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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://github.com/BambooL/AutoGrader/blob/master/ag_pathanalysis/ounit/bootstrap.lua
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,017 |
AutoGrader
|
BambooL
|
Lua
|
Code
| 115 | 376 |
local os = os
local error = error
local lfs = require("lfs")
local package = package
module("bootstrap")
function init ()
local ci_url = os.getenv("CI_URL")
if not ci_url then
ci_url = "http://mini:8080/job/continuous-integration/label=debian-squeeze64/lastSuccessfulBuild/artifact/dist/ci.zip"
end
local bootstrapdir = "build/bootstrap"
if lfs.attributes(bootstrapdir) then
for fn in lfs.dir(bootstrapdir) do
if fn ~= "." and fn ~= ".." then
local realfn = bootstrapdir .. "/" .. fn
if not os.remove(realfn) then
error("Cannot remove " .. realfn)
end
end
end
lfs.rmdir("build/bootstrap")
end
lfs.mkdir("build")
lfs.mkdir("build/bootstrap")
local topdir = lfs.currentdir()
lfs.chdir("build/bootstrap")
if os.execute("curl -o ci.zip " .. ci_url) ~= 0 then
error "Cannot download ci.zip"
end
if os.execute("unzip ci.zip") ~= 0 then
error "Cannot unzip ci.zip"
end
lfs.chdir(topdir)
package.path = "./build/bootstrap/?.lua;" .. package.path
end
| 46,910 |
LT/1875/LT_18750928/MM_01/0002.xml_1
|
NewZealand-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,875 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 8,263 | 12,400 |
SHIPPING. LYTTELTON, aunivav. Sept. 26—Nile, schooner, 21 tons, from Pigeon Bay. Sept. 27—Clyde, s.s., 33 tons, ST'Cenrille, from Kaiapoi. Sept. 27 —E.M. s.s. Eingaroomo, 623 tons, M'Lean, from Melbourne via Bluff and Dunedin, Passengers—Saloon; From Melbourne Messrs Gay fora, Greenwood, Edwin, Maxey, M’Carthy, and 11 for other ports. Prom Coast—Messrs Buller, Braid, Belgrs.ve, and 21 for other ports. Sept. 27—Albion, s.s., 591 tons, Underwood, from Melbourne via Hokitika. Greymouth, Nelson and Wellington. Passengers: Prom Melbourne—Hon F. O'Grady, Chas. Payton, and 3 steerage. Coastwise—Three Sisters of Mercy, Mr and Mrs Fendall, Messrs Oxley, Turton, Cooch, Wales, Goldsmith, and 2 steerage. Also, 20 others for forward ports. Sept. 27—Lentner, ship, 1380 tons, Luckos, from London. Passengers: Saloon Rev and Mrs J. Shearman and two children, Messrs Oxley, Turton, Cooch, Wales, Goldsmith, and 2 steerage. Also, 20 others for forward ports. Sept. 27—Lentner, ship, 1380 tons, Luckos, from London. Passengers: Saloon Rev and Mrs J. Shearman and two children, Messrs Oxley, Turton, Cooch, Wales, Goldsmith, and 2 steerage. Also, 20 others for forward ports. Sept. 27—Lentner, ship, 1380 tons, Luckos, from London. Passengers: Saloon Rev and Mrs J. Shearman and two children, Messrs Oxley, Turton, Cooch, Wales, Goldsmith, and 2 steerage. Also, 20 others for forward ports. Sept. 27—Lentner, ship, 1380 tons, Luckos, from London. Passengers: Saloon Rev and Mrs J. Shearman and two children, Messrs Oxley, Turton, Cooch, Wales, Goldsmith, and 2 steerage. Also, 20 others for forward ports. Sept. 27—Lentner, ship, 1380 tons, Luckos, from London. Passengers: Saloon Rev and Mrs J. Shearman and two children, Messrs Oxley, Turton, Cooch, Wales, Goldsmith, and 2 steerage. Also, 20 others for forward ports. Sept. 27—Lentner, ship, 1380 tons, Luckos, from London. Passengers: Saloon Rev and Mrs J. She Mr and Mrs J. P. Absop and two children, Mr and Mrs T. Hughes, Mr and Mrs C. P. Skipper, Mrs Glazier and child; intermediate and steerage—Mr and Mrs Lightfoot, Mrs Black and family (5), Mr and Mrs H. Spartou, Miss Jane Halliburton, Mr and Mrs Spooner, Messrs J. Johnstone, J. Hibbi, J. Stephens, A. Dawson, W. Armstrong, J. Ann strong, G. Watson, J. Tomer. CLEARED. Sept. 27—Marmiou, ship, 788 tons, A. Burgess, for Newcastle, N.S.W., in ballast. SAILED. Sept. 27—Bruce, s.s, 205 tons, Jones, for Dunedin via Akaroa and Timaru. Passengers: Cabin—Mr and Mrs Williams. Fore-cabin—Miss Hovesden, Messrs Wendenkau, Eoldes and child, Newies, Boston. Sept. 27 —Easily, s.s., 969 tons, Yennedy, for Newcastle via Wellington. Passengers for New castle—Mr H. H. Wright and 12 original. Sept. 27—Albion, s.s., 591 tons, T. Underwood, for Melbourne, via Dunedin and Bluff. Passengers for New castle—Mr Daye; steerage—Mrs Wintsene. For Coast, saloon—Messrs Barneli, Hutchinson, Love, Heymanson, and 20 original. Sept. 27—Eingarooma, s.s, 623 tons, J. M'Lean, for Melbourne, via Wellington, Nelson, Greymouth, and Hokitika. Passengers Saloon, for Melbourne —Mrs Watts-Bussell, Mr. Gray; steerage—Messrs W. Fisher, Malcalay. For Coast—Mrs Saunders, Mr and Mrs Price. IMPORTS. Cleopatra; 80,030 ft timber. Consignee—C. W. Turner. Fairlie: 116,000 ft Timber. Consignees—J. S. Macfarlane and Co. Albion: From Melbourne, under Bond—711 pkgs sugar. From Greymouth, ex Otago—2 pkgs. From Wellington, free—1 portmanteau, 4 cases. Consignees—Wood, Shand and Co.; Dalgety, Nichols and Co.; Bowden and Sous; Halliday and Co.; W. Stringer; National Bank; Fish; Postmaster; Bank of New Zealand; Nicol and Tucker. Margaret: 722 posts, 284 rails. Consignees—P. Niinrie, H. Hawkins. Eingarooma: From Melbourne, under Bond—19B cases, 6 boxes, 594 pkgs, 14 bales, 302 bags, 6 casks, 1 trunk, 1 qr-cask, 1 grindstone, 7 pels, 1 truss; from Bluff, free—1 pkg; from Dunedin—3 pkgs luggage, 1 case drapery, 8 cases, 4 bales. Consignees—Dalgety, Nichols and Co.; Ward and Co.; W. Jones; Wood, Shaad and Co.; Lichfield and Co.; Trent, Bros.; Miles and Co.; King and Co.; Lightband, Allan and Co.; Trent, Bros.; Miles and Co.; King and Co.; Wusoa, Sawtell and Co.; Langley and Co.; Langley and Co.; Wusoa, Sawtell and Co.; Manning; Saunders and Henderson; Knapman; Salkeld and Co. ; Bowden and Son; Q. L. Beath and Co.; Hughes; Binstead; Lyttelton Times; Press Company, Strange and Fountnino; Black; Hanna; Collier; Coy; W. Strange and Co. Stacker; Moorhouse; Scott, Bres.; Stewart; Narcarrow and Co.; Lake; Bonnington and Co.; Hobbs; Hawkins; Burt; Nashelski; Lone; Whitford; Dowling. EXPORTS. Easby: For Sydney—1 case effects. Shippers—Wilson, Sawtell and Co. Albion. For Dunedin, under bond, ex Binga rooma—1 bale leather, 1 box. For Melbourne, free —500 sacks oats, 6 bales skins. Shippers—Dalgety, Nichols, and Co.; T. B. Fisher; W. Common. Bruce: Under Bond, ex White Bose, for Timaru —1 bale. Ex Mansion—4 casks, 4 casks seed. Under the Arms’ Act —1 kegs powder. For Akaroa, free —4 cases, 30 sacks flour. For Timaru —1 bag, 5 boxes glass, 4 cases. For Dunedin—1 parcel, 1 trunk, 13 cases. Shippers Dalgety, Nichols, and Co.; H. Hawkins; A. Gee; J. Malcomb; Seed and Bain; Mason, Strothers, and Co.; Miles, Hassal, and Co., Eingarooma: Ex Otago, under bond, for Nelson —2 mats sugar. For Hokitika, ex Albion—1 case. For Wellington, free—2 cases, For Nelson—2 cases lard, 5 jars, 29 casks. For Greymouth—2 pkgs carriages, 7 kegs, 1 bag seed. For Hokitika—5 cases bacon. For Melbourne—1 trunk, 1 pel, 487 sacks oats. Shippers—J. The s.s. Bruce, Captain Jones, sailed for Dunedin via Akaroa and Timaru, at 12:15 p.m. yesterday. The steamers Hawea and Phmbe are expected to arrive in harbour this morning. They both sail for Dunedin at 1 p.m. Messrs. McMeekan, Blackpool, and Co.'s s.s. Albion, Captain T. Underwood, cleared Port Phillip Heads at 6 p.m., on the 17th Inst., and passed the Sisters at 10 a.m. on the 18th. She arrived off Hokitika at 12:30 p.m. on the 22nd, and off Grey mouth at 4 p.m. on the same day. She left Grey mouth at 4:40 p.m., and arrived at Nelson at 3 a.m. on the 23rd. She left Nelson at 3 a.m. on the 24th, and arrived at Wellington at noon same day. Left Wellington at 12:45 p.m. on the 26th, and arrived at Lyttelton at 11:30 a.m. on Sept 27. Experienced light winds and calm weather to Hokitika, from Hokitika to Cape Farewell strong northerly wind with high sea and a deluge of rain. Thence to Nelson head winds, and from Nelson to Wellington light head winds and pleasant weather. Thence to the Kaikonras, strong southerly gales and heavy head sea. Thence, head winds until arrival. We are indebted to Mr. Eidglay, the purser, for our exchanges. The Albion sailed for Melbourne, via Dunedin and Bluff, at 5:30 p.m., Messrs. McMeekan, Blackwood, and Co.'s now steamer Hingarooma arrived in Lyttelton yesterday. Her appearance externally and internally fully justifies the praise bestowed on her in the descriptive article lately extracted into these columns from those of the Melbourne Argus The Bingarooma has made her first intercolonial trip as carrier of the European mail via Suez. She left Melbourne on the 18th inst., Called the Heads at 5:30 p.m., and had fine light North and N.E. weather until passing Swan Island at noon on the 19th. Then the breeze, still holding northerly, freshened, and, by the evening of the 21st, was blowing a terrific gale with a high cross sea. An hour after midnight the engines had to be slowed, and as both gale and sea lucre sed, and one curler broke on board, carrying away part of starboard rail, they were stopped altogether at 3 a.m.; and the steamer was hove to under the main-trysail. At 7 a.m. the weather moderated a little, and the steamer was kept away on her course, and at noon the same day, made the high land about Preserva tion Inlet, and at 6 p.m. arrived at Bluff Harbour, the run from Melbourne having been made in about four days absolute, but allowing for the difference of time and the time lost whilst she was hove-to, it was accomplished in three days eighteen hours from Port Phillip Hoads. The Eingarooma landed a considerable cargo at the Bluff, and left at 5.20 p.m. on the 23rd, and arrived off Port Chalmers Heads at 2.30 a.m. on Friday, Sept. 24, thus doing the distance in nine hours ten minutes, being at the rate of about fourteen knots per hour. From Melbourne to the Bluff she averaged thirteen knots. Left Port Chalmers at 4.45 p.m., on Sunday, Sept. 26, and arrived at 6.55 a.m. yesterday; experienced S.W. winds up the Coast. We are indebted to Mr. Miller, the purser, for our Melbourne exchanges. The Hingarooma soiled for Melbourne, via Wellington. Nelson, Greymouth, and Hokitika at 6.15 p.m. yesterday. ASEIYAL OF THE SHIP LACTURES. This fine iron ship, which has been anxiously looked for during the past fortnight, was signalled yesterday. Her number was run up, but being a new vessel, it did not appear on the code list, and this occasioned some speculation as to her name, the Laotnra and Waikato being both houily expected. At 3.31 p.m. the s.s. Mullogh, with the Health officer and a large party on board, proceeded down to the ship, which was then entering the Heads with a fine spanking breeze. The ship was reached off Camp Day, and the steamer ran alongside, alongside. and there having been no sickness on board, the vessel was at once cleared. The ship is a splendid model, and has an excellent cabin. She has a large cargo, and comes consigned to the Non- Zealand Shipping Company, Subjoined is the captain’s report:— The clipper ship Looinra, Captain Luckos, arrived on Sept 27, from London direct, after a voyage of 116 days. The Laotura was built. Glasgow, by J. G. Laurie, and is as fine a specimen of marine architecture as one could well wish to see. Her length over all is 237 ft, length of geel, 825 ft; beam, 36ft tin; and depth of hold, 21ft din. The saloon is fitted up in every way for the comfort and convenience of the passengers, being very large, high, and well ventilated. It is fitted with oak and maple panels, inlaid with rosewood, well set off with a handsome gilt cornice. The skylight is large and handsome, although at present very much damaged by the sea. The state rooms are large and well found. Among other improvements, the passengers are provided with beds and bedding, and all table linen. The mattresses are fitted so as to make a life-buoy in case of necessity. Subjoined we give extracts from the diary of one of the saloon passengers “Left Gravesend on June 2, with glorious weather and every prospect of a prosperous voyage. On June 3, the wind veered right ahead of us, with thick foggy weather, and, consequently, we were tacking about the Channel for more than a week. Once in the Bay, we were hoping for a change more in our favor, but here again we were doomed to disappointment, for again the wind was dead against us, and we were obliged to go away to the Northward and Westward, a long way out of our course. We now found also, that the ship was so deep as to quite do away with all hopes of a quick passage, and also that, owing to the way the cargo of iron is stowed that she rolled most fearfully, and being a new ship and the rigging not at all well set up, the captain had great fears of losing some of her spars. On June 9 the weather cleared up a little, and this was taken advantage of to get the anchor on board, and re-set the rigging and stays. We now got slowly on our way till June 15, when we had a fearfully hard gale and heavy sea, and as the ship took large quantities of water on board were obliged to stand away to the northward again, doing only five miles of our journey in twenty-four hours. When we had a change slightly in our favor, on Friday, June 25, we ran into the N.B. Trades and glorious weather, but here again our bad luck followed us, as we only held the Trade winds for four days. We now had light variable winds and some rain, and crossed the line on July 12. TELEGRAPH NOTICE BOARD. ARRIVALS. DEPARTURES. KAIAPOI, ARRIVES Sept. 25—Annie, ketch, Clark, from Lyttelton. IMPORTS, Annie: 10 cords firewood. Consignee—G. H. Blackwell, AKAROA. ARRIVED. Sept. 24—Bruce, s.s., Jones, from Dunedin, via Timaru, with cargo. Sept. 25—Maiden City, schooner, Prescott, from Lyttelton, in ballast. SAILED. Sept. 25—E. and U. Cameron, Aschman, for Lyttelton, with timber. The following vessels are in Akaroa Janet Grey, Lyttelton to Timaru, timber laden, put in to repair sails; Friendship, schooner, Havelock to Timaru, timber laden, put in through stress of weather; Pelican, schooner, Greymouth to Timaru, with coal, put in through stress of weather. COMMERCIAL. Lyttelton Times Office, Monday Evening. The land sales today amounted to 1241 acres, as follows: Christchurch, 420; Ashley, 34; Timaru, 38; Woitangi, 283; Ellesmere, 20; Oxford, 100; Malvern, 21; Ashburton, 325; realizing, £2482. The Customs’ revenue collected today amounted to £1282 7s 4d, The following were the items: Spirits, 123 gallons, £74 5s fid; wine, 29 gallons, £5 15s 9d; sugar, 9150 lbs, £3B 2s 6d; tea, 5041b 5, £12 12a 3d; drapery, 1 package, £8 16s sd; jam, 39 cases, £6 14s; rice, 11,2001b5, £23 6s 8d; stationery, 4 cases, £12 16s. MARKET. —The arrival of Sept. 18 reports:—In the import market business is slow, and transactions of very moderate extent. Breadstuffs are firm, and the sales making fully maintain our quotations. Best brands of flour are moving off at £11 £s, at which some parcels have changed hands. Country brands have also been sold by the millers direct, at £11 net, equal to £11 2s 6d, usual terms of one month. Wheat is firm, but owing to supplies being so very bare, no transactions are reported. Quotations are fully maintained, at 5s 8d to 5s 6d. Oats have a steadier look, and sales are effected at prices fully supporting late quotations. Good feeding sorts are saleable at 3s 9d to 3s 6d, and we learn of the quittance of 600 bags of milling at 4s 6d. One thousand bags of mailing barley have been placed at up to 5a 9d. Maize is moving quietly for trade purposes at 5s, but no special business has reached us. Sugars have found buyers to a fair extent privately, though nothing whatever could be done at the public sale in the forenoon, when about 2000 bags were offered, but not a bag was sold. Privately, however, some 800 bags Mauritius white crystals have been disposed of, on terms with held. There is no inquiry for tea, and we are without any business to refer to. Candles are likely to come into favor, owing to the advices to hand. The shipments advised by the present mail amount to 90 tons, but we learn by private telegram from Adelaide, that during the following fortnight nothing whatever had been shipped, not a box being entered in the supply. The City, moreover, states that owing to the advance in tallow, De Itoubaix had advanced their price to £1, and this brand will thus cost over £1, duty paid, laid down here. The news not having been generally known has not as yet had any immediate effect on the market. We learn, however, of the quittance of 500 boxes Do Ecubaix, duty paid, on private terms. Under the hammer, damaged candles were sold at £4 to £4 net. Sales of rosin are making at £5 to £9. 110 packages tobacco, Childrey’s goods, were cleared off at. LYTTELTON AND CHRIST CHURCH GOODS TRAFFIC. Waggons. Tons, Sept. 27 120... 720 AUCTION SALES—THIS DAY. Mr W. Buss.—Bangor Saleyards, 11 a.m.: Cattle, Horses, Sheep, etc. Mr F. M. Rickman,—Bangor Saleyards: Cattle, Horses, Sheep, etc. Mr J. G. Hawkes.—On the Premises, Gloucester street east, 12 noon: Building. Mr W. H. Hargreaves. Christchurch Railway Station, 2 p.m.: Timber. MEETINGS, AMUSEMENTS, &c. Meeting of the Company, Clarendon Hotel.— 3:30 p.m. Inspection Parade Christchurch Artillery.—e xucairo xtoyai, The Ticket of Leave Man. 8 p.m. LAW NOTICES—THIS DAY. (Before Mr Justice Johnston.) S. Thomas Jervis Byon; for adjudication and meeting of creditors. Self. Be Joseph Brunt; to fix date of last examination. Self. Re John Heslop; for a like order. Self. Be Thomas Scott; to confirm choice of trustee. Mr Wynn Williams. Be Andrew Scott; to confirm choice of trustee. Mr Wynn Williams. Be Andrew Scott; to approve deed of arrangement and annul adjudication. Mr Hanmer. Be Middleton and M'Quade; to fix date of last examination. Mr Slater. Be James George Seth Snos well; for adjudication Hr Bamford, IN BANCO. Threlkeld v. Blackett and others; for argument of demurrer, Mr O’Neill. Gadd v. Heathcote Road Board; for leave to proceed. Led in the action under rules 307, 308, and 309. Mr. Joyner. MAIL NOTICES. This Day. For Port Chalmers and Dunedin, per St. Andrews and per Phoebe, at 11:35 a.m.; late letters, 11:55 a.m.; railway station, 12:25 noon train. Important.—Should the Hawea sail South at her advertised time, supplementary mails for the United Kingdom via Southampton and Brindisi; also the Australian Colonies, will be despatched by her, closing at Christchurch at 11:35 a.m.; late letters, 11:55 a.m.; railway station, 12:25 noon train. The Albion sails from Port Chalmers at 3 p.m. on Wednesday, Sept, 29. BIRTH. Banks—August 3, at Addiscombe, Surrey, the wife of Frederick Banks, of a son. ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. W. Edwabds and A. Austin. —Your letters are not admissible. We decline to insert any more correspondence from either of you. S. C. Hoeneman. —Your letter declined, with tharkr, D. Stackwood.—You are too late, as your letter has gone the way of all rejected communications. The Lyttelton Times. TUESDAY, SEPT. 28, 1875. A combination of Abolition and the Law of Bankruptcy appears to have been altogether too much for our morning contemporary. His temper has been soured and his judgment disordered. Almost any day on glancing at his leader one may see a passion torn to rags in the finest extravaganza style. Scorn, indignation, or horror are all very well in their place, and when justly expressed, even a little rodomontade and bounce may easily be tolerated, but nothing can exceed the bathos of a towering passion misdirected, and in excess of the occasion. Latterly our contemporary has developed a talent for discovering mare’s nests, and has made as much fuss over them as a clucking hen over her newly laid egg. Witness Mr Maude’s railway management. An occasional slip is pardonable, all are liable to error, but those who have tripped should walk discreetly. When we have broken our own windows it is time to cease throwing stones about in the dark. Our friend is so prodigal of his denunciations; he is so continually crying stop thief, and scattering broadcast the expressions vulgarity, dishonesty, falsehood, and misrepresentation; that sober, steady going folk are apt to be somewhat disgusted when they find that their Feeling is being played upon, and that there is really no occasion whatever for all this display of excitement. On the third of August last, our temporary was particularly severe upon its being noir Sir Julius Yogel, for suggesting that the hostility of the Crown Agents to his negotiation of the four million loan with Messrs Hothschild was “abroad”. “The opposition to the loan was “abroad,” and the opposition to it was “abroad.” Our contemporary characterized these in sinuations as totally false, and added the following statements: — “The truth is, and no one knows it better than Sir J. Togel himself, that “the Crown Agents have no personal interest of any sort in the business “transacted in their office. They are “salaried officers of the Imperial Government, appointed to assist the “Colonies in financial operations.” The “Colonies” themselves receive “no commission and no pecuniary “advantage of any kind. Their “remuneration for their services is confined exclusively to the annual salary they receive from the Imperial Government.” After showing that a charge is levied by the Imperial Government upon the Colonies for all loans negotiated through the agency of the office, of 1 per cent for negotiating new loans, 1 per cent brokerage, and £ per cent for the payment of principal at maturity, but that the Crown Agents themselves have no interest in these charges, our contemporary repeats, for the third time, with “damnable iteration.” It follows that the official emoluments of the Crown Agents are not “affected by any business placed in their hands, and that they have no reason whatever.” On pecuniary grounds, “to wish to be concerned in the negotiation of the loan. All this Sir J. Yogel knows perfectly well.” Our friend concludes his article thus:—“We leave “our readers to form their own conclusions.” They will probably agree "with us in lamenting that, on an occasion when the Colony was brought " conspicuously before the public, it had "the misfortune to be represented by "any one capable of insinuations, the "gross vulgarity of which is only to be "matched by their utter want of "truth." It will thus be seen that our contemporary accuses Sir J. Yogel in the roundest terms of malicious and deliberate falsehood in stating that the Crown Agents had a pecuniary reason for being jealous of his interference in taking the negotiation of the Loan out of their hands. It appears, however, that our contemporary was altogether at sea, In reply to a question from Mr Murray as to what will be the total amount of the honorarium which the hon Sir Julius Yogel ordered to be paid to Messrs Julyan and Sergeant for the negotiation of the £4,000,000 Loan, the Government stated in the House of Representatives, that the amount paid was £3333 6s 8d for extra trouble in raising loan, in accordance with a custom believed to have been initiated by the hon Member for the Hutt. Our contemporary will hardly deny that this is a pecuniary advantage, and that the Crown Agents had a very direct personal interest in the floating of the Loan. Indeed, it was very natural that they should feel a little sore at the prospect of losing such a very respectable commission; to have dismissed it altogether from their consideration would have been almost more than human. and incorrect in formation, falsely damages a man’s character, is liable to be called hard names. Our. TOWN & COUNTRY. Ohambee of Commerce. —A special meeting of the Committee will be held at the Rooms today. Business: To take into consideration the present increased rates for lighterage, wharfage, &c. Lyttleton Boeough Council. —The no ministration for a Councillor to fill the vacancy caused by the death of the late Councillor William Murray, took place yesterday at the Council Chamber. The following gentlemen were nominated:—Messrs T. A. W. Parsons, W. Holmes, T. Merson, S. Michael’s and All Angels. The annual Dedication Festival of this Church, will be held tomorrow (Michaelmas Day). There will be an early choral celebration of the Holy Communion at 8 o’clock, and full choral evensong at half-past seven. At the latter service, a selection from Spohr’s oratorio “The Last Judgment,” occupying about half an hour, will be sung as the anthem, and Handel’s “Hallelujah Chorus,” after the offertory. The Processional Hymn will be Dr. Longhurst’s “March, march, soldiers of Christ,” and the Canticles will be sung to Dr. Garrett’s service. The Recessional Hymn, will be “For thee, O dear country,” sung to Mr. Parker’s tune “S. Margaret.” The sermon will be preached by the Most Rev the Primate. Stone bbbakinq Machines. —Mr. Newton put two loads of large-sized shingle through his large machine; in Cathedral square yesterday, and it was broken up quite as easily and well as the stone previously used. A small machine is now also being worked at the same time, and by the same engine as the large machine. The small machine turns out excellent material for carriage drives, and will break about fifteen yards per day. By the aid of the two machines Mr. Newton is now able to produce six different sizes of metal. The large Machine was timed yesterday, and the result was to show that it was turning out metal at the rate of fifty-five yards per day of eight hours, but as the machine could be served much quicker than it was yesterday, a much larger quantity of material could be turned out per day, if that condition were fulfilled. Theatrical Royal,— Oolman’s comedy “The Poor Gentleman” was produced last night. Though by the same author as the “Heir at Law,” it falls far behind that delightful little comedy both in execution and style. Mr Hoskins appeared as Cornet Ollapod, a part in which he is not seen to very great advantage. The character affords little scope for good acting, and is very meagre in dialogue and humor. Mr Hydes’ Sir Robert Bramble was the life and soul of the piece, and amused the audience immensely, especially in the scene where he is taken for a bailiff by the Poor Officer. Mr Douglas played Fred Bramble excellently. Mr Hosford’s Lieutenant Worthington was carefully done, and so was Mr Stark’s Dobbins. Emily Worthington fell to Mrs Hill’s lot; and, as it was one of the parts that exactly suit her, she sustained it well. Miss Anstead’s old maid was also well played. The “Practical Man” finished the evening’s performance. To-night the “Ticket of Leave Man” is announced. Beookside School.— The deputation appointed by the Brookside Committee to wait on the Minister for Education, had an interview with him on Saturday, Sept. 25, when the members reiterated the complaint made at the committee meeting, held on Sept. 22, a report of which appeared in the Lyttelton Times of Saturday last. The Minister expressed his pleasure at meeting the deputation and wished other Committees would adopt a similar course, which would save much correspondence, and could not fail in producing more satisfactory results. As to the delay, he must remind the deputation that when he came into office on July 1, from various causes a large amount of work had accumulated, and out of the Government schools which numbered upwards of ninety, works were required to be undertaken, in between thirty and forty, all of which were represented by those interested as being urgent. On the appointment of the Provincial Architect, the Minister selected the most urgent cases, and requested him to take them in hand as soon as possible; one of these was Brookside, which the architect intended visiting next Tuesday, and the work would be set going very shortly. The deputation should bear in mind that the Provincial Architect has many other things to attend to besides school buildings, but the Minister was satisfied that he was doing his utmost to get works forward. The rate to be levied would be slightly in excess of the one-sixth estimated cost of repairs, &0., which would provide for any minor works that might be required. The Committee was served with a notice to pay into the Treasury a certain sum, simply to comply with the Ordinance and forward matters a step. Very day he took office, he had written to the Chairman, authorising him to expend whatever was required to put them in a proper state. The deputation replied that the letter about closets had been overlooked, and having expressed themselves as satisfied with the Minister’s explanation, withdrew. Citizens' Petitions—The Davenport Gazette gives a curious instance of the petrification qualities of certain soils. It appears that about twenty years ago the wife of a prominent citizen of Davenport died and was interred in the city cemetery. The casket that held the body was of the heavy iron pattern that had just been introduced. Recently the grave was opened and the casket raised for removal to Oakdale. A view of the remains was taken, and what was the astonishment of the friends to find that the face and upper portion of the body had been turned to stone! The features were well preserved forehead, closed eyes, and all—the likeness of the departed being as clear to the observers as though a marble bust of the body had been executed when she was living. Even the pleats of the shroud had been preserved in stone. The strange artist, in the depths of the grave and beneath the casket lid, executed his commission faithfully and well. There was evidence that the casket had been nearly filled with water at a time not far removed. The casket was borne to Oakdale and given a new place of interment. It is stated that this is the third instance of remains in the Davenport Cemetery being found in a state of petrification after years of interment. Monday, Sups. 27. The Council met at the usual hour. Present—The Mayor, and all the Councillors, except Councillors Thomson. FINANCIAL. The Town Clerk reported that the overdraft at the Bank amounted to £2261 7s lid. Receipts during the week:—City rates, 1875, £2110 17s; Waimakariri ditto, £35 2s 10d; fines from the Resident Magistrate’s Court, £3 10s; rent from Market Place, 7s: total, £249 16s 10d. Wages, contracts, &c., (City account), £16 19s 3d; ditto (drainage account), £660 9s 9d. Overdraft (drainage account), £2099 18s 7dj credit (drainage rate account), £1546 15s 3d. THE MAYOR. The Mayor stated that on Friday last, the Chairman of Road Boards and himself had waited on the Government, with reference to the prizes for the best scheme for the drainage of Christchurch and Suburbs. The Government agreed to offer a first prize of £1000, and a second of £250 for the best and second best schemes for the drainage of the City and Suburbs. This offer would be advertised in all the chief New Zealand and Australian papers, so he had no doubt that the best engineering talent would be brought to bear on the matter. The decision would be left with the Drainage Board, when appointed, the Government and the Engineer-in-Chief, Mr. Carruthers, With regard to the borrowing of the £9000, proceedings would be taken de novo, so that no mistake could arise. He observed from the Vital Statistics that Christ church was one of the lowest death rates during the month of August last. During The past week, the Deputy-Superintendent (Mr. Harman) called upon him, and asked for the use of some old timber for the erection of the stand in Cranmer square on the occasion of the football match. He (the Mayor) wished to take this opportunity of stating that the expenses of erecting the stand were defrayed by the Football Committee, and not by the City Council, as had been reported. VITAL STATISTICS. The Registrar-General’s returns of the death rate for August were laid on the table, as follows: —Auckland, 27; Thames, 9; Wellington, 22; Nelson, 16; Christchurch, 21; Dunedin, 26; Hokitika, 7. Subveyoe’s report. The Surveyor reported that as it had been reported publicly that the stand erected in Cranmer square on the day of the football competition was paid for out of the rate payers’ money, he begged to contradict that report. The City Council had only lent some of the timber which came out of the old bridge lately demolished, with the sanction of the Mayor. The Works Committee recommended that a new bridge should be erected over the river in a line with Hereford street, providing £250 was subscribed by the public towards the expense. By instructions of the Works Committee, he would advertise for 3000 cubic yards of broken metal, in accordance with the resolution of the Council about three months ago. Councillor Ick moved that the clause in the Surveyor’s report referring to the Hereford street bridge be adopted. Councillor Schmidt seconded the motion, which was agreed to. Councillor Ick then moved that the City Surveyor be instructed to prepare plans and specifications for a bridge across the Avon in a line with Hereford street. The motion was agreed to. Councillor Ick gave notice of motion for the rescinding of a previous resolution to the effect that the public should contribute one-third of the cost for the erection of the bridge. The motion was agreed to. Councillor Ick gave notice of motion for the rescinding of a previous resolution to the effect that the public should contribute one-third of the cost for the erection of the bridge. The motion was agreed to. be agreed upon, under the superintendence of the City Surveyor. It was resolved— 1st. That a reply be sent to Mr. Newton, acknowledging the receipt of his letter, with thanks, and calling his attention to the advertisement, CONFECTION STREET. The tender of Messrs. Somerville, Nicol, and Lamb for the formation, Ac., of Con ference street, was accepted. A letter was read from the Provincial Secretary, stating that the Government would receive the deputation at noon next day, with reference to the reduction of the rates upon wharfage and haulage of coals from Lyttelton. The following letter was read: — Wellington, Sept 20, 1875. Sir,—As the Government proposes to introduce a Bill this Session (or the re-distribution of the representation of the various Electoral Districts in the General Assembly, I venture to suggest that the City Council of Christchurch should invite the cooperation of so many of the electors of the two Districts of the City of Christchurch East and West as reside outside the boundaries of the Borough, or derive their electoral qualification from freehold, leasehold, or household property outside the same, in securing for the Districts an adequate share of the representation in proportion to the population and property contained within them respectively. According to “Results of a census of the Colony of New Zealand, taken for the night of March 1, 1874," published by authority this Session, Part 1., Table XVII., p. 13. The following was then the condition of the two Electoral Districts in question: POPULATION. Ma es. Females, Total Christchurch East 4015 8750 7766 Christchurch West 4676 45X8 9194 Total 8691 8268 18,959 The whole population of the Colony (exclusive of Maoris) was then reckoned to be 299,385, of whom 170,901 were males and 128,432 females. The two Districts, therefore, contained nearly one-seven tenth of the whole population, and more than one-twentieth of the whole male population of the Colony. ELECTOBS. Christchurch Fast 1194 Christchurch West 1281 Total 2475 The total number of electors in the Colony was 51,233. The two Districts contained, therefore, very little less than one-twentieth port. Of the whole number of electors in the Colony. These results would tend to establish a claim for the whole of Christchurch and its suburbs to return at least three members, instead of only two, out of the seventy-four members elected for European Districts; and, indeed, if the Government Bill should involve an addition to the total number of European members, such as to raise it to any number above eighty, to four members instead of two as at present. Since the above was written, I have been able to inspect the results of the revision of the electoral rolls of the whole Colony for 1875. The total num ber of electors has increased to 56,753, or at the rate of nearly 10.7 percent; while the numbers of electors far the two Districts have only increased to the following, being at the rate of little more than 5.7 per cent ELECTOBS, Christchurch East 1279 Christchurch West ... 1339 Total 2618 entitling the two Districts together to fully one twenty-second part of the whole representation. According to the present electoral roll, the number of electors to a representative (if the total of members remains seventy-four) would be 767, instead of 700 as in 1873 roll; and Christchurch would he more than entitled to three members. But if the total number of members he increased to eighty-one, so as to preserve the same proportion of 700 electors to a member, the two Districts together would be entitled to as nearly four members as the proportion of five-sevenths. I have no means of comparing the property in the two Electoral Districts ot Christchurch with that of the whole Colony; hut should be glad to be supplied with an estimate of its actual amount if you are able to procure it. I hope you, and the City Council, will be able to confer with the Chairmen and Boad Boards of the Suburban Districts adjacent, portions of which are included within the Electoral Districts of City of Christchurch East and West, on the propriety of petitioning the House ot Re presentatives for increased representation for the population now included within them. The infor mation contained in this letter will supply yon with some material (acts relating to the allegations that should he put forth in such a petition. Probably your influence may be greater than mine to procure the publication of this letter in one or hour of the Christchurch newspapers, lor the information of the Electors of the two Districts generally. I have the honour to he, Sir, Your Worship’s most obedient servant, E. Jemtikgham Wasbfield. The Worshipful the Mayor of the City of Christchurch. It was resolved that Mr Wakefield’s letter be acknowledged, with thanks. A letter was read from Messrs Hanznor and Harper, stating that Maofarlane’s accident had cost him £l2, and asking for a cheque in satisfaction of all claims. It was resolved that £l2 be paid to Macfarlane. A letter was read, from Mr George Gould, asking the Council, on behalf of the trustees of the Durham street Wesleyan Church, to lower the footpath in front of the Church to its proper level. It was resolved that the matter should be attended to. A letter was read from Dr Foster on the subject of borrowing £9000 for drainage purposes. Councillor Turner moved Council agrees to borrow a sum of £9000, to meet the expenses of the works in connection with the drainage of the City during the present year; the said amount to be raised on debentures of £25 each to be issued for a term of fifty years, bearing interest at 6 percent per annum, payable half-yearly, and secured on a special rate of one penny in the pound, payable by half-yearly instalments. The motion was agreed to. Dr Foster’s letter was approved. A letter was read from Mr H. B. Huddle ston, pointing out that he inspected Mr Haggerty’s property in Montreal street, and found that he had put down the opposite corner twice. The valuation should have been £7 10s, Referred to the Bate Collector, with instructions to collect the correct amount only. A letter was read from Mr E. S. Ellison, pointing out that his name was omitted from the list of voters for the city. It was resolved that a reply be sent to the effect that Mr Ellison’s name was not on last year’s rate roll. A letter was read from Mr Alexander Gray, stating that in consequence of severe and lengthened sickness in his family he was not able to pay his rates at present, which were more than double what they were last year. Referred to the Bate Collector for a report. WATERING BATE. A petition was read from the ratepayers, requesting a special rate to be made for the Waste of certain portions of the streets. It was moved by Councillor Ick, seconded by Councillor Schmidt —“That the prayer of the petitioners respecting the watering of the streets be granted, and that the Council take the necessary steps for levying the special rate for the purpose, under clause 204 of the Municipal Corporations Act, 1867." Some discussion took place as to whether the watering rate should not be made more general than at present. From the Press AGENCIES. Auckland, Sept. The schooner Ocean Ware has arrived, from Auckland, and reports that the Hawaiian frigate Dauntless, from Auckland, stranded on the outer reef, North of the Island, had not got off when the Ocean Wave and The cargo was sold by auction. No loss. The vessel was insured in the British for £1000, and was insured in the British for £500. The So- Bept. Colonel Fijl WM proclaimed on a meeting of planters, at which his permission the Governor enunciated the took place on Sept. 2. The Governor said his Executive Committee would be a nominated one, but he asked to planters to write on slips of paper four names of gentlemen whom they were desirous of having chosen, and he would give a recommendation great weight. He was a long and able one. He called on the planters to state their opinions as to what the most suitable place for the Capital was. A handsome Good Templars' Hall has been opened at Levuka, near Suva Suva Bay amidst rejoicings. Considerable uneasiness is felt at the non-arrival of the s.s. Star of the South. The maize crops are looking well and considerable shipments to Auckland are expected. News reached Levuka of the murder of John Kees at Apia, by a Native, who endeavored to force his way into his house. The Auckland City Council have resolved to borrow another £10,000 for City improvements. Meats. Arrived—S.S. Taranaki. Sailed—S.S. Taranaki. Sailed—S.S. Grose, for Napier. Namke, Sept. 27. A Provincial Government Gazette, published Saturday, contains an abstract of the receipts and expenditure of the Province of Hawke’s Bay, for the quarter ended June 30. The balance to credit at the Union Bank at that date, was £16,866 4s 4d. A musical and dramatic entertainment by local amateurs, under the patronage of the Mayor, is announced at the Oddfellows’ Hall on Wednesday evening, in aid of the Prichard Fund of the Napier Artillery Volunteer Cadets. It promises to be a gay affair. The proceeds added to the amount given by Sit Donald McLean are likely to make good prizes. The officers of the corps and many of the public are using every exertion to make the affair a successful meeting. The creditors of B, O. Hastie, late hotel keeper in Taupo, met today. His liabilities are £1836, and assets £453. Mr. Balhany, for Messrs. Watt, Bros., the principal creditors, offered the other creditors 2s 6d in the £, if they would sign over their claims, and arrangements to this effect will probably be carried out. The creditors of B, O. Hastie, late hotel keeper in Taupo, met today. His liabilities are £1836, and assets £453. Mr. Balhany, for Messrs. Watt, Bros., the principal creditors, offered the other creditors 2s 6d in the £, if they would sign over their claims, and arrangements to this effect will probably be carried out. Wilkinson, Sept. 27 Arrived.—Flying Cloud, from Lyttelton. Bailed.—4.15 p.m., Phoebe, s.s., for South. Passengers—Mrs. Williams and child, Messrs J, and G. Thomson, and Trible, 4.20 p.m., Hawes, for South. Passengers—for Lyttelton: Messrs F. Bell, Orocombo, Burch, Stanbridge, Mullins, Williams, Momh, P. B, Wright; for Dunedin: Mr and Mrs Dees, Mrs Cawie, Messrs Valentine and M'Pberson. Nearly £20,000 were received as duties in Customs last month, which is considerably more than usual. Arrived: Phosbe, s.s., from North; and the s.s. Ladybird, from Lyttelton. Nelson, Sept. 27. The football match commenced at 2.6 p.m. The weather was lovely. Nelson kicked off, and in two minutes obtained a touch down. The game was very even, and no alteration occurred till the goals were exchanged at 2.36. At 2.40, Nelson obtained a force down, and one minute later another. Nothing more was done till the goals were again changed at 8.6. The game terminated at 4 p.m., when Nelson had scored six and a-half points, and Auckland half a point. Towards the close of the game Nelson carried the ball down to the Auckland goal with a fine rush, and scored three and a-half points in four minutes. Both sides were heartily cheered by the spectators. The two teams are now dining together, and the Aucklanders leave for the North at seven. It was a well-contested game. The Auckland team is heavier than the Nelson. Sept. 27. A very severe shock of earthquake was felt here on Saturday evening at six o'clock. The direction was North to South, and was accompanied with a rumbling noise right under foot. Many persons were alarmed, and ran out of their houses. There appeared to be only one shock, but it was followed by strong vibrations, which lasted about fifteen seconds. No damage was done. Dolphin, Sept. 27. A meeting of the Turkish Bath Company was held on Saturday, and the report, which was satisfactory, was adopted, but no dividend was declared. The defalcations of Urquhart Macpherson, their late Secretary, were stated to be over £260. It was proposed to bring him back from Melbourne on a warrant, but this was not carried, as it was considered to be only throwing good money away after bad weather. Macpherson has written protesting against his children being sent to the Industrial School. He says he has an appointment of £100 a year, and will send for them. At half-past three this afternoon a quantity of kerosene stored in the shop of Mr Mercer, grocer, Eattray street, was discovered to be on fire, but owing to the exertions of the Brigade the fire was almost immediately extinguished. Its origin cannot be accounted for. (PEOM A PEIVATB COEEESPONDENT.) Wellington, Sept. 27. The Theatre was opened on Saturday night, under the management of the Directors of the Public Hall Company. The House was crammed in every part, numbers being unable to obtain admission. The late alterations are a great improvement, the auditorium being the largest of any theatre in New Zealand. The Comedy and Burlesque Company includes some of the best professionals in the Colony. A very successful season is anticipated. [promotion of special correspondent.] Wellington, Sept. 27- The Estimates are to be gone on with tonight. Considerable Opposition is shown to the Government Qualification of Electors. If it passes, it will only be by a narrow majority. Mr. Steward has given notice of a Bill to amend the Registration of Electors Act. Object is to provide that copies of the raw roll of Municipalities and Road Boards shall be sent annually to the Registration Officer, and the names of all persons thereon who are qualified as electors to be placed on the electoral roll without any personal publication being necessary. Sir George Grey’s Gold Duty Bill provides that the collection of the duty shall lately cease one month after the close of the present Session of Parliament... The New Zealand Times this morning the Government intend to pay local governing bodies for the eight months of the next year, the same subsidies which they have received had the Abolition Bill passed originally proposed. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. [From the Press Agbnot.] Monday, Sept 27. The House met at 2:30. THE CASE OF MRS. MURANT. The House met at 2:30. Port Dt | Hour | Vessel From Wellington 27 | 7:30 a.m. Ladybird Lyttelton 27 | 7:30 a.m. Eingrma Pt. Chairs Lyttelton 27 | 11:45 a.m. Albion Wellington Fort | Dt | Hoar Vessel For Lyttelton I 27 | 11:15 a.m. Easby Wellington Lyttelton 27 | 11:20 p.m. Brace A.M. Lyttelton 27 | 5:30 p.m. Albion P. Chalmers Wellington 27 | 1:20 p.m. Hawea Lyttelton 27 | 6 p.m. Bingham Wellington FOR SALE, A First-class Convenient Family RESIDENCE, standing on nearly half an acre of land, fronting Hirer Avon, North aspect. The House is most substantially built, and fitted with every convenience; also, large Outbuildings. The Grounds are tastefully laid out, and planted, with ornamental shrubs and choice fruit trees. Situate within five minutes’ walk of Cathedral. For particulars apply to X. Y. Z., office of this paper. 3230 Mb BENJAMIN FIELD, lately residing at the West Coast Boarding House, is requested to call at the "Times" office, Christchurch. 3331 TVTATIONAL FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY OF NEW ZEALAND. CAPITAL-ONE MILLION: Is 190,000 Shares of £10 each. HEAD OFFICE—DUNEDIN. CANTERBURY BEANCH. Fire and Marine business of all Mb BENJAMIN FIELD, lately residing at the West Coast Boarding House, is requested to call at the "Times" office, Christchurch. 3331 TVTATIONAL FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY OF NEW ZEALAND. CAPITAL-ONE MILLION: Is 190,000 Shares of £10 each. HEAD OFFICE—DUNEDIN. CANTERBURY BEANCH. Fire and Marine business of all Mb BENJAMIN FIELD, lately residing at the West Coast Boarding House, is requested to call at the "Times" office, Christchurch. 3331 TVTATIONAL FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY OF NEW ZEALAND. CAPITAL-ONE MILLION: Is 190,000 Shares of £10 each. HEAD OFFICE—DUNEDIN. CANTERBURY BEANCH. Fire and Marine business of all Mb BENJAMIN FIELD, lately residing at the West Coast Boarding House, is requested to call at the "Times" office, Christchurch. 3331 TVTATIONAL FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY OF NEW ZE Hinds taken at lowest rates. For forms of proposal, etc., apply to A. CARBICK, Manager, 3332 Hereford street, Christchurch. THE undersigned beg to intimate that their Warehouse will be CLOSED on THURSDAY and FRIDAY NEXT. 3308 L. E. NATHAN & CO. BONA FIDE SALE. BOOKS AND STATIONERY. J. HUGHES wishes to keep before the public eye that his Sale is still being continued. He would advise those who can appreciate bargains in Books to make an early purchase, as the best works are rapidly disappearing from the shelves and are not being replaced. It has been found impossible to re-mark the stock. The price has not in a single instance been altered. A large discount (from ten to twenty-five percent) is taken on all cash purchases to the value of 5s and upwards, varying with the amount and character of the purchase. High street, Christchurch, opposite Cobb’s. Selling off. Giving up business. 2801 PHOTOGRAPHIC ALBUMS—Special line, in great variety, 2s fid up to £5.
| 8,708 |
https://github.com/workloadco/svg-workflow-canvas/blob/master/src/Canvas/Node/Ports.tsx
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,022 |
svg-workflow-canvas
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workloadco
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TypeScript
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Code
| 194 | 625 |
import React, { useEffect, useRef } from 'react';
import { Node } from '../Models';
import EventManager from '../Util/EventManager';
import styles from './Port.module.scss';
type InPortProps = {
node: Node;
unselected: boolean;
highlight: boolean;
};
export const InPort = React.memo(
({ node, unselected, highlight }: InPortProps) => {
let className = styles.Port;
if (unselected) {
className = styles.PortUnselected;
}
if (highlight) {
className = styles.PortHighlight;
}
return (
<circle
className={className}
cx={node.inPortOffset.x}
cy={node.inPortOffset.y}
r={highlight ? 6 * node.scale : 4 * node.scale}
/>
);
}
);
type OutPortProps = {
node: Node;
unselected: boolean;
onConnectionDrag: (node: Node, e: Event) => void;
onConnectionEnd: (node: Node, e: Event) => void;
};
export const OutPort = React.memo(
({ node, unselected, onConnectionDrag, onConnectionEnd }: OutPortProps) => {
let nodeDomRef = useRef(null);
let nodeRef = useRef(node);
useEffect(() => {
const em = new EventManager(nodeDomRef.current!);
em.onMove(e => {
e.stopPropagation();
onConnectionDrag(nodeRef.current, e);
});
em.onMoveEnd(e => {
e.stopPropagation();
onConnectionEnd(nodeRef.current, e);
});
return () => {
em.setdown();
};
}, [onConnectionDrag, onConnectionEnd]);
useEffect(() => {
nodeRef.current = node;
});
return (
<g ref={nodeDomRef}>
<circle
className={styles.PortHitBox}
cx={node.outPortOffset.x}
cy={node.outPortOffset.y}
r={20 * node.scale}
/>
<circle
className={unselected ? styles.PortUnselected : styles.Port}
cx={node.outPortOffset.x}
cy={node.outPortOffset.y}
r={4 * node.scale}
/>
</g>
);
}
);
| 42,110 |
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL%20Starfsgreinaf%C3%A9lag
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
AFL Starfsgreinafélag
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https://is.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AFL Starfsgreinafélag&action=history
|
Icelandic
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Spoken
| 783 | 2,680 |
''Sjá aðgreiningarsíðuna fyrir yfirlit yfir aðrar merkingar „Afl“
AFL Starfsgreinafélag (AFL) er stærsta stéttarfélag á Austurlandi. Félagið varð til 28. apríl 2007 með sameiningu þessara félaga: AFL Starfsgreinafélag Austurlands, Verkalýðsfélag Reyðarfjarðar og Vökull Stéttarfélag.
AFL Starfsgreinafélag er þriðja fjölmennasta verkalýðsfélag landsins í dag — á eftir Eflingu og VR. Stærð félagsins skýrist af víðtækum sameiningum verkalýðsfélaga á Austurlandi síðustu ár og miklum uppgangi í atvinnulífi í fjórðungnum.
Yfirlit
Félagssvæðið er víðfeðmt, en það nær frá Langanesbyggð í norðri til Skeiðarársands í suðri. Ríflega 9000 félagsmenn eru í félaginu í 4 deildum, verkamannadeild, sjómannadeild, iðnaðarmannadeild og deild verslunar-og skrifstofufólks.
Félagið á aðild að Starfsgreinasambandinu, Sjómannasambandinu, Samiðn og Landssambandi íslenskra verslunarmanna, auk aðildar að Alþýðusambandi Íslands. Félagið tekur virkan þátt í starfi sambandanna og ýmissa annarra félaga og sjóða. Félagið á til dæmis stjórnarmenn í framkvæmdastjórn Starfsgreinasambandins, Sjómannasambandsins og Samiðnar, í stjórn Landsmenntar, Lífeyrissjóðsins Stapa, Sameinaða lífeyrissjóðsins, Þekkingarnets Austurlands og Vaxtarsamnings Austurlands. Félagið hafði auk þess forgöngu um stofnun Starfsendurhæfingar Austurlands, sem tók til starfa í janúar 2008 og sinnti endurhæfingu um 30 einstaklinga á fyrstu starfsönn. Forstöðumaður StarfA er Erla Jónsdóttir.
Þá hefur félagið tekið þátt í alþjóðlegu starfi, m.a. verið þátttakandi í Leonardo verkefni með IF Metall í Svíþjóð og átt þátt í stofnun ALCOA Workers Global Network, sem er óformlegur hópur verkalýðsfélaga sem í er launafólk, starfandi í ALCOA verksmiðjum.
Þjónusta og starfssemi
Starfssemi AFLs eins og flestra annarra stéttarfélaga skiptist í innra starf og síðan þjónustu við félagsmenn.
Innra starf félagsins fer aðallega fram í gegnum starf með trúnaðarmönnum félagsins, stjórnum og ráðum félagsins og öflugu námskeiðshaldi fyrir félagsmenn og trúnaðarmenn þess.
Helstu viðburðir innra starfs félagsins eru fyrir utan félagsfundi og deildarfundi, árlegur fundur trúnaðarmanna sem stendur í tvo daga. Á þeim fundum hefur verið lagður grunnur að stefnumótunarvinnu félagsins.
Félagið heldur úti öflugri þjónustu fyrir félagsmenn. Í því sambandi má meðal annars nefna að haldið er úti skrifstofum á öllum þéttbýlisstöðum á Austurlandi. Leitast er við að tryggja félagsmönnum sem bestan og greiðastan aðgang að upplýsingum og þjónustu á heimasíðunni.
Þjónusta félagsins skiptist í nokkra flokka:
Almenn þjónusta / upplýsingar fyrir félagsmenn er varða launa og kjaramál.
Lögfræðiaðstoð við félagsmenn vegna innheimtu launa og annarra kjaratengdra mála.
Gerð kjarasamninga - heildarkjarasamninga eða sérsamninga og vinnustaðasamninga.
Starfsemi Orlofssjóðs félagsins er á og rekur á fjórða tug orlofshúsa og íbúða.
Starfsemi Sjúkrasjóðs félagsins er greiðir félagsmönnum dagpeninga í veikindum og ýmis konar styrki til heilsueflingar og forvarna.
Starf að sí-og endurmenntun. Umsjón og afgreiðsla endurmenntunarsjóðsstyrkja og sjóða.
Saga AFLS
AFL Starfsgreinafélag var stofnað 28. apríl 2007, með sameiningu þriggja félaga, AFLs Starfsgreinafélags Austurlands, Verkalýðsfélags Reyðarfjarðar og Vökuls Stéttarfélags.
Öll félögin sem sameinuðust í AFLi eiga sér langa sögu:
Afl Starfsgreinafélag Austurlands
AFL - Starfsgreinafélag Austurlands var stofnað þann 14. janúar 2001 þegar, sex verkalýðsfélög á svæðinu frá Bakkafirði til Fáskrúðsfjarðar voru sameinuð. Utan við þessa sameiningu var eitt félag á áður nefndu svæði, en það er Verkalýðsfélag Reyðarfjarðar sem stofnað 1. apríl 1933. Félögin sem sameinuðust voru: Verkalýðs- og sjómannafélag Fáskrúðsfjarðar, Verkamannafélagið Árvakur á Eskifirði, Verkalýðsfélag Norðfirðinga, Verkalýðsfélag Fljótsdalshéraðs og Borgarfjarðar, Verkamannafélagið Fram á Seyðisfirði, Verkalýðs- og sjómannafélag Vopnafjarðar og Skeggjastaðahrepps. Með sameiningunni varð til stærsta stéttarfélag á Austurlandi.
Verkalýðsfélag Reyðarfjarðar
Verkalýðsfélag Reyðarfjarðar var eitt af elstu starfandi verkalýðsfélögum landsins, tæplega 100 ára gamalt. Til undirbúningsfundar var boðað milli jóla og nýárs árið 1907. „Að kvöldi þess 29. desember 1907 var fundur haldinn í bindindisfélagshúsinu til að ræða um stofnun verkamannafélags í Reyðarfjarðarhreppi. Á fundinum voru mættir 16 menn“, segir í fyrstu fundargerð félagsins. Á þessum fundi voru lagðar fram tillögur um nafn félagsins og árstillag. Fimm manna nefnd var kjörin til að semja lög og reglur félagsins.
Verkamenn á Reyðarfirði fóru strax í undirbúningsvinnu og sunnudaginn 19. janúar var stofnfundurinn haldinn.
Vökull Stéttarfélag
Vökull Stéttarfélag varð til þann 31. október 1999, þegar Verkalýðs- og sjómannafélag Stöðvarfjarðar, Verkalýðs- og sjómannafélag Breiðdælinga, Verkalýðs- og sjómannafélag Djúpavogs og Verkalýðsfélagið Jökull á Hornafirði voru sameinuð.
Hugmyndir um sameiningu félaga innan Alþýðusambands Austurlands höfðu af og til stungið upp kollinum og um miðjan 10. áratuginn kom fram tillaga á þingi Alþýðusambands Austurlands um að sameina öll félögin á Austurlandi í eitt félag. Þótti mörgum tillagan víðáttuvitlaus á þeim tíma.
Stjórn AFLs Starfsgreinafélags 2008 - 2009
Hjördís Þóra Sigurþórsdóttir, Höfn, formaður
Sigurður Hólm Freysson, Eskifirði, varaformaður
Sævar Örn Arngrímsson, Eskifjörður Formaður iðnaðarmannadeildar
Grétar Ólafsson, Vopnafirði, formaður Sjómannadeildar
Jóna Járnbrá Jónsdóttir, Neskaupstað, formaður verkamannadeildar
Gunnhildur Imsland, Höfn, formaður verslunarmannadeildar
Þröstur Bjarnason, Reyðarfirði, gjaldkeri
Eyþór Guðmundsson, Egilsstöðum, meðstjórnandi
Reynir Arnórsson, Djúpavogi, meðstjórnandi
Stefanía Stefánsdóttir, Seyðisfirði, meðstjórnandi
Kristján Magnússon, Vopnafirði, ritari
Kristrún Hallgrímsdóttir, Stöðvarfirði, varamaður í aðalstjórn
Hanna Ingólfsdóttir, Breiðdalsvík, varamaður í aðalstjórn
Þorkell Kolbeins, Höfn Varamaður í aðalstjórn
Sara Guðfinna Jakobsdóttir, Stöðvarfirði, varamaður í aðalstjórn
Framkvæmdastjóri AFLs Starfsgreinafélags er Sverrir Albertsson
Neðanmálsgreinar
Heimild
heimasíða félagsins
Íslensk stéttarfélög
Verkalýðsbarátta
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Various open data
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https://www.gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr/contact/trouver-ma-gendarmerie/brigade-de-caudry-nord-59
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gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr
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French
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Accéder au contenuAccéder au menuAccéder à la rechercheAccéder au footerMinistèrede l’intérieuret des outre-merRechercherMenuGendarmerie nationaleSite officiel de la Gendarmerie nationaleParamètres d'affichageFermerRechercheRechercherFermerAccueilNotre institutionConseilsContactLa gendarmerie recruteNos sitesCREOGNEOGNGarde républicaineGendinfoGIGNLes écolesOGEDOnistsPJGNReconversionRéservesVoir le fil d'ArianeAccueilContactTrouver ma gendarmerieBrigade de Caudry - Nord (59)Voir la carte
BTA CaudryBTA Caudry244 Rue Henri Barbusse
Brigade de Caudry - Nord (59)Venir à la brigade244 Rue Henri Barbusse
59540 Caudry
Accessibilité du batimentHorairesLundi, mardi, mercredi, jeudi, vendredi, samedi08:00 - 12:00 / 14:00 - 18:00Dimanche, jours fériés09:00 - 12:00 / 15:00 - 18:00Contacter la brigade+33 3 27 85 21 17Écrire à la brigade numériqueDiscuter avec un gendarmeLe formulaire de contactPrendre rendez-vous Vous souhaitez prendre rendez-vous pour une démarche ? Rendez-vous sur le site service-public.fr
TransportsArrêt de transport en commun à moins de 200 mètres de l'établissementDes places de stationnement sont disponibles au sein de la parcelle de l'établissementDes places de stationnement adaptées sont disponibles au sein de la parcelle de l'établissementPas de place de stationnement disponible à moins de 200 mètres de l'établissementAccèsPas de chemin extérieur entre le trottoir et l'entrée principale du bâtimentPorte d'entréeL'entrée de l'établissement est facilement repérablePrésence d'une porte à l'entrée de l'établissementMode d'ouverture de la porte : Porte battanteType de porte : ManuelleLa porte d'entrée est vitréeDes éléments contrastés permettent de visualiser les parties vitrées de l'entréeL'entrée se fait de plain-pied, c'est à dire sans rupture brutale de niveauPrésence d'un dispositif comme une sonnette pour signaler sa présencePas de balise sonore facilitant son repérage par une personne aveugle ou malvoyantePossibilité d'une aide humaine au déplacementLargeur minimale de la porte d'entrée : 110Pas d'entrée secondaire spécifique dédiée aux personnes à mobilité réduiteAccueilLa zone d'accueil (guichet d'accueil, caisse, secrétariat, etc) est visible depuis l'entrée du bâtimentL'accès à cet espace se fait de plain-pied, c'est à dire sans rupture brutale de niveauPas de rétrécissement inférieur à 90 centimètres du chemin pour atteindre la zone d'accueilPersonnel à l'accueil des personnes handicapées : Personnels sensibilisés ou formésPas de produits ou prestations dédiés aux personnes sourdes ou malentendantesDes sanitaires sont mis à disposition dans l'établissementDes sanitaires adaptés sont mis à disposition dans l'établissementCommentaireInformations supplémentaires concernant l'accessibilité du bâtiment ou des prestations spécifiques proposées : Ces informations ont été importées depuis data.gouv.fr le 20/03/2024 https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/liste-des-unites-de-gendarmerie-accueillant-du-public-comprenant-leur-geolocalisation-et-leurs-horaires-douverture/
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Бенар
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Бенар — фамилия. Известные носители:
Бенар (Бенард) Евгений Евгеньевич — эстонский архитектор.
Бенар, Мари (1896—1980) — французская землевладелица, фигурантка громкого судебного процесса.
Бенар, Наталия Владимировна (1902—1984) — русская поэтесса.
Бенар, Поль Альбер (1849—1934) — французский художник.
См. также
Ячейки Бенара
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OUTSTANDING WARRANTS
On April 9, 1996, we issued warrants to purchase up to 50,000 ordinary shares at $6.30 per share to the underwriter of our initial public offering. As of the date of this Annual Report, all of these warrants are issued and outstanding. These warrants must be exercised before April 3, 2001. We have granted the underwriter of our initial public offering one demand and unlimited piggyback registration rights with respect to these warrants and the ordinary shares underlying the warrants. It is our understanding that the underwriter is no longer trading as a going concern.
OPTION DEED
In 1997, in response to an attempt by Argyle/Cay Water, Ltd. to acquire up to 50% of our company, our board of directors approved an option deed, which is similar to a "poison pill." The option deed may delay or prevent a change in control of our company.
The option deed grants to each holder of an ordinary and redeemable preference share an option to purchase one one-hundredth of a class B ordinary share at an exercise price of $37.50, subject to adjustment. If a takeover attempt occurs, each shareholder would be able to exercise the option and receive ordinary shares with a value equal to twice the exercise price of the option. Under circumstances described in the option deed, instead of receiving ordinary shares, we may issue to each shareholder cash or other equity or debt securities of our company, or the equity securities of the acquiring company, as the case may be, with a value equal to twice the exercise price of the option.
Takeover events that would trigger the options include a person or group becoming the owner of 20% or more of our outstanding ordinary shares or the commencement of, or announcement of an intention to make, a tender offer or exchange offer, which upon completion would result in the beneficial ownership by a person or group of 20% or more of the outstanding ordinary shares. Accordingly, exercise of the options may cause substantial dilution to a person who attempts to acquire our company.
The options are attached to each ordinary share and redeemable preference share and presently have no monetary value. The options will not trade separately from our shares unless and until they become exercisable. The options, which expire on July 31, 2007, may be redeemed, at the option of our board of directors, at a price of CI$.01 per option at any time until ten business days following the date that a group or person acquires ownership of 20% or more of the outstanding ordinary shares. Any amendment to the option deed is subject to the terms and conditions of our agreement with Argyle/Cay-Water, Ltd. described in the section of this Annual Report entitled "ITEM 10. DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT"
The option deed may have certain anti-takeover effects, although it is not intended to prevent any acquisition or business combination that is at a fair price and otherwise in the best interests of our company and our shareholders as determined by our board of directors. However, a shareholder could potentially disagree with the board's determination of what constitutes a fair price or the best interests of our company and our shareholders.
The full terms and conditions of the options are contained in an option deed between us and our option agent, American Stock Transfer & Trust Company. The above description of the options is a
summary only and does not purport to be complete. You should read the entire option deed to understand the terms of the options.
TRANSFER AGENT
The transfer agent for the ordinary shares is American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, New York, New York.
ITEM 6.
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
As a result of a management decision we have voluntarily adopted accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("US-GAAP") effective January 1, 2000. Previously, annual financial statements were prepared in accordance with International Accounting Standards ("IAS"). As a result all prior periods' financial information presented in the selected financial data have been prepared in accordance with "US-GAAP".
On July 21, 2000, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding capital stock of Seatec Belize Ltd., now renamed Belize Water Ltd., a company organized under the laws of Belize. This acquisition has been accounted for by the purchase method.
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of our wholly-owned subsidiary Belize Water Ltd. The operating results of Belize Water Ltd. have been included in the financial statements since the date of the acquisition (July 21, 2000). All inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated.
Set forth below is selected financial data based upon our consolidated financial statements. The table contains information (expressed in US dollars) derived from our audited consolidated financial statements for the five-year period ended December 31, 2000. This selected financial data should be read in conjunction with the more detailed financial statements and related notes thereto contained elsewhere in this Annual Report. The audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 1997 and 1996 and accountant's reports thereon are not included in this Annual Report.
(1) Operating Income represents net income from operations before a cumulative change in accounting principle in 1999 of $117,576. (See ITEM 7.
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
OVERVIEW
Our objective is to provide water services in areas where the supply of potable water is scarce and where the use of reverse osmosis technology to produce potable water is economically feasible. We have been operating our business on Grand Cayman Island since 1973 and have been using reverse osmosis technology to convert seawater to potable water since 1989. There is no natural supply of fresh water on the Cayman Islands. On July 21, 2000 we acquired Seatec Belize Ltd., a company organized under the laws of Belize. Seatec Belize Ltd., now renamed Belize Water Ltd., owns and operates a reverse osmosis plant in Ambergris Caye, Belize and provides potable water to WASA. In December 2000, we signed a water supply agreement with a Bahamian Developer, to provide potable water to Bimini Sands Resort, a property in South Bimini Island, Bahamas. We are also in discussions with the Government of the Bahamas regarding the provision of potable water to other properties in Bimini, including residential, commercial and tourist properties.
For the year ended December 31, 2000, our net income increased by 53% to $2,404,820, when compared with net income of $1,569,717 in 1999. There are no income taxes in the Cayman Islands. In October 1999, we doubled our per share dividend to ordinary shareholders from $0.16 to $0.32 per year and in December 2000, we increased it from $0.32 to $0.40 per year, payable on a quarterly basis. As of February 29, 2000, our board of directors has established a policy that our company will maintain a dividend pay-out ratio in the range of 50% to 60% of net income. This policy is subject to modification by our board of directors. We expect to continue increasing our dividend as our earnings grow.
We currently have an exclusive license from the Cayman Islands government to provide potable water in Seven Mile Beach and West Bay, Grand Cayman Island. We obtain water from two reverse osmosis plants on Grand Cayman, which together are capable of producing 1.8 million U.S. gallons per day, or approximately 657 million U.S. gallons per year. We own our reverse osmosis plants and substantially all of the 64-miles of our underground distribution infrastructure. For the year ended December 31, 2000, we supplied 451 million U.S. gallons of water to hotels, residential customers, condominiums, other commercial customers and government facilities.
We also have operations in Ambergris Caye, Belize which provides water from one reverse osmosis seawater conversion plant, capable of producing 420,000 U.S. gallons per day or approximately 153 million U.S. gallons per year, to WASA which distributes the water to residential, commercial and tourist properties in Ambergris Caye, Belize. For the year ended December 31, 2000, we supplied approximately 39.1 million U.S. gallons to WASA.
