CoA or Pyruvate and 4-Aminobutanal
This example describes exemplary pathways for production of hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) from glutamate, glutaryl-CoA, pyruvate and 4-aminobutanal, or 2-amino-7-oxosubarate through homolysine, the seven-carbon analog of lysine. Homolysine is an attractive precursor to HMDA. Although homolysine is a potentially valuable precursor, it is not a known metabolic intermediate of any organism. Homolysine can be formed biocatalytically from the central metabolic precursors glutamate, glutaryl-CoA or pyruvate and 4-aminobutanal. Subsequent decarboxylation of homolysine by an enzyme analogous to lysine decarboxylase yields HMDA.
This example describes additional pathways that proceed from 2-amino-7-oxosubarate, or pyruvate and 4-aminobutanal through the intermediate 6-aminohexanal. 6-Aminohexanal can readily be converted to HMDA by an aminotransferase or an aminating oxidoreductase.
The maximum theoretical yield of HMDA is 0.71 moles per mole glucose utilized (0.46 g/g). The pathways disclosed in FIGS. 20-22 and 26 achieve a maximum HMDA yield of 0.67 mol/mol (0.43 g/g). C₆H₁₂O₆+1.41NH₄→0.71C₆H₁₈N₂+1.76CO₂+2.47H₂O
Novel pathways for producing hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) and related products are described herein. The candidate enzymes, and associated risks of implementation are discussed in Example XXVI below.
This invention is directed, in part, to non-naturally occurring microorganisms that express genes encoding enzymes that catalyze HMDA production. Successfully engineering these pathways entails identifying an appropriate set of enzymes with sufficient activity and specificity, cloning their corresponding genes into a production host, optimizing the expression of these genes in the production host, optimizing fermentation conditions, and assaying for product formation following fermentation.
HMDA can be produced from glutamate via glutaryl-CoA in eight enzymatic steps, shown in FIG. 20. In this route, glutamate is acylated to glutamyl-CoA by a CoA transferase or ligase (Step A of FIG. 20). Glutamyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA are joined by a beta-ketothiolase to form the C7 compound 3-oxo-6-aminopimeloyl-CoA (Step B of FIG. 20). The 3-oxo group of this product is then reduced and dehydrated, resulting in 6-amino-7-carboxyhept-2-enoyl-CoA (Steps C and D of FIG. 20). An enoyl-CoA reductase reduces the double bond, forming 6-aminopimeloyl-CoA (Step E of FIG. 20). 6-Aminopimeloyl-CoA is then converted to 2-amino-7-oxoheptanoate by a CoA-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase (Step F). Transamination of the aldehyde to an amine yields homolysine (Step G of FIG. 20). Finally, HMDA is formed as the decarboxylation product of homolysine (Step H of FIG. 20). The maximum theoretical HMDA yield for this pathway is 0.67 moles of HMDA per mole of glucose utilized. Yield calculations assume aerobic conditions and the utilization of a CoA transferase in Step A.
HMDA can also be produced from glutaryl-CoA by several routes. Exemplary routes for HMDA production are shown in FIG. 21. Glutaryl-CoA is a common metabolic intermediate in organisms that metabolize aromatic compounds. In the disclosed pathways to HMDA, glutaryl-CoA is first condensed with acetyl-CoA by a beta-ketothiolase to form 3-oxopimeloyl-CoA (Step A of FIG. 21). The CoA moiety of 3-oxopimeloyl-CoA is removed by a CoA hydrolase, transferase and ligase (Step B of FIG. 21). Several alternate routes for converting 3-oxopimelate to HMDA are outlined in FIG. 21 and described herein. The final step of all routes to HMDA entails decarboxylation of homolysine (Step S of FIG. 21).
One route entails conversion of 3-oxopimelate to 3-oxo-1-carboxyheptanal. This conversion can be catalyzed by an ATP— and NAD(P)H dependent enzyme with 3-oxopimelate reductase activity (Step C of FIG. 21), or alternately can proceed through activated intermediates 5-oxopimeloyl-CoA (Steps H, I of FIG. 21) or 5-oxopimeloyl-phosphonate (Steps F, G of FIG. 21). Once formed, 3-oxo-1-carboxyheptanal is transaminated at the 3-position (Step AB of FIG. 21) or 7-position (Step D of FIG. 21). Subsequent transamination of 3-oxo-7-aminoheptanoate (Step E of FIG. 21) or 3-amino-7-oxoheptanoate (Step Z of FIG. 21) yields 3,7-diaminoheptanoate. An enzyme with 3,7-diaminoheptanoate 2,3-aminomutase activity then forms homolysine (Step R of FIG. 21), which is decarboxylated to HMDA (Step S of FIG. 21).
In an alternate route, 3-oxopimelate is transaminated to 3-aminopimelate (Step J of FIG. 21). 3-Aminopimelate is then converted to 3-amino-7-oxoheptanoate directly (Step O of FIG. 21) or via a CoA (Steps K, L of FIG. 21) or phosphonic acid (Steps M, N of FIG. 21) intermediate. 3-Amino-7-oxoheptanoate is subsequently converted to 2-amino-7-oxoheptanoate by a 2,3-aminomutase (Step P of FIG. 21). 2-Amino-7-oxoheptanoate is converted to homolysine by an aminotransferase or aminating oxidoreductase. Alternately, 3-amino-7-oxoheptanoate is first transaminated (Step Z of FIG. 21) and then converted to homolysine by an aminomutase (Step R of FIG. 21).
3-Aminopimelate can be converted to 2-aminopimelate by a 2,3-aminomutase enzyme (Step T of FIG. 21). An HMDA pathway involving this intermediate requires reduction of the 7-carboxylic acid to an aldehyde. This reduction is catalyzed by a bifunctional reductase (Step W of FIG. 21) or by two enzymes that proceed through a CoA (Steps V, Y of FIG. 21) or phosphonic acid (Steps U, X of FIG. 21) intermediate. The product, 2-amino-7-oxoheptanoate is converted to HMDA as described above.
Two routes for producing HMDA from pyruvate and 4-aminobutanal are shown in FIG. 22. The routes achieve a maximum yield of 0.67 moles of HMDA per mole glucose utilized (0.43 g/g) under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. 4-Aminobutanal is naturally derived from ornithine by decarboxylation to putrescine and subsequent transamination. 4-Aminobutanal can also originate from 4-aminobutanoate. In one pathway, 4-aminobutanal and pyruvate are joined by aldol condensation to form 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-7-aminoheptanoate (Step A of FIG. 22). The condensation product is subsequently dehydrated (Step B of FIG. 22) and reduced (Step C of FIG. 22). Transamination of 2-oxo-7-aminoheptanoate yields homolysine (Step D of FIG. 22). HMDA is the decarboxylation product of homolysine decarboxylase (Step E of FIG. 22). Alternately, pathway intermediate 2-oxo-7-aminoheptanoate is decarboxylated to form 6-aminohexanal (Step F of FIG. 22). 6-Aminohexanal is subsequently converted to HMDA by an aminotransferase or aminating oxidoreductase (Step G of FIG. 22).
Several routes for producing HMDA from 2-amino-7-oxosubarate are shown in FIG. 26. 2-Amino-7-oxosubarate is not known to be a naturally occurring metabolite. An exemplary route for synthesizing 2-amino-7-oxosubarate is shown in FIG. 27. The pathway originates with glutamate-5-semialdehyde, a metabolite naturally formed during ornithine biosynthesis. 2-Amino-7-oxosubarate is then synthesized in three enzymatic steps. In the first step, glutamate-5-semialdehyde is condensed with pyruvate by an aldolase (FIG. 27, Step A). The product, 2-amino-5-hydroxy-7-oxosubarate is subsequently dehydrated and the resulting alkene is reduced to form 2-amino-7-oxosubarate (FIG. 27, Steps B/C). In one proposed pathway to HMDA from 2-amino-7-oxosubarate, the 2-oxo acid is first decarboxylated to form 2-amino-7-oxoheptanoate (Step A of FIG. 26). This product is again decarboxylated, forming 6-aminohexanal (Step B of FIG. 26). Finally, 6-aminohexanal is converted to HMDA by an aminotransferase or aminating oxidoreductase (Step C of FIG. 26).
| 1,513 |
https://github.com/platanus/lakatan-engine/blob/master/spec/dummy/spec/models/lakatan/user_spec.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
lakatan-engine
|
platanus
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 136 | 446 |
require 'rails_helper'
module Lakatan
RSpec.describe User, type: :model do
it 'has a valid factory' do
expect(build(:user)).to be_valid
end
it_behaves_like "api resource", 115 do
let(:expected_attributes) do
{
name: "Andrés Matte",
team_ids: [103, 97, 96],
dynamic_attributes: {
"picture" => {
"id" => "8530c09a04ee89db167999cc2b71a364.jpg",
"storage" => "store",
"metadata" => {
"size" => 48338,
"filename" => "IMG_0873-removebg copy.jpg",
"mime_type" => "image/jpeg"
}
}
}
}
end
end
describe "#first|last_name" do
let(:name) { "Leandro Segovia" }
let(:user) { build_stubbed(:user, name: name) }
it { expect(user.first_name).to eq("Leandro") }
it { expect(user.last_name).to eq("Segovia") }
context "with more than two words" do
let(:name) { "Leandro Danilo Luis Segovia Longone" }
it { expect(user.first_name).to eq("Leandro") }
it { expect(user.last_name).to eq("Longone") }
end
context "with no name" do
let(:name) { nil }
it { expect(user.first_name).to eq(nil) }
it { expect(user.last_name).to eq(nil) }
end
end
end
end
| 7,034 |
sn90050307_1911-09-29_1_2_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,911 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,320 | 1,929 |
Do you use the very best Toilet Preparations? The Richard Hudnut stamp on the articles means a great deal to you. GUTHRIE DRUG STORE Successor to Baker Drug Store Phone 76 Free Delivery R. R. TIME TABLE Iron Mountain north Round No. 5_5 39 a m No. 28. 9 10 a m No. 36.2 20 p m No. 6._. 5 20 p m SOUTH BOUND No. 5_ 10 4i a in No. 35..12 33 pm No. 3(Fast Mail). 1 20 p m No. 223. 8 07 pm No. 3. 11 08 p m REDUCED RATES Arkansas State Fair October 9th to 14th. Tickets on sale Oct. 7th to 13th inclusive. Good for returning to original starting point prior to midnight of October 10th. $3.12 for round trip A Tl. Oliphint, Agent. There’s Nothing Like BEECH-NUT Means For a Camping Trip Take our word for it— handy to carry on a trip satisfying to hearty appetites, easy to heat and serve. The City Grocery Co. Phone 88—Fine Delivery—West Main St For Sale — Good mare—Mrs. M. Wilson. For Sale—Pair good young mules, weight about 2000; good, pullers. O. M. Wright, Glenville, Ark. Wanted—Two or three furnished rooms. Or unfurnished rooms Phone 23H or * and ask for H It lack. I ort Lima Hantiati 15 cents a dozen at.1 il K ■ r--(• iw\-, store. Local News Mrs. Will Mitchell attended the fair at Hope today. For the new Biscuit Hair Braids see Mrs. M. M. Teal. Sam Cantley was a visitor at the fair at Hope today. The Royal Neighbors will meet in their hall tonight at 7:30. Port Lima Bannanas 15 cents a dozen at H. Kershaw's store. A car "Ambrosia" and "White Lily" flour just received.—J. M. Haltom. John Norman went to Hope this morning, where he attended the fair. For Sale—Alternating current 14 inch electric fan—a bargain— J. L. Johnson. Miss Exa Cantley departed this morning for Stamps, where she will be the guest of relatives. It's good—"Ambrosia" flour— J. M. Haltom at the Farmers Union Warehouse. The Liebling Club will be entertained at the home of Miss Myrtle Butcher tomorrow afternoon. Don't forget to have that exhibit ready for the fair next week. Call at the News office for premium list. Mrs. W. K. Buchanan returned this morning from Carthage, Mo., where she has been at the bedside of her father who is very ill. Miss Gene Wilson, who has been visiting Mrs. Mattie Cantley, has gone to Texarkana, where she will teach in the schools of that city. Wanted—Showcases. Anyone having a showcase to spare next week will do the Fair Association a favor if they will telephone Ellsworth. Dr. H. L. Hinton enjoyed a brief visit from his nephews, E. V. W. E and H. L Hinton Thursday. Their home is in Elizabeth City, N.C., and having come as far as Tennessee on business concluded to visit their uncle in Prescott. Warners Rust Proof Corsets A long-skirt Corset for current style, pliant and most comfortable. It completely encases the hips, which take on the latest figure contour, through the corset shape. The soft portion of the skirt—that is, to part that extends beyond the boning—is drawn close to the foam by the rubber button hose supporters, making the Corset thoroughly comfortable, whatever the posture. A thoroughly satisfactory Corset—made to shape fashionably, to wear long, hot to rust, not to tear. H. A. Hamilton & Co. PRESCOTTARKANSAS For Rent—One 5 room house, West Front St. See H. A. Hamilton. S. A. McNish, formerly editor of the Farm Journal at Conway, was in the city today on business. See the swell new Mesh, Bead Velvet and Leather Bags—Mrs. M. M. Teal. October 1 has been set as the day when dogs must bear a license tag or be killed by the marshal. Phone 90 for fresh Bread.—Bailey & Christopher. Wm. Gee & Son today purchased the first furs offered for sale this year in the Prescott market. “Duchess” flour is the best that can be produced. We want you to try a sack.—New Supply Co. Warren Cummins, Marshall Powell, Willie Bell and Bob Moore went to Hope today to attend the fair. Just received, the newest and most up to date line of neckwear ever in Prescott.—Mrs. M. M. Teal. We have a complete stock of. Richard Hudson Nutt's Famous Toilet Preparations Violet Sec Toilet Water, 75c Violet Sec Face Powder, 50c Marvelous Cold Cream, 50c Violet Sec Toilet Talcum, 25c Violet Sec Toilet Talcum, 25c Violet Sec Soap, 25c Violet Sec Soap, 25c Hudnut’s Wood Violet Perfume, 50c per oz. Roy Halo, of Little Rock, was in the city today, being called here by the sickness and death of his sister, Mrs. Barton Sanders. I want you to try a sack of “Ambrosia” or “White Lily” Hour It will please you.—I will deliver it to you. Phone 27H.—J. M. Haltem. Train No. 3 due here last night at 11:03 did not arrive here until about nine o’clock this morning, the delay being due to the breaking of one of the drivers on the engine. Strayed—From my place Sept. 15, one small bay mare, foretop cut off, weighs 600 lbs. Reward. Formerly owned by John Gulley and O. B. Jefferson.—T. A. Adams, Wheelen Springs. Of course there is a lot of good brands of flour. But you want the best. “Duchess” will please you. Don’t take our word for it, but order a sack today.—New Supply Co. Dr. R. L. Hinton will fit, and furnish eye glasses and spectacles, and do any kind of repairing at reasonable prices. No charge for testing or advice. Satisfaction or your money back. Over 80 years of study and experience.—Moncrief Drug Store, Prescott, Ark. The New Supply Co, West Main Street, Prescott, Arkansas We want you to try our new FLOUR "Duchess"! PHONE NUMBER 38 New Supply Company COTTON BUYERS We guarantee "Duchess" hess” flour to give satisfaction in every particular.—New Supply Co. Good things to eat are made “Elect” Flour, and we offer a 48 pound sack to the party who shows the best loaf of bread at the Fair, made from “Elect” Flour.—W. 13. Waller. The Citizens Bank and Trust Co. of Philadelphia has been reorganized and is now the Citizens National Bank. The bank was authorized and a charter granted this week. Of all the good flour, “Elect” Flour is better, and we will give a 48 pound sack of “Elect” flour to party showing, at the Fair, the best loaf of bread made from "Elect” flour.—W. B. Waller. The first session of the Sunday School Institute was held this afternoon and the second and last session will be held tonight at the Christian church. Miss Allen, who has just returned from the International Sunday School Convention at San Francisco, will discuss elementary Sunday School work this evening. Prof. Parish will speak on the “Standard of Excellence for Sunday Schools.” The straight day or single session plan, which has proved so popular among the eastern colleges has been inaugurated by Ouachita college, and now instead of a five day school week of two daily sessions the routine calls for six days of one session each. The hours are from 8 a.m. to 1:10 p.m., at which hour school is dismissed for the day. The plan has proven most satisfactory to both faculty and students in the colleges where it has been adopted.—Arkadelphia Standard. W. H. DEEN Confectionery and Restaurant Cold Drinks, Hot Lumber Candles, Fine Cigars TOBACCO UR ALWAYS welcome Next Door to Post Office East and West Side Barber Shop West Main Street East Elm Street Hot and Cold Baths Everything Clean J. W. McKelvey, Prop - - - - Sm Fred Murrah Box Bar Alley Fresh Fruits Good Cigars Cold Drinks and Magazines Rhone 65. Dr. Sam A. Miller Practice United to Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hope, Arkansas Office in Hemester County Bank Building.
| 18,852 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Mountain%20%28Skagit%20County%2C%20Washington%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Red Mountain (Skagit County, Washington)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red Mountain (Skagit County, Washington)&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 442 | 618 |
Red Mountain is a summit in the North Cascades Range of Washington, United States. It is located in Skagit County and within North Cascades National Park and the Stephen Mather Wilderness. It is situated on a smooth ridge of brick-red color at the western culmination of Ragged Ridge.
Like many peaks of the North Cascades, Red Mountain is more notable for its large, steep rise above local terrain than for its absolute elevation. The nearest higher peak is Cosho Peak, to the east-southeast. Precipitation runoff from Red Mountain drains into the Skagit River via Panther and Fisher Creeks.