We also entered into a water supply agreement with South Bimini International Ltd., a company incorporated in the Commonwealth of Bahamas. Under the agreement South Bimini International Ltd. is
committed to pay for a minimum of 3,000 US Gallons of water per residential unit per month (36,000 US Gallons residential per unit per year) on a take or pay basis in relation to the Bimini Sands Resort property in South Bimini Island, Bahamas. The price of water supplied is adjusted for inflation annually based on Bahamas government indices. The implementation of the agreement is subject to approval by certain regulatory bodies, which is expected by May 2001. No water sales resulted from this agreement for the year ended December 31, 2000.
Considerable development is taking place on Grand Cayman Island, and particularly in our licensed areas, to accommodate both the growing local population and increased tourism. Because our license requires us to supply water to developments in our licensed area, the planning department of the Cayman Islands government routinely advises us of proposed developments in our licensed area. This advance notice allows us to manage our production capacity to meet anticipated demand. We believe that we have or have contracted for a sufficient supply of water to meet the foreseeable future demand.
We installed our first reverse osmosis plant in December 1989 at Governor's Harbour, located in the Seven Mile Beach area, through a water purchase agreement with Ocean Conversion (Cayman) Ltd. Under the agreement, Ocean Conversion operates the plant, and we must purchase a minimum volume of water from Ocean Conversion. In addition, Ocean Conversion has to provide to us additional volumes of water upon demand up to a fixed level, and any excess on a best efforts basis. The agreement requires a plant capacity of 1.1 million U.S. gallons per day, which is the maximum capacity of the plant. We make installment payments to Ocean Conversion against the cost of the plant as part of the purchase price of the water provided to us by them. As of December 31, 2000, all installment payments against the cost of the plant have been completed and no amounts remain owing. The agreement was amended in December 2000 to increase the production capacity of the plant to 1.2 million US gallons per day. The agreement expires on December 31, 2004, at which time we will have fulfilled our obligations under the agreement and we will be the sole owner and sole operator of the plant. Upon expiration of our agreement with Ocean Conversion, we expect that our operating costs at Governor's Harbour will decrease significantly.
In 1995, we installed our second reverse osmosis seawater conversion plant, this one at our West Bay site. We own and are responsible for operation and maintenance of the West Bay plant. This plant is capable of producing 710,000 U.S. gallons per day of potable water.
OUR OPERATIONS UNDER THE LICENSE IN THE CAYMAN ISLANDS
The Cayman Islands government issued us an exclusive operational license under The Water (Production and Supply) Law of 1979. The license gives us the exclusive right to process potable water from seawater and then sell and distribute that water by pipeline to Seven Mile Beach and West Bay, Grand Cayman Island. The original twenty-year license was renegotiated in 1990 and extended to expand our service area to include West Bay. The license terminates, unless further renewed, on July 11, 2010.
Two years prior to the expiration of the license, we have the right to negotiate with the government to extend the license for an additional term. Unless we are in default under the license, the government may not grant a license to any other party without first offering the license to us on terms that are no less favorable than those which the government offers to a third party.
We must provide, within our licensed area, any requested piped water service which, in the opinion of the executive council of the Cayman Islands government, is commercially feasible. Where supply is not considered commercially feasible, we may require the potential customer to contribute toward the capital costs of pipe laying. We then repay these contributions to the customer, without interest, by way of a discount of 10% on future billings for water sales until this indebtedness has been repaid. We have been installing additional pipeline when we consider it to be commercially feasible, and
the Cayman Islands government has never objected to our determination regarding commercial feasibility.
Under the license, we pay a royalty to the government of 7.5% of our gross potable water sales revenue. The base selling price of water under the license presently varies between $19.00 and $22.79 per 1,000 U.S. gallons, depending upon the type and location of the customer and the monthly volume of water purchased. The license provides for an automatic adjustment for inflation on an annual basis, subject to temporary limited exceptions, and an automatic adjustment for the cost of electricity on a monthly basis. The government reviews and approves the calculations of the price adjustments for inflation and electricity costs.
If we want to increase our prices for any reason other than inflation, we have to request prior approval of the executive council of the Cayman Islands government. If the parties fail to agree, the matter is referred to arbitration. The last price increase that we requested, other than automatic inflation adjustments since 1990, was granted in full in June 1985.
RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL OPERATIONS IN THE CAYMAN ISLANDS
We enter into standard contracts with hotels, condominiums and other properties located in our licensed area to provide potable water to such properties. We currently have agreements on differing terms and rates to supply potable water to the 309-room Marriott Hotel and the 343- room Westin Hotel, and to supply non-potable water to the SafeHaven Golf Course. We bill on a monthly basis based on meter readings. Receivables are typically collected within 30 or 35 days after the billing date and receivables not collected within 45 days subject the customer to disconnection from our water service. In 2000, we collected 99.9% of our receivables. Customers who have had their service disconnected must pay re-connection charges.
In the Seven Mile Beach area, our primary customers are the hotels and condominium complexes which serve the tourists. In the West Bay area, our primary customers are residential homes. Occasionally, we also supply to, or buy from, on an as-needed basis, the Water Authority-Cayman, which serves the business district of George Town and other parts of Grand Cayman Island.
WASTEWATER SERVICES IN THE CAYMAN ISLANDS
We began providing sewerage services on Grand Cayman in 1973. The Cayman Islands government, through Water Authority-Cayman, constructed a public sewerage system in part of the Seven Mile Beach area where Governor's Harbour is located. On September 1, 1988, Water Authority-Cayman began processing sewage delivered by the pipelines and lift stations in that area. We stopped our processing of sewage on that date. Water Authority-Cayman currently directly bills our former sewerage customers for its services. We have advised the Cayman Islands government that we do not intend to operate or maintain the system after March 31, 2001, after having extended a previous deadline of November 30, 2000 upon the request of the Cayman Islands government.
DEMAND FOR WATER IN THE CAYMAN ISLANDS
In the past, demand on our pipeline distribution has varied throughout the year. However, an increase in year-round tourism in recent years has created more uniform demand for water throughout the year. Demand depends upon the number of tourists visiting the Cayman Islands and the amount of rainfall during any particular time of the year. Traditionally the highest demand arises in the first two quarters of the calendar year which corresponds with the high tourist season and the lowest demand arises in the third quarter of the year which corresponds with the period with the most rainfall and the least amount of
tourist arrivals. In general, 75% of tourists come from the United States. Our operating results in any particular quarter are not indicative of the results to be expected for the full fiscal year. The table below lists the total volume of water we supplied on a quarterly basis for the years ended December 31, 2000, 1999, 1998, 1997 and 1996 to all our customers:
OUR OPERATIONS UNDER THE CONTRACT IN BELIZE
We have entered into a contract with WASA to supply a minimum of 135,000 US gallons of water per day to WASA expiring in 2011. At the expiry of the contract, WASA may at its option extend the term of the agreement or purchase the plant outright.
The base price of water supplied, and adjustments thereto, are determined by the terms of the contract, which provides for adjustments based upon the movement in the government price indices specified in the contract, as well as, monthly adjustments for changes in the cost of fuel.
DEMAND FOR WATER IN BELIZE
We have not operated our plant in Belize for a full year. However we believe that water sales in Belize will be cyclical, and on a similar cycle to sales in the Cayman Islands, since both operations cater to similar tourist markets. We believe that water sales will be higher in the future since sales were limited before March 2000 because the production capacity of the water plant was lower than demand. We have already generated sales in January and February 2001 which are 79% higher than sales during the same period in 2000. While early 2001 sales indicate an increasing trend, it may not be indicative of similarly high percentage increases in the future because of production limitations in the first quarter of 2000.
The total volume of water we supplied (in thousands of U.S. gallons) to the Water and Sewage Authority of Belize in each of the third and fourth quarters of the year ended December 31, 2000 was 19,433 and 19,624, respectively.
WATER SALES AND OTHER INCOME ("TOTAL INCOME")
Our total income includes water sales income, other income and interest income from all of our business segments. Water sales income is comprised of water sales to our individual Cayman Islands customers and to the Water and Sewerage Authority of Belize. Other income consists of monthly meter rental charges, sales of water to trucks which deliver to customers not connected to our pipeline in the Cayman Islands, connection charges for new customers and re-connection charges for delinquent accounts. In April 1999, we settled a dispute with the owner of the Hyatt Hotel and the developer of the Britannia development, who supplied water to the Hyatt Hotel, a hotel located within our Seven Mile
Beach license area. Accordingly, other income also consists of settlement fee payments for the supply of water to the Britannia development by the Hyatt Hotel, which has its own water production facility. Interest income relates to interest derived from excess cash balances placed on term deposit.
EXPENSES
Expenses include cost of water sales ("direct production expenses") and our indirect, or general and administrative expenses. Direct production expenses include royalty payments to the Cayman Islands government, electricity and chemical expenses, payments to Ocean Conversion relating to operation of the Governor's Harbour plant, production equipment and facility depreciation costs, equipment maintenance and expenses and operational staff costs. Indirect, or general and administrative expenses, consist primarily of salaries and employee benefits for personnel, administrative office lease payments, legal and professional expenses and financing costs. There are no income taxes in the Cayman Islands and we are currently exempt from taxes in Belize.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2000 COMPARED TO YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1999.
WATER SALES AND OTHER INCOME ("TOTAL INCOME")
Total income increased by 22% from $8,249,988 to $10,025,686 for the years ended December 31, 1999 and 2000, respectively. Part of this increase is due to the income generated in a five month period ended December 31, 2000 by our newly acquired Belize operation. This income amounts to $464,928 which makes up 26% of the increase. The additional 74% of the increase is due to a full twelve months of revenue from the Hyatt Settlement versus six months in 1999, inflationary increase in base rates, as well as, generic growth in our customer base, due to increased housing and new hotel properties which came on line in our Cayman Islands franchise area.
EXPENSES
Direct expenses increased by 14% from $4,770,179 to $5,423,297 for the years ended December 31, 1999 and 2000, respectively. Part of this increase is due to our newly acquired Belize operation. Our direct expenses from Belize, for the five month period ended December 31, 2000, amount to $250,352 which makes up 40% of the increase. The additional 60% of the increase is due to costs of producing additional water to provide for the increased sales. As a percentage of total income, direct expenses decreased from 58% of total income to 54% of total income for the years ended December 31, 1999 and 2000, respectively.
Indirect expenses increased by 23% from $1,792,516 to $2,197,569 for the years ended December 31, 1999 and 2000, respectively. Part of this increase is due to our indirect expenses from Belize. For the five month period ended December 31, 2000, indirect expenses from Belize amounted to $33,422, which contributed to 8% of the increase. The additional 92% of the increase is due to increase employment costs, increased professional fees due to the change in accounting policy and the voluntary increase of SEC disclosure, increased financial and investor public relations and increased expenditures looking for new business. As a percentage of total income, indirect expenses remained unchanged at 22% of total income for the years ended December 31, 1999 and 2000, respectively.
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1999 COMPARED TO YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1998.
WATER SALES AND OTHER INCOME ("TOTAL INCOME")
Total income increased by 1% from $8,187,714 to $8,249,988 for the years ended December 31, 1998 and 1999, respectively. Total income increased despite the closure of two hotels in May and August 1998 consisting of a total of 350 rooms in the Seven Mile Beach area. The decline in available hotel rooms, in addition to year 2000 concerns over the Christmas 1999 period, contributed to a corresponding decrease in tourist arrivals during the year. In addition, our automatic inflation adjustment led to a slight decrease in prices for most of our customers in the West Bay and Seven Mile Beach areas. The decline in water sales in the Seven Mile Beach area, however, was more than offset by an increase in sales volume to new West Bay customers and new six months of revenues from the Hyatt settlement.
EXPENSES
Direct expenses decreased by 8% from $5,166,401 to $4,770,179 for the years ended December 31, 1998 and 1999, respectively. Direct expenses decreased primarily due to the termination of the United States Filter contract, which immediately decreased costs at the West Bay plant. As a percentage of total income, direct expenses decreased from 63% of total income to 58% for the years ended December 31, 1998 and 1999, respectively.
Indirect expenses increased by 14% from $1,569,380 to $1,792,516 for the years ended December 31, 1998 and 1999, respectively, primarily due to substantial legal costs incurred in the first quarter of 1999. These legal costs principally relate to the final settlement of the Britannia development lawsuit in April 1999. All legal costs were expensed as incurred. Other indirect costs, such as executive and administrative staff costs, rent and utilities, increased in line with inflation. As a percentage of total income, indirect expenses increased from 19% of total income to 22% of total income for the years ended December 31, 1998 and 1999, respectively.
CHANGE IN ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLE
Statement of Position 98-5 "Reporting on the Costs of Start-Up Activities" requires start up costs to be expensed as incurred rather than deferred. As a result, the cumulative effect of this change was $117,576, and this item was recorded as a change in accounting principle in the 1999 Consolidated Statements of Income.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
OVERVIEW
We generate cash from our plant operations at West Bay, Seven Mile Beach and Ambergris Caye, Belize and from the sale of our shares and through our loans and facilities obtained from two banks. Cash flow from operating activities was provided by our plant operations, and is impacted by operating and maintenance expenses, the timeliness and adequacy of rate increases, excluding automatic adjustments to our rates for inflation and electricity costs, and various factors affecting tourism in the Cayman Islands and Belize, such as weather conditions and the economy. We use cash to fund our operations in the Cayman Islands and Belize, to make payments under our operating agreement with Ocean Conversion for our Governor's Harbour plant, to expand our infrastructure, to pay dividends, to repay principal on our loans and to repurchase our shares when appropriate.
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net cash from operating activities in 2000 was $3,922,712, compared to $2,528,921 in 1999. This increase was primarily due to an increase in cash generated from operations. We expect cash from operating activities to continue to increase in 2001 as we continue to generate customer revenues from our Belize operations acquired in July 2000.
WORKING CAPITAL
At December 31, 2000, we had a working capital deficiency of $579,942, primarily due to the fourth quarter interim dividends payable which is recorded as a liability within accounts payable and other liabilities for unexercised stock option compensation costs. Management believes that sufficient resources, from funds generated by operations and existing unutilized credit lines, are available to maintain liquidity.
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Cash used in investing activities in 2000 was $6,268,738, compared to $1,541,448 in 1999. On July 21, 2000, we acquired all the issued and outstanding capital stock of Seatec Belize Ltd., now renamed Belize Water Ltd.. Also in 2000 we purchased water production and distribution equipment to expand our infrastructure in the Cayman Islands. In 1999, investing activities consisted primarily of purchase of property, plant and equipment.
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Cash provided by financing activities in 2000 was $2,547,717, compared to cash used in 1999 of $1,404,359. In May and June 2000, we completed a second public offering totaling 773,000 ordinary shares at a per share price of $7.50. After deducting underwriting commissions and other offering expenses, our net proceeds from the offering was $5,384,102 We used the proceeds from this offering to retire approximately $2.1 million of existing debt, for implementation of our growth strategy and for capital expenditures and general corporate purposes.
On December 3, 1998, our shareholders approved a share repurchase program. As of December 31, 1999, we had repurchased 110,752 ordinary shares at an average cost of $7.44 per share, and on January 6, 2000 we repurchased 79,100 shares at $6.25 per share from a shareholder whose assets were being liquidated. No other shares were repurchased during the year ended December 31, 2000. As of October 26, 1999, we suspended the open-market repurchase of our shares.
Our Governor's Harbour plant was financed, through a capital lease, by an increase in our long-term water purchase obligation. In 1991, we financed the expansion of the water distribution system in the West Bay area with a $2,500,000 loan issued by the European Investment Bank and our existing credit facility with the Royal Bank of Canada. The interest rate on the European Investment Bank loan is the bank's prevailing lending rate at the time of draw-down less a subsidy of 4%. As of December 31, 2000, $1,351,566 is outstanding under the European Investment Bank loan. Our total lending facility from the Royal Bank of Canada comprises a revolving line of credit with a limit of $1,000,000 and term loans with a limit of $4,000,000. In 1999, a term loan of $1,000,000 was drawn down. We made an accelerated payment of $200,000 against this loan in 1999 using excess operating cash flow and repaid the
outstanding amount of approximately $570,000 during the year ended December 31, 2000 from the proceeds of our second public share issue. The Royal Bank of Canada lending facility and the European Investment Bank loan are secured by all of our land and other assets.
During the year ended December 31, 2000, we declared three quarterly interim dividends of $0.08 per share per quarter and an interim dividend of $0.10 per share for the fourth quarter, compared to $0.04 per share interim dividends declared in the first three quarters of 1999 and an interim dividend of $0.08 per share for the forth quarter of 1999.
MATERIAL COMMITMENTS FOR CAPITAL EXPENDITURES
As at December 31, 2000, we had approximately $625,000 committed for capital expenditures for the Bimini Sands Resort development. These expenditures are for the construction of the plant site, as well as, installation of pipeline for distribution. We intend to finance this project using existing credit facilities.
IMPACT OF INFLATION
Under the terms of our Cayman Islands license and Belize water sales agreement, there is an automatic price adjustment for inflation on an annual basis, subject to temporary exceptions. We therefore believe that the impact of inflation on our net income will not be material.
EXCHANGE RATES
The official exchange rate for conversion of United States Dollars into Cayman Islands Dollars has been fixed since 1974 at U.S. $1.20 per CI$1.00.
The official exchange rate for conversion of United States Dollars into Belizian Dollars has been fixed since 1976 at U.S.$0.50 per BZE$1.00.
IMPACT OF RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
We are subject to the following recent accounting pronouncements:
In December 1999, the Securities and Exchange Commission issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 101, "Revenue Recognition in Financial Statements" ("SAB 101"). Among other things, SAB 101 discusses the SEC staff's view on accounting for connection fees received from customers. We have determined that SAB 101 does not impact our revenue recognition policy and that no adjustments arise from compliance with this pronouncement.
Financial Accounting Standards board ("FASB") Interpretation No. 44, "Accounting for Certain Transactions Involving Stock Compensation - an Interpretation of APB Opinion 25" was effective July 1, 2000. This Interpretation clarifies the application of APB Opinion 25 for certain issues. We have determined that the interpretation does not impact our treatment of stock compensation and that no adjustments arise from compliance with this pronouncement.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
We discuss in this Annual Report and in documents which we have incorporated into this Annual Report by reference matters which are not historical facts, but which are "forward-looking statements." We intend these forward looking statements to qualify for safe harbor from liability established by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements include, but are not
limited to, our future plans, objectives, expectations and events, assumptions and estimates about our company and our industry in general.
The forward-looking statements in this Annual Report reflect what we currently anticipate will happen. What actually happens could differ materially from what we currently anticipate will happen. We are not promising to make any public announcement when we think forward looking statements in this Annual Report are no longer accurate whether as a result of new information, what actually happens in the future or for any other reason.
Important matters that may affect what will actually happen include, but are not limited to, tourism in the Cayman Islands, Belize and Bahamas, scheduled new construction within our operating areas, the U.S., Cayman Islands, Belize and Bahamas economies, regulatory matters, weather conditions in the Cayman Islands, Belize and Bahamas, availability of capital for expansion of our operations, and other factors described in the "RISK FACTORS" section below as well as elsewhere in this Annual Report.
RISK FACTORS
We have described for you below some risks which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
WE RELY ON AN EXCLUSIVE LICENSE IN THE CAYMAN ISLANDS WHICH MAY NOT BE RENEWED IN THE FUTURE AND UNDER WHICH WE MUST OBTAIN PRIOR APPROVAL FOR AN INCREASE IN OUR RATES FOR ANY REASON OTHER THAN INFLATION. We presently operate as a public water utility under an exclusive license originally issued to us in December 1979 by the government of the Cayman Islands. We own our production infrastructure and substantially all of our distribution infrastructure.
Our license expires on July 11, 2010. If we are not in default of any terms of the license, we have a right of first refusal to renew the license on terms that are no less favorable than those which the government offers to a third party. Nevertheless, we cannot assure you that the government will renew our license or that we will be able to negotiate a new license on satisfactory terms.
Under our license, we must obtain prior approval from the Cayman Islands government to increase our rates for any reason other than inflation. Our ability to raise our rates is limited by this requirement, including potential delays and costs involved in obtaining government approval for a rate increase.
OUR BUSINESS IS AFFECTED BY TOURISM, WEATHER CONDITIONS, THE CAYMAN ISLANDS ECONOMY, THE BELIZE ECONOMY AND THE U.S. economy. Tourist arrivals and weather conditions within our operating areas impact the demand for our water. Normally, the highest demand is in the first two quarters of each calendar year, which corresponds with the high tourist season. Lowest demand for water arises in the third quarter of each calendar year, which corresponds with the period with the most rainfall and the least tourist arrivals. Approximately 75% of tourists to the Cayman Islands come from the U.S. In addition, development activity in the Cayman Islands often decreases during downturns in the U.S. economy, which is tracked by the Cayman Islands economy. Accordingly, a significant downturn in tourist arrivals to the Cayman Islands or in the U.S. economy for any reason would be detrimental to our revenues and operating results. As a result of the seasonal nature of our operations, the revenues and profitability we achieve in any one quarter is not indicative of our expected profitability for a full fiscal year.
WE MAY HAVE DIFFICULTY ACCOMPLISHING OUR GROWTH STRATEGY WITHIN AND OUTSIDE OF OUR CURRENT OPERATING AREAS. Even though we have an exclusive license for our present service area, our
ability to expand our service area in the Cayman Islands is limited at the discretion of the Cayman Islands government.
Further, part of our long-term growth strategy is to expand our water supply and distribution operations to locations outside the Cayman Islands, such as Belize and the Bahamas. Our expansion into new locations depends on our ability to identify suitable new service territories and to obtain necessary permits and licenses to operate in these territories.
Although we believe that we have sufficient capital to satisfy our capital requirements for expansion in the Cayman Islands, Belize and Bahamas for the next twelve months, we will need additional financing to further expand our operations elsewhere. We cannot make any assurances to you that we will be able to obtain the additional financing which we may need to expand our operations on satisfactory terms, if at all.
Our expansion to territories outside our current operations includes significant risks, including, but not limited to, the following:
o regulatory risks, including government relations difficulties, local regulations and currency controls;
o risks related to operating in foreign countries, including political instability, reliance on local economies, environmental or geographical problems, shortages of materials and skilled labor; and
o risks related to development of new operations, including assessing the demand for water, engineering difficulties and inability to begin operations as scheduled.
If our expansion plans are successful, we may have difficulties in managing our growth outside our current operations. Expanding our operations to areas outside the Cayman Islands, Belize and Bahamas will require us to hire and train new personnel, expand our management information systems and control our operating expenses. We cannot currently estimate the costs required or assure you that any new operations outside our current operations will attain or maintain profitability or that the results from these new operations will not negatively impact our overall profitability.
OUR OPERATIONS IN THE CARIBBEAN COULD BE HARMED BY HURRICANES. The Cayman Islands, Belize and Bahamas, like the rest of the Caribbean, are susceptible to damage from hurricanes. A significant hurricane could cause major damage to our equipment and properties and the properties of our customers, including the large tourist properties. This would result in decreased revenues from water sales until the damaged equipment and properties are repaired and the tourism industry returned to the status quo before the hurricane.
WE ARE NOT FULLY INSURED AGAINST HURRICANE DAMAGE. The Cayman Islands have been directly hit by one hurricane since we began operations in 1973 and Belize has been directly hit by one hurricane since we began operations on July 21, 2000, and the damage to our properties and equipment was minimal. We are not fully insured on our underground water distribution system on the Cayman Islands, or the Governor's Harbour reservoirs which are constructed from earthen berms, although we are fully insured on all of our other above-ground property and equipment including our reverse osmosis equipment, machinery, other equipment, buildings and the West Bay reservoir tanks at their estimated replacement value. We will evaluate our needs and obtain the insurance coverage that we believe is necessary for any new operations outside our current operating areas. A severe hurricane which resulted
in major damage to our properties and equipment could have a material adverse affect on our operating results. Even though we are not fully insured, we have mitigated the risks by implementing disaster recovery plans and obtaining insurance for loss of revenue.
WE COULD BE NEGATIVELY AFFECTED BY POTENTIAL GOVERNMENT ACTIONS AND REGULATIONS. There is always a possibility that the government may issue legislation or adopt new regulations:
o restricting foreign ownership of our company;
o providing for the expropriation of our assets by the government;
o providing for nationalization of public utilities by the government;
o providing for different water quality standards;
o resulting in unilateral changes to or renegotiation of our exclusive license or water supply contracts; or
o causing currency exchange fluctuations or devaluations or changes in tax laws.
SERVICE OF PROCESS AND ENFORCEMENT OF LEGAL PROCEEDINGS AGAINST US IN THE UNITED STATES MAY BE DIFFICULT TO OBTAIN. Service of process on our company and our directors and officers, nine out of twelve of whom reside outside the United States, may be difficult to obtain within the United States. Also, since substantially all of our assets are located in the Cayman Islands, any judgment obtained in the United States against us may not be collectible within the United States.
Civil liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for original actions instituted outside the Cayman Islands may or may not be enforceable. There is no reciprocal enforcement of foreign judgments between the United States and the Cayman Islands, so foreign judgments originating from the United States are not directly enforceable in the Cayman Islands.
A prevailing party in a United States proceeding against us or our officers or directors would have to initiate a new proceeding in the Cayman Islands using the United States judgment as evidence of the party's claim. Any action would have to overcome available defenses in the Cayman Islands courts, including, but not limited to:
o lack of competent jurisdiction in the United States courts (including competent jurisdiction according to the rules of private international law currently in effect in the Cayman Islands);
o lack of due service of process in the United States proceeding;
o that United States judgments or their enforcement are contrary to the law, public policy, natural justice, security or sovereignty of the Cayman Islands;
o that United States judgments were obtained by fraud or conflict with any other valid judgment in the same matter between the same parties; and
o that proceedings between the same parties in the same matter were pending in a Cayman Islands court at the time the lawsuit was instituted in the United States court.
A United States judgment awarding remedies unobtainable in any action in the courts of the Cayman Islands (for example, treble damages, which would probably be regarded as penalties), probably would not be enforceable under any circumstances.
WE RELY HEAVILY ON THE EFFORTS OF SEVERAL KEY EMPLOYEES. Our success depends upon the abilities of our executive officers. In particular, the loss of the services of Jeffrey Parker, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, at any time could be detrimental to our operations and our continued success. Although Mr. Parker has entered into an employment agreement extending until December 29, 2001, which extend automatically every year for an additional one-year term, we cannot guarantee that Mr. Parker will continue to work for us during the term of his agreement. Also, none of our employees has entered into a non-compete agreement with us.
PROVISIONS IN OUR ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION, REQUIREMENTS OF GOVERNMENT APPROVAL AND AN OPTION DEED ADOPTED BY OUR BOARD OF DIRECTORS MAY DISCOURAGE A CHANGE IN CONTROL OF OUR COMPANY AND MAY MAKE IT MORE DIFFICULT FOR YOU TO SELL YOUR ORDINARY SHARES. An issuance or transfer of a number of shares which (a) exceeds 5% of the issued shares of our company, or (b) would, upon registration, result in any shareholder owning more than 5% of the issued shares, requires the prior approval of the Cayman Islands government.
It may be difficult for a shareholder to acquire more than 5% of our shares and be able to influence significantly our board of directors or obtain a controlling equity interest in our company and change our management and policies.
Our articles of association include provisions which may discourage or prevent a change in control of our company. For instance, our board of directors consists of three groups. Each group serves a staggered term of three years before the directors in the group are up for re-election. Also, the board of directors may refuse to register any transfer of shares on our books. This provision of the articles of association ensures that the board of directors is not legally obligated to register a share transfer which would cause us to be in breach of the government license in the Cayman Islands as discussed above. Our board of directors has never refused to approve the registration of the transfer of shares.
We have also adopted an option deed, which is similar to a poison pill. The option deed will discourage a change in control of our company by causing substantial dilution to a person or group who attempts to acquire our company on terms not approved by the board of directors.
As a result of these provisions which discourage or prevent an unfriendly or unapproved change in control of our company, you may not have an opportunity to sell your ordinary shares at a higher market price, which, at least temporarily, typically accompanies attempts to acquire control of a company through a tender offer, open market purchases or otherwise.
WE ARE IN TECHNICAL BREACH OF THE TERMS OF OUR LICENSE. As stated above, our Cayman Islands license requires that government approves in advance any issuance or transfer of ordinary shares which represents more than 5% of the issued shares, or which would increase the ownership of any shareholder above 5% of the issued shares of our company.
More than 5% of our issued and outstanding ordinary shares are and in the future may be registered in the name of Cede and Co. Cede and Co. is the nominee for the Depository Trust Company, otherwise
know as DTC, which is a clearing agency for shares held by participating banks and brokers. . We do not believe that these shareholdings by Cede and Co. constitute a breach of the intent of the license. We believe that the purpose of this clause of the license is to allow the Government to approve significant shareholders of the company. Cede and Co. and Depository Trust Company, however, act solely as the nominee for banks and brokers, and have no beneficial ownership in the ordinary shares of common stock. Nevertheless, our Cayman Islands' legal counsel has advised us that these shareholdings by Cede & Co., which were not approved by the government, are probably a technical breach of its license.
| 30,294 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/66527828
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,021 |
Stack Exchange
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Karlom, Manticore Search, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5774375, https://stackoverflow.com/users/591867
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Maltese
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Spoken
| 617 | 1,481 |
ERROR 1064 (42000): no such local index in manticore
I'm trying to connect to manticore database using the official go-sdk. I use the docs instructions expect I've added a DROP and a CREATE statement in order to create testrt index programmatically.
func FillManticore(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
sess := session.Instance(r)
cl := manticore.NewClient()
cl.SetServer("localhost", 9312)
cl.Open()
q := "DROP TABLE testrt"
res, err := cl.Sphinxql(q)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println("create error:", q)
}
q = "CREATE TABLE testrt(id int, title text, content text, counter int)"
fmt.Println("create query is:", q)
res, err = cl.Sphinxql(q)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println("create error:", q)
}
res, err = cl.Sphinxql(`replace into testrt values(1,'my subject', 'my content', 15)`)
fmt.Println(res, err)
res, err = cl.Sphinxql(`replace into testrt values(2,'another subject', 'more content', 15)`)
fmt.Println(res, err)
res, err = cl.Sphinxql(`replace into testrt values(5,'again subject', 'one more content', 10)`)
fmt.Println(res, err)
res2, err2 := cl.Query("subject", "testrt")
fmt.Println(res2, err2)
But I get:
[ERROR 1064 (42000): no such local index 'testrt'] <nil>
[ERROR 1064 (42000): no such local index 'testrt'] <nil>
[ERROR 1064 (42000): no such local index 'testrt'] <nil>
<nil> <nil>
The docs is really spare so I could not figure out what is wrong there with my code. So I appreciate your hints.
The wrong thing is that you can't add column named id as there's one by default. If you try the same query directly with mysql client you'll get:
mysql> CREATE TABLE testrt(id int, title text, content text, counter int);
ERROR 1064 (42000): error adding index 'testrt': can not add multiple attributes with same name 'id'
Here's the fixed code:
cl := manticore.NewClient()
cl.SetServer("localhost", 9312)
cl.Open()
q := "DROP TABLE testrt"
res, err := cl.Sphinxql(q)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println("create error:", err)
}
q = "CREATE TABLE testrt(/*id int, */title text, content text, counter int)"
fmt.Println("create query is:", q)
res, err = cl.Sphinxql(q)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println("create error:", err)
}
fmt.Println(res)
res, err = cl.Sphinxql(`replace into testrt values(1,'my subject', 'my content', 15)`)
fmt.Println(res, err)
res, err = cl.Sphinxql(`replace into testrt values(2,'another subject', 'more content', 15)`)
fmt.Println(res, err)
res, err = cl.Sphinxql(`replace into testrt values(5,'again subject', 'one more content', 10)`)
fmt.Println(res, err)
res2, err2 := cl.Query("subject", "testrt")
fmt.Println(res2, err2)
which returns:
[Query OK, 0 rows affected]
[Query OK, 1 rows affected] <nil>
[Query OK, 1 rows affected] <nil>
[Query OK, 1 rows affected] <nil>
Status: ok
Query time: 0s
Total: 3
Total found: 3
Schema:
Fields:
title
content
Attributes:
counter: int
title: string
content: string
Matches:
Doc: 1, Weight: 1, attrs: [15 my subject my content]
Doc: 2, Weight: 1, attrs: [15 another subject more content]
Doc: 5, Weight: 1, attrs: [10 again subject one more content]
Word stats:
'subject' (Docs:3, Hits:3)
<nil>
The diff is:
8c8
< fmt.Println("create error:", q)
---
> fmt.Println("create error:", err)
11c11
< q = "CREATE TABLE testrt(id int, title text, content text, counter int)"
---
> q = "CREATE TABLE testrt(/*id int, */title text, content text, counter int)"
15c15
< fmt.Println("create error:", q)
---
> fmt.Println("create error:", err)
16a17
> fmt.Println(res)
26d26
<
Well, now I still get CREATE TABLE requires data_dir to be set in the config file . I added data_dir = /var/lib/manticore/data to searchd {...} inside /etc/manticoresearch/manticore.conf but did not resolve the problem. Also noticed [13552] FATAL: 'data_dir' cannot be mixed with index declarations in '/etc/manticoresearch/manticore.conf' so not sure where to put data_dir
Read about RT mode vs Plain mode - https://manual.manticoresearch.com/Read_this_first#Real-time-mode-vs-plain-mode
I did read that useless docs. It was not helpful.
So you probably read there "You cannot combine the 2 modes and need to decide which one you want to follow". Please remove all index declarations from your config, it should help with 'data_dir' cannot be mixed with index declarations
| 5,856 |
https://askubuntu.com/questions/1293775
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,020 |
Stack Exchange
|
N0rbert, doug, https://askubuntu.com/users/27773, https://askubuntu.com/users/558158, https://askubuntu.com/users/66509, vanadium
|
English
|
Spoken
| 222 | 351 |
How to install Nautilus 3.26 in Ubuntu 20.04 and get updates in unity?
I recently (manually) upgraded from Ubuntu 18.04 to 20.04 and I'm not liking this new Nautilus 3.28 at all. I can't decrease the desktop font size from gsetting set org.gnome.nautilus.dekstop
Besides I'm going to purge gnome desktop and install unity anyway. So is there any way to roll back the Nautilus?
I also didn't get any update in 18.04 because I used unity. Can that be solved somehow in 20.04 without using gnome?
Does this answer your question? How to remove GNOME Shell from Ubuntu 20.04 LTS to install other desktop environment from scratch? . Unity will use the same version of Nautilus. So it is no way. Use MATE or Cinnamon instead.
Unity will use whatever you set to handle desktop, best option is nemo. As far as using an older Nautilus in 20.04 not possible or easily so. The ubuntu-unity-desktop package should take care of desktop handling by nemo for you, it's up to you what your default file manager is (if you leave Nautilus installed..
@N0rbert starting from 20.04, nemo is the default file manager in Ubuntu Unity remix, so from that side, it will be OK.
Maybe, but the ubuntu-unity-desktop meta-package still depends on nautilus. Do not know other way to install Ubuntu Unity "remix".
| 31,710 |
2021/Proposal for an act_25/Proposal for an act_BG.pdf_6
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,021 |
None
|
None
|
Bulgarian
|
Spoken
| 7,390 | 17,340 |
2. Достъпът, посочен в параграф 1, се осигурява по начин, определен от
държавата членка съгласно съответните правни инструменти. Държавите
членки следват целите за честен и откри т достъп, постигайки конкурентен
пазар на природен газ и избягвайки всякаква злоупотреба с господстващо
положение, като вземат под внимание сигурността и редовността на
доставките, капацитета, който е или може да стане наличен се предостави на
разположение по разумен начин, и опазването на околната среда. Следните
въпроси нужди може да бъдат взети под внимание:
BG 95 BG a) необходимостта да се откаже достъп, когато има несъвместимост на
техническите спецификации, която не може да бъде прео доляна по
адекватен начин;
б) необходимостта да се избегнат трудности, които не могат да бъдат
преодолени по адекватен начин и биха могли да причинят вреда на
ефективния, текущ и планиран бъдещ добив на въглеводороди,
включително такъв от полета с маргинал на икономическа
жизнеспособност;
в) необходимостта да се зачитат надлежно обоснованите разумни адекватни
нужди на собственика или оператора на добивната
тръбопроводна газопроводна мрежа за пренос и преработка на газ и
интересите на всички други потребители н а добивната
тръбопроводна газопроводна мрежа или свързани преработващи или
манипулационни съоръжения, които може да бъдат засегнати; и
г) необходимостта да прилагат своите закони и административни
процедури, в съответствие със законодателството на Общността
Съюза , за даването на разрешение за добив или разработване на
находища.
3. Държавите членки осигуряват наличието на процедури за разрешаване на
спорове, включително орган, който е независим от страните и има достъп до
цялат а необходима информация, за да може споровете, свързани с достъпа до
добивни тръбопроводни газопроводни мрежи, да бъдат разрешавани
експедитивно, като се вземат под внимание критериите в параграф 2 и броят на
страните, които може да вземат участие в договар янето на достъп до такива
мрежи.
2019/692 член 1.4
4. В случай на трансгранични спорове, се прилагат процедурите за разрешаване
на спорове на държавата членка, която има компетентност над добивната
тръбопроводна газопроводна мрежа, която отказва достъп. Когато, при
трансгранични спорове, повече от една държави членки покриват въпросната
мрежа, съответните държави членки се консултират взаимно с оглед
осигуряване на последователното прилагане на разпоредбите на настоящата
дире ктива. Когато добивната газопроводна мрежа е с начало в трета държава и
се свързва с най -малко една държава членка, заинтересованите държави членки
се консултират помежду си, а държавата членка, в която е разположена първата
входяща точка към мрежата на дъ ржавите членки, се консултира със
съответната трета държава, в която е разположено началото на добивната
газопроводна мрежа, за да се гарантира последователното прилагане на
настоящата директива по отношение на съответната мрежа на територията на
държавите членки.
BG 96 BG
2009/73/ЕО (адаптиран)
Член 2933
Достъп до съоръжения за съхранение на природен газ
1. За организиране на достъп до съоръжения за съхранение и до временно
съхранение, когато е технически и/или ико номически необходимо за
осигуряването на ефективен достъп до системата с цел доставка на клиенти,
както и за организирането на достъп до спомагателните услуги, държавите
членки могат да изберат едната от двете или и двете процедури, описани в
параграфи 3 и 4. Тези процедури действат съгласно обективни, прозрачни и
недискриминационни критерии.
нов
При избора на процедурата за достъп до съоръжения за съхранение съгласно
настоящия член държавите членки вземат предвид резултатите от общите и
националните оценки на риска, извършени съгласно член 7 от Регламент (ЕС)
2017/1938.
2009/73/ЕО (адаптиран)
Регулаторните органи , когато държавите -членки са предвидили това, или
държавите -членки. определят и публикуват критериите, съгласно които може
да бъде определен приложимият режим за достъп до съоръжения за съхранение
и до временно съхранение. Те правят обществено достояние или задължават
операторите на газопреносни системи и на системи за съхранение да направят
обществено достояние да нните относно това кои съоръжения за съхранение
или части от тях и какво временно съхранение се предлага съгласно различните
процедури, посочени в параграфи 3 и 4.
Задължението, посочено във второто изречение на първа алинея не засяга
предвиденото в първа алинея право на избор на държавите -членки.
2. Разпоредбите в Ппараграф 1 не се прилага т за спомагателни услуги и временно
съхранение, свързани със съоръжения за ВПГ и необходими за процеса на
регазификация и последващата доставка към газопреносната система.
3. В случай на договорен достъп държавите -членки или когато държавите -членки
са предвидили това, регулаторните органи вземат необходимите мерки, за да
могат предприятията за природен газ и привилегированите отговарящите на
условията клиенти вътре или извън територията, покрита от взаимносвързаната
система, да договарят достъп до съоръжение за съхранение и до временно
съхранение, когато то е технически и/или икономически необходимо за
осигуряването на ефективен достъп до системата, ка кто и за организацията на
достъп до други спомагателни услуги. Страните са задължени добросъвестно
да договарят достъп до съоръжение за съхранение, до временно съхранение и
до други спомагателни услуги.
BG 97 BG Договорите за достъп до съоръжения за съхранение, до временно съхранение и
до други спомагателни услуги се договарят със съответния оператор на система
за съхранение или предприятията за природен газ . Регулаторните органи ,
когато държавите -членки са предвидили това, или държавите -членки, изискват
от оператор ите на системи за съхранение и предприятията за природен газ да
публикуват основните си търговски условия за използването на съоръжения за
съхранение, на временно съхранение и на други спомагателни услуги до
1 януари 2005 г. и веднъж годишно след това.
При изготвянето на тези условия та, посочени във втора алинея,
операторите на системите за съхранение и предприятията за природен газ се
консултират с ползвателите на системата.
4. В случай на регулиран достъп регулаторните орга ни, когато държавите -членки
са предвидили това, или държавите -членки вземат необходимите мерки, за да
предоставят на предприятията за природен газ и привилегированите
отговарящите на условията клиенти вътре или извън територията, покрита от
взаимносвързана та система, право на достъп до съоръжения за съхранение, до
временно съхранение и до други спомагателни услуги, на базата на
публикувани тарифи и/или други условия и задължения за използването на
тези съоръжения за съхранение и на временно съхранение, кога то това е
технически и/или икономически необходимо за осигуряването на ефективен
достъп до системата, както и за организацията на достъп до други
спомагателни услуги. Регулаторните органи , когато държавите -членки са
предвидили това, или държавите -членки се консултират с ползвателите на
системата при изготвянето на тези тарифи или методиките за изчисляването
им. Правото на достъп за привилегированите отговарящите на условията
клиенти може да бъде дадено, като им се предостави възможност да сключат
договор и за доставка с конкурентни предприятия за природен газ , различни от
собственика и/или оператора на мрежата или свързано предприятие.
2009/73/ЕО (адаптиран)
нов
Член 3038
Директни газопроводи за природен газ
1. Държавите членки вземат всички необходими мерки, за да дадат възможност:
a) предприятията за природен газ , установени на тяхната територия, да
доставят газ на привилегировани отговарящи на условията клиенти чрез
директен газопровод; и и
б) всеки такъв привилегирован клиент на тяхната територия да получава газ
чрез директен газопровод от предприятия за природен газ.
2. В случаи, когато се изисква разрешение , (например лиценз, разрешително,
концесия, съгласие или одобрение ), за изграждане то или експлоатацията на
директни газопроводи, държавите членки или посочени от тях компетентни
органи излагат критериите за даване на разрешения за построяването или
експлоатацията на директни газопроводи на тяхна територия. Тези критерии са
обективни, пр озрачни и недискриминационни.
BG 98 BG 3. Държавите членки може да предоставят разрешение за построяването на
директен газопровод или при условията на отказ на достъп до системата на
основание член 3435, или при условията на откриване на процедура за
уреждане на сп ор по член 7341.
нов
РАЗДЕЛ ІІ
ДОСТЪП ДО ИНФРАСТРУКТУРА ЗА ВОДОРОД
Член 31
Достъп на трети страни до мрежи за водород
1. Държавите членки гарантират наличието на система за регулиран достъп на
трети страни до мрежи за водород, която работи въз основа на публикувани
тарифи и се прилага обективно и без дискриминация между различните
ползватели на мрежата за водород.
1. Държав ите членки гарантират, че тези тарифи или методиките, които
определят изчисляването им, са одобрени преди влизането им в сила в
съответствие с член 72 от регулаторен орган, посочен в член 70, и че тези
тарифи и методиките, когато се одобряват само методики те, са публикувани
преди влизането им в сила.
3. Операторите на мрежи за водород имат достъп, ако е необходимо за
извършването на дейността им, включително във връзка с трансгранично
транспортиране, до мрежите за водород на други оператори.
4. До 31 декем ври 2030 г. дадена държава членка може да реши да не прилага
параграф 1. В такъв случай държавата членка осигурява прилагането на
система за договорен достъп на трети страни до мрежите за водород в
съответствие с обективни, прозрачни и недискриминационни к ритерии.
Регулаторните органи предприемат необходимите мерки, за да могат
ползвателите на мрежи за водород да договарят достъп до тези мрежи.
Страните са задължени добросъвестно да договарят достъпа до мрежите за
водород.
5. Когато се използва договорен достъп, регулаторните органи предоставят
насоки на ползвателите на мрежи за водород относно начина, по който
договорените тарифи ще бъдат засегнати от въвеждането на регулиран достъп
на трети страни.
Член 32
Достъп на трети страни до терминал и за водород
1. Държавите членки гарантират прилагането на система за достъп на трети
страни до терминалите за водород въз основа на договорен достъп по
обективен, прозрачен и недискриминационен начин, като регулаторните органи
предприемат необходимите мерки, за да мог ат ползвателите на терминал и за
BG 99 BG водород да договарят достъп до тези терминал и. Страните са задължени да
договарят достъпа добросъвестно.
2. Регулаторните органи наблюдават условията за достъп на трети страни до
терминалите за водород и тяхното въздействие върху пазарите на водород и,
когато е необходимо за защита на конкуренцията, предприемат мерки за
подобряване на достъпа в съответствие с критериите, посочени в параграф 1.
Член 33
Достъп до съоръжения за съхранение на водород
Държавите членки гарантират прилагането на система за регулиран достъп на трети
страни до съоръжения за съхранение на водород и до съоръжения за временно
съхранение, когато това е технически и/или икономически необходимо за осигуряване
на ефективен достъп до системата с цел доставка на клиенти, както и организирането
на достъп до спомагателни услуги, като това става въз основа на публикувани тарифи и
се прилага обективно и без дискриминация между различните ползватели на системата
за водород. Държавите членки гарантират, че тези тариф и или методиките, на които се
основава тяхното изчисление, са одобрени преди влизането им в сила от регулаторния
орган в съответствие с член 72.
РАЗДЕЛ ІІІ
ОТКАЗ НА ДОСТЪП И СВЪРЗВАНЕ
2009/73/ЕО (адаптиран)
нов
Член 3435
Отказ на достъп и свързване
1. Предприятията за природен газ и водород може да отказват достъп до
системата или присъединяване към системата за природен газ или
водород на базата на липса на капацитет , или когато достъпът до мрежата би
могъл да им попречи да изпълняват задълженията за извършване на
обществени услуги, посочени в член 3, параграф 2, които са им възложени, или
на база та на сериозни икономически и финансови трудности с договори
вземане -или-плащане, отчитайки критериите и процедурите, установени в
член 48, и алтернативата, избрана от държавата -членка според параграф 1 от
същия член . Предоставят се надлежно обосновани осн ования за такъв отказ.
2. Като вземат предвид целите за декарбонизация на национално равнище и на
равнището на Съюза, Ддържавите членки може да вземат необходимите
подходящи мерки, за да гарантират, че предприятията за природен газ
или водород , които отказват достъп до или присъединяване към
системата за природен газ или системата за водород на базата на
липса на капацитет или липса на връзка, ще направят необходимите
подобрения доколкото това е икономически целесъобразно или когато
потенциален клиент има желание да заплати за това. В случаите, когато
BG 100 BG държавите -членки прилагат член 4, параграф 4, държавите -членки вземат
такива мерки.
нов
3. Достъпът до системата за възобновяеми и нисковъглеродни газове може да
бъде отказан само при спазване на разпоредбите на членове 18 и 33 от
[преработения Регламент относно газа, предложен в COM(2021)xxx].
2009/73/ЕО
Член 36
Нова инфрастру ктура
1. Голяма нова газова инфраструктура, например междусистемни газопроводи,
съоръжения за ВПГ и съоръжения за съхранение, при искане може да бъде освободена
за определен период от време от разпоредбите на членове 9, 32, 33 и 34 и член 41,
параграфи 6, 8 и 10, при следните условия:
a) инвестицията следва да поощрява конкуренцията в газовите доставки и
да повишава сигурността на доставките;
б) нивото на риска, свързан с инвестицията, трябва да е такова, че
инвестицията не би била направена, ако не се пр едостави освобождаване;
в) инфраструктурата следва да е собственост на физическо или юридическо
лице, което е отделено, поне по отношение на правната му форма, от
операторите, в чиито системи ще се изгражда тази инфраструктура;
г) трябва да се събират такси от ползвателите на тази инфраструктура; и
2019/692 член 1.5, буква а)
д) освобождаването не трябва да е във вреда на конкуренцията на
съответните пазари, които е вероятно да бъдат засегнати от инвестицията, на
ефективното функционир ане на вътрешния пазар за природен газ, на
ефективното функциониране на съответните регулирани системи или на
сигурността на доставките на природен газ в Съюза.
2009/73/ЕО
2. Параграф 1 се прилага и за значително увеличаване на капацитета на
съществуваща инфраструктура и за модификации на такава инфраструктура, които
дават възможност за развитието на нови източници на газови доставки.
BG 101 BG
2019/692 член 1.5, буква б)
3. Регулаторният орган, посочен в глава VIII, може във всеки к онкретен случай да
приема решение във връзка с освобождаване, посочено в параграфи 1 и 2.
Преди да приеме решението във връзка с освобождаването, националният регулаторен
орган или, когато е приложимо, друг компетентен орган на държавата членка провежда
консултации:
a) с националните регулаторни органи на държавите членки, чиито пазари е
вероятно да бъдат засегнати от новата инфраструктура; и и
б) със съответните органи на трети държави, когато инфраструктурата е
свързана с мрежата на Съюза под юрисдикция та на държава членка и е с
начало или завършва в една или повече трети държави.
Когато органите на трета държава, потърсени за консултация, не отговорят на искането
за консултация в разумен срок или в определения срок, който не надхвърля три месеца,
съотве тният национален регулаторен орган може да приеме необходимото решение.
2009/73/ЕО
4. Когато съответната инфраструктура е разположена на територията на повече от
една държава -членка, Агенцията може да даде консултативно становище на
регула торните органи на съответните държави -членки, което може да служи като
основа за тяхното решение, в срок от два месеца от датата на която искането за
освобождаване е било получено от последния от тези регулаторни органи.
2019/692 член 1.5, буква в)
Когато всички съответни регулаторни органи постигнат споразумение относно
искането за освобождаване в шестмесечен срок от датата на която то е получено от
последния от регулаторните органи, те информират Агенцията за тяхното решение.
Когато съответната инфраструктура представлява преносен газопровод между държава
членка и трета държава, преди да приеме решението във връзка с освобождаването,
националният регулаторен орган или, когато е приложимо, друг компетентен орган на
държавата членка, в която е разположена първата точка на междусистемно свързване с
мрежата на държавите членки, може да се консултира със съответния орган на тази
трета държава, за да се гарантира последователното прилагане на настоящата
директива по отношение на съответната инфраструктура на територията, а когато е
приложимо – в териториалните води на държавата членка. Когато органът на трета
държава, потърсен за консултация, не отговори на искането за консултация в разумен
срок или в определения срок, който не надхвърля три месеца, съответният национален
регулаторен орган може да приеме необходимото решение.
BG 102 BG
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Агенцията поема задачите, възложени на регулаторните органи на съответните
държави -членки съгласно настоящия член:
a) когато всички съответни регулаторни органи не са постигнали
споразумение в срок от шест месеца от датата, на която е поискано
освобождаване от последния от тези регулаторни органи; или
б) при съвместно искане от съответните регулаторни органи.
Всички съответни регулаторни орган и може да отправят съвместно искане посоченият
в трета алинея, буква а) срок да се удължи с до три месеца.
5. Преди да вземе решение, Агенцията се консултира със съответните регулаторни
органи и кандидатите.
6. Дадено освобождаване може да покрие целия или част от капацитета на новата
инфраструктура или на съществуващата инфраструктура със значително увеличен
капацитет.
При вземането на решение за освобождаване за всеки отделен случай се разглежда
необходимостта от налагане на условия относно продължителнос тта на
освобождаването и недискриминационния достъп до инфраструктурата. При вземането
на решение относно тези условия особено внимание се обръща на допълнителния
капацитет, които ще се изгради или на изменението на съществуващия капацитет, на
времевия хор изонт на проекта и на националните особености.
Преди да вземе решение за освобождаване регулаторният орган взема решение за
правилата и механизмите за управление и разпределяне на капацитета. Правилата
изискват всички потенциални ползватели на инфраструкту рата да бъдат поканени да
изявят интерес при договарянето на капацитет преди извършването на разпределението
на капацитета на новата инфраструктура, включително за собствени нужди.
Регулаторният орган изисква правилата за управление на претоварването да вк лючват
задължението неизползваният капацитет да бъде предлаган на пазара, а ползвателите на
инфраструктурата да имат право да търгуват договорения си капацитет на вторичния
пазар. При оценката си на критериите, посочени в параграф 1, букви а), б) и д),
регулаторният орган взема предвид резултатите от посочената по -горе процедура за
разпределение на капацитет.
Решението за освобождаване, включително всички условия, посочени във втора алинея
от настоящия параграф, следва да бъдат надлежно обосновани и публику вани.
7. Независимо от параграф 3 държавите -членки може да предвидят техният
регулаторен орган или Агенцията, според случая, да представят на съответния орган в
държавата -членка, за целите на официално решение, становище по молбата за
освобождаване. Това с тановище се публикува заедно с решението.
8. Регулаторният орган незабавно изпраща на Комисията копие от всяка молба за
освобождаване от момента на получаването ѝ. Компетентният орган незабавно
нотифицира Комисията за решението и предоставя цялата свързана с него информация.
Тази информация може да бъде представена на Комисията в обобщена форма, за да се
даде възможност на Комисията да вземе добре обосновано решение. По -специално
информацията включва:
BG 103 BG a) подробно изложените основания, на базата на които ре гулаторният орган
е взел решение за предоставяне или отказ за освобождаване, заедно с
позоваване на параграф 1, включително съответната(ите) точка(и) от въпросния
параграф, на която(ито) се основава такова решение, включително финансовата
информация, обосн оваваща необходимостта от освобождаване;
б) предприетия анализ на влиянието върху конкуренцията и ефективното
функциониране на вътрешния пазар на природен газ в резултат от
предоставянето на освобождаване;
в) причините за периода от време и дела на общия капацитет на въпросната
инфраструктура за газ, за която се предоставя освобождаване;
г) резултата от консултациите със съответните регулаторни органи, когато
освобождаването е свързано с междусистемен тръбопровод; и
д) приноса на инфраструктурата за диверсификация на доставките на газ.
9. В срок от два месеца, започващ от деня на получаване на нотификацията
Комисията може да вземе решение, изискващо от регулаторния орган да измени или
отмени решението за освобождаване. Двумесечният срок може да бъде у дължен с
допълнителен срок от два месеца, когато Комисията търси допълнителна информация.
Този допълнителен срок започва да тече от деня след получаването на пълната
информация. Първоначалният двумесечен срок може да бъде удължен и по взаимно
съгласие на К омисията и регулаторния орган.
Когато изисканата информация не бъде предоставена в срока, предвиден в искането,
нотификацията се счита за оттеглена, освен ако преди изтичането му този срок е бил
удължен по взаимно съгласие на Комисията и регулаторния орган или ако
регулаторният орган е нотифицирал чрез обосновано изявление Комисията, че счита
нотификацията за пълна.
Регулаторният орган изпълнява решението на Комисията, като изменя или отменя
решението за освобождаване в срок от едни месец, и информира съотв етно Комисията
за това.
Комисията е длъжна да запази поверителността на чувствителната търговска
информация.
Одобрението на Комисията на решението за освобождаване губи силата си две години
след приемането му, ако в рамките на този период все още не е запо чнало изграждането
на инфраструктурата, и пет години от приемането му, ако инфраструктурата не е
въведена в експлоатация, освен ако Комисията реши, че забавянето се дължи на
значителни пречки, които са извън контрола на лицето, на което е предоставено
осво бождаване.
10. Комисията може да приеме насоки за прилагането на условията, предвидени в
параграф 1 от настоящия член, и да определи процедурата, която да бъде следвана за
прилагането на разпоредбите на параграфи 3, 6, 8 и 9 от настоящия член. Тези мерки,
предназначени да изменят несъществени елементи на настоящата директива чрез
допълването ѝ, се приемат в съответствие с процедурата по регулиране с контрол,
посочена в член 51, параграф 3.
BG 104 BG
нов
Глава V
Правила, приложими за преноса и съхране нието на природен
газ и за операторите на системи за природен газ
2009/73/ЕО (адаптиран)
нов
Член 3513
Задачи на операторите на газопреносни системи, на системи за съхранение и/или
системи за ВПГ
1. Всеки оператор на газопреносна система, на система за съхранение и/или
система за ВПГ:
a) експлоатира, поддържа и развива в пазарни условия сигурни, надеждни и
ефективни съоръжения за пренос, съхранение и/или ВПГ, с цел
осигуряване на отворен пазар, като пази се съобразява надлежно с
околната среда , изпълнява задълженията, определени в [Регламент
(ЕС) 2022/ … (Регламент за метана)], и предоставя подходящи средства
за изпълнение на задълженията, свързани с услугите;
б) се въздържа от дискриминация между не дискриминира ползватели на
системата или групи ползватели на системата, особено в полза на
свързаните с него предприятия;
в) предоставя на операторите на други газопреносни системи, операторите
на други системи за съхране ние, операторите на други системи за ВПГ,
и/или операторите на други разпределителни системи достатъчно
информация, за да се гарантира, че транспортът и съхранението на
природен газ стават по начин, съвместим със сигурната и ефективна
експлоатация на взаим носвързаната система; и
г) осигурява на ползвателите на системата информацията, която им е
необходима за ефикасен достъп до системата.
2. Всеки оператор на газопреносна система осигурява достатъчен трансграничен
капацитет, с оглед интегриране на европейска та газопреносна инфраструктура,
като се удовлетворят всички икономически разумни адекватни и технически
осъществими искания за капацитет и се вземе предвид сигурността на
доставките на газ.
нов
3. Операторите на газопреносни системи си сътр удничат с операторите на
газоразпределителни системи с цел осигуряване на ефективното участие на
BG 105 BG участниците на пазара, свързани с тяхната мрежа за търговия на дребно,
търговия на едро и балансиращите пазари.
4. Операторите на преносни системи осигуряват е фективно управление на
качеството на газа в своите съоръжения в съответствие с приложимите
стандарти за качество на природния газ.
2009/73/ЕО
5.3. Правилата, приети от операторите на газопреносни системи за балансиране на
газопреносната система, са обективни, прозрачни и недискриминационни,
включително правилата за таксуване на ползватели на техните мрежи за
енергиен дисбаланс. Редът и условията, включително правилата и тарифите, за
осигуряването на такива услуги от операторите на газопре носни системи, са
постановени съобразно методика, която е съвместима с член 7241 , параграф 7
по недискриминационен и отразяващ разходите начин, и се публикуват.
6.4. Регулаторните органи, когато държавите членки са предвидили това, или
държавите членки, м оже да изискат от операторите на газопреносни системи да
се съобразяват с минимални стандарти за поддръжката и развитието на
газопреносната система, включително капацитети за създаване на
междусистемни връзки.
нов
7. Държавите членки могат да предвидят, че едно или повече от задълженията,
посочени в параграф 1, се възлагат на оператор на газопреносна система,
различен от собственика на газопреносната система, за която иначе биха били
приложими въпросните задължения. Операторът на газопренос на система, на
когото са възложени задълженията, трябва да е сертифициран съгласно модела
за отделяне на собствеността, модела за независим системен оператор или
модела за независим оператор на преносна система, и да отговаря на
изискванията, посочени в чл ен 54, но не е необходимо да притежава
газопреносната система, за която е отговорен.
8. Операторът на газопреносната система трябва да отговаря на изискванията,
предвидени в глава IX, и да е сертифициран в съответствие с член 57. Това не
засяга възможност та операторите на газопреносни системи, които са
сертифицирани съгласно модела за отделяне на собствеността, модела за
независим системен оператор или модела за независим оператор на преносна
система, да делегират определени задачи по собствена инициатива и под техен
надзор на други оператори на преносни системи, които са сертифицирани
съгласно модела за отделяне на собствеността, модела за независим системен
оператор или модела за независим оператор на преносна система, когато това
делегиране на задачи не застрашава правата за ефективно и независимо
вземане на решения на делегиращия оператор на газопреносна система.
9. Операторите на системи за съхранение и за ВПГ си сътрудничат в рамките на
дадена държава членка и на регионално равнище, за да осигурят най -
ефикасното използване на капацитета на съоръженията и синергии между тези
съоръжения, като вземат предвид цялостността на системата и експлоатацията.
BG 106 BG
2009/73/ЕО (адаптиран)
10.5. Операторите на газопреносни системи набавят енергията, която използват за
осъществяване на дейността си, по прозрачни, недискриминационни и пазарно
основани процедури.
Член 3616
Поверителност за операторите на газопреносни системи и собствениците на
газопреносни системи
1. Без да се засяга член 6830 или други правни задължения за разкриване на
информация, всеки оператор на газопреносна система, оператор на система за
съхранение и/или за ВПГ и всеки собственик на газопреносна система запазва
поверителността на чувствителната търговска информация, получена при
извършването на дейността симу, и предотвратява разкриването по
дискриминационен начин на информация за собствената си дейност, която
може да доведе до търговски предимства. По -специално той не разкрива
никаква чувствителна търговска информация на останалите части от
предприятието, освен ако това не е необходимо за сключването на търговска
сделка. За да се осигури изцяло спазването на правилата за отделяне на
информацията, държавите членки гарантират също така че собственикът на
газопреносната система, включи телно в случай на комбиниран оператор,
операторът на газоразпределителна система и останалата част от
предприятието не използват съвместни служби, като съвместни правни служби,
освен служби с чисто административни или ИТ функции.
2. Операторите на газопрен осни системи, на системи за съхранение и/или за ВПГ,
в контекста на продажбите или покупките на природен газ от свързани с тях
предприятия, нямат право да злоупотребяват с чувствителна търговска
информация, получена от трети страни при осигуряването или до говарянето на
достъп до системата.
3. Информацията, необходима за насърчаването на ефективна конкуренция и
ефикасно функциониране на пазара, се публикува. Това задължение не засяга
защитата на чувствителната търговска информация.
нов
Член 37
Правомощия за вземане на решения по отношение на присъединяването на нови
инсталации за производство на възобновяеми и нисковъглеродни газове към
газопреносната система
1. Операторът на газопреносна система определя и публикува прозрачни и
ефикасн и процедури за недискриминационно присъединяване на нови
инсталации за производство на възобновяеми и нисковъглеродни газове към
системата. Тези процедури подлежат на одобрение от регулаторните органи.
BG 107 BG 2. Операторът на газопреносна система няма право да о тказва присъединяването
към системата на ново съоръжение за производство на възобновяеми и
нисковъглеродни газове, когато това действие е икономически обосновано и
технически възможно.
2009/73/ЕО (адаптиран)
нов
Член 3823
Правомощия за вземане на решение по отношение на свързването
присъединяването на съоръжения за съхранение, на съоръжения за
регазификация на ВПГ и на промишлени клиенти към газопреносната система
и мрежата за водород
1. Опер аторът на газопреносна система и операторът на мрежа за водород е
длъжен да определи и публикува са длъжни да определят и публикуват
прозрачни и ефикасни процедури и тарифи за недискриминационно
присъединяване на съоръжения за съхранение на природен газ и водород ,
на съоръжения за регазификация на ВПГ , на терминал и за водород и на
промишлени клиенти към газопреносната система и мрежата за водород .
Тези процедури подлежат на одобрение от регулаторния орган.
2. Операторът на газопреносна система и операторът на мрежа за водород
няма право да откаже свързването нямат право да отказват присъединяването на
ново съоръжение за съхранение на природен газ или водород , съоръжение
за регазификация на ВПГ , терминал за водород или промишлен клиент
на основание, че са възможни бъдещи ограничения на наличния капацитет на
мрежата или допълнителни разходи, свързани с необходимото увеличение на
капацитета. Операторът на газопреносната система и операторът на мрежата
за водород осигурява т достатъчен входен и източен изходен капацитет за
новите връзки.
Член 6
Регионална солидарност
1. За да бъде гарантирана сигурността на доставките на вътрешния пазар на
природен газ, държавите -членки си сътрудничат с цел засилване на
регионалната и двустранната солидарност.
2. Такова сътрудничество обхваща ситуации, които водят или има вероятност да
доведат в краткосрочен план до сериозно нарушаване на доставките, засягащо
някоя държав а-членка. То включва:
a) координация на националните мерки за спешни ситуации, посочени в
член 8 от Директива 2004/67/ЕО на Съвета от 26 април 2004 г. относно
мерките за гарантиране на сигурността на снабдяването с природен газ36;
б) идентифициране и при необходимост развитие или модернизиране на
междусистемните връзки за електроенергия и природен газ; и
36 ОВ L 127, 29.4.2004 г., стр. 92.
BG 108 BG в) условия и практически аспекти на предоставянето на взаимна помощ.
3. Комисията и другите държавите -членки биват информирани относно такова
сътрудничест во.
4. Комисията може да приема насоки относно регионалното сътрудничество в дух
на солидарност. Тези мерки, предназначени да изменят несъществени елементи
на настоящата директива чрез допълването ѝ, се приемат в съответствие с
процедурата по регулиране с контрол, посочена в член 51, параграф 3.
Глава VI
Разпределение и доставки Експлоатация на
газоразпределителна система за природен газ
Член 3924
Определяне на оператори на газоразпределителни системи
Държавите членки определят сами или изискват от предприятия, които притежават или
отговорят за газоразпределителни системи, да определят, за срок определен от
държавите членки, съобразявайки се с ефикасността и икономическия баланс, един или
повече оператори на газоразпред елителни системи и да гарантират, че тези оператори
действат в съответствие с членове 4025, 4226 и 4327.
Член 4025
Задачи на операторите на газоразпределителни системи
1. Всеки оператор на разпределителна система отговаря за осигуряването на
дългосрочната способност на системата да отговаря на разумното търсене на
доставки на газ, както и за експлоатацията, поддръжката и развитието при
икономически условия на сигурна, надеждна и ефикасна система в своята
област, като се съобразява надлежно с околната среда , задълженията,
определени в [Регламент (ЕС) 2022/ … (Регламент за метана)], и енергийната
ефективност.
нов
2. Когато регулаторните органи вземат такова решение, операторите на
разпределителни системи могат да отговарят за осигуряването на ефективно
управление на качеството на газа в своите съоръжения в съответствие с
приложимите стандарти за качество на газа, когато това е необходимо за
управлението на системата поради подаването на възобновяеми и
нисковъгле родни газове.
2009/73/ЕО
3.2. Независимо от случая, операторът на газоразпределителната система не
дискриминира ползвателите или групи ползватели на системата, особено в
полза на свързаните с него предприятия.
BG 109 BG 4.3. Всеки оператор на газора зпределителна система предоставя на оператора на
друга газоразпределителна система, на газопреносна система, на система за
ВПГ и/или на система за съхранение, достатъчно информация, за да се
гарантира, че транспортът и съхранението на природен газ стават п о начин,
който е съвместим със сигурната и ефективна работа на взаимносвързаната
система.
5.4. Всеки оператор на газоразпределителна система осигурява на ползвателите на
системата информацията, която им е необходима за ефективен достъп до
системата, включи телно и ползването ѝ.