Climate
Red Mountain is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Most weather fronts originate in the Pacific Ocean, and travel east toward the Cascade Mountains. As fronts approach the North Cascades, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Cascade Range (Orographic lift), causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall onto the Cascades. As a result, the west side of the North Cascades experiences high precipitation, especially during the winter months in the form of snowfall. During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but, due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer. Because of maritime influence, snow tends to be wet and heavy, resulting in high avalanche danger.
Geology
The North Cascades features some of the most rugged topography in the Cascade Range with craggy peaks, ridges, and deep glacial valleys. Geological events occurring many years ago created the diverse topography and drastic elevation changes over the Cascade Range leading to the various climate differences. These climate differences lead to vegetation variety defining the ecoregions in this area.
The history of the formation of the Cascade Mountains dates back millions of years ago to the late Eocene Epoch. With the North American Plate overriding the Pacific Plate, episodes of volcanic igneous activity persisted. In addition, small fragments of the oceanic and continental lithosphere called terranes created the North Cascades about 50 million years ago.
During the Pleistocene period dating back over two million years ago, glaciation advancing and retreating repeatedly scoured the landscape leaving deposits of rock debris. The “U”-shaped cross section of the river valleys are a result of recent glaciation. Uplift and faulting in combination with glaciation have been the dominant processes which have created the tall peaks and deep valleys of the North Cascades area.
References
External links
North Cascades National Park National Park Service
Landforms of Skagit County, Washington
Mountains of Washington (state)
Cascade Range
North American 2000 m summits
| 14,564 |
https://github.com/bearmug/serverless-playground/blob/master/mn-ping-kotlin/src/main/kotlin/bearmug/lambda/PingController.kt
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
serverless-playground
|
bearmug
|
Kotlin
|
Code
| 37 | 181 |
package bearmug.lambda
import io.micronaut.http.annotation.Controller
import io.micronaut.http.annotation.Get
import reactor.core.publisher.Mono
@Controller("/ping")
class PingController(
private val pingService: PingService) {
@Get("/kotlin")
fun pingKotlin() = pingService.pong()
@Get("/graal")
fun pingGraal() = pingService.pong()
@Get("/rkotlin")
fun pingKotlinReactive() = Mono.just(pingService.pong())
@Get("/rgraal")
fun pingGraalReactive() = Mono.just(pingService.pong())
}
| 14,908 |
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre%20Dgebuadze
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Alexandre Dgebuadze
|
https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandre Dgebuadze&action=history
|
French
|
Spoken
| 79 | 141 |
Alexandre Dgebuadze (né le en Géorgie) est un grand maître belge du jeu d'échecs d'origine géorgienne.
En 1990, il remporte le championnat national de Géorgie. Il obtient le titre de grand maître international en 2002. Il est champion de Belgique en 2002, 2005, 2007 et 2020.
En juillet 2009, il est le belge au classement Elo.
Notes et références
Liens externes
Joueur belge d'échecs
Joueur géorgien d'échecs
Grand maître international
Naissance en mai 1971
Naissance en RSS de Géorgie
| 20,651 |
https://github.com/meister245/naga-web-api/blob/master/setup.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
naga-web-api
|
meister245
|
Python
|
Code
| 62 | 326 |
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import re
from setuptools import setup
with open('./naga_web_api/__init__.py', 'r') as f:
version = re.search(r'(?<=__version__ = .)([\d\.]*)', f.read()).group(1)
with open('./README.md', 'r') as f:
readme = f.read()
if __name__ == '__main__':
setup(
name='naga-web-api',
version=version,
author='Zsolt Mester',
author_email='',
description='Unoffial client for Naga.com broker',
long_description=readme,
license='MIT',
url='https://github.com/meister245/naga-web-api',
project_urls={
"Code": "https://github.com/meister245/naga-web-api",
"Issue tracker": "https://github.com/meister245/naga-web-api/issues",
},
packages=[
'naga_web_api'
],
install_requires=[
'cachetools',
'requests'
],
python_requires='>=3.6',
include_package_data=False
)
| 11,452 |
https://github.com/BanksySan/crisischeckin/blob/master/crisischeckin/Services/Interfaces/IDataService.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,015 |
crisischeckin
|
BanksySan
|
C#
|
Code
| 111 | 355 |
using System.Linq;
using Models;
namespace Services.Interfaces
{
// This service manages the communication to the Models project
// using the live database in production, but it can be mocked
// for test purposes.
public interface IDataService
{
IQueryable<Commitment> Commitments { get; }
IQueryable<Disaster> Disasters { get; }
IQueryable<Person> Persons { get; }
IQueryable<User> Users { get; }
IQueryable<Cluster> Clusters { get; }
IQueryable<VolunteerType> VolunteerTypes { get; }
IQueryable<ClusterCoordinator> ClusterCoordinators { get; }
IQueryable<ClusterCoordinatorLogEntry> ClusterCoordinatorLogEntries { get; }
Person AddPerson(Person newPerson);
Person UpdatePerson(Person updatedPerson);
void AddCommitment(Commitment newCommitment);
void RemoveCommitmentById(int id);
void AddDisaster(Disaster newDisaster);
Disaster UpdateDisaster(Disaster updatedDisaster);
void SubmitChanges();
ClusterCoordinator AddClusterCoordinator(ClusterCoordinator clusterCoordinator);
void AppendClusterCoordinatorLogEntry(ClusterCoordinatorLogEntry clusterCoordinatorLogEntry);
void RemoveClusterCoordinator(ClusterCoordinator clusterCoordinator);
Commitment UpdateCommitment(Commitment updatedCommitment);
}
}
| 5,179 |
US-30234707-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,007 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,012 | 4,626 |
Method and device for the monitored conveying of sheet metal plates
ABSTRACT
The invention relates to a method for the monitored conveying of sheet metal plates, particularly into a working or forming plant, in which a plate is taken up by a feeder from a first position and the plate and feeder are moved to a second position. According to the invention, during feeder movement to the second position a first sensor element located at the feeder, as well as a second sensor element located in the second position, are brought into a signal-based arrangement, and that on the basis of a measurement signal transmitted between the sensor elements the number of plates at the feeder and/or the second position is determined. The invention also relates to a device for the monitored conveying of plates, particularly into a forming plant.
The invention relates to a method for the monitored conveying of sheet metal plates, particularly into a forming or working plant, according to the preamble of claim 1. In such a method a plate is taken up from a first position by a feeder and the plate is moved by the feeder to a second position.
The invention also relates to a device for the monitored conveying of sheet metal plates, particularly into a working or forming plant, according to the preamble of claim 8. Such a device is equipped with a movable feeder by means of which a plate can be conveyed from a first position to a second position and can preferably be deposited there.
Such a method and such a device are e.g. known from DE 43 22 963 A1. This document teaches in the case of plate-processing machines to raise plates with a feeder having a suction device from a plate stack and supply the same to a working machine. Here, under certain circumstances it can arise that two or more plates adhere to one another. If such a plate stack of two or more plates enters the working machine, the tool can be damaged. To prevent this, DE 43 22 963 A1 teaches the performing of a double plate control. For this purpose a determination of the weight of the plate removed from the stack is carried out during conveying.
DE 35 05 671 A1 discloses a measuring method and a measuring arrangement, in which double plate layers are detected by determining the inductance of an electromagnet.
A further double plate detection device is known from JP 10-293012 A. In the case of this known device in the vicinity of the plate stack a frame on which is located a light barrier is provided. On raising the plates they are passed through the light barrier, the plate thickness being detected by the light barrier.
DE 692 04 410 T2 discloses a device and a method for feeding semifinished parts from a stack to a forming machine. Said device has a detection mechanism for detecting a change in the position or geometry of the stack.
The object of the invention is to provide a method and a device for the monitored conveying of plates, particularly into a forming plant, which ensure particularly high reliability and operating safety.
According to the invention this object is achieved by a method having the features of claim 1 and a device having the features of claim 8. Preferred embodiments are given in the in each case dependent claims.
The inventive method is characterized in that during the movement of the feeder to the second position a first sensor element located on the feeder, as well as a second sensor element located in the second position are brought into a signal-based arrangement, and that on the basis of a measurement signal transmitted between the sensor elements the number of plates at the feeder and/or at the second position is determined.
It is a fundamental idea of the invention that for determining the number of plates at the feeder and/or the second position, there is a measurement section formed by two sensor elements. One sensor element is mounted on the movable feeder and the second sensor element is fixed relative to the machine bed. Such an arrangement makes it possible to place the sensor elements close to the plate conveying path, accompanied by a comparatively simple structure, so that a particularly high measuring accuracy is ensured. By placing one of the two sensor elements on the travelling feeder, it is also possible to counteract the risk of the feeder colliding with a sensor element. This more particularly applies in the case where, e.g. as a result of a change to the shape of the plates, a modification of the feeder displacement path is necessary. Thus, the inventive method ensures a particularly high operating reliability and safety.
According to the invention the two sensor elements are then in a signal-based arrangement allowing a plate number determination when the feeder has moved to the second position. With the signal-based arrangement the two sensor elements are appropriately superimposed.
Plate number determination is, according to the invention, performed when the feeder is in the second position. If the feeder has moved out of the second position, it is consequently possible for the two sensor elements to be outside the signal range thereof.
The inventive method e.g. makes it possible to establish whether, in undesired manner, there is a double plate, a multiple plate or a faulty or erroneous plate. If the measured number of plates does not correspond to the desired plate number, then the further conveying of the plates and/or the operation of the forming plant can be automatically stopped.
According to the invention, a particularly reliable and economic plate number detection can be ensured in that the sensor elements are acoustic sensor elements, particularly ultrasonic sensor elements. This constitutes an independent inventive aspect. Fundamentally it is also possible for the sensor elements to e.g. be capacitive sensor elements, inductive sensor elements or optical sensor elements.
A particularly easily implementable signal processing can, according to the invention, occur where for determining the number of plates a transmission signal passing through the plate is used. In this case one of the two sensor elements emits a signal and the residual signal level remaining after signal passage through the plate element is determined by the other sensor element. Particularly in the case of an acoustic measurement it is advantageous that the two sensor elements during the determination of the plate number are located on either side of the flat sides of the plate and in particular roughly centrally on the plate. This makes it possible to reduce undesired diffraction effects on the plate edges.
It is advantageous for a particularly high measuring accuracy that the determination of the plate number is performed with the feeder stationary. This is particularly advantageous with acoustic measurements, because here a relative movement between the sensor elements and/or a relative movement of the plate with respect to the sensor elements can give rise to a signal invalidation. It is also possible to slowly move with respect to the second sensor element the feeder with the plate and the first sensor element during the determination of the number of plates, the relative speed appropriately being max 2.1 m/min. Preferably the plate number determination is activated with a stop instruction to the feeder or shortly thereafter.
Following plate number determination in the second position, the plate can be moved into the third position by the feeder and is then only there released. However, it is particularly preferred that the plate is released and deposited by the feeder at the second position. In this case plate number determination takes place when the plate is at the deposition point. Plate number determination can take place for as long as the plate is still held by the feeder. However, it is also possible when the plate has been released by the feeder in the second position.
If a double plate or a multiple plate is taken up by the feeder in the first position, there is the risk of the additional plate becoming detached and dropping during feeder movement and/or of laterally moving with respect to the other plate. This can in particular take place during the deceleration of the feeder due to the mass moment of inertia of the additional plate. The possibility exists for the additional plate to come to rest outside the detection range of the two sensor elements. Against this background it is advantageous for further increasing operating reliability and safety for there to be at least one further, particularly acoustic sensor element laterally displaced relative to the second position for the detection of unintentionally present plates. The further sensor element can e.g. also be constructed inductively, capacitively or optically.
For the detection of unintentionally present plates, it is e.g. possible to provide sensor element pairs with individual sensor elements in fixed mutual arrangement. However, it is particularly advantageous that, in particular following the release of the plate, the feeder is so moved that the first sensor element arranged at the feeder passes with the further sensor element into a signal-based arrangement, in which on the basis of a measurement signal transmitted between the first sensor element and the further sensor element, an unintentionally present plate can be detected. For the detection of unintentionally present plates, in this embodiment it is only necessary to have a single additional sensor element, which cooperates on a measurement basis with the first sensor element located at the feeder. It is in particular possible, following the release of the plate, not to move the feeder back immediately to the first position and instead initially move it to the second sensor element to check whether between the sensor element located at the feeder and the further sensor element there is an unintentionally present plate. This embodiment counteracts the possibility of the feeder or a plate dropping from the feeder striking and damaging a sensor element. For the detection of unintentionally present plates it is also possible for there to be at least one additional sensor element at the feeder.
The inventive method is characterized in that a sensor is provided for determining the number of plates present at the feeder and/or at the second position, the sensor having a first sensor element, which is arranged with the feeder is movably located at said feeder, as well as a second sensor element located in the second position.
The inventive device can in particular be used for implementing the inventive method, so that the advantages described in this connection can be obtained.
For a particularly economic and reliable plate number determination, it is advantageous that the sensor is an acoustic sensor, particularly an ultrasonic sensor. However, it can also be constructed as a capacitive sensor, inductive sensor or optical sensor.
It is also advantageous according to the invention that the second sensor element located in the second position is a transmitter and the first sensor element located at the feeder is a receiver. This is particularly appropriate if the sensor is an acoustic sensor, because then the receiver is frequently more sensitive to contamination than the transmitter. If the receiver is positioned above the conveyed plates on the feeder, the risk of the dirt particles passing from the plates to the receiver can be reduced. In addition, as a result of the movement of the feeder together with the receiver, a cleaning function also occurs at the receiver.
Preferably the two sensor elements are positioned in such a way that during a feeder deposition position they are superimposed with an interposed plate. The term deposition position is understood to mean a position in which the feeder releases the plate taken up. The deposition position can in particular be at the second position.
The plate with the device can be directly transferred into the working area of the working or forming plant. In this case the second position can be in the working area of the forming plant. However, according to the invention, it is advantageous for the second position to be located at a feed path for the further conveying of the plate into the forming plant. In this case the plate is not directly deposited in the working area of the forming plant and instead on an additional feed path taking over the further conveying of the plate into the working area.
The forming plant can e.g. be a punch, a press and/or a bending machine.
It is particularly appropriate, particularly at the feed path, to provide at least one further sensor element for the detection of unintentionally lost plates. This makes it possible to avoid, that additional plates which, in certain circumstances drop onto the feed path during feeder movement and which cannot be detected by the first and second sensor elements are conveyed with the feed path into the working area of the forming plant. It is in particular possible, following the deposition of the plate in the manner explained in conjunction with the inventive method, to move the feeder with the first sensor element to the further sensor element, in order to then carry out a measurement for detecting unintentionally present plates between the first and the further sensor elements. The at least one sensor element can e.g. also be located at the feeder.
A constructionally particularly simple and economic device can be obtained according to the invention in that the feeder has a suction gripper. Such a suction gripper can e.g. have suction cups operating on a vacuum basis. Additionally or alternatively the feeder can e.g. have magnetic grippers and/or a mechanical gripper.
The invention is described in greater detail hereinafter relative to preferred embodiments which are illustrated in the attached diagrammatic drawings, wherein show:
FIGS. 1 to 3 An embodiment of an inventive device in different stages of the implementation of the inventive method.
FIG. 4 Another embodiment of an inventive device during the detection of dropped plates.
A device according to the invention is shown in FIGS. 1 to 3. The device is used for conveying sheet metal plates 20 from a plate stack 22 in a first position 1 to a second position 2 at a feed path 50 of a cold forming or working plant. The cold forming plant can e.g. have a punch, a press and/or a bending machine.
For the movement of the plates 20, the device has a feeder 10. In the method stage shown in FIG. 1 said feeder 10 is located above the plate stack 22 in the first position. There the feeder 10, which can e.g. have a suction gripper, takes up a plate 20 and conveys it roughly two to three metres to the forming process taking place in the second position 2, as shown in FIG. 2. Plate 20 is then released by the feeder 10, is unloaded onto the feed path 50 constructed as a conveyor belt and conveyed on to the forming tool.
In certain circumstances, e.g. as a result of adhesive forces between superimposed plates 20, it is possible for two or more plates 20 to adhere to one another when being taken up from the plate stack 22. To prevent such a plate stack being supplied to the forming process, in the case of the device according to the invention two acoustic sensor elements 31 and 32 are provided. Sensor element 32, constructed as an ultrasonic transmitter, is fixedly mounted directly below the unloading point at the second position 2. Sensor element 31, constructed as an ultrasonic receiver, is mounted on the moving feeder 10. It is so positioned that at the time of the deposition of plate 20 in the second position 2 it is located precisely over sensor element 32. As in general terms the feeder 10 is stopped during deposition, this arrangement of the sensor elements 31, 32 permits a detection of double or multiple plates with the feeder stationary. If a double or multiple plate arrangement is detected, the device can be automatically stopped.
The sensor arrangement is particularly suitable for detecting plate thicknesses up to 2.5 mm.
Between first position 1 and second position 2 along the conveying path of feeder 10 is provided a further sensor element 36, which can e.g. be constructed as an inductive sensor element. Said further sensor element 36 serves to detect double or multiple plates which have dropped during conveying.
A dropping from feeder 10 of double or multiple plates can in particular arise when the feeder 10 is decelerated in the second position 2. In this case the dropped plates, carrying the reference numeral 20′ in FIG. 3, can come to rest on the feed path 50 between the second position 2 and the forming tool. For the detection of such dropped plates 20′ a plurality of further sensors 34, 34′, 35, 35′ is provided.
The sensors 34, 34′ in the form of ultrasonic sensors are firmly installed between the second position 2 and the forming area on feed path 50. This makes it possible to ensure that the relative speed of plate 20′ and sensor elements 34, 34′ during the measurement is zero.
Additionally or alternatively a further pair of sensor elements 35, 35′ can be provided. The first sensor element 35 is arranged in fixed manner behind the deposition area on feed path 50, whereas the second, further sensor element 35′ is located at feeder 10, so that it travels with the latter. Through the movement of feeder 10, following the deposition of the plate 20, the sensor elements 35 and 35′ can be superimposed for detecting a dropped plate 20′. This state is shown in FIG. 3. Through the provision of sensor element 35′ at feeder 10, it is possible to avoid that the feeder 10 strikes said sensor element 35′. Thus, sensor element 35′ is secure, even in the case of a longer movement path of feeder 10.