6.5. Когато оператор на газоразпределителна система отговаря за балансиране на
газоразпределителната система, приетите от тях правила за тази цел следва да
бъдат обективни, прозрачни и недискриминационни, включително правилата за
таксуване на ползвателите на системата за енергиен дисбаланс. Редът и
условията за предоставянето на такива услуги от операторите на
газоразпределителни системи, включително правилата и тарифите, се
установяват съгласно методика, съвместима с член 7241, парагр аф 7, по
недискриминационен и съобразен с разходите начин, като тези условия се
публикуват.
нов
7. Операторите на газоразпределителни системи си сътрудничат с операторите на
газопреносни системи, за да гарантират ефективното участие на участниците
на пазара, свързани с тяхната мрежа за търговия на дребно, търговия на едро и
балансиращ пазар във входно -изходната система, към която принадлежи
газоразпределителната система.
8. Операторите на газоразпределителни системи определят и публикуват
прозрачни и ефикасни процедури за недискриминационно присъединяване на
нови инсталации за производство на възобновяеми и нисковъглеродни газове
към системата. Тези процедури подлежат на одобрение от регулаторните
органи.
9. Операторите на газора зпределителни системи нямат право да отказват
присъединяването към системата на ново съоръжение за производство на
възобновяеми и нисковъглеродни газове, когато това действие е икономически
обосновано и технически възможно.
Член 41
Правомощия за вземане н а решения по отношение на присъединяването на нови
инсталации за производство на възобновяеми и нисковъглеродни газове към
газоразпределителната система
Регулаторните органи задължават оператора на газоразпределителна система да
определя и публикува прозра чни и ефикасни процедури за недискриминационно
присъединяване на нови инсталации за производство на възобновяеми и
нисковъглеродни газове към системата. Тези процедури подлежат на одобрение от
регулаторните органи.
BG 110 BG
2009/73/ЕО (адаптиран)
нов
Член 4226
Отделяне на операторите на газоразпределителни системи
1. Когато операторът на газоразпределителната система е част от вертикално
интегрирано предприятие, той е независим поне по отношение на правната си
форма, организацията и вземането на решения от други дейности, които не са
свързани с разпределението. Тези правила не създават задължение за отделяне
на собствеността върху активите на газоразпределителната система от
вертикално интегрираното предприятие.
2. В допълнение към и зискванията по параграф 1, когато операторът на
газоразпределителната система е част от вертикално интегрирано предприятие,
той е независим по отношение на организацията и вземането на решения от
другите дейности, които не са свързани с разпределението. За да се постигне
това, се прилагат следните минимални критерии:
a) тези лица лицата , които отговарят за управлението на оператора на
газоразпределителната система, не трябва да участват във дружествени
структури на интегриран ото предприятие за природен газ, които
отговарят, пряко или непряко, за ежедневната работа по производството,
преноса , транспортирането и доставката на газове природен
газ;
б) следва да се вземат взети са подходящи мерки, за да се гарантира,
че професионалните интереси на лицата, които отговарят за управлението
на оператора на газоразпределителната система, се зачитат по начин,
който гарантира, че те са способ ни да действат независимо;
в) операторът на газоразпределителната система трябва да притежава
ефективни права за вземане на решения, независими от интегрираното
предприятие за природен газ, относно активите, които са необходими за
експлоатацията, поддръжк ата или развитието на мрежата ;. зЗа да
изпълнява тези задачи, операторът на газоразпределителна система
разполага с необходимите ресурси, включително човешки, технически,
финансови и физически ресурси ;. тТова не следва да възпрепятства
съществуването на подходящи координационни механизми, които да
гарантират защитата в дъщерните дружества на икономическите и
управленско -надзорните права на дружеството майка по отношение
възвръщаемостта върху активите, регулирани непряко в съответствие с
член 7241, параграф 7;. пПо-специално, това дава възможност на
дружеството майка да одобрява годишния финансов план, или
еквивалентен инструмент, на оператора на газоразпределителната
система и да поставя глобални ограничения върху нивото на
задлъжнялост на дъщерното дружество ;. нНе се допуска дружеството
майка да дава указания относно текущата дейност или по отношение на
отделни решения, свързани с изграждането или модернизирането на
тръбопроводи за разпределение, които не надвишават условия та на
одобрения финансов план или равностоен документ; и
BG 111 BG г) операторът на газоразпределителната система трябва да въведе
въвежда програма за съответствие, в която са посочени взетите
мерки за недопускане на дискриминационно поведение, и гарантира, че
спазването ѝ се контролира по подходящ начин ;. пПрограмата за
съответствие определя конкретните задължения на служителите за
изпълнението на тази цел ;. 3. Когато операторът на газоразпределителна система е част от вертикално
интегрирано предприятие държавите членки гарантират, че дейността му се
следи от регулаторните органи или други компетентни органи, така че да не
може да се възползва от вертикалната си интеграция с цел нарушаване на
конкуренци ята. По -специално вертикално интегрираният оператор на
газоразпределителна система в комуникациите си и при използването на
търговската си марка не създава възможност за объркване относно отделната
идентичност на клона за доставка на вертикално интегрирано то предприятие.
4. Държавите членки може да решат да не прилагат параграфи 1, 2 и 3 за
интегрирани предприятия за природен газ, които обслужват по -малко от
100000 100 000 свързани клиенти.
Член 4327
Задължения за поверителност за операторите на газоразпреде лителни системи
1. Без да се засяга член 6830 или други правни задължения за разкриване на
информация, всеки оператор на газоразпределителна система запазва
поверителността на търговски чувствителната информация, получена при
извършването на дейността му, и предотвратява разкриването по
дискриминационен начин на информация относно собствената му дейност,
която може да доведе до търговски предимства.
2. Операторите на газоразпределителни системи, в контекста на продажбите или
покупките на природен газ от свъ рзани с тях предприятия, не злоупотребяват с
търговски чувствителна информация, получена от трети страни при
осигуряването или договарянето на достъп до системата.
Член 4428
Затворени газоразпределителни системи за природен газ
1. Държавите членки може да предвидят националните регулаторни те органи или
други компетентни органи да класифицират система за разпределение на
природен газ в географски ограничен промишлен или търговски обект
или обект, предлагащ съвместни услуги, която, без да се засяга параграф 4, не
снабдява битови клиенти, като затворена газоразпределителна система, ако:
BG 112 BG a) поради специфични технически причини или съ ображения, свързани със
сигурността, функционирането или процесът на производство на
ползвателите на тази система са интегрирани; или
б) тази система разпределя природен газ основно за собственика или
оператора на системата или за свързани с тях предприятия.
2. Държавите членки може да предвидят възможността националните
регулаторни те органи да освободят оператора на затворената
газоразпределителна система за природен газ от задълженията по
член 2732, параграф 1 във връзка с предварителното одобряване на тарифите
или методите за изчисляването им, преди влизането им в сила съгласно
член 7241.
3. При предоставяне на освобождаването съгласно параграф 2, приложимите
тарифи или методите за изчисляван ето им се преразглеждат и одобряват в
съответствие с член 7241 по искане на ползвател на затворената
газоразпределителна система за природен газ .
4. Инцидентното ползване от малък брой битови клиенти, сдружени в
потребителски или други подобни асоциации със собственика на
газоразпределителната система и разположени в района, обслужван от
затворената газоразпределителна система, не изключва предоставянето на
освобождаване съгласно параграф 2.
нов
5. Затворените газоразпределителни системи се разглеждат като разпределителни
системи за целите на настоящата директива.
2009/73/ЕО
нов
Член 4529
Комбиниран оператор
Член 2644, параграф 1 не възпрепятства дейността на комбиниран пренос, система за
ВПГ, оператор на системи за съхранение и на газоразпределителна система, при
условие че този оператор спазва разпоредбите на член 549, параграф 1 или
членове 5514 и 5615, или глава IXIV, или попада в обхвата на член 4982, пара граф 6.
BG 113 BG
нов
Глава VІІ
Правила, приложими за специализирани мрежи за водород
Член 46
Задачи на операторите на мрежи за водород, съоръжения за съхранение на водород
и терминал и за водород
1. Всеки оператор на мрежа за водород, съоръжение за съхранение на водород
или терминал за водород отговаря за:
a) експлоатацията, поддръжката и развитието при икономически приемливи
условия на сигурна и надеждна инфраструктура за транспортиране или
съхранени е на водород, като се отдава необходимото внимание на
околната среда, в тясно сътрудничество с операторите на свързани и
съседни мрежи за водород;
б) осигуряването на дългосрочната способност на системата за водород да
посреща разумни искания за транспорт иране и съхранение на водород;
в) осигуряването на подходящи средства за изпълнение на своите
задължения;
г) предоставянето на операторите на други мрежи или системи, с които
неговата система е взаимносвързана, на достатъчно информация за
осигуряване на на деждна и ефективна експлоатация, съгласувано
развитие и оперативна съвместимост на свързаната система;
д) предотвратяването на дискриминация между ползватели на системата или
групи ползватели на инфраструктурата, особено в полза на свързаните с
него предпр иятия; и
е) предоставянето на ползвателите на системата на информация, която им е
необходима за ефикасен достъп до инфраструктурата;
ж) предприемане на всички налични разумни мерки за предотвратяване и
свеждане до минимум на емисиите на водород при своите дейности, както
и предприемане през редовни интервали от време на действия за
откриване на изтичания на водород и на ремонтни прегледи на всички
съответни компоненти, за които операторът носи отговорност;
з) представяне на компетентните органи на доклад за откриване на
изтичания на водород и, когато е необходимо, на програма за ремонт или
замяна;
2. Всеки оператор на мрежа за водород осигурява достатъчен трансграничен
капацитет за интегриране на европейската инфраструктура за водород, като се
удовлетворяват всички икономически разумни и технически осъществими
искания за капацитет и се взема предвид сигурността на доставките на водород.
3. Операторите на мрежи за водород могат да отговарят за осигуряването на
ефективно управление на качеството на водорода в с воите мрежи в
BG 114 BG съответствие с приложимите стандарти за качество на водорода, когато това е
необходимо за управлението на системата и подлежи на одобрение от
регулаторния орган.
Член 47
Съществуващи мрежи за водород
1. Държавите членки могат да решат да предоставят дерогация от изискванията
на членове 31, 62, 63 и 64 от настоящата директива и членове 6 и 47 от
[преработения Регламент относно газа, предложен в COM(2021)xxx] на мрежи
за водород, които са принадлежали на вертикално интегрирано предприятие
към [датата на влизане в сила]. Обхватът на дерогацията се ограничава до
капацитета на мрежата, който е в експлоатация към [датата на влизане в сила].
2. Дерогацията е за ограничен период от време и изтича:
a) когато вертикално интегрираното предприятие под аде искане до
регулаторния орган за прекратяване на дерогацията и това искане бъде
одобрено от регулаторния орган;
б) когато мрежата за водород, ползваща се от дерогацията, бъде свързана с
друга мрежа за водород;
в) когато мрежата за водород, ползваща се от дерогацията, или нейният
капацитет бъде разширен/а;
г) най-късно на 31 декември 2030 г.
Член 48
Географски обособени мрежи за водород
1. Държавите членки могат да предвидят регулаторни органи да предоставят
дерогация от член 62 за мрежи за водород, ко ито транспортират водород от
една входна точка до ограничен брой изходни точки в рамките на географски
ограничен, промишлен или търговски район.
2. Дерогациите по параграф 1 се прилагат най -малко до 31 декември 2030 г.
Дерогацията не се прилага от 1 януари 2031 г., когато е изпълнено едно от
следните условия:
a) когато конкуриращ производител на възобновяем водород иска да получи
достъп до мрежата;
б) когато мрежата за водород, за която важи освобождаването, бъде
свързана към друга мрежа за водород.
Държавите членки предприемат необходимите мерки, за да гарантират, че
исканията за достъп, посочени в буква а) от настоящия параграф, се съобщават
на регулаторния орган.
Член 49
Междусистемни газопроводи за водород, свързващи с трети държави
1. По отношение на междусистемните газопроводи за водород между държавите
членки и трети държави се прилагат правилата, приложими за мрежи за
BG 115 BG водород, определени в настоящата директива и в [преработения Регламент
относно газа, предложен в COM(2021)xxx]. Държа вите членки гарантират, че
при прилагането на тези правила се взема предвид ефективното им прилагане
на територията на Съюза и интегрираният характер на междусистемния
газопровод.
2. С цел изпълнение на изискванията, посочени в параграф 1, Съюзът сключва
преди началото на експлоатацията на всеки междусистемен газопровод за
водород междуправителствено споразумение със съответната свързвана трета
държава (или трети държави), в което се определят правилата за
експлоатацията на въпросния междусистемен газопров од за водород, когато
Комисията е установила, че такова споразумение е необходимо, за да се
гарантира спазването на правилата, посочени в параграф 1.
3. Такова междуправителствено споразумение може да съдържа, по
целесъобразност, правила, определящи прила гането на изискванията за достъп
на трети страни, за тарифно регулиране и за отделяне на оператора на
междусистемния газопровод, както и правила за сертифициране на
възобновяем и нисковъглероден водород, включително правила, гарантиращи
събирането на необх одимите данни и прилагането на критериите за отчитане
на произведения от електроенергия водород като възобновяем водород.
Член 50
Поверителност за операторите на мрежи за водород, съоръжения за съхранение на
водород и терминал и за водород
1. Без да се зася гат правните задължения за разкриване на информация, всеки
оператор на мрежа за водород, съоръжение за съхранение на водород или
терминал за водород, както и всеки собственик на мрежа за водород запазва
поверителността на чувствителната търговска информаци я, която получава в
рамките на своята дейност, и предотвратява разкриването по
дискриминационен начин на информация за собствената си дейност, която
може да доведе до търговски предимства. По -специално, ако операторът на
мрежа за водород, съоръжение за съх ранение на водород или терминал за
водород или собственикът на мрежа за водород е част от вертикално
интегрирано предприятие, той не разкрива никаква чувствителна търговска
информация на останалите части на предприятието, освен ако това е
необходимо за извършването на търговска сделка.
2. Операторите на мрежи за водород, съоръжения за съхранение на водород и
терминал и за водород нямат право, в контекста на продажбите или покупките
на водород от свързани с тях предприятия, да злоупотребяват с чувствителна
търговска информация, получена о т трети страни при осигуряването или
договарянето на достъп до системата.
3. Информацията, необходима за насърчаването на ефективна конкуренция и
ефикасно функциониране на пазара, се публикува. Това задължение не засяга
защитата на чувствителната търговска информация.
| 21,623 |
https://github.com/chenrensong/T4/blob/master/src/Coding4Fun.VisualStudio.Utilities.Internal/Coding4Fun.VisualStudio.RemoteControl/FileReader.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
T4
|
chenrensong
|
C#
|
Code
| 92 | 289 |
using Coding4Fun.VisualStudio.Utilities.Internal;
using System;
using System.Globalization;
using System.IO;
namespace Coding4Fun.VisualStudio.RemoteControl
{
/// <summary>
/// An instance of this class represents reading from a particular file from disk.
/// </summary>
internal class FileReader : IFileReader
{
private string filePath;
private string fileDirectory;
private const int MaxCharFilePath = 248;
public FileReader(string filePath)
{
filePath.RequiresArgumentNotNull("filePath");
if (filePath.Length > 248)
{
throw new ArgumentException(string.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, "File path can be a maximum of {0} characters", new object[1]
{
248
}), filePath);
}
this.filePath = filePath;
fileDirectory = Path.GetDirectoryName(filePath);
}
public Stream ReadFile()
{
return File.OpenRead(filePath);
}
}
}
| 11,113 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17433442
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Langeviele 78, Middelburg
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 278 | 578 |
Huis met lijstgevel, onder een kap met nr 76
Rijksmonument op Langeviele 78
Huis met lijstgevel, onder een kap met nr 76 rijksmonumentnummer 29253
Huis met lijstgevel, onder een kap met nr 76 is een woonhuis
Huis met lijstgevel, onder een kap met nr 76 is een gebouw met lijstgevel
Huis met lijstgevel, onder een kap met nr 76 land Nederland
Huis met lijstgevel, onder een kap met nr 76 gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Middelburg
Huis met lijstgevel, onder een kap met nr 76 geografische locatie
Huis met lijstgevel, onder een kap met nr 76 afbeelding Hoekpakhuis de Groenedraak, gevels - Middelburg - 20157014 - RCE.jpg, tijdstip 1962
Huis met lijstgevel, onder een kap met nr 76 Commonscategorie Langeviele 78, Middelburg
Huis met lijstgevel, onder een kap met nr 76 erfgoedstatus rijksmonument, begindatum 1966
Huis met lijstgevel, onder een kap met nr 76 locatie Middelburg
Huis met lijstgevel, onder een kap met nr 76 straat Langeviele
Huis met lijstgevel, onder een kap met nr 76 postcode 4331LW
Huis met lijstgevel, onder een kap met nr 76 adres
Langeviele 78, Middelburg
Langeviele 78, Middelburg Rijksmonument ID 29253
Langeviele 78, Middelburg instance of house
Langeviele 78, Middelburg instance of building with cornice
Langeviele 78, Middelburg country Netherlands
Langeviele 78, Middelburg located in the administrative territorial entity Middelburg
Langeviele 78, Middelburg coordinate location
Langeviele 78, Middelburg image Hoekpakhuis de Groenedraak, gevels - Middelburg - 20157014 - RCE.jpg, point in time 1962
Langeviele 78, Middelburg Commons category Langeviele 78, Middelburg
Langeviele 78, Middelburg heritage designation Rijksmonument, start time 1966
Langeviele 78, Middelburg location Middelburg
Langeviele 78, Middelburg located on street Langeviele
Langeviele 78, Middelburg postal code 4331LW
Langeviele 78, Middelburg street address
| 22,906 |
hal-02870377-S1383762120301132.txt_3
|
French-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| 2,022 |
A Maude-based rewriting approach to model and verify Cloud/Fog self-adaptation and orchestration. Journal of Systems Architecture, 2020, pp.101821. ⟨10.1016/j.sysarc.2020.101821⟩. ⟨hal-02870377⟩
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None
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English
|
Spoken
| 4,034 | 6,680 |
5 −−−Cloud −Fog e n v i r o n m e n t s p e c i f i c a t i o n 6 op _ | | _ : CS FS −> ENV [ c t o r ]. 7 −−− V a r i a b l e s 8 v a r c s : CS. v a r f s
:
FS. 9 v a
r vm : VM. v a r node : N. 10 v a r vml : VML. v a r n l : NL. 11 v a r s s : S. v a r s s l s l 2 : SL. 12 v a r s x y z x2 y 2 z 2 : NAT. 13 v a r s s t s t 2 : s t a t e. v a r s r e
s
r e s 2
: RES
. 14 −−−
Cloud
l o
c
a l a d a p t a t
i
o
n 15 c
r
l
[ c1−Low ]
:
c s | | f s => newV ( c s ) | | f s 16 i f ( AoverV ( c s ) ). 17 c r l [ c1−Hi ]
:
c
s
| | f s => newV ( c s ) | | f s 18 i f ( EoverV ( c s ) 19 and n o t ( EunV ( c s ) o r EunderV ( c s ) ) ). 20 c r l [ c 2 ] : c s | | f s => Vin ( c s ) | | f s 21 i f ( EunV ( c s ) and n o t AoverV ( c s ) ). 22 c r l [ c 3 ] : c s | | f s => MIGc ( c s ) | | f s 23 i f ( MIGpredC ( c s ) ). 24 c r l [ c4−Low ] : c s | | f s => newCS ( c s ) | | f s 25 i f ( AoverCS ( c s ) ). 26 c r l [ c4−Hi ] : c s | | f s => newCS ( c s ) | | f s 27 i f ( EoverCS ( c s ) ). 28 c r l [ c 5 ] : c s | | f s => SinC ( c s ) | | f s 29 i f ( EunCS ( c s ) and n o t EoverCS ( c s ) ). 30 c r l [ c 6 ] : c s | | f s => LBSc ( c s ) | | f s 31 i f ( LBSpredC ( c s ) ). 32 c r l [ c 7 ] : CS<x, y, z / vm | vml : s t > | | f s 33 => CS<x, y, z / scaleUpV ( vm ) | vml : s t > | | f s 34 i f ( overV ( vm ) ). 35 c r l [ c 8 ] : CS<x, y, z / vm | vml : s t > | | f s 36 => CS<x, y, z / scaleDownV ( vm ) | vml : s t > | | f s
1 Listing 5: System module: Properties decalarations 2 K. Khebbeb et al.: Preprint submitted to Elsevier mod P r o p e r t i e s i s 2 i n c l u d i n g MODEL−CHECKER LTL−SIMPLIFIER SATISFACTION. 3 p r o t e c t i n g OrchBehavior. 4 s u b s o r t CS < S t a t e. s u b s o r t FS < S t a t e. 5 −−−Atomic p r o p o s i t i o n s ( m o n i t o r i n g p r e d i c a t e s ) 6 o p s p1 p2 p3... p 20 : −> P r o p [ c t o r ]. 7 −−− P r o p e r t i e s e x p r e s s i n g s t r a t e g i e s s a t i s f a c t i o n 8 o p s ScaleOutVM S c a l e O u t S ScaleInVM S c a l e O u t S 9 S c a l e U p ScaleDown M i g r a t i o n L o a d B a l a c i n g C 10 P r o v i s i o n D e p r o v i s i o n M o b i l i t y LoadBalaneF 11 O f f l o a d C BackupF : −> P r o p [ c t o r ]. 12 −−− V a r i a b l e s f o r s y m b o l i c r e a s o n i n g 13 v a r c s : CS. 14 v a r f s : FS. 15 v a r P : P r o p. 16 −−− D e f i n i n g Cloud s y m b o l i c s t a t e s
17 c e q c s | = p 1 = t r u e i f EoverV ( c s ) == t r u e. 18 c e q c s | = p 2 = t r u e i f AoverV ( c s ) == t r u e. 19... 20 c e q c s | = p 9 = t r u e i f LBSpredC ( c s ) == t r u e. 21 −−− D e f i n i n g Fog s y m b o l i c s t a t e s 22 c e q f s | = p 10 = t r u e i f EoverN ( f s ) == t r u e. 23... 24 c e q f s | = p 15 = t r u e i f EoverFS ( f s ) == t r u e. 25... 26 −−−E n c o d i n g LTL f o r m u l a s 27 eq ScaleOutCVM = [ ] ( p 2 \ / ( p 1 / \ ~ p 3 ) −> <> ~ p 2 ). 28... 29 eq LoadBalanceC = [ ] ( ( p6 / \ p8)−> O p 9 ) U ~ p 6 ). 30... 31 endm
A Maude-based rewriting approach to model and verify Cloud/Fog self-adaptation and orchestration B. Explaining the defined LTL property formulas Table 6 used LTL operators and symbols
The LTL property formulas introduced under Section 4.2.1 are explained here. We detail each property formula for the Cloud layer self-adaptation (eq. 1 to eq. 8), the Fog layer self-adaptation (eq. 9 to eq. 14) and their orchestration (eq. 15 and eq. 16). For remainder and to ease understanding the formulas, we duplicate the used LTL operators and symbols Table 5 of Section 4.2.1 as Table 6 in this Section. B.1. Cloud self-adaptation properties
[ ]
Scale
Out
VC M
≡
□
(φ2
∨ (φ
1
∧
¬
φ3)) → ◊¬φ2 (1) The ScaleOutVC M formula describes the system’s ability to scale-out at the infrastructure level of the Cloud layer by adding a VM instance, in response of a global state of underprovisioning (i.e., overloading) at the infrastructure level. It states the following: when all Cloud VMs are overloaded (φ2) or when a VM is overloaded (φ1) and no VM is unused (¬φ3), it implies (→) that the system will eventually (◊) end up by reaching a state where all VMs are not overloaded (¬φ2) and this pattern is always true (□) i.e., repeats indefinitely.
[ ] ScaleOutSC ≡ □ (φ7 ∨ (φ6 ∧ ¬φ8)) → ◊¬φ7 (2)
The ScaleOutSC formula describes the system’s ability to scale-out at the application levels of the Cloud layer by adding a service instance, in response of a global state of under-provisioning at the application level. It states the following: when all Cloud services are overloaded (φ7) or a service is overloaded (φ6) and no service is unused (¬φ8), it implies (→) that the system will eventually (◊) end up by reaching a state where all services are not overloaded (¬φ7) and this pattern is always true (□) i.e., repeats indefinitely. [ ] ScaleInVC M ≡ □ ((φ3 ∨ φ4) ∧ ¬φ1) → ◊¬φ3
(3) The ScaleInVC M formula describes the system’s ability to scale-in at the infrastructure level of the Cloud layer by removing a VM instance, in response of a global state of over-provisioning at the infrastructure level. It states the following: when a Cloud VM is unused (φ3) or is underused (φ4) and no VM is overloaded (¬φ1), it implies (→) that the system will eventually (◊) end up by reaching a state where no VM is unused (¬φ3) and this pattern repeats indefinitely (□).
[ ] ScaleInSC ≡ □ (φ8 ∧ ¬φ6) → ◊¬φ8
(4) The ScaleInSC formula describes the system’s ability to scale-in at the application level of the Cloud layer by removing a Service instance, in response to a state of overprovisioning of the application level. It states the following: when a Cloud service is unused (φ8) and no Cloud service is K. Khebbeb et al.: Preprint submitted to Elsevier LTL operator/symbol ∧ ∨ → ¬ □ ◊ ○ Meaning conjunction / and disjunction / or implies negation / not globally / always eventually or "in the future" next time until overloaded (¬φ6), it implies (→) that the system will eventually (◊) reach a state where no Cloud service is unused (¬φ8) and this pattern repeats indefinitely (□). [ ] ScaleU pC ≡ □ φ2 ∨ (φ1 ∧ ¬(φ3 ∨ φ4)) → ◊¬φ1
(5) The ScaleUpC formula describes the system’s ability to scale-up by adding more resources to a VM instance, in response of a global state of under-provisioning (i.e., overloading) at the infrastructure level. It states the following: when all Cloud VMs are overloaded (φ2) or when a VM is overloaded (φ1) and no VM is unused or underused (¬(φ3∨φ4)), it implies (→) that the system will eventually (◊) reach a state where no VM is overloaded (¬φ1) and this pattern repeats indefinitely (□). [
] ScaleDownC ≡ □ (φ4 ∧ ¬φ1) → ◊¬φ4
(6) The ScaleDownC formula describes the system’s ability to scale-down by removing resources from a VM instance, in response of a global state of over-provisioning at the infrastructure level. It states the following: when a VM is underused (φ4) and no VM is overloaded (¬φ1), it implies (→) that the system will eventually (◊) reach a state where no VM is underused (¬φ4) and this pattern repeats indefinitely (□). [
] LoadBalanceC ≡ □ ((φ6 ∧ φ8) → ○φ9) ¬φ6
(7) The formula LoadBalanceC for the Cloud layer describes the system ability to balance the Cloud services load by redirecting requests across the services. It states the following: when a service is overloaded (φ6) and another service is unused (φ8), it implies that the next (○) expected state is when requests redirecting across Cloud services is applied (φ9), until () no service instance is overloaded (¬φ6) and this pattern is always true (□). [ ] MigrateC ≡ □ (φ1 ∧ (φ3 ∨ φ4) → ○φ5) ¬φ1
(8) The formula MigrateC for the Cloud layer describes the system ability to balance the Cloud VMs load by relocating (migrating) services across the VMs. It states the following: A Maude-based rewriting approach to model and verify Cloud/Fog self-adaptation and orchestration when a VM is overloaded (φ1) and another VM is unused or underused (φ3 ∨ φ4), it implies that the next (○) expected state is when services migration across Cloud VMs is applied (φ5), until () no VM instance is overloaded (¬φ1) and this pattern is always true (□).
B.2. Fog self-adaptation properties
[ ] P rovisionN F ≡ □ (φ11 ∨ (φ10 ∧ ¬φ12)) → ◊¬φ11
(9) The ProvisionN formula describes the system’s ability to F provision more Fog nodes by switching them on, in response of a global state of under-provisioning at the nodes level. It states the following: when all Fog nodes are overloaded (φ11) or when a Fog node is overloaded (φ10) and no node is unused (¬φ12), it implies (→) that the system will eventually (◊) reach a state where not all Fog nodes are overloaded (¬φ11) and this pattern repeats indefinitely (□). [ ] P rovisionSF ≡ □ (φ16 ∨ (φ15 ∧ ¬φ17)) → ◊¬φ16 (10)
The ProvisionSF formula describes the system’s ability to provision more Fog services by deploying new service instances, in response of a global state of under-provisioning at the application level. It states the following: when all Fog services are overloaded (φ16) or when a Fog service is overloaded (φ15) and no services is unused (¬φ17), it implies (→) that the system will eventually (◊) reach a state where not all Fog services are overloaded (¬φ11) and this pattern repeats indefinitely (□). [ ] DeprovisionN F ≡ □ ((φ12∨φ13)∧¬φ10)→◊¬φ12 (11) formula describes the system’s abilThe DeprovisionN F ity to deprovision Fog nodes by switching them off, in response of a global state of over-provisioning at the Fog nodes level. It states the following: when a Fog node is unused (φ12) or is underused (φ13) and no node is overloaded (¬φ10), it implies (→) that the system will eventually (◊) reach a state where no Fog node is unused (¬φ12) and this pattern repeats indefinitely (□). [
] DeprovisionSF ≡ □ (φ17 ∧ ¬φ15) → ◊¬φ
17 (12) The DeprovisionSF formula describes the system’s ability to deprovision Fog services by destroying the unused ones, in response of a global state of over-provisioning at the Fog application level. It states the following: when a Fog service is unused (φ17) and no service is overloaded (¬φ15), it implies (→) that the system will eventually (◊) reach a state where no Fog service is unused (¬φ17) and this pattern repeats indefinitely (□). The formula LoadBalanceF for the Fog layer describes the system ability to balance the Fog services load by redirecting requests across the services. It states the following: when a service is overloaded (φ15) and another service is unused (φ17), it implies that the next (○) expected state is when requests redirection across Fog services is applied (φ18), until () no Fog service instance is overloaded (¬φ15) and this pattern is always true (□).
[ ] MobilityF ≡ □ (φ10∧(φ12∨φ13)→○φ14)¬φ10 (14)
The formula MobilityF for the Fog layer describes the system ability to balance the Fog nodes load by relocating services across the nodes. It states the following: when a Fog node is overloaded (φ10) and another Fog node is unused or underused (φ12∨ φ13), it implies that the next (○) expected state is when services mobility across Fog nodes is applied (φ14), until () no Fog node is overloaded (¬φ10) and this pattern is always true (□).
B.3. Cloud-Fog orchestration properties
[ Of f loadC ≡ □ (φ1 ∧ (φ12 ∨ φ13) ] → ○φ19) (¬φ1 ∨ φ11) (15)
The OffloadC formula describes the system’s ability to offload the Cloud layer towards the Fog layer by relocating a Cloud service from a Cloud VM to Fog node. It states the following: when a Cloud VM is overloaded (φ1) and a Fog node is unused or underused (φ12 ∨ φ13), it implies that the next (○) expected state is when services relocating from Cloud VMs to Fog nodes is applied (φ19), until () no Cloud VM is overloaded or all Fog nodes are overloaded (¬φ1 ∨ φ11) and this pattern is always true (□). [ BackupF ≡ □ ((φ11 ∧ ¬φ2) → ○φ20) (¬φ11 ∨ φ2) ] (16)
The BackupF formula describes the system’s ability to backup the Fog layer towards the Cloud layer by relocating a Fog service from a Fog node to Cloud VM. It states the following: when all Fog nodes are overloaded (φ11) and not all Cloud VMs are overloaded (¬φ2), it implies that the next (○) expected state is when services relocating from Fog nodes to Cloud VMs is applied (φ20), until () not all Fog nodes are overloaded or all Cloud VMs are overloaded (¬φ11 ∨ φ2) and this pattern is always true (□).
[ ] LoadBalanceF ≡ □ ((φ15∧φ17)→○φ18) ¬φ15 (13)
.
et al.:
References [1] Al-Dhuraibi, Y., Paraiso, F., Djarallah, N., Merle, P., 2017. Elasticity in cloud computing: state of the art and research challenges. IEEE Transactions on Services Computing 11, 430–447. [2] Baier, C., Katoen, J.P., 2008. Principles of model checking. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, USA. OCLC: ocn171152628. [3] Bonomi, F., Milito, R., Zhu, J., Addepalli, S., 2012. Fog computing and its role in the internet of things, in: Proceedings of the first edition of the MCC workshop on Mobile cloud computing, ACM. pp. 13–16. [4] Cisco, 2015. Fog computing and the internet of things: Extend the cloud to where the things are. URL: https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en_ us/solutions/trends/iot/docs/computing-overview.pdf. [5] Clavel, M., Duran, F., Eker, S., Escobar, S., Lincoln, P ., Martı-Oliet, N., Meseguer, J., Talcott, C., 2017. Maude Manual (Version 2.7.1), 521. [6] Clavel, M., Durán, F., Eker, S., Lincoln, P., Martí-Oliet, N., Meseguer, J., Talcott, C., 2007. All about maude-a high-performance logical framework: how to specify, program and verify systems in rewriting logic. Springer-Verlag. [7] De Oliveira, F.A., Ledoux, T., Sharrock, R., 2013. A framework for the coordination of multiple autonomic managers in cloud environments, in: 2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Self-adaptive and Self-organizing Systems, IEEE. pp. 179–188. [8] Delicato, F.C., Pires, P.F., Batista, T., 2017. The resource management challenge in iot, in: Resource management for Internet of Things. Springer, pp. 7–18. [9] Erl, T., 2005. Service-oriented architecture: concepts, technology, and design. Prentice Hall International. [10] Galante, G., Bona, L.C.E.d., 2012. A Survey on Cloud Computing Elasticity, in: Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE/ACM Fifth International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing, IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. pp. 263–270. URL: http: //dx.doi.org/10.1109/UCC.2012.30, doi:10.1109/UCC.2012.30. [11] Herbst, N.R., Kounev, S., Reussner, R., 2013. Elasticity in Cloud Computing: What It Is, and What It Is Not, in: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Autonomic Computing (ICAC 13), USENIX, San Jose, CA. pp. 23–27. URL: https://www.usenix.org/ conference/icac13/technical-sessions/presentation/herbst. [12] Kephart, J.O., Chess, D.M., 2003. The vision of autonomic computing. Computer, 41–50. [13] Khebbeb, K., 2019. Formalizing and Evaluating Cross-Layer Elasticity Strategies in the Cloud. Theses. LIUPPA - Laboratoire Informatique de l’Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour ; LIRE - Laboratoire d’Informatique Répartie de l’Université Constantine 2. URL: https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02271523. [14] Khebbeb, K., Hameurlain, N., Belala, F., 2018a. Modeling and evaluating cross-layer elasticity strategies in cloud systems, in: International Conference on Model and Data Engineering, Springer. pp. 168– 183. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00856-7_11. [15] Khebbeb, K., Hameurlain, N., Belala, F., 2019. Formal Modeling and Verification of Cloud Elasticity with Maude and LTL, in: Attiogbé, C., Ferrarotti, F., Maabout, S. (Eds.), New Trends in Model and Data Engineering, Springer International Publishing, Cham. pp. 64–77. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32213-7_5. [16] Khebbeb, K., Hameurlain, N., Belala, F., 2020. Formalizing and simulating cross-layer elasticity strategies in cloud systems. Cluster Computing doi:10.1007/s10586-020-03080-8. [17] Khebbeb, K., Hameurlain, N., Belala, F., Sahli, H., 2018b. Formal modelling and verifying elasticity strategies in cloud systems. IET Software 13, 25–35. URL: https://digital-library.theiet.org/ content/journals/10.1049/iet-sen.2018.5030, doi:10.1049/iet-sen. 2018.5030. [18] Maamar, Z., Baker, T., Faci, N., Ugljanin, E., Khafajiy, M.A., Burégio, V., 2019. Towards a Seamless Coordination of Cloud and Fog: Illustration Through the Internet-of-things, in: Proceedings of the 34th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing, ACM, New York, NY, USA. pp. 2008–2015. URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/ 3297280.3297477, doi:10.1145/3297280.3297477. event-place: Limas- K. Khebbeb et al.: , . [19] Martí-Oliet, N., Meseguer, J., 1996. Rewriting logic as a logical and semantic framework. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 4, 190–225. [20] Mell, P., Grance, T., 2011. The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing, 7. [21] Menychtas, A., Gatzioura, A., Varvarigou, T.,. A business resolution engine for cloud marketplaces, in [22] Pham-Nguyen, H.N., Tran-Minh, Q., 2019. Dynamic resource provisioning on fog landscapes. Security and Communication Networks 2019. [23] Rozier, K.Y., 2011. Linear temporal logic symbolic model checking. Computer Science Review 5, 163–203. [24] Sahli, H., Ledoux, T., Rutten, É., 2019. Modeling self-adaptive fog systems using bigraphs. [25] Schoren, R.,. Correspondence between kripke structures and labeled transition systems for model minimization. [26] da Silva, R.A., da Fonseca, N.L., 2019. On the location of fog nodes in fog-cloud infrastructures. Sensors 19, 2445. [27] Skarlat, O., Karagiannis, V., Rausch, T., Bachmann, K., Schulte, S., 2018. A framework for optimization, service placement, and runtime operation in the fog, in: 2018 IEEE/ACM 11th International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing (UCC), IEEE. pp. 164–173. [28] Skarlat, O., Nardelli, M., Schulte, S., Borkowski, M., Leitner, P., 2017. Optimized iot service placement in the fog. Service Oriented Computing and Applications 11, 427–443. [29] Skarlat, O., Schulte, S., Borkowski, M., Leitner, P., 2016. Resource provisioning for iot services in the fog, in: 2016 IEEE 9th international conference on service-oriented computing and applications (SOCA), IEEE. pp. 32–39. [30] Wen, Z., Yang, R., Garraghan, P., Lin, T., Xu, J., Rovatsos, M., 2017. Fog orchestration for internet of things services. IEEE Internet Computing 21, 16–24. [31] Weyns, D., Schmerl, B., Grassi, V., Malek, S., Mirandola, R., Prehofer, C., Wuttke, J., Andersson, J., Giese, H., Göschka, K.M., 2013. On patterns for decentralized control in self-adaptive systems, in: Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems II. Springer, pp. 76– 107. [32] Yousefpour, A., Fung, C., Nguyen, T., Kadiyala, K., Jalali, F., Niakanlahiji, A., Kong, J., Jue, J.P., 2019. All one needs to know about fog computing and related edge computing paradigms: A complete survey. Journal of Systems Architecture. A Maude-based rewriting approach to model and / og daptation and orchestr Khaled Khebbeb received a Ph.D degree in computer science from the University of Pau and
of Adour, France and the University of Constantine 2, Algeria in 2019. Since September 2018, he is a research and teaching assistant at the University of Pau and is affiliated to the MOVIES team of the LIUPPA laboratory. His research interests include software engineering and formal modeling of self-adaptive software systems applied on cloud and service-oriented computing. Nabil Hameurlain received a Ph.D. degree in computer science from the University of Toulouse, France in 1998 and a HdR (French Habilitation to become Research Activity Supervisor) in Computer science from the University of Pau in 2011. Since October 1999, he is associate professor at the University of Pau and the head of the MOVIES team at the LIUPPA Laboratory. His main research interests include software engineering for distributed and self-adaptive software systems, with a particular focus on cloud and service oriented computing. Faiza Belala received a Ph.D. degree in computer science from Mentouri University of Constantine in 2001. She is currently a Professor at the same university and head of the GLSD team (LIRE Laboratory). Her current research focuses on architecture description languages, formal refinement (Rewriting Logic, Bigraphs, Petri nets, ect.), mobility and concurrency aspects in software architectures, formal analysis of distributed systems. She has organized and chaired the international conferences on Advanced Aspects of Software Engineering ICAASE 2014/2016/2018, she is the author of many refereed journal articles and peer reviewed international and regional conference papers. She has supervised over sixty Master and Ph.D. theses. K. Khebbeb et al.:
Declaration of interests
☒ The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. ☐The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:.
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https://sharepoint.stackexchange.com/questions/120317
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Amal Hashim, cubanGuy, https://sharepoint.stackexchange.com/users/24411, https://sharepoint.stackexchange.com/users/34350
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Redirect after form submission to a display form page
I have a Item Form to which I would like to add a redirect feature after submission.
<button class="btn btn-default" onclick="javascript: {ddwrt:GenFireServerEvent('__commit;__redirect={https:my-url/Lists/AD_DB/newDisplay.aspx?ID=xxxx}')}" name="btnSave">Save</button>
Is there a way to transfer the Item ID (xxx) to the redirect url?
You can use concat function as below
<button class="btn btn-default" onclick="javascript: {ddwrt:GenFireServerEvent(concat('__commit;__redirect={https:my-url/Lists/AD_DB/newDisplay.aspx?ID=',$ID,'}'))}" name="btnSave">Save</button>
Assuming $ID has the ID value.
Perfect, you just missed a ")" after ...$ID,'}')}, I changed to ....$ID,'}'))}. The other thing I did was to change from $ID to @ID and it worked. Thanks!
@cubanGuy I updated the answer. Cheers!!
If your form is of the same list, here is a little bit nicer solution:
<SharePoint:GoBackButton runat="server" ControlMode="Edit" id="gobackbutton2" RedirectUrl="DispForm.aspx?ID={$ListItemId}"/>
In this case you don't need to specify the url, since it might change.
Don't forget to add the param to the stylesheet:
<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:x="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:dsp="http://schemas.microsoft.com/sharepoint/dsp" version="1.0" exclude-result-prefixes="xsl msxsl ddwrt" xmlns:ddwrt="http://schemas.microsoft.com/WebParts/v2/DataView/runtime" xmlns:asp="http://schemas.microsoft.com/ASPNET/20" xmlns:__designer="http://schemas.microsoft.com/WebParts/v2/DataView/designer" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" xmlns:msxsl="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:xslt" xmlns:SharePoint="Microsoft.SharePoint.WebControls" xmlns:ddwrt2="urn:frontpage:internal">
<xsl:param name="ListItemId"></xsl:param> // <-- do not forget!
// custom definition of the form
</stylesheet>
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Przez p. Juliana Lipińskiego, kasje ra Czytelni Polskiej w Buffalo, wręozo no flO.OO od tamtejszyoh pań, leos li sta ofiarodawczyń ma być dopiero na desłaną. Skolektowane przez panię Belitz: T. Położyńska 100 Miohalina Tuobocka 50 Franciszka Nowaczewska 50 Helena Zabłocka 2.00 Maryanna Siweoka 50 N. N. 25 Józefata Moździeńska 50 Kazem $0.25 Si. Paul, Mion. 21 listop. 1806. Dnia 21 października na wieczorka śpiewaków polskich A. Kętskiego i Wandy, zebrały panie na Sztaodar 5 50 Razem $8 00 Suma złotona w tygodnia wyno si $51.85 Poprzednio było $104 42 A więc jest ogółem $150 27 Ofiary proszę przysełać wprost ne rą oe kasyerki Pelagii Majewskiej, 550 Noble str., Chicago, Ill. O dalsze składki na sztandar uprasza się wszystkie Polki przychylne Zwiąż kowi Narodowemu Polskiemu. Anna Uczciwe£,sekr.fin. kom. sztandaru Przegląd polityczny Smutne położenie żywiołu polskiego pod zaborem praskim zwraca na siebie ogólną uwagę i pobudza zwłaszoza pra sę pobratymców naszyoh w Austryi do poważnych i coraz gruntowniejszyoh zastanowień nad tern, oo drodzy sło wianie wobec zamaohów praskich na narodowość polską powinni począć i ja kie na ioh w tym względzie spadają o bowiąski. „Narodni Listy” dawno już nawołują roayan, że nie powinni dopu śoić zagłady lechickiego szozepu nad Wartą, Polakom zaś wykładają, że naj lepiej zrobiliby, rsacając się ślepo w objęcia Moskwy i panslawizmu. Rady „Narodnioh Listów” nie znalazły oozy wiśoie wśród nas oddźwięku i snaleźć go nie mogły. Swego czasu pisma pol skie polemizowały z redakoyą „Naród nich Listów” obszernie i wyłożyły jej, dla czego polaoy z rozkoszy, jakie ich w raju wsseohsłowiańsaim, saleoanym przez rusofilów, ozekają, s góry skwi tować muszą. Ale „N. Listy” trwają mimoto przy swojem, a świeżo podjęły tę samą reoeptę „Małe Nowiny” i Iio syą jako najpotężniejszą w wieou sło wiańskim również nawołują do obrony zagrożonego posterunku słowiańskiego nad Wartą, Notecią i Dolną Wisłą. Nie dość na tern, — „M. Nowiny” ra dsą polakom pogodzić się z programem panslawistycznym a nawet dostrzegły już, że prąd rusofilski zaczyna nareszcie w społeczeństwie polskiem torować so bie drogę. „M. Nowiny” tak tern spo strzeżeniem są zaohwyoone, że już za wodzą pieśń tryumfu na cześć brater stwa polaków s Roeyą, za ozem bez wątpienia przyjść musi zwyoięztwo Sło wiańszczyzny itd. Czy prądy panslawistyczne istotnie na ziemi wielkopolskiej zarsły się przyjmować, tego my nie wemy i nie mamy tet żadnego powodu twierdzenia „Małych Nowin” sprawdzać. Rejestrujemy je raozej z obowiązku dzienni karskiego, nadmieniająo zarazem, że dzienniki niemieokie bardzo są ozuło nałosy słowiańskiej publicystyki w ro dzaju „Małych Nowin". „Zjednoczna Słowiańszczyzna”, lubo dopiero gzieś na dalekim horyzoneie jako nie wyrsźny ognik się pojawia, przeraża prasę niemieoką w wysokim stopniu. „Sohl. Volks-Ztg.” przypisuje najno wysokiańszy występ „Małyoh Nowin” i innych pism słowiańskioh nagance kahatysty osnej. W prasie niemieokiej pojawiają się sarysy jakoby radykalnego zwrotu od nośnie do spraw polsk. "Die Zeit", organ protestantik, którzy, jak władomo, bynajmniej miłością ku polakom nie grzeszą, pisze w nawiąaa niun do opaleniokiego prooesu między innemi, oo następuje: "Dopóki się polaków traktuje po ma ossemu; dopóki się wobec nich sastó sowywa osobny słownik wyzwisk i grobiaństw; dopóki dawno już zapomnanie rovowy wcięż jeszose się wytaoza ja komment, aby iob gnębić: dopóty nie będą oni nigdy dobrymi poddany mi. Polityka uoiemiężenia dotyobosas nie przynioała najmniejszy oh rezulta tów, obyba że zyski widzi się wzra stajęcych zwyoięztwaob wyborczych Polaków. Należałoby spróbować też raz polityki sprawiedliwości t. j. zupeł nego uprawnienia polskich i niemiec kich poddanych pruskioh. Przede wszystkiem Nieh się nie odmawia Ks. Poznańskiemu samorządu, który jest jedną z podstaw obywatelskiej wolno ści. Polscy wójoi i polscy landraoi da lekoby się więoej przysłużyli niemieccy komisarze obwodowi, którzy przez swo je postępowanie szkodzą równie swemu narodowi, jak powadze rządu. Ze pol scy urzędnicy administracyjni nie od znaczaliby się nadmierną łagodnośóią wobec swych ziomków, za tem przema wia doświadczenie, które zawsze było równem w podobnych razach. Just to produce jak na organ pa sto raki zastanawiająca. Tak nie ode zwał się dotychczas żaden dziennik nie miecki. Ozy to prądy panslawistyosne na polskiej ziemi o który oh piszą „M. Nowiny”, osy fakt przyjaźni rosyjsko franouakiej, ozy „zdrada” Bismarcka i pojawiające się wskutek niej rysy w trójprzymierzu, ozy wreszoie oo innego, dość, te „Die Zeit” w sposób powyżej podany się odezwała, a podobnie saoho wuję i inne pisma niemieckie, lubo nie wszystkie. Tak np. berliński „Ta geblatt” powtórnie potępia gospodar kę w Posnańskiem. Chłossose on bez miłosierdzia samowolę i biurokratzm urzędników administracyjnych, a zwła szoza komisarzy obwodowych. i żę da usunięcia tej narośli, której zresztą w żadnej Innej prowinoyi pruskiej nie ma. „Tageblatt” daje do zrozumienia, że komisarzy i innyoh kaoyków w rodzaju Carnapa jest w Poznafiskiem więoej. Rzęd, jeżeli mu istotnie o „pozyskanie polaków dla niemczyzny” ohodzi, ko niecznie powinien zerwać z systemem Puttkamera i Koellera. Zasady, których cała mędrość polega na brutal stwie, należy ozemprędzej rzucić mię dzy rupieoie, mówi „Tageblatt’", a sa stóeować system zrodzony z tchnienia wolności. Leos „Tageblatt” nie ma wielkiej nadziei, aby z tego co było, gdyż teraźniejszy minister spraw wewn. Reoke v. der Horst, zdaje się hołdować tym samym maksymom, które uwiel bliali jego poprzednioy. Sowość administratrix pruskiej węże Polaków prętnuje należycie także „Poaener Ztg.” W Meranie umarł w nocy na 6go li stopada księżę Wilhelm wyrtemberski, tknięty paraliżem. Zmarły był głowę linii księcej protestanckiej, a ponie waż panujący obecnie król wyrtember ski Wilhelm nie ma syna. przeto prawo do zajęoia tronu po śmierci konstytuoyi krajowej na księoia Wilhelma. Ale zmarły księ także nie pozostawił petomka, gdyż tył w stanie kawalerskim. Z tego powodu następoą tronu wyrtemberskiego jest teraz brat zmarłego, księżę Mikołaj, u dzony <}nia 1 marca 1833. ów księżę Mikołaj żyje atoli także w stanie bez żennym, a że już jest we wieku i w za jemności: powstańcy pastwięcy pastwięcy się w be styalny sposób nad biszpanami, oi zaś, piaoąo pięknem sa nadobne, katują u jętyów sa nadobne, katują u jętyów sa nadobne, katują u jętyów sa nadobne, aby s nich dobyć języka. Według źródeł angiel skich rosstrselaję bisspanie podejrza nych o spisek osłemi gromadami. Nerwowi i słabowici ludzie powinni na to swatać, aby nie zapaść na reuma tyzm w biodraoh. Kto na tę ohotrobę cierpi powinien natyohmiast utyć oleju św. Jakóba. Kalamasoo, Mich., jest słynne s sele ry! — jakotet s siedziby Tomassa Sla tera, którego ogłoszenie snajduje się na stronnicy 6. Kropidło’ a „Dziennik Chicago”. Wyszło mowa w niedzielę.(Kropidło”, ka wielkiemu naszemu i zwięz kowych oburzeniu; a to dla tego, że numer niedzielny wydano jako pamięt kowy z okazyi otwarcia Domu Z w. N. P., a był to numer skandaliczny, nie proszony, nie pytany, podszywajęcy się pod płaszcz Zwięzku i tern samem sta wiajęcy instytuoyący naszą oo najmniej w jakiemi świetle niewyrażnem; ba, po prostu „Kropidło” kompromituje organizający. Znają w oozaoh ludzi nie znają oyoh stosunków. Zwięzek N. P. ma swój organ, ma Zgodę, która w imieniu jego przema wia, broni i zasady zwiększej da, tłomaozy i głosi — a instytuoyą na sza odpowiadać nie może i nie odpowie da za inne pisma, Zwięzku w sposób takiej poważnej instytacyi niegodny broniące — a których redaktorzy i wy dawoy po większej części do Zwięzku woale nie należą — nie ponoszą cięża rów jakie my ponosimy i lekkomyślnie dla zdobycia kilku dolarów psuję to — oośmy przez lat trzy z cierpliwościę, narażająo się nieraz na szykany i posę dzania o zradę nawet — se własnym obozie — zbudowali — dla sprawy pol skiej i dla sprawy zwięzkowej — ży częśo sobie i pragnąo, sby na tej uko chanej naszej instytuoyi żadnej nie by ł O plamy — i aby organ jej był przy swoity i polemizował z powagą i spokójem. To też protestujemy uroczyści niedzielnemu wydaniu Kropidła, jako numeru pamiątkowego, i oświadosamy wszystkim i każdemu z osobna, że redakcya nasza z pismemtern nic wspólnego niema — ale potę pia podszywanie się jego pod płaszos Związku w sposób skandaliczny i Zwięzku niegodny. Dziennik Lhicagoski naturalnie wzięł z tego asumpt do napaśoi na za rząd Zwięzku, bezczelnie twierdząc, że tenże numer niedzielny Krojddła wy dał. Nie ma się ozemn dziwić, gdyż bronią ałabych jest kłamatwo. Jeśli Dziennik Chicagoski udowodni am, że Zarzęd Zw. N. P. wydał nie dzielne Kropidło — damy na jakibądź oel redakoya jego zeoboe pięćdzie się dolarów. w gotówce; — jeżeli zaść tego nie udowodni, a udowodnić nie może — oświadczamy, że dziennik ten, niby katolioki, jeat gniazdem i fałszu. Polemizować też z I >zitnikiem Chi < agoskim pod obecną redakoyą nie war to; dla takich nieprzyjaciół najdoku czliwszą odpowiedzią jeat — milozenie. „Na nowo” staje D. C. do walki; no— nieoh walozy aobie z wiatrakami — my czaau tracić nie możemy na walką z s parafialnem pisemkiem. 2e Dziennik drwi sobie s naszego Domu woale się nie dziwimy, zwyczaj nie z zazdrości, gdyż pierwsza organi zaoya polska, która w Ameryce Dom narodowy polski pobudowała — jest Z w. N. P. — a nie Zjednoczenie. Co zaś do kośoiołów i szkół to Dziennik dobrze wie, że na icb rzeoz zwięcej i hojniej dają — aniżeli prakty ozni. Wiadomości zwięcej. IScnUh Chicago. Obchód listopadowy odbędzie się u nas dnia 29 listopada w hali ob. Tem plina, na rogu 88mej i Commeroial ave. o godsinie 7 ej wieosorem. Do najli czniejszego udziału komitet jak naj uprzejmiej zaprasza ssanownych roda ków i rodaczki. Na posiedzeniu delegatów ob ohodo wyoh obrana została administraoya, w skład której wchodzę następujący ob.: Tomasz Gordon prezes, Jan 8. Derpa sekretarz, Franciszek C zaborski kasy er, Karol Witkowski główny marszałek. Na posiedzeniu reprezentowane były następujące To w.: Tow. św. Wiuoentego a Paulo, Tow. św. Jósefata, Tow. R. N. M. P., Tow. Legion św. Józefa, Tow. Jana III So bieskiego, Tow. Gwardya Pułaskiego, Tow. Sokół Polski Stefana Czarneckie go, Tow. Jana Kilińskiego, Tow. Ta deusza Kościuszki. Z szaounkiem Jan 8. Drrpa, sekr. obohod., 8889 Ezobange Ave., Bo. Chicago, Ill. Gmina w Detroit, Mich. Na oetatniem posiedzenia delegatów wszyatkioh grup z więzkowy ob w De troit, było uobwalonem, ażeby obchód listopadowy był urzędzony w niedzielę dnia 29 listopada, /żałobna msza św. odbędzie się w kościele REPLY. Zęświeść, a wieść obobód odbędzie się w Harmonia bali, na rogu Leland i Russel ulicy. Zatem wimienia „Gminy” proszę wszystkioh członków Z. N. P. o łaska we zgromadzenie się do Harmonia bali w niedzielę 29 listopada o godzinie Tejrano, a stamtęd wy maszerujemy wszyst razem do kościoła św. Wojoieoha.— Z szacunkiem, T. Terski, sekretarz Gminy. Dukk, W. I". Niniejszem uwiadamiam wszyst kich braoi Tow. imienia ka. Piotra Skaragi, iż przyszłe posiedzenie odbędzie się dnia 29 b. m. w lokalu u p. Stanisława Łukaszewskiego, prezesa Tow. Na toposiedzenie każdy członek jest obo więzany się stawić i przynieść księ księ księ kprawy do załatwienia. Bracia zaś, oohoący połęczyć się z nami, nieob przyjdą także na to posiedzenie, a będą mile przyjęci. Wstępne wynosi tylko 2&o., miesięcznie 10o. — Miłość i po zdrowienie. T. Jiutkotrski, organizator, policienie prezesa. Gr. 5 w Chicago. Zawiadamiam wszyatkioh członków grupy & Tow. Polskioh Krawców w Chicago, ii z powoda uroozystośoi o twaroia Domu zwięzkowego, posie dzenie kwartalne odbędzie się d. 29go listopada o godz. 2 po południu w hali ■wykłyoh posiedzeń u p. Leherta, róg Dieision i Cleaver ul. Obeoność każ dego osłonka jest obowiązana. Nie przybyli członkowie podlegają karze konsty tu cy j ne j. Zarazem nowi ozłonkowie, mający chęć przystąpić do naszego Tow. mogą się zgłosić do wyż wspomnaneej hali w czasie posiedzenia, lab zdać swoje a plikaoye na ręoe sekretarza. — Z brat niem pozdrowieniem. J. Wrzesiński, sekr. prot., 151 Jane atr. iSt. Louis, Mo. Niniejsz em podajemy do wiadomości pabliosności polskiej w St. Louis i oko licy, it zs ioioystywą Tow. Jana III Sobieskiego, gr. 76, postanowiono urzą dzić wspólny obobód powstania lis to pa dowego z roku 1831. Następująoe Tow. biorą czynny u dział wspomnianej uroozystośoi: tow. Jan III Sobieski, gr. 76; Tow. Rze mieślników Pol. gr. 239; Tow. Kościu szki, gr. 309 i tow. Dram. „Fredro’’, pracując wspólnie, aby obchód jak na lety urządzić. Obchód odbędzie się w niedzielę d. 29 listopada w Stolles hali, 1807—1311 Biddle ul., początek o godz. 7 wieozo rem, na który zapraszamy wazystkioh polaków w St. Louis i okolicy. Program obohodu jest urozmaicony; będą mowy, śpiewy, deklamaoye, repro dukoya muzyczna itd. Bracia rodaoy, stańmy wssysoy jak jeden mąt na obchód wspomnanny, noz eijmy pamiętki wypadków naszej Oj ozyzny, a spełnimy naszej ojoów i poznamy lepiej samych siebie, zapozna my pokolenia naszej o dziejami Polski, z dziejami ojoów i praojoów naszych. Z bratniem pozdrowieniem, Komitet Gr. 4ij u: Newark. Niniejszem zawiadamiam ozłonków grupy 46 w Newark, it obchód listo padowy na oześó poległyoh braci za wolność Ojozyzny w roku 1831 odbę dzie się w Newarku dnia 29go listopa da w Pułaskiego hali pod nr. 28 S. O rangę Ave. Kaldy członek wylej wymienionej grupy obowiązany jest podług uohwa ły stawić się do sali posiedzeń o godz. 4tej po południu, skęd in oorpore uda dzą się do polskiego kośoioła na żałob ne nabożeństwo i s powrotem do sali na dalszy oięg obobodu. — Miłość i po zdrowienie. Aleksander Ostrowski, se kretarz. Tow. Hen. Dąbrowskiego. Niniejszem zawiadamiam ozłonków tow. Jen. Hen. Dąbrowskiego, il po siedsenie kwartalne odbędzie się dnia 12 grudnia rb. Wssysoy członkowie są konieosnie potrzebni; sprawy walne. — Wojoieob Murawski, sekr. pcot. Gr. 94 w 8o. Chicago. Grupa 94 ma swoje posiedzenie oo drugą niedzielą po pierwszym, o godzi nie wpół do 8mej wieczorem, w bali Wawrzyńoa Templina, róg 88ej i Com meroial ave. Gr. 17 w Cleoeland. Niniejssem zawiadamiam gr. 17 Gw. Kościuszki w Cleveland, O., il obód listopadowy na cześć poległyob bo ha te rów w roku 1881 odbędzie się 29 bm. o godz. Sej wieczorem w Gissen Hall, oor. Woodland i Siedel ars. Drodzy braoial Obowiąskiem naszym jest ues cić ten dsisń, w którym to dniu przod kowie nasi przod krew swoją za wol ność i nie yewark, AT. J. W dnia 6 listopada odbyło się posie dzenie delegatów towarzystw urządza jęcych obchód narodowy w dnia 2tigo b. m., Ze sprawozdania koaiiteta do mów* oów i deki., okazuje się, te obhód uda się świetnie. Do współadziała zaproszono Tow.: Jana III Sobieskiego, IV Oddział W. P. Krakusów, I Batalion Polskiej Ar* tyleryi, Grapa 46 Z. N. P., św. Stani sława Kostki, Tamborów poi. im. Pu łaskiego, tow. św. Cecylii i 15 Oddział Zwią zku Młodzieży Polskiej. Przemawiać będą dobrzy mówcy i wygłoszone zostaną piękne daklamnoye. W niedzielę 2V b. m. tj. w dzień ob obodu, wszyscy członkowie towarzystw powyź wspomnianych mają się stawić do sali Pułaskiego o gods. 4 po połu dniu, skęd wyruszą in eorpore do ko* śoioła św. Stanisława Kostki na nabożeństwe' żałobne za dusze poległych w powstaniu. Nabożeństwo odprawi wiel. ks. proboszó Masnicki o godz. 4.45. a po skońozonem nabożeństwo udadzą się nspowrót do hali Pułaskiego, 28 S. Orange ave., gdzie będą mowy i dekla mooye wygłoszone. Szacownych rodaków s Newarkn i o kolioy zapraaiamy o przybycie na to na bożeństwo jak najliczniej, nie będźmy obojętni dla tyoh, k tórzy krew swoją w obronie Ojozyzny przelali. — Z sza cunkiem. Tad. S. Leszczy liski, aekr. kom. obch. nar.,. 1. Ostrowski, peezea. Manayunk, Philadelphia. Pa. Z powodu założenia Gminy Polskiej w mieioie Filadelfia, Tow. im. Juliusza Andrzejkowioza gr. 338 Z. N. P., będzie brać udział w obohodzie 29 listo pada (nie w Manayunku) wspólnie z in nemi grupami w mieśoie Filadelfia, Pa. Wskutek tego wysłani będą do gminy Polskiej delegaci dnia 22 listopada br. vázępująci członkowie: M. Fujarski, Fr. Hubiński i A. Piontkowski, w celu wspólnego i ostatecznego porozumienia się względem wyżej wspomnanego ob obodu listopadowego. Zarazem uprasza się członków o regularne przybywanie na posiedzenia, gdyż nieobecność członka będzie pod padać karze podług konstytuoyi. — Mi łość i pozdrowienie, w imieniu komite tu, Fr. Jomanowski, sekr., Cresson Str. 4315, Manayunk, Pa. Pittsburg, Pa. Za uchwałą komitetu. Rozkaz mar szałka główn Gów. Towarzystwa zbiorą się o godzinie Soiej w swych lokalach. Towarzystwo rzemieśl ników i Przemysłowców s południowej strony ma się zebrać na ulioy 19tej S. S. z muzyką i ohorągwiami i połęczy się na 18tej ulioy S. S. przed halę To Tarzystwa Białego Orła s grupą nr. 154tej. Wspólnie obydwa wspomnia ne Towarzystwa, wymasserują na pół nooną stronę do ulioy 28mej i Penn ar, gzie oosekiwać ich będzie Towarzystwo Promienistyob, gr. nr. 205, skęd wyruszę po Towarzystwo ś-go Stanisła wa Kostki, grupę nr. 140 na Brereton ave. do 13 wardy. Po wspólnie pcłę soję po powrotem 28mą uli cą i Penn ave. na Carron i 18tą ulioęS. S. do bali Odd-Fellows. Zaprasza się wszystkich polaków żyosę sobie brać udział w pochodzie. Postuszny, marszłek. W pochodzie i w obohodsie wezmą odział nowe grapy z Braddock, Pa. i Mo Keesport, Pa., które przyłęosą się do pochodu na akacji kolei Żelaznej. Uwaga: W razie niepogody pochodu nie będzie. Jo gr, 205 to Pittsburgh. Tow. Promienistych uda się we czwartek d. 20 bm. do kościoła św. Ka zimierza (litewskiego) na Sonth Side na naboteństwo żałobne zakupione przez grapy związkowe in oorpore. Ka żdy członek Towarzystwa Promienia tyoh gr. Z w. N. P. 205tej powinien wedle uohwały przybyć we oswartek dnia 20 bm. o godz. 8^ z rana, skęd ra sem pójdą ozłonkowie na poładniową stronę wysłuchać masy św. za pole głyoh w powstaniu. łi. 8. Abczyfuki, prezes. W niedzieię d. 29go bm. kaZdy osło nek Tow. Promienistych gr. 205 Z w. N. P. powinien być obeonym w lokalu To warzystwa o godz. 84 po południu. 8 prostowanie. Dolar na pomnik Kościuszki dał p. Niedbalski — a nie Niesgodski z S|. Louis. Nie trzeba nigdy lekko sprawy trak tować oierpiąo na kassel. Jedna fili Zanka hamburskiej herbaty piersiowej pr zynosi ulgę. Tomasz Slater ma wiadomość dla każdego męZcsysoy na stronnicy 8. Doktorka Akuszerka OTYLIA KUCHARSKA 196 Comell St. Tal. Wart ¥81. l#e*y weselkie choroby w itkrei aka noryi wobodaąoa, takie ma arsędione pokoje dla pofoinio. --jsstswss Nasz Przewodnik. ADWOKACI. Bańkowski, I. F., o fis: 84 La Salle 84. Mieszkanie: 080 W. 17 st., Chicago, Smulski, J.F., ofis: 28 Metropolitan BI, Mieszkanie: 508 Noble st., Chicago. Geeting <t Nowak, 112 Clark st. Hooet 410, Chicago. Czarnecki <b Fora leski, ofis nr. 501. 505 La Salle st. 004-000 Milw. ars. ARCHITECT. Flizikowski, I. 3., 98 W. Division st. Chicago, 111. APTEKI. Bardo Askt, "Wład, 038 Noble ul. r<Sg Bradley, Chicago. Butkiewicz, Kazimierz, 581 Milwaukee are. róg Will St. Chicago. Burda, Wład., Noble St., róg Blaok bawk, Chicago. Kufleweki, 3. J., 1885 W 22nd St., Chicago. Nowak, Jan. 724 W. 18th St., New York. Paulina St., Chicago. Lenard, Robert, 8448 Superior Ave., South Chicago, Ill. AGENCY, REAL ESTATE. Stan, Tel, 589 Milwaukee Ave., Chicago, Ill. Buraki, Mary on, 588 Noble St. Chloe, 111. TOWERY BŁAWATNE. SzumiAski, John C., 004 Noble St. Chicago, 111. DOROTHY. Rulewski, W. A., 724 W. 18th St. Chicago, 111. DOROTHY. Rulewski, W. A., 724 W. 18th St. Chicago, 111. Ziółkowski, M. B., 088 Noble St. Chicago, 111. Ziółkowski, M. B., 088 Noble St. Chicago, 111. FOTOGRAFÉ. Niklas i Pawłowski, 589 Milwaukee Ave. Chicago, 111. FOTOGRAFÉ. Niklas i Pawłowski, 589 Milwaukee Ave. Chicago, 111. KSIęDAK HERBATY I KAWY. Klasę, Józef, 601 Noble St. Chicago, KSIęKAI I ARTYKUŁY RELI GIJNE. Augustynowicz i Podczaski, 808 Noble St. Chicago, INTROLIGATORZY. Metzger, C. E., 464 W. Harron St., Chicago. ZAKŁADY KRAWIECKIE. SmoliUski, J, 6 Milwaukee Art, Chicago, Ill. MEBLE PIECE. Nowaczeteski, Wlad., 838 — 840 Milwaukee Ave. Chicago. Smolarz, Piotr, 807 Milwaukee Ave. Chicago, Ill. Stobiecki, Roman, 480 Milwaukee Ave. Chicago, Ill. MALARZE. Schlieben, V. 689 Holi avenue. Chicago, Ill. PIEKARNIE. WleJchński, Walenty, 693 Jackson Ave. Chicago, Ill. PARKER. WleJchński, Walenty, 693 Jackson Ave. Chicago, Ill. PARKER. WleJchński, W. i Kasprzyk, W. 641 Noble St., Chicago, Ill. SKÁADY OBUWIA. Stępiński, W. i Kasprzyk, W. 641 Noble St., Chicago, Ill. KES TAURACYEi SALONY. Dzięcioł fciewicz, A., 572 Noble St., Chicago, Ill. Oraczyk, Józef, 581 Noble St., Chicago, Ill. Makowski, A., 692 Milwaukee Ave., Chicago, Ill. Chioago, Ill. Szykowny, Antoni. 709 Milwaukee Ave. Rógne Nobla al. Chicago, III. Czec hański K. i Cyganoweki A., 667 Milwaukee ara. Chicago. WęGLE 1 DRZEWO. Komosiński, Michał, 556 Nobla Sir Chicago, III. Barzyńska A Co., róg W. North Ave. i Covontry St. Chioago. WYROBY KUŚNIERSKIE. Ilocowsk>, /Stanisław, Gostyń, Downem Orore, Ilia. HecbMh*i Niemiecko 8iwąjear»k» herbat* i rfj, * B«»BĄCHt r—,tam■ P(MM]iqKk I łi^win^ agaa.
| 50,155 |
https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%20%28%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%20%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%29
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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विष्णुगुप्त (गुप्त वंश)
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https://hi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=विष्णुगुप्त (गुप्त वंश)&action=history
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Hindi
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Spoken
| 41 | 172 |
यह प्राचीन भारत के प्रसिद्ध गुप्त राजवंश का राजा था।
गुप्त राजवंश
यह गुप्ता राजवंश में कुमार गुप्त और स्कंदगुप्त के बाद का शासक था।
यह गुप्त राजवंश का अंतिम शासक था। इसे बंगाल के शासक समाचारदेव ने पराजित किया था।
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https://github.com/NinePts/OntoGraph/blob/master/src/main/java/graph/models/GraphResponseModel.java
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
OntoGraph
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NinePts
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Java
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Code
| 202 | 457 |
/**
* Copyright (c) Nine Points Solutions, LLC
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*
*/
package graph.models;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonCreator;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonIgnoreProperties;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
import lombok.Data;
/**
* GraphResponse returns some of the user's input request parameters (the
* graph title, type and visualization) and the GraphML output.
*
* Lombok Data removes need for POJO boilerplate.
*
*/
@Data
public class GraphResponseModel {
private final String graphTitle;
private final String visualization;
// Graph type (classAndInheritance, property, individual)
private final String graphType;
private String graphML;
@JsonCreator
@JsonIgnoreProperties(ignoreUnknown = true)
public GraphResponseModel(@JsonProperty("graphTitle") String graphTitle,
@JsonProperty("visualization") String visualization,
@JsonProperty("graphType") String graphType,
@JsonProperty("graphML") String graphML) {
super();
this.graphTitle = graphTitle;
this.visualization = visualization;
this.graphType = graphType;
this.graphML = graphML;
}
}
| 25,610 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98645906
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
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Kategorie:Sportler (Rudersdorf, Burgenland)
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
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Kategorie:Sportler (Rudersdorf, Burgenland)
Wikimedia-Kategorie
Kategorie:Sportler (Rudersdorf, Burgenland) ist ein(e) Wikimedia-Kategorie
Kategorie:Sportler (Rudersdorf, Burgenland) Kategorie kombiniert die Themen Sportler
Kategorie:Sportler (Rudersdorf, Burgenland) Kategorie kombiniert die Themen Rudersdorf
| 21,132 |
pieixetvictorem00zellgoog_21
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French-PD-diverse
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,879 |
Pie IX et Victor-Emmanual. Histoire contemporaine de l'Italie (1846-1878)
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Zeller, Jules Sylvain, 1819-1900
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French
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Spoken
| 4,887 | 7,517 |
Grâce à cette paix, l'Italie a pu entreprendre et mener à bonne fin plusieurs améliorations difficiles. Son armée a été réformée sur le modèle prussien ; elle s'est donné une armée territoriale et une réserve à la suite de l'armée active, et, à cette occasion, ceux qui se destinent à Tétat ecclésiastique ont été sou mis au régime militaire. Cette armée, exercée, nom breuse, bien habillée, attend, sans en être pressée, le moment de faire ses preuves. La marine, renou velée en partie, a depuis Lissa fait aussi des pro grès. La plupart des chemins de fer projetés ont été continués ou achevés. Le commerce extérieur a augmenté. Il a fallu, il est vrai, surélever les char ges des contribuables; l'impôt sur le revenu {ri chezza mobile) a été inauguré ; celui de la mouture (macinata) a été rétabli et étendu à toute la pénin sule, non sans récriminations et sans plaintes. La vente des biens ecclésiastiques a continué quoique avec quelques difficultés^ sans combler les déficits annuels d'un budget de 1 milliard 600 millions. La réduction de la rente, l'émigration de l'or et de l'ar gent, le cours forcé du papier-monnaie, n'ont pas discontinué. La justice se rend médiocrement; l'ins truction fait encore peu de progrès, les municipalités Digitized by VjOOQ IC 554 PIB IX ET VICTOR-EMMANUEL II. les plus importantes, celles de Florence et de Naples, sont tombées dans la gène, presque dans la faillite, n ne s'en faut point étonner. Les petits-fils de ceux qui ont fait la révolution d'Italie seront peut être les premiers seulement à en récolter les fruits. Il n'est réservé aussi qu'à l'avenir d*amener le re tour de la paix troublée entre l'État et l'Église et de prouver la compatibilité de Rome, capitale politique de la péninsule, et capitale spirituelle de la catholi cité. Les dernières années de Pie IX ne parurent pas conduire ce problème près d'une solution autre que celle des faits accomplis. « A Rome, » avait dit Pie IX, « le chef de l'État ne peut être que souverain ou captif. » N'étant plus souverain qu'au Vatican où il conserva d'ailleurs ses gardes, ses ministres, les ambassadeurs accré dités auprès de sa personne, et continua à entre tenir en toute liberté ses communications avec le monde catholique et les autres États, il crut donc de sa dignité de se considérer comme prisonnier ; par conséquent il ne sortit plus du Vatican et sus pendit les cérémonies solennelles de l'Église catho lique, même dans Saint-Pierre de Rome. Il se re fusa à mettre le pied dans la ville où son successeur d'ailleurs ne vint que rarement, au palais du Qui rinal qu'il avait choisi , et où il parut se trouver mal à l'aise. Le chef infaillible de l'Église ne voulait pas contempler dans Rome les temples protestants ouverts, les couvents fermés d'après la loi, les demeures vides des ordres de religieux, expulsés^ supprimés. Il se complut, prisonnier moral, captif Digitized by VjOOQ IC PIE IX CAPTIF VOLONTAIRE AU VATICAN. 555 volontaire y à remettre en honneur les chaînes de saint Pierre. Il en est resté dans la même ville, comme en état d'observation, sinon d'hostilité fla grante, deux souverains, deux cours, avec leurs re présentations diplomatiques, au Vatican et au Qui rinal, et deux partis fort tranchés dans la ville, les Italiens et les papalins. Ceux qui fréquentaient l'un de ces palais n'ont pas été à l'autre. La papauté n'en a été ni moins riche ni moins puissante, et elle a semblé même emprunter à cette captivité, en même temps qu'au caractère de Pie IX, une grandeur nouvelle. La première fois que le gouvernement italien voulut faire remettre au Vatican la rente de trois millions deux cent mille francs de l'indemnité qui lui avait été réservée par la loi des garanties. Pie IX n'a pas voulu la recevoir ; il se refusait à reconnaître ainsi des faits qu'il consi dérait comme une spoliation. L'Église universelle vint à son aide avec le denier de Saint-Pierre, orga nisé dans toute la chrétienté par les soins du car dinal Antonelli. Ce tribut volontaire s'éleva, bon an mal an, à dix-huit millions avec lesquels le pape, simple pour lui-même, put entretenir suffisamment sa maison, ses cardinaux, payer les retraites de ses anciens officiers ou employés, soutenir les évêques ailleurs persécutés ou dans le besoin, fonder ou entretenir des œuvres pies , soulager partout des misères, et se constituer une rente perpétuelle qui, à sa mort, s'est trouvée être de trois millions et demi pour ses successeurs. Mendiant opulent, qui avait des finances considérables à administrer, un actif Digitized by VjOOQ IC 556 PIE IX ET VICTOR-EMMANUEL II. et un passif qui se renouvelaient sans cesse, il disait un jour en plaisantant : « J'ai le sac de saint Fran* çois, se remplissant toujours et toujours se vidant. » Mais le fond restait toujours assuré. C*est ce pontife, captif ef libre tout à la fois, que des princes, de grands personnages de toute nation et de toute religion , vinrent visiter aussi bien que la foule des pèlerins catholiques. Pie IX captif donnait plus d'illustres audiences au Vatican et vit accourir à lui plus de sujets, apportant Toifrande volontaire de leurs tributs, que potentat au monde. Parmi les protestants, le prince et la princesse de Galles, les fils de l'empereur de Russie, appartenant à l'Église grecque, parmi les catholiques l'empereur du Brésil, eurent surtout à Rome, soit curiosité, soit intérêt, des yeux pour le Vatican. « Savez vous, )) disait le pape au prince de Galles, « qui a charge de ma dynastie? C'est Dieu; il a charge aussi de ma succession et de ma famille, qui est l'Église.» — « Je ne suis qu'un pauvre vieillard, » ajoutait-il un aulre jour, « les catholiques me portent, voilà ma force. » Il multiplia en effet les anniversaires de son pontificat, de sa communion , de sa première messe, de son épiscopat, faisant des pèlerinages un moyen d'action, sans jamais en diminuer le nom bre. Des évèques et catholiques français lui appor teBt un jour sept millions : « Vous payez des mil liards aux Prussiens, » leur dit-il, « et vous m'ap portez des millions; grande nation I » En 1876, sept mille Espagnols se rassemblaient sur la place du Vatican. Là aussi, les Romains de toutes les Digitized by VjOOQ iC PIE IX TOUT-PUISSANT DANS l'ÉGLISE. 557 opinions, ne pouvant être reçus en corps, venaient parfois tâcher d'apercevoir à la fenêtre de sa cham bre aux rideaux jaunes unis, du second étage, où il avait son simple lit de fer, ce vieillard aux cheveux et aux habits blancs, qu'on visitait de si loin et dont ils pouvaient parfois surprendre comme la pâle et mélancolique apparition. Et.dans ce domaine religieux, immense, conservé parce captif volontaire, quelle autorité plus absolue et plus étendue ! Devenu, par la définition de l'infail libilité, le maître du dogme, résumant l'Église en sa personne et élevé au-dessus d'elle, seul docteur et pasteur, pour ainsi dire, il développe le dogme sans contradiction. Emporté plus haut encore dans les mystiques régions, au fur et à mesure qu'il quitte du pied la terre, après avoir fait la Vierge sans tache et l'Église sans erreur, c'^st Joseph qu'il érige en patron de l'Église. Il fait des dieux! Sa foi est créa trice de dogmes ; son action spirituelle, sa parole, ses foudres ne sont jamais captives. Dans la guerre qu'il a déclarée à la raison et à l'ordre naturel, il enfle et glorifie de plus en plus l'autorité et le super naturel. Invisible aux yeux profanes, mais voyant et prophète au fond de son palais, il surenchérit dans le merveilleux, il réhabilite les saints douteux, il sanctionne et consacre les nouveaux miracles : Lourdes après la Salette ! Infatigable lutteur, tribun véhément, comme Élie et Elisée, qui étaient sans pouvoir temporel, il harcèle l'erreur qu'il a signalée, les souverains, les princes qu'il a dénoncés au tri bunal de l'Église universelle; il poursuit, avec une Digitized by VjOOQ IC 558 PIE IX ET VICTOR-EMMANUEL H. vigueur et une fécondité toujours nouvelles, les dis sidences mêmes, jusqu'au libéralisme catholique, « un pont entre l'erreur et la vérité pour qu'on passe de l'une à l'autre » ; il n'épargne pas ses invectives aux spoliateui^ et aux persécuteurs, aux Hélio dore et aux Achab. « Si je suis fatigué, » dit-il en 1876, « je ne suis pas encore disposé à pactiser avec l'erreur, avec l'injustice, à cesser de remplir mon devoir. ». L'activité pratique de ce pontife mystique n'était pas moindre sur le terrain ecclésiastique adminis tratif. H avait débuté, rentré à Rome en 18S0, par le rétablissement de la hiérarchie dans la protestante Angleterre et aux États-Unis. Après 1870, il recon stitue la hiérarchie catholique en Ecosse, en Hol lande, en Bulgiurie, en Grèce. Il crée un diocèse à Genève, au risque de causer un schisme, et nomme un archevêque à Athènes, un aux États-Unis. Le nombre des évêques créés par lui seul, 132, et de ceux dont il a repris la nomination en Italie, atteint presque celui des évêques nommés par l'État dans les pays concordataires ; et, par là, il range l'Église, dont il tient la majorité, à ses pieds. Combien plus vigoureusement encore il défend le terrain qui lui appartient et contre les plus puissants potentats ! Persuadé que le chancelier de TEmpire allemand restauré, Bismarck, achève, sous couleur du combat pour la civilisation (Kulturkampf)^ d'établir partout les batteries du despotisme impérial jusque sur les consciences, et de poursuivre, dans le culte catho lique même» le dernier refuge des sentiments de la Digitized by VjOOQ IC PIE IX ÏOUT-PUISSANT DANS l'ÉGLISE. 559 liberté et des autonomies allemandes , il ne tremble pas devant le maître de l'Europe. Il écrit avec fer meté à l'empereur Guillaume ; il» protège de sa parole les évèques et les prêtres emprisonnés ; il réclame en faveur des ordres expulsés, envoie le chapeau de cardinal à Farchevèque de Posen per sécuté, Ledochowski, et secourt de son argent les pasteurs privés de leur traitement. Il fait dire au chancelier Bismarck : «Le triomphe sans mesure est passager et la persécution contre l'Église est une sottise; » et il ajoute une autre fois : « Un caillou tombera de la montagne qui brisera les pieds de ce colosse. » Quelles sources de jouissances plus réelles et quelles satisfactions plus grandes peut-être que celles du chétif gouvernement d'un petit État, pour la vraie ambition qui convient à un pontife I Dans les temps les plus reculés du moyen. ftge, quand des empereurs allemands, un Henri V, un Frédéric II, quelquefois Je peuple romain en révolte, tenaient le pape assiégé, réellement captif, dans le château SaintAnge et lui coupaient toutes communi cations avec le reste du monde , un Grégoire VII, un Grégoire IX, étaient puissants encore et provo quaient parfois des croisades en leur faveur. dait les siens au dehors, augmentait leurs forte resses, soutenait, alimentait leur courage, d'autant plus puissant que « dans son coin de terre, dans son jardin, » ni souverain effectif, ni sujet, enclavé dans un royaume sans y être enfermé , souverain réelle ment insaisissable et inviolable , dégagé de tout souci politique, il était mieux protégé, d'une façon invisible mais efficace, par Tunique foi des millions de fidèles attachés à son autorité et par le respect d'une civilisation éclairée et tolérante pour toute liberté humaine, qu'il ne Teût pu^être par des entre prises de croisades qui n'étaient plus de ce temps. Bien que les deux principes opposés, représentés par Victor-Emmanuel et par Pie IX, semblassent engagés dans la lutte la plus vive et comme face à face à Rome, il faut reconnaître aussi que les tra ditions et le tempérament de la nation italienne, à laquelle ils appartenaient tous les deux, étaient peut-être les mieux faits pour comporter et faire vivre sans trop de périls cet étrange phénomène qui a été donné en spectacle au monde ! Pie IX re pousse la loi des garanties, faite par le royaume italien; et ce royaume le protège; cette loi n'a été ni acceptée ni sanctionnée par aucune puissance; l'Eglise et l'Italie en profitent. Le pontife réclame ses États perdus et fait un cas de conscience à ses fidèles de ne pas remplir aux urnes leurs devoirs de citoyens; et le gouvernement italien le souffre, et il offre tous les ans au pape l'indemnité de trois mil lions. Le Vatican foudroie le Quirinal, et le Quirinal brave le Vatican, sans se faire réciproquement de mal. Digitized by VjOOQ IC PORTRAIT DE VICTOREMMANUEL II. 561 L'association des contraires est une grâce parti culière au génie italien. Yictor-Ëmmanuel II prit, dans ses deux dernières années, deux ministères ré publicains : d'abord Nicotcra et Deprétis, puis Grispi qui devait être, avait dit Mazzini, « le dernier mi nistre de la maison de Savoie ». La royauté ita* lienne fit cependant bon ménage avec ses ministres républicains, anciens compagnons de Garibaldi, le plus cordial ami du roi ; et ils ont fait assez bon mé nage avec PielX. Le prince de Bismarck aurait voulu, en 1877, profiter de l'arrivée des gauches au pouvoir en Italie, pour conclure avec le royaume une al liance qui pouvait conduire à la guerre contre la France et contre la papauté. Victor-Emmanuel dé-» clina cette offre dangereuse. Le ministère Grispi, disciple de la doctrine allemande de la domination absolue de l'État sur l'Église, aurait voulu abolir la loi des garanties, pour ne laisser au pape que le droit commun . Le roi Victor-Emmanuel ref usaméme de consentir à la présentation d'une loi « contre les abus du clergé, » et, peut-être, contre sa liberté. c< N'allez pas plus loin, » avait dit le pape au roi Victor-Emmanuel, dans une allocution au sujet delà sujétion des ecclésiastiques à la loi militaire, « sur cette pente qui mène à l'abîme. » Victor-Emmanuel se le rappela. En revanche, la dernière année du pontificat de Pie IX, le père Gurci, jésuite, mais jésuite italien, dans un livre qui fit du bruit, s'efforça de préparer le terrain, sinon d'une conciliation, au moins d'une certaine entente pacifique entre la royauté italienne et la papauté spirituelle. 36 Digitized by VjOOQ IC I 562 PIE IX ET VICTOR-EMMANUEL U. On pouvait dors voir souvent en Italie des images populaires qui représentaient dans le même cadre le rôi Victor-Emmanuel, Pie IX et Gari baldi, laRoyautéy l'Église et la République; et, un jour, le pape, apprenant que le défenseur de Rome républicaine en 1848 et Tagresseur de Montana venait se fixer à Rome, dit avec une bonhomie sou riante : « On disait que nous ne pourrions pas vivre deux à Rome, et voici que nous y sommes trois. » Cette image et cette parole sont tout à fait italiennes. Les fêtes de TÉglise et celles de FÉtat tombèrent plusieurs fois à Rome le même jour, depuis 1870, sans que la coïncidence donnât jamais lieu à un conflit. La mort et les funérailles rapprochèrent encore plus et confondirent presque ces deux grands Italiens, le premier roi dltalie et le dernier pape-roi de Rome, qui ont prêté leur nom à une révolution politique et à une révolution religieuse dont on ne pourra de longtemps calculer Fissue et la portée. Le descendant d'une des plus antiques maisons souveraines de l'Europe et le fils d'un petit gentil homme de Sinigaglia avaient chacun, dans un corps également robuste mais avec une physionomie bien différente, des points communs de cœur, de carac tère et d'esprit. Ils aimaient tous les deux passion nément l'Italie, quoique d'une façon fort opposée ; et ils étaient sincèrement religieux, un peu super stitieux même, quoique à des degrés fort inégaux. Ils étaient tous les deux d'habitudes simples, point prodigues et ils gardaient un singulier mélange d& bonhomie et de finesse ; également modestes^ gêné Digitized by VjOOQ IC PORTRAIT DE PIG IX. ^63 reux, doux et spirituels. Le roi avait une activité physique infatigable, et l'imagination mystique du pape était toujours en travail. Victor-Emmanuel aimait la guerre, et le pape se plaisait à la lutte. Nul ne fut plus pape que Pie IX; nul meilleur roi con stitutionnel que Victor-Emmanuel. Ils ont été emportés tous les deux et jetés face à face par deux courants contraires ; et ils se sont trouvés être les auteurs de deux révolutions opposées et successives dont les principes semblaient irréconciliables, tandis que leurs goûts et leurs penchants les portaient l'un vers l'autre. Sans grande ambition personnelle, quoique d'une race ambitieuse, Victor-Emmanuel a détrôné, dépouillé des rois, un pape, au profit d'une nation: l'Italie. Fougueux et volontaire par tempérament, fait pour la guerre, peu pour la diplomatie, il a presque toujours été vaincu en bataille rangée, et, se prêtant merveilleusement aux nécessités du gou vernement constitutionnel, il est toujours resté victorieux dans sa politique intérieure et extérieure. Tendre et bon, Pie IX est devenu intraitable et violent dans la lutte; humble de cœur, dès qu'il a vu rÉglise attaquée dans sa personne, il s*est exalté, vénéré avec sincérité, dans son pouvoir ; et il a élevé sa personne, la papauté même au-dessus de Inhumanité. Victor-Emmanuel a toujours eu foi dans l'Italie, et c'est ce qui l'a poussé de succès en succès au faite de la fortune politique; il s'est cru l'Italie même, et il Test devenu. Pie IX, relégué de défaite en défaite, pendant un long pontificat, au Vatican, Digitized by VjOOQ IC 564 PIE IX ET VICTOR-EMMANUEL II. luttant toujours^ et ne cédant qu'à la violence, a puisé dan& ses malheurs mêmes une constance iné branlabla qui Ta soutenu et lui a fait voir^ dans Texaltatibn même de sa seule personne, le triomphe définitif de TÉglise. Le roi a fait d*une nation esclave et dépendante, d'un des pays les plus anciens de l'Europe, morcelé pendant des siècles en petits États, un royaume jeune, libre, indépen dant, uni, qui compte; honorablement parmi les plus anciens et les plus jeunes États européens. Pie IX, portant à son apogée l'antique puissance papale, dépouillée de son pouvoir temporel, et la nouvelle centralisation catholique, a laissé après lui une au torité plus incontestée, plus complète, dans l'Église et chez les fidèles qui se groupent autour du Vatican, quoique plus contestée dans le monde, mémo parmi les deux cent quarante millions de sujets catho liques qu'il revendique. Pendant que ces. deux révolutions s'accomplis saient, le Syllabus avait condamné, comme la tren tième et dernière erreur de la raison humaine, celle-ci : « Le pontife peut et doit se réconcilier et se mettre d'accord avec le progrès, le libéralisme et la civilisation moderne. » Et cependant, on a su éle ver, ménager, dans certains édifices de la Renais sance, en Italie et en France, deux escaliers en spi rale^ tournant sur une vis unique, toujours en vue et ne se rencontrant jamais, dans la même cage, et où Ton monte du même vestibule, comme point de départ, pour arriver au même point du faîte et y jouir sous le même ciel d'une vue splendide Digitized by VjOOQ IC MOHT DU BOI. 565 ' Au commencement de l'année 1 878, Viclor-Emma nuel était dans toute la force de la santé et dé Tâge^ et Pie IX, après une vie longue, comme homme et comme pontife, approchait de sa fin. Tous les deux avaient lamême confiance : Tun, dans la durée de ce qu'il avait* vu s'accomplir sous ses yeux et par ses soins; l'autre, même sur son lit de douleur'qu'il avait pris dès le mois de novembre 1877, dans le triomphe prochain et définitif de sa cause. Après avoir vu mourir les précurseurs, les coUar horateurs dociles ou violents de sa cause, les d'A^ zeglio, les Gioberti, les Cavour,les Mazzini, sa pre mière femme, Autrichienne, à laquelle il avait fait succéder une épouse morganatique et discrète, la comtesse de Mirafiori,le roi, entouré d'enfants nom breux de l'une et de l'autre main, toujours plus vo lontiers, comme chasseur piémobtais, sur les sen tiers des Alpes, que, comme souverain itaUen, à Rome, était cependant envahi par une certaine mélancolie qui ne paraissait pas trop concorder avec sa robuste nature. La mort du général A. La Mar mora, Tun de ses amis les plus dévoués, au com mencement de l'an 4878, le frappa encore plus. jPie IX avait survécu à tous ses frères et sœurs, vu mourir dans un âge aussi avancé bien des amis et des ennemis. La mort du cardinal Antonelli, son ministre assidu depuis vingt-sept ans, à la fin de l'année précédente, l'avait affecté d'autant plus aussi qu'elle avait été une cruelle déception. En effet, ce puissant organisateur financier du denier de Saint-Pierre s'était plus enrichi avec ses frères Digitized by VjOOQ IC 566 PIB IX ET VTCTOK-EMMANUEL II.. qu'il n'avait enrichi l'église; et il avait plus pensée lui et à sa famille qu'à son maître et à la papauté, pour lesquels il ne laissa pas un legs. On n'en par lait plus devant Pie IX. Si le pape avait la même con fiance, il n'avait plus la même douce gaieté. Privé de la faculté de se mouvoir dans les derniers mois : a Qu'importent les jambes? » disait-il. « Je suis un voix, vox clamantis in Vaticano. » Il n'espérait plus pour lui-même; mais il ajoutait, un autre jour, par lant à un étranger qui lui avait amené son petit enfant : « Dites bien à cet enfant, qui viendra peut être un jour ici avec ses enfants et peut-être ses petits-enfants, qu'ils trouveront toujours ici, de bout, un homme habillé de blanc comme moil » Victor-Emmanuel passait la fin de Tannée 1877 et le commencement de l'année 1878 à Rome pour les réceptions du jour de l'an. Là, faisant chercher avec une affectueuse sollicitude des nouvelles du vieux pontife alité, dont presque chaque jour on annonçait la mort, ii dictait les mesures néces saires pour régler ses funérailles prochaines, prendre le deuil et assurer la liberté du conclave appelé à lui donner un successeur, quand,' dans la nuit du IT au 6 janvier, au Quirinal, il ouvrit la fenêtre de sa chambre à coucher et respira l'air mau vais et humide du jardin. Une fièvre ardente le cloua dans son lit. Le 8, son médecin lui annonça sa fin prochaine; et le pape Pie IX, apprenant la fu ture catastrophe sur son lit de douleur, envoyait à l'aumônier du roi les pouvoirs nécessaires pour admi nistrer à celui-ci sans condition, dans l'ancien palais Digitized by VjOOQ IC MORT DU PAPE. 567 des papes, les derniers sacrements de rÉglîse au mi lieu de laquelle il était né et avait vécu. Le 9, à deux lieures et demie, le fils de Charles-Albert, souverain qui avait fait lltalie une, mourait au milieu des siens, à Tàge de cinquante-huit ans, méritant de Pie IX cette oraison funèbre : « Il est mort en chrétien, en roi et en galant homme. Pie IX eut le temps encore, après avoir donné à l'homme ce qu'il ne voulait lui refuser, d'accomplir son devoir envers ]a papauté, en faisant parvenir aux puissances, en présence du nouveau roi d'Italie, Humbert I", le renouvellement de ses protestations contre la perte de son ancien domaine et pour les garanties de son indépendance. Quelques jours après, le 4 février, après s'être levé pour une céré monie religieuse, il reprit définitivement le lit. Le 7, au matin, il sentait que c'était fini ; les ambassa deurs accouraient au Vatican, la foule arrivait au dehors. A une heure, on commençait les solennelles prières de la recommandation de l'Âme et, à l'heure de XAnyelus, l'ancien pontife-roi expirait. Le sur lendemain, le corps fut exposé à Saint-Pierre, Digitized by VjOOQ IC 568 PIE IX ET YIGTOH-EMMANUEL II. toutes cloches sonnantes, et la foule était tellô pour venir baiser les pieds de Tillustre mort, que la curie demanda Taide d'un bataillon de Tarmée italienne pour maintenir Tordre. Ce fut sous le petit arc surmonté du gril du saint martyr, dans l'é glise de Saint-Laurent-hors-des-murs que, sur to volonté exprimée dans son testament, Pie IX fut déposé pour l'éternité. N'était-ce pas au moins remarquable que, dans la même ville, en si peu de temps écoulé, au Panthéon comme à Saint-Pierre de Rome, sous la robe du prêtre comme sous l'uniforme du soldat, au milieu de cet air imprégné de la gloire des héros du inonde et sur ce sol pénétré du sang des mar tyrs de la foi, tant d'esprits et de cœurs, séparés par la fatalité dès événements ou par le courant de ré volutions contraires dans l'Église et dans l'État, confondissent leurs chagrins et leurs regrets, peut être leurs espérances ou leurs déceptions, souvent bien changeantes, comme en un deuil commun? £t ce deuil n'était-il pas justifié par la perte de ces deux grands Italiens duxix* siècle, qui n'étaient pas restés au dessous de la tâche que le temps leur avait imposée : l'un^ de rendre son autorité, temporelle ment déchue, plus religieusement puissante dans l'Église agrandie ; et l'autre de faire l'Italie délivrée, libre et une, au milieu des États indépendants de l'Europe ? FIN. Digitized by VjOOQ IC TABLE DES CHAPITRES I Pag«i. Avènement de Pie IX.— Gouvernement de Charles-Albert. Les manifestutions et les réformes. —L'Autriche. 1846-1847. 1 II. Les insurrections et les constitutions. — Révolution de février^— Soulèvement de Milan et de Venise. 1848. .. . 37 m La guerre royale et nationale. — Batî^illes de Custozza et de Goïto. — Fin de Tannée 1848. 64 IV Le ministère et Tassassinat de Rossi à Rome. — La fuite du Pape. — La république à Venise, à Rome et à Florence. (Août 1848, mars 1849) 99 V Le Pape à Qaête. ^ La Constituante romaine. — L^inter vention des quatre puissances. -— Guerre royale; défaite de Novarc*' Guerre républicaine;. chute de Florence, de Rome, de Venise 1849-185Q . 127 Digitized by VjOOQ IC 570 TABLE DES CHAPITRES. VI Pages. Les souverains restaurés. — Avènement de Victor-Emma nuel II. — Retour de Pie IX à Rome. — Cavour et Ânto nelli..— Participation à la guerre de Grimée. — L*Imma cuIée-Conception. — Le congrès de Paris. — Mazzini et Or sini. — L*entrevue de Plombières. 1850-1858 153 VII Le mot du jour de Tan 1859. — L*opinion publique. — VU nion nationale.-^ La diplomatie et les préparatifs militaires. — Le désarmement. — L'ultimatum 195 vin La guerre localisée et la révolution italienne. — Magenta; révolution à Florence et à Bologne ; Solferino ; préliminaires de Villafranca. 1859 233 IX Démission de Cavour. — Le ministère La Marmora et Ratazzi. — La paix de Zurich. -» Le mouvement annexion» niste dans ritalie centrale. 1859. .....4 ...... « 270 La brochure : le Pape éï le Congrès, — Second ministère de Cavour. — La diplomatie européenne. -»• Annexion de l'I talie centrale au royaume italien du Nord — • Annexion de la Savoie et de Nice à la France < - L'excommunication pontificale. 1860 305 Digitized by VjOOQ IC TABLE DES CHAPITRES. 571 XI PAgCS. Le royaume italien du Nord. — Le parlement national. — Garibaldi en Sicile. — Cavour est-il complice? — Prise de Palerme, de Messine par la révolution. 1860 338 XII Invasion de Naples par Garibaldi, dei États pontificaux par Victor-Emmanuel. — Cialdini et Lamoricière. — Prise de Naples. — Bataille de Castelfidardo. — Annexion de rOmbrie, des Marches et du royaume des Deux-Siciles. — Chute de François II. 1860 XIII Le premier parlement italien. — Victor-Emmanuel II , roi d'Italie. — » La question de la capitale. --» Oaribaldi et Cial dini. — Organisation administrative du royaume; première fête de l'Italie* — Mort de Cavour. 1861 ......... 404 XIV Le ministère de tlicasoli* — La question romaine.— Dissen timents du clergé italien. -^ Le brigandage et les conspira tions dans le midi de Tltalie. -^ Le général Cialdibi. — Guerre contre les bourboniens et contre le brigandage (1861^2) , 432 XV Ministère Ratazzi. -^ Reconnaissance du ro^ailme italien « -^ Projets d'arrangement pour la question romaine. — Réu nion des évéques de la catholicité à Rome en faveur du pouvoir temporel. — Garibaldi en Sicile et à Âsp remonte. 453 Digitized by VjOOQ IC Ô72 TABLE DES CfiAPITRES. XVI pftg*» Le ministère Farini-Minghetti. — La convention du 15 sep tembre. — L'Encyclique; le Syllabus. — La capitale à Flo rence. — Le ministère de La Marmora. — Alliance de TI talie avec la Prusse. — Custozza et Lissa. — Annexion de la Vénétie. — Évacuation de Rome par les Français. 1863-66. 477 XVll Nouveau ministère Ratazzi. — Liquidation des biens du clergé.— Le centenaire de Saint Pierre, 1868. — Affaire de Mentana, 1868. — Projet de triple alliance, 1869. — Le con cile universel et Tinfaillibilité du Pape. — Influence de la guerre franco-prussienne, 1870. — La loi des garanties. — Rome capitale de Tltalie. — Victor-Emmanuel II À Roine, 187M872 505 XVIII Dernières années de Victor-Emmanuel II et de Pie IX. — Le royaume italien et la papauté. — Politique italienne in térieure et extérieure. — Pie IX captif volontaire au Vatican et tout-puissant dans TÉglise. — Portraits et mort du roi et du pape 1878 544 Paris. — Typ. G. Cbamerot, rae des Salnts-PëreS, 19. — 6810. Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC m '^ I y/ Jt r / A A -^ r /.
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Metallic railroad-tie.
PATENTED MAY 10, NU L H. W. GANDEB. METALLIC RAILROAD TIE.
APPLIOATION FILED AUG. 10, 1903.
N0 MODEL.
WITNESSES:
' d1 TTORNE Y.
m: Nonms PFJERS co. PNUTO-UTNO" wAsHmcmM. o q
Iatented May 10, 1904.
PATENT OFFICE.
HARRY l/V. GANDER, OF RUDY, PENNSYLVANIA.
METALLIC RAILROAD-TIE.
SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 759,263, dated May 10,1904:.
Application filed August 10, 1908. Serial No. 168,868. (No model.)
To all whom, it may concern.-
Be it known that I, HARRY W. GANDER, a citizen of the United States, anda resident of Rudy, in the county of Montgomery and State ofPennsylvania, have invented certain new and useful Improvements inMetallic Railroad- Ties, of which the following is a specification.
My invention relates to railroad-ties, and particularly to that classthereof known in the art as metallic railroad-ties.
It has for its object to provide a hollow metallic railroad-tie havingmeans on its base for engaging the road-bed, and thereby preventing thetie from creeping in any direction, to provide seats for the railstherein, and to provide a brace for the tie and rails constructed andarranged to be extended laterally to engage and hold the rails securelyin their seats or to be contracted to disengage the rails and allow themto be removed from their seats.
It has for a further object to provide a railroad-tie of the characterset forth which will possess advantages in point of simplicity,inexpensiveness, facility of adjustment, convenience, effectiveness, andgeneral eiiiciency.
In the drawings, Figure 1 is a plan view of the metallic railroad-tie,the brace for the tie and rails being removed. Fig. 2 is a transversesectional view takcn on the line a; of Fig. 1. Fig. 3 is a side view ofthe metallic railroad-tie for a single set of rails, showing rails inthe seats therein and the brace for the tie and the rails. Fig. i 'is amodification showing the form of metallic railroad tie which I employata switch, the brace for the tie and rails and the wedge which I employtherewith located between the intermediate rail and one of the outsiderails. Fig. 5 is a modilication showingthc form of metallic railroadtiewhich I employ for a double set of rails, the braces for the tie andrails, and the wedge located between the intermediate rails. Fig. 6 is aside view of the brace for the tie and rails. Fig. 7 is an end view of amodification showing the prongs separate from the tie and boltedthereto.
Corresponding parts in all the figures are denoted by the same referencecharacters.
Referring to the drawings, 1 designates the hollow metallicrailroad-tie, cast, bent, or otherwise formed to present concavo-convexwalls, prongs 2 on the lower edges of the side walls for engaging theroad-bed, thereby preventing the tie from creeping in any direction,slots 3 in the side and top walls forming railseats, grooves 4:,extending laterally from the base of the slots to receive the outsideflanges of the rails, and a central slot 4. The brace 5 is locatedwithin the hollow tie and comprises open frames 6, having forked ends 7,which engage the inner flanges of the rails, and a rotatable shaft 8,having oppositelythreaded ends 9, which engage threaded holes 10 in theinner endsof the frames, and a central nut 11, located in the slot 4: inthe tie and adapted to be engaged by a wrench for the purpose of turningsaid shaft, and thereby causing the forked ends of said frames to engageor disengage the flanges of the rails. The frames 6 of the brace contactwith and brace the upper wall of the tie and are in turn supported onbars 12, extending across the interior of the tie.
Referring to the modification Fig. 4. it will be seen that the onlydifference between it and that shown in the first three figures residesin the employment of a wedge 13 between two of the rails at a switch,said wedge having forked ends 1 1, which engages theinnerfiange of theoutside rails and the outside flange of the inner rail.
Referring to the modification Fig. 5 it will be seen that the onlydifference between it and that shown in, the first three figures residesin providing two nut-slots. 15, a central rail-seat 15 for two rails,the employment of a wedge 13 between said rails, and the employment oftwo braces 5, one located between each side rail and one of theintermediate rails.
Referring to the modification Fig. 7 it will be seen that instead offorming prongs integral with the hollow metallic railroad-tie 1 separateprongs 2 are provided and bolted or otherwise secured on the lower edgeof the tie.
The operation is as follows: The rails are inserted into the tie throughthe slots 3 therein and placed on their seats. The rotatable shaft isthen turned by means of a wrench applied to the nut 8,which causes theframes to move outwardly and the forked ends thereof to en- TOO gage theinner flanges of the rails, sliding said rails on their seats untiltheir outer flanges engage the grooves i, whereupon the rails will besecurely clamped in their seats. To remove the rails, the shaft 8 isturned in the opposite direction, which will cause the frames to moveinwardly and their forked ends to disengage the flanges of therails,when they can be slid out of the grooves 4 and withdrawn from theseats 3.
I do not desire to be understood as limiting myself to the details ofconstruction and arrangement as herein described and illustrated, as itis manifest that variations and modifications may be made in thefeatures of construction and arrangement in the adaptation of the deviceto various conditions of use without departing from the spirit and scopeof my invention and improvements. I therefore reserve the right to allsuch variation and modification as properly fall within the scope of myinvention and the terms of the following claims.
Having thus described my invention, I claim and desire to secure byLetters Patent 1. The combination with a railroad-tie having means forengaging the flanges on corresponding sides of a plurality of rails, ofa brace for engaging the flanges of the rails comprising open frameseach having a threaded hole in its end leading into the open spacetherein, and a rotatable member having oppositely-threaded ends arrangedto engage said holes and be projected therethrough into or to bewithdrawn from said open spaces, substantially as described.
2. The combination with a hollow metallic railroad-tie havingrail-receiving slots, of a brace for engaging the flanges of the railscomprising open frames each having a threaded hole in its end leadinginto the open space therein, and a rotatable member havingoppositely-threaded ends arranged to engage said holes and be projectedtherethrough into or to be withdrawn from said open spaces,substantially as described.
3. The combination-with a hollow metallic railroad-tie havingrail-receiving slots, and removable engaging prongs on its lower edges,substantially as described.
4:. The combination with a hollow metallic railroad-tie havingrail-receiving slots and removable engaging-prongs on its lower'edges,and a brace for engaging and holding the rails in their slots,substantially as described.
5. The combination with a railroad-tie having means for engaging theflanges of a plurality of rails, non-extensible wedging means forengaging the flanges of the rails, and extensible means for engaging theflanges of the rails and holding the rails in engagement with the tieand the non-extensible means, substantially as described.
6. The combination with a railroad-tie having means for engaging theflanges on one side of a plurality of rails, a wedge for engaging theinner flanges of two of the rails, and means located between two of therails arranged to be extended or contracted to hold the rails inengagement with the engaging means on said tie, substantially asdescribed.
In testimony whereof I have signed my name in the presence of thesubscribing witnesses.
HARRY W. GANDER.
I WVitnesses:
AMELIA (J. SLOTTERER, W. S. SLOTTERER.
| 16,109 |
https://github.com/ezr-ondrej/fog-vsphere/blob/master/lib/fog/vsphere/requests/compute/destroy_rule.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
fog-vsphere
|
ezr-ondrej
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 69 | 280 |
module Fog
module Compute
class Vsphere
class Real
def destroy_rule(attributes = {})
cluster = get_raw_cluster(attributes[:cluster], attributes[:datacenter])
rule = cluster.configurationEx.rule.find { |rule| rule.key == attributes[:key] }
raise Fog::Vsphere::Error::NotFound, "rule #{attributes[:key]} not found" unless rule
delete_spec = RbVmomi::VIM.ClusterConfigSpecEx(rulesSpec: [
RbVmomi::VIM.ClusterRuleSpec(
operation: RbVmomi::VIM.ArrayUpdateOperation('remove'),
removeKey: rule.key
)
])
cluster.ReconfigureComputeResource_Task(spec: delete_spec, modify: true).wait_for_completion
end
end
class Mock
def destroy_rule(attributes = {})
rule = data[:rules][attributes[:name]]
raise Fog::Vsphere::Error::NotFound unless rule
data[:rules].delete(attributes[:name])
end
end
end
end
end
| 36,494 |
https://github.com/mvpnaresh/dotnet-on-thecodeblogger/blob/master/WebApiAutoMapperDemo/WebApiAutoMapperDemo/ApiMappingProfile.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
dotnet-on-thecodeblogger
|
mvpnaresh
|
C#
|
Code
| 29 | 97 |
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using AutoMapper;
namespace WebApiAutoMapperDemo
{
public class ApiMappingProfile : Profile
{
public ApiMappingProfile()
{
CreateMap<Source, Destination>().ReverseMap();
}
}
}
| 31,841 |
6231101_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,987 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6 | 15 |
C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied..
| 1,025 |
https://github.com/forcedotcom/sfdx-scanner/blob/master/sfge/src/test/java/com/salesforce/graph/symbols/apex/schema/SObjectTypeTest.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
sfdx-scanner
|
forcedotcom
|
Java
|
Code
| 464 | 2,427 |
package com.salesforce.graph.symbols.apex.schema;
import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.is;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.equalTo;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.hasSize;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.instanceOf;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.nullValue;
import com.salesforce.TestRunner;
import com.salesforce.TestUtil;
import com.salesforce.graph.symbols.apex.ApexForLoopValue;
import com.salesforce.graph.symbols.apex.ApexSingleValue;
import com.salesforce.graph.symbols.apex.ApexValue;
import com.salesforce.graph.visitor.SystemDebugAccumulator;
import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.process.traversal.dsl.graph.GraphTraversalSource;
import org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert;
import org.hamcrest.Matchers;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.CsvSource;
import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.ValueSource;
public class SObjectTypeTest {
private GraphTraversalSource g;
@BeforeEach
public void setup() {
this.g = TestUtil.getGraph();
}
@CsvSource({
"Schema.getGlobalDescribe().get('Account'), ApexGlobalDescribeMapValue",
"Account.SObjectType,", /*Empty column is converted to null*/
"Schema.SObjectType.Account.SObjectType," /*Empty column is converted to null*/
})
@ParameterizedTest(name = "{displayName}: {0}")
public void testGetDescribeWithResolvedObjectType(
String initializer, String sObjectTypeReturnedFrom) {
String sourceCode =
"public class MyClass {\n"
+ " public static void doSomething() {\n"
+ " SObjectType sObjType = "
+ initializer
+ ";\n"
+ " System.debug(sObjType);\n"
+ " System.debug(sObjType.getDescribe());\n"
+ " }\n"
+ "}";
TestRunner.Result<SystemDebugAccumulator> result = TestRunner.walkPath(g, sourceCode);
SystemDebugAccumulator visitor = result.getVisitor();
MatcherAssert.assertThat(visitor.getAllResults(), hasSize(equalTo(2)));
// sObjectType
SObjectType sObjectType = (SObjectType) visitor.getAllResults().get(0).get();
MatcherAssert.assertThat(sObjectType.isIndeterminant(), equalTo(false));
MatcherAssert.assertThat(
TestUtil.apexValueToString(sObjectType.getType()), equalTo("Account"));
ApexValue<?> returnedFrom = sObjectType.getReturnedFrom().orElse(null);
if (sObjectTypeReturnedFrom == null) {
MatcherAssert.assertThat(returnedFrom, is(nullValue()));
} else {
MatcherAssert.assertThat(
returnedFrom.getClass().getSimpleName(), equalTo(sObjectTypeReturnedFrom));
}
// sObjType.getDescribe()
DescribeSObjectResult describeSObjectResult =
(DescribeSObjectResult) visitor.getAllResults().get(1).get();
MatcherAssert.assertThat(describeSObjectResult.isIndeterminant(), equalTo(false));
MatcherAssert.assertThat(
TestUtil.apexValueToString(describeSObjectResult.getSObjectType()),
equalTo("Account"));
MatcherAssert.assertThat(
describeSObjectResult.getReturnedFrom().get(), instanceOf(SObjectType.class));
}
@Test
public void testGlobalDescribeGetDescribedWithUnresolvedObjectType() {
String sourceCode =
"public class MyClass {\n"
+ " public static void doSomething(SObjectType sObjType) {\n"
+ " System.debug(sObjType);\n"
+ " System.debug(sObjType.getDescribe());\n"
+ " }\n"
+ "}";
TestRunner.Result<SystemDebugAccumulator> result = TestRunner.walkPath(g, sourceCode);
SystemDebugAccumulator visitor = result.getVisitor();
MatcherAssert.assertThat(visitor.getAllResults(), hasSize(equalTo(2)));
// sObjectType
SObjectType sObjectType = (SObjectType) visitor.getAllResults().get(0).get();
MatcherAssert.assertThat(sObjectType.isIndeterminant(), equalTo(true));
MatcherAssert.assertThat(sObjectType.getType().isPresent(), equalTo(false));
MatcherAssert.assertThat(sObjectType.getReturnedFrom().isPresent(), equalTo(false));
// sObjType.getDescribe()
DescribeSObjectResult describeSObjectResult =
(DescribeSObjectResult) visitor.getAllResults().get(1).get();
MatcherAssert.assertThat(describeSObjectResult.isIndeterminant(), equalTo(false));
MatcherAssert.assertThat(
describeSObjectResult.getSObjectType().get(), equalTo(sObjectType));
MatcherAssert.assertThat(
describeSObjectResult.getReturnedFrom().get(), instanceOf(SObjectType.class));
}
@ValueSource(strings = {"Schema.getGlobalDescribe().get('Account')", "Account.SObjectType"})
@ParameterizedTest(name = "{displayName}: {0}")
public void testNewSObjectWithResolvedObjectType(String initializer) {
String sourceCode =
"public class MyClass {\n"
+ " public static void doSomething() {\n"
+ " SObjectType sObjType = "
+ initializer
+ ";\n"
+ " System.debug(sObjType.newSObject());\n"
+ " }\n"
+ "}";
TestRunner.Result<SystemDebugAccumulator> result = TestRunner.walkPath(g, sourceCode);
SystemDebugAccumulator visitor = result.getVisitor();
// sObjType.newSObject()
ApexSingleValue apexSingleValue = visitor.getSingletonResult();
MatcherAssert.assertThat(apexSingleValue.isIndeterminant(), equalTo(false));
MatcherAssert.assertThat(
apexSingleValue.getReturnedFrom().get(), instanceOf(SObjectType.class));
SObjectType sObjectType = (SObjectType) apexSingleValue.getReturnedFrom().get();
MatcherAssert.assertThat(
TestUtil.apexValueToString(sObjectType.getType()), equalTo("Account"));
}
@Test
public void testNewSObjectWithUnresolvedObjectType() {
String sourceCode =
"public class MyClass {\n"
+ " public static void doSomething(SObjectType sObjType) {\n"
+ " System.debug(sObjType.newSObject());\n"
+ " }\n"
+ "}";
TestRunner.Result<SystemDebugAccumulator> result = TestRunner.walkPath(g, sourceCode);
SystemDebugAccumulator visitor = result.getVisitor();
// sObjType.newSObject()
ApexSingleValue apexSingleValue = visitor.getSingletonResult();
MatcherAssert.assertThat(apexSingleValue.isIndeterminant(), equalTo(false));
MatcherAssert.assertThat(
apexSingleValue.getReturnedFrom().get(), instanceOf(SObjectType.class));
SObjectType sObjectType = (SObjectType) apexSingleValue.getReturnedFrom().get();
MatcherAssert.assertThat(sObjectType.isIndeterminant(), equalTo(true));
MatcherAssert.assertThat(sObjectType.getType().isPresent(), equalTo(false));
MatcherAssert.assertThat(sObjectType.getReturnedFrom().isPresent(), equalTo(false));
}
@CsvSource({
"getDescribe,com.salesforce.graph.symbols.apex.schema.DescribeSObjectResult",
"newSObject,com.salesforce.graph.symbols.apex.ApexSingleValue"
})
@ParameterizedTest
public void testSecondaryInvocationInForLoop(String methodName, String apexValueType)
throws ClassNotFoundException {
String sourceCode =
"public class MyClass {\n"
+ " void doSomething() {\n"
+ " List<SObjectType> myTypes = new List<SObjectType>{Account.SObjectType};\n"
+ " for (SObjectType myType: myTypes) {\n"
+ " System.debug(myType."
+ methodName
+ "());\n"
+ " }\n"
+ " }\n"
+ "}\n";
TestRunner.Result<SystemDebugAccumulator> result = TestRunner.walkPath(g, sourceCode);
SystemDebugAccumulator visitor = result.getVisitor();
ApexForLoopValue forLoopValue = visitor.getSingletonResult();
ApexValue<?> value = forLoopValue.getForLoopValues().get(0);
MatcherAssert.assertThat(value, Matchers.instanceOf(Class.forName(apexValueType)));
}
}
| 1,461 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3728840
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Чулаксай
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 188 | 855 |
Чулаксай
Чулаксай это частный случай понятия река
Чулаксай впадает в Желкуар
Чулаксай государство Россия
Чулаксай государство СССР
Чулаксай государство Российская империя
Чулаксай код ГВР 14010500212111200000201
Чулаксай географические координаты , указано для части устье
Чулаксай длина
Чулаксай административно-территориальная единица Челябинская область
Чулаксай водосборный бассейн Бассейн Тобола
Чулаксай код в Google Knowledge Graph /g/1231rqzs
Чулаксай
Чулаксай төшөнсәнең шәхсән осрағы йылға
Чулаксай ҡайҙа ҡоя Һынташты
Чулаксай дәүләт Рәсәй
Чулаксай дәүләт СССР
Чулаксай дәүләт Рәсәй империяһы
Чулаксай географик координаталар , өлөшө өсөн бирелгән йылға тамағы
Чулаксай оҙонлоҡ
Чулаксай административ-территориаль берәмек Силәбе өлкәһе
Чулаксай Google Knowledge Graph идентификаторы /g/1231rqzs
تشۋلاكساي
Чулаксай
Çwlaksaý
Чулаксай
Чулаксай төшенчәнең аерым очрагы елга
Чулаксай кушыла: Синташты
Чулаксай дәүләт Россия
Чулаксай дәүләт ССРБ
Чулаксай дәүләт Россия империясе
Чулаксай дәүләт су реестры коды 14010500212111200000201
Чулаксай географик координатлар , нәрсәгә карый елга тамагы
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Чулаксай административ-территориаль берәмлек Чиләбе өлкәсе
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Чулаксай
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Чулаксай мемлекет Ресей
Чулаксай мемлекет Кеңестік Социалистік Республикалар Одағы
Чулаксай мемлекет Ресей империясы
Чулаксай Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/1231rqzs
Чулаксай
Чулаксай классы дарыя
Чулаксай мамлекет Орусия
Чулаксай мамлекет Советтик Социалисттик Республикалар Союзу
Чулаксай мамлекет Орусия империясы
Чулаксай жайгашуу координаттары
| 35,759 |
9106856_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,003 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,199 | 3,132 |
ORDER
GERSHON, District Judge.
Two motions to quash subpoenas were referred to Magistrate Judge Levy. His Report and Recommendation of November 15, 2002, recommends that each be denied. As to one of the motions, designated by Judge Levy Patiwana Motion II, there have been no objections to Judge Levy's recommendation that it be denied. As to the other, designated Patiwana Motion I. Rajan Patiwana and Maria Brodsky have filed objections. Upon de novo review pursuant to Rule 72(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, I find that the objections are without merit.
The movants' principal argument is that the government cannot seek to enforce the outstanding interest on the defendant's criminal fine without reducing the obligation to pay interest to a separate judgment in a civil action. What the mov-ants ignore is that the judgment of conviction establishes the fine, and the outstanding interest accrued by operation of law. It is not disputed that the then applicable interest provision, in Criminal Enforcement Act of 1984, 18 U.S.C. § 3565(c)(1) (repealed 1987), states: "The defendant shall pay interest on any amount of a fine . that is past due. The interest shall be computed on the unpaid balance at the rate of 1.5 percent per month." The defendant offers no sound basis for concluding that, before the government can use civil procedures for the collection of interest on the unpaid balance of a fine, which interest has accrued by operation of law, it must seek an additional civil judgment. As so ably analyzed by Judge Levy, and will not be repeated here, such a result is contrary to the language and purpose of 18 U.S.C. § 3613.
The defendant's argument that the subpoenas are unauthorized because they fail to identify a "civil action number" as required by Rule 45(a)(1)(B) is also merit-less. Since 18 U.S.C. § 3613 expressly authorizes the use of civil remedies to enforce criminal fines, the government properly listed the criminal docket number on the subpoenas.
The defendant's real complaint is that, allowing the government to proceed without a separate civil action will foreclose him from raising what appears to be his only defense to the interest debt, that is, that the government "waived" interest at the time he paid the principal due on the fine. The issue of waiver was not presented to Judge Levy, and indeed is not pertinent to the motions to quash other than that the defendant now argues it as a basis for claiming that the subpoenas, absent a civil action, will violate his due process rights by foreclosing the issue. I therefore address the issue only to the extent of noting that the defendant is free, as the government acknowledges, to raise the issue with the court as part of the criminal proceeding
Finally, the defendant and Ms. Brodsky argue that the subpoenas are vague and overbroad. I agree with Judge Levy that they are not. The subpoena to the defendant seeks standard information as to his finances. The subpoena to Ms. Brodsky seeks information relating to transfers of property between her and the defendant. The defendant and Ms. Brod-sky claim that although they live together in a house owned by Ms. Brodsky, they "maintain separate financial lives" and do not maintain any joint accounts. In light of this claim, it cannot be onerous to fulfill the demands of the subpoena which is clearly directed at determining the location of the assets of the defendant, who has resisted providing this information himself.
In sum, the motions are denied. If enforcement of the subpoenas is required, Judge Levy is hereby requested and authorized to supervise enforcement proceedings and hear and determine any issues that may arise.
SO ORDERED.
REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION
LEVY, United States Magistrate Judge.
By order dated April 29, 2002, the Honorable Nina Gershon, United States District Judge, referred to me for report and recommendation the pending motions to quash subpoenas served on Rajan Patiwa-na, Maria Brodsky, the Bank of New York, Ulster Savings Bank, and Vig C. Ramesh. For the reasons set forth below, I respectfully recommend that the motions be denied.
BACKGROUND AND FACTS
On January 10, 1986, after a jury trial, defendant Rajan Patiwana '("Patiwana" or "defendant") was convicted in this court of violating 21 U.S.C. § 846 and § 841(a)(1). (See Declaration of Assistant United States Attorney Beth P. Schwartz, dated June 12, 2002 ("Schwartz Aff."), Ex. 2.) Defendant received a sentence of nine years in prison and a $50,000.00 fine on Count One of the indictment, and a suspended sentence on Count Two, with a five-year term of probation to commence upon his release from prison. (See id., Ex. 1.) Prior to repeal, which took effect in 1987, 18 U.S.C. § 3565(c)(1) required defendants to pay 1.5 percent interest per month on a criminal fine. See Criminal .Enforcement Act of 1984, 18 U.S.C. 3565(c)(1) (repealed 1987). The interest provision applies to Patiwana's 1986 conviction. See United States v. Chapdelaine, 23 F.3d 11, 12 (1st Cir.1994).
As of October 19, 1997, Patiwana had paid the government $50,000.00, the principal amount due on his criminal judgment debt. (See United States of America's Memorandum of Law in Opposition to the Motion of Defendant Rajan Patiwana and Maria Brodsky to Quash the Subpoenas Served by the United States of America on Rajan Patiwana and Maria Brodsky and Defendant Rajan Patiwana's Supplemental Motion to Quash the Subpoenas Served on Ulster Savings Bank, The Bank of New York, and Vig C. Ramesh, dated June 12, 2002 ("Govt.Mem."), at 5.) However, Pati-wana never paid the remaining statutory interest which, as of October 19, 1997, had accrued to $52,087.20. (See id. at 6.) In order to collect the outstanding debt, the government sent defendant eight letters over a period of four years, but Patiwana failed to respond to the government's requests to submit a completed financial statement. (See id.)
The United States served Patiwana with a subpoena dated November 27,. 2001, requiring defendant to appear for a deposition and produce documents. (Id.) Subpoenas dated April 15, 2002 were also served on Maria Brodsky, Vig C. Ramesh, the Bank of New York, and Ulster Savings Bank. (See id. at 7.) On April 25, 2002 and May 2, 2002, Patiwana and Maria Brodsky moved to quash these subpoenas claiming that: (1) the criminal case against Patiwa-na is closed, the subpoenas served are civil, and in order to use civil subpoenas, the government is required to have a civil case pending; and (2) the subpoenas served are overbroad, vague, and confusing. (See Affirmation of Nathan Z. Der-showitz, Esq. in Support of Motion to Quash Subpoena, dated April 25 2002 ("Dershowitz Aff."), ¶ 5-8); Supplemental Affirmation of Nathan Z. Dershowitz, Esq., dated May 2, 2002 ("Dershowitz Supp. Aff."), ¶ 4. The government counters that the subpoenas are not overbroad, vague, or confusing, and that the Federal Debt Collection Procedure Act ("FDCPA"), 28 U.S.C. § 3001-3808, gives the United States authority to issue civil subpoenas in the context of a criminal case in order to collect a criminal judgment debt. (See Letter of Beth P. Schwartz, dated June 20, 2002 ("Schwartz Ltr."), at 1; Govt. Mem. at 12-16.)
DISCUSSION
18 U.S.C. § 3613 states that "[t]he United States may enforce a judgment imposing a fine in accordance with the practices and procedures for the enforcement of a civil judgment under Federal law or State law." 18 U.S.C. In drafting 18 U.S.C. § 3613, Congress wanted to empower the United States Attorney to enforce criminal judgment fines:
Rule 69(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure states in part that: 'In aid of the judgment or execution, the judgment creditor . may obtain discovery from any person, including the judgment debtor, in the manner provided in these rules or in the manner provided by the practice of the state in which the district court is held.' The United States Attorney may use this rule to obtain financial information about the debtor-defendant by oral or written depositions or by writteh interrogatories. In most cases, the assistance of the district court or a United States magistrate is necessary.
S.Rep. No. 98-225, at 135-36 (1984), reprinted in 1984 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3182, 3318-19. Thus, Congress saw that Fed.R.Civ.P. 45 civil subpoenas would be a vehicle for government enforcement of criminal judgments. Also, in creating this statute the Senáte sought to strengthen collection of criminal fines by specifically charging the Justice Department's criminal division with this task: "[sjince this responsibility is currently centered in the criminal division of the Department of Justice . Rather than shifting the burden of enforcement (e.g., to the Internal Revenue Service), the committee has elected to expand the enforcement powers of the Justice Department in order to strengthen the government's collection effort." S.Rep. No. 98-225, at 136 (1984), reprinted in 1984 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3182, 3318-19.
Then, in 1990, Congress established the current FDCPA, whose purpose "was to give the Justice Department uniform Federal procedures — prejudgment remedies and postjudgment remedies — to collect debts owed the United States nationwide. Previously, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure required the Justice Department, like all litigants in Federal court, to use the procedures provided under the law of the State in which the proceeding [took] place." H.R. Rep. No. 103-883, at 81 (1995). The goal of the 1990 legislation was to streamline the government's debt collection procedures. The FDCPA states that "[a] complaint, notice, writ, or other process required to be served in an action or proceeding under this chapter shall be served in accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure . " 28 U.S.C. § 3004(a) (emphasis added). Moreover, section 3015 specifically permits the United States "to have discovery regarding the financial condition of the debtor in the manner in which discovery is authorized by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in an action on a claim for a debt." Thus, the FDCPA authorizes the government to use the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in collecting debts.
Here, the government's subpoenas request information in order to collect an outstanding criminal fine. {See Govt. Mem. at 11.) Patiwana argues that the government may not proceed by issuing civil subpoenas because there is no "action or proceeding" pending under the FDCPA. (See Letter of Victoria B. Eiger, Esq., dated June 24, 2002.) Defendant also argues that Fed.R.Civ.P. 45(a)(1)(B) requires that a civil subpoena be served within a pending civil action. (See Dershowitz Aff. ¶ 5.)
Looking to the plain meaning of the statute, The FDCPA authorizes the use of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in an "action or proceeding." This language, distinguishing an action from a proceeding, indicates that Congress intended usage of the FDCPA in the context of a proceeding, when a separate case had not been instituted. Thus, the legislation authorizes use of the FDCPA even within an ongoing criminal litigation. Secondly; the Act specifically mandates use of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in debt enforcement actions. Congress would not have needed explicitly to direct usage of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure- if it had desired the government to file a separate civil action for enforcement of a criminal judgment fine. Therefore, the statute envisions the use of the FDCPA (and its direction for the issuance of Rule 45 subpoenas) within the context of a criminal matter. Third, allowing the government to use civil procedure rules here serves Congress's twin goals of streamlining federal debt collection procedures and strengthening federal debt enforcement actions.
Moreover, defendant provides no authority, and this court is aware of none, for the proposition that the government must obtain a civil action number before serving subpoenas in reference to an unpaid criminal fine. The collection of a criminal fine is a civil aspect of a criminal case, and no statute or case law states that a civil action number is required. Admittedly, if the government were at the point of actually seizing items, it should properly proceed via a writ of execution, see David, 166 F.3d 1199, 1998 WL 852865, at *1; however, here the government is only seeking documentation and deposition testimony. Accordingly, there is no present need for a civil action number or a writ of execution.
Patiwana also objects to the subpoenas on general vagueness, overbreadth, and confusion grounds. (See Dershowitz Aff. ¶ 8.) Having reviewed the subpoenas at issue, I find that they are not overbroad, vague, or confusing. Because defendant has failed to provide full financial disclosure himself, it is perfectly reasonable for the government to seek relevant financial documents via subpoena from defendant and persons close to him, as well as from relevant financial institutions. For these reasons Patiwana's motion to quash the subpoenas should be denied.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully recommend that defendant's and Ms. Brodsky's motions to quash the subpoenas of the United States be denied. Objections to this Report and Recommendation must be served and filed with the Clerk of the Court, with courtesy copies to Judge Gershon and to my chambers, within ten (10) business days in order to preserve appellate review. Failure to file objections within the specified time waives the right to appeal the district court's order. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); Fed.R.Civ.P. 72, 6(a), 6(e).