In the case of sensor element 35, it can e.g. be a receiver, and sensor element 35′ is a transmitter. However, a reverse arrangement is also possible.
Another embodiment of an inventive device is shown in FIG. 4. The embodiment of FIG. 4 differs from that of FIGS. 1 to 3 in that in the case of the embodiment of FIG. 4 for the detection of dropped plates 20′ coming to rest at feed path 50, no additional sensor element 35′ is provided on feeder 10. Instead, for the detection of said dropped plates 20′, use can be made of the first sensor element 31 as is also used for multiple plate detection during the deposition of plate 20 and which is positioned above the second sensor element 32. Following the deposition of plate 20, for the detection of dropped plates 20′ the feeder 10 is moved on, so that the first sensor element 31 at feeder 10 is positioned above the further sensor element 35. A plate thickness determination can now be performed between sensor elements 31 and 35 and as a result the dropped plate 20′ can be detected. In the case of such an arrangement the number of sensor elements required is reduced.
1-14. (canceled)
15. Method for the monitored conveying of plates, in which a plate is taken up by a feeder from a first position and the plate with the feeder is moved to a second position, wherein during the movement of the feeder to the second position a first sensor element located at the feeder, as well as a second sensor element located in the second position are brought into a signal-based arrangement and that on the basis of a measurement signal transmitted between the sensor elements the number of plates at at least one of the feeder and the second position is determined.
16. Method according to claim 15, wherein the sensor elements are acoustic sensor elements.
17. Method according to claim 15, wherein the sensor elements are ultrasonic sensor elements.
18. Method according to claim 15, wherein a transmission signal which has passed through the plate is used for determining the number of plates.
19. Method according to claim 15, wherein the plate number determination takes place with the feeder stationary.
20. Method according to claim 15, wherein in the second position the plate is released and deposited by feeder.
21. Method according to claim 15, wherein there is at least one further sensor element for the detection of unintentionally present plates in a laterally displaced manner with respect to the second position.
22. Method according to claim 15, wherein there is at least one further acoustic sensor element for the detection of unintentionally present plates in a laterally displaced manner with respect to the second position.
23. Method according to claim 21, wherein, the feeder is moved in such a way that the first sensor element located at the feeder passes into a signal-based arrangement with the further sensor element, in which on the basis of a measurement signal transmitted between the first sensor element and the further sensor element an unintentionally present plate can be detected.
24. Method according to claim 21, wherein, following the release of the plate, the feeder is moved in such a way that the first sensor element located at the feeder passes into a signal-based arrangement with the further sensor element, in which on the basis of a measurement signal transmitted between the first sensor element and the further sensor element an unintentionally present plate can be detected.
25. Device for the monitored conveying of plates, with a movable feeder, by means of which a plate can be conveyed from a first position to a second position and can preferably be deposited there, wherein a sensor is provided for determining the number of plates at at least one of the feeder and the second position, said sensor having a first sensor element movably arranged with the feeder at the feeder, as well as a second sensor element located at the second position.
26. Device according to claim 25, wherein the sensor is an acoustic sensor.
27. Device according to claim 25, wherein the sensor is an ultrasonic sensor.
28. Device according to claim 25, wherein the second sensor element located in the second position is a transmitter and that the first sensor element located at the feeder is a receiver.
29. Device according to claim 25, wherein the two sensor elements are so positioned that they are located above one another with the plate between them in a deposition position of the feeder.
30. Device according to claim 25, wherein the second position is located at a feed path for further conveying plate into the forming plant.
31. Device according to claim 30, wherein there is at least one further sensor element at the feed path for detecting unintentionally present plates.
32. Device according to claim 25, wherein the feeder has a suction gripper.
33. Method for the monitored conveying of plates into a working or forming plant, in which a plate is taken up by a feeder from a first position and the plate with the feeder is moved to a second position, wherein during the movement of the feeder to the second position a first sensor element located at the feeder, as well as a second sensor element located in the second position are brought into a signal-based arrangement and that on the basis of a measurement signal transmitted between the sensor elements the number of plates at at least one of the feeder and the second position is determined.
34. Device for the monitored conveying of plates into a working or forming plant, with a movable feeder, by means of which a plate can be conveyed from a first position to a second position and can preferably be deposited there, wherein a sensor is provided for determining the number of plates at at least one of the feeder and the second position, said sensor having a first sensor element movably arranged with the feeder at the feeder, as well as a second sensor element located at the second position..
| 36,018 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/69956539
|
StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,021 |
Stack Exchange
|
Silvio Mayolo, chepner, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1126841, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2288659, https://stackoverflow.com/users/67579, https://stackoverflow.com/users/7755665, user1984, willeM_ Van Onsem
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English
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Spoken
| 616 | 854 |
How to use the contents of a list to output a new list?
I am looking to find a way on how to use the contents of a list of one type, to output a list of another for use in a game.
data Dir = N | E | S | W deriving (Show,Eq)
data Steps = Forward | Right | Back | Left deriving Show
quickGame :: Dir -> [Dir] -> [Steps]
quickGame d [] = []
So if quickGame N [S,W,E,N,N] was the input, I would receive in return [Back,Right,Back,Left,Forward].
Any help would be appreciated. I have tried an if then else to go through the list to output the second, but there must be a cleaner way?
Why isn't this [Back, Right, Left, Forward, Forward]?
Using pattern matching on data constructors seems the cleanest way to me but I don't get how your sample input/output works. Are you sure it is correct as is?
Can you explain, in words, how you obtain the output list from the input list in your example? You've got two N going to different outputs, so it clearly depends on more than just a one-to-one mapping. What is your proposed algorithm?
You probably want to make a stronger distinction between the direction you are facing and the direction in which you move. For instance, if you are facing north and take a step south, the results in you facing south. Facing south and taking a step to the west results in you facing west (as opposed to going east if you were still facing east).
First, you're going to run into a conflict with the built-in Left and Right constructors for the Either type, so let's redefine:
data Step = F | R | B | L deriving Show
Then, let's define a helper that compares our current direction with the new direction, and returns an appropriate step. It's tedious, but relatively straightforward.
step :: Dir -> Dir -> Step
step N N = F
step N E = R
step N S = B
step N W = L
step E N = L
step E E = F
step E S = R
step E W = B
step S N = B
step S E = L
step S S = F
step S W = R
step W N = R
step W E = B
step W S = L
step W W = F
Now, quickGame can be expressed recursively by comparing the current direction (first argument) to the next direction (first element of the second argument) and outputting the appropriate step, and then recursively calling quickGame with the new direction as "current":
quickGame :: Dir -> [Dir] -> [Steps]
quickGame cur (nxt:rest) = step cur nxt : quickGame nxt rest
quickGame _ [] = []
The final code:
data Dir = N | E | S | W deriving Show
data Step = F | R | B | L deriving Show
quickGame :: Dir -> [Dir] -> [Step]
quickGame cur (nxt:rest) = step cur nxt : quickGame nxt rest
quickGame _ [] = []
step :: Dir -> Dir -> Step
step N N = F
step N E = R
step N S = B
step N W = L
step E N = L
step E E = F
step E S = R
step E W = B
step S N = B
step S E = L
step S S = F
step S W = R
step W N = R
step W E = B
step W S = L
step W W = F
main = do
print $ quickGame N [S,W,E,N,N]
| 36,147 |
US-39380306-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,006 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 2,025 | 2,762 |
Hole-punching assembly structure for hole-punching unit
ABSTRACT
A hole-punching assembly structure for hole-punching unit includes a positioning piece, a clamping piece, a plurality of tool holders, two balancing rods and a plurality of hole mountings. Each end of the positioning piece couples to the hole mounting via one of two balancing rods, the positioning piece has a gliding rail, a receiving slot and a confining part disposed at an indentation at each end of the positioning piece for each one of the plurality of tool holders to go through the positioning piece, thereby fixing the plurality of tool holders. Each one of the plurality of tool holders has a first end extending to one of the plurality of hole mountings and a second end being blocked by the clamping piece. The clamping piece has one rod disposed at each end of the clamping piece, with each end of the rod protruding through the receiving slot axially and being restrained by the confining part, thereby fixing the clamping piece for the clamping piece to force the tool holder to move axially to facilitate the convenience in switching and dismantling the plurality of tool holders.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to a hole-punching assembly structure,and more particularly, to a multi-hole-punching unit for binding books,and still more particularly, to a hole-punching unit having ahole-punching assembly structure which can be adapted to hole shapes,hole position designs to swiftly dismantle, add or switch tool holdersto facilitate availability and usability.
2. Description of the Prior Art
As of now, hole-punching unit is used to punch holes on a stack ofpapers to bind papers into a book. Due to different binding styles andrequirements, a multi-hole-punching unit is provided to punch aplurality of holes on a stack of papers at a time.
Conventional multi-hole-punching unit is operated by driving a pluralityof tool holders disposed at the hole-punching assembly to move back andforth to complete the hole-punching operation on a stack of papers. Asthe sheet number and weight of papers vary, the thickness of the paperstack is different, and configurations such as different bindingrequirements, gap between each hole and number of holes are different aswell. In this case, user has to find a hole-punching assembly comprisingcorresponding tool holders according to sheet number and paperthickness, and also reduces or increases the number of tool holdersbased on number of holes and their relative positions. However, it isoften necessary to remove the whole hole-punching assembly when usingconventional hole-punching unit, which causes inconvenience inhole-punching operation.
In view of the above-described deficiencies of prior art hole-punchingassembly structure, after years of constant effort in research, theinventor of this invention has consequently developed and proposed a newhole-punching assembly structure for hole-punching unit disclosed in thepresent invention.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is to provide a hole-punching assembly forhole-punching unit, wherein a positioning piece is disposed face to faceto a clamping piece without using auxiliary tools to help dismantlingand switching tool holders and to facilitate the usability of thehole-punching assembly.
Another, the present invention is to provide a hole-punching assemblystructure for a hole-punching unit, comprising a main plate having agliding rail obliquely and concavely formed on each side of the mainplate, thus enabling a rod of a clamping piece to easily slide into thegliding rail from outside.
Accordingly, the present invention discloses a hole-punching assemblystructure for a hole-punching unit, mainly comprising a positioningpiece, a clamping piece, a plurality of tool holders, two balancing rodsand a plurality of hole mountings. Each end of the positioning piececouples to one of the plurality of hole mountings via one of twobalancing rods, each one of the plurality of tool holders goes throughthe positioning piece axially for the positioning piece to fix each oneof the plurality of tool holders, each one of the plurality of toolholders has a first end extending to one of the plurality of holemountings and a second end being blocked by the clamping piece, therebyallowing the clamping piece to force the plurality of tool holders tomove axially for hole-punching operation.
The positioning piece comprises a main plate, the main plate has aretaining edge disposed protrudently at each side thereof, eachretaining edge has a gliding rail obliquely and concavely formed towardsits end and in symmetry with another retaining edge, the gliding railhas an end, which is contiguous to the main plate, connected to areceiving slot, and each retaining edge forms a confining part along anouter rim of the receiving slot.
The clamping piece has an elastic plate which is contiguous to the mainplate, the elastic plate has one rod disposed at each end thereof, eachone of the rod has a first end and a second end protruded through thereceiving slot respectively, and the confining part is used forrestraining the rod to fix the clamping piece to facilitate theconvenience in switching and dismantling the plurality of tool holders.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The drawings disclose an illustrative embodiment of the presentinvention which serves to exemplify the various advantages and objectshereof, and are as follows:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of the presentinvention;
FIG. 2 is another perspective view which rotates 90 degree from thepreferred embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 2A is a partially zooming view of FIG. 2;
FIG. 3 is a perspective decomposing view which rotates 90 degree fromthe preferred embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a vertical view of a first state of the clamping piecedismantled in a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4A is a partially zooming view of FIG. 4; and
FIG. 5 is a vertical view of a second state of the clamping piecedismantled in a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Please refer to FIG. 1 to FIG. 3, the present invention discloses ahole-punching assembly structure for a hole-punching unit, mainlycomprising a positioning piece 10, a clamping piece 20, a plurality oftool holders 30, two balancing rods 40 and a plurality of hole mountings50. Each end of positioning piece 10 couples to one of the plurality ofhole mountings 50 via one of two balancing rods 40, each one of theplurality of tool holders 30 goes through the positioning piece 10axially for the positioning piece 10 to fix each one of the plurality oftool holders 30, each one of the plurality of tool holders 30 has afirst end extending to one of the plurality of hole mountings 50 and asecond end being blocked by the clamping piece 20, thereby allowing theclamping piece 20 to force the plurality of tool holders 30 to moveaxially for hole-punching operation. The above-mentioned structure willnot be further discussed for the sake of brevity and its similarity toprior art techniques.
Please refer to FIG. 2, FIG. 2A and FIG. 3, the positioning piece 10comprises a main plate 12 contiguous to the clamping piece 20. The mainplate 12 has a retaining edge 14 disposed protrudently at each sidethereof. Each retaining edge 14 has a gliding rail 142 obliquely andconcavely formed towards its end and in symmetry with another retainingedge. The gliding rail 142 has an end which is contiguous to main plate12, extended towards an outer rim of retaining edge 14 and connected toa receiving slot 144 which is axially parallel to main plate 12. Eachone of the retaining edges 14 forms a confining part 146 along an outerrim of the receiving slot 144. Each retaining edge 14 has a plurality ofarc-shape-like operation slots concavely formed at its middle portion,with the operation slots 148 forming between the gliding rails 142. Theclamping piece 20 has an elastic plate 22 made of elastic material,which is contiguous to the main plate 12. The elastic plate 12 has eachside restrained and fixed by the retaining edges 14. Besides, theelastic plate 12 has one rod 24 disposed at each end thereof, each rod24 has a first end and a second end protruded through the receiving slot144 respectively and the confining part 146 is used for the restrainingrods 24 to fix the clamping piece 20.
When an operator needs to change the number of tool holders and theirpositions or to switch to tool holders having different length due tovarious hole-punching requirements, the present invention is provided tofirstly remove the constrain of the clamping piece 20 towards the end ofeach of the plurality of tool holder 30 to dismantle the hole-punchingassembly or to add or to switch the tool holders. Please refer to FIG. 4and FIG. 5, when an operator pulls the elastic plate 22 to deform theelastic plate 22 and to further force the rod 24 to slide to the glidingrail 142 along the receiving slot 144 (as shown in FIG. 4A), then therod 24 will slide outside along the gliding rail 142 (as shown in FIG.5). By doing so, it is easy and fast to break away the clamping piece 20and the positioning piece 10, and to release the constrain upon the toolholder 30 to facilitate the process of switching the tool holders 30.When the adjustment of the tool holders is done, perform theabove-mentioned operation backwards. That is, slide the rod 24 fromoutside into the gliding rail 142, then through the gliding rail 142into the receiving slot 144 to dispose the rod 24 of the clamping piece20 in the receiving slot 144. Afterwards, connect the clamping piece 20once again to the positioning piece 10 to finish the operation ofswitching tool holders. Besides, the operation slots 148 makes it easyto deform the elastic plate 22 to facilitate the convenience inassembling and dismantling the clamping piece 20.
As described above, the present invention uses a novel structurecomprising the positioning piece 10 and the clamping piece 20 to easilyand swiftly dismantle the clamping piece 20 without using auxiliarytools, thereby facilitating dismantling and switching tool holders tovastly improve the operating efficiency and usability.
Many changes and modifications in the above described embodiment of theinvention can, of course, be carried out without departing from thescope thereof. Accordingly, to promote the progress in science and theuseful arts, the invention is disclosed and is intended to be limitedonly by the scope of the appended claims.
1. A hole-punching assembly structure for hole-punching unit, comprisesa positioning piece, a clamping piece, a plurality of tool holders, twobalancing rods and a plurality of hole mountings, wherein each end ofthe positioning piece couples to one of the plurality of hole mountingsvia one of two balancing rods, each one of the plurality of tool holdersgoes through the positioning piece axially for the positioning piece tofix each one of the plurality of tool holders, each one of the pluralityof tool holders having a first end extending to one of the plurality ofhole mountings and a second end being blocked by the clamping piece,thereby allowing the clamping piece to force the plurality of toolholders to move axially for hole-punching operation, the positioningpiece comprising a main plate, the main plate having one retaining edgedisposed protrudently at each side thereof, each retaining edge having agliding rail concavely formed towards an end thereof and in symmetrywith another retaining edge, the gliding rail having an end contiguousto the main plate and connected to a receiving slot, and the retainingedge forming a confining part along an outer rim of the receiving slot;the clamping piece having an elastic plate contiguous to the main plate,the elastic plate having one rod disposed at each end thereof, each rodhaving a first end and a second end protruded through the receiving slotrespectively, the confining part being used for restraining each rod tofix the clamping piece.
2. The hole-punching assembly structure of claim1, wherein each retaining edge has a plurality of operation slotsconcavely formed at a middle portion thereof, thereby facilitating theconvenience in assembling and dismantling of the clamping piece.
3. Thehole-punching assembly structure of claim 2, wherein the plurality ofoperation slots are in arc shape.
4. The hole-punching assemblystructure of claim 1, wherein the end of the gliding rail extendstowards an outer rim of the retaining edge.
5. The hole-punchingassembly structure of claim 1, wherein the receiving slot is axiallyparallel to the main plate.
6. The hole-punching assembly structure ofclaim 1, wherein the gliding rail is obliquely and concavely formed..
| 21,963 |
sn83045462_1927-11-05_1_4_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 6,569 | 9,140 |
EARTHQUAKES SI CALIFORNIA COAST Series of Shocks Felt Over Large Area —Railway Traffic Halted. By Associated Press LOS ANGELES, November 5.—A neighborhood of moderately heavy earthquake shocks along the central California coast yesterday halted many of the Southern Pacific Railroad notch of Santa Barbara and shook the inland town of Santa Maria more severely than any earth disturbance since 1878. The earth tremors continued during the day. Seismographs at Santa Clara, Calif., recorded tremors at 12:30 pm., although no cities reported they felt these shocks. The main disturbances occurred after 5 a.m. The shocks apparently were heavies in the vicinity of Monda, a rockhound promontory 35 miles north of Santa Barbara. It was here the Southern Pacific tracks were thrown out of alignment. Trains were delayed for some hours and later they proceeded at a slow speed. Ships at sea were rocked, the Mackay radio station reported. The steamer Los Angeles radioed two shocks were felt after 12 noon. The shocks vibrated the steamer, which at the time was 25 miles north of Point Arguello, Santa Barbara County. At Santa Maria five shocks were felt in five hours, the second of which at 5:10 a.m. was the most severe. Stones in the Masonic Hall were dislodged and fell into the street while a few plate glass windows were cracked. The zone of disturbance apparently extended to a point north of San Luis Obispo. Reports from that town, a few miles from the coast of San Luis Obispo County, said the shocks were slight and caused no damage. A long rumbling quake was felt at Santa Barbara, but no reports of damage were made. Ventura, 30 miles south of Santa Barbara, also had a light quake of more than half a minute's duration. The southernmost point of the disturbance is believed to have been in the Los Angeles sector, where the shock was very light, but distinctly felt. The disturbance was not felt in Imperial Valley, where a severe quake occurred less than a year ago. "The King's Henchman," the much-discussed American opera, "The King's Henchman," which was given its premiere at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York February 17 of this year, made its debut in Washington with the touring company directed by Jacques Samossoud, the operatic conductor who has proved very popular in previous work here, at Poli's Theater, yesterday afternoon. Incidentally, this was the debut performance of this company, for its personnel, and even the settings and costumes, are entirely distinct from the production given by the Metropolitan. Stracciari, son of the great baritone Riccardo Strao, dark design with the settings and costumes for this production, which are effective, both in the authenticity of detail and beauty of ensemble composition, particularly effective is the setting of the love scene in the second act. In this connection, it might be said that this is a significant achievement for the theater. and that the stage director, George Rommel, deserves special mention for their various pictures. It evolved in the grouping and action of principals and chorus in the first and third acts. It seemed especially fitting that this American opera, which the composer lists more fittingly perhaps as a "lyric drama in three acts," should have its tour debut in the National Capital. The fact was emphasized by the playing of "The Star Spangled Banner" before its opening and the presence of Mrs. Coolidge with a party of friends in the presidential box, as well as the presence of Mr. Taylor, the composer, in another box. The audience filled the house to the last night of standing room and warm applause greeted Mr. Samossoud on his initial appearance to lead the orchestra in the overture to the first act. The national anthem was conducted by the first violinist and concert master. At the end of the first act and again in the finale, the composer was called to the stage to receive applause, along with the conductor and the singers. The King's Henchman is a story of England of the tenth century. It has a basic plot that combines variations of both the Tristan and Sleeping Beauty themes, yet this story itself is said to be based upon an authentic incident of that time. Edgar King of England, a role well sung and acted convincingly by Richard Hale, a young American baritone who possesses a voice of warm color and vibrancy— commissions his “henchman." Aetherwold, to undertake the errand of finding Aelfrida, a maiden reputed to be fair, and notifying the King if she is fair enough to become Queen of England. Aetherwold was excellently sung and acted by Rafaelo Diaz, formerly of the Metropolitan Opera Co. His clear diction was quite the best of the entire company. Edna St. Vincent Millay’s book, with the old English words and forms, is not at all easy, for singers. It took the whole of the first act for the audience and singers alike to get used to this diction, apparently, with the marked exception of Mr. Diaz. It is possible that the tenor occasionally sacrificed his lyric. Lones to clarity of enunciation, but his voice was especially lovely in the music of the second act, which gives him more poetic opportunity than the decidedly prosaic lines and thoughts of the first and third acts. Marie Sundelius was effective both dramatically and vocally in the try-for characterization allotted her as Aida, a beautiful but calculating maiden who awakens the sleeping chirping in a misty wood, infatuates him and marries him, unsuspecting in his true errand. Then, when the inevitable discovery comes in the third act, she shows thorough selfishness. Dudley Marwick, a young American who has been heard here before in dramatic productions given by the local company, quite lives up to the comic as well as vocal possibilities of his role as Ordgar, the grasping Thane of the fickle Aida. His clearly enunciated and aging tones were well delivered. Albert Orion deserves special mention for a lovely voice well handled. In the hit as Archbishop of Canterbury, Giovanni Martino, excellent in make-up, singing, and dramatic action, gave reality to his role of Marcus. Future to Aetholwold. Constance Aetholwold, contralto, as Aetholwold's serving woman, was least effective of the critics. Her spinning song, one of many delightful old folk songs adapted for the Score, was almost totally lost, was almost totally lost. Smaller roles were well done and the chorus was particularly admirable. The colorful pledge song of the first act is one of the haunting melodies of the opera, and the boisterous male chorus that follows it was well delivered. The chorus hit in the second act, off stage, was effective, but the chorus was at its best in the requiem following the dramatic high light of the whole opera—the death march of the men carrying Aethelwold's body. It was sung a capella. This feature brought reminiscences of wit, sung by "Death Maruto" and also the famous requiem of "Pique Dame." SERVICES OF I. V. N. S. NURSES PRAISED BY NOTED SURGEON Dr. Mitchell Says Trained Workers Often Aid in Destroying Disease. Declares Their Experience Often Prevents Families Making Mistakes. Emphasizing the value of the Instructive Visiting Nurse Society in relation to sickness, and pointing out that more than half of the "7" visits paid by members of the society to 12 patients during the past year were due. Dr. James F. Mitchell, prominent American surgeon, in the interview yesterday disclosed the important work these nurses are doing in the control of cancer. "I have always considered the I. V. N. S. nurse invaluable," said Dr. Mitchell. "She goes into the home and her trained eye often notices symptoms which have escaped the family." and the patient. This is especially true in cases of cancer. The nurse may go into a home to take care of a child, and detect unmistakable symptoms of rancor on the part of some other member of the family. She will of course lose no time in persuading the patient to consult a doctor immediately. “When the average patient comes to a surgeon with a definite case of cancer, it is frequently too late to do anything for him. The apparently harmless lump, mole, or wart has gone too long. The little sore which does not heal and which has been passed over as nothing in particular has passed the remediable stage.” Relates Amusing Incidents. In speaking of the value of the T. V. X. S. nurse in protecting the patient from the over-anx and sometimes faulty care of his family, Dr. Mitchell pointed out two amusing incidents in his own practice. “Some years ago an Italian came to me suffering with a pain in his stomach. I told him to go home, put on a mustard plaster and keep it there for 20 minutes. His wife who had come along assured me that it would be done. “At midnight the bell rang and I was told that the Italian patient had lost his mind and for the doctor to come immediately, please. When I arrived, I found that the Italian patient had lost his mind and for the doctor to come immediately, please.” Mrs. Mary Frey, 71 years old, of 1412 Meridian place, for many years a leader in the Order of the Eastern Star here, died yesterday after a five-week illness. Mrs. Frey was one of the founders and a charter member of Ruth Chapter, O.E.H., which she served as Worthy Matron in 1901. She also served for two years as president of the Ladies Auxiliary of DeMolay commandery, Knights Templar; was a member of the East Matrons and Patrons Association of Ruth Chapter, and was a member of the 181st Matrons and Patrons Association. She was a native of Pennsylvania, but had been a resident of this city since 1884. Funeral services will be conducted at the S.H. Hines Co. funeral parlors Monday afternoon at 2 o’clock. Rev. Earle Willey, pastor of Vermont Avenue Christian Church, will officiate. Interment will be in Glenwood Cemetery. Mrs. Frey is survived by her husband, Abram Frey, retired artist, and children: Mrs. Daisy Madison, A.G. Frey, Ethelbert B. Frey, Mrs. George Mullen, and Emile D. Frey. She also leaves seven grandchildren. ALEXANDRIA. ALEXANDRIA, Va., November 5 (Special).—The staff band, male chorus, and the Lassie Quartet of the Washington headquarters of the Salvation Army will appear in a concert at the local headquarters of the Salvation Army tonight at 8 o’clock, under direction of Capt. Ernest R. Holtz. Commandant J.H. Abrams will make an address. Proceeds derived from the concert will be turned over to the Salvation Army. The Alexandria unit. Public services will be held by the Alexandria Corps of the Salvation Army in the Capitol Theater here tomorrow at 3 p.m. and again tomorrow at 8. Regular services will be held in the headquarters at 11 o'clock tomorrow morning. J. M. Broughton, chief of the Portsmouth (Va.) Police Department, has taken Eugene Smith, 21 years old, of 1426 K street northwest, Washington, and Jack Candor, 20, of 200 Raymond street, Chevy Chase, Md., to Portsmouth, where they are charged with larceny of an automobile. Deputy Automobile Commissioner Edward McDermott arrested the two youths in this city. The State Corporation Commission has granted the F. H. Smith Co. of Virginia a charter to conduct a general real estate and insurance brokerage business, with its principal office in this city. Samuel J. Henry, president; C. Albert Ansdale, secretary; G. Bryan Pitts, John H. Edwards, Jr.; Daniel Crissinger, Frederick N. Zihlman and Ezra Gould, all of Washington, D.C., are the officers and incorporators of the new firm. Deeds of transfer for the following property have been placed on record in the office of Elliott F. Hoffman, clerk of the courts: Mrs. Caroline Emerson Walker to Mrs. Lucy D. Hunt, her interest in houses at 111 North Columbus street and 108, 108 and 110 North Fayette street; Quess Wilkins and his wife to Howard M. Smith and wife, house and lot at 111 Queen street. Miss Jane McCauley, 7 years old, died yesterday at an early hour at her home, 802 North Washington street. She was a daughter of the late Daniel and Bridget McCauley. Two sisters, Mrs. B. E. Alexander and Mrs. George A. K. aus, and three brothers. Daniel, Stephen and James McCauley, survive. Funeral services will be held at a.m. Monday in the St. Mary's Cathedral Church. Interment in the St. Mary's Cemetery. Armistice Rites Planned. Armistice services will be held at Lincoln Congregational Temple tomorrow morning. Rev. H. W. Brooks will speak from the subject, “Our National Affairs p.m. the Senior Christian Endeavor Society will present a special program. The subject for discussion will be “The Christian's Attitude Toward War." The evening, heavy embroidery for the ornamentation of the operatic story. White the singers have no solos that seem likely to become popular, concert "arias," and the well-knit, steady action of the three acts show another modern tendency, it seems more than probable that the orchestral overture to the second act in particular may find its uses on concert orchestral programs. Wagner has his honor in the role of music here, yet it is a musicianly score, with much individuality. Withal, and Mr. Hamilton presented it most favorably last Monday. The Evening Star, Washington, D.C., Saturday, November 5, 1927. James F. Mitchell, arrived. He found the family diagnosis was pretty nearly right. The man was raving, six friends were holding him down and the wife, was holding down the plaster, in an excess of zeal she had misunderstood, and thought that a. For the mustard plaster, it was to be applied to the same spot every 20 minutes. "I recall the case of a man who brought his son, who had been badly bitten by a dog to a clinic. When the doctor went to examine the boy's leg, he found it covered with a strange and repulsive looking ointment. Needs Public Support. "When asked to explain what it was, the parent said, 'that's the hair of the dog that hit him. I've always heard that was the best thing to do for dog lute. And we had a hard time clipping that dog, too. He was a fox terrier with pretty short hair, but we kept right on, mixed it with lard and thought that was the best thing to do until we got him around here.'" It is not only in minor cases like this, but often in graver cases, when more serious mistakes are made by the family who do not understand that the real value of the I.V.N.K. nurse becomes apparent. Dr. Mitchell stressed the need of public support, of the society and wished to remind all those anxious to help that checks are made payable to the Instructive Visiting Nurse Society, Room 430, Star Building. O.E.S. Leader Dies Mrs. Mary Frey, Anniversary Meeting. The Presbyterian Young People’s League will meet at the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church November 2 in celebration of the one hundred and twenty-fifth anniversary of the Board of National Missions of the Presbyterian Church. An address will be made by Miss Katherine K. Gladfelter, director of young people's work of the mission. Board. A Thanksgiving party will be given by a number of the members. CONTINUES SERIES. Rev. A. F. Elmes of the People’s Congregational Church, M Street between Sixth and Seventh Streets, will speak on the second part of the series, "The Men Who Follow Jesus," tomorrow morning. Regular service of the V. P. C. K. Society at 6:30 p.m. At the church November 11, 8 p.m., Rev. L. R. Sheafe will speak on "Manland His Capital," in connection with the electrical flower program which will be given by team No. 8, Mrs. M. Harris, president. HUNGER HALTS FLIGHT OF CAPITAL AVIATRIX Miss Adelaide Douglas Stops Near Winston-Salem on Way to Virginia. Miss Adelaide Douglas, a prominent in Capital social circles, who was flying from Birmingham, Ala., to Lexington, Va., to attend a football game, she told newspaper men when her party arrived in Winston-Salem, N.C., by motor after landing in Mocksville, 26 miles away. First reports were that Miss Douglas, Allen Rushton and F. A. Stone of Birmingham, the pilot, had been forced to land. They planned to resume the trip by air today, according to an Associated Press dispatch from Winston-Salem. After landing in Mocksville, Miss Douglas, the daughter of Mrs. David H. Blair, wife of the commissioner of internal revenue, telephoned her brother, Barmite Douglas, in Winston-Salem. Stanton-Halem, who over and brought the party back to Winston-Salem to pass the night. CITIZENS TO NAME OFFICERS TONIGHT Federation Also Will Hear Report of Committee on Trade Attack. The Federation of Citizens’ Associations will meet tonight in the board room of the District Building to elect officers for the coming year and to take action on a report of a special committee which investigated the attack on the Citizens' Advisory Council by a group of Washington's trade organizations, supported by the District Bar Association. The pre-election campaign among the federation delegates has been unusually quiet, and indications are that James G. Vader, who is rounding out his first term as president, will be re-elected. The federation, however, will have to elect a new vice president, as it is understood that George R. Wales, the incumbent, will decline re-election. George R. Havenner of the Anacostia Citizens' Association, and a member of the Advisory Council, has been prominently mentioned as a candidate for the vice presidency. Observers of federation politics do not expect any contest over the two remaining offices, those of secretary and treasurer. The incumbents, David Bahp, secretary, and A. H. Gregory, treasurer, it was indicated, probably will be re-elected. The election will take place at the outset of the meeting, in order that the major portion of the time may be devoted to the special report relating to the attack on the advisory council. This report has been prepared by Major Clayton Ewing, Charles L. Hough, and Hugh M. Brampton. DR. J. P. TYLER TO SPEAK. Epworth Congregation to Hear Pastor Tomorrow. Rev. Dr. John F. Tyler, pastor of Epworth, VI. E. Church South, Thirteenth Street and North Carolina Avenue Northeast, will preach tomorrow at 11 a.m. and at 8 p.m. on “The Obedient Servant.” The board of stewards will meet Wednesday evening at 8 o'clock. The Women’s Missionary Society will hold its “week of prayer services," starting November 12 and closing November 12. The Epworth unit of the Sibley Hospital Guild will hold its annual roll call November 11. Mrs. Mary Al. Tucker will have charge of the Red Cross drive of the church, which is to start next week. Evangelist to Preach. The subject of Rev. Leon S. Wormley, pastor of the Zion Baptist Church, D.unwood, D.C., at the 11 o’clock service tomorrow, will be “Costly Living and Cheap Religion.” At 4 p.m., Evangelist John Wright will preach a special sermon in interest of the November rally. Louisa Lee and Hattie Hurt, are the leaders of this meeting. The theme of the pastor at the evening service will be "What Is a Christian?” Service for Nurses. There will be a service for nurses at Epiphany Church, Thirteenth and G Streets, Thursday at 8 p.m., with an address by Bishop Freeman. The service will be followed by a meeting in the parish house for the purpose of organ. izing a branch of the St. Barnard has Guild for Nurses. All nurses in the District of Columbia are invited to attend. DR. C. ERNEST SMITH TO MARK LONG SERVICE AT ST. THOMAS' Rector Will Celebrate 25 Years in Local Pulpit at Special Exercises. Bishop to Officiate at Rites Tomorrow in Honor of Churchman. The twenty-fifth anniversary of the rectorship of Rev. Dr. C. Ernest Smith will be celebrated tomorrow with special services at St. Thomas’ Church, when Bishop James E. Freeman will preach. Dr. Smith on November 1 completed a quarter century of service at the church. Bishop Freeman will administer communion and preach at the 11 o'clock service. Dr. Smith came to St. Thomas’ November 1, 1902, from Baltimore, where he was rector of the Church of St. Michael and All Angels, the largest church in Baltimore. Previously he had been in Newfoundland, where he went from England as a young man. During his rectorship many improvements have been made at St. Thomas. When he began his work there the church, which had been erected during the rectorship of Rev. J. A. Aspinwall, had a debt of $72,500. In 