November 15, 2002..
| 21,562 |
https://github.com/Phazyck/nullpominai/blob/master/src/mu/nu/nullpo/gui/slick/ControllerManager.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, BSD-3-Clause
| 2,018 |
nullpominai
|
Phazyck
|
Java
|
Code
| 1,008 | 2,983 |
/*
Copyright (c) 2010, NullNoname
All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* Neither the name of NullNoname nor the names of its
contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
this software without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
package mu.nu.nullpo.gui.slick;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
import org.lwjgl.input.Controller;
import org.lwjgl.input.Controllers;
import org.newdawn.slick.Input;
/**
* Joystick 関連の処理
*/
public class ControllerManager {
/** Log */
static Logger log = Logger.getLogger(ControllerManager.class);
/** 最小/Maximum buttoncount */
public static final int MIN_BUTTONS = 3, MAX_BUTTONS = 100;
/** Joystick 状態検出法の定count */
public static final int CONTROLLER_METHOD_NONE = 0,
CONTROLLER_METHOD_SLICK_DEFAULT = 1,
CONTROLLER_METHOD_SLICK_ALTERNATE = 2,
CONTROLLER_METHOD_LWJGL = 3,
CONTROLLER_METHOD_MAX = 4;
/** Joystick 状態検出法 */
public static int method = CONTROLLER_METHOD_SLICK_DEFAULT;
/** Joystick state */
public static ArrayList<Controller> controllers;
/** 各Playerが使用するJoystick の number */
public static int[] controllerID;
/** Joystick direction key が反応する閾値 (一部検出法では使えない) */
public static float[] border;
/** アナログスティック無視 */
public static boolean[] ignoreAxis;
/** ハットスイッチ無視 */
public static boolean[] ignorePOV;
/**
* Initialization
*/
public static void initControllers() {
controllers = new ArrayList<Controller>();
controllerID = new int[2];
controllerID[0] = -1;
controllerID[1] = -1;
border = new float[2];
border[0] = 0f;
border[1] = 0f;
ignoreAxis = new boolean[2];
ignorePOV = new boolean[2];
for(int i = 0; i < Controllers.getControllerCount(); i++) {
Controller c = Controllers.getController(i);
if((c.getButtonCount() >= MIN_BUTTONS) && (c.getButtonCount() < MAX_BUTTONS))
controllers.add(c);
}
log.info("Found " + controllers.size() + " controllers from NullpoMinoSlick app");
for(int i = 0; i < controllers.size(); i++) {
Controller c = controllers.get(i);
log.debug("ID:" + i + ", AxisCount:" + c.getAxisCount() + ", ButtonCount:" + c.getButtonCount());
}
}
/**
* Joystick のcountを取得
* @return Joystick のcount
*/
public static int getControllerCount() {
if(controllers == null) return 0;
return controllers.size();
}
/**
* Joystick の上を押しているとtrue
* @param player Player number
* @param input Inputクラス (container.getInput()で取得可能）
* @return 上を押しているとtrue
*/
public static boolean isControllerUp(int player, Input input) {
try {
int controller = controllerID[player];
if(controller < 0) return false;
if(method == CONTROLLER_METHOD_SLICK_DEFAULT) {
return input.isControllerUp(controller);
} else if(method == CONTROLLER_METHOD_SLICK_ALTERNATE) {
return input.isControllerUp(controller) || (!ignoreAxis[player] && (input.getAxisValue(controller, 1) < -border[player]));
} else if(method == CONTROLLER_METHOD_LWJGL) {
if((controller >= 0) && (controller < controllers.size())) {
float axisValue = controllers.get(controller).getYAxisValue();
float povValue = controllers.get(controller).getPovY();
return (!ignoreAxis[player] && (axisValue < -border[player])) || (!ignorePOV[player] && (povValue < -border[player]));
}
}
} catch (Throwable e) {
log.debug("Exception on isControllerUp", e);
}
return false;
}
/**
* Joystick の下を押しているとtrue
* @param player Player number
* @param input Inputクラス (container.getInput()で取得可能）
* @return 下を押しているとtrue
*/
public static boolean isControllerDown(int player, Input input) {
try {
int controller = controllerID[player];
if(controller < 0) return false;
if(method == CONTROLLER_METHOD_SLICK_DEFAULT) {
return input.isControllerDown(controller);
} else if(method == CONTROLLER_METHOD_SLICK_ALTERNATE) {
return input.isControllerDown(controller) || (!ignoreAxis[player] && (input.getAxisValue(controller, 1) > border[player]));
} else if(method == CONTROLLER_METHOD_LWJGL) {
if((controller >= 0) && (controller < controllers.size())) {
float axisValue = controllers.get(controller).getYAxisValue();
float povValue = controllers.get(controller).getPovY();
return (!ignoreAxis[player] && (axisValue > border[player])) || (!ignorePOV[player] && (povValue > border[player]));
}
}
} catch (Throwable e) {
log.debug("Exception on isControllerDown", e);
}
return false;
}
/**
* Joystick の左を押しているとtrue
* @param player Player number
* @param input Inputクラス (container.getInput()で取得可能）
* @return 左を押しているとtrue
*/
public static boolean isControllerLeft(int player, Input input) {
try {
int controller = controllerID[player];
if(controller < 0) return false;
if(method == CONTROLLER_METHOD_SLICK_DEFAULT) {
return input.isControllerLeft(controller);
} else if(method == CONTROLLER_METHOD_SLICK_ALTERNATE) {
return input.isControllerLeft(controller) || (!ignoreAxis[player] && (input.getAxisValue(controller, 0) < -border[player]));
} else if(method == CONTROLLER_METHOD_LWJGL) {
if((controller >= 0) && (controller < controllers.size())) {
float axisValue = controllers.get(controller).getXAxisValue();
float povValue = controllers.get(controller).getPovX();
return (!ignoreAxis[player] && (axisValue < -border[player])) || (!ignorePOV[player] && (povValue < -border[player]));
}
}
} catch (Throwable e) {
log.debug("Exception on isControllerLeft", e);
}
return false;
}
/**
* Joystick の右を押しているとtrue
* @param player Player number
* @param input Inputクラス (container.getInput()で取得可能）
* @return 右を押しているとtrue
*/
public static boolean isControllerRight(int player, Input input) {
try {
int controller = controllerID[player];
if(controller < 0) return false;
if(method == CONTROLLER_METHOD_SLICK_DEFAULT) {
return input.isControllerRight(controller);
} else if(method == CONTROLLER_METHOD_SLICK_ALTERNATE) {
return input.isControllerRight(controller) || (!ignoreAxis[player] && (input.getAxisValue(controller, 0) > border[player]));
} else if(method == CONTROLLER_METHOD_LWJGL) {
if((controller >= 0) && (controller < controllers.size())) {
float axisValue = controllers.get(controller).getXAxisValue();
float povValue = controllers.get(controller).getPovX();
return (!ignoreAxis[player] && (axisValue > border[player])) || (!ignorePOV[player] && (povValue > border[player]));
}
}
} catch (Throwable e) {
log.debug("Exception on isControllerRight", e);
}
return false;
}
/**
* Joystick の特定の buttonが押されているならtrue
* @param player Player number
* @param input Inputクラス (container.getInput()で取得可能）
* @param button Button number
* @return 指定した buttonが押されているとtrue
*/
public static boolean isControllerButton(int player, Input input, int button) {
try {
int controller = controllerID[player];
if(controller < 0) return false;
if(button < 0) return false;
if((method == CONTROLLER_METHOD_SLICK_DEFAULT) || (method == CONTROLLER_METHOD_SLICK_ALTERNATE)) {
return input.isButtonPressed(button, controller);
} else if(method == CONTROLLER_METHOD_LWJGL) {
if((controller >= 0) && (controller < controllers.size())) {
Controller c = controllers.get(controller);
if(button < c.getButtonCount()) {
return c.isButtonPressed(button);
}
}
}
} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
// Invalid button
} catch (Throwable e) {
log.debug("Exception on isControllerButton (button:" + button + ")", e);
}
return false;
}
}
| 8,771 |
2021/02014R0224-20211020/02014R0224-20211020_SL.txt_2
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,021 |
None
|
None
|
Slovenian
|
Spoken
| 4,360 | 11,032 |
Druge informacije:
Ali Kony je namestnik v Gospodovi odporniški vojski (LRA) – subjektu, uvrščenem na seznam –, in sin vodje LRA Josepha Konyja – osebe, uvrščene na seznam. Ali je od leta 2010 vključen v poveljniško strukturo LRA. Je eden izmed skupine višjih oficirjev LRA, ki imajo sedež pri Josephu Konyju. Spletna povezava do posebnega obvestila Interpola in Varnostnega sveta ZN: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5971056
Informacije iz povzetka razlogov za uvrstitev na seznam, ki ga je pripravil Odbor za sankcije:
Ali Kony je bil na seznam uvrščen 23. avgusta 2016 v skladu z odstavkoma 12 ter 13 (d) in (g) Resolucije 2262 (2016), na podlagi katerih se na seznam uvrstijo osebe, ki „sodelujejo pri dejanjih, ki ogrožajo mir, stabilnost ali varnost v Srednjeafriški republiki, ali jih podpirajo“, „podpirajo oborožene skupine ali kriminalne združbe s pomočjo nezakonitega izkoriščanja naravnih virov ali trgovine z njimi v Srednjeafriški republiki ali iz Srednjeafriške republike, vključno z diamanti, zlatom ter prosto živečimi živalmi in proizvodi iz njih“, „vodijo subjekt, ki ga je odbor uvrstil na seznam v skladu z odstavkom 36 ali 37 Resolucije 2134(2014) ali Resolucije 2262 (2016), ali nudijo podporo osebi ali subjektu ali delajo za ali v imenu ali po navodilih osebe ali subjekta, ki ga je odbor uvrstil na seznam v skladu z odstavkom 36 ali 37 Resolucije 2134(2014) ali Resolucije 2262 (2016), ali vodijo subjekt, ki je v lasti ali pod nadzorom na seznam uvrščene osebe ali subjekta.“.
Ali Kony velja za morebitnega naslednika Josepha Konyja na položaju vodje LRA. Vse bolj je vključen v operativno načrtovanje LRA in prek njega se lahko pride v stik z Josephom Konyjem. Je tudi obveščevalni oficir LRA, ki poveljuje do desetim podrejenim.
Z bratom Salimom Konyjem sta odgovorna za izvrševanje discipline znotraj LRA. Bila naj bi del najožjega vodstvenega kroga okoli Josepha Konyja ter odgovorna za izvrševanje Konyjevih ukazov. Sprejela sta disciplinske odločitve o kaznovanju ali usmrtitvah članov LRA, ki niso upoštevali pravil LRA. Salim in Ali po ukazih Josepha Konyja sodelujeta pri tihotapljenju slonovine iz narodnega parka Garamba na severu Demokratične republike Kongo prek Srednjeafriške republike na sporno območje Kafia Kingi, kjer se proda ali trguje z lokalnimi trgovci.
Ali Kony je odgovoren za pogajanja o cenah slonovine in zadevno barantanje s trgovci. Enkrat ali dvakrat mesečno se s trgovci sestane zaradi pogajanj o ceni slonovine, ki jo ima LRA, v ameriških dolarjih ali sudanskih funtih ali pa zaradi trgovine z orožjem, strelivom in hrano. Joseph Kony je Aliju ukazal, naj največje okle uporabi za nakup protipehotnih min, s katerimi bi obkrožili Konyjev tabor. Ali Kony je julija 2014 nadzoroval operacijo dostave 52 kosov slonovine Josephu Konyju in njihovo dokončno prodajo.
Salim je aprila 2015 zapustil območje Kafia Kingi, da bi prestregel pošiljko oklov. Maja je Salim sodeloval pri prevozu 20 kosov slonovine iz Demokratične republike Kongo na območje Kafia Kingi. Približno istočasno se je Ali srečal s trgovci za nakup potrebščin in načrtovanje prihodnjega srečanja, na katerem bi sklenili dodatne posle in se dogovorili o pogojih nakupa v imenu LRA za slonovino, ki naj bi jo spremljal Salim.
11.
Salim KONY (Alias: (a) Salim Saleh Kony; (b) Salim Saleh; (c) Salim Ogaro; (d) Okolu Salim; (e) Salim Saleh Obol Ogaro; (f) Simon Salim Obol)
Naziv: namestnik, Gospodova odporniška vojska
Datum rojstva: (a) 1992; (b) 1991; (c) 1993
Naslov: (a) Kafia Kingi (območje na meji med Sudanom in Južnim Sudanom, katerega končni status še ni določen); (b) Srednjeafriška republika.
Datum uvrstitve na seznam ZN:23. avgust 2016.
Druge informacije:
Salim Kony je namestnik v Gospodovi odporniški vojski (LRA) – subjektu, uvrščenem na seznam –, in sin vodje LRA Josepha Konyja – osebe, uvrščene na seznam. Salim je bil v hierarhijo poveljevanja LRA vključen leta 2010. Je eden izmed skupine višjih oficirjev LRA, ki imajo sedež pri Josephu Konyju. Spletna povezava do posebnega obvestila Interpola in Varnostnega sveta ZN: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5971058
Informacije iz povzetka razlogov za uvrstitev na seznam, ki ga je pripravil Odbor za sankcije:
Salim Kony je bil na seznam uvrščen 23. avgusta 2016 v skladu z odstavkoma 12 ter 13 (d) in (g) Resolucije 2262 (2016), na podlagi katerih se na seznam uvrstijo osebe, ki „sodelujejo pri dejanjih, ki ogrožajo mir, stabilnost ali varnost v Srednjeafriški republiki, ali jih podpirajo“, „podpirajo oborožene skupine ali kriminalne združbe s pomočjo nezakonitega izkoriščanja naravnih virov ali trgovine z njimi v Srednjeafriški republiki ali iz Srednjeafriške republike, vključno z diamanti, zlatom ter prosto živečimi živalmi in proizvodi iz njih“, „vodijo subjekt, ki ga je odbor uvrstil na seznam v skladu z odstavkom 36 ali 37 Resolucije 2134(2014) ali Resolucije 2262 (2016), ali nudijo podporo osebi ali subjektu ali delajo za ali v imenu ali po navodilih osebe ali subjekta, ki ga je odbor uvrstil na seznam v skladu z odstavkom 36 ali 37 Resolucije 2134(2014) ali Resolucije 2262 (2016), ali vodijo subjekt, ki je v lasti ali pod nadzorom na seznam uvrščene osebe ali subjekta.“.
Salim Kony je glavni poveljnik „terenskega štaba“ LRA; že od njegove rane mladosti z Josephom Konyjem skupaj načrtujeta napade in obrambno strategijo LRA. Salim je v preteklosti poveljeval skupini za varovanje Josepha Konyja. Joseph Kony je Salima nedavno zadolžil za vodenje finančnih in logističnih tokov LRA.
Z bratom Alijem Konyjem sta odgovorna za uveljavljanje discipline znotraj LRA. Brata naj bi bila del najožjega vodstvenega kroga okoli Josepha Konyja, člani katerega izvršujejo ukaze Josepha Konyja. Sprejela sta disciplinske odločitve o kaznovanju ali usmrtitvah članov LRA, ki niso upoštevali pravil LRA. Salim naj bi po poročanjih ubil člane LRA, ki so želeli prebegniti, Josephu Konyju pa poročal o dejavnostih skupine in članov LRA.
Salim in Ali po ukazih Josepha Konyja sodelujeta pri tihotapljenju slonovine iz narodnega parka Garamba na severu Demokratične republike Kongo prek Srednjeafriške republike na sporno območje Kafia Kingi, kjer se proda ali trguje z lokalnimi trgovci.
Salim se v spremstvu približno ducata borcev pogosto napoti na mejo s Srednjeafriško republiko, kjer se sreča z drugimi skupinami LRA, ki tihotapijo slonovino iz Garambe proti severu, in jim zagotovi spremstvo. Salim je aprila 2015 zapustil območje Kafia Kingi, da bi prestregel pošiljko oklov. Maja je Salim sodeloval pri prevozu dvajsetih kosov slonovine iz Demokratične republike Kongo na območje Kafia Kingi.
Salim je s skupino borcev LRA junija 2014 vstopil na ozemlje Demokratične republike Kongo, da bi nezakonito lovili slone v Garambi. Po ukazu Josepha Konyja je dva poveljnika LRA spremljal v Garambo, da bi pokazala, kam je bila tri leta pred tem skrita slonovina. Julija 2014 se je Salim sestal z drugo skupino LRA, da bi na območje Kafia Kingi prepeljali skupaj 52 kosov slonovine. Odgovoren je bil za poročanje Josephu Konyju o poslih s slonovino ter posredovanje informacij skupinam LRA o teh poslih.
▼M23
12. Abdoulaye HISSENE (alias: (a) Abdoulaye Issène; (b) Abdoulaye Hissein; (c) Hissene Abdoulaye; (d) Abdoulaye Issène Ramadane; (e) Abdoulaye Issene Ramadan; (f) Issene Abdoulaye)
Naziv: predsednik Conseil National de Défense et de Sécurité (CNDS) in vojaški voditelj Front Populaire pour la Renaissance de Centrafrique (FPRC)
Naziv: „general“
Datum rojstva: (a) 1967; (b) 1. januar 1967
Kraj rojstva: (a) Ndele, Bamingui-Bangoran, Srednjeafriška republika; (b) Haraze Mangueigne, Čad
Državljanstvo: (a) Srednjeafriška republika; (b) Čad
Št. potnega lista: (a) diplomatski potni list Srednjeafriške republike št. D00000897, izdan 5. aprila 2013 (veljaven do 4. aprila 2018); (b) diplomatski potni list Srednjeafriške republike št. D00004262, izdan 11. marca 2014 (veljaven do 10. marca 2019)
Nacionalna identifikacijska številka: Čadska nacionalna osebna izkaznica št. 103-00653129-22, izdana 21. aprila 2009 (veljavna do 21. aprila 2019)
Naslov: (a) KM5, Bangui, Srednjeafriška republika; (b) Nana-Grebizi, Srednjeafriška republika; (c) Ndjari, Ndjamena, Čad; (d) Ndélé, Bamingui-Bangoran (od avgusta 2016 glavno bivališče)
Datum uvrstitve na seznam ZN: 17. maj 2017
Druge informacije: Hissène je bil minister za mladino in šport v kabinetu nekdanjega predsednika Srednjeafriške republike Michela Djotodie. Pred tem je bil vodja politične stranke Konvencija domoljubov za pravičnost in mir. Poleg tega je postal eden od vodij oboroženih milic v Banguiju, predvsem v četrti PK5 (3. okrožje). Oktobra 2016 je bil imenovan za predsednika Conseil National de Défense et de Sécurité; to telo je bilo ustanovljeno zato, da bi združili vojaške voditelje in poveljujoče borce iz vseh frakcij ex-Séléke. Še vedno je na tem položaju, dejansko pa nadzoruje le borce FPRC. Oče se imenuje Abdoulaye. Mati se imenuje Absita Moussa. Na voljo je fotografija za vključitev v posebno obvestilo Interpola in Varnostnega sveta ZN. Spletna povezava do posebnega obvestila Interpola in Varnostnega sveta ZN:
https://www.interpol.int/en/How-we-work/Notices/View-UN-Notices-Individuals
Informacije iz povzetka razlogov za uvrstitev na seznam, ki ga je pripravil Odbor za sankcije:
Abdoulaye Hissène je bil na seznam uvrščen 17. maja 2017 na podlagi odstavkov 16 in 17(g) Resolucije 2339 (2017), ker je „sodel(oval) pri dejanjih, ki ogrožajo mir, stabilnost ali varnost v Srednjeafriški republiki, ali taka dejanja podpira(l), vključno z dejanji, ki ogrožajo ali ovirajo proces politične tranzicije ali proces stabilizacije in sprave ali ki spodbujajo nasilje“, in je „sodel(oval) pri načrtovanju, vodenju, sponzoriranju ali izvedbi napadov zoper misije ZN ali mednarodne varnostne sile, vključno z misijo MINUSCA, misijami Evropske unije in francoskimi operacijami, ki jim nudijo podporo“.
Dodatne informacije:
Abdoulaye Hissène in drugi člani ex-Séléke so v sodelovanju z banditi antibalake (zavezniki nekdanjega predsednika Srednjeafriške republike Françoisa Bozizéja), vključno z Maximom Mokomom, spodbujali nasilne proteste in spopade, ki so se odvijali septembra 2015, v sklopu spodletelega poskusa strmoglavljenja vlade v času, ko se je tedanja predsednica prehodne vlade Catherine Samba-Panza udeleževala zasedanja Generalne skupščine Združenih narodov. Mokoma, Hissèneja in druge je vlada Srednjeafriške republike obtožila različnih kaznivih dejanj v okviru tega spodletelega udara, med drugim umorov, požiga, mučenja in plenjenja.
Leta 2015 je Hissène postal eden od glavnih vodij oboroženih milic v banguijski četrti PK5, sestavljenih iz več kot 100 mož. V tej vlogi je preprečeval svobodo gibanja in vrnitev državnih oblasti na to območje, tudi z nezakonitim obdavčenjem dejavnosti prevoza in trgovinskih dejavnosti. V drugi polovici leta 2015 je bil predstavnik t. i. Nairobistov ex-Séléke v Banguiju v okviru poskusa zbližanja z bojevniki antibalake pod vodstvom Mokoma. Oboroženi možje pod vodstvom Harouna Gayea in Hissèneja so bili vpleteni v nasilne dogodke, do katerih je prišlo med 26. septembrom in 3. oktobrom 2015 v Banguiju.
Člani Hissènejeve skupine so bili osumljeni vpletenosti v napad 13. decembra 2015 (dan ustavnega referenduma) na vozilo Mohameda Mousse Dhaffaneja, enega od vodij ex-Séléke. Hissène je obtožen, da je sprožil nasilje v okrožju KM5 v Banguiju, v katerem je življenje izgubilo pet oseb, 20 pa je bilo ranjenih, in da je tamkajšnjim prebivalcem preprečil glasovanje o ustavnem referendumu. Hissène je ogrozil volitve tako, da je med različnimi skupinami zanetil niz povračilnih napadov.
Policija ga je 15. marca 2016 prijela na banguijskem letališču M'Poko in ga odpeljala na preiskovalni oddelek državne žandarmerije. Pripadniki njegove milice so ga pozneje z uporabo sile osvobodili in ukradli kos orožja, ki ga je policiji pred tem predala misija MINUSCA v okviru izjeme, ki jo je odobril Odbor.
Potem ko so notranje varnostne sile 19. junija 2016 v četrti PK12 aretirale muslimanske trgovce, so Gayeove in Hissènejeve milice v Banguiju ugrabile pet vladnih policistov. Pripadniki misije MINUSCA so 20. junija te policiste skušali rešiti. Oboroženi možje pod vodstvom Hissèneja in Gayea so se spopadli s pripadniki mirovnih sil, ki so skušali rešiti talce. V spopadih je bilo ubitih najmanj šest oseb, en pripadnik mirovnih sil pa je bil ranjen.
Hissène je 12. avgusta 2016 poveljeval konvoju šestih vozil z močno oboroženimi posamezniki. Konvoj, ki je bil na begu iz Banguija, so pripadniki misije MINUSCA prestregli južno od mesta Sibut. Na poti proti severu so se oboroženi možje v tem konvoju spopadli z notranjimi varnostnimi silami na več kontrolnih točkah. Na koncu so jih pripadniki misije MINUSCA ustavili 40 km južno od Sibuta. Po več oboroženih spopadih so pripadniki misije MINUSCA zajeli 11 mož, vendar so jim Hissène in še nekateri ušli. Aretirani posamezniki so pripadnikom misije MINUSCA pojasnili, da je bil Hissène vodja konvoja, njegov cilj pa je bil doseči mesto Bria in se udeležiti srečanja skupin ex-Séléke, ki ga je organiziral Nourredine Adam.
Skupina strokovnjakov je v avgustu in septembru 2016 dvakrat obiskala Sibut, da bi pregledala prtljago konvoja Hissèneja, Gayea in Hamita Tidjanija, ki so jo 13. avgusta zasegli pripadniki misije MINUSCA. Ta skupina je tudi pregledala strelivo, zaseženo 16. avgusta v Hissènejevi hiši. V šestih vozilih in pri zajetih posameznikih so odkrili tako smrtonosno kot nesmrtonosno vojaško opremo. Centralna žandarmerija je 16. avgusta 2016 izvedla racijo na Hissènejevem domu v Banguiju. Najdenih je bilo več kot 700 kosov orožja.
Pripadniki ene od skupin ex-Séléke so se 4. septembra 2016, ko so s šestimi motorji prihajali iz mesta Kaga-Bandoro, da bi odpeljali Hissèneja in njegove pripadnike, pri mestu Dékoa streljali na pripadnike misije MINUSCA. V tem incidentu, je bil ubit eden od bojevnikov ex-Séléke, dva pripadnika mirovnih sil in en civilist pa so bili ranjeni.
13. Martin KOUMTAMADJI (alias: (a) Abdoulaye Miskine; (b) Abdoullaye Miskine; (c) Martin Nadingar Koumtamadji; (d) Martin Nkoumtamadji; (e) Martin Koumta Madji; (f) Omar Mahamat)
Naziv: predsednik in vrhovni poveljnik Front Démocratique du Peuple Centrafricain (FDPC)
Datum rojstva: (a) 5. oktober 1965; (b) 3. marec 1965
Kraj rojstva: (a) Ndïnaba, Čad; (b) Kobo, Srednjeafriška republika; (c) Kabo, Srednjeafriška republika
Državljanstvo: (a) Čad; (b) Srednjeafriška republika; (c) Kongo
Št. potnega lista: (a) diplomatski potni list Srednjeafriške republike št. 06FBO2262, izdan 22. februarja 2007 (veljaven do 21. februarja 2012); (b) službeni potni list Konga št. SA0020249, izdan 22. januarja 2019 (veljaven do 21. januarja 2022)
Naslov: (a) Am Dafock, prefektura Vakaga, Srednjeafriška republika; (b) Ndjamena, Čad (od njegove aretacije novembra 2019)
Datum uvrstitve na seznam ZN: 20. april 2020
Druge informacije: Martin Koumtamadji je FDPC ustanovil leta 2005. Decembra 2012 se je pridružil koaliciji Séléka, nato pa jo aprila 2013 zapustil, potem ko so uporniki prevzeli oblast v Banguiju. Potem ko je bil aretiran v Kamerunu, je bil premeščen v Brazzaville v Republiki Kongo. Ves čas je poveljeval svojim enotam na terenu v Srednjeafriški republiki, tudi ko je bil v Brazzavillu, preden se je vrnil v Srednjeafriško republiko (od novembra 2014 do 2019). FDPC je 6. februarja 2019 podpisal politični sporazum za mir in spravo v Srednjeafriški republiki, vendar Martin Koumtamadji še vedno ogroža mir, stabilnost in varnost v Srednjeafriški republiki. Na voljo je fotografija za vključitev v posebno obvestilo Interpola in Varnostnega sveta ZN. Spletna povezava do posebnega obvestila Interpola in Varnostnega sveta ZN: https://www.interpol.int/en/How-we-work/Notices/View-UN-Notices-Individuals
Informacije iz povzetka razlogov za uvrstitev na seznam, ki ga je pripravil Odbor za sankcije:
Kot predsednik in vrhovni poveljnik Front Démocratique du Peuple Centrafricain (FDPC) – oborožene skupine, ki izvaja nasilna dejanja – Martin Koumatamadji sodeluje pri dejanjih, ki ogrožajo mir, stabilnost in varnost v Srednjeafriški republiki, zlasti pa izvajanje političnega sporazuma za mir in spravo v Srednjeafriški republiki, podpisanega 6. februarja 2019 v Banguiju.
Odklonil je razorožitev borcev FDPC, čeprav se je k temu zavezal kot podpisnik političnega sporazuma za mir in spravo v Srednjeafriški republiki, julija 2019 pa je zagrozil s strmoglavljenjem predsednika Touadére.
Junija 2019 je začel sodelovati z Nourredinom Adamom (glej pri točki 2), ki je uvrščen na seznam oseb, za katere veljajo sankcije, s tesnim sodelavcem slednjega pa je sodeloval pri trgovini z orožjem, da bi okrepil vojaške zmogljivosti FDPC.
Poleg tega je Front Populaire pour la Renaissance de la Centrafrique (FPRC) ponudil, da s svojo oboroženo skupino izvede vojaško operacijo med spopadi v prefekturi Vakaga v letu 2019.
Še naprej je oviral ponovno vzpostavitev državne oblasti na območjih delovanja FPDC, tako da je ohranil nezakonite cestne zapore, da bi izsiljevali pastirje, gospodarske akterje (vključno s podjetji za pridobivanje zlata, ki delujejo v prefekturi Nana-Mombéé) in popotnike.
FDPC je pod njegovim vodstvom zagrešil dejanja, ki pomenijo zlorabe ali kršitve človekovih pravic v prefekturi Nana-Mombéé, vključno z napadi na civiliste aprila 2019, ugrabitvami civilistov marca 2019 (blizu Zoukomba) in dejanji spolnega nasilja in nasilja na podlagi spola maja 2019 (v Bagaryju). Leta 2017 je FDPC prav tako zagrešil 14 dejanj spolnega nasilja med konfliktom.
Med letoma 2016 in 2019 je FDPC rekrutiral otroke kot vojake v oboroženih spopadih, enajst deklet pa je prisilil v poroko s člani FDPC.
Marca 2019 je sodeloval pri oviranju dostave humanitarne pomoči, ko je FDPC pod vodstvom Miskineta izvedel vrsto napadov na glavni cesti iz Kameruna v Bangui.
Pripadniki FDPC so aprila 2019 izvajali tudi napade na misijo MINUSCA blizu Zoukomba (prefektura Nana-Mombéé) in na osi Bouar-Beleko.
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Bi Sidi SOULEMAN (tudi: (a) Sidiki, (b) „General“ Sidiki, (c) Sidiki Abbas, (d) Souleymane Bi Sidi, (e) Bi Sidi Soulemane)
Naziv: Predsednik in samooklicani „general“ uporniške skupine Retour, Réclamation et Réhabilitation (3R)
Datum rojstva: 20. julij 1962
Kraj rojstva: Bokaranga, Srednjeafriška republika
Državljanstvo: Srednjeafriška republika
Št. potnega lista: Prepustnica št. N°235/MISPAT/DIRCAB/DGPC/DGAEI/SI/SP, izdana 15. marca 2019 (izdal jo je minister za notranje zadeve Srednjeafriške republike)
Naslov: Koui, prefektura Ouham-Pendé, Srednjeafriška republika
Datum uvrstitve na seznam ZN: 5. avgust 2020
Druge informacije:
Bi Sidi Souleman vodi paravojaško milico Retour, Réclamation et Réhabilitation (3R), ki ima bazo v Srednjeafriški republiki in od svoje ustanovitve leta 2015 pobija, muči, posiljuje in razseljuje civilno prebivalstvo, se ukvarja s trgovino z orožjem in nezakonitimi davčnimi dejavnostmi ter se bojuje z drugimi milicami. Bi Sidi Souleman je tudi osebno že sodeloval pri mučenju. Skupina 3R je 6. februarja 2019 podpisala politični sporazum za mir in spravo v Srednjeafriški republiki, vendar še naprej sodeluje pri dejanjih, ki pomenijo kršenje sporazuma in ogrožajo mir, stabilnost in varnost v Srednjeafriški republiki. Na primer, 21. maja 2019 je ubila 34 neoboroženih civilistov, ko je v treh vaseh po hitrem postopku usmrtila odrasle moške. Bi Sidi Souleman je organu ZN brez zadržkov potrdil, da je na dan napadov pripadnikom 3R ukazal napad na vasi, ukaza za usmrtitev, naslovljenega na 3R, pa ni priznal. Po poročanju je bil decembra 2020 po pridružitvi koaliciji oboroženih skupin, ki je bila ustanovljena za oviranje volilnega procesa, ubit med spopadi.
Informacije iz povzetka razlogov za uvrstitev na seznam, ki ga je pripravil Odbor za sankcije:
Bi Sidi Souleman je bil na seznam uvrščen 5. avgusta 2020 na podlagi odstavka 20 in odstavka 21(b) Resolucije 2399 (2018), razširjene z odstavkom 5 Resolucije 2507 (2020), zaradi sodelovanja pri dejanjih ali podpiranju dejanj, ki ogrožajo mir, stabilnost ali varnost v Srednjeafriški republiki, vključno z dejanji, ki ogrožajo ali ovirajo proces stabilizacije in sprave ali spodbujajo nasilje, ter sodelovanja pri načrtovanju, vodenju ali storitvi dejanj v Srednjeafriški republiki, ki pomenijo kršitev mednarodnega prava s področja človekovih pravic oziroma mednarodnega humanitarnega prava ali zlorabo ali kršitev človekovih pravic, vključno z napadi na civiliste, napadi na podlagi etnične ali verske pripadnosti žrtev, napadi na civilne objekte, med drugim upravne enote, sodišča, šole in bolnišnice, ter ugrabitvami in prisilnim razseljevanjem.
Dodatne informacije
Kot predsednik in samooklicani „general“ oborožene uporniške skupine Retour, Réclamation et Réhabilitation (3R) Bi Sidi Souleman sodeluje pri dejanjih, ki ogrožajo mir, stabilnost in varnost v Srednjeafriški republiki in zlasti ogrožajo izvajanje političnega dogovora za mir in spravo v Srednjeafriški republiki, podpisanega 6. februarja 2019 v Banguiju.
Skupaj z borci, ki jim poveljuje, izvaja dejanja, ki pomenijo hudo kršitev mednarodnega prava s področja človekovih pravic ali mednarodnega humanitarnega prava. Skupina 3R je 21. maja 2019 ubila 34 neoboroženih civilistov, ko je po hitrem postopku usmrtila odrasle moške v treh vaseh (Kundjili, Lemuna in Bogong).
Pod njegovim vodstvom so pripadniki 3R storili dejanja, ki vključujejo spolno nasilje in nasilje na podlagi spola. Septembra 2017 so med napadom na Bokargo posilili več žensk in deklet. Med marcem in aprilom 2020 so bili vpleteni v sedmih primerih spolnega nasilja v treh vaseh v prefekturi Ouham-Pendé.
Pod njegovim vodstvom so pripadniki 3R še naprej ovirali obnovo državne oblasti na območjih delovanja skupine z ohranjanjem sistemov nezakonitega obdavčevanja, zlasti sezonskih dejavnosti in popotnikov, vpleteni pa so tudi v nezakonito pridobivanje zlata v prefekturah Mombé-Kadéï in Nana-Mombéé.
Leta 2019 so pod njegovim vodstvom pripadniki 3R začeli kršiti mirovni sporazum. Bi Sidi Souleman je že na začetku zavrnil razoroževanje in demobilizacijo borcev skupine 3R, ki naj bi sodelovali v prvi posebni mešani varnostni enoti na zahodu Srednjeafriške republike, 3R pa je tudi še naprej širila nadzor nad ozemlji – to je v septembru 2019 prisililo misijo MINUSCA v začetek operacij v prefekturah Ouham-Pené, Nana-Mambéré in Mambéré-Kadéï – ter trgovala z orožjem, namenjenim okrepitvi vojaških zmogljivosti, in novačila borce iz tujine.
Leta 2020 je 3R pod njegovim vodstvom še naprej kršila mirovni sporazum in širila nadzor nad ozemlji na zahodu. Maja 2020 so pripadniki 3R zasedli žandarmerijo v Bessonu v prefekturi Nana-Mombéé, nekdanji pripadniki 3R pa so zapustili tabor za usposabljanje USMS v Bouarju. Bi Sidi Souleman je 5. junija 2020 oznanil, da 3R do nadaljnjega prekinja sodelovanje v mehanizmih sporazuma za nadaljnje spremljanje. Domnevni pripadniki 3R so 9. junija 2020 napadli tabor za usposabljanje USMS v Bouarju ter skupno kontrolno točke misije MINUSCA in nacionalnih sil v Pougolu. 21. junija 2020 so pripadniki 3R napadli skupno patruljo misije MINUSCA in nacionalnih sil pri Bessonu, v napadu so umrli trije srednjeafriški vojaki.
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Subjekti
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2.
GOSPODOVA ODPORNIŠKA VOJSKA – LORD'S RESISTANCE ARMY (alias: (a) LRA; (b) Lord's Resistance Movement (LRM) c) Lord's Resistance Movement/Army (LRM/A)
Naslov: (a) Vakaga, Srednjeafriška republika; (b) Haute-Kotto, Srednjeafriška republika; (c) Basse-Kotto, Srednjeafriška republika; (d) Haut-Mbomou, Srednjeafriška republika; (e) Mbomou, Srednjeafriška republika; (f) HautUolo, Demokratična republika Kongo; (g) Bas-Uolo, Demokratična republika Kongo; (h) (Prijavljeni naslov: Kafia Kingi (območje na meji med Sudanom in Južnim Sudanom, katerega končni status še ni določen). Od januarja 2015 naj bi bilo iz Sudana domnevno izgnanih 500 pripadnikov Gospodove odporniške vojske.
Datum uvrstitve na seznam ZN:7. marec 2016.
Druge informacije:
LRA se je pojavila na severu Ugande v osemdesetih letih. Ugrabila, ubila in pohabila je že na tisoče civilistov po vsej Srednji Afriki, med njimi na stotine v Srednjeafriški republiki. Njen voditelj je Joseph Kony. Spletna povezava do posebnega obvestila Interpola in Varnostnega sveta ZN: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5932344
Informacije iz povzetka razlogov za uvrstitev na seznam, ki ga je pripravil Odbor za sankcije:
Gospodova odporniška vojska je bila na seznam uvrščena 7. marca 2016 na podlagi odstavkov 12 in 13 (b), (c) in (d) Resolucije 2262 (2016), ker je „sodel(ovala) pri dejanjih, ki ogrožajo mir, stabilnost ali varnost v Srednjeafriški republiki ali jih podpira(la)“, „sodel(ovala) pri načrtovanju, vodenju ali zagrešitvi dejanj, s katerimi se krši mednarodno pravo na področju človekovih pravic ali mednarodno humanitarno pravo ali s katerimi se zlorabljajo ali kršijo človekove pravice v Srednjeafriški republiki, vključno z dejanji, ki vključujejo spolno nasilje, napadi na civiliste, napadi na podlagi etnične ali verske pripadnosti žrtev, napadi na šole in bolnišnice ter ugrabitvami in prisilnim izseljevanjem“, „novači(la) ali izkorišča(la) otroke v oboroženih spopadih v Srednjeafriški republiki in s tem krši(la) veljavno mednarodno pravo“; in „podpira(la) oborožene skupine ali kriminalne združbe s pomočjo nezakonitega izkoriščanja naravnih virov ali trgovine z njimi v Srednjeafriški republiki, vključno z diamanti, zlatom ter prosto živečimi živalmi in proizvodi iz njih“.
Dodatne informacije:
LRA se je pojavila na severu Ugande v osemdesetih letih ter ugrabila, ubila in pohabila že na tisoče civilistov po vsej Srednji Afriki. Njen voditelj Joseph Kony je zaradi vse večjega vojaškega pritiska v letih 2005 in 2006 ukazal umik LRA iz Ugande. Od takrat je ta skupina dejavna v Demokratični republiki Kongo, Srednjeafriški republiki, Južnem Sudanu in menda tudi Sudanu.
Od leta 2013 LRA izvaja ugrabitve, razselitve, in uboje stotin posameznikov, pa tudi spolno nasilje po vsej Srednjeafriški republiki, ter ropa in uničuje civilno lastnino. LRA je prisotna predvsem na vzhodu Srednjeafriške republike in domnevno tudi na območju Kafia Kingi na meji med Sudanom in Južnim Sudanom, katerega končni status še ni določen, a je pod vojaškim nadzorom te skupine, kjer napada vasi ter pleni hrano in zaloge. Borci nastavljajo zasede in napadajo varnostne sile, ki jim med odzivanjem na napade LRA kradejo opremo, poleg tega pa so tarče napadov LRA tudi vasi brez vojaške prisotnosti, ki jih ropajo. LRA je okrepila napade na rudnike diamantov in zlata.
Enote LRA pogosto spremljajo ujetniki, ki so prisiljeni delati kot nosači, kuharji in spolni sužnji. Ta skupina izvaja seksistično nasilje, vključno s posilstvi žensk in mladih deklet.
Decembra 2013 je LRA v Haute-Kotto ugrabila na ducate ljudi. Skupina naj bi bila od začetka leta 2014 vpletena v ugrabitve stotin civilistov v Srednjeafriški republiki.
Njeni borci so v začetku leta 2014 večkrat napadli Obo v prefekturi Haut-Mbomou na vzhodu Srednjeafriške republike.
Skupina je med majem in julijem 2014 še naprej napadala Obo in druge kraje na jugovzhodu Srednjeafriške republike ter med drugim v začetku junija izvedla tudi očitno usklajene napade in ugrabitve v prefekturi Mbomou.
Vsaj od leta 2014 dalje je vključena v nezakonit lov na slone in nezakonito trgovino z njimi, s čimer se financira. Domnevno nezakonito trguje s slonovino iz narodnega parka Garamba na severu Demokratične republike Kongo, s katero v Darfurju trguje v zameno za orožje in zaloge. Nezakonito ulovljene slonje okle naj bi prek Srednjeafriške republike prevažala za prodajo v sudanski Darfur. Poleg tega naj bi Kony v začetku leta 2014 borcem LRA ukazal ropanje rudarjev diamantov in zlata na vzhodu Srednjeafriške republike, da bi plen lahko prepeljali v Sudan. Od januarja 2015 naj bi bilo iz Sudana domnevno izgnanih 500 pripadnikov Gospodove odporniške vojske.
V začetku februarja 2015 so borci LRA, oboroženi s težkim orožjem, ugrabili civiliste v Kpangbayangi, Haut-Mbomou, ter ukradli hrano.
20. aprila 2015 je zaradi napada na Ndambissouo na jugovzhodu Srednjeafriške republike in ugrabitve tamkajšnjih otrok zbežala večina prebivalcev te vasi. LRA je v začetku julija 2015 napadla več vasi v prefekturi Haute-Kotto na jugu države; med napadi je ropala, izvajala nasilje zoper civiliste, požigala hiše in ugrabljala.
Napadi, ki se pripisujejo LRA, so od januarja 2016 vse pogostejši v prefekturah Mbomou, Haut-Mbomou in Haute-Kotto ter zlasti usmerjeni na rudarska območja v Haute-Kotto. Pri teh napadih prihaja do ropanja, nasilja zoper civiliste, uničevanja lastnine in ugrabitev. Zaradi njih se prebivalstvo razseljuje, vključno z okoli 700 osebami, ki so se zatekle v Brio.
▼B
PRILOGA II
Spletna mesta za informacije o pristojnih organih ter naslov za pošiljanje uradnih obvestil Evropski Komisiji
▼M18
BELGIJA
https://diplomatie.belgium.be/nl/Beleid/beleidsthemas/vrede_en_veiligheid/sancties
https://diplomatie.belgium.be/fr/politique/themes_politiques/paix_et_securite/sanctions
https://diplomatie.belgium.be/en/policy/policy_areas/peace_and_security/sanctions
BOLGARIJA
https://www.mfa.bg/en/101
ČEŠKA
www.financnianalytickyurad.cz/mezinarodni-sankce.html
DANSKA
http://um.dk/da/Udenrigspolitik/folkeretten/sanktioner/
NEMČIJA
http://www.bmwi.de/DE/Themen/Aussenwirtschaft/aussenwirtschaftsrecht,did=404888.html
ESTONIJA
http://www.vm.ee/est/kat_622/
IRSKA
http://www.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=28519
GRČIJA
http://www.mfa.gr/en/foreign-policy/global-issues/international-sanctions.html
ŠPANIJA
http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Portal/en/PoliticaExteriorCooperacion/GlobalizacionOportunidadesRiesgos/Paginas/SancionesInternacionales.aspx
FRANCIJA
http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/autorites-sanctions/
HRVAŠKA
http://www.mvep.hr/sankcije
ITALIJA
https://www.esteri.it/mae/it/politica_estera/politica_europea/misure_deroghe
CIPER
http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/mfa2016.nsf/mfa35_en/mfa35_en?OpenDocument
LATVIJA
http://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/security/4539
LITVA
http://www.urm.lt/sanctions
LUKSEMBURG
https://maee.gouvernement.lu/fr/directions-du-ministere/affaires-europeennes/mesures-restrictives.html
MADŽARSKA
http://www.kormany.hu/download/9/2a/f0000/EU%20szankci%C3%B3s%20t%C3%A1j%C3%A9koztat%C3%B3_20170214_final.pdf
MALTA
https://foreignaffairs.gov.mt/en/Government/SMB/Pages/Sanctions-Monitoring-Board.aspx
NIZOZEMSKA
https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/internationale-sancties
AVSTRIJA
http://www.bmeia.gv.at/view.php3?f_id=12750&LNG=en&version=
POLJSKA
https://www.gov.pl/web/dyplomacja
PORTUGALSKA
http://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/ministerios/mne/quero-saber-mais/sobre-o-ministerio/medidas-restritivas/medidas-restritivas.aspx
ROMUNIJA
http://www.mae.ro/node/1548
SLOVENIJA
http://www.mzz.gov.si/si/omejevalni_ukrepi
SLOVAŠKA
https://www.mzv.sk/europske_zalezitosti/europske_politiky-sankcie_eu
FINSKA
http://formin.finland.fi/kvyhteistyo/pakotteet
ŠVEDSKA
http://www.ud.se/sanktioner
ZDRUŽENO KRALJESTVO
https://www.gov.uk/sanctions-embargoes-and-restrictions
Naslov za pošiljanje uradnih obvestil Evropski komisiji:
European Commission
Service for Foreign Policy Instruments (FPI)
EEAS 07/99
1049 Bruxelles/Brussel, Belgique/België
E-naslov: [email protected]
(
1
) UL C 69, 18.3.2010, str. 19.
| 4,631 |
https://github.com/grolea/aimelo-nest/blob/master/packages/service/utils/get-register-token.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
aimelo-nest
|
grolea
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 8 | 22 |
export const getRegisterToken = (name: string) => `ServiceRegister(${name})`;
| 17,847 |
https://github.com/lennon0829/isona/blob/master/isona-core/src/main/java/com/spring4all/isona/service/impl/AbstractDiscoveryService.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
isona
|
lennon0829
|
Java
|
Code
| 303 | 1,174 |
package com.spring4all.isona.service.impl;
import com.spring4all.isona.autoconfig.IsonaProperties;
import com.spring4all.isona.service.DiscoveryService;
import com.spring4all.isona.utils.HttpUtils;
import com.spring4all.isona.storage.domain.IsonaInstance;
import lombok.Data;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.DiscoveryClient;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
@Slf4j
public abstract class AbstractDiscoveryService implements DiscoveryService {
@Autowired
protected DiscoveryClient discoveryClient;
@Autowired
protected IsonaProperties isonaProperties;
@Override
public List<String> getServices() {
return discoveryClient.getServices();
}
@Override
public int getTotalInstances() {
int sum = 0;
for (String service : getServices()) {
sum += discoveryClient.getInstances(service).size();
}
return sum;
}
@Override
public void fillInstanceInfo(IsonaInstance instanceInfo) {
// 访问/info收集信息
StringBuffer url = new StringBuffer()
.append("http://")
.append(instanceInfo.getServiceAddress())
.append(":")
.append(instanceInfo.getServicePort())
.append(isonaProperties.getSerivceManagementContextPath())
.append(isonaProperties.getSerivceInfoUrl());
try {
Info info = (Info) HttpUtils.call(url.toString(), Info.class);
if (info != null) {
log.debug(info.toString());
if (info.getGit() != null) {
instanceInfo.setBranch(info.getGit().getBranch());
instanceInfo.setCommitId(info.getGit().getCommit().getId());
instanceInfo.setCommitTime(info.getGit().getCommit().getTime());
}
if (info.getBuild() != null) {
instanceInfo.setBuildTime(info.getBuild().getTime());
}
}
} catch (Exception e) {
log.warn(instanceInfo.getServiceName() + ", " + url + " : " + e.getMessage());
}
}
@Override
public void fillInstanceMetrics(IsonaInstance instanceInfo) {
// 访问/metrics收集信息
StringBuffer url = new StringBuffer()
.append("http://")
.append(instanceInfo.getServiceAddress())
.append(":")
.append(instanceInfo.getServicePort())
.append(isonaProperties.getSerivceManagementContextPath())
.append(isonaProperties.getSerivceMetricsUrl());
try {
Map<String, Object> metrics = (Map<String, Object>) HttpUtils.call(url.toString(), Map.class);
if (metrics != null) {
log.debug(metrics.toString());
if(metrics.get("mem") != null) {
int mem = (Integer) metrics.get("mem");
int memFree = (Integer) metrics.get("mem.free");
instanceInfo.setMemTotal(mem);
instanceInfo.setMemUsed(mem - memFree);
double p = (double) (mem - memFree) / mem * 100;
instanceInfo.setMemPercent((int) p);
int threads = (Integer) metrics.get("threads");
int threadsDaemon = (Integer) metrics.get("threads.daemon");
int threadsPeak = (Integer) metrics.get("threads.peak");
instanceInfo.setThreads(threads);
instanceInfo.setThreadsDaemon(threadsDaemon);
instanceInfo.setThreadsPeak(threadsPeak);
}
}
} catch (Exception e) {
log.warn(instanceInfo.getServiceName() + ", " + url + " : " + e.getMessage());
}
}
@Data
static class Info {
private String env;
private GitInfo git;
private BuildInfo build;
@Data
static class GitInfo {
private Commit commit;
private String branch;
@Data
static class Commit {
private Long time;
private String id;
}
}
@Data
static class BuildInfo {
private String version;
private String artifact;
private String name;
private String group;
private Long time;
}
}
}
| 26,478 |
https://github.com/Ciaran-OBrien/Image-Processing/blob/master/Final Class Test/Final Exam - Boundary Detection .py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
Image-Processing
|
Ciaran-OBrien
|
Python
|
Code
| 1,295 | 2,597 |
# coding: utf-8
# In[2]:
# Author: Ciarán O'Brien
# Lecture: Jane Courtney
# Submitted: 13/12/18
# This code is in response to CA Class Test: Boundary Detection
# N.B. This code orignated as a Jupyter file, thus relavent code and lineNumbers remain
# Boiler plate imports
import os
import numpy as np
import cv2
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import easygui
import imutils
import math
import operator
# # Setup
#
# Import all the necessary boiler plate code; import statements, header text.
# Obtain important data; Flesh detection in different colour spaces. As the assignment was regrading skin colours, I needed to research what
# colour space and thresholding parameters were necessary here. For this, I took the given image of the skin mole, and used a colour picker tool,
# like Photoshop's colour picker tool, in order to obtain the RGB colours of the skin. I took 10 sample across the image and took an average of
# these values.
# Once I had the RGB vales, I used colorizer.org in order to obtain the HSV values for my chosen skin colour. The algorithm these values were used
# in will be discussed below, along with the code used afterwards.
#
# # Requirements:
#
# - Convert the image to an appropriate colour space;
# - Enhance the image to maximise the contrast between the mole and the skin;
# - Create a binary mask of the mole from the image using thresholding or edge detection;
# - Use morphology to clean up this mask;
# - Extract the contours in the binary image;
# - Sort the contours by area to find the largest;
# - Draw this contour on the original image as a thick red line;
#
# # Method:
#
# My method included 3 steps:
#
# 1. Masking
# 2. Morphological operation
# 3. FindContours
#
# ## 1. Masking:
#
# As mentioned in my setup, I knew that I was dealing with skin colours, so decided to make use of the HSV colour space. Using the values researched
# form above, min_HSV = [20, 70, 0] and max_HSV = [120, 200, 255], I was able to create a binary mask by using the inRange() fnx.
# The inRange() fnx take two parameters, the min and max values for your colour threshold. When we pass in the HSV image, the fnx filters out any
# other colours outside the parameter ranges, and returns a binary mask of the chosen range.This mask was returned from the getHSVMask fxn().
# I did look at trying to use the YCrCb range, as that has proven useful in research for skin thresholding. However, the results I obtained from HSV
# masking we satisfactory. Further work on the mask is shown below.
#
# ## 2. Morphological operation:
#
# The resulting mask from getHSVMask() fnx needed some cleaning up. For this, I made use of OpenCV's morphological operations. These operations
# alter the structure of a binary image, in our case a binary mask. I made use of two operations, closing and opening, with kernel sizes of (7,7)
# and (3,3) respectively.
# Closing is a Dilation followed by an Erosion operation. Here missing holes in the mask, as per the result of getHSVMask(), are filled in relative
# to the background, black.
# Opening an erosion followed by a dilation operation. Here background noise is removed relative to the kernel neighbours. The method implemented
# in the background here is when at least one kernel neighbour has a value of 1, then the pixel element being compared as the central pixel of the
# kernel, is set to a value of 1.
#
# ## 3. FindContours :
#
# The final step in my method concluded with finding the contours of the binary mask, and using a contour to draw a red line around the found mole.
# Firstly I made use of OpenCV's findContour() fnx with three parameters, the binary mask, the contour retrieval mode, and the contour approximation
# method.
# The Binary mask has been defined as per the previous two steps in my method.
# The contour retrieval mode is defined by a set of 5 modes as per OpenCV RetrievalModes documentation. I chose to use the RETR_LIST mode as it
# simply retrieves all the available contours and can be easily accessed just like a regular list. This will be useful, as I am required to sort
# the contours too.
# The contour approximation mode is defined by a set of 5 modes as per OpenCV ContourApproximationModes documentation. I chose to use the
# CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE mode as it attempts to filter out false positive contours by compressing horizontal, vertical, and diagonal segments and
# leaves only their end points. However CHAIN_APPROX_NONE, which simply returns all contours found, returns the same number of contours, so either
# mode works.
#
# As the contours are returned as a list, I can easily perform the required task of sorting them according to area size. I did this through the use
# of python's sorted fnx, which takes the list, the sorting key, and order as parameter.
# The lists has been defined as the contours lits earlier
# The sorting key, I use the area of the contours themselves, using cv2.contourArea.
# The order, I set the reversOrder to True, so simply the first element in the list is the largest contours, therefore the contour of the mole.
#
# # Testing:
#
# ## Error checking:
# Error checking occurs when we try to convert an image into HSV. As we can only safely say if an image has 2/3 channels, I built the error
# checking based around that. If the user selects a 2 channle input, an error will be raised.
#
# ## Image Testing:
# Of the two images provided, my current method unfortunately works with one of the images. This is due to the fine tunig required for the
# getMorphologyMask() fnx. Hower, I have added an extra image found online that works with my method.
#
#
# In[533]:
# Converting the Colour image into the HSV range
# The HSV range is more usefull than RGB, as it allows for capturing colours of diffrent Brightness and Saturation
def getHSVImage(colourImage):
try:
if(len(colourImage.shape) == 2):
raise Exception("Potential Gray Image passed. Not allowed!")
elif(len(colourImage.shape) == 3):
return cv2.cvtColor(colourImage.copy(), cv2.COLOR_BGR2HSV)
else:
raise Exception("Unsupported Image")
except Exception as error:
print("An error has occured\n",error)
# In[532]:
def getHSVMask(HSVimage):
min_HSV = np.array([20, 70, 0], dtype=np.uint8)
max_HSV = np.array([120, 190, 255], dtype=np.uint8)
skinMask = cv2.inRange(HSVimage, min_HSV, max_HSV)
return skinMask
# In[283]:
def getYCrCbMask(image):
converted = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2YCrCb)
min_YCrCb = np.array([0,133,77],dtype=np.uint8)
max_YCrCb = np.array([255,173,127],dtype=np.uint8)
skinMask = cv2.inRange(converted, min_YCrCb, max_YCrCb)
skinMask[skinMask < 128] = 0
skinMask[skinMask >= 128] = 1
return skinMask
# In[513]:
def getMorphologyMask(hsvMask):
kernel = cv2.getStructuringElement(cv2.MORPH_ELLIPSE, (7, 7))
mask = cv2.morphologyEx(hsvMask, cv2.MORPH_CLOSE, kernel)
kernel = cv2.getStructuringElement(cv2.MORPH_ELLIPSE, (5, 5))
mask = cv2.morphologyEx(hsvMask, cv2.MORPH_OPEN, kernel, iterations=2)
return mask
# In[577]:
# Finding contours for the thresholded image
def getDrawContourImage(morphMask,originalImage):
copy = originalImage.copy()
_, contours, _ = cv2.findContours(morphMask, cv2.RETR_LIST, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)
cntsSorted = sorted(contours, key=lambda x: cv2.contourArea(x))
cnt = sorted(contours, key=cv2.contourArea, reverse=True)
cv2.drawContours(copy,cnt[1],-1,(255,0,0),6)
if(cnt[1][0][0][0] > 200):
foundLargeContour = True
else:foundLargeContour = False
return copy,foundLargeContour
# In[580]:
# Inform the user if they should get the mole looked at or not
def plotInformation(foundMole):
if foundMole:
return "Better get that checked out !"
else:
return "Sure looks grand !"
# In[578]:
moleImage = plt.imread("mole.jpg")
moleImage2 = plt.imread("mole2.jpg")
skinCancerImage = plt.imread("skincancer.jpg")
# In[585]:
hsvImage = getHSVImage(moleImage)
hsvMask = getHSVMask(hsvImage)
morphMask = getMorphologyMask(hsvMask)
drawnImage,foundMole = getDrawContourImage(morphMask,moleImage)
plt.suptitle(plotInformation(foundMole))
plt.imshow(drawnImage)
plt.show()
# In[538]:
import unittest
class TestNotebook(unittest.TestCase):
def test_nonGrayImageReturned(self):
grayColourImage = cv2.cvtColor(moleImage,cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
try:
getHSVImage(grayColourImage)
except Exception:
pass
unittest.main(argv=[''], verbosity=2, exit=False)
| 25,066 |
5975775_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 333 | 463 |
—In a negligence action to recover damages for personal injuries, etc., the plaintiffs appeal from a judgment of the Supreme Court, Kings County (Jackson, J.), dated June 11, 1992, which, upon a jury verdict, inter alia, dismissed the complaint on the merits after a trial on the issue of liability.
Ordered that the judgment is affirmed, without costs or disbursements.
As a general rule, Judges are encouraged to conduct bifurcated trials in personal injury actions "where it appears that bifurcation may assist in a clarification or simplification of issues and a fair and more expeditious resolution of the action” (22 NYCRR 202.42 [a]). In the present case, the plaintiffs have demonstrated no reason to depart from the general rule.
The trial court did not err in excluding the plaintiff Dominick J. Caputo from the courtroom during the liability phase of the trial. Although the physical condition of a plaintiff, in and of itself, is not enough to justify his involuntary exclusion *508from any phase of the trial (see, Carlisle v County of Nassau, 64 AD2d 15), when a plaintiff is both physically and mentally incapable and his mental incapacity prevents him from assisting counsel in any meaningful way, then the decision to exclude the plaintiff from the liability phase of a trial lies within the sound discretion of the trial court (see, Helminski v Ayerst Labs., 766 F2d 208, 215-216, cert denied 474 US 981). Here, Caputo’s presence in the courtroom would have impaired the jury’s ability to objectively perform its task because he physically appeared to be in a state of unawareness (see, Helminski v Ayerst Labs., supra; Monteleone v Gestetner Corp., 140 Misc 2d 841). Moreover, he had been judicially declared to be mentally incompetent prior to trial. Thus, the trial court did not improvidently exercise its discretion in excluding him from the liability phase of the trial.
We have reviewed the plaintiffs’ remaining contentions and find them to be without merit. Lawrence, J. P., Copertino, Altman and Goldstein, JJ., concur.
| 50,989 |
https://github.com/kokko1990/pyrfa/blob/master/common/Encoder.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
pyrfa
|
kokko1990
|
C++
|
Code
| 3,290 | 13,764 |
#ifdef WIN32
#pragma warning(disable : 4786)
#endif
#include <iostream>
#include <new>
#include <cstdlib>
#include "Encoder.h"
#include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>
#include <boost/date_time/posix_time/posix_time.hpp>
#define DICT_ID 1
#define FIELD_LIST_ID 3
using namespace rfa::common;
using namespace rfa::data;
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// Constructor
///
Encoder::Encoder() :
_rdmFieldDict(0),
_pDictionaryEncoder(0),
_bDictionaryLoaded(false),
_bGenericDomainModel(false),
_genericDomainModel(0),
_bMarketPriceDomainModel(false),
_bSymbolListDomainModel(false),
_bMarketByOrderDomainModel(false),
_bMarketByPriceDomainModel(false),
_bHistoryDomainModel(false),
_debug(true)
{
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// Destructor
///
Encoder::~Encoder()
{
if ( _pDictionaryEncoder )
delete _pDictionaryEncoder;
if ( _rdmFieldDict )
delete _rdmFieldDict;
}
void Encoder::encodeDirectoryMsg(RespMsg* respMsg, const AttribInfo& rAttribInfo, RespStatus& rRStatus, bool bSolicited)
{
assert(respMsg);
respMsg->setMsgModelType(MMT_DIRECTORY);
if(bSolicited)
{
respMsg->setRespType(RespMsg::RefreshEnum);
respMsg->setIndicationMask(RespMsg::RefreshCompleteFlag | RespMsg::ClearCacheFlag );
respMsg->setRespTypeNum(REFRESH_SOLICITED);
respMsg->setRespStatus(rRStatus);
respMsg->setAttribInfo(rAttribInfo);
}
else
{
respMsg->setRespType(RespMsg::UpdateEnum);
respMsg->setRespTypeNum(INSTRUMENT_UPDATE_UNSPECIFIED);
}
}
void Encoder::encodeDictionaryMsg(RespMsg* respMsg, const AttribInfo& rAttribInfo,RespStatus& rRStatus, rfa::common::UInt8 indicationMask)
{
assert(respMsg);
respMsg->setMsgModelType(MMT_DICTIONARY);
respMsg->setRespType(RespMsg::RefreshEnum);
respMsg->setIndicationMask(indicationMask | RespMsg::ClearCacheFlag );
respMsg->setAttribInfo(rAttribInfo);
respMsg->setRespStatus(rRStatus);
return;
}
void Encoder::encodeLoginMsg(RespMsg* respMsg, const AttribInfo& rAttribInfo, RespStatus& rRStatus)
{
assert(respMsg);
respMsg->setMsgModelType(MMT_LOGIN);
respMsg->setRespType(RespMsg::RefreshEnum);
respMsg->setRespTypeNum(REFRESH_SOLICITED);
respMsg->setAttribInfo(rAttribInfo);
respMsg->setRespStatus(rRStatus);
respMsg->setIndicationMask(RespMsg::RefreshCompleteFlag| RespMsg::ClearCacheFlag ) ;
return;
}
void Encoder::encodeMarketPriceMsg( RespMsg* respMsg, RespMsg::RespType respType, const AttribInfo & rAttribInfo, RespStatus & rRStatus, QualityOfService* pQoS, bool bSetAttribute, bool bSolicited)
{
assert( respMsg );
// set MsgModelType
respMsg->setMsgModelType( MMT_MARKET_PRICE );
// Set response Type
respMsg->setRespType( respType );
if ( respType == RespMsg::RefreshEnum )
{
// Set respStatus
respMsg->setRespStatus( rRStatus );
// set IndicationMask
respMsg->setIndicationMask( respMsg->getIndicationMask() | RespMsg::RefreshCompleteFlag ); // TODO: This probably should be configureable for other indicationMask settings
// set RespTypeNum
if(bSolicited)
respMsg->setRespTypeNum( REFRESH_SOLICITED ); //for solicited refresh, value is 0
else
respMsg->setRespTypeNum( REFRESH_UNSOLICITED ); //for unsolicited refresh, value is 1
}
else if ( respType == RespMsg::UpdateEnum )
{
// set indication mask for update
respMsg->setIndicationMask( INSTRUMENT_UPDATE_UNSPECIFIED );
// set RespTypeNum
respMsg->setRespTypeNum( INSTRUMENT_UPDATE_UNSPECIFIED ); //for unspecified update response, value is 0
}
else
{
// this is a status message
// Set respStatus
respMsg->setRespStatus( rRStatus );
// set IndicationMask
respMsg->setIndicationMask( respMsg->getIndicationMask() ); // TODO: This probably should be configureable for other indicationMask settings
}
// Set attribute
if ( bSetAttribute )
respMsg->setAttribInfo( rAttribInfo );
// Set Qos
if( pQoS )
respMsg->setQualityOfService( *pQoS );
}
void Encoder::encodeMarketPriceDataBody(FieldList* pFieldList, RespMsg::RespType respType, const rfa::common::RFA_Vector<rfa::common::RFA_String>& fieldList, const RDMFieldDict* pDict)
{
if(_debug)
cout << "[Encoder::encodeMarketPriceDataBody]" << endl;
assert(pFieldList);
FieldListWriteIterator fieldListWIt;
fieldListWIt.start(*pFieldList);
pFieldList->setInfo(DICT_ID, FIELD_LIST_ID);
//encode Fields
FieldEntry field;
DataBuffer dataBuffer( true );
// encode fields specific to a refresh
if (respType == RespMsg::RefreshEnum)
{
}
/*
// current time of publishing
// don't support milliseconds at the moment
time_t tb;
struct tm * now;
time(&tb);
#if defined (WIN32) || defined (_WIN32)
now = localtime( &tb );
#else
struct tm ltm;
now = localtime_r(&tb, <m);
#endif
*/
// encoding fields
const rfa::common::RFA_String n="ABCDEFDGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ_ %#/*\xDE\xFE";
const char* empty="";
bool isFieldName=false;
rfa::common::Int16 fieldID;
rfa::common::RFA_String fieldName;
size_t length = fieldList.size();
for (size_t indx = 0; indx != length; indx=indx+2) {
// check if given field is in fieldID or fieldName format (number or string)
for(unsigned int i = 0; i <= n.size(); ++i) {
if( fieldList[indx].toUpper().find(n.substr(i,1)) >= 0 ) {
isFieldName = true;
break;
}
}
// if fieldID is given, convert RFA_String to Int16
// and use dict to get its coresponding name
const RDMFieldDef* fieldDef = NULL;
if(isFieldName) {
fieldDef = pDict->getFieldDef(fieldList[indx].toUpper());
if(!fieldDef) {
if(_debug)
cout << fieldList[indx].toUpper().c_str() << "(not found in dict) <<<<<<" << endl;;
continue;
}
fieldID = fieldDef->getFieldId();
} else {
fieldID = boost::lexical_cast<rfa::common::Int16>(fieldList[indx].c_str());
fieldDef = pDict->getFieldDef(fieldID);
if(!fieldDef) {
if(_debug)
cout << fieldID << "(not found in dict) <<<<<<" << endl;
continue;
}
}
assert(fieldDef);
// get field name for debugging
if(_debug) {
fieldName = pDict->getFieldDef(fieldID)->getName();
cout << fieldName.c_str() << "(" << fieldID << ")=";
}
int exponentEnum = 14;
rfa::common::RFA_String fieldValue(fieldList[indx+1]);
// if value is blank
if(fieldValue.empty()) {
field.setFieldID(fieldID);
dataBuffer.setBlankData(fieldDef->getDataType());
field.setData(dataBuffer);
fieldListWIt.bind(field);
if(_debug)
cout << fieldValue.c_str() << endl;
continue;
}
// if value is not blank
switch(fieldDef->getDataType()) {
// UInt64
case rfa::data::DataBuffer::UInt64Enum:
{
field.setFieldID(fieldID);
dataBuffer.setUInt64(boost::lexical_cast<rfa::common::UInt64>(fieldValue.c_str()));
field.setData(dataBuffer);
fieldListWIt.bind(field);
if(_debug)
cout << fieldValue.c_str() << endl;
break;
}
// UInt32
case rfa::data::DataBuffer::UInt32Enum:
{
field.setFieldID(fieldID);
dataBuffer.setUInt32(boost::lexical_cast<rfa::common::UInt32>(fieldValue.c_str()));
field.setData(dataBuffer);
fieldListWIt.bind(field);
if(_debug)
cout << fieldValue.c_str() << endl;
break;
}
// Enum
case rfa::data::DataBuffer::EnumerationEnum:
{
// check if given field is in fieldID or fieldName format (number or string)
bool isAphanumberic=false;
for(unsigned int i = 0; i <= n.size(); ++i) {
if( fieldValue.toUpper().find(n.substr(i,1)) >= 0 ) {
isAphanumberic = true;
break;
}
}
// if fieldValue happens to be enum string,
// find associated enum value
rfa::common::Int16 enumVal;
rfa::common::RFA_String enumStr;
if(isAphanumberic) {
for(rfa::common::Int16 i = 0; i <= pDict->maxPositiveFieldId(); ++i) {
pDict->getFieldDef(fieldID)->getEnumString(i,enumStr);
if(enumStr == fieldValue) {
enumVal = i;
break;
}
}
} else {
enumVal = boost::lexical_cast<rfa::common::UInt16>(fieldValue.c_str());
pDict->getFieldDef(fieldID)->getEnumString(enumVal,enumStr);
}
field.setFieldID(fieldID);
dataBuffer.setEnumeration(enumVal);
field.setData(dataBuffer);
fieldListWIt.bind(field);
if(_debug) {
cout << enumVal << "(" << enumStr.c_str() << ")" << endl;
}
break;
}
// Real32 e.g. 8.424 -> 8424e-2
case rfa::data::DataBuffer::Real32Enum:
{
int decimalPosition = fieldValue.find( rfa::common::RFA_String(".") );
if ( decimalPosition >= 0 ) {
exponentEnum = exponentEnum - (fieldValue.size() - decimalPosition - 1);
}
// remove decimal point from string
fieldValue.replace(decimalPosition,1,empty);
rfa::data::Real32 real32;
real32.setMagnitudeType(exponentEnum);
real32.setValue(boost::lexical_cast<rfa::common::Int32>(fieldValue.c_str()));
field.setFieldID(fieldID);
dataBuffer.setReal32(real32);
field.setData(dataBuffer);
fieldListWIt.bind(field);
if(_debug)
cout << fieldValue.c_str() << "e-" << (14-exponentEnum) << endl;
break;
}
// Real64
case rfa::data::DataBuffer::Real64Enum:
{
int decimalPosition = fieldValue.find( rfa::common::RFA_String(".") );
if ( decimalPosition >= 0 ) {
exponentEnum = exponentEnum - (fieldValue.size() - decimalPosition - 1);
}
// remove decimal point from string
fieldValue.replace(decimalPosition,1,empty);
rfa::data::Real64 real64;
real64.setMagnitudeType(exponentEnum);
real64.setValue(boost::lexical_cast<rfa::common::Int64>(fieldValue.c_str()));
field.setFieldID(fieldID);
dataBuffer.setReal64(real64);
field.setData(dataBuffer);
fieldListWIt.bind(field);
if(_debug)
cout << fieldValue.c_str() << "e-" << (14-exponentEnum) << endl;
break;
}
// Time
case rfa::data::DataBuffer::TimeEnum:
{
rfa::data::Time rfaTime;
if(fieldValue == "now") {
boost::posix_time::time_duration td = boost::posix_time::microsec_clock::local_time().time_of_day();
rfa::common::RFA_String now(boost::posix_time::to_simple_string(td).c_str());
// 08:28:12.080990
rfa::common::RFA_String h(now.substr(0,2));
rfa::common::RFA_String m(now.substr(3,2));
rfa::common::RFA_String s(now.substr(6,2));
rfa::common::RFA_String ms(now.substr(9,3));
rfa::common::RFA_String us(now.substr(12,3));
rfaTime.setHour(boost::lexical_cast<int>(h.c_str()));
rfaTime.setMinute(boost::lexical_cast<int>(m.c_str()));
rfaTime.setSecond(boost::lexical_cast<int>(s.c_str()));
rfaTime.setMillisecond(boost::lexical_cast<long>(ms.c_str()));
rfaTime.setMicrosecond(boost::lexical_cast<long>(us.c_str()));
//rfaTime.setHour((UInt8)(now->tm_hour));
//rfaTime.setMinute((UInt8)(now->tm_min));
//rfaTime.setSecond((UInt8)(now->tm_sec));
field.setFieldID(fieldID);
dataBuffer.setTime(rfaTime);
field.setData(dataBuffer);
fieldListWIt.bind(field);
if(_debug)
cout << h.c_str() << ":" << m.c_str() << ":" << s.c_str() << ":" << ms.c_str() << ":" << us.c_str() << endl;
} else {
// HH:MM:SS:mmm:uuu or HH:MM:SS:mmm or HH:MM:SS
rfa::common::RFA_String h(fieldValue.substr(0,2));
rfa::common::RFA_String m(fieldValue.substr(3,2));
rfa::common::RFA_String s(fieldValue.substr(6,2));
rfa::common::RFA_String ms(fieldValue.substr(9,3));
rfa::common::RFA_String us(fieldValue.substr(13,3));
if(ms.empty())
ms = "000";
if(us.empty())
us = "000";
rfaTime.setHour(boost::lexical_cast<int>(h.c_str()));
rfaTime.setMinute(boost::lexical_cast<int>(m.c_str()));
rfaTime.setSecond(boost::lexical_cast<int>(s.c_str()));
rfaTime.setMillisecond(boost::lexical_cast<long>(ms.c_str()));
rfaTime.setMicrosecond(boost::lexical_cast<long>(us.c_str()));
field.setFieldID(fieldID);
dataBuffer.setTime(rfaTime);
field.setData(dataBuffer);
fieldListWIt.bind(field);
if(_debug)
cout << h.c_str() << ":" << m.c_str() << ":" << s.c_str() << ":" << ms.c_str() << ":" << us.c_str() << endl;
}
break;
}
// Date
case rfa::data::DataBuffer::DateEnum:
{
bool isAphanumberic=false;
for(unsigned int i = 0; i <= n.size(); ++i) {
if( fieldValue.toUpper().find(n.substr(i,1)) >= 0 ) {
isAphanumberic = true;
break;
}
}
if(isAphanumberic) {
// dd MMM yyyy (22 AUG 2011)
rfa::data::Date date;
rfa::common::RFA_String month(fieldValue.substr(3,3).toUpper());
if(month == "JAN")
date.setMonth(1);
else if(month == "FEB")
date.setMonth(2);
else if(month == "MAR")
date.setMonth(3);
else if(month == "APR")
date.setMonth(4);
else if(month == "MAY")
date.setMonth(5);
else if(month == "JUN")
date.setMonth(6);
else if(month == "JUL")
date.setMonth(7);
else if(month == "AUG")
date.setMonth(8);
else if(month == "SEP")
date.setMonth(9);
else if(month == "OCT")
date.setMonth(10);
else if(month == "NOV")
date.setMonth(11);
else if(month == "DEC")
date.setMonth(12);
else {
if(_debug)
cout << "(wrong month format) <<<<<<" << endl;
continue;
}
rfa::common::RFA_String y(fieldValue.substr(7,4));
rfa::common::RFA_String d(fieldValue.substr(0,2));
date.setYear(boost::lexical_cast<int>(y.c_str()));
date.setDay(boost::lexical_cast<int>(d.c_str()));
field.setFieldID(fieldID);
dataBuffer.setDate(date);
field.setData(dataBuffer);
fieldListWIt.bind(field);
if(_debug)
cout << d.c_str() << " " << month.c_str() << " " << y.c_str() << endl;
} else {
// yyyymmdd
rfa::common::RFA_String y(fieldValue.substr(0,4));
rfa::common::RFA_String m(fieldValue.substr(4,2));
rfa::common::RFA_String d(fieldValue.substr(6,2));
rfa::data::Date date;
date.setYear(boost::lexical_cast<int>(y.c_str()));
date.setMonth(boost::lexical_cast<int>(m.c_str()));
date.setDay(boost::lexical_cast<int>(d.c_str()));
field.setFieldID(fieldID);
dataBuffer.setDate(date);
field.setData(dataBuffer);
fieldListWIt.bind(field);
if(_debug)
cout << y.c_str() << m.c_str() << d.c_str() << endl;
}
break;
}
// RMTES string
case rfa::data::DataBuffer::StringRMTESEnum:
case rfa::data::DataBuffer::StringAsciiEnum:
{
field.setFieldID(fieldID);
dataBuffer.setFromString(fieldValue, rfa::data::DataBuffer::StringAsciiEnum);
field.setData(dataBuffer);
fieldListWIt.bind(field);
if(_debug)
cout << fieldValue.c_str() << endl;
break;
}
default: {
if(_debug)
cout << "(dataType not supported)" << endl;
}
}
}
fieldListWIt.complete();
}
void Encoder::encodeMarketByOrderMsg( RespMsg* respMsg, RespMsg::RespType respType, const AttribInfo & rAttribInfo, RespStatus & rRStatus, QualityOfService* pQoS, bool bSetAttribute, bool bSolicited)
{
assert( respMsg );
// set MsgModelType
respMsg->setMsgModelType( MMT_MARKET_BY_ORDER );
// Set response Type
respMsg->setRespType( respType );
if ( respType == RespMsg::RefreshEnum )
{
// Set respStatus
respMsg->setRespStatus( rRStatus );
// set IndicationMask
respMsg->setIndicationMask( respMsg->getIndicationMask() | RespMsg::RefreshCompleteFlag ); // TODO: This probably should be configureable for other indicationMask settings
// set RespTypeNum
if(bSolicited)
respMsg->setRespTypeNum( REFRESH_SOLICITED ); //for solicited refresh, value is 0
else
respMsg->setRespTypeNum( REFRESH_UNSOLICITED ); //for unsolicited refresh, value is 1
}
else if ( respType == RespMsg::UpdateEnum )
{
// set indication mask for update
respMsg->setIndicationMask( INSTRUMENT_UPDATE_UNSPECIFIED );
// set RespTypeNum
respMsg->setRespTypeNum( INSTRUMENT_UPDATE_UNSPECIFIED ); //for unspecified update response, value is 0
}
else
{
// this is a status message
// Set respStatus
respMsg->setRespStatus( rRStatus );
// set IndicationMask
respMsg->setIndicationMask( respMsg->getIndicationMask() ); // TODO: This probably should be configureable for other indicationMask settings
}
// Set attribute
if ( bSetAttribute )
respMsg->setAttribInfo( rAttribInfo );
// Set Qos
if( pQoS )
respMsg->setQualityOfService( *pQoS );
}
void Encoder::encodeMarketByOrderDataBody(Map* pMap, FieldList* pFieldList, RespMsg::RespType respType, const rfa::common::RFA_Vector<rfa::common::RFA_String>& fieldList, const RDMFieldDict* pDict, const std::string& mapAction, const std::string& mapKey)
{
if(_debug)
cout << "[Encoder::encodeMarketByOrderDataBody]" << endl;
if(mapAction == "" || mapKey == "") {
cerr << "[Encoder::encodeMarketByOrderDataBody] mapAction or mapKey is empty." << endl;
}
assert(pMap);
MapWriteIterator mapWIt;
mapWIt.start(*pMap);
pMap->setKeyDataType(DataBuffer::BufferEnum);
pMap->setTotalCountHint(1); // Provides a hint to the consuming side of how many map entries are to be provided. In this example there is only one service provided so the totalcounthint is one.
//********* Begin Encode MapEntry1 **********
MapEntry mapEntry;
if(mapAction == "add") {
mapEntry.setAction(MapEntry::Add);
} else if(mapAction == "update") {
mapEntry.setAction(MapEntry::Update);
} else if(mapAction == "delete") {
mapEntry.setAction(MapEntry::Delete);
} else {
return;
}
// Set order id as key for MapEntry (e.g. 463463B)
RFA_String key;
key.set(mapKey.c_str(), mapKey.length(), false);
DataBuffer keyDataBuffer(true);
keyDataBuffer.setFromString(key, DataBuffer::BufferEnum);
mapEntry.setKeyData(keyDataBuffer);
if(_debug) {
cout << "Action: " << mapAction.c_str() << endl;
cout << "Key : " << key.c_str() << endl;
}
if(mapAction != "delete") {
// encode fieldList using encodeMarketPriceDataBody()
encodeMarketPriceDataBody(pFieldList, respType, fieldList, pDict);
mapEntry.setData(static_cast<Data&>(*pFieldList));
}
mapWIt.bind(mapEntry);
mapWIt.complete();
}
void Encoder::encodeMarketByPriceMsg( RespMsg* respMsg, RespMsg::RespType respType, const AttribInfo & rAttribInfo, RespStatus & rRStatus, QualityOfService* pQoS, bool bSetAttribute, bool bSolicited)
{
assert( respMsg );
// set MsgModelType
respMsg->setMsgModelType( MMT_MARKET_BY_PRICE );
// Set response Type
respMsg->setRespType( respType );
if ( respType == RespMsg::RefreshEnum )
{
// Set respStatus
respMsg->setRespStatus( rRStatus );
// set IndicationMask
respMsg->setIndicationMask( respMsg->getIndicationMask() | RespMsg::RefreshCompleteFlag ); // TODO: This probably should be configureable for other indicationMask settings
// set RespTypeNum
if(bSolicited)
respMsg->setRespTypeNum( REFRESH_SOLICITED ); //for solicited refresh, value is 0
else
respMsg->setRespTypeNum( REFRESH_UNSOLICITED ); //for unsolicited refresh, value is 1
}
else if ( respType == RespMsg::UpdateEnum )
{
// set indication mask for update
respMsg->setIndicationMask( INSTRUMENT_UPDATE_UNSPECIFIED );
// set RespTypeNum
respMsg->setRespTypeNum( INSTRUMENT_UPDATE_UNSPECIFIED ); //for unspecified update response, value is 0
}
else
{
// this is a status message
// Set respStatus
respMsg->setRespStatus( rRStatus );
// set IndicationMask
respMsg->setIndicationMask( respMsg->getIndicationMask() ); // TODO: This probably should be configureable for other indicationMask settings
}
// Set attribute
if ( bSetAttribute )
respMsg->setAttribInfo( rAttribInfo );
// Set Qos
if( pQoS )
respMsg->setQualityOfService( *pQoS );
}
void Encoder::encodeMarketByPriceDataBody(Map* pMap, FieldList* pFieldList, RespMsg::RespType respType, const rfa::common::RFA_Vector<rfa::common::RFA_String>& fieldList, const RDMFieldDict* pDict, const std::string& mapAction, const std::string& mapKey)
{
if(_debug)
cout << "[Encoder::encodeMarketByPriceDataBody]" << endl;
if(mapAction == "" || mapKey == "") {
cerr << "[Encoder::encodeMarketByPriceDataBody] mapAction or mapKey is empty." << endl;
}
assert(pMap);
MapWriteIterator mapWIt;
mapWIt.start(*pMap);
pMap->setKeyDataType(DataBuffer::BufferEnum);
pMap->setTotalCountHint(1); // Provides a hint to the consuming side of how many map entries are to be provided. In this example there is only one service provided so the totalcounthint is one.
//********* Begin Encode MapEntry1 **********
MapEntry mapEntry;
if(mapAction == "add") {
mapEntry.setAction(MapEntry::Add);
} else if(mapAction == "update") {
mapEntry.setAction(MapEntry::Update);
} else if(mapAction == "delete") {
mapEntry.setAction(MapEntry::Delete);
} else {
return;
}
// Set order id as key for MapEntry (e.g. 463463B)
RFA_String key;
key.set(mapKey.c_str(), mapKey.length(), false);
DataBuffer keyDataBuffer(true);
keyDataBuffer.setFromString(key, DataBuffer::BufferEnum);
mapEntry.setKeyData(keyDataBuffer);
if(_debug) {
cout << "Action: " << mapAction.c_str() << endl;
cout << "Key : " << key.c_str() << endl;
}
if(mapAction != "delete") {
// encode fieldList using encodeMarketPriceDataBody()
encodeMarketPriceDataBody(pFieldList, respType, fieldList, pDict);
mapEntry.setData(static_cast<Data&>(*pFieldList));
}
mapWIt.bind(mapEntry);
mapWIt.complete();
}
void Encoder::encodeSymbolListMsg( RespMsg* respMsg, RespMsg::RespType respType, const AttribInfo & rAttribInfo, RespStatus & rRStatus, QualityOfService* pQoS, bool bSetAttribute, bool bSolicited)
{
assert( respMsg );
// set MsgModelType
respMsg->setMsgModelType( MMT_SYMBOL_LIST );
// Set response Type
respMsg->setRespType( respType );
if ( respType == RespMsg::RefreshEnum )
{
// Set respStatus
respMsg->setRespStatus( rRStatus );
// set IndicationMask
respMsg->setIndicationMask( respMsg->getIndicationMask() | RespMsg::RefreshCompleteFlag ); // TODO: This probably should be configureable for other indicationMask settings
// set RespTypeNum
if(bSolicited)
respMsg->setRespTypeNum( REFRESH_SOLICITED ); //for solicited refresh, value is 0
else
respMsg->setRespTypeNum( REFRESH_UNSOLICITED ); //for unsolicited refresh, value is 1
}
else if ( respType == RespMsg::UpdateEnum )
{
// set indication mask for update
respMsg->setIndicationMask( INSTRUMENT_UPDATE_UNSPECIFIED );
// set RespTypeNum
respMsg->setRespTypeNum( INSTRUMENT_UPDATE_UNSPECIFIED ); //for unspecified update response, value is 0
}
else
{
// this is a status message
// Set respStatus
respMsg->setRespStatus( rRStatus );
// set IndicationMask
respMsg->setIndicationMask( respMsg->getIndicationMask() ); // TODO: This probably should be configureable for other indicationMask settings
}
// Set attribute
if ( bSetAttribute )
respMsg->setAttribInfo( rAttribInfo );
// Set Qos
if( pQoS )
respMsg->setQualityOfService( *pQoS );
}
void Encoder::encodeSymbolListDataBody(Map* pMap, FieldList* pFieldList, RespMsg::RespType respType, const rfa::common::RFA_Vector<rfa::common::RFA_String>& fieldList, const RDMFieldDict* pDict, const std::string& mapAction, const std::string& mapKey)
{
if(_debug)
cout << "[Encoder::encodeSymbolListDataBody]" << endl;
if(mapAction == "" || mapKey == "") {
cerr << "[Encoder::encodeSymbolListDataBody] mapAction or mapKey is empty." << endl;
}
assert(pMap);
MapWriteIterator mapWIt;
mapWIt.start(*pMap);
pMap->setKeyDataType(DataBuffer::BufferEnum);
pMap->setTotalCountHint(1); // Provides a hint to the consuming side of how many map entries are to be provided. In this example there is only one service provided so the totalcounthint is one.
//********* Begin Encode MapEntry1 **********
MapEntry mapEntry;
if(mapAction == "add") {
mapEntry.setAction(MapEntry::Add);
} else if(mapAction == "update") {
mapEntry.setAction(MapEntry::Update);
} else if(mapAction == "delete") {
mapEntry.setAction(MapEntry::Delete);
} else {
return;
}
// Set order id as key for MapEntry (e.g. 463463B)
RFA_String key;
key.set(mapKey.c_str(), mapKey.length(), false);
DataBuffer keyDataBuffer(true);
keyDataBuffer.setFromString(key, DataBuffer::BufferEnum);
mapEntry.setKeyData(keyDataBuffer);
if(_debug) {
cout << "Action: " << mapAction.c_str() << endl;
cout << "Key : " << key.c_str() << endl;
}
if(mapAction != "delete") {
// encode fieldList using encodeMarketPriceDataBody()
encodeMarketPriceDataBody(pFieldList, respType, fieldList, pDict);
mapEntry.setData(static_cast<Data&>(*pFieldList));
}
mapWIt.bind(mapEntry);
mapWIt.complete();
}
void Encoder::encodeHistoryMsg( RespMsg* respMsg, RespMsg::RespType respType, const AttribInfo & rAttribInfo, RespStatus & rRStatus, QualityOfService* pQoS, bool bSetAttribute, bool bSolicited)
{
assert( respMsg );
// set MsgModelType
respMsg->setMsgModelType( MMT_HISTORY );
// Set response Type
respMsg->setRespType( respType );
if ( respType == RespMsg::RefreshEnum )
{
// Set respStatus
respMsg->setRespStatus( rRStatus );
// set IndicationMask
respMsg->setIndicationMask( respMsg->getIndicationMask() | RespMsg::RefreshCompleteFlag ); // TODO: This probably should be configureable for other indicationMask settings
// set RespTypeNum
if(bSolicited)
respMsg->setRespTypeNum( REFRESH_SOLICITED ); //for solicited refresh, value is 0
else
respMsg->setRespTypeNum( REFRESH_UNSOLICITED ); //for unsolicited refresh, value is 1
}
else if ( respType == RespMsg::UpdateEnum )
{
// set indication mask for update
respMsg->setIndicationMask( INSTRUMENT_UPDATE_UNSPECIFIED );
// set RespTypeNum
respMsg->setRespTypeNum( INSTRUMENT_UPDATE_UNSPECIFIED ); //for unspecified update response, value is 0
}
else
{
// this is a status message
// Set respStatus
respMsg->setRespStatus( rRStatus );
// set IndicationMask
respMsg->setIndicationMask( respMsg->getIndicationMask() ); // TODO: This probably should be configureable for other indicationMask settings
}
// Set attribute
if ( bSetAttribute )
respMsg->setAttribInfo( rAttribInfo );
// Set Qos
if( pQoS )
respMsg->setQualityOfService( *pQoS );
}
void Encoder::encodeHistoryDataBody(Series* pSeries, FieldList* pFieldList, RespMsg::RespType respType, const rfa::common::RFA_Vector<rfa::common::RFA_String>& fieldList, const RDMFieldDict* pDict)
{
if(_debug)
cout << "[Encoder::encodeHistoryDataBody]" << endl;
assert(pSeries);
SeriesWriteIterator seriesWIt;
seriesWIt.start(*pSeries);
//pSeries->setKeyDataType(DataBuffer::BufferEnum);
pSeries->setTotalCountHint(1);
//********* Begin Encode SeriesEntry1 **********
SeriesEntry seriesEntry;
encodeMarketPriceDataBody(pFieldList, respType, fieldList, pDict);
seriesEntry.setData(static_cast<Data&>(*pFieldList));
seriesWIt.bind(seriesEntry);
seriesWIt.complete();
}
void Encoder::encodeDirectoryDataBody(Data* pData, RFA_String & rSvcName, RFA_String & rVendName, int& serviceState, QualityOfService * pQoS)
{
Map* pMap;
assert(pData);
pMap = static_cast<Map*>(pData);
encodeDirectoryMap( pMap, rSvcName,rVendName, serviceState, pQoS);
}
void Encoder::loadDictionaryFromFile(RFA_String &appendix_a_path, RFA_String &enumtype_def_path )
{
if (_bDictionaryLoaded)
return;
_pDictionaryEncoder = new RDMDictionaryEncoder();
_rdmFieldDict = new RDMFieldDict();
RDMFileDictionaryDecoder decoder(*_rdmFieldDict);
if( decoder.load(appendix_a_path, enumtype_def_path) )
{
RFA_String version("1.1", 4, false);
_rdmFieldDict->setVersion(version);
_rdmFieldDict->setDictId(1);
_rdmFieldDict->enumDict().setVersion(version);
_rdmFieldDict->enumDict().setDictId(1);
_bDictionaryLoaded = true;
}
else
{
std::cout << "initDictionary failed to load dictionary" << std::endl << std::endl;
}
}
void Encoder::encodeFieldDictionary(Series & data, RFA_String &appendix_a_path, RFA_String &enumtype_def_path)
{
loadDictionaryFromFile(appendix_a_path,enumtype_def_path);
if ( _bDictionaryLoaded )
_pDictionaryEncoder->encodeFieldDictionary(data, *_rdmFieldDict, DICTIONARY_NORMAL);
}
void Encoder::encodeEnumDictionary(Series & data, RFA_String &appendix_a_path, RFA_String &enumtype_def_path)
{
loadDictionaryFromFile(appendix_a_path,enumtype_def_path);
if ( _bDictionaryLoaded )
_pDictionaryEncoder->encodeEnumDictionary(data, _rdmFieldDict->enumDict(), DICTIONARY_NORMAL);
}
void Encoder::encodeDirectoryMap( Map* pMap, RFA_String & rSvcName, RFA_String & rVendName, int& serviceState, QualityOfService * pQoS)
{
assert(pMap);
MapWriteIterator mapWIt;
mapWIt.start(*pMap);
pMap->setKeyDataType( DataBuffer::StringAsciiEnum);
pMap->setTotalCountHint(1); // Provides a hint to the consuming side of how many map entries are to be provided. In this example there is only one service provided so the totalcounthint is one.
//********* Begin Encode MapEntry1 **********
MapEntry mapEntry;
mapEntry.setAction(MapEntry::Add);
// Set ServiceName as key for MapEntry
DataBuffer keyDataBuffer(true);
keyDataBuffer.setFromString(rSvcName, DataBuffer::StringAsciiEnum);
mapEntry.setKeyData(keyDataBuffer);
FilterList filterList;
filterList.setAssociatedMetaInfo(pMap->getMajorVersion(), pMap->getMinorVersion());
encodeDirectoryFilterList(&filterList, rSvcName, rVendName, serviceState, pQoS);
mapEntry.setData(static_cast<Data&>(filterList));
mapWIt.bind(mapEntry);
mapWIt.complete();
}
void Encoder::encodeDirectoryFilterList( FilterList* pFilterList, RFA_String & rSvcName, RFA_String & rVendName, int& serviceState, QualityOfService * pQoS)
{
assert(pFilterList);
FilterListWriteIterator filterListWIt;
filterListWIt.start(*pFilterList);
pFilterList->setTotalCountHint(2); // Specify 2 because there is only two filter entries
//Encode FilterEntry
FilterEntry filterEntry;
filterEntry.setFilterId(SERVICE_INFO_ID);
filterEntry.setAction(FilterEntry::Set); // Set this to Set since this is the full filterEntry
//Encode ElementList for Service Info
ElementList elementList;
elementList.setAssociatedMetaInfo(pFilterList->getMajorVersion(), pFilterList->getMinorVersion());
encodeDirectoryInfoElementList(&elementList, rSvcName, rVendName, pQoS);
filterEntry.setData(static_cast<const Data&>(elementList));
filterListWIt.bind(filterEntry);
//Encode ElementList for Service State
filterEntry.clear();
elementList.clear();
elementList.setAssociatedMetaInfo(pFilterList->getMajorVersion(), pFilterList->getMinorVersion());
filterEntry.setFilterId(SERVICE_STATE_ID);
filterEntry.setAction(FilterEntry::Set); // Set this to Set since this is the full filterEntry
encodeDirectoryStateElementList(&elementList, serviceState);
filterEntry.setData(static_cast<const Data&>(elementList));
filterListWIt.bind(filterEntry);
filterListWIt.complete();
}
void Encoder::encodeDirectoryInfoElementList(ElementList* pElementList, RFA_String & rSvcName, RFA_String & rVendName, QualityOfService * pQoS)
{
assert(pElementList);
ElementListWriteIterator elemListWIt;
elemListWIt.start(*pElementList);
ElementEntry element;
DataBuffer dataBuffer;
RFA_String nameValue;
// Encode Name
element.setName(rfa::rdm::ENAME_NAME);
nameValue =rSvcName.c_str();
dataBuffer.setFromString(nameValue,DataBuffer::StringAsciiEnum);
element.setData( dataBuffer );
elemListWIt.bind(element);
// Encode Vendor
element.clear();
dataBuffer.clear();
element.setName(rfa::rdm::ENAME_VENDOR);
nameValue =rVendName.c_str();
dataBuffer.setFromString(nameValue,DataBuffer::StringAsciiEnum);
element.setData( dataBuffer );
elemListWIt.bind(element);
// Encode isSource
element.clear();
dataBuffer.clear();
element.setName(rfa::rdm::ENAME_IS_SOURCE);
dataBuffer.setUInt(1); // Original Publisher TODO: Will this be an global value?
element.setData( dataBuffer );
elemListWIt.bind(element);
// Encode Capabilities
element.clear();
element.setName(rfa::rdm::ENAME_CAPABILITIES);
Array array;
encodeDirectoryArray(&array);
element.setData(static_cast<const Data&>(array));
elemListWIt.bind(element);
// Encode DictionariesUsed
element.clear();
element.setName(rfa::rdm::ENAME_DICTIONARYS_USED);
array.clear();
encodeDirectoryArrayDictUsed(&array);
element.setData(static_cast<const Data&>(array));
elemListWIt.bind(element);
// Encode Quality of Service
if(pQoS)
{
element.clear();
element.setName(rfa::rdm::ENAME_QOS);
Array arrayqos;
encodeDirectoryArrayQoS(&arrayqos,pQoS);
element.setData(static_cast<const Data&>(arrayqos));
elemListWIt.bind(element);
}
elemListWIt.complete();
}
void Encoder::encodeDirectoryStateElementList(ElementList* pElementList, int& serviceState)
{
assert(pElementList);
ElementListWriteIterator elemListWIt;
elemListWIt.start(*pElementList);
ElementEntry element;
//Encode Element ServiceState
element.setName(rfa::rdm::ENAME_SVC_STATE);
int mType = serviceState ; // 1 = Up, 0 = Down
DataBuffer dataBuffer(true);
dataBuffer.setUInt((UInt32)mType);
element.setData( dataBuffer );
elemListWIt.bind(element);
//Encode Element AcceptingRequests
element.clear();
element.setName(rfa::rdm::ENAME_ACCEPTING_REQS);
mType = 1; // Accepts requests
dataBuffer.setUInt((UInt32)mType);
element.setData( dataBuffer );
elemListWIt.bind(element);
elemListWIt.complete();
}
void Encoder::encodeDirectoryArray( Array* pArray)
{
assert(pArray);
ArrayWriteIterator arrWIt;
arrWIt.start(*pArray);
// Specify Dictionary as a capability
DataBuffer dataBuffer(true);
ArrayEntry arrayEntry;
int mType = MMT_DICTIONARY;
dataBuffer.setUInt((UInt32)mType);
arrayEntry.setData(dataBuffer);
arrWIt.bind(arrayEntry);
if ( _bGenericDomainModel )
{
mType = _genericDomainModel;
arrayEntry.clear();
dataBuffer.setUInt((UInt32)mType);
arrayEntry.setData(dataBuffer);
arrWIt.bind(arrayEntry);
}
if(_bMarketPriceDomainModel)
{
mType = MMT_MARKET_PRICE;
arrayEntry.clear();
dataBuffer.setUInt((UInt32)mType);
arrayEntry.setData(dataBuffer);
arrWIt.bind(arrayEntry);
}
if(_bMarketByOrderDomainModel)
{
mType = rfa::rdm::MMT_MARKET_BY_ORDER;
arrayEntry.clear();
dataBuffer.setUInt((UInt32)mType);
arrayEntry.setData(dataBuffer);
arrWIt.bind(arrayEntry);
}
if(_bMarketByPriceDomainModel)
{
mType = rfa::rdm::MMT_MARKET_BY_PRICE;
arrayEntry.clear();
dataBuffer.setUInt((UInt32)mType);
arrayEntry.setData(dataBuffer);
arrWIt.bind(arrayEntry);
}
if(_bSymbolListDomainModel)
{
mType = rfa::rdm::MMT_SYMBOL_LIST;
arrayEntry.clear();
dataBuffer.setUInt((UInt32)mType);
arrayEntry.setData(dataBuffer);
arrWIt.bind(arrayEntry);
}
if(_bHistoryDomainModel)
{
mType = rfa::rdm::MMT_HISTORY;
arrayEntry.clear();
dataBuffer.setUInt((UInt32)mType);
arrayEntry.setData(dataBuffer);
arrWIt.bind(arrayEntry);
}
arrWIt.complete();
}
void Encoder::encodeDirectoryArrayDictUsed( Array* pArray)
{
assert(pArray);
ArrayWriteIterator arrWIt;
arrWIt.start(*pArray);
// Specify Dictionary Files uesd
DataBuffer dataBuffer(true);
ArrayEntry arrayEntry;
RFA_String fldStr("RWFFld", 0, false);
dataBuffer.setFromString(fldStr, DataBuffer::StringAsciiEnum);
arrayEntry.setData(dataBuffer);
arrWIt.bind(arrayEntry);
RFA_String enumStr("RWFEnum", 0, false);
arrayEntry.clear();
dataBuffer.setFromString(enumStr, DataBuffer::StringAsciiEnum);
arrayEntry.setData(dataBuffer);
arrWIt.bind(arrayEntry);
arrWIt.complete();
}
void Encoder::encodeDirectoryArrayQoS( Array* pArray, QualityOfService * pQoS)
{
assert(pArray);
ArrayWriteIterator arrWIt;
arrWIt.start(*pArray);
DataBuffer dataBuffer(true);
ArrayEntry arrayEntry;
QualityOfServiceInfo QoSInfo;
QoSInfo.setQualityOfService(*pQoS);
// TODO: Does instance count need to be set? QoSInfo.setQualityOfServiceInstCount(?);
dataBuffer.setQualityOfServiceInfo(QoSInfo);
arrayEntry.setData(dataBuffer);
arrWIt.bind(arrayEntry);
arrWIt.complete();
}
void Encoder::setDebugMode(const bool &debug) {
_debug = debug;
}
void Encoder::setDomainModelType(const UInt8 &mType) {
switch(mType) {
case rfa::rdm::MMT_MARKET_PRICE:
_bMarketPriceDomainModel = true;
break;
case rfa::rdm::MMT_MARKET_BY_ORDER:
_bMarketByOrderDomainModel = true;
break;
case rfa::rdm::MMT_MARKET_BY_PRICE:
_bMarketByPriceDomainModel = true;
break;
case rfa::rdm::MMT_SYMBOL_LIST:
_bSymbolListDomainModel = true;
break;
case rfa::rdm::MMT_HISTORY:
_bHistoryDomainModel = true;
break;
}
}
bool Encoder::hasDomainModelType(const UInt8 &mType) {
switch(mType) {
case rfa::rdm::MMT_MARKET_PRICE:
return _bMarketPriceDomainModel;
break;
case rfa::rdm::MMT_MARKET_BY_ORDER:
return _bMarketByOrderDomainModel;
break;
case rfa::rdm::MMT_MARKET_BY_PRICE:
return _bMarketByPriceDomainModel;
break;
case rfa::rdm::MMT_SYMBOL_LIST:
return _bSymbolListDomainModel;
break;
case rfa::rdm::MMT_HISTORY:
return _bHistoryDomainModel;
break;
default:
return false;
}
}
void Encoder::clearAllDomainModelTypes() {
_bMarketPriceDomainModel = false;
_bMarketByOrderDomainModel = false;
_bMarketByPriceDomainModel = false;
_bSymbolListDomainModel = false;
_bHistoryDomainModel = false;
}
bool Encoder::reencodeAttribs(const Data& reqAttrib, Data& respAttrib, UInt8 supportFlags)
{
bool returnValue = false;
ElementListReadIterator rIter;
ElementListWriteIterator wIter;
ElementEntry element;
ElementList& elementList = static_cast<ElementList&>(respAttrib);
wIter.start(elementList);
if(!reqAttrib.isBlank()) {
switch(reqAttrib.getDataType())
{
case ElementListEnum:
{
const ElementList& inputEL = static_cast<const ElementList&>(reqAttrib);
rIter.start(inputEL);
while(!rIter.off())
{
element.clear();
ElementEntry& elem = const_cast<ElementEntry&>(rIter.value());
if(elem.getName() == ENAME_DOWNLOAD_CON_CONFIG)
returnValue = true;
element.setName(elem.getName());
element.setData(elem.getData());
wIter.bind(elem);
rIter.forth();
}
break;
}
default:
break;
}
}
if(supportFlags) {
bool supportedFlag = false;
if(supportFlags & SUPPORT_POST_FLAG) {
addAttrib(ENAME_SUPPORT_POST, 1, wIter, element);
supportedFlag = true;
}
if(supportFlags & SUPPORT_VIEW_FLAG) {
addAttrib(ENAME_SUPPORT_VIEW, 1, wIter, element);
supportedFlag = true;
}
if(supportFlags & SUPPORT_STANDBY_FLAG) {
addAttrib(ENAME_SUPPORT_STANDBY, 1, wIter, element);
supportedFlag = true;
}
}
wIter.complete();
return returnValue;
}
void Encoder::addAttrib(const RFA_String& name, UInt value, ElementListWriteIterator& wi, ElementEntry& element) {
DataBuffer elementData;
element.clear();
element.setName(name);
elementData.setUInt(value);
element.setData(elementData);
wi.bind(element);
}
| 12,955 |
bf4e1cea8567262e16a18edd9bd56107
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
JOAFE_PDF_Unitaire_19970017_01859.pdf
|
journal-officiel.gouv.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 1,128 | 2,405 |
26 avril 1997
JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE
membres à Internet et promouvoir Internet auprès de tous
ublics. Siège social: chez M. Consolini (Emmanuel), 385, rue
aradis, 13008 Marseille. Date de la déclaration : 7 avril 1997.
1859
France. Siège social : domaine Maty, R.N. 96, 84120 Beaumont-dePertuis. Transféré; nouvelle adresse: chez M. Masala, quartier
des Baumes, 13490 Jouques. Date de la déclaration :
27 mars 1997.
Modifications
237 - Déclaration à la sous-préfecture d'Istres. OFFICE DE
TOURISME. Additif à l'objet : organisation de fêtes locales, ani
mations estivales et manifestations nautiques. Siège social : place
de l'Hôtel-de-Ville, 13270 Fos-sur-Mer. Date de la déclaration :
16 avril 1984.
238 - Déclaration à la préfecture des Bouches-du-Rhône.
FEMMES DE L'EUROPE DE DEMAIN. Siège social: le mas
des Oliviers, 13190 Allauch. Transféré ; nouvelle adresse : 7, bou
levard Dahdah, 13004 Marseille. Date de la déclaration :
7 avril 1989.
239 - Déclaration à la sous-préfecture d'Aix-en-Provence.
ASSOCIATION HORIZON. Nouvel objet: faire découvrir le
stretching postural et toutes activités permettant le développe
ment personnel, dans un souci d'épanouissement de l'être
(sophrologie, relaxation, etc.) ; se réserver le droit d'embaucher
du personnel et de créer des établissements. Siège social: chez
M. Villegar (Jean-Pierre), 68, route de Lambex, 13330 Pélissanne.
Transféré; nouvelle adresse : 2, impasse Saint-Roch, 13330 Pélis
sanne. Date de la déclaration : 20 février 1997.
240 - Déclaration à la sous-préfecture d'Arles. Ancien titre :
FEDERATION DEPARTEMENTALE DES CENTRES D'INFOR
MATION ET DE VULGARISATION AGRICOLES ET MENA
GERES DES BOUCHES-DU-RHONE. Nouveau titre : FEDERA
TION DEPARTEMENTALE DES CENTRES D'INITIATIVES
POUR VALORISER L'AGRICULTURE ET LE MILIEU
RURAL DES BOUCHES-DU-RHONE. Siège social: mairie,
centre Paul-Faraud, route de Cavaillon, 13750 Plan-d'Orgon.
Transféré; nouvelle adresse: centre Paul-Faraud, route de
Cavaillon, 13750 Plan-d'Orgon. Date de la déclaration :
14 mars 1997.
241 - Déclaration à la sous-préfecture d'Aix-en-Provence.
DEMARRAGE. Nouvel objet : rechercher et générer le concours
d'étudiants par l'étude, la fabrication, la mise au point d'un
véhicule tous chemins. Siège social: chez M. Jeannel (JeanFrançois), 2, allée des Presles, clos Vimont, 77150 Lésigny.
Transféré; nouvelle adresse : chez M. Jeannel 0ean-François),
Le Grand-Creux, route de Tholonet, 13100 Beaurecueil. Date de
la déclaration : 15 mars 1997.
242 - Déclaration à la sous-préfecture d'Istres. Ancien titre:
MAISON DES ASSOCIATIONS DE ROGNAC. Nouveau titre :
MAISON DES ASSOCIATIONS. Siège social: 88, boulevard
Jean-Jaurès, 13340 Rognac. Date de la déclaration : 25 mars 1997.
243 - Déclaration à la sous-préfecture d'Istres. CLUB CANIN
DE MARIGNANE. Siège social: 22, parc H.-Boucher,
13700 Marignane. Transféré; nouvelle adresse : route du Cime
tière, rue Henri-Guillaumet, 13700 Marignane. Date de la décla
ration : 25 mars 1997.
244 - Déclaration à la sous-préfecture d'Istres. AMICALE x
CORSE DE VTTROLLES. Siège social : bar du Progrès, route de
la Gare, 7, avenue Alphonse-Daudet, 13127 Vitrolles. Transféré;
nouvelle adresse : bar du Village, 9, avenue Camille-Pelletan,
13127 Vitrolles. Date de la déclaration : 25 mars 1997.
245 - Déclaration à la sous-préfecture d'Aix-en-Provence.
Ancien titre : ENTREPRISE ELEVES ARTS ET METIERS. Nou
veau titre : ELAM-ENSAM PROJETS. Nouvel objet : donner la
possibilité aux élèves ingénieurs de l'ENSAM du centre d'Aixen-Provence de réaliser des projets de toutes sortes s'intégrant
dans la pédagogie, apportant un supplément à la formation.
Siège social : 2, cour des Arts-et-Métiers, 13617 Aix-en-Provence
Cedex 1. Transféré; nouvelle adresse: résidence James-Chasseriaud, 19, rue du R.I.C.M. 13628 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 1. Date
de la déclaration : 27 mars 1997.
246 - Déclaration à la sous-préfecture d'Aix-en-Provence. WES
TERN PLEASURE. Nouvel objet : randonnée, tourisme équestre,
promouvoir la monte américaine sous forme de spectacle en
247 - Déclaration à la sous-préfecture d'Istres. ASSOCIATION
CULTURELLE ET SPORTIVE DES COMORIENS ET AMIS
DES COMORES. Nouvel objet: alphabétisation de la langue
comorienne aux enfants nés en France. Siège social : bâtiment G2,
n° 2, Les 4 Vents, 13500 Martigues. Transféré ; nouvelle adresse :
Notre-Dame-des-Marins, appartement n°27, Z.U.P., 13500 Mar
tigues. Date de la déclaration : 27 mars 1997.
248 - Déclaration à la sous-préfecture d'Arles. SAINTANDIOL CREATION. Siège social: 13, avenue Mireio,
13670 Saint-Andiol. Transféré ; nouvelle adresse : chez M. Richier
(Paul), route de Verquières, 13670 Saint-Andiol. Date de la
déclaration : 28 mars 1997.
249 - Déclaration à la préfecture des Bouches-du-Rhône.
ASSOCIATION DIA. Siège social: 14, rue Basse-Combalot,
69007 Lyon. Transféré; nouvelle adresse: 14, rue Saint-Pons,
13002 Marseille. Date de la déclaration : 28 mars 1997.
250 - Déclaration à la préfecture des Bouches-du-Rhône. CLUB
HARD-ROCK MARSEILLE. Siège social : 15, rue Pastoret,
13006 Marseille. Transféré ; nouvelle adresse : résidence Gai
Logis A 3, 62, rue François-Mauriac, 13010 Marseille. Date de la
déclaration : 28 mars 1997.
251 - Déclaration à la préfecture des Bouches-du-Rhône.
ASSOCIATION DES LOCATAIRES POUR L'AMELIORA
TION ET LA PROMOTION DU CADRE DE VIE. Siège social :
chez M. Lopez (Jacques), La Baudrie 2, 10, boulevard de la
Vénerie, 13008 Marseille. Transféré; nouvelle adresse : chez
M. Lopez (Jacques), Le Loup 1, 12, boulevard de la Verrerie,
13008 Marseille. Date de la déclaration : 28 mars 1997.
252 - Déclaration à la préfecture des Bouches-du-Rhône.
INFOS A GOGO. Additif à l'objet : promouvoir le sport, la pré
vention de la délinquance, la sécurité routière. Siège social :
centre social La Maurelette, place du Commerce, 13015 Marseille.
Transféré; nouvelle adresse : salle Jean-Marc-Bourguignon, place
Benquihado, La Maurelette, 13015 Marseille. Date de la déclara
tion : 28 mars 1997.
253 - Déclaration à la sous-préfecture d'Arles. Ancien titre :
SALON DU MARIAGE. Nouveau titre: SALON DU
MARIAGE ET DES RECEPTIONS EN PAYS D'ARLES. Addi
tif à l'objet : autres réceptions comme baptêmes, communions,
anniversaires, repas d'affaires. Siège social: chez M. Dervieux,
rue Vemon, 13200 Arles. Transféré; nouvelle adresse: chez
Mme Fernay, mas des Jasses-de-la-Ville, pont de Crau,
13200 Arles. Date de la déclaration : 1er avril 1997.
254 - Déclaration à la préfecture des Bouches-du-Rhône.
PICANTE. Siège social: 8, rue des Fabres, 13001 Marseille.
Transféré; nouvelle adresse: maison des Associations,
93, La Canebière, 13001 Marseille. Date de la déclaration :
3 avril 1997.
255 - Déclaration à la préfecture des Bouches-du-Rhône.
ASSOCIATION DES PARENTS DE LA CRECHE DE PONTDE-VIVAUX. Siège social: crèche de Pont-de-Vivaux, 33, rue
François-Mauriac, 13010 Marseille. Transféré; nouvelle adresse :
chez M. Meyrueix (Didier), 30, rue Rabutin-Chantal, 13009 Mar
seille. Date de la déclaration : 3 avril 1997.
256 - Déclaration à la préfecture des Bouches-du-Rhône.
ASSOCIATION POUR LE DEVELOPPEMENT REGIONAL
DE LA GENETIQUE (A.D.R.G.). Siège social : chez M. Fontes,
23, rue du Figuier, 13710 Fuveau. Transféré; nouvelle adresse :
maison de l'Entreprise, 35, rue Saint-Victoire, 13292 Marseille
Cedex 6. Date de la déclaration : 3 avril 1997.
257 - Déclaration à la préfecture des Bouches-du-Rhône. JALUCINE. Siège social : 31, rue Roux-de-Brignolles, 13006 Marseille.
Transféré; nouvelle adresse: 4, rue de l'Académie, 13001 Mar
seille. Date de la déclaration : 4 avril 1997.
| 25,989 |
sn86076142_1910-07-09_1_4_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,910 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,097 | 3,080 |
FULLY BONANZA, TONOPAH, NEVADA, SATURDAY, JULY, 1910. TONOPAH DAILY BONANZA PIONEER STORE Published Every Morning, Monday Excepted, at Tonopah, Nevada :ESTABLISHED 1900 W. W. BOOTH, EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR. KENNETH J. BOOTH Associate Editor. Member of Associated Press TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION One year... Nine months... Six months... . 12.00 . 10.00 . 6.75 Three months... One month... One week... 8.60 1.25 . 30 $10 REWARD. A reward of $10 will be paid for information that will lead to the arrest and conviction of parties stealing The Bonanza from subscribers. TO SUBSCRIBERS. Parties who do not receive their papers, or who have any cause of complaint, will oblige The Bonanza by notifying this office. Subscriptions by mail must be paid in advance. Entered at the Post Office in Tonopah as second class matter. No advertising: cuts, one inch square or smaller, will be accepted unless made of metal. No wood base cuts of this size will be used. Wood cuts are dangerous to forms and press. CUPRITE WILL HAVE SULPHURIC ACID PLANT NEW COMPANY PURCHASES BIG ACREAGE OF SULPHUR LANDS. Ellsworth Oldt, recorder and earliest locator of the Cuprite district, has returned from Los Angeles by way of Reno. and the arena, with news of an important deal involving 400 acres of ground at Cuprite, containing some of the largest and richest deposits of native sulphur known to exist in the country. These are the original sulphur filings owned by the Cuprite Sulphur company and are regarded by experts as constituting the most valuable sulphur property in the world being the winner. I sure, said, wanted to see you get in right, but I was just plum scared to put you wise." Reno Journal. SAYS NEVADA GAMBLING LAWS ARE DEFECTIVE INTERNATIONAL REFORM BUREAU MAN FINDS SERIOUS LOOPHOLES. SOLE AGENTS MOSES BEST FLOUR Fresh Fruits and Vegetables DAILY BY EXPRESS Fancy and Staple Groceries Ice Cream Freezers, Ice Picks, Water Coolers, Etc. Phone 262 Lothrop-Davis Co. Phone 262 Wilbur K. Crafts, superintendent and treasurer of the International Reform bureau, of Washington, D.C., the organization which, he says, brought the pressure to bear on California that stopped the big fight there, was in Reno yesterday the investigating the reform laws of west. The former owners, in day is the average. Leaving New Mexico over four months ago, the outfit journeyed to Flagstaff, Ariz., thence to Clifford, Nev., via Quinn's canyon and across Railroad Valley. They left yesterday forenoon for Pottsville, Tulare county, California, and will travel via Lida, Oasis, Bishop, and Big Pine, through Walker's pass to Bakersfield. The family all show the effects of constant and hard travel, yet are in excellent health. All sorts of blacksmith's implements are carried, also fire arms, and underneath the rear axle of one wagon was constructed a large chicken coop containing some two dozen chickens. The old couple are fond of fresh eggs, which they gather every evening from the coop. Pure, fresh apple cider by the quart or gallon at the H.S. Hahn Liquor company. MISCELLANEOUS FOR RENT Furnished 3 and 4 room houses. M.A. Williams. THE KENDALL Large front rooms, 2 beds; beautifully furnished rooms with running water. Rents reduced for the summer. FOR SALE One new two-horsepower Wagner 60-cycle, single phase, electric motor; starter and fixtures complete. Address B., Bonanza office. MATED and final payments made, the negotiations on the other side being conducted by a Mr. Baruch, who is president of the new concern which will proceed to erect a plant with retorts of large capacity and a plant for the production of by the so-called anti-gambling law. He said that betting on the horse races was a monopoly in the gambling line and that the law recently passed simply changed the form of gambling from roulette, faro, and dice to betting on the races. Nevertheless, Mr. Baruch and Mr. Vada, he said, were one of seven others interested are expected to arrive on the ground within a few days to formulate plans for extensive development and the construction of reduction plants. A New York company sometime ago completed the purchase on another group of sulphur claims in the Copper district for which the sum of $56,000 was paid. EYES ARE BURNED BY CARBOLIC ACID Mrs. J. A. Timlin, while handling a bottle of carbolic acid Wednesday suffered several burns about the face and eyes when the gases that had accumulated within the bottle forced the cork. A small portion of the contents was also spilled from the phial and this struck Mrs. Timlin in the face. It was feared at first that the sight of the eye had been destroyed, but yesterday the physician in attendance stated that indications favored the saving of the sight. HOW KEY PITMAN LOST A TIP was permitted. Mr. Crafts has been fighting the so-called Belmont race track trust since 1896. He says that the trust has a practical monopoly on the racing game that allows the rich to pursue their unlawful activities in places where the poor are barred out. A bill is already before congress, Mr. Crafts says, to prohibit the transportation. of prize fight pictures from one state to another. Mr. Crafts' purpose is to organize a state committee to work on reform lines which will embrace among its objects further reform legislation, prohibition laws, divorce laws, and more complete anti-gambling laws as well as the prohibition of prize fights. Key Pittman came up from Tonopah to see the fight. He gave his colored chauffeur a ticket, remarking as he did so: "Now see here. If that nigger wins, I don't ever want to hear a word from you about it." After the light Pittman came to the machine with a friend and the driver was sitting at the wheel with a grin on his face that he seemed trying hard to control. Pittman remarked to his friend: "I was about to bet on Jeffries when I got a hunch not to and I'm now that I had bet on Johnson." The driver was unable to hold in any longer and remarked to Pittman: "Masser Pittman, I had a straight tip right from headquarters, sir, that Johnson was the man, due, I dare give you the tip after the day you talked to me about Jeffries." RICKETY RIGS MAKE LONG TRIP ACROSS DESERT PICTURESQUE EMIGRANT TRAIN EN ROUTE TO COAST FROM NEW MEXICO. ROMEO AND JULIET HAVE A FEW STYLES OF FILM SHOW HOW THEY MAKE LOVE IN SHANTY TOWN, WYOMING. Kick The Butler theater has a varied program of pictures to offer for this Afternoon and evening. "The Mountain Lake," scenic; "The Nightmare," drama; "Ascending Mt. Tamalpais," a scenic picture whose scenery is familiar to many. "The Little Mother at the Baby Show" is a dramatic picture in which a little girl is called upon to do some real acting and a feature comedy, "Romeo and Juliet in Town." Romeo Brown and Juliet Smith appreciate the old adage. "True love never runs smooth." Owing to the unfriendly relations of the houses of Smith and Brown, their meeting is clandestine and only spasmodic. They visit Shantytown, Wyoming, and while walking down Zig-Zag avenue Cooing and nestling words of love, they stroll to the barn dance. Romeo is thrown out, contrives to kidnap the fair Juliet by descending from the hay loft by a rope. This picture is a scream and alone worth the price of admission. This program is on for today only. Yourself in case you get in bad, a most interesting and picturesque emigrant outfit passed down Main street yesterday, pausing at the livery stable of J. E. C. Williams for hay and grain, says the Goldfield Tribune. The party consisted of an old man, his wife, and two grown sons. There two rickety old wagons, a team of horses hitched to one and to the other was a burro and a pinto. A saddle horse was tied to the rear of the hind vehicle and a three weeks' old colt ran beside its mother. The little fellow was shod on all fours in order that he could stand the trip. They already have covered over 1,600 miles. The trip from Roswell, N.M., was undertaken primarily for the criminal libel case. Woodburn yesterday dismissed the complaints charging criminal libel against Shelor and Connella of the Nevada Weekly, in Judge Davis' court. This dismissal was made, it is stated, at the request of the complainant, James T. Boyd and Judge Pike, who feel satisfied that they have vindicated themselves sufficiently by causing the men to be placed in the county jail on contempt charges. Reno Journal. Play safe Be on the safe side and invest in a display advertisement in the Bonanza and you will have no opportunity to kick. The Daily Bonanza is read by the People. Try it once. The Bonanza's ringing and binding plant is still running. Bring in your orders. Fresh milk and cream Tonopah Dairy. tf. MONTANA CAPE Up-To-Date in Every Particular Open Day and Night Service the Best NOTICE OF STOCKHOLDERS' MEETING OF THE TONOPAH CRYSTAL WATER COMPANY. ...SPALDINGS... BASEBALL TENNIS AND .ATHLETIC GOODS. ROTHOLTZ BROS, ING. Leading Stationers Marino's Orchestra Notices of this company, Tonopah, Nevada, June 30, 1892. NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN THAT It is a special meeting of the stockholders of Tonopah Crystal Water company, a South Dakota corporation, engaged in business in and about Tonopah, Nevada, has been called by the order of the president, and will be held at the office of the company, Room 314, State Bank and Trust company building, corner Main street and Broucher. Avenue, Tonopah, Nevada, on the 20th day of July, 1883, at a o'clock p.m. The purposes for which the meeting is called and the several items of business that are proposed to be transacted by the stockholders are as follows: To receive and act upon the resignation of the present board of directors and to remove at pleasure any director whose resignation may not heretofore have been tendered; to elect a new board for the unexpired term of the current year, or until their successors shall be elected; to amend the by-laws in any manner proposed to be incorporated; to amend the articles of incorporation so as to establish a business office of the company outside of the state of South Dakota, at the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and at the city of San Francisco, California, in addition to the present office at Tonopah, Nevada, where at any or all meetings of the directors and stockholders may be held and all corporate business be transacted, as provided by the statutes of South Dakota; and such other business as may properly come before the meeting. By order of the president. H.S. STITZEL, As secretary of the company. First publication, June 28, 1910. Last publication, July 30, 1910. MUSIC FURNISHED FOR ALL OCCASIONS... Any Number of Pieces, Any Time, Any Place. PROMPT SERVICE. Call up the Butler Theatre P. O. BOX 353 Our want ads bring results. PROFESSIONAL CARDS. J. A. SANDERS Attorney-at-Law. Will practice in all courts of the State. Office: Tonopah Block. KENNETH J. BOOTH NOT ARY PUBLIC TONOPAH BONANZA OFFICE Tonopah - Nevada W. B. PITTMAN ATTORNEY-AT-LAW Practices in all the Courts of the State. OFFICE STATE BANK BUILDING TONOPAH, NEVADA. CAMPBELL, METSON & BROWN ATTARNEYS-AT-LAW. State Bank and Trust Co. Building TONOPAH, NEVADA. BREAD ESTAB. 1001. The Nevada Bakery BREAD Per Leaf LEADING CONFECTIONERS. UPPER MAIN STREET. Part I. We wish to announce that on end after Jan., 1910, we will sell the largest and best loaf of Bread in Town for $1.00 per loaf. C. H. Mcintosh & Co. ATTORNEYS Offices Tonopah Block, Tonopah, Nevada. NOTARY IN OFFICES. KEY PITTMAN. Attorney-at-Law, State Bank Building. Tonopah, Nevada. STEVENS VAN PEL, Associates, Rawhide, Nevada. Andrews Camp NEAR Bishop, In Co., CALIFORNIA "The Gem of the Sierras" FISHING, HUNTING BOATING. AND Board and lodging or furnished tents at reasonable rates. Stage fare from Bishop, $2.50. For particulars write to F. K. Andrews, Bishop, California. Mizpah Hotel A Modern Hotel where very Reasonable Tariff Prevails. Hot and Cold Running Water in Each Room. Rooms with or without private baths, single or en suite. COMMERCIAL RATES Butler Theatre The Popular Show Fise, Motion Pictures AND Illustrated Songs MATINEE EVERY AFTERNOON ENTIRE CHANGE OF PROGRAM EVERY NIGHT, EXCEPT SUNDAY. Admission - 10c Wittenberg Warehouse & Transfer Company COAL! COAL! COAL! BU ILDING PAPER. ROOFING PA. PER FOR YOUR OWN PRICE "PHONE 1062 Tonopah Sewer & Drainage Company SERVICES PUT IN AT COST See F. A. Burnham at the Offices of TONOPAH UNITED WATER CO.