10 years this debt, with interest amounting to about $10,000, was paid off, and on St. Thomas’ day, 1912, the church was consecrated by Bishop Harding. Many improvements have been made during the 25 years Dr. Smith has been at St. Thomas. These include the installation of a large three- manual organ, building of a $30,000 rectory, extension of the chancel 9 feet eastward and construction of a large parish hall, which was built under the supervision of Dr. Smith. Dr. Smith has taken an unusual interest in all the details of the improvement of his church, he is especially proud of the 26 memorial windows which have been erected according to a plan he laid down soon after he became rector. The windows depict the history of the Episcopal Church from its earliest days to its establishment in America. All are the work of Henry Holiday, noted English sculptor and artist, who died last April at the age of 88. The last memorial window erected was the lesse window, in the west wall of the church. During his rectorship, the church has raised and spent $1,000,000. In spite of the fact that it has paid a large debt and spent a great deal of money on improvements, the church for several years has been contributing more than $6,000 a year to work outside the church, Dr. Smith says. Twenty-five years ago there were less than 200 families, with 300 communicants; now there are 427 families, with 672 communicants. There have been 526 baptisms, 787 persons have been confirmed, 3,59 marriages have taken place, and there have been 476 burials. Faced Many Obstacles. The growth of the church has taken place in the face of what Dr. Smith considers many difficulties. One of these is the fact that people are moving to the suburbs. Whereas 25 years ago his parish was concentrated in the vicinity of the church, now it embraces an area greater than the city, some of his calls taking him to Chevy Chase and to Maryland, and others to Maryland. SHRINE OF THE MOST BLESSED SACRAMENT New Catholic Church recently at Western avenue and Queens street. Chevy Chase, D.C., which will be dedicated with appropriate exercises by Most Rev. Michael J. Curley, Archbishop of Baltimore, tomorrow at 11:00 a.m. RED CROSS WORKERS! SENT TO FLOOD ZONE From Washington Got Orders to Lend Hand in New England Crisis. By the Associated Press Six relief workers have ordered by the National Red Cross to the New England flood area to assist local Red Cross chapters in administering aid to the victims. Three workers from Washington were directed to depart for New England last night. James T. Nicholson, assistant manager of the Eastern area, going to St. Albans and Burlington, Yt.; Mabitt Reckon to Pittsfield and North Adams, Mass., and Clark's Carr to Rutland, Yt. Both Mr. Reckon and Mr. Carr are experienced disaster workers, having served in the Florida hurricane and the Mississippi flood disaster. Miss Marjorie Dakin, New York field representative, has been detailed to Pittsfield, Mass.; Mrs. S. P. Weeden, the Rhode Island field representative, has been sent to Windsor, Yt., and Edward S. Singleton, the Vermont field representative, to Montpelier, A.R. LECTURE ON ATHEISM. Dr. J. S. Montgomery to Speak at Metropolitan Church. Dr. James S. Montgomery will give an extended address tomorrow evening at the Metropolitan Methodist Church on “Anarchy and Atheism—Some Things Going On in Our Country." This was given this last week at the weekly meeting of the Kiwanis Club and requests have been made for its repetition. At the morning service, he will speak on the subject, "The Angel and the Wrestler." Dr. Smith is REV. DR. C. KENEST SMITH. The tendency of people to live in the suburbs, Dr. Smith believes, has cut down church attendance. They drift away from their city church, he says, and do not keep up their spiritual work. Parents, he believes, are less interested in their churches today than they were a generation ago, and they do not encourage their children to identify themselves with churches. This, he thinks, has not only cut church attendance, but church contributions as well. Automobiles have also been a factor, according to Dr. Smith. They have created a traffic congestion that prevents young children from attending Sunday school unless they are accompanied by their parents or nurses and they have provided a source of amusement on Sundays which discourages church attendance. Notable Gains Cited. In spite of these handicaps which all churches are facing, Dr. Smith believes St. Thomas has made notable gains, he believes this is due partly to the impressive architecture and the modern conveniences of the church, and to a greater extent to the fact that the church has had only two rectors. Changing ministers frequently, Dr. Smith believes. Smith believes, handicaps a church in that its policies change and these are reflected in its appearance. In his 25 years at St. Thomas’, he has carried out one policy, that of conservatism, and has winked to beautify the building along a clearly defined line. All the additions and the windows and other gifts have been made to harmonize with his plan. Many gifts have been refused because they did not fit in with the scheme, but the result has been that the church is an architectural entity and one of the most beautiful edifices in the city. Dr. Smith hopes to spend the rest of his life at St. Thomas’. He has just completed a book, “Twenty-five Years at St. Thomas’.” a sequel to pamphlets he issued after his first and second 10 years. He is the author of several books, the best known being “The old Church and the New Land,” “Religion under the Barons of Baltimore," and “Under the Northern Cross.” his last. The vestry will give a reception next Thursday in St. Thomas’. Archbishop William D. Curley will dedicate the new church in Chevy Chase. Most Rev. Michael T. Curley, Archbishop of Baltimore, will lead the Shrine of the Most Blessed Sacrament, which will be dedicated tomorrow. Most Rev. Michael T. Curley, Archbishop of Baltimore, will lead the Shrine of the Most Blessed Sacrament, which will be dedicated tomorrow. Catholics of Chevy Chase have built it Western avenue and Quesada street. Chevy Chase, D.C., tomorrow morning at 11:15 o’clock. Just two years ago, the cornerstone was laid by Bishop Thomas J. Shahan, rector of Catholic University. A procession will march from the old church at 5830 Chevy Chase parkway to the new brown and gray stone edifice. Brothers to Take Part. Rev. James A. Smyth of St. Peter’s Church, Baltimore, one of the two brothers of the pastor, Rev. Thomas F. Smyth, who will take part in the ceremonies, will chant the solemn high mass. Rev. Carroll Milholland of St. Mary’s Seminary will be master of ceremonies. The deacon of the mass is Rev. James K. Connell, pastor of the Immaculate Conception Church, while Rev. Cornelius Dacey, pastor of St. Paul’s Church, is to be the sub-deacon. The Holy Name Society and the Fourth Degree Knights of Columbus will form a guard of honor for Arch-St. Paul M. E. Services. Rev. William D. King to Preach Tomorrow. The St. Paul Methodist Episcopal Church South will worship in the Colony Theater tomorrow morning. The pastor, Rev. William D. King, will use as his subject at 11 am. “Co-operation or Teamwork.” Sunday school meets at 9:30 a.m. The evening services will be conducted in the home of R. C. Briggs, 5310 Fourteenth street. Epworth League meets at 7 p.m. The pastor at 8 p.m. will talk from the theme “An Old Business and Bad Wages." ANNIVERSARY SERMON. Rev. Kyle Booth to Mark Third Year Here. Rev. Kyle Booth will preach his third anniversary sermon on the subject “The Ministry of the Church” at the Ingram Memorial Congregational Church, Massachusetts avenue and Tenth street northeast, tomorrow morning at 11 o'clock. Dr. Booth came to Ingram Memorial Church from Scranton, Pa. His third ! anniversary will be marked by a home- j coming service tomorrow, to which all former members and friends of the church are especially invited. DARBY TO BE HONORED. D. C. Federation of Churches Calls Meeting for November 21. The Washington Federation of Churches is planning a public meeting November 21 in Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, Columbia road near Fifteenth street. The service is to be especially in recognition of the completion of five years’ service on the part of Dr. W. 1.. Darby, execu tive secretary of the organization. Dr. DarhvWill preach and conduct the communion service at First Pres byterian Church tomorrow' morning. At night he will give an address to young people at the Church of the. Brethren. North Carolina avenue and Fourth street southeast. PECK CHAPEL SERVICES. Rev. I. W. Ketchum Announces To morrow’s Topics. "Solving Life's Problem” is the sub i ject tomorrow morning of Rev. Irving | \V. Ketchum at Peck Memorial Chape). The sacrament of the Lord’s Supper will he administered at night. •At this time a number of new mem bers will be reclved into church mem bership. The men’s Bible class will have as its guests at 10 a.m. the men's Bible class of the Congress Street Methodist Protestant Church. The speaker will be Edwin Reerin Call, secretary of the American Peace Society. SERVICES EACH FRIDAY.* French Congregation Adds to j Weekly Activities. The French congregation that meets i regularly at St. John's Church, La- j layette Square, has enlarged its regu lar activities to Include services, in | French, every Friday afternoon at 5 I and every Sunday afternoon at 4i o’clock. At tomorrow’s service, the French vicar in charge, Rev. Dr. Florian Vurillot, will preach on “Les vies inuites.” These services are in the French language. The public is invited to attend. Presbyterian Services. Rev. Bernard Braskamp, pastor of the Ounton-Temple Memorial Presbyterian Church, will continue tomorrow at 8 p.m., his series of sermons on "Personal and Practical Questions,” taking as his special subject, “What Kind of People Do We All Like?” In the morning, he will preach on the bishop Curley, whose deacons of honor are to be: Very Rev. Ignatius Smith, prior of the Dominican House of Studies, and Very Rev. Father Felix, rector of the Capuchin College. Rev. John C. Smyth of the Paulist Fathers, New York City, the second of the brothers of the pastor will preach the sermon. Dinner for Clergymen. Following the dedication, the Archbishop and the visiting clergy will be entertained at dinner in the rectory on Chevy Chase Parkway by the pastor, Rev. Thomas G. Smyth. Rev. Charles Lyons, president of Georgetown University, is scheduled to preach the sermon in the evening. The church is several times the size of the old structure, being built to seat approximately 800 persons. The architectural style of the church is the late English Gothic, being a cruciform, comprising a naive and two transepts within which the whole congregation will sit. The inside is finished in white and oak. The floor is tile and oak. The pews are of oak. The altar is dedicated to maternal love, as are the stained glass windows above it. COMMUNION SERVICE. Rev. C. P. Parker to Officiate at St. John’s Church. The rector, Rev. Clarence Prentice Parker, will officiate at holy communion tomorrow at 7:15 a.m. and also at the 11 o’clock service at St. John’s Episcopal Church, Wisconsin avenue and Bradley Lane, Bethesda. The Girls’ Friendly Society will receive corporate communion at the 1:00 o’clock service. Church school convenes at 9:30 a.m. The Young People's Service League, which meets at 6:45 p.m. in St. John’s Hall, will be in charge of Misses Harriet Haig and Mildred Bursley. William Tyler Page, clerk of the House of Representatives, will address the league on Armistice day. A meeting of the guild was held Wednesday. Mrs. George F. James presided and appointed the following committee to plan for the annual banquet, to be held probably December 9. Mrs. J. B. Bennett, chairman; Mrs. Paul Ryan, Mrs. Wallace Craigie, Mrs. Ara L. Pander Cook, Mrs. Thomas S. Wheatley, and Mrs. Enoch G. Johnson. Luncheon was served by Chapter No. 2, Mrs. Frank C. Wallace, chairman, assisted by Mrs. Thomas S. Wheatley. Mrs. S. Ruebsam and Mrs. Larkin J. Glazebrook. Very Rev. A. B. Rudd of the Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul gave an Illustrated lecture on the cathedral. LADIES’ AID MEETS. New Members Admitted to Group at Eastern Presbyterian. At the monthly meeting of the Allies’ Aid of Eastern Presbyterian Church Wednesday evening several new members were received. A lunch will be held next Wednesday. The Boy Scout troop, under the leadership of Capt. Underwood, celebrated its first anniversary October 28. A brief history of the work was given by Scout Franklin Allwine and addresses were made by Dr. A. E. Barrows, pastor of the church, and Dr. Hagen and Mrs. Hagen. The boys received a silver cup for the greatest advance in class C. The Ladies’ Aid served dinner. SERMONS CONTINUED. Epiphany Church Rector to Preach on “Taoism” Tomorrow. Continuing his special sermon on “Communitive Religious” Rev. Dr. Z. B. Phillips, rector of the Church of the Epiphany, will take for his topic tomorrow evening at the 8 o’clock service “Taoism.” Dr. Phillips also will occupy his pulpit at the 11 o’clock service. There will be celebrations of holy communion at 8 and 9:30 o’clock the rector's Bible class will convene in the church. The Epiphany Church school will assemble in the parish hall adjacent at the same hour. The weekly meeting of the Young People’s Society will be held at 6 p.m. 1010 F St. 1767 Col. Rd. Opposite Wood-Vt Block from the Ward & Lothrop, Ambassador Theater In center of the church. 10:30 to 2:30 to 7:30 P.M. Dinner 11:15 to 2:30 to 7:30 P.M. Dinner 4:15 to 7:30 P.M. Food Unsurpassed in Quality AL COHOL SUPPLIES 10 BE DIMINISHED Manufacturers Agree to Reduction as Move Against Bootlegging. Industrial alcohol output this year will be cut from 9,100,000 to 9,000,000 gallons to voluntary action of the manufacturers, following the Government's appeal to help prevent diversion into channels. This was announced last night following the first meeting of the Alcohol Advisory Council appointed from the trade to confer with officials of the prohibition unit. About 10,000,000 gallons had been spouting from the legitimate production channels into the rootlets business. Hr. .lames Doran. prohibition commis sioner, announced. In announcing the rouncil's action Commissioner itoran expressed great rat isfart ion with he co-operativo spirit of the advisers, who reptesented alcohol manufacturers, druggists, faint anti t diet goods manufacturers. ''The action was entirely volun tary," the eotnmissioner said. "Al though the Government might ha\e authority to enforce a reduction it will not he necessary as the industrial alcohol trade is just as anxious to keep its business pure ns we are." Commissioner Doran said tbit the advisers also gave assurances that there would not he a material increase in the price of alcohol, although it is i controlled by the Cuban molasses mar i ket. The price of alcohol, he added. In creased from HO cents to 46 cents a gallon during the last year. i»vt that there has been no increase during the last four months. ECKINGTON SERMONS. Rev. TTenry B. Wooding, pastor of the Eckington Presbyterian Church. North Capitol street and Florida n\v i nue, will speak tomorrow morning at 11 o’clock on the theme, "Seeking the I Kingdom." In the evening at 8 | o'clock, the them© is "Why Be a Christian?” j The Fidelity Bible Class will enter \ tain Wednesday evening the officers ! and the members of the adult Bihle j classes of the Sunday school. Thurs ! day evening at S o'clock the Intern.t --j lional Sunday School Lesson will he ! discussed. EVANGEL TO SPEAK. The First Church of the Nazarene. Seventh and A streets, will hold a se ries of evangelistic meetings, begin ning tomorrow and continuing to No vember 20. Rev. J. B. Mcßride of Pasadena, Calif., will >e the special evangelist. He will be assisted by hi« wife. Evangelist McBridge will arrive here Monday and will preach each night at 7:30 o’clock. The pastor, T. H. Parker, will occupy the pulpit tomorrow, preaching in the morning on "The Spirit of the Christian" and at night on "A Complete Salvation." Enlistment Sunday. Tomorrow will be "Enlistment Sunday" at the Second Baptist Church, Fourth Street and Virginia Avenue Southeast, and also at the East Capitol Street branch, Seventeenth and East Capitol Streets. The pastor, Rev. Elba C. Crimm, will speak in the morning at "Help Wanted." The Lord's Supper will be observed. The night sermon theme will be "Church Failures." This will be preached at two services, at 6:30 o’clock at the East Capitol Street branch and at 8 o’clock at the church. Two Communion Services. Holy communion will be celebrated at 7:30 a.m. at St. Margaret’s Church, Connecticut Avenue and Bancroft Place, tomorrow. At 11 a.m. there will be a second celebration of holy communion, with a sermon by the rector, Rev. Dr. Herbert Scott Smith, and at 4:30 p.m. there will be the monthly musical service, without sermon. The Junior Brotherhood of St. Andrew will meet in the Sunday school library at 10:30 a.m. Missionary Meeting. The Women’s Missionary Society of Calvary Baptist Church will meet next Tuesday morning at 11 o’clock in the Sunday school house. The speaker will Be Miss Margaret T. Applegate of Rochester, N. Y., on "Thinking Young." The devotional service will be led by Mrs. George W. Silsby. Members of the Brown Circle will be hostesses. Home Questions Talks. At the Highlands Baptist Church, the pastor, Rev. Newton Mercer Simmonds, will continue the series of talks on home questions, speaking tomorrow evening on the coming of children into the home, under the title, "Little Feet to Guide." In the morning, communion will be observed. Eight are to be received into the church. Church Holds Attendance Drive. The Western Presbyterian Church has entered upon a church-attendance campaign during November and December. Fifty teams visited the homes of the congregation and have secured pledges from a large majority of the congregation to attend church once each Sunday for two months. Temple Baptist Services. "The Glorious Crown of Parenthood" will be the subject of Rev. Dr. Boorde at Temple Baptist Church tomorrow morning. At the evening service, he will use as his theme "God So Loved." The Bible school meets at 9:30 a.m. and prayer service at 8 pm Thursday. It is not necessary to have had an account at this Bank to borrow. MORRIS PLAN Easy to Pay Monthly Deposit For Loan Months $120.00 $150.00 $150.00 $240.00 $300.00 $250.00 $360.00 $360.00 $540.00 $1,200.00 $600.00 $600.00 THE MORRIS PLAN BANK Under Supervision U.S. Treasury 1408 II STREET, N.W.
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https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony%20Creek%20%28suba%20sa%20Tinipong%20Bansa%2C%20Montana%2C%20Sanders%20County%29
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Antimony Creek (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Montana, Sanders County)
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https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antimony Creek (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Montana, Sanders County)&action=history
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Cebuano
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Spoken
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Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang Antimony Creek.
Suba ang Antimony Creek sa Tinipong Bansa. Nahimutang ni sa kondado sa Sanders County ug estado sa Montana, sa sentro nga bahin sa nasod, km sa kasadpan sa Washington, D.C. Ang Antimony Creek mao ang bahin sa tubig-saluran sa Columbia River ang ulohan sa nasod.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Columbia River (suba sa Tinipong Bansa) tubig-saluran
Mga suba sa Montana (estado)
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https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnu%20M%C4%83gurele
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Turnu Măgurele
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https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turnu Măgurele&action=history
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Dutch
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Spoken
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Turnu Măgurele is een stad (oraș) in het Roemeense district Teleorman. De stad telt 30.089 inwoners (2002).