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Ar MSTRONG - la*e;tie, Waah.. Friday. Jaa 25. I*M. to the »»h o. E. E. Armstrong. daughter. COLWELL — la Seattle. Jaaeffl. MM. K>ih« wife of J. R. Otweil. e aoe- DEATHA A* n rCAZKAZ.%. ROSE - Le UMfli. a? Bata Tweaty-XKid St., •vats rd ay, Jar* *>. 1- -4. john R «*. * natf** ol aged *> R«ER* ead 2 moms*. The Itinera! WIH tax* piaca Monday at 2 clock j*. m. 2KB T a late reside sea la ter pen* fa Lake View <nwam'A*j. cjimn or thaxka. To the •«■»»** «« Co—ra»aUcaal ehnret aad anaday aer-00.. to taa toart.*ia aai of fti prjUie «raooi«. to Colambta No. i. Aa U. toSftla L»Sre, Na * jTol IL. to raatrai W C T. V., to tea Yoau* Pernio •?vjc*atf o<'hnatlaa E«<Saaror. «o tSa vuMi board I*" t&a k:ad raaoiatioa taw. by tbem at tb«ir naWnt a# Jaoa 3, »t<t to aot«6- aad fr Jaada wbo to kladlr anting their iat» baroovazaoaL u» a««ty pab- Lcsy «Kpr»M«l tbo aitvtara thaak* «f Ma. **IVM«IL A. M. lit».rga*»PtayaFamrT. AdrtttlMtaaat* nnlmt tae Turn* of La*, Fcor.4, for Bala. Fs* R«t aad Sitaetioae anted wl.I be taeartad at the r*te ol 1 cast a word each Pay matt always in ad vance Ko »!la«tioe»iti recakswl lor MI Uaa Steacta. ROTirE—Tba tmaijaoae otteaaf tba Paw-la i* opea aatll p. td. Oa»Jlad BdTerti*e2aests will bo ap to ita Utaa A'j*tft*a3Muli will bo reooiead at braacb «ecw>«(tba P-»r-IrrKiJ.w>«*^*att: TACOM A RURKAG-USf r»ciSA aeoaaa. Thftr at haajasocs. Moaajer. FORT TOWNFEND—FIwo**b A aprinfar. BEU-INOHAM BAY BUREAU.-Now What. Km, corner Ho ly aad Caaos streets. O. H. tulear. Msaafer. The following letters await adrertle A. LF. L M. A Irr-. *er. SKA 'W. H. A. T. A. M. MOCIKTT MOUNTAIN A. R. C. LODGE, NO. 7, F. & A. M. Meets second and each month. D. A. A. S. G. M. Mar. KNIGHTS, ATTENTION! THE SIR Kalghts of State Commander, No. 2, as hereby commanded to convene at the annual meeting on July 30th, to witness the grand lodges of Westinghouse, the of the territory of the State of Wisconsin. All sojourning knights are cordially requested to assemble. Eminent Commander. L. W. M. Warner, Recorder PARTICULAR MEETING OF RED MEN " nail."! m. Bateman as Marion street, between Kron and NE; platform great all spiritual subjects; choice and test. II M. W. MALM. WANTED MAN TO DISTRIBUTE CIRCUIT " late; $4 per $100; Inelegant stamp; salary. > of Dl Aan'n.f buaco- It'lSlr'.' EVERY I.*NE iO '■ I 1 '' '■ •- RE »V price un c*<tk •u»*ea; bara la a »r««i ">r y*a; <>-J» 0; a ran««. large oTas, »U wa 01 taka yoor rtid itoya In part pay naiit' it yon want a aaat. duraWa »tor« at low jRk« otrrat. Ratjke building. war a VTED—AftK TOO A CATHOLIC TARK » you ttnamplofad* Will you work toe Its »«r w*o** Write today. J. R. Oay, to Fifth (T«uti», ( tlnji), 111- W ANTED AOENTsf SAMFLK SASHLOCC »* ;roe br maii for Jc tump; immaaaa, narl valta4; only gov* -na?n* iafatmA. baau weiubt*. »«ie* uuparaiialad; 112 a day. Bro feard. Pbliartalphla. *«' AN TED—THE DEARING MALE HELP vv rati get It at the city la sion frra of cost •»4 Comn ar<»tai street Talapbouj, 1017. WANTED B.'Y* FROIT 12 TO 14 YEARS »* eld at Air !> st laS. C»\"s ofH-a HTir WAJrTMt*— BBMALB. tr ANTED- HOI KEF PER r«»R WIIKJWER " and two boys. iiutli aainry but good borne. Inquire 71? Mouth Eighth street WANTED-LA DIES TO KNOW THAT HE ' » are «l<*ing out our anlir* str*k of summer bsta at ooat and below, do oo; I«ny a hat until TOU M« our prieaa and sly tea Tbe Bon Marclie, Fmut and Cedar straats. WANTED U'.'lM 1" K' v K r REF.D'S *' fine band-sswed sboea at J2.6h and 15.25; lor »cr wt« »3 50 and t ; g«*>d qtiality Oxford ti*» at |i and ILSi. The Bon Marebe, Front and Ce dar streata. w \NTH> I-ADY CANVASSERB FOR SEAT " Ur an i all other ftouad cities. Call or ad dr <<« C. C, 2&W Second street. WANTED LADIES TO I«EE OUR LINE OF '* cook St res Irom to np; tba best oook store lor the ra«n*v in *cattU>. they bare be«n going like hot cakes t* ia week Spelgar A llurltat, 411 Pike su «t. Ranks building W ANT > D A WOMAN OR CAP ABLE GIRL "■' r g( eral hou»awork at #,O {at month. ** Fifth streat. W ANTED—A NEAT YOUNG 1-Al'Y FOR "* ight boj*ew»ra. 10i» Chestnut *treet \v ANTED-LADY AGENTS; THE KAMK-T * » «!t>! • st pn ntabie thing to do i» to Mil tbe <r«ct KB<l f>rter. is arid information to tha Wasttirn Corset < ompany. St lx>uis, Ma \\' ANTED <i!KU IN FAMILY or THREE; '* Ugbt houaekoepsng. oneltiitMa go ?o her ewn buna »t n «rbt state wagwe U|mM. Ad dress UL tl, P<*t Sateiilgcneer. jrvrtorsx.T trAxrun-mtAiK. I *i 1 v WITH » H:U» DE*IRK« '* l-o»;ti<*u oj Mir kind; hwiwkM|it| prefer red Mr*. RO. \VA*TR» 1 A "IE? Tt» *>EE OUR LINE OF »' »t.>T«E fr >BI t* u|»; tha b»«l store L* money In tfcey have twea fo' :>g like hot tat ** this trr«k Spaigwr & Hurlbut, tltt )Mc afreet. Rtnkt hnlldinf >Nr)«irrvr ir 4NTI KXI 1 N !> >!-h.KK El " wiih 1 :*r--nt *lt k>-ep books or instruct. Frank River*. 1.1 Ma 1 asm \\ vM- Y. S*. MAN WITH EXPERT *' ,*i a tr< t«»i- .»••»>• <t* ev >c«ry S i;nes«: » HI 10* N*»*ee DM object Address H. I . P.»t-lota l .an.<a \t •vN I' ' HITH *TION OF *\ V KIN |> BY a> i t: £*■>*! AJd e«» A S, Po*s I»taiiig-,*oe%r. \\ : YOLNC. w\\ wjlll EXPERI " • «m*ut grocer* «. .1 turatahtng gov»u* bu*l »:c-s wis hee peal tlatr, will work chaap; refer a «ea. Ad lrw*a < lerk. oare Pwa; li'-ta' jx actr llMS'.n< % : • -Iff! R*i» I'M ARM At sT, re w ><• U r«iaU* of tat geh urge «<f si >re, wishce a attuaUo*», City «»r «.-'>untry t >«d refer a cortees ndenoa an. .'Had- Addraea I'har luecist, Puat-intelUganoer \t' vNTKU A U>t Nv. M\N W %NT» % «Tf " t >o milch harass tw>r<i(Mr wbite atianditif • "iov. Uwtbf rnikmj hi* axpenaaa. Addraaa b- \ \ik HMAbomlab. U'*srn» "-ITI ATI UN «'K any KIND «u«t hit* vcrk, aai f*H*l tnvantwi ar.4 f. ■ ■■*. bualuaa* r*an. but will taka bonoraKa att»rk oi «ay Slut. AJ«J:v«a» Ji I'uat lawU:*«« «*- rmKP rjirirf*. \i' w * . .\. \ u • > v * • a. «i ra *o I 1 maat ba»a a !<« fc'.:'dra4 doUara e«*b; *t«ta »r.i.>nai at rc-i --taaad. raiafatioaa ax«&aas«d. A J-"r»*» l>. D, [\ t l'<4t tataUigaatwr. \\ i n UINIR »l!ll Alt r « • *' i.' »aMr la to W*i . • r »• »»»i: «>(>» .n Coa*t. « M»a b«it an b«wi«ai. a- itwlK 1 taan • ,1- !:.« t*> wvfl na«4 as*war. K P. J.. IMaMstalU s ■'*- m 4 *r»r» *rji i trjrr VM U'T i\ K- NT\'N All t! >»N. *' maat U AUjro*a Kaauxa, t\*at li.u ;is«-i«ar. il- \MJ :» « ) \V Kbilt•>}' I. »M AI ! ■' i«prara4 Itrni and uutatprwr<«J |r» mnat '» hard tiWf* ~t rali and *t With A.m dJ >.ellt ,r#a, b »>ca \\ i invE »t - r R ' j t»a. ff Ii- ftfi, ft *vr Ha n M<wi WANTED, SI NXYSinai. | r.«v«r!t*. eutt * w». J*r diub an iat IkA . uohi I . *ra <t*a tuiaba** aad I. i aaaertyUtffe Ad «t;c*a i> AwU. *a » ted jf/#r eli. ** Eor*. WANTED-A WORE HOR*I 15 EX' HANGK far rem. »*u> K kinanMi hot*. W A -*liD -EVERY OMR TO GET OTE RE * * dace* pr-*mm* am toot, iww; bare <s a i:»t bargain 'trr yoe. 4-lvaie ratutt, -*nre «**a, sii, we wiu ui< r®«* ° id •*»*« i* r»*"- r*r m*vi; it y«= *i3i • naat datable »t»»e «X low prfe* gisa -;a • «mii Spencer * Harlb*it, 4i§ l*ske street, t«s. idler _ WANTED-TO HIRE FOR THREE MONTHS, ** £*od Mts. ve/:t aboat ijo 0 posads. asd ««>£» E.rneea AdSrea. Dnsar, care Part, Isu: mee WANT RN EXRHANGE FOR " rmi Mtata J. A -7 *>»t »»wt. WANTED-SECOND-HAND HOUSEHOLD '' gstCh Rt cnr «MlOBa>« be/or* t-hj at-.L S«- att> OatSUTE* Coiapaajr, UZI 'AM Froat »treet \1 •AN TO—FOR ' A«H. QUALITY GUARAN »* Mod. ai* tan ab:aslak. Uirao attai«r.t '.*«r». thrao sized aura aod clear*. Addrcaa. wita ear..eat date ol tiupctfct, <i. H-. Paat-latali-*ea ®er. KVERYB«JDY TO SEE fAMPLE EYERLAST -3* Wklte Brrxije *soanicau «ad staiiiary. Eo*«r Bryea, Oott»iaia baildtac- \I * ANTED—C'HEAP FOR CAtH, SECOND '' tead piaan. P- O Bo* !29C. U 'ANTED-2,*® CORD'S DRY OR GREEN rorlwoo*: houaeboid oaa seatue Tor ead bar re Coajesy WANTED *» *-<*!• ol ail k nda: tair deeiia# ao trade talk: ottr first bSvt .» oar beet offer. Nelaoe A Muaro. Ul» sateoad atreat. corner L ai 7*r»itr. WAnrtrn-BOAKDEm». WASTED—RUARrERS SUBURBAN HOME, '* '»a car Use; p:ea*sct hotae for children. Adirees tor particulars, 87, care Poat-lataili t«BW WASTED TO LEtAE. \Y*M£l>— TO LEASE SHINGLE MILL AD " givm* fall J. Compter) A Co., P. O. Hot v*9. Wa»h. Vi %TEI> TO MKVT. WANTED NKE HOME MUST BE CHEAP. " Address Cheap, Pest-IntaUleeneer. WASTED-TO RENT A SMALL FURNISHED * * booee ft r the *ummei. Address wuh full part cuiars. O IT*. Paat-In<a.lig«aeer. ANTI-— A 6-ROOM HOUSE OR 4 "Furnished housekeeping is well-furnished; to its or rooms furnished preferred if terms are reasonable and reasonable. Good, but would rent unfurnished if suitable; (Gift to trade and Information. P. O. Box 1015. Seattle TO RENT AS COUPLE PIANO **by a young lady Adress, stating amount of rent wanted. D.L E. Post-Intelligencer. WANTED TO RENT, ABOUT SEPTEMBER " 1. a 14-room house conveniently located. Address, giving location and price, Box 16U. atUa WANTED- IF YOU * ANT YOUR HOUSE!* ''Housekeeping or furnished rooms wanted, list them at 2* H in nek lev block. ROOMS AND BOARD. ABLE BOARD AT 12 FIFTH STREET. Two ROOMS in TABLE FOR GENTLEMEN only; fine table Mrs. Hater. 916 Ninth at. VIC'ELY FURNISHED ROOMS WITH BOARD 222 James ROOMS WITH OR WITHOUT BOARD, 800 Seventh street WOULD BE FURNISHED ROOMS WITH BATH; 15 and upward. 1319% Third at. 808 FURNISHED SUITE room; modern, line e Isw; cheap 804 Main, corner Eighth. FOR RENT ELEGANT LARGE FRONT room with alcove, food view, also light small room: prices very low. 1108 Third, between spring and Seneca. FOR RENT-FURNISHED ROOMS FOR housekeeping. 44 Epler block. FOR RENT-RENT YOUR OWN prices The Eismere. Third street. FOR RENT—FURNISHED ROOMS FOR housekeeping; 110 per month. 912 Jefferson street. FOR RENT-NICELY FURNISHED room in Renfrew addition, near car; with or without board. Address 2,12, Post-Intelligencer. FOR RENT—FURNISHED ROOMS WITH bath, for housekeeping; near Mason car line; easy walking distance; private family. Address X X. Post-Intelligencer. FOR RENT—FURNISHED ROOMS. 41* James street. KENT—TWO PLEASANT ROOMS FURNISHED FOR HOUSEKEEPING. 1420 Sixth Street. FOR RENT—4 ROOMS COMPLETELY FURNISHED FOR HOUSEKEEPING; PIANO, GAS, BATH. 810 Fourth Street. FOR RENT—4 ROOMS COMPLETELY FURNISHED FOR HOUSEKEEPING; PIANO, GAS, BATH. 810 Fourth Street. FOR RENT—FURNISHED ROOMS AT A REASONABLE PRICE; York house, second and Waller, 121 Second street. Mary Krtseger, 1015 Front street. For Rent—Furnished rooms with bay window; cheap. Fifth street, near Lake. For Rent—Housekeeping rooms; reasonable rates. transient, permanent. Yor a Keullworth tap. 1115 Front street. For Rent—Housekeeping rooms for rent or on suite. Yor a housekeeping room. Fourth and Madison. For Rent—Housekeeping rooms for rent, with steam heat, baths; also rooms for light housekeeping. Hotel Farrish, Front and Mrs. Farrish, proprietors. For Rent—Furnished or unfurnished rooms, back, front and back, front and back. Rent $10.00. House, Front and Union. V-)R RINT-n K.NMItU UOuKEKXKPING • rivias IK& Front street LV>R R1 Nt—NICELY Fl KNISHED ROOMS; F $< ;<r TBonttL Atktaa S.3 Colnmbm Wwi L'. R KKN*T-T*o rCKNHHin HOtTSE » kaajwvi« room* batb; cantral location; 94 taoath. Cb«r>;n, -I*th and Tike. L'"R REST-REACTin LLT Fl" RMsiIKD « laon; lustM ana tingla rooraar bath, c*«. telaphona; • aalai-t !»o !j and tranalant hot#., |>rtCM li ot*t L">R RJTVT -#1 RMaRKD KiX>MB; ICT » raua |r, fIJ an i 112 v*r momib, tail and iiMB-na 'h'.'R ri*T. aa4 Pit« atrtwu. rvm jtr%T n»n«i.*s vorir*. L'"A KENT-A r.K-»T<LA«* &V&OOM « . s * hwb I'rout (treat »iii latt •tt» r*at ««taU (or r*sL to room « C.otl it*ia but>diac. f o< r. 1 I I R »AR I •t T» Hi HARM « till a oao- <ran on back. Km Jar ; mm ratura to lit* t o4U<«. | .><T > !. * T >1 R GREAT RE- L ducts *a la r.v« »:*«», eardea to~a. artra aerara d.v r* *o4 n*&tajc aaotbar i«4 or ti. *• ttna«T>.it UmUw Aalv;r.a f*.. <•» <tut ra eaita.l. cur <"a.jr fc. >pcica» A Ilurltut, ttts Pita atra« t. Rant# bn<!i.. t r«rt r». 'IUKKN I I -<INK FED StrLL. H<*KnS * <kia*'. ap» OtiUMa hara fti» by a;-y> »- in* K> 3. f rano-At, a«ar «<».nl.aaJ !•»»*. as*l r«* C *\.«a*aa F' M M THE rLAi « Ti> BIT fti t'ND band b>ayali. ooly tour taft; «•« tv > * *rh-«ri fj-r »„ ,»aa maa * fo.'i; ta>> lad-.aa' *&<«.•, I- ) r«. h a-! tt**a t.- a.-a .3 (swd xauditoao. bicyatataairiai vary *p4k gvi A *.i l.Aa lUMVi t»aaAa bu.Uuts. Tin; SEATTLE POST-INTELLIGENCER," SUNDAY. JULY 1. 1894. /OX ME*T—HOt*EA. F>E RFNT-F? RNISHED «-ROOM rL»T; £r»x-e:sea. fi« Fifth. near UmAimmm attaet. F" >K RENT—HAN!►»<>*E *-Rf>OM tnsot; cota&iete sy farwcud; So* weco: w»U rest to ri(U -arrr. A. A. Cragia. dee* department * Soathw ek CABHST. FOB RENT—&-ROOM HOUSE, FURNISHED. I fat one year. S0 Foar <& F>R REST—6-RO»~M HOUSE ON COLUMBIA street, ekxe is, TS; T-rcoa 6«M« ON K'PAB- Mean strrct. s:.>; fr-rooss fceoae oa E.eTesth •tract, ntar Medicos. I3S; 9-ronm boaae oa Bee «RA HUL LIS; 6-RACAI fcaaae oa Yealer. f»; S-roo» boa** oa Lsk* street. 115; 7-room b»-i»* on Yeslcr. r.iwe in, fJt; 5-room hoase oa Union itre»:. fid; 7-«eam TOSM AA Bisnefcarti. tJi also Vrooa far*; abed boc«« oa ■traat, l>. per -loath, trisg ~C ia $iS taoatt; rsHtaura-t >n Fr nt «wtct. far:.com; * To par moaU:. ko an la «rery pan o{ tac City, ai: a:s«« «cd pr.«* call oa na beJora raarut*. Seattia ax4 r. Company, IST Co tombla atrtct. rooia A r)R RENT—T-RoOs< HOrsE; BATH. KICK yar<J, tocri cosa-:l:loa; low rea; to eareta* teaaati. Appif r<x>n» ? fcoat- q bloct. ti*>R REN T-7-ROOM HOC-E: MODERN: food yard; r%««p TOIL Roots D BBUQT Ua. FfOR RENT— HOUf E; MODERN IM pronffifau*, frnit: deuefce4 leccel Icquire €ll luUt« LtwtflU tr*rt. T^OR RENT—AR'x>M MODERN HOCBE. J. A si. Paiilipa, U4 Colatabsa at.-eet. Ir«OR RENT—ELEVF.NTH AND JA' KgON, A r- ia fiat, cioeeta, water, IT sft Appiy druonet- FJV)R RENT— MODERN A-ROO* HOUSE; ALL 2fi9 Btsrke baHdtoe. IX)R RE NT—*• ROOM HOUSE; MODERN IM -1 proeeiaeats; two blocks north Mafiiaon at. 112! aoTanth airaet. POR RENT—7-ROOM H<>C£E; BATHROOM; " t«( veen F.tin aad dixtb streets. Apply SJJ Main street. JFOR RENT-HOU-E. SEVEN ROOMS, MOD ern eocee-uerees; fall lot. on premises, H»2 street, corner Teeth. U*OR RENT— S ROOMJS; GOOD NEIGHBOR- J hood, near car*, yard, ibd 1213 Ki»c it Tj*Oß RENT-NEW S-ROOM BOCiiE; WALLA i Walla add; rent no object. Room D Bailey block. FJR RENT-HOUSES. HOUSEKEEPING wms. furnisbei room*; get l:»t before rent iar. Room 26 Hinckley. 12HJR RENT-NORTH SEATTLE. NEAR a power bouse, 6-room dwellings, 910, fr. Jul J Second. f[H>R RENT—FURNISHED HOUSE, CORNER Fourteenth and Spring streets; rest uomi ual to ANo 1 parties. Inquire from 2to i r)R RENT—ROOM HOUSE ON FIFTH ST. cheap. Apply 1523 Fourth. FOR RENT-FURNISHED 5-ROOM HOUSE, cheap ctn»e in. G R. Davit, ftli Third atraa:. Ij*Oß RENT—ON EIGHTH STREET, A - room boata: I* per mouth. Apply Queen City Laundry. Fourth and Pike. FfOR RENT-HOUSE, 219 MARIOS STREET, bctwean Second and Third. Apply Third straet. IJH>R RENT-HOUSES. FLATS, STORES AND offies in all parta of city. Pionaer Rental Co., only exclu»lve ran tat aeency in the city, room 12. Roxwaii Nock. Columbia atreet. Tele phone 1,042. Branch office Na 2317 Front atreet FiH>R RENT— MOUPRS. FLATS I make a specialty ol property cioae in. W a N. Redfleld, 6J2 Borxe buildinc- Ij«OR RENT-HOUSES AND COTTAGES: at jiza«, all price*: eall and examine before locating. W'm. P. Harper, 161 bqui'e-Latimer bik Ij*Oß RENT-LARGE IC ROOM HOUSE WITH modern improvement: cloee in; cars pass door; E* M per month. Inquire room Bai ley bunding. |,X)R RENT—HOUSES IN EVERY PART OF A tbe city; get a list of us before renting; no charge. Seattle Rent and Collection Company, 107 Columbia street, room 4. FOB BXCHAXGK. FOR EXCHANGE—FINE NEW COOK STOVE for your old worn out stove; lowest prices in the city; whole range, large oven, for $12; these prices are stunner for competitors to meet; another consignment of great value at lower prices than ever. S. Berger & Huribut, 41 Pike street. Ranke building. FOR EXCHANGE—WILL TRADE SEATTLE property, improved, unimproved, for Denver, Colo., property. Address D. V., Post-Intelligencer. FOR EXCHANGE—100 ACRES—FINE LAND in Nebraska, near the city of Incumbrance, for Seattle property. J. S. Morse, room 221 Burke building. FOR EXCHANGE—IMPROVED INCOME property that will carry fuel for years; lots J. S. Morse, room 224 Burke building. FOR EXCHANGE—NEW HOUSEHOLD goods, including cook stoves, for old goods. Seattle Outfitting Company, 1121 11 Front St. FOR EXCHANGE—FINE DRIVING HORSE for fall-blooded Jersey cow. Wittier, James power house. FOR EXCHANGE—FURNISHED FRUIT AND FARM lands desirably located in growing settlements. For sale, a valuable property. Room C. Bailey building. LADY WOULD LIKE TO BE CONNECTED with an old gentleman who has a good home. Address in confidence, J 555, care Post-1 in tail general. COMPETENT LADY MUSH TEACHER wishes to exchange lessons for room and board; must be A family. Address E£4 Post-1 in tel. engineer. BUTTER: BUTTER: CALIFORNIA SQUARES or rolls, fresh, 30c each. Cow Butter Store, Front and Pike. HUNT: PLEASE CALL AT 61S FINE ST. VJPE' IAL FISHING EXCHANGES TO CEDAR Lake and Upper Snug, via Lake Shore road, commencing Saturday, July 7. Reduced rate covering all expenses. For a day off and look over our counter; you will be amply repaid. Don't forget our cook store. Speer, Hurth, 4th Street. Rank Building. On a little means, wishes to correspond with a respectable young lady. Address P.D.Q., Postmaster. For sale, 50 feet rubber garden hose, $1.50 per yard, cotton hose, $1.50 per yard, door, cotton hose, $1.50 per yard, wire screen. We per yard don't forget the treat reductions on every store; new lines of carpentry, just the right size. S. Berger & Hurlbut, 5th Street, Rank Building. For our estate before you close, a sale of your grand house to go; we pay the best price coming. Seattle Outfitting Company, 1121-123 From Street. KOLIVER HAS FULL CONTROL OF The dancing corner, New York, features Kroni Street, Tuesday and Friday Bight TESTING, LADIES: -EMMA" best DE "Tapioca will answer your best and incites; g.»r*£it#r *«V.-d in interest 2-% or 24 • <.ualrattd citaf.*ut 6c by mail. Lama lo»i«t Pimr, Boatoc, Mass. I ADLER CAN GET THE BEST MATS AND BONDS delivered. jYad. ' '» an »»<«J ti# Iron* a lit* <M gaiaar* -T t*r !«*;«, C H *! »•, S. Y . and thoQMoOa Mora aqoal.y as praiUiul If yxru daasr* food tortena in >oaa <f bv*.n#a* ooriauli rae. Oolr *, .ra I turta. AattoiCQw, I*r«*rar K. ku*4> < t*. Ma KlslllNci TAt KI.K •rrnaa c>.>* •« at ma#oa*tH« ptieee: Sua imported tr • » (.a, •<• ili tar. Wtsttoa Com f&y. lis Coo a«rc.*i itreet. PI AXIkS x > 1 1-Ai' ' . s>rlo«ai, wic tax A H arpar sac * aad Har on »tmt* T ill OHIXti. ARTHCR I. COON, Mtk £R MEN S OAR 6tt. Jii < TAX to r k v i* r. V. ti;.., *kj.M »Tkkt-r Uril.TWj CHAXCES. F»R ?AI_C—SPLENDID «-H> LE RANGE, fl-; look at our artadew; Ua "«s* aad cseapeet sto*e» ia s«aui>: wa will tra«ie lor row old •tore; oar pr.eo* on ceo& po*!tiTeiy caa got ce oqtsaltad ia sawttic; If oar sA a the past week oa ©ooic Blare* are %cr ierOi titey wor; t la-t iocs -r*l»eri Hsrllwi, Cs Pike straoc, Ra&ke toafkllnc SYNDICATE SPECULATION*, THE SAFEST lor moderate :aT«*iots; lsr*e*t dlr-dea Js oa tba Aajaneaa Sya«l:cate, estobliahad Mo; eoeaerra: re asi ri. at>: re?er eaea. fIJ to SI,OOO iscreases rapij'y by oar pits; Bias a*! o? inft rrsaiiaa frae. A. 0. Haalltoa dc Ci, § Pacific areaua. Cbieapp. pOR iALE-FRUIT STAND CHEAP FOR i cash. Addreaa T. A., care Po*t-IstaUigan—t. R*OR SALE— AN >THER GREAT BARGAIN IN* I a resta-:ra=t; :->rnt; >a oestral: payias bij; cica estaoliabed btL.iacea. Hall, nxuc X 912 sceonJ stree:. FiP. SALE—DRUG STORE IN SUBURBS; N. O.'; will sel for tl -OL>; eatab- B-bc-1 St; year*. T. G. AiScn, D. D. R, Colo a:al bs.'.d nr. LUMBER AND SHINGLE MILL FOR RENT or sale. A fine chance for G. L. Faust, Pioneer Bank, Seattle. FOR SALE—SEAL ESTATE. FOR SALE—K WITH 6 FEET OF LEVEL, water frost, Port Frederick bay; 6 acres cleared; bare, etc.; as large acre. William Bremer, Owner, room 2, apartment, 616 Second Street. FOR SALE—FULL LOT AND 6-ROOM HOUSE in the city center of Ballard; also lot SCHO in Nob Hill addition to Seattle; will sell both property, as for $1,000. F. W. West, 23 Union block. FOR SALE—TIMBER LANDS. LARGE AND small tracts, very cheap. John R. Foster & Co., Washington block. FOR SALE—CORNER LOT. GOOD LOCATION, on car line. AT 913S cash, balance to suit buyer. J. S. Morse, 10 to 4 Burke Street. FOR SALE—5 ACRES OF FINEST GARDEN LANDS, partially cleared, mile from steamer, at $1 per acre. William Bremer, room 2, upstairs, 616 Second Street. FOR SALE—ONLY TWO EASY TERMS, STORY and small 6-room and back, Lake Dell addition, close to the city. Lake and Leach park, at great sacrifice. Call on E. Johnson, Puget Sound Machinery Depot, during noon hour. FOR SALE—HOUSE WITH TWO LOTS ON A Canal street, near Mason. Address T., Post-Intelligencer. FOR SALE—AT A BARGAIN, HOUSE AND two lots on East corner Spring and Eleventh; also one lot on the southwest corner South and Cherry. Chilberg & Perry, room "4 Hinckley block. FOR SALE—4x120 FEET NEAR PIKE -T.; good house: $96,069; $100 cash, balance long time 7 percent. J. S. Morse, room ILL Burke building. FOR SALE—TWO BEAUTIFUL LOTS IN a nice part of the city, worth $400; take $150 for the two; agree to double your money quick. George Dorffel, ground floor Holier blk. For Sale - Lot 100x100 with two 6-room houses; good location; $3,000; $1,009 cash. Balance to suit buyer. J. S. Morse, room 224 Burke building. For Sale - Several 5-room houses at half price, near Dorf, ground floor, Halter black. For Sale - 30 acres of good farm and fruit land north of Green Lake. $11,100; half cash, balance to suit buyer. J. S. Morse, room 324 Burke building. For Sale - 30 acres of good farm and fruit land north of Green Lake. $11,100; half cash, balance to suit buyer. J. S. Morse, room 324 Burke building. For Sale - Stucco and other buildings, including a good farm and timber land, within 10 miles of Tacoma. Apply to J. S. Morse, room 324 Burke building. For Sale - Stucco and other buildings, including a good farm and timber land, within 10 miles of Tacoma. Apply to J. S. Morse, room 324 Burke building. For Sale - Fine 6-Horse Range, 112; the best and cheapest stoves in Seattle; we will trade for your old stove; our prices on cook stoves positively cannot be equalled in Seattle. Spelger & Huribut, 415 Pike street. For Sale - Eggs! Eggs! Home Ranch, 10 dozen; Eastern eggs, 10 dozen. Cow Butter Store, Front street, near Pike. For Sale - 50 feet Rubber Garden. "Here, $3.50; 50 feet good cotton hose, $4; 50 feet best quality hose. $1.50; screen door, complete, $1.50; wire fly screen, 12c per yard; don't forget the great reductions on cook stoves: low prices on our new graniteware. Spelger & Huribut, 418 Pike street, Ranke building. FOR SALE—FRESH JERSEY MILCH COWS. Apply to L. Moore, opposite White House. FOR SALE OR RENT—TENTS, ALL SIZES. Sixth and Pike. Chapin. FOR SALE—FOX TERRIER TOPS; PURE bred; beauties; terms in the window this week. A. E. Guy, Druggist, 724 Depot street, corner Willow. FOR SALE—A GOOD HOLSTEIN BULL; 15 months old; raised from good stock. Apply to John Henry, Fremont, near Woodland Park. IfOR SALE-NO. 7 6-HOLE RANGE WITH -T reservoir; almost new; Apply 213 Commercial street yOR SALE-A THOROUGHBRED JERSEY ■a cow. Address P. O. Box 1572. IfOR SALE —GOOD HORSE; ALSO BUGGY and hardest; cheap; cash or ou time. 413 Seattle National Bank building, city. FfOR SALE-CHEAP, £V£-HORSE ELECTRIC power motor, good >s new. Call at Scandi navian-American bank lor further particular*. yoR SALE—OLD NEWSPAPERS. APPLY ■T at this office. ATTORNEYS AT I AW. CMITH <1 LITTELL vftoRNEYS AT LAW, *3 Rooms 40 and 41 Sullivan building. n ARRETT * JONES (THOS. A. GAP. RE IT. " Alex R. Jones). o3S> to 53)* Burke building. TVON WORTH x HOWE (GEORGE DON * ' worth, James B. Howe), lawyers, rooms 3H-41 lialler bull line. IENNER, I.E iii £ WILLIAMS (C. k_ JEN *' ner. L H L*gg. 8. T. Williams* attorneys at law. Rooms «o>*>7-40is Seattle National Bank building. V S>APP & FERRY, ROOMS 401 TO A 406 Pioneer building. PRATT A KIDDLE. ATTORNEYS AT LAW. Kcoms 309, Sl9, 311 Bailey building. L'LDER a HARDIN. ROOMS 119 TO 127 Aj squire- iAtimer building. |'\KR ds tREsTON (HAROID PRESTON, E ' M. Carr), attoraeya and counsallon at Uw, third floor Ploneor block. J," RANK R INuERSOLL, COl BAILEY BLOCK. W D. IJIMBUTH, SECOND AND JAMEa " • atroeta. ANDREW r. BRRLEIGH, ATTORNEY AT »*A LAW HURT* BUILI'.BSR. L'KK D H PETERSON. ATTORNEY A>*o * A: .AW. Coram ß YEIMR TTCAIM AND C'AIOACRRIT: ITRW. va TE\T*. HI * REYNOLDS, FORM ERLY EXAMINER • IA U. ? PATENT OFFICA; I«IENT BUAMASI A •facility. Amtcuaa ami {ore.cn ptucti PROMPTS I»AECR<»<L KIOM *4 FTOLLITAO W.V*. I»R kixg ji\n ci.KAjrix*t. 4»TTIVS JKTNTH PTE WOKES. IEM • * FRONT STREET. OA* FRANCISCO STEAM DYEING AND * 1 waning W OR**, nu &J® Second T'.RVAT I RACT.CA. AND FANRY CLT&SAN AND ayertof LADIAA' AND G*N*«' CLODING. IV ANDERS»N7I»YEITASD « LEANEJI OJ • AND G*&T»* CIOUUUG. FR.TB and JTRM BOOM ntSDEKI. THE ALJLEN AVALVEBT PRINTINU CO~ * PRIBMRA. PNB.»»HERA, BOOAT-ODERA ANA BLANK BOO* OAITTV, 7JD FROM »TREAS. TELILTAN BO:LLIAT. V ANTHONYS BINDERY. BLAMC BOOK I • s&analaet r«RA, w AA.'uniten ATREAT, corner T Tinefciai, ROOM* I *OD J, tarry BI*K, .-«ATUE, WAAFC. rwmtXK mm* axi> COMTKACTOM*. FRAV T KR] 1 H > »M I'A N \ - EN ' K'COAP* AN 1 <ONTRA TJR*. BRIDGA DMSTJJ.NC. HARBOR TUSPROTEMANTA AND G«NERAL C NTRACTIUF SC.- «<.A;T « NAI'OUAI BANK BUIIAIAF. COtL KCTOHS. RJEO. F ACST. SEATTLE NATIONAL BANC " * BTUMUAT NOCRRIO*. MIAS CHAPIN UIYES LESIONS AT YOUI CA-I T«VB B» THIRD AN J I SUA*. TjCTTER DO*S iOi9 AT THE row BTT- D tor Ssora, Front street. near fite i }«#- bar* ereamery. tresh 12 dauy. 2 pounds. fall w- raiT 4"( C , I->wm er?*s»ery, per p sad. 2;:,«: citinea roils. really alee, «aen 3e; ranch per tazs, I."* to kjCREE.V DOOM. WIRE FLY JHSEEN". O eroeaary and eh eken aettiag £s»t» »o?are-J A great leaacti--rs; UMM ebeap cook »wr<» bare rose »«in faster the past week. Speljer 4 Han but, 41* Pita street, Ratise tuildinj. P"»R SALE OR REST—TESTS, ALL SIZE®. Sixth aid Pike. Cbapi*. PET OCR ESTIMATE BEFORE YOU CLOSE V*a »ale oi your second-hand hot»«b«il gaoi*. we par h gheat r>r c» r<» ic *- Outfitting Compact l!2i-iTO Fniot street ■noß RENT—SQC ARE STEIN *A Y PTASO " eseap Raom 4 Colouisu b.oe*. BEST CURE FOR RHEUMATISM. APPLY tor information, U. R., P. (X Box e£3» As toria. Or. ATP PAPERS FOR SALE AT THE SCSI. A new office in this paper; he per bushel. TAPIC TAPESTRY AND GENERAL RE LUMBER Hardware Company, US Commercial Street. DEALER BROS. PIANO. A new, for sale cheap, for cash, for cash; an unusual barbed wire; call at once if you wish to buy; piano STUT M 10M this MT. Grant Avenue, 90S Second Street. OFFICES ARE IN THE New York block, rooms also. Office hours from 9 to 4. WINTER FIDELITY line of all musical instruments. Season at Marion streets. NOTICE TO CONTRACTORS. WASTED—SALED PROPOSALS will be received by the Board of County Commissioners of King County, Washington, at the office of the county auditor, in Seattle, until Monday, July 2nd, 1894, at 2 o'clock p.m., for the furnishing of general supplies for the Lake County almshouse and hospital for the period of three months from and after July 1, 1894. Said supplies are to be delivered at the place of business of the bidder, in or near Seattle, only on requisitions issued by F. A. Twiche, purchasing agent, at the sum of about $500. Everything furnished is to be of the best quality of the several kinds and grades specified, samples to be furnished when required. Goods found to be inferior to the samples or the grade or quality specified will be rejected and returned at the expense of the contractor. Payments for supplies furnished will be made by King county warrants payable to the order of the contractor and issued on the 17th of the month succeeding the delivery of the goods and tendering of satisfactory accounts. Each bid must state the price at which each of the articles specified therein will be furnished and shall be accompanied by a certified check in the sum of $500, the same to be forfeited to King county by the successful bidder in case of failure to enter into contract with good and sufficient sureties within five days after date of award. The board reserves the right to reject any or all bids or any portion of any bid and accept the remainder, and the award of any portion of the contract or any portion of any bid shall be as binding on the bidder as if the whole bid had been accepted. Bids shall be sealed and marked "Proposals for supplies king county," and shall be for furnishing the following articles in the amount designated, to-wit: Four, "Green thrown," by the barrel. Flour, "Patent Excellent," by the barrel. Flour, "Novelty A," by the barrel. Roiled oats (sample), by the cwt. Sugar, "granulated," by the barrel. Sugar, "C C" (sample), by the barrel. Crackers, "soda," by the cwt. Rice (sample), by the cwt. Coffee, "roasted" (ample), by the 30-lb. Tea, "black" (sample), by the chest. Baking powder, "Hercules," by the 5-lb cans. Maliases "common," by the box. Vinegar, "cider," by the sack. Salt, "table," by the sack. Pepper, "black" (sample), by the box. Soap, "Lennox" or "Emerald," by the box. Washing powder, "Gold Dust," by the case. Coal oil, "good quality," by the case. By order of the board of county commissioners of King county, F. A. TWICHELL, County Auditor and ex-Officio Clerk of said Board. Dated at Seattle, June 23, 1894. SEALED PROPOSALS WILL BE RECEIVED by the board of regents of the University of Washington at the People's Savings bank, Seattle, Wash., until 2 o'clock p.m., on the 10th day of July, 1894, for the furnishing of all labor and for the furnishing and putting in place of all material and apparatus required for the heating and ventilating apparatus to be placed in the main building of the University of Washington, now being constructed upon section 16, township 25 north, range 4 east, in the city of Seattle, Wash., according to and in accordance with plans and specifications therefor now on file in the office of Charles W. Saunders, architect, room 614 Bailey building, Seattle, Wash., to which plans and specifications reference is hereby made. The board reserves the right to reject any and all bids hereunder. Bidding hereunder is limited by law to cities of the state of Washington. Kara bid must be accompanied by a bond to the state of Washington in a sum not less than one-quarter of the amount of the bid, secured by two or more sureties, binding themselves in sums which shall aggregate at least twice the face of the bond, and each qualifying in at least twice the sum in which he obtains himself in the bond, said bond to be conditioned as required by the provisions of the act of the legislature of the state of Washington, entitled, "An Act providing for the location, construction and maintenance of the University of Washington, and making an appropriation therefor and declaring an emergency," approved March 14, 1893, which act is hereby referred to. BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON. By JAMES R. HATOES, President And by order of the Board of Regents of the University of Washington, Secretary. Dated at Seattle, Long county, Wash., June 26, 1893. WANTED - TENDERS RECEIVED AT office, Seattle National bank building, up to 11 o'clock. July 5, 1894, for about $600,000 feet of lumber, 6,000 cedar tea and fir and cedar lumber, delivered at railroad company's wharf, Honolulu, H.J.; certified check of $100 accompanying each bid to be forfeited in case the successful bidder fails to comply with the provisions of the act of the legislature of the state of Washington, entitled, "An Act providing for the location, construction and maintenance of the University of Washington, and making an appropriation therefor and declaring an emergency," approved March 14, 1893, which act is hereby referred to. Enter into contract with good and sufficient bonds to carry out his contract within ten days from the award; before bidding, bids are requested to call at office for full information about bids, delivering of lumber and arrange payments: right reserved to reject any or all bids. A. Keek, P. O. Box 736, Seattle, Wash. VOTICE FOR PROPOSALS—NOTICE IS hereby given that sealed proposals will be received by the board of commissioners of San Francisco county up to 12 o'clock noon of Monday, July 2, 1894, for furnishing the different county offices with plain and printed records for one year. Books to be of two sizes, 11x12 inches, 640 pages, and 11x12 inches, 600 pages. All books to contain the best quality of paper, such as is used for that purpose, and to be of the finest quality, with leather corners, the number, size, and style of size to be furnished when same is ordered. Bids must specify price of each style of book and to be accompanied with a sample of paper to be used. Board reserves the right to reject any or all bids. D. S. SWORDFERGER, County Auditor and Clerk of Board. San Francisco, Wash., June 30, 1894. THE NORTHERN PACIFIC LAND OFFICE, near Sutter, has moved from rooms 1 and 7 to rooms 2 and 3. Halter building. GREENHOUSE, WIRE, and crockery and chicken netting have suffered a great reduction; those cheap stove stoves have sold very last week, spatter & Hurlbut, 413 Pike street, Ranke. Building. W. B. T. MAN AT IT AGAIN IN RANCH For one week, the Eastern egg. We down; 5 dozen to fit. Cow Butter store, Front street, near Pike. ET OUR ESTIMATE BEFORE YOU CLOSE A sale of your second-hand book goods: we offer the highest price going. Seattle Outfitting Co. May, 11th-1123 Front street We offer a wide variety of goods at the Cow Batter Store. 14:3 Front at East. Seattle. Vol H E To UNDERTAKER-4—BIDS WILL be received until July 16, 1944, for the stock and business of the Cross Undertaking Company, established years, specializing on applications; terms reasonable. R. E. McCoy, Receiver. Seattle, Wash. ADIES, BRINGING GOODS! T. MAKE YOUR dresses, with or without accessories. In the family, on Scientific Tea or School, 3 Douthitt building, second, Y. Levy or VOCAL - A new year's work in music, including mandolin, piano, and violin. VASTED— TO BORROW FOR ONE OR TWO "**"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"* W. Ulis will bear fruit; improving will. W7 rsaaooabia ictsre-st. ASdraas M *6. Post; -1 ate!:.'reao»r. V HUGO SMITH & CO. HAVE MONEY TO ». kwa mi!->w rate on city property. ii< £*■*- u« Nation-i Bask JraUdiae YVARRANTS WANTED; ALL KINDS. HI >H '* «t ppen paud. *. IX Pwt.M * Cfc, t*ott »*.<r.U biOCk. ANTED—$1,300 FOR, 1 YEARS; " good security. A 3 tlies* XoMjr, «.*« Pc*s- Intelligencer. WANTED TO LOAN, 5 TO 5 YEARS. OS 1 itapruTfl dtf proper:▼ at l« per e«s. *m. P. HUTTER. So. 151 at the late ARRANGES — BEST MARKET PRICE PAID; * * safe in ions. Room Hi Washington bulidings. ONEY TO LOAN ON IMPROVED PROPERTY; Interest, terms, and time. S. E.,us.t Co., etc Bursa removal; confidential. 705 Second Street. Room 17. Money loaned on pianos, furniture, etc. H. C. Rittonhouse, 612 Uaioa but., 7LJ Front. MONEY TO LOAN ON REAL ESTATE, FURNITURE, and other good security. Room 512, Bailer Mock. MONEY TO LOAN ON FURNITURE, FURNITURE, or any good security; strictly confidential. H. Binnau & Co., 29 safe deposit building. MONEY TO LOAN OFFICES; OLDEST ESTABLISHED in the city; Uncle Harris' loan office, 3W Washington Street; liberal loans on diamonds, watches, and jewelry; lowest rates. or 13M TO LOAN FOR 2 OR 3 years at room 504 Seale National Bank building. All kinds of loans, mortgages, and other legal documents are handled with care. The company, located in New York, offers reliable services and is known for its reliable financial services. The company, located in New York, is known for its reliable financial services and is committed to providing financial assistance to its clients. The company also offers loans and mortgages, with a focus on personal and financial services. The company also offers loans and mortgages, with a focus on personal and financial services. The company also notes notes and mortgages, with a focus on the company's financial stability and customer satisfaction. In addition to these services, the company also offers loans and mortgages, with a focus on the company's financial stability and customer satisfaction. The company also notes notes and mortgages, with a focus on the company's financial stability and customer satisfaction. The company's commitment to excellence and customer satisfaction is evident in its commitment to excellence and customer satisfaction. With its commitment to excellence and customer satisfaction, the company remains the one to be. Allen, hia wf.e, dated August 25, A D. 1893, will on Saturday, the 3Jth day ot Jnne. A Dt. ISM, at 2:90 o'clock p. m., at the front door of the King county courthouse, in the city of Seattle, county ot King and state of Wa>hincton. ex pose to public sale and se.l to the highest bid* der tor cash, the lo!lowing described real estate, situs tod in raid county and state, and described as follows, to-wit: Beginning at tbe corner ot section* 11. 12, IS and It, in township '£> north, range 3 east, thence north 54.22 feet; thence north 66 deg. and 18 min. west SSsOS ieet to the place of begin ning, which is the northwest corner of the tract herein described; taence south 23 dcg. 12 min. west feet: thence south 06 de*. and 18 min. *sst2oOfeet; thence north 23 deg. 4: min. east vA) test; thence north 66 deg. and 13 min. west JQO feet to the piece of beginning, w;tb all and singular the saw mil' 1 , ary kilns and all otner improvements. machinery, etc. thereunto be longing. or in any wise appertaining. Stud sale will be made by the undersigned under and by virtue of the power vested in him in and by a certain deed of trust made by J. H. Allen and Lucy A. Allen, his wife, to the undersigned, dated August 23, 1893, and recorded in the office of the county auditor of Kings county, in said state, among the records of said county in volume 176 of deeds, at page 106, and under certain a agreement referred to in said conveyance and made a part thereof, dated August 25, 1893, between C. C. Coleman and C. C. Coleman, his wife, the parties of the first part, and Joseph F. Sinclair, David McVay, A. E. Pretty, J. W. Fletcher and Jennie Fletcher, his wife, the parties of the second part, in pursuance of a notice and request of the parties of the second part named in said agreement directed to the undersigned, recording that default had been made in the payment of the county and city taxes which matured subsequent to August 25, 1893, and September 27, 1893, assessed and levied on said premises, and that default had been made in keeping up and maintaining fire insurance upon the property aforesaid as required by said deed of trust and said contract. LESTER TURNER, Grantee and Trustee in Part Deed. Dated Seattle, Wash., May 29, A. D. 1893. Notice is hereby given that the sale of the above described property is Above advertised :s postponed and adjourned to Saturday, July 7, 1881, at the same place and at the same hour as stated, at the foregoing notice. LESTER TURNER, Grain and Grain Dealer in Said Deeds. Seattie, Wash., June 30, 1892 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT, KING a Washington, in the matter of Thomas F. Frasch, an insolvent debtor No. 10,416. Notice is hereby given to whom it may concern, by order of the court aforesaid, that Laramie Mayer, assignee of the above-named in insolvent, has filed in said court his seal report, and that the same will come on for hearing before Hon. J. W. Langley, one of the judges of said court, on Friday, the 6th day of July, 1892, at 1:30 p.m., at the courthouse in Seattie, Washington. LARAMIE MAYER. Assignee of Charles F. Frasch. June 25, 1892. WON'T YOU LIKE TO KNOW THAT Tools, cutlery, fishing tackle, and hardware specialties. Commercial street. JOB FEMALE. MR. ROPKEY, PRINTER, COLUMBIA building, Seattie, Wash. Christian Endeavor printing a specialty. PROFESSIONAL. L. ROPKEY, ANDERSON TEACHERS PEDAGOGY, geometry, a geography, Latin, Greek and English branches. 1087 Seventh street. CLAIM NOTICES. CONSTITUTION FLORANCE MARVIN, WHO PRE- dicted Seattle Are If you're in trouble, I need advice. If so, call on Madame Guy, trance medium. Our home, 151 V, Front street. MME. LA VIE, CLAIRVOYANT, TRANCE medium; toils past, present and future. Satisfaction guaranteed or no pay. Southwest corner of Sixth and Madison. MADAME SAN FRANCISCO, THE WONDER in the cause, 1416 Second street, near Madison. MRS. MOORE, BUSINESS MECHANIC; BATHS, vapor, electric and magnetic. Room 9, Epler block. MME. CLAIRVOYANT. PCTER WEST, INDEPENDENT STATE - A writing medicine - Price: Names dates, facts Instantly given; not a solitary question asked. But issues matters, missing persons, papers, property, hiddas treasurers, marr and divorce, health, death, lost affections restored, reunites the separated, causes happy marriages, peace at some. Drive away discord, sins, stammering, sinful habits, evil spirits, brings good luck and prosperity. Third. Hours to 1 Private sitting, ladies, satisfactory or no charge open Sundays and holidays. Mention this and other questions. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING - 9. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 9. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 10. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 11. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 12. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 13. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 14. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 15. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 16. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 17. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 18. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 19. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 20. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 21. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 22. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 23. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 24. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 25. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 26. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 27. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 28. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 29. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 30. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 31. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 32. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 33. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 34. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 35. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 36. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 37. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 37. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 38. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 39. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 40. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 41. TARIFF FULL - MIGHTENING 42. TAR Dr. A. KIBBE, Proprietor. Estate for the area of the city, offers rooms for rent. Cherry Street, near the city, offers rooms for rent. Dr. JOSEPH MOLDY, located in the heart of the city, offers rooms for rent. Dr. JOSEPH MOLDY, located in the heart of the city, offers rooms for rent. Dr. H. F. SMITH, located in the heart of the city, offers rooms for rent. Dr. BRAGDON, located in the heart of the city, offers rooms for rent. MRS. BLAKE. KBCRN GIVES b.'!. oarauc, nuufe, «t lwu " - room IA 1 » ao<l rCiro(«d!«t; » evboi cetb*. m f'Jz stree'. room 1. Drs. Merrill I M, 614 Front St. Seattle.***.
| 12,913 |
https://github.com/sugawaray/filemanager/blob/master/statement.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
filemanager
|
sugawaray
|
C
|
Code
| 101 | 309 |
#ifndef __STATEMENT_H__
#define __STATEMENT_H__
#include <string>
#include <sqlite3.h>
namespace ml {
namespace db {
class Record_receiver;
class Statement {
public:
Statement(sqlite3* db, const std::string& statement);
Statement(Statement&& source);
virtual ~Statement() throw();
void bind_parameter(int one_based_index, int value);
void bind_parameter(int one_based_index, const std::string& value);
int execute();
int execute(Record_receiver& receiver);
/*
* public use of this function is not intended.
* this is here for testing purpose.
*/
static int (* finalize)(sqlite3_stmt*);
private:
Statement(const Statement&) {
}
Statement& operator=(const Statement&) {
return *this;
}
int execute(Record_receiver* receiver);
bool step_and_receive(Record_receiver* receiver, sqlite3_stmt* record)
const;
sqlite3_stmt* statement_handle;
};
} // db
} // ml
#endif // __STATEMENT_H__
| 35,321 |
https://github.com/kevin-DL/m3o-go/blob/master/examples/event/consume/consumeFromATopic.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
m3o-go
|
kevin-DL
|
Go
|
Code
| 31 | 123 |
package example
import (
"fmt"
"os"
"go.m3o.com/event"
)
// Consume events from a given topic.
func ConsumeFromAtopic() {
eventService := event.NewEventService(os.Getenv("M3O_API_TOKEN"))
rsp, err := eventService.Consume(&event.ConsumeRequest{
Topic: "user",
})
fmt.Println(rsp, err)
}
| 16,736 |
https://github.com/mdb1710/portfolio2020/blob/master/src/components/contact.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
portfolio2020
|
mdb1710
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 25 | 61 |
import React from "react"
const ContactMe = () => {
return (
<div className="contact">
<h2>Contact Us Form coming soon!</h2>
</div>
)
}
export default ContactMe
| 9,239 |
https://github.com/arifahmedjoy/cornertable-android/blob/master/WoWonder/Activities/Live/Utils/LiveUtil.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
cornertable-android
|
arifahmedjoy
|
C#
|
Code
| 219 | 1,026 |
using Android.App;
using Android.Content;
using Android.OS;
using Android.Widget;
using System;
using Android;
using Android.Content.PM;
using WoWonder.Activities.Live.Page;
using WoWonder.Helpers.Utils;
namespace WoWonder.Activities.Live.Utils
{
public class LiveUtil
{
private readonly Activity Activity;
public LiveUtil(Activity activity)
{
try
{
Activity = activity;
}
catch (Exception e)
{
Methods.DisplayReportResultTrack(e);
}
}
#region Live
//Go Live
public void GoLiveOnClick()
{
try
{
switch ((int)Build.VERSION.SdkInt)
{
// Check if we're running on Android 5.0 or higher
case < 23:
OpenDialogLive();
break;
default:
{
if (Activity.CheckSelfPermission(Manifest.Permission.ReadExternalStorage) == Permission.Granted &&
Activity.CheckSelfPermission(Manifest.Permission.WriteExternalStorage) == Permission.Granted &&
Activity.CheckSelfPermission(Manifest.Permission.AccessMediaLocation) == Permission.Granted &&
Activity.CheckSelfPermission(Manifest.Permission.Camera) == Permission.Granted &&
Activity.CheckSelfPermission(Manifest.Permission.RecordAudio) == Permission.Granted &&
Activity.CheckSelfPermission(Manifest.Permission.ModifyAudioSettings) == Permission.Granted)
{
OpenDialogLive();
}
else
{
Activity.RequestPermissions(new[]
{
Manifest.Permission.ReadExternalStorage,
Manifest.Permission.WriteExternalStorage,
Manifest.Permission.Camera,
Manifest.Permission.AccessMediaLocation,
Manifest.Permission.RecordAudio,
Manifest.Permission.ModifyAudioSettings,
}, 235);
}
break;
}
}
}
catch (Exception exception)
{
Methods.DisplayReportResultTrack(exception);
}
}
public void OpenDialogLive()
{
try
{
var streamName = "live" + Methods.Time.CurrentTimeMillis();
if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(streamName) || string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(streamName))
{
ToastUtils.ShowToast(Activity, Activity.GetText(Resource.String.Lbl_PleaseEnterLiveStreamName), ToastLength.Short);
return;
}
//Owner >> ClientRoleBroadcaster , Users >> ClientRoleAudience
Intent intent = new Intent(Activity, typeof(LiveStreamingActivity));
intent.PutExtra(Constants.KeyClientRole, DT.Xamarin.Agora.Constants.ClientRoleBroadcaster);
intent.PutExtra("StreamName", streamName);
Activity.StartActivity(intent);
//var dialog = new MaterialDialog.Builder(this).Theme(AppSettings.SetTabDarkTheme ? MaterialDialogsCore.Theme.Dark : MaterialDialogsCore.Theme.Light);
//dialog.Title(GetText(Resource.String.Lbl_CreateLiveVideo));
//dialog.Input(Resource.String.Lbl_AddLiveVideoContext, 0, false, (materialDialog, s) =>
//{
// try
// {
// }
// catch (Exception e)
// {
// Methods.DisplayReportResultTrack(e);
// }
//});
//dialog.InputType(InputTypes.TextFlagImeMultiLine);
//dialog.PositiveText(GetText(Resource.String.Lbl_Go_Live)).OnPositive(new WoWonderTools.MyMaterialDialog());
//dialog.NegativeText(GetText(Resource.String.Lbl_Cancel)).OnNegative(new WoWonderTools.MyMaterialDialog());
//dialog.AlwaysCallSingleChoiceCallback();
//dialog.Build().Show();
}
catch (Exception exception)
{
Methods.DisplayReportResultTrack(exception);
}
}
#endregion
}
}
| 5,280 |
32621-8-8
|
Gutenberg
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Napoléon et Alexandre Ier (3/3)
L'alliance russe sous le premier Empire
|
Vandal, Albert
|
French
|
Spoken
| 9,975 | 17,360 |
Quand les formalités
d'usage eurent été entièrement accomplies, il parut que le cercle
touchait à sa fin: une grande partie de l'assemblée s'était écoulée déjà
dans les salons voisins: il ne restait dans la salle du Trône, avec le
corps diplomatique, que quelques ministres et «cordons rouges»; on
attendait le moment où l'Empereur allait faire prévenir l'Impératrice et
se rendre à la chapelle, pour entendre la messe et le chant du _Te
Deum_, lorsqu'on le vit se rapprocher du groupe dont faisait partie
Kourakine[266]. [Note 265: _Id._]
[Note 266: Les éléments du récit qui suit ont été puisés à
différentes sources: lettre de Maret à Lauriston, 25 août 1811; pièces
conservées aux archives des affaires étrangères (Russie, 153), sous le
titre: _Relation tirée des notes de l'ambassadeur d'Autriche_ et
_Rapport d'un ministre d'un prince de la Confédération_; extraits du
rapport de Kourakine, cités par Bogdanovitch, I, p. 31 et suiv.; rapport
du ministre prussien Krusemarck, analysé et publié en partie par
Duncker, 374-375, d'après les archives de Berlin. Tous ces documents
concordent sur les points essentiels.]
«Vous nous avez donné des nouvelles, prince», dit-il d'un air avenant. Il s'agissait de bulletins récemment communiqués par l'ambassade russe
et portant avis d'une rencontre en Orient, aux environs de Rouchtchouk,
entre les troupes que la Russie avait laissées sur le Danube, sous le
commandement de Kutusof, et l'armée ottomane. L'affaire avait été chaude
et indécise: les deux partis s'attribuaient la victoire. Kourakine vanta
la valeur de ses compatriotes: Napoléon rendit hommage à ces braves
gens, mais fit observer que les Russes n'en avaient pas moins été forcés
d'évacuer Rouchtchouk, leur tête de pont au delà du Danube, et qu'ils
avaient ainsi perdu la ligne du fleuve. En effet, suivant lui, on ne
pouvait se servir défensivement d'un fleuve qu'à la condition de se
garder le moyen d'opérer sur les deux rives: à Essling, il s'était
estimé vainqueur parce qu'il avait conservé Lobau, qui lui donnait accès
sur la rive gauche et prise sur l'armée autrichienne. Il développa ce
thème avec abondance, avec sa maîtrise habituelle, et fit, devant ses
auditeurs émerveillés, tout un cours de tactique. Renonçant à lui disputer l'avantage sur ce terrain, Kourakine convint
que les Russes avaient dû reculer, faute d'effectifs suffisants pour
maintenir leur position, et il attribua cette pénurie d'hommes à un
manque d'argent, qui avait obligé le Tsar à rappeler dans l'intérieur
de ses États une partie des troupes employées contre la Turquie. C'était
là que l'attendait l'Empereur, qui lui dit aussitôt, avec une bonhomie
narquoise: «Mon cher ami, si vous me parlez officiellement, je dois
faire semblant de vous croire ou ne pas vous répondre du tout: mais si
nous parlons confidentiellement, je vous dirai que vous avez été battus,
que vous l'avez été parce que vous manquiez de troupes, et que vous en
manquiez parce que vous avez envoyé cinq divisions de l'armée du Danube
à celle de Pologne, et cela, non par embarras de vos finances, qui s'en
seraient mieux trouvées de nourrir ces troupes aux dépens de l'ennemi,
mais pour me menacer.»
Les mouvements opérés par les Russes en avant de Varsovie devinrent
alors le sujet de la conversation. Avec vivacité, Napoléon fit sentir
que ces marches précipitées l'avaient d'autant plus ému qu'elles lui
avaient paru inexplicables: «Je suis comme l'homme de la nature, dit-il,
ce que je ne comprends pas excite ma défiance.» Il s'est donc vu dans
l'obligation de se mettre lui-même sur ses gardes; des deux côtés, on
s'est piqué, on s'est armé, on s'est livré à de vastes déplacements de
troupes qui continuent encore, et voilà les deux nations sur pied, en
face l'une de l'autre, prêtes à s'entr'égorger, sans s'être jamais dit
pourquoi. En effet, à qui fera-t-on croire que l'Oldenbourg soit le vrai motif de
la querelle? Entre grandes puissances, on ne se bat pas pour
l'Oldenbourg. D'ailleurs, la France a offert une indemnité; elle l'a
offerte «entière et complète», elle a réitéré à dix reprises ses
propositions, sans obtenir de réponse. Il y a donc autre chose: il y a
chez les Russes une arrière-pensée, et brusquement, violemment, Napoléon
tire le voile, met à découvert le fond mystérieux du litige. Il dit: «Je
ne suis pas assez bête pour croire que ce soit l'Oldenbourg qui vous
occupe: je vois clairement qu'il s'agit de la Pologne. Vous me supposez
des projets en faveur de la Pologne; moi, je commence à croire que c'est
vous qui voulez vous en emparer, pensant peut-être qu'il n'y a pas
d'autre moyen d'assurer de ce côté vos frontières.» Mais il importe
qu'à cet égard toute illusion cesse, que la Russie sache à quoi s'en
tenir, et ici l'Empereur s'anime terriblement. «Ne vous flattez pas»,
s'écrie-t-il, «que je dédommage jamais le duc du côté de Varsovie. Non,
quand même vos armées camperaient sur les hauteurs de Montmartre, je ne
céderai pas un pouce du territoire varsovien: j'en ai garanti
l'intégrité. Demandez un dédommagement pour l'Oldenbourg, mais ne
demandez pas cent mille âmes pour cinquante mille, et surtout ne
demandez rien du grand-duché. Vous n'en aurez pas un village, vous n'en
aurez pas un moulin. Je ne pense pas à reconstituer la Pologne;
l'intérêt de mes peuples n'est pas lié à ce pays. Mais si vous me forcez
à la guerre, je me servirai de la Pologne comme d'un moyen contre vous. Je vous déclare que je ne veux pas la guerre et que je ne vous la ferai
pas cette année, à moins que vous ne m'attaquiez. Je n'ai pas de goût à
faire la guerre dans le Nord; mais si la crise n'est point passée au
mois de novembre, je lèverai cent vingt mille hommes de plus: je
continuerai ainsi deux ou trois ans, et si je vois que ce système est
plus fatigant que la guerre, je vous la ferai... et vous perdrez toutes
vos provinces polonaises.»
Ainsi, en s'acharnant à une prétention inadmissible, la Russie s'expose
à une lutte aussi désastreuse que celles où ont succombé la Prusse et
l'Autriche: faut-il donc que le même esprit d'aveuglement et de vertige
s'empare successivement de tous les États et les entraîne aux abîmes? «Car», poursuit l'Empereur en changeant subitement de ton et en
affectant une modestie pleine d'impertinence, «soit bonheur, soit
bravoure de mes troupes, soit parce que j'entends un peu le métier, j'ai
toujours eu des succès, et j'espère en avoir encore, si vous me forcez à
la guerre.»--«Vous savez», ajoute-t-il, «que j'ai de l'argent et des
hommes.» Et aussitôt des visions à faire frémir, une fantasmagorie de
chiffres, un concours prodigieux d'armées s'évoquent à sa voix: «Vous
savez que j'ai huit cent mille hommes, que chaque année met à ma
disposition 250,000 conscrits, et que je puis par conséquent augmenter
mon armée en trois ans de sept cent mille hommes qui suffiront pour
continuer la guerre en Espagne et pour vous la faire. Je ne sais pas si
je vous battrai, mais nous nous battrons. Vous comptez sur des alliés:
où sont-ils? Est-ce l'Autriche, à qui vous avez ravi trois cent mille
âmes en Galicie? Est-ce la Prusse? La Prusse se souviendra qu'à Tilsit
l'empereur Alexandre, son bon allié, lui a enlevé le district de
Bialystock. Est-ce la Suède? Elle se souviendra que vous l'avez à moitié
détruite en lui prenant la Finlande. Tous ces griefs ne sauraient
s'oublier: toutes ces injures se payent: vous aurez le continent contre
vous.»
Devant ce débordement d'effrayantes paroles, Kourakine restait
interloqué, douloureusement ému de cette prise à partie qui le mettait
en cause et en spectacle. Il s'essayait pourtant à remplir son devoir, à
défendre de son mieux son pays et son maître. Mais comment parler devant
un prince qui transformait toute conversation en monologue? On voyait
l'ambassadeur s'épuiser en vains efforts pour placer quelques mots: on
le vit pendant près d'un quart d'heure rester la bouche ouverte, sans
que l'intarissable verve de son interlocuteur lui permît de commencer la
phrase qu'il avait sur les lèvres[267]. [Note 267: _Documents inédits_.]
À la fin, il profita d'un moment où Napoléon reprenait haleine pour
sortir de cette position ridicule, pour affirmer que l'empereur de
Russie restait «l'allié le plus fidèle de la France et même l'ami de son
souverain».--«C'est le même langage», interrompit Napoléon, «que vous
tenez à Pétersbourg à mon ambassadeur; mais que me servent des paroles
que les faits démentent et que vous démentez vous-même par la
protestation contre l'incorporation de l'Oldenbourg?»--«Est-ce donc»,
continua-t-il, «pour plaire aux Anglais que vous l'avez faite?» Et il
montra au loin l'Angleterre dominant l'horizon, tenant le fil de toutes
les intrigues, tirant et ramenant à elle la Russie. À l'appui de ce
tableau, il rappela les facilités rendues au commerce britannique, le
développement inouï de la contrebande, et fortement il insista sur ces
griefs, qui le remplissaient d'amertume. Dans les rares instants de répit que lui laissait l'Empereur, Kourakine
se bornait à dire que son maître n'avait rien tant à coeur que de
terminer le litige. Pour faire justice de ces allégations sans preuve,
Napoléon lui lança tout à coup une question catégorique et le mit au
pied du mur: «Quant à s'arranger, dit-il, j'y suis prêt: avez-vous les
pouvoirs nécessaires pour traiter? Si oui, j'autorise de suite une
négociation.»
Force fut à l'ambassadeur d'avouer qu'il n'avait point «la latitude
nécessaire pour conclure un arrangement»; il se hâterait toutefois de
faire connaître à Pétersbourg les désirs exprimés par Sa Majesté et ne
doutait point qu'ils ne fissent faire un grand pas à l'entente. Mais le
vague et l'embarras de cette réponse avaient une fois de plus éclairé
l'Empereur: «Écrivez, reprit-il avec scepticisme, je n'ai rien contre,
mais votre cour sait depuis longtemps ce que je viens de vous dire: je
l'ai dit à Tchernitchef, au général Schouvalof, et mes ambassadeurs
n'ont cessé depuis quatre mois de vous le répéter.»
Il le répéta encore lui-même, longuement, insatiablement, avec des
expressions à effet subitement dardées, avec un grand luxe d'images et
de métaphores. Pourquoi, disait-il, au moment où la Russie se trouvait
le plus fortement engagée sur le Danube, s'est-elle retournée et dressée
contre la Pologne? «Vous faites comme le lièvre qui a reçu du plomb; il
se lève sur ses pattes et s'agite affolé, s'exposant à recevoir en plein
corps une nouvelle décharge.» Pourquoi prolonger un état incertain, qui
n'est ni la guerre ni la paix? «Quand deux gentilshommes se querellent,
quand l'un, par exemple, a donné un soufflet à l'autre, ils se battent
et puis ensuite se réconcilient: les gouvernements devraient agir de
même, faire carrément la guerre ou la paix.» Mais non, la Russie préfère
se dérober à toute solution, elle semble vouloir éterniser le malaise
général, et c'est ce que l'Empereur, à grands coups d'arguments et de
répétitions, s'efforce de faire sentir à tous les diplomates qui
l'écoutent, au public européen qui l'entoure. Conservant une certaine
modération dans les termes et affectant le calme de la force, traitant
l'ambassadeur avec une sorte de bienveillante pitié, il continue à
frapper son gouvernement par-dessus sa tête: tout en rendant justice à
la bonne volonté de Kourakine, il l'accable d'une dialectique
inexorable. Enfin, après l'avoir tenu trois quarts d'heure à la torture,
il le laissa aller, et le pauvre prince se retira consterné, rouge et
suant à grosses gouttes, suffoquant d'émotion, étouffant dans son bel
habit doré, répétant «qu'il faisait bien chaud chez Sa Majesté». Cependant, comme il faut que tout entretien diplomatique se termine par
un appel à la concorde, les dernières paroles de l'Empereur avaient été
pacifiques: il avait exprimé l'espoir que la guerre et ses calamités
pourraient encore être évitées, si la Russie voulait s'expliquer
autrement que par énigmes. Mais que pouvaient ces vagues tempéraments
contre l'âpreté belliqueuse de toute son argumentation, contre l'éclat
menaçant de ses discours et cette subite décharge de sa colère? III
Le lendemain 16 août, retourné à Saint-Cloud, Napoléon se fit apporter
toutes les pièces de la correspondance avec la Russie, depuis l'entrevue
du Niémen. En même temps, le ministre secrétaire d'État au département
des relations extérieures, le duc de Bassano, était appelé à un _travail
avec Sa Majesté_: cela consistait à recueillir par écrit les réflexions
que suggérait à l'Empereur telle ou telle question, d'après ses éléments
et ses pièces, à enregistrer ensuite la décision prise. Le ministre
tenait la plume, arrondissait la phrase, tempérait parfois l'expression:
la pensée venait du maître. Il éprouvait le besoin de la mettre ainsi en
forme positive et dogmatique, afin de voir plus clair dans ses propres
idées, dans les raisons qui le déterminaient; c'était comme un rapport
qu'il se faisait à lui-même et dont les conclusions fixaient sa
volonté[268]. Cette fois, le problème à résoudre était celui-ci: «La situation de la
France avec la Russie est-elle de nature à ce qu'on doive craindre une
guerre, qu'il faille lever une nouvelle conscription et autoriser les
dépenses que les ministres de la guerre proposent[269]?»
[Note 268: Voy. plusieurs exemples de _Travail avec l'Empereur_ dans
ROEDERER, t. III, p. 562 et suiv.]
[Note 269: Le résultat du _Travail avec l'Empereur_ figure, sous
forme de volumineux mémoire, aux archives des affaires étrangères,
Russie, 153. BIGNON, X, 89 et suiv., et ERNOUF, 301-305, en ont publié
des extraits.]
La veille, parlant à Kourakine, Napoléon avait déclaré _ab irato_ qu'il
connaissait les exigences de la Russie et ne s'y prêterait jamais. Maintenant, il reprend la question et en délibère avec lui-même, de
sang-froid et à tête reposée. Avec son habituelle acuité de perception,
il va droit au noeud de l'affaire; il le débarrasse de toute ambiguïté,
l'extrait des incidents entassés à plaisir pour le couvrir et le
masquer: il le dégage et l'isole, le fait saillir en plein relief. Longuement, méthodiquement, il reprend toutes les déductions qui
l'amènent à croire que la Russie en veut à l'intégrité de l'État
varsovien. Doit-il ou non souscrire à cette prétention? C'est ce qu'il
examine ensuite. Il pèse le pour et le contre, met en balance les
arguments qui militent en faveur de l'un et de l'autre parti; aveugle et
rigoureux logicien, il aboutit enfin, par une suite de raisonnements
serrés, à se prononcer pour la négative, à préférer le conflit violent
et la guerre, et nous avons ainsi un mémoire justificatif de sa campagne
de 1812, dicté par lui-même. Tout d'abord, il pose en principe qu'une guerre avec la Russie serait
chose inopportune et fâcheuse; elle détournerait nos forces de l'Espagne
et nous obligerait à y laisser tout inachevé; elle occasionnerait une
effroyable consommation d'hommes, d'argent, et «ne produirait jamais des
avantages égaux aux sacrifices qu'elle aurait exigés». Il est donc à
désirer qu'elle puisse être évitée. Peut-elle l'être? Pour répondre à
cette question, l'Empereur retrace à grands traits l'historique de ses
rapports avec Alexandre Ier depuis l'alliance, se reporte par la pensée
à Tilsit, repasse par Erfurt, saisit dès 1809 le conflit en germe et
démontre irréfutablement que «la véritable difficulté de la position
actuelle» provient de la conduite tenue par les Russes avant et pendant
la dernière campagne contre l'Autriche, de leurs défaillances
diplomatiques et militaires. Si l'empereur Alexandre, comme Napoléon l'en avait conjuré, avait parlé
ferme à Erfurt et menacé l'Autriche, celle-ci eût senti la réalité de
l'alliance franco-russe: elle eût craint d'affronter en même temps les
deux grandes monarchies et eût renoncé à la guerre: aucun changement ne
se serait opéré sur les frontières de la Russie; la Galicie n'eût pas
changé de maître. «Si, la guerre ayant eu lieu, la Russie y avait pris
part, comme elle le devait, au moment même et en y employant des forces
considérables, elle serait entrée la première dans cette province, et
les troupes du duché de Varsovie n'y auraient paru qu'en auxiliaires. Le
contraire arriva. Les troupes du duché de Varsovie firent la conquête de
la Galicie orientale, les habitants de cette province prirent les armes
contre l'ennemi, et elle se trouva à la paix dans une telle situation
qu'elle ne pouvait être rendue à l'Autriche et que Sa Majesté fut
obligée de stipuler sa réunion au duché de Varsovie.» La Russie s'est
donc trouvée en présence d'une Pologne à demi reconstituée, qui excitait
ses inquiétudes. Les garanties données ou offertes--cession d'un
district de la Galicie, envoi des troupes varsoviennes en Espagne,
traité stipulant le non-rétablissement du royaume de Pologne--ont paru
insuffisantes, et la Russie est restée en alarme, prête à saisir la
première occasion pour porter atteinte à un ordre de choses dont elle
était responsable et qu'elle jugeait néanmoins incompatible avec sa
sécurité. Le prétexte dont elle s'est emparée a été l'incorporation de
l'Oldenbourg à l'empire français. «Les arrêts du conseil britannique
forcèrent Sa Majesté à réunir à la France les villes hanséatiques, pour
fermer les ports du Nord au commerce de l'Angleterre. Le duché
d'Oldenbourg fut compris dans cette réunion. La Russie intervint pour le
duc d'Oldenbourg. Le pays d'Erfurt fut offert en indemnité. La Russie la
refusa; au lieu d'en demander une autre, elle fit une protestation,
procédé sans exemple dans l'histoire des puissances alliées. Elle
commença sa protestation par des réserves, et elle la finit par
l'expression du désir de conserver l'alliance: ce qui signifiait assez
clairement qu'elle voulait faire beaucoup de bruit de l'affaire de
l'Oldenbourg sans pousser les choses à bout et en laissant un moyen
d'arrangement. «Ses projets commençaient à se développer. On vit qu'ils se dirigeaient
contre le duché de Varsovie, dont l'existence et l'agrandissement
l'alarmaient, et qu'ils tendaient, sinon à une réunion totale du duché
aux provinces polonaises russes, du moins à une réunion partielle qui
conduirait incessamment à son entière destruction. Le refus d'accepter
Erfurt comme indemnité avait été motivé sur ce que ce pays n'était pas
contigu à la Russie: or, le seul pays contigu à la Russie sur lequel Sa
Majesté pouvait avoir quelque influence est le duché de Varsovie. Des
insinuations verbales faites par le colonel Tchernitchef et par le comte
Roumiantsof avaient fait comprendre que l'affaire d'Oldenbourg
s'arrangerait, lorsque l'on s'entendrait sur les affaires de la Pologne. On conçut très bien alors comment la Russie était intervenue dans
l'affaire d'Oldenbourg; comment, en faisant sa protestation, elle avait
exprimé de nouveau son attachement à l'alliance; comment enfin, en
refusant Erfurt, elle n'avait pas fait connaître ce qu'elle désirait. «Si elle se trouvait blessée, pourquoi ne faisait-elle pas la guerre? Si
elle voulait des indemnités plus ou moins considérables, pourquoi
n'ouvrait-elle pas des négociations? Toute discussion entre des
gouvernements ne peut cependant finir que de l'une ou l'autre de ces
manières; mais la Russie voulait des choses qu'elle n'osait pas avouer. Elle voulait la cession de 5 à 600,000 habitants du duché en indemnité
de l'Oldenbourg. Cette conséquence de la protestation, des insinuations,
du silence même de la Russie, est évidente. «Tout porte donc à penser que la paix pourrait être maintenue, si l'on
voulait céder 5 à 600,000 âmes du duché de Varsovie à l'empire russe, et
Sa Majesté est dans l'opinion que s'il existait dans le duché une nation
à part de 5 à 600,000 âmes dont elle eût le droit de disposer, et
qu'elle pût, sans manquer à l'honneur, réunir à la Russie, cette cession
serait préférable à la guerre. Mais toutes les parties du duché ont la
même origine, sont composées des mêmes éléments. Elles appartiennent
toutes au même peuple, qui, quoique partagé, existe toujours dans ses
droits. À mesure qu'un des membres qui en avait été séparé est réuni à
un autre, il se confond avec lui pour faire un corps de nation. Telle
est l'existence actuelle du duché de Varsovie. Ce qui tendrait à le
diviser tendrait à le détruire; la Russie ne l'ignore point; elle sait
très bien que si elle parvenait à faire faire une marche rétrograde au
duché, il n'en resterait pas là; que lorsqu'il aurait perdu 5 à 600,000
habitants, sa perte totale s'ensuivrait à la première circonstance
favorable: que lorsqu'il verrait ses intérêts abandonnés par celui qui
lui donna l'existence, elle pourrait espérer de l'attirer à elle; que
quoique les Polonais ne puissent quitter sans regret les lois
paternelles et libérales du roi de Saxe, ils seraient portés à faire ce
sacrifice pour acquérir une situation définitive, car le plus grand
malheur pour une nation, c'est l'incertitude sur son avenir; qu'enfin il
suffirait que l'existence du duché de Varsovie fût attaquée dans un de
ses éléments quelconques et qu'il cessât de compter sur la protection de
la main puissante par laquelle il existe, pour porter tout ce qui reste
de la Pologne vers la Russie. «Ces raisonnements sont justes. Il est constant que la cession de 5 à
600,000 habitants entraînerait celle de tout le duché. La question doit
donc être posée d'une autre manière. Il faut examiner s'il convient à la
France d'agrandir la Russie du duché tout entier. «Cet agrandissement porterait les frontières de la Russie sur l'Oder et
sur les limites de la Silésie. Cette puissance que l'Europe, pendant un
siècle, s'est vainement attachée à contenir dans le Nord, et qui s'est
déjà portée par tant d'envahissements si loin de ses bornes naturelles,
deviendrait puissance du midi de l'Allemagne; elle entrerait avec le
reste de l'Europe dans des rapports que la saine politique ne peut pas
permettre, et en même temps qu'elle obtiendrait de si dangereux
avantages par sa nouvelle position géographique, elle aurait acquis en
peu d'années, par la possession de la Finlande, de la Moldavie, de la
Valachie et du duché de Varsovie, une augmentation de 7 à 8 millions de
population, et un accroissement de force qui détruirait toute proportion
entre elle et les autres grandes puissances. Ainsi se préparerait une
révolution qui menacerait tous les États du Midi, que l'Europe entière
n'a jamais prévue sans effroi et que la génération qui s'élève verrait
peut-être accomplir. «Sa Majesté est donc décidée à soutenir par les armes l'existence du
duché de Varsovie, qui est inséparable de son intégrité. L'intérêt de la
France, celui de l'Allemagne, celui de l'Europe, l'exigent; la politique
le commande, en même temps que l'honneur en ferait plus particulièrement
un devoir à Sa Majesté.»