Stad in Roemenië
Teleorman
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riodejaneirosuah01moreuoft_3
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Portuguese-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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Rio de Janeiro : sua historia, monumentos, homens notaveis, usos e curiosidades
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Moreira de Azevedo, 1832-1903
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Portugueuse
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Spoken
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Em 9 de feveiro de 1871 fallece em Vienna d'Auslria a príncipe Duque de Saxe, deixando 4- filhos. Nesse mesmo anuo, ausentarão-se para a Europa o Imperador e a Imperatriz, e prestou a Princeza D. Izabel em 9 de maio o juramento de regente do Império. 48 o HIO II A loi (lo -IH lie Sotembro do 1871, publicada om 2'.) de sotembro, regulou o elemento servil, libertando o ventre das mullicres escravas, e destle então não nascerào mais escravos no Brazil. Em 22 de junho do anuo seguinte entrou o Brazil em communica. Em 22 de junho do anuo seguinte entrou o Brazil em communica. ção immediata com a Europa por meio do telegrafía transatlántico, acontecimento que loi por todos saudado com grantle jubilo e satisfação. Preso em 10 de janeiro de 1875 o bispo de Olinda, e depois o do Pará, por questões com o poder civil, furão condemnados a i annos de prisão com trabalho pelo supremo tribunal de Justiça; com mutada a pena cm -í- annos de prisão simples, forão os prelados amnistiados por decreto de 17 de setembro de 1875. Em maio deste anno deu-se violenta crise commercial no llio de Janeiro, suspendendo os bancos Mauá, Nacional e Állemão seus pagaumentos, e pedindo moratórias : o gerente do banco Allemão suicidou-se, e o governo para fl.zer face a essa crise emettio 25.000 contos de papel moeda. Em 2-2 de julho de 1875 inauguração directa por cabo submarino entre o Rio de Janeiro e Montevideo, e em 23 de setembro entre o Brasil e o Peru. Em 15 de octubre, fórceps em Parópolis o filhão da Princeza Imperial D. Izabel, o qual baptizão se era 2 de dezembre recibendo os nomes de Pedro de Alcántara, Luiz Felipe Maria, Gastão, Miguel, Rafael, Gonzaga; sendo padrinhos o Imperador e a Imperatriz. No mesmo día da baplisado do Príncipe do Grão Pará abrio-se a quarta exposição de productos nacionaes no palácio da secretaria da agricultura. Em presença da Familia Imperial, da camará municipal, de multas pessoas gradas e de numerosíssimo concurso de povo láminas praça da Acclamação em 14 de março de 1870, a podrá fundadamento do monumento, que se vae erguer para commemorar os grandiosos feitos do exercito e armada nacionaes na guerra do Paraguay; e em 20 de março partirão o Imperador e a imperatriz para os Estados Unidos a visitarem a exposição da Philadelphia, tomando pela segunda vez a regência do Império a Princeza Imperial D. Izabel. CÁPELLA IMPERIAL Creado em 1876 o bispado do Rio de Janeiro, sú seis annos depois chegou á esta cidade o primeiro bispo; e tendo a provisão de 18 de novembro de 1681 declarado o numero dos cónegos que havião de compor o corpo capitular, foi este instituído por D. José de Barros Alarcão em 19 de janeiro de 1685. Os primeiros cónegos, fòrão Dr. João Pimenta de Carvalho, Felipe de Barros Neves, Manoel Lourenço de Carvalho, Amaro Pinheiro, António Dias, Manoel da Costa Escobar e Gaspar Ribeiro Pereira, que começarão a residirem 15 de setembro de 1686. . Installou-se o corpo capitular na igreja de S. Sebastião que servia de SC ; mas deixando o povo o morro do Castello para vir habitar a várzada circumvisinha, foi pouco e pouco se despovoando a montaña, erguerão -se casas nas ruas abertas na planície, que se estendia entre os montes da nascente cidade, e o morro de S. Januário, chamado depois do Castello, tornou-se solitário; pois, exceptuando-se os jesuítas e os cónegos, poucos indivíduos galgavão as ladeiras íngre-mes e extensas dessa moi-tanha. O monte que servira de berço ú cidade do Rio de Janeiro tornou-se deserto, o mato começou a crescer no lugar em que outrara erguão-se habitações ; e por estar em lugar ermo a igreja calhedral, "O mu, kK, JANEIRO" Colocou-se alli umaseiUinolla; iiiasaiiczar disso poneliarào os lailiws na igreja jnir uma poria travessa, e roubarão diversos casliçaes; da segunda vez levarão uua caldeira de praia para agua lienla. Leses allenlados, o mio estado da igreja cathedral, que ora de telha vã, e a distancia eui que se achava do centro da povoação, resolverão o bispo a representar a el-rei em "0-2 pedindo a umdança da SC para a capella de S. José. A carta regia de 13 de março de 1703 ordenou á camará que, ouvindo o parecer e sentimento dos homens bons, inférimasse sobre a pretenção &o bispo, e a mesmo tempo ordenou-se ao governador (pie lizesse o orçauionlo" Da despeza de novo templo, que devia ser levantado sob o risco, feito em Lisboa, pelo padre Francisco Tinoco. Séndo "tardias" as providencias de governo, e receando o bispo algum sacrilégio na igreja cathedral, mandou tirar d'alli o sacramento, consumir as partículas sagradas, e guardar o cofre. Em 13 de setembro de 1703 referio ao rei seu procedimento, e declaró le obtido a igreja da Cruz para cathedral. Mas em 1-2 de setembro de 1704 informara o governador ao rei que as obras necessárias na igreja de S. José, para servir de sé, e (piai a despeza da construção do novo templo). Se vende a escribir el rei ao bispo, cm IG de feve-reiro de 1705, declarando-lhe que, orçando o governador cm mais de 100,000 cruzados a obra da nova sé, convinha que o povo con corresse com esmolas para einprehender-se semelhante obra, pois achavão-se em. máximo estado. Las finanzas de reino. Em consequência da urgente necessidade que havia da mudança da cathedral para outra igreja mais decente e mais próxima da povoação, o bispo, apezar de ainda não estar autorizado, e de não ter transferido a cathedral, já celebrava na igreja da Cruz todos os actos divinos. Vendo invadida sua igreja, a firmandade de Santa Cruz representou a el rei em igreja da Cruz todos os actos divinos. Vendo invadida sua igreja, a firmandade de Santa Cruz representou a el rei em igreja da Cruz, até que se tomasse a uitima deliberação sobre este assumpto. Parecia ao bispo a igreja (la Cruz a melhor para servir de sé, não só por se achar no centro i|;i povoação, como por ser possível augmeulal-a, havendo espaço RIO DE JANEIRO para a oira; pelo que continuar a solicitar; o por cumprir ao ordens regias, no erlado 15 demaio de 1706, pedio ao povo que concurre com esmolas para as obras da nova se. Attendendo a oposicião que se fazia a transferencia da só para a igreja da Cruz. E não tendo tido do throno resposta favorável a este respeito, pedio o bispo a igreja da Candelária para cathedral. Depois de varias cartas regias mandando ouvir o voto da carácter de povo sobre a mudança da cathedral, determinou o alvará de dei de abril de 1721 a transferencia para a igreja da Candelária, para cujas obras se destinavão meia decima das propriedades das duas freguezias da cidade, e 20,000 crusailos fornecidos por quatro annos pela casa da moeda desta cidade ou de Minas. Esse alvará encontrou morto o bispo D. Francisco de S. Jero-nymo, mas continuou seu succès a requerer a trasladação da cathedral; e de feito, corridos algunos annos, permittio o alvará de 30 de setembro de 1733 a mudança da sé para a igreja da Cruz. Sabendo o rei que o cabido não vivia em harmonia com a ir-mandade dos militares, ordenou ao governador que, em conferencia com o bispo e o brigadeiro José da Silva Paes, indicasse outra igreja para cathedral, ou lugar em que de novo se odificasse, conforme parecesse mais conveniente. Estando arruinada a igreja da Cruz, officiou ocabido a el-rci que, em 10 de novembro de 1730, determinou se escolhesse um sitio conveniente, onde se construíse a cathedral; mas- receando serem esmagados sob as rninas da igreja em que estavão, resolverão os cónegos cm 28 de julho de 1737, emigrar para a igreja do Rasario; e tendo consentimento do prelado, dirigirão-so cm [jrocissão para essa igreja na tarde de 1 de agosto, onde não fòrão boheui recebidos. A igreja de S. Sebastião servira de sé mais de meio sé cólera, a da Cruz inais de três annos, e a do Rosario vae ser cathedral durante mais de setenta. Xão julgando-se lisongeados com o titulo de sé cathedral, ipie os cónegos vinhão dar á sua igreja, representarão os pretos a el-rei quando-se de ter o caliido invadido sua igreja. Vojo o capitulo em que se doceve a árbolas ria tuz. K linliào os prelos ra/.ào de estar prevenidos com o ronco. Antes de 1631 nascera na igreja de S. Sebastião a irmandade de Nossa Senhora do Rosario, onde já existia, ou tormou-se mais tarde a ronlVariade S. Bencdiclo. Km 1007 foi eleito Juiz da firmade do Rosario um individuo que ofrece igual cargo na de S. Benedicto ; quiz elle recusar esse duplo cargo, mas não sendo aceita sua escusa, começou a dirigir as duas contrarias. Não sabemos como essejuiz procedeu; certo é, porém, que as duas confrarias, até então amigas, inimislarão-se ; mas, depois de alguns annos de contendas, resolverão formar uma só a invocação de Nossa Senhora do Rosario e S. Benedicto. Approvalo semelhante deliberação, formularão seu compromisso, que foi confirmado em í2"2 demarco de 1009. Instituido o corpo capitular na igreja de S. Sebastião, entrou logo em contenda com a firmade dos pretos ; exigio que no fim de três días exhibisse seus títulos, compromisso e relação de Alfaias; sugilou-se a firmade, que recebe ordem de não praticar ceremo-nia alguma sem participar antes ao cabido. Depois de conllictos e contestações de jurisdicção curvou-se a firmandade, e em lodos os seus actos figurava um conogo, que tudo ordenava, e decidia ; pagava a firmandade propinas e emolumentos dos actos que celebrava, e pagava os sepulturas dos seus confrades. Resolveu procurar abrigo em outra igreja, por não poder sup porlar mais tempo as exigências do cobido ; mas não tendo onde recolher-se, pensou em dissolver-se entregando as imagens e alfaias ao prelado, e já despedira seu capelláo, quando a devota Francisca de Pontes offereccion-lhe um terreno para edificar uma igreja. Requereu a firmandade licença regia para a edificção da igreja, o que alcançou em 1 1 de Janeiro de 1700, e em lU de janeiro ilo mesmo amio obteve o privilegio de celebra. res officios divinos cum sacerdotes de sua escolha. Em agosto de 1701 lavrou-sc em casa de Francisca de Pon-tes a escriptura da doação de um terreno na rua de Pedro da Gosta, hoje largo do Piosario, com 7 braças "de frente e 32 de fundos, para a edificação da igreja da Senhora do Rosário e de S. Benedicto. Em 2 de feveiro de 1708 benzeu o terreno c lançou a iiriniei' RIO DE JANEIRO 53 ra pedra do novo edilicio o padre Dr. João Pimenta, de Carvalho, era presença do cabido, autoridades civis e numeroso concurso de povo. Concluida a capelia-mór concorreu o governador Luiz Vahia Monteiro para a construção do corpo da igreja ; e estavào em aumento as obras, quando ein 20 de agosto de 1728, João Machado Pereira doou á firmado uma capella que possuia nos fundos do novo templo ; e vindo habitar essa capella, se passou a firmado e um 1736 para o templo que construirá. Vé-se quéqué os pretos do Rosario razão de entristecer-se venido os cónegos installados em sua igreja ; de feito transformarão-se estes hospedes era donos da casa ; a irraandade começou a resistir-hes, e representou ao rei que, em resposta, enviou a provisão de 3 de outubro de 1739 ordenando que se conservasse interinamente na igreja do Rosario o cabido e cathedral, em quanto se fazia nova sé, para cuja obra recommendava de novo se escolhesse sitio próprio o seus officios divinos em uma igreja emprestada, e de raistura com os pretos. Conferenciando o bispo, o general Gomes Freire de Andrade e o brigadeiro José Fernandes Pinto Alpoim sobre o Séviamo era que se devia construir a cathedral, depois de diversas deliberaciones, opiarão pela igreja do Rosario, por evitar mais despezas; mas á vista da expressa inhibição régia, e das ordens expedidas en 1746, cerca Ode raaio de Mil, escolheu o governador o terreno onde se devia erguer a sé, segundo o plano do sargento-raór Carlos Manoel, que, por exigir muita despeza, foi desprezado, sendo admitúdo outro feito pelo brigadeiro Alpoim. Mandou Gomes Freire ornar a praça onde tinha de lev;.ntar-se a cathedral, a qual recebeu o nurae de largo da Sé Nova, c mais tarde de S. Francisco de Paula; oi-denou que houvesse symetria e boa direção nos edifícios que fossem alli construídos; e era 4 de setembro de 1748 convidou Ao^bispú, á camará, á nobreza e ao povo para assistirem á colocação da primeira pedra. As 4 horas da tarde do dia 20 de janeiro de 1749 dirigirão-se para o lugar da ceremonia governador, o bispo, a nobreza, povo, clero, ordens e firmandades religiosas, e depois das bênção e sagradação, feitas era uraa capella de taboas erguida pelo bispo, carregou o govilla. (» liio w..iAM;ii;it govcniaildi- a i» ri nu» ira pedra alr o lugar indicado, salvando as íorla- Iczasna tropa dos Ircslcrrosda cidade formados en parada. Colonados os alicerces, levantadas as paredes na altura de :2() (•ovados, lendo-sc cjasto na obra mais de!200,000 cruzados, parou a ronstrucção em 17r):2, uào só por ter de applicar-se as ipiaulias consignadas pará a obra á queslade limites. São por lor di' rcli-rar-sc para essa commissão o governador (lomcs Freire de Andrade. No entanto continuava o cabiilo cm luta com a iluminálile dos precios, qu.e, firmando-se em direitos adrpiiridos, sustentava porliada demanda. Procurou o cabido apossar-se da igreja do Pinsario, mas nào conseguio. Em 1788 retirou do altar-mór S. nenedicto, siilislitiii,lo-o porS. Sebastião, e mandou tapar as sepulturas da capclla-mór; mas o accordào de 27 de setembro de 1791 mandou abrir essas sepulturas, c collocar no respectivo altar a imagem de S. Benedicto. Essa luta manifestava a necessidade de dar-se andamento as obras da sé; e por isso, apczar de não haver consignação regia, a mitra rocomeçou-as por meio de esmolas cm 1700. Os capitulares oídas oídas oídas oídas; mas lentamente camiuluiva a construção daigrej, por não merecer do bispo decidida proíecção, nem do vicc-rèi conde de Rezende, que não c.imprio o que promettera, que era de mandar os galés para substituírem. os serventes. Concluira-se a capella mór e as casas latcraes correspondientes; mas em 1707 cessarão de novo as obras, ficamlo muita madeira lavrada, cantaria preparada e outros materiaes que não forà aproveitados, aproveir do zelo do padre José Coellio Pires da Fonseca, que se encarregara da direção dos trabalhos desde o começo. Tinha-sc dado principio ás torres, e já sobre a verga da eulrula cenlnd viào-se as seitas c o arco, emblemas do marlyrin do Santo padreiro da cidade e orago do templo. Reípiere o cabido ao rei a continuação da obra c auxilio para eila; mas as guerras do Napoleão preoccupavão çntão o governo piotiguez, e não se abria facilmente o erário régio, quando se tratava de erguer edifícios. na colónia da America; assim ficou paralysada a constancia da sé; e só mais tarde foi concluído o edilicio para fim muito diverso, como veremos ipiaiido tratarmos da Foscola Pulytliechnica. OFIO DE JANEIRO OO Continnara a igreja do Rosario a servir interinamente de cathedral, e essa interinidade durou mais de setenta annos! Esta igreja, que recebera os bispos D. frei António de Desterro, e D. José Joaquim Justiniano, recebera em 8 de março de 1808 a familia real de Bragança, e em 13 de maio o bispo D. José Caetano. O alvará de lõ de juuho de 1808 elevou á capella real e cathedral a igreja dos frades carmelitas, e na tarde desse mesmo dia deixou o cabido a igreja do Rosario. Este templo, cuja fundação já descrevemos, acha-se edificado no largo do Rosario defronte da rua do mesmo nome; tem um átrio da rua do mesmo nome; tem um átrio la-drilhado de pedra e cercado com grades de ferro; o pórtico é de mármore, ha duas janellas no coro, o entablamento, um segundo corpo com um óculo, e o frontão recto. Tinha uma única torre mui baixa, ao lado esquerdo, mas em 1860 construído-se outra do lado osto, a qual também não tem elegância. Edificado sem um plano determinado, sem as regras da arte, patenteia este edificio o nosso atrazo e pobreza dos tempos coloniaes, e ahi subsiste como ura padrão do máo gosto e ignorância daquelles que erguerão-no, e daquelles que conservão-no. O interior é ura extenso salão acaçapado cora Oratos mesquillos de máo desenho; contuvue altares, hoje tem sete; era 1801 preparado o artista António Jázquez Monteiro a obra de talha que ormamenta o templo; construío quatro coluranas c diversas pilastras para sustentarem o coro; assoalhou e forrou a igreja, e cobrio de mármore o pavimento por debaixo do curo. A capella mór era pequena, porem o firmão António da Silva Ríbeiro reformámona em 1773, e deu-lhe a extensão e a altura que apresenta. Na sacristia, que está ao lado direito, veem-se o retrato de Luiz Valladolido, que a firmade, em signal de gratidão, mandou fazerem 1736; o do bispo D. Pedro Maria de Lacerda, e o de Abrajião Felipe de Espirito Santo, que conseguio accumular os castos da firmade. Para emprega-los em 1861 na reconstrução da igreja, aberta aos fieis era 1863. Falleço este prestimoso juicio da firmadade em. 18 de março de 1867. Do mesmo lado da sacristia está o consistório, cuja construção começuii em 1 "(ti"; c do ([iial leremos aiula de lallar quando oreí-paros do paro da camará municipal. A firmado do Rosário celebrava outrora pomposas festas, com procissão e dansas pela rua, nas quaes viào-se um rei e uma rainha eleitos pelos seus confrades; mas pouco e pouco forão-se modificando esses divertimentos, e em 18:20 deixarão de ser eleitos o rej e a rainha dos prelos (1) Dissemos que da igreja do Rosário passou o cabido para a igreja dos frades do Carmo, cuja origem convém o leitor conhecer. Na nascente cidade de S. Sebastião erguera uma mulher devota a ermida da Senhora do O' á beira mar. Nessa ermida, que abençoava as aguas do oceano, onde se reflecta, abrigarão-se em 1589 dous frades benedictinos, e no anuo seguinte alguns frades carmelitas, que alcançarão a doação da capação da capação da camará. Mas a velha ermida já não podia suster-se em seus fracos aíi. Cerca, e em dia de festividade desabou, sepultando sob sua ruina multos firis. No rnesmo lugar resolverão os frades levantar um [oinplo, o em 10 de ma o de 17GI lançavão a primeira pedra, cm prcsínça do governador, da camará e de outras pessoas da nobreza. Da ilha das Enxadas, que lhes tinha sido doada, extrahirão a pedra para a edilição da igreja. Acha-se este Edificio no principio da rua Primeiro de Março, e separado da igreja de Carmo por um corredor descober, e fechado com portes de ferro. Levantado de chão três degráos, é o alrio mais saliente que o da igreja do Carmo, cercado com gradil de ferro e ladrilhado de mosaico de mármore, árroga portas, divididas por pilastras, dão entrada no templo; seguão o entablamento, as três janellas do coro com vidrai. YiVse depois um terceiro corpo, com duas pilastras com capiteis co- (1) Veja Breve Noticia da firmandade de N. S. do Rosario e S. Beiiedicto por Joaquim José da Costa. RIO DE JANEIRO Rio de Janeiro, no centro um nicho que corta o tynipano, no qual está as arnins do Império, e por fim o frontão recto e a cruz. Quando chegou a familia real não estava concluida a front (2) La máxima destinada esta igreja para capella real, construío-se um frontão de madeira, colocando-se no tympano as armas reaes. O átrio tío ha grado de páo, e era assoalhado de madeira. No reinado do primeiro imperador o architecto Pedro Alexanderino Cavroé fez o desenho e dirigio a obra do terceiro corpo, que completa a fachada da igreja; substituirão-se as grades de madeira do átrio por grades de ferro, e cobrio-se de mármore o pavimonto; mas ha dons ou tresannos foi esse hidiilho substituído por outro. A fachada desta igreja não pertência a uma ordem regular de architectura, e são baixas as pilastras do terceiro corpo era relação os capiteis que enfeitão-nas. Em frente de cada porta ha um paravento construído no tempo do rei D. João VI. O templo conta sete altares e duas capellas fundas, e ornado de talha dourada feita em 1785 pelo mestre Ignacio, que também ornamentou a capella-mór da igreja dos benedictinos. Ignorão-se o dia, o anno do nascimento e da morte desse hábil artista; noemtanto merecia que delle se desse noticia circumstanciada, pois é de admirável perfeição a talha de estylo barroco, que enfeita o interior da igreja cathedral; os anjos, as columnas, os arabescos, as flores e outros enfeites são de tanta belleza e perfeição, que reconhece-se ter sido um artista de génio quem concebéu e executão semelhantes trabalhos. Mas outrora ulilisavão-se do talento dos artistas, exiarião delles muito esforço, muito trabalho, porem, concluida a obra, deixavão-nos na obscuridade, e não julgavão útil indagar qual a pátria, o dia, o anno em que o filho da áste viera ao mundo. O misero era desprezado e considerado simples art. Esão. Insensatos, não coraprehendião que esses operários do progresso deixarião gravados seus nomes na pedra, na madeira, no bronze, e que a posteridade recordando-os, teria de lançar maldição sobre aquel-les que não amarão e prezarão os autores de taes obras! Os altares do lado do evangelho pertêm ao Senhor dos Passos, a S. José e a S. João Baptista, eos da epistola a Senhor da Ca- 8 N U lilO 1>K.lANKIl Dia, a Salida Aiiia c a S..Iitfio Nciuiiimcciio c a SuiUo António.Moni- 1,0 (lo C'"'io. No aliai" (Ic S..Idsc lunar unia SiMilima da Vicloria. iiiiP, rrli- rada dos dospojos iiiiiiiii;os na coi(|iiisla de (layoiina, loi reinoltiila jiolo j^uv No aliai" (Ic S..Idsc lunar unia SiMilima da Vicloria. iiiiP, rrli- rada dos dospojos iiiiiiiii;os na coi(|iiisla de (layoiina, loi reinoltiila jiolo j^uv No aliai" (Ic S..Idsc lunar unia SiMilima da Vicloria. iiiiP, rrli- rada dos dospojos iiiiiiiii;os na coi(|iiisla de (layoiina, loi reinoltiila jiolo j^uv No aliai" (Ic S..Idsc lunar unia SiMilima da Vicloria. iiiiP, rrli- rada dos dospojos iiiiiiiii;os na coi(|iiisla de (layoiina, loi reinoltiila jiolo j^uv No aliai" (Ic S..Idsc lunar unia SiMilima da Vicloria. iiiiP, rrli- rada dos dospojos iiiiiiiii;os na coi(|iiisla de (layoiina, loi reinoltiila jiolo j^uv No aliai" (Ic S..Idsc lunar unia SiMilima da Omiadur por Ujuez ao príncipe regia de D. João, que ninguno collocal a eai um aliar da sua real capella, assiui como duas bandeiras loniadasao inimigo; mas celebrada a paz geral na Europa, relirarão-se as bandeiras, e algum tempo depois a imagem, (pie está actualmente depositada no thesourú da capella. Em um altar da igreja de S. Sebastião no Castello rollucaia M.r-lim de Sá, com permissão do prelado Aborim, a imagem da Senhora da Cabeça; e para sustentar o culto e festejar a imagem de sua devocião, instituirá o fundador p itrimonio, por escriplura de 2-i d(! abril de ICiH», lavrada pelo tabellião António de Andrade. Marlim de Sá, nascido no Hio de Janeiro em 1555, fallece em 10 de agosto de 1882, tendo spultura na igreja rpie descrevemos, e era (illio de Salvador Corrêa de Sá o velho, que nascido em 1530 perece em li»;!! com 101 annos de idade. Tomara o cabido a Senhora da Cabeça por sua padreira, e conduzida a imagem para a igreja da Cruz, e desta para a do Rosário, queb rou-se por ser de barro; mas o padre Gaspar Ribeiro Pereira mandou fazer em Lisboa outra de madeira semelhante ángel, e essa imagem secular ainda se conserva na cathedral, onde o cabido a festeja annualment como sua padreira. Entre os altares e as capellas fundas estão os púlpitos. As capellas são separadas do corpo da igreja por grades de baustrés dourados. A da epistola pertência a S. Pedro de Alcántara, cuja imagem de mármore branco foi enviada de Pioma a D. l'edro I, de tauianhu natural, e está de joelhos sobre uma pedra. Na base do altar vè-se em um tumulo de vidro a imagem de S. Julianetti que, olvidada á Imperatriz D. Thereza Cliristina, foi depositada em 1850 neste altar. Em 1870, collocou-se nesta capella, dentro de Una armada de vidrio, a bambiira de voluntarios da patria, que, dentro muitos, foi um ipie mais se distinguio na guerra de Paraguay. Percibido esta capella a sua. Si algo se sintiendo de pasos, es una verdadera de la terra, que la terra a púlpito, e outra da sacristia do cura. Era esta capella igual a que ía-lhe fronteira, mas D. João VI deu-lhe a extensão ijue apresenta. Ha no corpo da igreja três tribunas de cada lado divididas por pilastras; pertencião as do lado direito ás damas do paço, mas actualmente servim de thesouro de alfaias, e occupão as damas as do lado fronteiro No tempo de D. João VI havia, úm do coro, um ante-ciéro sustentado por columnas, para conter a numerosa orchestra das festas reças; e na frente desse coro via-se uma rárancia construida peí artista António José, a qual abria e fechava a boca quando oí'gão locava; porém em 18.VJ supprimio-se ess A carranca, que excitava o riso nos actos religiosos. Na boca de coro véase uma peca representando os canudos do orgà, que está collocado na parte posterior. Dous degráis dão subida para a capella-mór, que é fechada com balaustres dourados, e apresenta no altar a imagem de S. Sebastião, e a painel de trinta e dous palmos de cumprimento e deseseis de largura com os retratos em corpo inteiro de D. Maria I, que conduz pela mão o príncipe D. Pedro, seu neto, de D. João VI e da rainha Carlota; in parte superior está entre anjos e nuvens, a Senhora do Carmo, (pie estende seu manto sobre as pessoas reaes; vè-se inferiormente de cadi lado um anjo, um cora uma cesta de flores, o outro com uma esphera cuja historia encontrará a lector no fim deste capitulo. Oído meia prebenda, um subchantre, quatro capelícães, quatro moços do coro, um organista, um mestre de capella, um sacristão, um porteiro da massa, um cura e um coadjnctor. A provisão de 1 de março de 1681 creou o mestre de ceremo na; o alvará de 19 de outubro de 1733 augmenta lu as cadei; de doutral, magistral, penitenciário e duas de meia prebenda; e o de 3 de dezembro de 1750 elevou a doze os capellães, incluindo o mestre de ceremonia; creou-se em 9 de dezembro de 1758 a conezia parochial, sendo essa cadeira igualada a de prebenda inteira. Consta-va assim a folha dos ministros da si; de cinco dignidades, dez cónegos de prebenda inteira, quinto de meia prebenda, todos com voto no cabido, doze capellães incluindo o sub-chantre e o mestre de ceremonia, moços do coro, dous sacristães, um mór e outro menor pago pela fabrica, um parteiro da massa, um parteiro da massa, um parteiro da massa. Mestre de capella e um organista. Em 1808 o príncipe regente D. João elevou a monsrionhores as cinco dignidades do cabido, e para completar o nuestro de seis, creou a dignidade de arcipreste; nugineión o numero dos capitulares e de todo pessoal, dividio os cónegos em duas cathegorias, presbíteros e diáconos, e coni'élles o uso do roquec e capas magnas roxas c umrças encimadas. Em '21 de dezembro de 1808 honrou-os com o tratamento de senhoria, e aos mouscnhores concedeu illusirissíma. Conta atlualmenle o corpo capitular seis mouscnhores, descseís cónegos, qualorze capellàes, três mestres de ceremonia, e um de sólio; um monsenhor ou cónego exerce o lahri- José de Oliveira. Riéndose, e um dos concios "curn da imperial capella, tendo por ovellas os empregados de jingo e os da capella imperial. Os nombres en não conção missa, e baptisado dos príncipes. A outra porta vae ter á sacristía, que tem um altar com a ima gem de Christo, iim arcaz sobre o qual vèse um painel da Gonceição que pertéenceu ao tribunal da Pielação, e um esguiche de mármore em um quartinho próximo. Junto des quartinho houve uui jardim, cujas paredes cráós ornadas com pinturas e trabalhos de conchas, marcando os dias de galla de Brasil; servia de recreo ás pessoas imperíae?, e títima sabida para a rua do Carmo por uma porta que ain la existe, sobre a qual vèse a corona imperial e embaixo um P. Actualmente está este jardim transformado em latrina. As outras duas portas de corpo da igreja de entrada, uma para o corpo, a outra para a capella de Senhor dos Passos. Aberta em 1857 a una Sete de Selemnbro al ao largo ilo Paço, perdero os cónegos e a llegada calhedral certas accommoiladas; constituí-se o passado que une o pil icio i capella, deu-se enlada para o coro pelo interior da igreja, inulihsarào-se algumas tribunas como já vimos, e do lado da rua Setembro estendeu-se um corredor que vae ter á torre, ás tribuias da c.riella do Sacramento e da capilla-mòr, eásala do cabido que é p/ (ueni, aial ornada, e tem um oratório que conserva-se aberto i^ illumiuado em quanto o cabido trabalha; chamava-se oulr'ora Sala do empregado, por allí residir o empregado das tribunas. A vista de la S. Miliián Passos não pala exoriaminámilc forma de irrigação pura uma riisa de sobrado colooada en circulo e loiíiiln ea lonv; lom um alrio ladrilhado di? párra com gradil de forro, il;ias por tas no 1" pavimento, e días janellas de sicada no 2." InliM"iorinenlc ó oriíaila com talha dourada, tem no tocto iini painel do descimímilo da Cruz (*); iriii cipeilinha fim li con a im - gem do irago, e dons altares, um nniito anf,i;jf), cmi a imagnm de Chrislo, tendo latoral'nente dons painéis, que representa a Señorad. Dores e S João, e o outro feito Ha poucos algunos con consagrado A Senhora dos Mysterios. A torre da igreja é baixa, sem gosto, nem regras de archilene; parece torre de uma igreja de aldea; tem na parede anterior o alpendre da antiga portaria do convento do Carmo, sobre o alpendre ha uma janella de peitoril, depois outra de sacada, o mostrador do religio, a abertura dos sinos e o pin,tcnlo em forma d'abri, da sua, sus tentando sobre uma espher i um gálio de metal que gyra á merc' do vento. Antes de abrir-se anu at' a praça, subia-se á torre por uma escada, que principiava em umpateo. Por estar esta igreja ligada ao edificio, que foi Ir.inifoi-iiiado em palácio, tencionou lo; D. Joào VI apossar se dtélla para cipella real; de feito fez celohrar al!i em 12 de lu irç o de 1808 uma solem-nidade em acião de graças p.?h sui c.hogida ao Rio de íaneiro ; toda a familia real assistio á festa, que terminou com Tt-D."i e pro-cissão, indo ás varisdo pallio o principiêpe regente, o infinte í). Pedro Carlos, o principe D. Pedro e os grandes ilo reino, o salvando os navios, fortidezas e um destacamento postado na rua Direita. Elevada esta igreja á capella real, hnivo alli em ás de junho, a festa do corpo de Deus com assistência das ppssoas reaes e do bispo, e procissão ;icompanhada pelo rei, seus íillios, fidalgos, clero regular e secidar. Oito dias esteve exposto o Sacramento, lindos os que celebrou-se a festividade própria da casa real com procissão á tarde ; mas, corrid os alguns annos suprimio-se a pro ásarlo ilo oiia vario. E' anliqiiissima no Rio de Janeiro a procissão do Corpo de Deus, a qual ein KjOS cahio cm desuso; mas a camará restaurou-a orde- (■) '-'íja a biojiraphia do artística Maiio^lda Cunha. HIO DE JANEIRO 63 nando que os juizes dos ferreiros e padeiros apresentarião a imagen de S. Jorge, os dos alfaiates a serpe, os dos sapatores o dragão, os dos tanoeiros os cavallos, os dos marcineiros a imagem do Menino Deos, os dos ourives e pedreiros acompaiiliarião com suas tochus, e os dos taverneiros e mercadores apresentarião uma dansa para cujo lui se devería fintar. Coníi o tempo forà se supriiindo essas cousas ridículas e impróprias do culto; mas ainda hoje veem-se o S. Jorge parafusado sobre a sella de um cavallo, seu pagem a cavallo, e de calleira de rabitdio, o homem d'armis também a cavallo e envolvido e uma armadura de ferro, uma banda de músicos, ridículo. amente vestidos, e 10 on 12 cavallos envoltos em mantos de panno verde e com fitas entrelaçadas nas crinas e na cauda! Sahe o santo guerreiro da igreja de S. Gonçalo Garcia, e logo que completa seu giro, segue a procissão do Corpo de Deus, composta de armadades, confrarias, ordens religiosas, do cabido, do clero, do bispo, do imperailor e grandes do Império; armão-se com cortinas de si'da as janellas do paço e de algumas casas, e um batalhão acompanha o préstito; mas outrora toda a tropa, quer da guarda nacional quer de linha, postava se nas ruas em que transitava a procissão, e acompanhava-a. Também sahe da capella imperial a procissão de S. Sebastião. Ordenau o alvará de 30 de setembre de 1733 que houvesse na igreja de S. Sebastião, no Castello, un capellão privativo, e que no dia 27 de janeiro, depois dos oficios divinos e da missa conveniente da cathedral, conduzissem o cabido e o clero, sem excepção do regular, a imagem de S. Sebastião ao Castello, onde se cantaria missa solenme, sendo declarado de guarda esse dia. Desde então essa procissão começou a ser feita no oitavario, e não no próprio dia do santo, como se fazia. At,'- 1757 curaprio-sc exactamente o alvará, e elebrando-se a procissão logo apijs dos oficios na cathedral, e na antiga sé havia outra missa cantada com assistência do cabido e da camará ; mas tendo de fazer-se a procissão em horas de luuito calor, que cultava a subida da ladeira do Gollegio, hoje do Carmo, resolveu o cabido dividirse, ficando parte na sé, e conduzirá segunda missa, e conduzirá a imagem de tarde. Approvala esta clolificación, mais piélava, e pela lana, a procurar a procurar de tan le, como se prueba até hoje. Era a caminar que se encarrió a esta clolificación, e ilustre seguirá a esta clolificación, e donde volva occidentalmente no dia seguinte. Nas três noites anteriores ao dia da saulo pailroeiro da cidade illurárias os edificios pubUcos e casas piuticulares, pagando ou-trora multa ([uem nào deitava luminárias; o o principe regente D. Joào ordenou que a Ibrtaleza da ilha das Cobras salvasse no como e fim das illuminações; o que ainda se pratica. Em uma(|uinta-leirada quaresma sahe da capelli imperial para a igreja da Misericórdia a imagem do Senhor dos Passos, que no dia seguinte percorre as ruas em procissrio solemne, visitando os passos em diversas igrejas, os quaes outrora erào apresentados em ditVerentes ruas. Seguindo o costume dos vice-reis, de U. Jofio VI e Pedro I, acompaña D. Pedro II a imagem até a Misericórdia Depois da revolução de 7 de abril viva o povo sobresaltado e apprehensivo pela continua perturbação da ordem publica, pois raro era o dia em que não havia um motim ou desordem, que levava os moradores a fecharem as portáis; e lendo haviilo na tarde dessa procisão um distúrbio, foi ella supprimida durante annos; porém resta-belecida mais tarde, é ainda hoje celebrada com pompa. No reinado de D. Joà, o amigo dos frades e dos actos religiosos, fazão-se solemcs festividades na igreja cathedral; então occupavão o púlpito pregadores eminentes como Rodovalho, Lado de Cristo, S. Carlos, Sampaio, Monte Álvarez, Januário e outros, que por sua dicção castigada e enérgica, gesto grave e apropriado arrebatavão o auditório, e glorificavão a cadeira. Da igreja; região a orchestra os mestres José Mauricio e. Marcos Portugal, que trausforinavão os hymnos da igreja em harmonias celestes; e toda a familia real, os nuistros, os fidalgos, a corte, e o povo assistição ás solemnidades no léemplo ricamente decorado com cortinas de vellido e seila franjidos de ouro. O RIO DE JANEIRO Mas hoje as festas da cathedral são executadas sem pompa, sem a gravidade e decência conveniente; também já passou a época de gloria do púlpito brazileiro, e um musico estrangeiro quem rega a orchestra; por isso são estas festividades pouco concorridas, e consideradas como simples actos do culto, ou da etiqueta da curte! Já vimos que a capella imperial está longe de ser um monumento, e não apresenta a vastidão e magnificência das cathedraes da Europa; era um bom templo para um convento, mas e mesquinho como cathedral e capella imperial. Essa antiga igreja de frades, sem belleza nem architectura, patenteia nosso atrazo e pouco gesto pelas artes: e se na altura e grandeza dos edifícios que ergueu, deixa um povo signal. de sua existências, parece que não será famosa a nossa gloria, pois seguindo a phrase de Lúcio Floro res est unius celatis, só preoccupa-nos os acontecimentos, os interesses, as paixões da época em que vivemos. JOSÉ LEANDRO DE CARVALHO José Leandro de Carvalho era Muriqui, lugar de dis. Istico de Ilaborahy, onde ainda residem parentes seus. Mostrando propensão para a arte da pintura, dirigio-se a Rio de Janeiro, c aqui começou a estudíir o desenho com um homemardo Manoel Patola. Rápidos força seus progressos, porque grande era a propensão que títima para a arte de Rubens c Van-Dieck, e immenso fieu talento. Consta que lura recrutado para soldado, mas, por intenção de seus amigos, conseguio libértar-se da Praça. Pintura para a igreja do Bom Jesus um painel da Aicencào quf desappareceu; fez diversos retratos de D. João VI, e foi elle o pintor que melhor copiou as feições desse rei. Para o theatro S João, hoje de S. Pedro de Alcántara, pintou alguns scenarios, que competirão com os do scenographo portuguez Manoel da Costa. Em 1817 encarregou-se do douraraento da capella real, obra que licou concluída em um mez, trabalhando diariamente iuais de 200 artistas. Como não ficasse bem acabado o dourado da cimalha oferece ao thesoureiro da casa real, Joaquim José de Azevedo, depois marqucz de Jundiahy, para fazer de novo o trabalho, sem retribuição alguma; porém o thesoureiro, recusou dizendo : — El rei nosso senhor não necessita do Por favor de público, José Leandro, apóstolos, que ornato as pilastras de interior da igreja cathedral, no quero; seria uma deslealdade indigna de mim e da minha arte. O artista italiano pintou ama monstruosidade, e José Leandro fez o lindo palacie já por nós descripto. Consta que recebeu por este trabalho um conto de réis. Pintura a cola alguna prophetas para cobrirem as imagens do templo de Francisco de Paula, nos días de quaresma; esse trabalho desaparece, mas dizem os homens velhos que era primoroso, pois na pintura a cola sobre o panno, excedeu José Leandro a todos seus contemporâneos. Para a mesma igreja pintou dous anjos, que olvava a capella-raór. Para a varanda da coronação de D. João VI preparou um lindo palél; e quer nas festas deste rei, quer nas do primeiro imperador do Brazil, as mais bellas pinturas, os mais lindos palélis sahirão do pincel deste artista. Pertenceu a primeira sociedade de piùilores instituída no Rio de Janeiro, na qual jamais quiz occupar o menor cargo. Amando a arte que professava, e a terra em que quiera, que enseñar, púgil curou ensinar o que saber. La deixou bons discípulos que honrarão seu nome, entre outros Francisco Ignacio de Araújo Lima, que dislin guio-se como scenographo, cum seu lilho, José Leandro de Carvalho que pintava flores admiravelmente. Casara-se José Leandro com uma moça de perigrina formosura, chamada Águeda, e além do lilho que foi artista, teve outro chamado Marcez Genserico de Carvalho. Exaltados os ânimos pelo movimento revolucionário de 7 de abril de 1831, que occasionou a queda do primeiro imperador, huve quem se lembrasse de mandar apagar as figuras das pessoas reas, que havia no palvel da capella-imperial; deja desaparecer dalli a figura de Pedro I que a nação repellira, sentenciavão mutos, e assim escolheu-se um artista para borrar o. quadro da capella. Também quando Cromwell subio ao poder vendu-se a um cuileiro a estatua de Carlos I erguida na praça Charing Gross. Veremos que não fui este o único desacato contra a efligio da quelle imperador, que abdicou sem resistir, e sem fazer victimas. Qui/.erào que o artista Debrét se incumbisse de inutilizar o palme de José Leandro, mas elle escusou-se ; chamarão o autor do quadro, que com mão tremula e coração dolorido, tomou a broxa, e correu um camada de cola sobre os retratos da familia de Bragança. Sujeitou-se José Leandro a este sacrifício, mas comprehende que obedecia á exaltação da época, que uma vez serenada, reconheceria, que não é profanando objectos de arte, que um povo se vinga, antes avilta-se ; pensou o artista que, quietos os ânimos, aquellas figuras terião de reapparecer, porque o povo respeita sempre o seu pasado, e preza suas recorda. ções. Por isso cobrio com uma simples camada de cola as figuras de seu quadro. Mas o sacrifício títima sido supremo; o próprio artista profanara sua obra, e desde então viveu melancólico e taciturno, até deixar o mundo pela eternidade em 9 de novembro de 1834. Conduzido o corpo em uma rede para a igreja de S. Francisco de Paula, mandou a ordem celebrar no dia seguinte encommendação e Ubem-nK pelo finado, que occupara o cargo de definidor, e deu-lhe sepultura na catacumba n. 4:2. Fomos nós que com pesquiza e trabalho descobrimos o jazgo deste habil artista nacional, que como súe acontecer aos artistas no Brazil, morreu pobre. Dissera o douto escriptor e artista Porto-Âlegre que não era irremediável o facto praticado sobre o palaclo de José Leandro. De feito, gessando-se e dourando-se a capella imperial em 1850, foi convidado para retocar esse painel no qual só apparecia a imagem da o frades benedictinos, frei de João Porcallio, deu-llies o governador Salvador Correo de Sá, para asylo a ermida de N. Senhora de O', situada na praia da cidade. Desejando fundaram mosteiro era lugar silencioso e retirado, obtivará esses monges de Diogo de Brito Lacerda, por escriptura de 15 de março de 1590, o morro fronteiro ao Castello, no qual havia uma capellema da Conceição, edificada por Aleixo Manoel e sua mulher com o beneplácito de Lacerda. Essa ermida e a quinta ou granja, que allí títulos, doarão Aleixo Manoel e sua mulher Fraancica da Costa aos frades bentos sob a condição de festejarem á Senliosra da Conceição com missa cantada, e celebrarem missas por Alma dos doa-dores (1). Ignora-se o dia em que os monges benedictinos se passarão para a ermida da Conceição, e apenas referem as chronicas ler havido nesse dia copiosa chuva depois de longa e tormentosa secca. Sendo primeiro presidente frei Pedro Ferraz derão os frades principio a ronstrução do mosteiro ; em 4628 tornou-se o con- (1) Veja Sanctuario Mariano. 72 o RIO nE JANEIRO vento casa regular, típico por primera albaile Irei Ruperlo de Jesús, cujo retraído a sua se conserva; demolida a cipella de Aleixo Manoel, resolverão os frades levantar junto do convento, uma igreja de vastas dimensões; c, comeridaa obra em 1633, licou concluída em 1641 ou 1042. Dez annos depois erguião, unido á igreja, um convento digno da ordem, ficando construída a parte do edíkio que se estende da igreja para o mar, e está voltada para a cidade. Em 1648 contribuiráo os monges com mantimentos e gado para a armada rpie foi restaurar o reino da Angola, apoderarão-se do forte da Ilha das Cobras, donde fizerão fogo pira a fortaleza de S. Sebastião no morro Castello, e para o morro de S. Bento, onde os frades havião armado um forte commandado pelo sargento-mórgo Gaspar da Costa Athayde ; as balas inimigas crivarão as paredes do mosteiro, que experimentou grandes estragos ; e rendida a praça em 23 de março, aquartelarão-se os chefes da armada inimiga nas cellas dos religiosos, dos quaes levarão alguns livros e destruirão o archivo. Para o resgate da cidade contribuirão os monges com 1 :õ75fii680. Em 1732 um incêndio devorou o dormitório do mosteiro que olha para o sul e parte do de leste ; e se não fossem os promptos soccorros prestados pelo governador Luiz V Ahia Monteiro, pelos franciscanos e pelo povo seria também a igreja presa das chammas.
| 47,404 |
https://github.com/koukyo1994/golang-bootcamp/blob/master/ch04/ex4.14/main.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
CC0-1.0
| null |
golang-bootcamp
|
koukyo1994
|
Go
|
Code
| 380 | 1,351 |
package main
import (
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"html/template"
"log"
"net/http"
"net/url"
"time"
)
const APIEndpoint = "https://api.github.com"
type User struct {
Login string `json:"login"`
HTMLURL string `json:"html_url"`
}
type Issue struct {
Number int
HTMLURL string `json:"html_url"`
Title string
State string
User *User
CreatedAt time.Time `json:"created_at"`
Body string // マークダウン(Markdown)形式
}
type IssuesSearchResult struct {
TotalCount int `json:"total_count"`
Items []*Issue
}
type MileStone struct {
Title string
URL string
State string
Creator *User
Description string
}
func fetchIssues(owner, repo string) (*IssuesSearchResult, error) {
result := IssuesSearchResult{}
issueURL := APIEndpoint + "/search/issues"
q := url.QueryEscape("repo:" + owner + "/" + repo + " bug")
resp, err := http.Get(issueURL + "?q=" + q)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer resp.Body.Close()
if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("search query failed: %s", resp.Status)
}
if err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&result); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return &result, nil
}
func fetchMilestone(owner, repo string) ([]*MileStone, error) {
var result []*MileStone
url := APIEndpoint + "/repos/" + owner + "/" + repo + "/milestones"
resp, err := http.Get(url)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer resp.Body.Close()
if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("search query failed: %s", resp.Status)
}
if err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&result); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return result, nil
}
var tmpl = template.Must(template.New("bugrepots").Parse(`
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Bug and Milestone Reports</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>{{.Issues.TotalCount}} bugs found</h1>
<table>
<tr style='text-align: left'>
<th>#</th>
<th>State</th>
<th>User</th>
<th>Title</th>
</tr>
{{range .Issues.Items}}
<tr>
<td><a href='{{.HTMLURL}}'>{{.Number}}</a></td>
<td>{{.State}}</td>
<td><a href='{{.User.HTMLURL}}'>{{.User.Login}}</a></td>
<td><a href='{{.HTMLURL}}'>{{.Title}}</a></td>
</tr>
{{end}}
</table>
<h1>milestones</h1>
<table>
<tr style='text-align: left'>
<th>Title</th>
<th>State</th>
<th>Creator</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
{{range .Milestone}}
<tr>
<td><a href='{{.URL}}'>{{.Title}}</a></td>
<td>{{.State}}</td>
<td><a href='{{.Creator.HTMLURL}}'>{{.Creator.Login}}</a></td>
<td>{{.Description}}</td>
</tr>
{{end}}
</table>
</body>
</html>
`))
func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
var (
owner = "golang"
repo = "go"
)
if err := r.ParseForm(); err != nil {
log.Print(err)
}
for k, v := range r.Form {
switch k {
case "owner":
owner = v[0]
case "repo":
repo = v[0]
}
}
issues, err := fetchIssues(owner, repo)
if err != nil {
log.Print(err)
}
milestone, err := fetchMilestone(owner, repo)
if err != nil {
log.Print(err)
}
if err := tmpl.Execute(w, struct {
Issues *IssuesSearchResult
Milestone []*MileStone
}{issues, milestone}); err != nil {
log.Print(err)
}
}
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/", handler)
log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe("localhost:8000", nil))
}
| 12,761 |
https://github.com/ParatrooperKevin/mrit/blob/master/recon/combcoils.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
mrit
|
ParatrooperKevin
|
C++
|
Code
| 313 | 910 |
/*
combines coil images using sensitivity maps to retain phase.
usage: o = combcoils(m, s)
input:
m : coil images. [x y z coils images]
s : sensitivity maps. [x y z coils]
output:
o : single combined image. [x y z]
*/
#include "mex.h"
#include <math.h>
#define X plhs[0]
#define M prhs[0]
#define S prhs[1]
// don't worry about dynamic memory allocation for now
#define MAXNC 64
void mexFunction(int nlhs, mxArray *plhs[], int nrhs, const mxArray *prhs[])
{
// get sizes
const mwSize *msize = mxGetDimensions(M);
size_t ndims = mxGetNumberOfDimensions(M);
int nx = msize[0];
int ny = msize[1];
int nz = msize[2];
int nc = msize[3];
int ni = (ndims>4) ? msize[4] : 1;
int nv = nx*ny*nz;
// create output array
mwSize outsz[4];
outsz[0] = nx;
outsz[1] = ny;
outsz[2] = nz;
outsz[3] = ni;
X = mxCreateNumericArray(ndims-1, outsz, mxDOUBLE_CLASS, mxCOMPLEX);
double *xr = mxGetPr(X); double *xi = mxGetPi(X);
// get input data
double *mr = mxGetPr(M); double *mi = mxGetPi(M); /* image data from coils */
double *sr = mxGetPr(S); double *si = mxGetPi(S); /* senstivities */
double stmr; // s' * m
double stmi;
double stsr; // s' * s
double stsi;
int ix, iy, iz, ic, ip, ii; // indices
int io, co; // image and coil offsets
int nvpf = nx*ny*nz*nc;
for (ii=0; ii<ni; ii++){
io = ii*nvpf;
// voxel-wise recon ........................................................
for (ix=0; ix<nx; ix++)
for (iy=0; iy<ny; iy++)
for (iz=0; iz<nz; iz++){
ip = iz*nx*ny+iy*nx+ix;
// performs a pseudo-inverse, i.e. Ax = b -> x = inv(A'A)*A'b
// m = s x (x is a scalar)
// x = (s'm)/(s's)
stmr = 0.0;
stmi = 0.0;
stsr = 0.0;
stsi = 0.0;
for (ic=0; ic<nc; ic++){
co = ic*nv;
stmr += sr[ip+co]*mr[ip+co+io]+si[ip+co]*mi[ip+co+io];
stmi += sr[ip+co]*mi[ip+co+io]-si[ip+co]*mr[ip+co+io];
stsr += sr[ip+co]*sr[ip+co]+si[ip+co]*si[ip+co];
// stsi is always zero
}
xr[ip+ii*nv] = stmr/stsr;
xi[ip+ii*nv] = stmi/stsr;
}
// .........................................................................
}
}
| 37,778 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/24342369
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
|
C.Evenhuis, beppe9000, https://stackoverflow.com/users/292411, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3389585
|
English
|
Spoken
| 262 | 551 |
Way to get ALL cookies created in Awesomium? (including Http)
I'm using the Awesomium .NET API to log in to http://www.habbo.com using the username and password provided by the user in a text box. The issue I have is that to send further requests (eg. navigate to a room - Habbo is an online game) via Http I need to send the same cookies, otherwise it doesn't work.
I'm trying to send the navigate request using this code:
using (WebClient WC = new WebClient())
{
WC.Headers["X-App-Key"] = Token;
WC.DownloadString(new Uri(string.Format("http://www.habbo.com/components/roomNavigation?targetId={0}&roomType=private&move=true", roomID)));
}
I need to attach the Http cookies to WC in order for it to be successful. I'm logging in to http://www.habbo.com using this code:
public int Timer = 0;
public void AttemptLogin_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Timer++;
if (Timer == 1)
{
webControl1.Source = new Uri("http://www.habbo.com/client");
}
if (Timer == 3)
{
webControl1.Source = new Uri(string.Format("https://www.habbo.com/account/submit?credentials.username={0}&credentials.password={1}", username2, password2));
}
if(Timer == 6)
{
webControl1.Source = new Uri("http://www.habbo.com/client");
}
}
I know I can get some of the cookies using
webControl1.ExecuteJavascriptWithResult("document.cookie;");
but this doesn't get the Http ones I need also. The cookies are unique to each session, so as far as I'm aware using HttpWebRequest to get them would result in different Http cookies to the ones I need (and therefore log me out if I tried sending them instead, as it would indicate I had two sessions logged in).
Does anyone have any ideas? Thanks.
I think you mean http headers. Http itself does not use cookies, it just provides a means to transport them.
httponly cookies lie phpsessid
| 45,667 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.