La seconde partie du mémoire traite du litige commercial et économique. L'Empereur rappelle l'ukase prohibitif du commerce français. Il insiste
sur l'ouverture des ports russes aux marchandises coloniales et y voit
la négation même des règles du blocus. Si graves que soient ces mesures,
elles ne sauraient pourtant, prises en elles-mêmes, constituer un motif
valable de rupture: «il faudrait plaindre les États qui se battraient
pour des intérêts partiels du commerce.» Mais les faits incriminés ont
une valeur essentielle à titre d'indications et de symptômes; ils
marquent une évolution progressive de la Russie vers l'Angleterre, ils
trahissent chez elle une partialité pour nos ennemis, un désir de
rapprochement qui conduira peu à peu les deux États à une réunion
complète, et l'Empereur est résolu à ne pas attendre cet aboutissement
inévitable de la politique russe pour «soutenir ses droits par les
armes. Si la France, pour éviter la guerre, préférait laisser la Russie
faire la paix avec l'Angleterre, elle ne parviendrait point à son but. Une paix faite par un allié avec l'ennemi commun, non seulement sans un
accord préalable, mais en violation des traités, amènerait promptement
une mésintelligence ouverte qui porterait bientôt la Russie à
s'abandonner sans réserve à l'Angleterre. Nous la verrions mêlée dans
ses intrigues, et la guerre serait le résultat inévitable et prochain
d'une position si singulière.»
Ainsi, sous quelque point de vue que l'on envisage le différend, la
guerre est au bout: tous les raisonnements de l'Empereur, toutes les
parties de son discours, comme autant d'avenues convergentes, ramènent à
la même conclusion: nécessité de la guerre. Cette guerre, Napoléon
entend plus que jamais la faire offensive. Mais l'état actuel de ses
préparatifs, retardés par leur grandeur même, s'oppose encore à cette
initiative. Puis, les négociations avec l'Autriche, avec la Prusse, avec
toutes les puissances qu'il importe d'enrôler dans nos rangs, sont
restées à l'état d'ébauche. Enfin, la saison est trop avancée pour
permettre en 1811 une série d'opérations fructueuses. Dans le Nord, où
la grande difficulté pour l'envahisseur est de se pourvoir en
subsistances et surtout en fourrages, la saison propice aux hostilités
est la fin du printemps: alors, l'épanouissement d'une végétation
tardive, mais exubérante, «fait naître le fourrage sous les pieds des
chevaux[270]»: la cavalerie, l'artillerie, les équipages militaires
trouvent sur place à se ravitailler, sans recourir à de difficiles et
dispendieux transports. C'est à cette époque que la Prusse orientale et
la Pologne, avec leurs plaines fertiles et leurs vastes prairies, se
formeront pour nous en dépôt d'approvisionnements créé par la nature, en
grenier d'abondance. [Note 270: Paroles de Napoléon lui-même. _Recueil de la Société
impériale d'histoire de Russie_, XXI, 374.]
Par tous ces motifs, décidant la guerre, Napoléon décide en même temps
et encore une fois de la différer: il en fixe l'époque au mois de juin
1812. Tous ses efforts d'ici là ne tendront plus qu'à gagner du temps. Mettant une sourdine à sa colère, il va exprimer de nouveau et sans
relâche à la Russie le désir de traiter, bien certain qu'on ne le
prendra pas au mot et qu'il peut impunément multiplier ses invites. Sous
le couvert de ces démonstrations pacifiques, il poussera à fond ses
armements et ses levées. Simultanément, sa diplomatie reprendra contact
avec l'Autriche et la Prusse, avec la Suède et la Turquie, afin qu'il
n'ait plus, au moment décisif, qu'à cueillir des alliances parvenues à
maturité. Ainsi, sans bruit et sans éclat, tout se préparera pour la
grande entreprise. Enfin, lorsque toutes nos forces seront en ligne,
lorsque nos alliances seront formées, lorsque Napoléon verra arriver
l'heure marquée dans ses profonds calculs, il donnera brusquement le
signal: après avoir mis près d'un an à tendre et à bander les ressorts
de sa puissance, il les lâchera brusquement, donnera l'impulsion aux
cinq cent mille hommes réunis sous sa main, viendra à leur tête aborder
impétueusement la Russie. Voilà le plan grandiose et félin qui s'est
esquissé dans son esprit dès le début de l'année et auquel il s'arrête
définitivement en août 1811; il le fixe alors sur le papier: il
l'indique en quelques mots dans le mémoire du 16 août, avec les actions
diverses que ce plan comporte et le dénouement foudroyant auquel elles
doivent aboutir: c'est comme une règle de conduite qu'il se trace par
écrit, pour plus de méthode, et à laquelle nous le verrons
rigoureusement s'astreindre. Les considérations développées, dit le mémoire, «n'ont laissé aucun
doute à Sa Majesté sur la question dont elle cherchait la solution». En
conséquence, elle a prescrit trois séries d'opérations parallèles. Elle
a ordonné de continuer les négociations avec la Russie; elle a ordonné
que «des négociations soient ouvertes avec l'Autriche et avec la Prusse,
afin que, si d'ici à six mois la Russie persiste dans son système
ironique de se plaindre sans cesse et de ne s'expliquer sur rien, Sa
Majesté puisse établir un nouveau système d'alliances par des traités
qui ne seraient signés qu'à l'expiration de ce terme». Enfin, Sa Majesté
a ordonné que «dès à présent les armées soient mises sur le pied de
guerre, afin que le mois de juin arrivant, époque où la saison devient
favorable aux opérations militaires dans les pays où Sa Majesté devrait
porter ses armes, elle soit en mesure, si elle est forcée à la guerre,
de venger la foi des traités qu'on ne jura jamais en vain, de défendre
le duché de Varsovie et de le consolider en ajoutant à son étendue et à
sa puissance». On remarquera que l'Empereur, dans cette dernière partie du mémoire,
affecte encore de s'exprimer sur la guerre en termes dubitatifs; il
termine même en paraphrasant la maxime qu'il qualifie de banale: «_Si
vis pacem, para bellum._» Mais quelques réticences voulues, quelques
phrases de pure forme sauraient-elles prévaloir contre l'ensemble du
texte et l'orientation générale des idées? Dans un document destiné à
rester, un souverain n'avoue jamais qu'il va délibérément et de parti
pris à la guerre, lors même qu'il la veut et la décrète intimement. Au
reste, tout projet humain, fût-il conçu par le plus volontaire des
hommes, laisse une part à l'inconnu et aux contingences de l'avenir. Napoléon ne jugeait pas tout à fait impossible que la Russie, épouvantée
par nos préparatifs, consentît au dernier moment à rentrer dans
l'alliance sans conditions ni garanties. Seulement, il se réservait en
ce cas d'exiger des sacrifices proportionnés aux efforts et aux dépenses
que les Russes lui auraient occasionnés: il n'entendait pas faire pour
rien une immense et coûteuse expédition jusqu'au seuil de leur empire. Non content de les assujettir à ses volontés sur tous les points en
litige, il leur retirerait les avantages concédés à Erfurt, les
priverait de la Moldavie et de la Valachie, les réduirait pour longtemps
à un état d'impuissance et de nullité, et certains passages de son
mémoire ne laissent aucun doute sur cette intention de les traiter en
vaincus, lors même qu'ils viendraient à lui et s'humilieraient au seul
contact du fer. Au fond, il n'admet plus qu'une solution par les armes,
une capitulation de l'adversaire sous le coup ou sous la menace
immédiate de la défaite. C'est en ce sens que les journées des 15 et 16
août 1811 inscrivent une date décisive dans l'histoire de la rupture:
elles marquent l'instant où Napoléon renonce à toute idée de
transaction, où il se promet d'imposer purement et simplement la loi par
la pression de ses armées, et ajourne en même temps à l'échéance de dix
mois cette grande contrainte. CHAPITRE VII
SUITE DES PRÉPARATIFS. Réponse d'Alexandre aux paroles de l'Empereur.--Nouvelles demandes
d'explications.--Instances à la fois pressantes et vagues.--Ce que ni
l'un ni l'autre des deux empereurs ne veulent dire.--Coup d'oeil sur nos
préparatifs et nos positions militaires.--Dantzick.--L'armée
varsovienne.--Les contingents allemands.--L'armée de Davout.--L'armée
des côtes.--Camps de Hollande et de Boulogne.--Oudinot et Ney.--L'armée
d'Italie.--La garde.--Entassement d'hommes et de matériel.--Minutieux
efforts de l'Empereur pour assurer les vivres, le ravitaillement, les
transports: moyens employés pour vaincre la nature et les
espaces.--Universelle prévoyance.--Napoléon excessif en tout.--Il ruse
tour à tour et menace.--Il se laisse volontairement espionner.--Travail
parallèle d'Alexandre.--Formation des armées russes en deux groupes
principaux.--Barclay de Tolly et Bagration.--Alexandre cherche à
reprendre la libre disposition de son armée d'Orient en hâtant sa paix
avec la Porte.--Service demandé à l'Angleterre.--Napoléon incite les
Turcs à continuer la guerre.--Causes de sa lenteur à s'assurer de
l'Autriche, de la Prusse et de la Suède.--Dangers de cette
politique.--Bernadotte rentre en scène.--Départ de la princesse
royale.--L'été à Drottningholm.--Contrebande effrénée; rapports avec
l'Angleterre.--Langage de la France: modération relative.--Le baron
Alquier part spontanément en guerre contre la Suède.--Note
injurieuse.--Réplique sur le même ton.--Scène extraordinaire entre
Alquier et Bernadotte.--Déplacement de l'irascible ministre.--Mise en
interdit de Bernadotte.--Il reprend sa marche vers la Russie.--Erreur de
Napoléon sur la Suède.--Alternatives de rigueur et de longanimité.--Une
crise s'annonce en Allemagne; elle peut avancer la guerre et en changer
les conditions. I
À l'apostrophe lancée au prince Kourakine, Alexandre fit le 25
septembre, par communication diplomatique, une réponse calme et digne,
où il se défendait énergiquement d'avoir jeté un regard de convoitise
sur aucune partie de la Pologne varsovienne[271]. Mettant à profit le
vague et l'obscur de ses insinuations antérieures, il protestait contre
l'interprétation qu'on prétendait leur donner; il affectait de n'avoir
jamais désiré ce qu'il n'avait pu obtenir. [Note 271: BOGDANOVITCH, I, 33.]
Napoléon prit acte de ces déclarations, mais répliqua aussitôt: Puisque
vous ne voulez rien de la Pologne, que voulez-vous? Entrez en matière
sur les intérêts de la maison d'Oldenbourg, parlez net; nous sommes
prêts à vous écouter. Et périodiquement, de mois en mois, il invitait le
cabinet de Pétersbourg à sortir de sa réserve, à lui envoyer un
négociateur spécial ou à munir Kourakine des pouvoirs nécessaires pour
faire un arrangement[272]. À ces demandes, Alexandre répondait par ses
plaintes ordinaires, par des doléances sans conclusion, et délayait en
phrases évasives ses refus de traiter. Ces fins de non-recevoir prévues
n'empêchaient nullement l'Empereur de renouveler ses avances en vue d'un
accord dont il ne spécifiait pas les bases. Ainsi se maintenait entre
les deux souverains un conflit stagnant. Tous deux évitaient de se
dévoiler et de trancher la grande équivoque. La véritable question en
jeu était maintenant celle du blocus, mais Alexandre n'en parlerait
jamais le premier, et Napoléon était résolu à n'en parler qu'à la tête
de cinq cent mille hommes. Le duc de Bassano faisait à Lauriston cet
aveu: «Je vous le dis encore pour vous seul, Monsieur, l'affaire
d'Oldenbourg est peu de chose pour la Russie et pour nous. Les intérêts
du commerce et du système continental sont tout... Cette explication ne
vous autorise point à aborder ces questions et à sortir de la mesure qui
vous est prescrite[273].» Le ministre recommandait à l'ambassadeur, il
est vrai, de s'éclairer discrètement sur les dispositions que
témoignerait le cabinet de Pétersbourg «si ces questions étaient
abordées[274]»; mais l'Empereur, malgré cette formule interrogative, se
rendait parfaitement compte que la Russie, ayant répudié presque
ouvertement et trahi le système continental, n'y rentrerait jamais de
plein gré, qu'il faudrait l'y ramener d'autorité, et il rassemblait sans
relâche, coordonnait, multipliait à l'infini ses moyens d'invasion. [Note 272: _Corresp._, 17394, 18242, 18245.]
[Note 273: Lettre confidentielle du 19 novembre 1811.]
[Note 274: _Id._]
Ce travail se poursuit d'un bout à l'autre de l'Europe française. Au
nord, l'avant-poste de Dantzick devient presque une armée, composée de
bataillons français, polonais, westphaliens, hessois et badois. Dantzick
n'est plus seulement une place munie de toutes ses défenses et se
suffisant à elle-même: c'est «le grand dépôt pour toute la guerre du
Nord[275]», un magasin abondamment pourvu, un atelier de construction et
de réparation. Il y a là des fonderies, des usines, des chantiers en
activité, car il importe que la Grande Armée, lorsqu'elle passera sous
Dantzick pour entrer en Russie, trouve dans la ville de quoi compléter
ses munitions et refaire son matériel. Sur la droite de Dantzick,
Napoléon augmente l'armée varsovienne, n'admet plus de différence entre
les états portés sur le papier et les effectifs réels: il vient en aide
à l'administration locale et lui fait passer des subsides, tout en lui
reprochant de mésuser de ses ressources[276]. [Note 275: _Corresp._, 18140.]
[Note 276: _Id._, 18300, 18477.]
En arrière de la Vistule, les garnisons de l'Oder reçoivent des renforts
et se composent désormais de troupes exclusivement françaises. Dans la
région de l'Elbe, Davout commande maintenant à quatre divisions. Napoléon lui en forme peu à peu une cinquième. Surtout, fidèle à ses
procédés, il grossit les divisions déjà existantes par une lente
infusion de détachements divers: dans ces moules tout formés, il fait
couler insensiblement la matière humaine. Davout a 72,000 hommes
d'infanterie; 13,000 sont en route pour le rejoindre: ils porteront les
compagnies à l'effectif de 150 hommes, les bataillons à 900, les
régiments à 4,500[277]. Autour de Davout et en arrière, les princes de
la Confédération sont invités «à remonter leur cavalerie et à préparer
leur contingent[278]». L'Empereur donne une attention particulière aux
troupes saxonnes, aux divisions westphaliennes, et les tient prêtes à
marcher aux côtés de notre armée d'Allemagne. [Note 277: _Id._, 18170, 18175, 18187, 18208, 18215, 18226. Cf. les
réponses de Davout, aux Archives nationales, AF, IV, 1654-1656.]
[Note 278: _Corresp._, 18333.]
En Hollande et dans la France du Nord, une autre armée de quatre
divisions était en train de se former. Échelonnée sur le littoral depuis
le pas de Calais jusqu'à l'Ost-Frise, s'appuyant aux camps de Boulogne
et d'Utrecht, elle regardait la mer et semblait faire face aux Anglais:
pour mieux donner le change, Napoléon l'avait nommée: _corps
d'observation des côtes de l'Océan_. En réalité, elle était destinée à
passer en Allemagne par un changement de front, par une conversion à
droite, et à former deux corps de la Grande Armée. Vers la fin de
l'année, les troupes massées autour d'Utrecht et de Nimègue viendront se
poster entre Munster et Osnabrück et y attendront de nouveaux ordres:
celles de Boulogne se dirigeront sur Mayence. L'Empereur songe d'abord à relier les premières, lors de leur entrée en
Allemagne, au corps de Davout, et à constituer au maréchal une armée de
deux cent mille hommes, comprenant neuf divisions[279]. Mais Davout
s'alarme de ce surcroît de charge et de responsabilité: dans une lettre
remarquable, qui fait honneur à sa modestie autant qu'à sa connaissance
profonde des vrais principes du commandement, il rappelle à l'Empereur
que le maniement direct de neuf divisions excède les forces d'un seul
homme[280]. Napoléon se rend à ces raisons; il décide de donner aux
troupes de Hollande un commandant en chef spécial et d'en faire une
puissante unité sous les ordres d'Oudinot, duc de Reggio; il confiera à
Ney, duc d'Elchingen, les masses qui arriveront de Boulogne. [Note 279: _Id._, 18218, 18285.]
[Note 280: Lettre du 4 novembre 1811. Archives nationales, AF, IV,
1656.]
Dès à présent, de tous les points du territoire, les conscrits
rapidement éduqués affluent dans les camps des Pays-Bas, s'y mêlent à
de vieux soldats, achèvent de se former à leur contact. Le matériel se
réunit à la Fère, Metz, Mayence, Wesel, Maëstricht, afin que les deux
corps le prennent en passant. D'un mouvement analogue, toutes les forces
disponibles de l'Italie remontent vers le centre de formation établi au
pied des Alpes, entre Brescia et Vérone: là s'établit, sous Eugène, une
troisième armée, destinée à déboucher en Allemagne par Ratisbonne et à
prendre rang dans la grande colonne d'invasion. Chaque corps se compose
individuellement ses états-majors, son personnel administratif, ses
services auxiliaires, ses parcs, se complète en munitions et en chevaux. Indépendamment des cinq brigades de cavalerie légère affectées aux corps
d'Allemagne, Napoléon en crée huit autres, sans fixer encore leur
destination: il crée cinq divisions de grosse cavalerie, deux en
Hanovre, une à Bonn, une à Mayence, une à Erfurt, la dernière sur le
Mincio. Quant à la réserve générale de l'armée, elle est tout indiquée;
ce sera la garde. Répartie dans le triangle compris entre Paris,
Bruxelles et Metz, la garde rappelle à soi les détachements et les
cadres envoyés en Espagne, grossit et enfle sur place, arrive à un
complet et magnifique épanouissement. Avec ses grenadiers, voltigeurs,
tirailleurs, fusiliers, chasseurs, flanqueurs, avec ses vélites royaux
et ses bataillons italiens, l'infanterie comprend maintenant quatre
divisions; la cavalerie en forme deux, l'artillerie possède deux cent
huit pièces[281], mais les régiments ne quittent pas encore leurs
garnisons ordinaires et leurs quartiers de paix. Ainsi, sur des points
divers, sous des dénominations différentes, se constituent toutes les
parties de la Grande Armée future: Napoléon confectionne séparément les
pièces de l'organisme, en attendant qu'il les ajuste, qu'il les soude
les unes aux autres, qu'il les monte et les dresse en un formidable
appareil[282]. [Note 281: _Corresp._, 18281, 18333, 18365, 18400, et en général
toute la _Correspondance impériale_ depuis août 1811 jusqu'à février
1812. Désormais, il n'est presque plus de jour qui s'écoule sans être
marqué par l'expédition d'un ou de plusieurs ordres.]
[Note 282: _Corresp._, 18337, 18355-18356.]
Comme les guerres précédentes et surtout celle d'Espagne ont dévoré en
partie ses meilleurs régiments, il veut suppléer à la qualité par la
quantité, vaincre et écraser par le nombre. Sur tous les points de
réunion, il entasse régiments sur régiments, fait des brigades et des
divisions avec des éléments de toute sorte, puissamment amalgamés et
pétris; il croit n'avoir jamais assez d'hommes, assez de contingents: il
attire ses plus lointaines ressources, envoie au prince Eugène des
Dalmates et des Croates, promet à Oudinot d'autres Croates, qui
combattront à côté de bataillons suisses, fait venir à Paris et passe en
revue deux régiments de Slaves à demi sauvages, de _haydoucks_ qui
guerroyaient naguère contre le Turc sur les confins de l'Autriche. Il
jette en Allemagne des bataillons portugais, d'autres en Hollande, et çà
et là, dans les différents corps, des régiments espagnols apparaissent,
décimés par la désertion et grelottant de fièvre, dépaysés et
emprisonnés dans nos rangs. Puis, c'est une accumulation d'artillerie. Comptant moins sur les
hommes, Napoléon veut avoir plus de canons; il en a déjà six cent
quatre-vingt-huit, avec quatre mille cent quarante-deux voitures
d'artillerie[283]; il en aura davantage. Sachant aussi qu'en Russie son
grand ennemi sera la nature, qu'il engage contre elle un duel
redoutable, il tient à munir ses soldats de tout ce qu'il faut pour la
vaincre, pour s'ouvrir des chemins, aplanir les routes, supprimer les
espaces, créer des communications, franchir les fleuves. Il donne au
corps du génie des proportions inusitées: il tient à posséder trois
équipages de ponts, servis par un corps spécial et par les marins de la
garde: il en fait rassembler lui-même les différentes pièces, les
énumérant et les citant par leur nom, afin que l'on n'en oublie aucune:
par ses soins, chaque équipage devient un mécanisme parfait et délicat
comme un ressort d'horlogerie. Pour mieux assurer le bien-être et
l'endurance de ses troupes, pour les mettre à l'abri du dénuement et des
intempéries, il leur compose des réserves d'habillement, un rechange
complet d'habits, de linge et de chaussures. Il n'oublie pas de
commander «vingt-huit millions de bouteilles de vin, deux millions de
bouteilles d'eau-de-vie: total, trente millions de liquide, ce qui
abreuverait toute une armée pendant une année[284]» Enfin, pour voiturer
l'effrayant fardeau d'approvisionnements que l'armée doit traîner à sa
suite, il recourt à tous les modes connus de transport et de locomotion:
il multiplie le nombre des véhicules; il en invente de nouveaux,
commande des caissons d'un modèle perfectionné, recrute des chevaux de
trait par milliers, lève des bataillons de boeufs, organise un immense
matériel roulant, destiné à suivre nos colonnes, à s'enfoncer avec elles
dans les profondeurs de l'Est. [Note 283: _Corresp._, 18281.]
[Note 284: _Corresp._, 18386. Cf. le n° 18404.]
Jamais sa pensée n'a tant embrassé, ne s'est montrée à ce point féconde
et créatrice: jamais il n'a mêlé une science aussi raffinée du détail à
d'aussi larges conceptions d'ensemble, et c'était pourtant cette
universelle prévoyance qui l'acheminait plus sûrement aux désastres. Son
tort, si invraisemblable que le fait paraisse, fut l'excès même de ses
précautions: ce fut de ne vouloir rien laisser aux chances de l'imprévu
dans l'expédition qui en comportait le plus, de mettre trop de prudence
dans sa grande aventure, de raisonner à outrance ses témérités et de
prétendre en assurer mathématiquement le succès. Il donnait ainsi à
l'oeuvre géante une complexité qui la disproportionnait encore davantage
aux facultés humaines. L'armée qu'il se composait, énorme, surchargée et
épaissie d'éléments hétérogènes, lourde d'impédiments, réussirait moins
aux tâches d'élan et d'entrain où excellaient naguère ses souples
armées: elle offrirait plus de prise aux accidents de guerre ou de
climat qui pourraient la désagréger dès le début ou la frapper
d'impotence: l'une des raisons qui firent échouer l'entreprise fut la
grandeur même et la perfection des préparatifs. Par un jeu double et fortement calculé, Napoléon dissimulait certains
de ces préparatifs et montrait les autres. On a vu avec quel soin il
cachait l'introduction de nouveaux groupes en Allemagne et celait ses
efforts pour loger des instruments d'agression aux portes mêmes de la
Russie. Il voulait faire croire qu'il ne donnait encore à aucune partie
de ses troupes une direction offensive, qu'il ne marquait point par des
jalonnements déjà imposants ses futures positions d'attaque. Par contre,
il avouait hautement qu'en présence de l'attitude inexplicable
d'Alexandre, il se croyait tenu d'armer, qu'il armait à force, que tout
se levait dans l'intérieur de ses États, et que la France, s'il fallait
en venir finalement à la guerre, l'engagerait avec un ensemble de moyens
dont elle n'avait jamais disposé. «L'Empereur ne veut point la guerre,
il fait tout pour l'éviter, mais il a dû se mettre en état de ne point
la craindre[285]»: tel était le langage prescrit à sa diplomatie. Lui-même citait des chiffres à effrayer l'imagination: il disait à des
auditeurs bien placés pour transmettre au loin ses paroles: «Non, je
suis sûr que l'empereur Alexandre ne se fait aucune idée de toutes les
forces que je puis employer contre lui; l'ayant connu personnellement et
ne pouvant m'empêcher de l'aimer et de rendre justice à ses bonnes
qualités, j'en suis réellement très fâché pour lui[286].» L'effet de ces
menaces indirectes serait peut-être de faire trembler la Russie et de
vaincre son obstination: peut-être la verrait-on, à l'instant où nos
armées s'ébranleraient, s'abattre misérablement devant elles et se plier
aux plus dures exigences. Dans tous les cas, ainsi avertie, elle se
sentirait moins disposée à risquer une attaque, à nous prévenir sur la
Vistule. [Note 285: Lettre de Maret à Latour-Maubourg, 14 septembre 1811.]
[Note 286: Conversation avec le ministre de Prusse, rapportée par
Tchernitchef le 12 janvier 1812, volume cité, 282.]
C'était dans le même but que l'Empereur continuait à fermer
systématiquement les yeux sur les intrigues de Tchernitchef, dont il
ignorait d'ailleurs toute l'étendue. Il se doutait bien que le jeune
officier, resté depuis le mois d'avril à Paris où il semblait avoir élu
définitivement domicile, rôdait autour des bureaux de la guerre: mais où
serait le mal s'il attrapait au passage quelques renseignements,
quelques états de situation, propres à lui faire vaguement connaître
l'immensité de nos moyens? Les notions qu'il transmettrait à sa cour, à
la suite de ces découvertes, ne la porteraient guère aux aventures. Malgré les airs inquiets et les mines déconfites de Savary, Napoléon
laissait agir Tchernitchef, quitte à l'arrêter lorsque les choses
iraient trop loin et à le prendre sur le fait. À demi instruit de nos apprêts, Alexandre ne restait pas inactif. À vrai
dire, il ne pouvait plus guère augmenter ses armées, ayant fait appel
depuis longtemps à tous ses effectifs disponibles: il venait encore
d'avouer à l'ambassadeur d'Autriche que les corps étaient «au parfait
complet[287]». Il se reposait avec quelque confiance sur ses vingt-sept
divisions, ses cinq cent quatorze bataillons, ses quatre cent dix
escadrons, ses cent cinquante-neuf compagnies d'artillerie, ses seize
cents bouches à feu[288]: «mais, disait-il, il ne faut pas s'endormir
pour cela: je mets à profit le temps qu'on me laisse[289].»
[Note 287: ONGKEN, rapport de Saint-Julien publié à la suite du tome
II, p. 611 et suiv.]
[Note 288: BOGDANOVITCH, I, 37.]
[Note 289: ONGKEN, _loco citato_.]
Il essayait d'améliorer l'organisation militaire de l'empire, de
simplifier et d'assouplir les rouages, de renforcer les réserves. Par
ses ordres, on préparait de nouveaux appels, la levée de quatre hommes
sur cinq cents parmi les jeunes gens en âge de servir; mais ces
contingents ne seraient en état de paraître devant l'ennemi qu'après de
longs mois d'instruction. Actuellement, l'état-major s'occupait surtout
à disposer, conformément au plan imaginé par Pfuhl, les troupes sur
pied. Les armées de la frontière, rangées jusqu'alors l'une derrière
l'autre, se mêlaient pour se distribuer ensuite en deux groupes
principaux, placés sur la même ligne. Le premier se formait autour de
Wilna, en arrière du Niémen: il composerait l'armée principale, celle
qui reculerait vers le camp retranché de Drissa et en ferait le centre
de la résistance; le ministre de la guerre, Barclay de Tolly, prendrait
sous sa direction immédiate ce grand rassemblement. Le second groupe se
formait au sud de Wilna, près de Prouzany, derrière le Bug; ce serait
l'armée chargée de tenir la campagne et de harceler l'ennemi,
d'effleurer continuellement son flanc droit, de fatiguer les Français
par une guerre d'escarmouches et de surprises, de les obliger à
combattre toujours, sans jamais leur offrir l'occasion de vaincre. Le
commandement de cette deuxième armée, réservé d'abord au général Lavrof,
serait confié finalement à l'impétueux Bagration; une troisième, sous
Tormassof, se tiendrait en réserve et serait utilisée suivant les
circonstances. C'était dans cet ordre que l'on comptait affronter la
guerre défensive, sans préjudice des efforts à tenter, au début des
hostilités, pour entamer momentanément le duché de Varsovie ou la Prusse
orientale et déconcerter l'adversaire par cette rapide incursion[290]. [Note 290: _Mémoires de Wolzogen_, 77-79.]
Dans leur groupement nouveau, les armées russes remettaient en ligne
sous une autre forme les deux cent cinquante à deux cent quatre-vingt
mille hommes que le Tsar avait mobilisés dès le début de l'année. C'était à peu près tout ce qu'il pouvait opposer à l'invasion, obligé
qu'il était de maintenir des corps assez importants en face de la Perse,
dans le Caucase, sur le littoral de la mer Noire, dans le pays des
Cosaques et en Finlande. Pour accroître les forces disponibles, il n'y
avait qu'un moyen: achever la guerre de Turquie, reprendre ainsi la
libre disposition des troupes que Kutusof commandait sur le Danube et
qui se montaient encore, malgré les distractions opérées, à plus de
quarante mille hommes. Alexandre s'y employait activement, s'efforçait
de précipiter à leur terme les négociations avec la Porte et voyait dans
cette oeuvre de diplomatie le complément indispensable de ses mesures
stratégiques. Pour amener les Turcs à la paix, il se résignait à de nouveaux
sacrifices. En janvier et février, il avait voulu se faire céder les
Principautés entières pour en repasser la majeure partie à l'Autriche,
qu'il espérait séduire. Éconduit à Vienne, il renonçait à trafiquer des
deux provinces, consentait à restituer aux Turcs ce qu'il avait offert
aux Autrichiens, c'est-à-dire la Valachie entière et une moitié de la
Moldavie, en gardant toujours pour lui la Bessarabie et la portion du
territoire moldave comprise entre le Pruth et le Sereth. Résolu à
négocier sur ses bases, il se mit en quête d'un intermédiaire qui pût
instruire officieusement la Porte de ses concessions et les faire
valoir, préparer et ménager un accord. L'idée lui vint de s'adresser à
l'Angleterre: préjugeant son rapprochement avec elle, il lui fit
demander par communication secrète de le traiter d'avance en allié et de
le servir à Constantinople, où Pozzo di Borgo travaillait déjà depuis
une année à lui assurer le bon vouloir de la mission britannique. Le
cabinet de Londres se préparait à accréditer auprès du Sultan un
ministre, M. Liston, en place d'un simple chargé d'affaires; à la
sollicitation d'Alexandre, Liston fut chargé de transmettre et d'appuyer
les propositions de la Russie[291]. Il devait arriver à son poste vers
la fin d'octobre; c'était alors que la négociation s'entamerait,
aboutirait peut-être, et débarrasserait le Tsar de l'importune
diversion. La paix avec les Turcs aurait en outre l'avantage d'améliorer
les relations avec l'Autriche et conduirait peut-être à obtenir de cette
puissance, à défaut d'un concours sur lequel il ne fallait plus compter,
une neutralité strictement garantie. [Note 291: Ce fait a été révélé par Alexandre lui-même à l'envoyé
suédois Loewenhielm. Correspondance inédite de Loewenhielm, mars à mai
1812; archives du royaume de Suède.]
Sentant que le principal effort de la diplomatie russe se tournait vers
l'Orient, Napoléon s'appliquait à le contrecarrer. Dès le 14 septembre,
il faisait insinuer aux Turcs qu'un accommodement avec leur ennemi
serait désormais une défaillance sans excuse, car le secours était
proche. Sans leur dire encore que sa rupture avec Alexandre devenait
inévitable, il ne leur défendait pas de le croire: «Si le Divan,
écrivait Maret à Latour-Maubourg, était persuadé que la guerre aura
lieu, et s'il faisait, d'après cette opinion, de nouveaux efforts pour
la continuer lui-même avec vigueur, ne détruisez point ses dispositions
et laissez-lui penser tout ce qui pourra donner plus d'énergie à ses
opérations militaires.» Le 21 septembre, Latour-Maubourg était invité à
renouveler la demande faite au printemps, à réclamer l'envoi en France
d'un plénipotentiaire ottoman, avec mission de négocier «un arrangement
et un accord d'opérations». Pour effacer toute trace de mésintelligence, Napoléon descend aux plus
petits moyens. Au temps de l'intimité avec Alexandre, il avait négligé
de répondre à la lettre par laquelle le sultan Mahmoud lui avait notifié
son avènement, et ce manque de procédés avait fait à l'orgueil musulman
une cuisante blessure. Aujourd'hui, si l'on revient à Constantinople sur
cet incident, Latour-Maubourg pourra dire que l'Empereur a parfaitement
répondu au message du Sultan, qu'il lui a écrit de Vienne pendant la
dernière campagne, mais que la lettre est tombée sans doute aux mains de
partis ennemis ou s'est égarée au milieu du désordre inséparable d'une
grande guerre. À l'appui de cette fable, le chargé d'affaires présentera
un duplicata de la lettre soi-disant perdue, une pièce qu'on lui expédie
de Paris pour les besoins de la cause. Dans cette copie d'un original
qui n'a jamais existé, l'Empereur s'astreint à toutes les formules de la
phraséologie orientale; il dit à Mahmoud: «Je prie Dieu, très haut, très
excellent, très puissant, très magnanime et invincible empereur, notre
très cher et parfait ami, qu'il augmente les jours de Votre Hautesse et
les remplisse de gloire et de prospérité, avec fin très heureuse[292]»;
et il exprime le voeu de voir l'union des deux empires, «qui fut
l'ouvrage des siècles», redevenir inaltérable. [Note 292: Archives des affaires étrangères, Turquie, 222.]
S'étant promis pareillement de reprendre les pourparlers avec
l'Autriche, la Prusse et la Suède, il n'y mettait aucune précipitation,
car il craignait toujours que des liaisons positives et difficiles à
cacher n'avertissent la Russie de ses volontés hostiles. Ayant décidé en
principe de faire traîner jusqu'en janvier 1812 la conclusion de ses
alliances avec les deux cours germaniques, il ne recommençait pas même à
poser des jalons, s'en tenait avec l'Autriche aux paroles échangées
pendant les premiers mois de l'année, défendait toujours à la Prusse
d'armer, fût-ce même en sa faveur, l'invitait durement à n'attirer
l'attention sur elle par aucune démarche inconsidérée, à ne point se
mêler, humble et faible qu'elle était, à la querelle des grands. Quant à
la Suède, dont il craignait encore plus les emportements, il entendait
ne la mander qu'à la dernière heure; apprenant que Bernadotte continuait
à rassembler des troupes par provision et à tout événement, il blâmait
ces mesures, conseillait impérieusement de les suspendre[293]. Il
voulait que depuis la Baltique jusqu'au Danube, personne ne bougeât qu'à
son commandement: à Vienne, à Berlin, à Stockholm, on devait attendre
patiemment l'heure de sa bienveillance, sans chercher à la devancer,
sans donner l'alarme à Pétersbourg par un empressement inopportun. Mais
ce système de ménagements perfides envers la Russie lui préparait
d'assez sérieux mécomptes, l'exposerait à manquer des alliances
insuffisamment préparées. Si l'Autriche montrait un calme relatif, les
deux autres États s'agitaient, l'un par ambition et malaise, l'autre par
peur, et ne se jugeaient plus en position d'attendre. Les nonchalances
voulues de notre politique, ses lenteurs calculées, vont nous mettre en
péril de perdre la Prusse; déjà, elles nous ont aliéné de nouveau la
Suède, qui recommence à se détacher de nous et à s'échapper de notre
orbite. [Note 293: _Corresp._, 17916.]
II
Depuis l'arrêt de la négociation entamée avec la Suède au printemps et
dans laquelle Napoléon avait offert la Finlande à qui lui demandait la
Norvège, Bernadotte avait renouvelé quelques allusions à l'objet de ses
rêves. Comme l'Empereur continuait à faire la sourde oreille, il s'était
tu: désespérant à peu près d'obtenir de la France ce qui lui tenait au
coeur, comprenant que dans tous les cas Napoléon ne lui laisserait
jamais dicter les conditions de l'alliance, se jugeant par cela même
méconnu et délaissé, il revenait insensiblement à l'idée qui répondait
le mieux à ses rancunes personnelles, celle de demander la Norvège au
Tsar et d'en faire le prix d'un accord actif avec la Russie. Une circonstance d'ordre intime contribuait alors à l'isoler de la
France. La princesse royale allait le quitter, n'ayant pu s'habituer à
vivre dans le pays où elle devait régner. «Son Altesse périt d'ennui»,
écrivait un diplomate[294]. À Stockholm, elle n'avait su ni s'occuper,
ni plaire; ses journées s'écoulaient dans une oisiveté boudeuse, et les
soirées, où les dames de la cour avaient conservé l'habitude de filer en
devisant paisiblement, lui paraissaient d'une insupportable longueur. Sa
seule ressource était la compagnie d'une dame française, sa grande
maîtresse et sa confidente, madame de Flotte, qui s'ennuyait plus
qu'elle, et dont les doléances achevaient d'assombrir son humeur. Puis,
il y avait entre elle et le couple royal des froissements, des heurts:
la jeune femme ne pouvait comprendre qu'il existât encore dans le monde
une cour où l'on n'eût pas adopté, en ce qui concernait la manière de
passer le temps, le train de vie et jusqu'aux heures des repas, la mode
de Paris, et la violence qu'on lui demandait de faire à ses goûts, à ses
usages, achevait de lui faire prendre en horreur le séjour de
Stockholm[295]. À la fin, n'y pouvant plus tenir, elle allégua une
raison de santé pour s'éloigner, annonça l'intention de faire une cure à
Plombières et partit pour la France en déplacement d'été. Cette
villégiature devait durer douze ans[296]. Privant Bernadotte de la
compagne qui mettait auprès de lui un rappel vivant de la patrie, elle
le laissait plus exposé aux influences ennemies. [Note 294: Alquier à Champagny, 20 mars 1811.]
[Note 295: Correspondance de Tarrach, 31 mai.]
[Note 296: Voy. l'ouvrage sur _Désirée, reine de Suède et de
Norvège_, par le baron HOSCHILD, p. 62.]
Néanmoins, si sa pensée recommençait à incliner vers la Russie, cette
évolution ne se manifestait encore par aucun signe extérieur: entre les
deux courants qui se la disputaient, sa politique restait en apparence
stationnaire. À cette heure, il semblait que sa grande occupation fût
toujours de soigner sa popularité; jamais on ne l'avait vu plus affable,
plus porté à ériger la banalité en système. Pour atténuer le fâcheux
effet produit sur les dames de la société par le départ de la princesse,
il leur faisait la cour à toutes, réparait par ses empressements les
dédains de sa femme et se montrait aimable pour deux[297]. Il continuait
aussi à visiter les provinces et ne perdait pas une occasion d'éprouver
son prestige. Des troubles éclataient-ils quelque part, il accourait au
plus vite, et à sa vue tout rentrait dans l'ordre: il stupéfiait et
domptait la révolte par ce qu'il appelait lui-même «son éloquence
fulminante[298]». [Note 297: Correspondance de Tarrach, 7 juin.]
[Note 298: Alquier à Maret, 25 juin 1811.]
Lorsque après ces exploits il retournait au château de Drottningholm, où
la cour passait l'été, il «faisait les délices[299]» du vieux roi, qu'il
honorait dans sa décrépitude; la Reine raffolait de lui: sa verve, ses
beaux contes amusaient tout le monde; sa présence mettait l'entrain,
l'animation, dans le noble et froid palais «où la vie se passait
maintenant en société depuis le matin jusqu'au soir[300]». Cependant,
sous cette apparence de sérénité, d'enjouement même, son esprit inquiet
et toujours en travail fermentait de plus en plus; ses convoitises
déçues s'exaspéraient, se tournaient contre la France en une aigreur qui
finirait tôt ou tard par déborder. [Note 299: Correspondance de Tarrach, 19 juin.]
[Note 300: Correspondance de Tarrach, 19 juin.]
Il se contraignait encore, à la vérité, avec notre envoyé, et même
raffinait envers lui ses prévenances; il avait offert au baron Alquier
une maison de campagne tout près de Drottningholm, afin que l'on pût se
voir plus facilement et voisiner; il le visitait souvent, s'invita un
jour à dîner chez lui, et cette réunion, pleine de gaieté et d'accord,
fit événement dans la société de Stockholm[301]. Mais ces fallacieuses
attentions, par lesquelles le ministre français se laissait encore
éblouir et leurrer, n'étaient qu'un moyen d'endormir sa vigilance, de
lui faire oublier les infractions à la règle continentale qui se
commettaient de toutes parts. [Note 301: _Id._]
N'attendant plus grand'chose de la France, Bernadotte était plus résolu
que jamais à ne point faire violence, pour nous complaire, aux intérêts
et aux commodités de son peuple. En réalité, malgré ses promesses cent
fois réitérées, aucune mesure sérieuse n'avait été prise contre le
commerce anglais. Si l'hiver, en suspendant la navigation, avait quelque
peu ralenti les rapports, le retour de la belle saison, en rouvrant la
Baltique, facilitait de nouveau les transactions prohibées et leur
rendait libre cours. Sur vingt points de la côte, la contrebande se
pratiquait au grand jour: la Suède se rendait de plus en plus accessible
et perméable aux produits anglais, qui la traversaient pour s'écouler en
Russie ou s'infiltrer en Allemagne. Entre les deux États officiellement
en guerre, pas un coup de canon n'avait été échangé. L'escadre
britannique, qui faisait sa tournée annuelle dans la Baltique, trouvait
dans les îles suédoises toute espèce de facilités pour se rafraîchir et
se ravitailler.
| 4,728 |
https://github.com/googleapis/google-api-nodejs-client/blob/master/src/apis/texttospeech/v1beta1.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
google-api-nodejs-client
|
googleapis
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 3,591 | 9,127 |
// Copyright 2020 Google LLC
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
/* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any */
/* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars */
/* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-empty-interface */
/* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-namespace */
/* eslint-disable no-irregular-whitespace */
import {
OAuth2Client,
JWT,
Compute,
UserRefreshClient,
BaseExternalAccountClient,
GaxiosPromise,
GoogleConfigurable,
createAPIRequest,
MethodOptions,
StreamMethodOptions,
GlobalOptions,
GoogleAuth,
BodyResponseCallback,
APIRequestContext,
} from 'googleapis-common';
import {Readable} from 'stream';
export namespace texttospeech_v1beta1 {
export interface Options extends GlobalOptions {
version: 'v1beta1';
}
interface StandardParameters {
/**
* Auth client or API Key for the request
*/
auth?:
| string
| OAuth2Client
| JWT
| Compute
| UserRefreshClient
| BaseExternalAccountClient
| GoogleAuth;
/**
* V1 error format.
*/
'$.xgafv'?: string;
/**
* OAuth access token.
*/
access_token?: string;
/**
* Data format for response.
*/
alt?: string;
/**
* JSONP
*/
callback?: string;
/**
* Selector specifying which fields to include in a partial response.
*/
fields?: string;
/**
* API key. Your API key identifies your project and provides you with API access, quota, and reports. Required unless you provide an OAuth 2.0 token.
*/
key?: string;
/**
* OAuth 2.0 token for the current user.
*/
oauth_token?: string;
/**
* Returns response with indentations and line breaks.
*/
prettyPrint?: boolean;
/**
* Available to use for quota purposes for server-side applications. Can be any arbitrary string assigned to a user, but should not exceed 40 characters.
*/
quotaUser?: string;
/**
* Legacy upload protocol for media (e.g. "media", "multipart").
*/
uploadType?: string;
/**
* Upload protocol for media (e.g. "raw", "multipart").
*/
upload_protocol?: string;
}
/**
* Cloud Text-to-Speech API
*
* Synthesizes natural-sounding speech by applying powerful neural network models.
*
* @example
* ```js
* const {google} = require('googleapis');
* const texttospeech = google.texttospeech('v1beta1');
* ```
*/
export class Texttospeech {
context: APIRequestContext;
projects: Resource$Projects;
text: Resource$Text;
voices: Resource$Voices;
constructor(options: GlobalOptions, google?: GoogleConfigurable) {
this.context = {
_options: options || {},
google,
};
this.projects = new Resource$Projects(this.context);
this.text = new Resource$Text(this.context);
this.voices = new Resource$Voices(this.context);
}
}
/**
* Description of audio data to be synthesized.
*/
export interface Schema$AudioConfig {
/**
* Required. The format of the audio byte stream.
*/
audioEncoding?: string | null;
/**
* Optional. Input only. An identifier which selects 'audio effects' profiles that are applied on (post synthesized) text to speech. Effects are applied on top of each other in the order they are given. See [audio profiles](https://cloud.google.com/text-to-speech/docs/audio-profiles) for current supported profile ids.
*/
effectsProfileId?: string[] | null;
/**
* Optional. Input only. Speaking pitch, in the range [-20.0, 20.0]. 20 means increase 20 semitones from the original pitch. -20 means decrease 20 semitones from the original pitch.
*/
pitch?: number | null;
/**
* Optional. The synthesis sample rate (in hertz) for this audio. When this is specified in SynthesizeSpeechRequest, if this is different from the voice's natural sample rate, then the synthesizer will honor this request by converting to the desired sample rate (which might result in worse audio quality), unless the specified sample rate is not supported for the encoding chosen, in which case it will fail the request and return google.rpc.Code.INVALID_ARGUMENT.
*/
sampleRateHertz?: number | null;
/**
* Optional. Input only. Speaking rate/speed, in the range [0.25, 4.0]. 1.0 is the normal native speed supported by the specific voice. 2.0 is twice as fast, and 0.5 is half as fast. If unset(0.0), defaults to the native 1.0 speed. Any other values < 0.25 or \> 4.0 will return an error.
*/
speakingRate?: number | null;
/**
* Optional. Input only. Volume gain (in dB) of the normal native volume supported by the specific voice, in the range [-96.0, 16.0]. If unset, or set to a value of 0.0 (dB), will play at normal native signal amplitude. A value of -6.0 (dB) will play at approximately half the amplitude of the normal native signal amplitude. A value of +6.0 (dB) will play at approximately twice the amplitude of the normal native signal amplitude. Strongly recommend not to exceed +10 (dB) as there's usually no effective increase in loudness for any value greater than that.
*/
volumeGainDb?: number | null;
}
/**
* Description of the custom voice to be synthesized.
*/
export interface Schema$CustomVoiceParams {
/**
* Required. The name of the AutoML model that synthesizes the custom voice.
*/
model?: string | null;
/**
* Optional. The usage of the synthesized audio to be reported.
*/
reportedUsage?: string | null;
}
/**
* Metadata for response returned by the `SynthesizeLongAudio` method.
*/
export interface Schema$GoogleCloudTexttospeechV1beta1SynthesizeLongAudioMetadata {
/**
* The progress of the most recent processing update in percentage, ie. 70.0%.
*/
progressPercentage?: number | null;
/**
* Time when the request was received.
*/
startTime?: string | null;
}
/**
* The response message for Operations.ListOperations.
*/
export interface Schema$ListOperationsResponse {
/**
* The standard List next-page token.
*/
nextPageToken?: string | null;
/**
* A list of operations that matches the specified filter in the request.
*/
operations?: Schema$Operation[];
}
/**
* The message returned to the client by the `ListVoices` method.
*/
export interface Schema$ListVoicesResponse {
/**
* The list of voices.
*/
voices?: Schema$Voice[];
}
/**
* This resource represents a long-running operation that is the result of a network API call.
*/
export interface Schema$Operation {
/**
* If the value is `false`, it means the operation is still in progress. If `true`, the operation is completed, and either `error` or `response` is available.
*/
done?: boolean | null;
/**
* The error result of the operation in case of failure or cancellation.
*/
error?: Schema$Status;
/**
* Service-specific metadata associated with the operation. It typically contains progress information and common metadata such as create time. Some services might not provide such metadata. Any method that returns a long-running operation should document the metadata type, if any.
*/
metadata?: {[key: string]: any} | null;
/**
* The server-assigned name, which is only unique within the same service that originally returns it. If you use the default HTTP mapping, the `name` should be a resource name ending with `operations/{unique_id\}`.
*/
name?: string | null;
/**
* The normal, successful response of the operation. If the original method returns no data on success, such as `Delete`, the response is `google.protobuf.Empty`. If the original method is standard `Get`/`Create`/`Update`, the response should be the resource. For other methods, the response should have the type `XxxResponse`, where `Xxx` is the original method name. For example, if the original method name is `TakeSnapshot()`, the inferred response type is `TakeSnapshotResponse`.
*/
response?: {[key: string]: any} | null;
}
/**
* The `Status` type defines a logical error model that is suitable for different programming environments, including REST APIs and RPC APIs. It is used by [gRPC](https://github.com/grpc). Each `Status` message contains three pieces of data: error code, error message, and error details. You can find out more about this error model and how to work with it in the [API Design Guide](https://cloud.google.com/apis/design/errors).
*/
export interface Schema$Status {
/**
* The status code, which should be an enum value of google.rpc.Code.
*/
code?: number | null;
/**
* A list of messages that carry the error details. There is a common set of message types for APIs to use.
*/
details?: Array<{[key: string]: any}> | null;
/**
* A developer-facing error message, which should be in English. Any user-facing error message should be localized and sent in the google.rpc.Status.details field, or localized by the client.
*/
message?: string | null;
}
/**
* Contains text input to be synthesized. Either `text` or `ssml` must be supplied. Supplying both or neither returns google.rpc.Code.INVALID_ARGUMENT. The input size is limited to 5000 bytes.
*/
export interface Schema$SynthesisInput {
/**
* The SSML document to be synthesized. The SSML document must be valid and well-formed. Otherwise the RPC will fail and return google.rpc.Code.INVALID_ARGUMENT. For more information, see [SSML](https://cloud.google.com/text-to-speech/docs/ssml).
*/
ssml?: string | null;
/**
* The raw text to be synthesized.
*/
text?: string | null;
}
/**
* Metadata for response returned by the `SynthesizeLongAudio` method.
*/
export interface Schema$SynthesizeLongAudioMetadata {
/**
* The progress of the most recent processing update in percentage, ie. 70.0%.
*/
progressPercentage?: number | null;
/**
* Time when the request was received.
*/
startTime?: string | null;
}
/**
* The top-level message sent by the client for the `SynthesizeLongAudio` method.
*/
export interface Schema$SynthesizeLongAudioRequest {
/**
* Required. The configuration of the synthesized audio.
*/
audioConfig?: Schema$AudioConfig;
/**
* Required. The Synthesizer requires either plain text or SSML as input. While Long Audio is in preview, SSML is temporarily unsupported.
*/
input?: Schema$SynthesisInput;
/**
* Required. Specifies a Cloud Storage URI for the synthesis results. Must be specified in the format: `gs://bucket_name/object_name`, and the bucket must already exist.
*/
outputGcsUri?: string | null;
/**
* Required. The desired voice of the synthesized audio.
*/
voice?: Schema$VoiceSelectionParams;
}
/**
* The top-level message sent by the client for the `SynthesizeSpeech` method.
*/
export interface Schema$SynthesizeSpeechRequest {
/**
* Required. The configuration of the synthesized audio.
*/
audioConfig?: Schema$AudioConfig;
/**
* Whether and what timepoints are returned in the response.
*/
enableTimePointing?: string[] | null;
/**
* Required. The Synthesizer requires either plain text or SSML as input.
*/
input?: Schema$SynthesisInput;
/**
* Required. The desired voice of the synthesized audio.
*/
voice?: Schema$VoiceSelectionParams;
}
/**
* The message returned to the client by the `SynthesizeSpeech` method.
*/
export interface Schema$SynthesizeSpeechResponse {
/**
* The audio metadata of `audio_content`.
*/
audioConfig?: Schema$AudioConfig;
/**
* The audio data bytes encoded as specified in the request, including the header for encodings that are wrapped in containers (e.g. MP3, OGG_OPUS). For LINEAR16 audio, we include the WAV header. Note: as with all bytes fields, protobuffers use a pure binary representation, whereas JSON representations use base64.
*/
audioContent?: string | null;
/**
* A link between a position in the original request input and a corresponding time in the output audio. It's only supported via `` of SSML input.
*/
timepoints?: Schema$Timepoint[];
}
/**
* This contains a mapping between a certain point in the input text and a corresponding time in the output audio.
*/
export interface Schema$Timepoint {
/**
* Timepoint name as received from the client within `` tag.
*/
markName?: string | null;
/**
* Time offset in seconds from the start of the synthesized audio.
*/
timeSeconds?: number | null;
}
/**
* Description of a voice supported by the TTS service.
*/
export interface Schema$Voice {
/**
* The languages that this voice supports, expressed as [BCP-47](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt) language tags (e.g. "en-US", "es-419", "cmn-tw").
*/
languageCodes?: string[] | null;
/**
* The name of this voice. Each distinct voice has a unique name.
*/
name?: string | null;
/**
* The natural sample rate (in hertz) for this voice.
*/
naturalSampleRateHertz?: number | null;
/**
* The gender of this voice.
*/
ssmlGender?: string | null;
}
/**
* Description of which voice to use for a synthesis request.
*/
export interface Schema$VoiceSelectionParams {
/**
* The configuration for a custom voice. If [CustomVoiceParams.model] is set, the service will choose the custom voice matching the specified configuration.
*/
customVoice?: Schema$CustomVoiceParams;
/**
* Required. The language (and potentially also the region) of the voice expressed as a [BCP-47](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt) language tag, e.g. "en-US". This should not include a script tag (e.g. use "cmn-cn" rather than "cmn-Hant-cn"), because the script will be inferred from the input provided in the SynthesisInput. The TTS service will use this parameter to help choose an appropriate voice. Note that the TTS service may choose a voice with a slightly different language code than the one selected; it may substitute a different region (e.g. using en-US rather than en-CA if there isn't a Canadian voice available), or even a different language, e.g. using "nb" (Norwegian Bokmal) instead of "no" (Norwegian)".
*/
languageCode?: string | null;
/**
* The name of the voice. If not set, the service will choose a voice based on the other parameters such as language_code and gender.
*/
name?: string | null;
/**
* The preferred gender of the voice. If not set, the service will choose a voice based on the other parameters such as language_code and name. Note that this is only a preference, not requirement; if a voice of the appropriate gender is not available, the synthesizer should substitute a voice with a different gender rather than failing the request.
*/
ssmlGender?: string | null;
}
export class Resource$Projects {
context: APIRequestContext;
locations: Resource$Projects$Locations;
constructor(context: APIRequestContext) {
this.context = context;
this.locations = new Resource$Projects$Locations(this.context);
}
}
export class Resource$Projects$Locations {
context: APIRequestContext;
operations: Resource$Projects$Locations$Operations;
constructor(context: APIRequestContext) {
this.context = context;
this.operations = new Resource$Projects$Locations$Operations(
this.context
);
}
/**
* Synthesizes long form text asynchronously.
*
* @param params - Parameters for request
* @param options - Optionally override request options, such as `url`, `method`, and `encoding`.
* @param callback - Optional callback that handles the response.
* @returns A promise if used with async/await, or void if used with a callback.
*/
synthesizeLongAudio(
params: Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Synthesizelongaudio,
options: StreamMethodOptions
): GaxiosPromise<Readable>;
synthesizeLongAudio(
params?: Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Synthesizelongaudio,
options?: MethodOptions
): GaxiosPromise<Schema$Operation>;
synthesizeLongAudio(
params: Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Synthesizelongaudio,
options: StreamMethodOptions | BodyResponseCallback<Readable>,
callback: BodyResponseCallback<Readable>
): void;
synthesizeLongAudio(
params: Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Synthesizelongaudio,
options: MethodOptions | BodyResponseCallback<Schema$Operation>,
callback: BodyResponseCallback<Schema$Operation>
): void;
synthesizeLongAudio(
params: Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Synthesizelongaudio,
callback: BodyResponseCallback<Schema$Operation>
): void;
synthesizeLongAudio(callback: BodyResponseCallback<Schema$Operation>): void;
synthesizeLongAudio(
paramsOrCallback?:
| Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Synthesizelongaudio
| BodyResponseCallback<Schema$Operation>
| BodyResponseCallback<Readable>,
optionsOrCallback?:
| MethodOptions
| StreamMethodOptions
| BodyResponseCallback<Schema$Operation>
| BodyResponseCallback<Readable>,
callback?:
| BodyResponseCallback<Schema$Operation>
| BodyResponseCallback<Readable>
): void | GaxiosPromise<Schema$Operation> | GaxiosPromise<Readable> {
let params = (paramsOrCallback ||
{}) as Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Synthesizelongaudio;
let options = (optionsOrCallback || {}) as MethodOptions;
if (typeof paramsOrCallback === 'function') {
callback = paramsOrCallback;
params = {} as Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Synthesizelongaudio;
options = {};
}
if (typeof optionsOrCallback === 'function') {
callback = optionsOrCallback;
options = {};
}
const rootUrl = options.rootUrl || 'https://texttospeech.googleapis.com/';
const parameters = {
options: Object.assign(
{
url: (rootUrl + '/v1beta1/{+parent}:synthesizeLongAudio').replace(
/([^:]\/)\/+/g,
'$1'
),
method: 'POST',
},
options
),
params,
requiredParams: ['parent'],
pathParams: ['parent'],
context: this.context,
};
if (callback) {
createAPIRequest<Schema$Operation>(
parameters,
callback as BodyResponseCallback<unknown>
);
} else {
return createAPIRequest<Schema$Operation>(parameters);
}
}
}
export interface Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Synthesizelongaudio
extends StandardParameters {
/**
* The resource states of the request in the form of `projects/x/locations/x`.
*/
parent?: string;
/**
* Request body metadata
*/
requestBody?: Schema$SynthesizeLongAudioRequest;
}
export class Resource$Projects$Locations$Operations {
context: APIRequestContext;
constructor(context: APIRequestContext) {
this.context = context;
}
/**
* Gets the latest state of a long-running operation. Clients can use this method to poll the operation result at intervals as recommended by the API service.
*
* @param params - Parameters for request
* @param options - Optionally override request options, such as `url`, `method`, and `encoding`.
* @param callback - Optional callback that handles the response.
* @returns A promise if used with async/await, or void if used with a callback.
*/
get(
params: Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Operations$Get,
options: StreamMethodOptions
): GaxiosPromise<Readable>;
get(
params?: Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Operations$Get,
options?: MethodOptions
): GaxiosPromise<Schema$Operation>;
get(
params: Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Operations$Get,
options: StreamMethodOptions | BodyResponseCallback<Readable>,
callback: BodyResponseCallback<Readable>
): void;
get(
params: Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Operations$Get,
options: MethodOptions | BodyResponseCallback<Schema$Operation>,
callback: BodyResponseCallback<Schema$Operation>
): void;
get(
params: Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Operations$Get,
callback: BodyResponseCallback<Schema$Operation>
): void;
get(callback: BodyResponseCallback<Schema$Operation>): void;
get(
paramsOrCallback?:
| Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Operations$Get
| BodyResponseCallback<Schema$Operation>
| BodyResponseCallback<Readable>,
optionsOrCallback?:
| MethodOptions
| StreamMethodOptions
| BodyResponseCallback<Schema$Operation>
| BodyResponseCallback<Readable>,
callback?:
| BodyResponseCallback<Schema$Operation>
| BodyResponseCallback<Readable>
): void | GaxiosPromise<Schema$Operation> | GaxiosPromise<Readable> {
let params = (paramsOrCallback ||
{}) as Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Operations$Get;
let options = (optionsOrCallback || {}) as MethodOptions;
if (typeof paramsOrCallback === 'function') {
callback = paramsOrCallback;
params = {} as Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Operations$Get;
options = {};
}
if (typeof optionsOrCallback === 'function') {
callback = optionsOrCallback;
options = {};
}
const rootUrl = options.rootUrl || 'https://texttospeech.googleapis.com/';
const parameters = {
options: Object.assign(
{
url: (rootUrl + '/v1beta1/{+name}').replace(/([^:]\/)\/+/g, '$1'),
method: 'GET',
},
options
),
params,
requiredParams: ['name'],
pathParams: ['name'],
context: this.context,
};
if (callback) {
createAPIRequest<Schema$Operation>(
parameters,
callback as BodyResponseCallback<unknown>
);
} else {
return createAPIRequest<Schema$Operation>(parameters);
}
}
/**
* Lists operations that match the specified filter in the request. If the server doesn't support this method, it returns `UNIMPLEMENTED`.
*
* @param params - Parameters for request
* @param options - Optionally override request options, such as `url`, `method`, and `encoding`.
* @param callback - Optional callback that handles the response.
* @returns A promise if used with async/await, or void if used with a callback.
*/
list(
params: Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Operations$List,
options: StreamMethodOptions
): GaxiosPromise<Readable>;
list(
params?: Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Operations$List,
options?: MethodOptions
): GaxiosPromise<Schema$ListOperationsResponse>;
list(
params: Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Operations$List,
options: StreamMethodOptions | BodyResponseCallback<Readable>,
callback: BodyResponseCallback<Readable>
): void;
list(
params: Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Operations$List,
options:
| MethodOptions
| BodyResponseCallback<Schema$ListOperationsResponse>,
callback: BodyResponseCallback<Schema$ListOperationsResponse>
): void;
list(
params: Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Operations$List,
callback: BodyResponseCallback<Schema$ListOperationsResponse>
): void;
list(callback: BodyResponseCallback<Schema$ListOperationsResponse>): void;
list(
paramsOrCallback?:
| Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Operations$List
| BodyResponseCallback<Schema$ListOperationsResponse>
| BodyResponseCallback<Readable>,
optionsOrCallback?:
| MethodOptions
| StreamMethodOptions
| BodyResponseCallback<Schema$ListOperationsResponse>
| BodyResponseCallback<Readable>,
callback?:
| BodyResponseCallback<Schema$ListOperationsResponse>
| BodyResponseCallback<Readable>
):
| void
| GaxiosPromise<Schema$ListOperationsResponse>
| GaxiosPromise<Readable> {
let params = (paramsOrCallback ||
{}) as Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Operations$List;
let options = (optionsOrCallback || {}) as MethodOptions;
if (typeof paramsOrCallback === 'function') {
callback = paramsOrCallback;
params = {} as Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Operations$List;
options = {};
}
if (typeof optionsOrCallback === 'function') {
callback = optionsOrCallback;
options = {};
}
const rootUrl = options.rootUrl || 'https://texttospeech.googleapis.com/';
const parameters = {
options: Object.assign(
{
url: (rootUrl + '/v1beta1/{+name}/operations').replace(
/([^:]\/)\/+/g,
'$1'
),
method: 'GET',
},
options
),
params,
requiredParams: ['name'],
pathParams: ['name'],
context: this.context,
};
if (callback) {
createAPIRequest<Schema$ListOperationsResponse>(
parameters,
callback as BodyResponseCallback<unknown>
);
} else {
return createAPIRequest<Schema$ListOperationsResponse>(parameters);
}
}
}
export interface Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Operations$Get
extends StandardParameters {
/**
* The name of the operation resource.
*/
name?: string;
}
export interface Params$Resource$Projects$Locations$Operations$List
extends StandardParameters {
/**
* The standard list filter.
*/
filter?: string;
/**
* The name of the operation's parent resource.
*/
name?: string;
/**
* The standard list page size.
*/
pageSize?: number;
/**
* The standard list page token.
*/
pageToken?: string;
}
export class Resource$Text {
context: APIRequestContext;
constructor(context: APIRequestContext) {
this.context = context;
}
/**
* Synthesizes speech synchronously: receive results after all text input has been processed.
*
* @param params - Parameters for request
* @param options - Optionally override request options, such as `url`, `method`, and `encoding`.
* @param callback - Optional callback that handles the response.
* @returns A promise if used with async/await, or void if used with a callback.
*/
synthesize(
params: Params$Resource$Text$Synthesize,
options: StreamMethodOptions
): GaxiosPromise<Readable>;
synthesize(
params?: Params$Resource$Text$Synthesize,
options?: MethodOptions
): GaxiosPromise<Schema$SynthesizeSpeechResponse>;
synthesize(
params: Params$Resource$Text$Synthesize,
options: StreamMethodOptions | BodyResponseCallback<Readable>,
callback: BodyResponseCallback<Readable>
): void;
synthesize(
params: Params$Resource$Text$Synthesize,
options:
| MethodOptions
| BodyResponseCallback<Schema$SynthesizeSpeechResponse>,
callback: BodyResponseCallback<Schema$SynthesizeSpeechResponse>
): void;
synthesize(
params: Params$Resource$Text$Synthesize,
callback: BodyResponseCallback<Schema$SynthesizeSpeechResponse>
): void;
synthesize(
callback: BodyResponseCallback<Schema$SynthesizeSpeechResponse>
): void;
synthesize(
paramsOrCallback?:
| Params$Resource$Text$Synthesize
| BodyResponseCallback<Schema$SynthesizeSpeechResponse>
| BodyResponseCallback<Readable>,
optionsOrCallback?:
| MethodOptions
| StreamMethodOptions
| BodyResponseCallback<Schema$SynthesizeSpeechResponse>
| BodyResponseCallback<Readable>,
callback?:
| BodyResponseCallback<Schema$SynthesizeSpeechResponse>
| BodyResponseCallback<Readable>
):
| void
| GaxiosPromise<Schema$SynthesizeSpeechResponse>
| GaxiosPromise<Readable> {
let params = (paramsOrCallback || {}) as Params$Resource$Text$Synthesize;
let options = (optionsOrCallback || {}) as MethodOptions;
if (typeof paramsOrCallback === 'function') {
callback = paramsOrCallback;
params = {} as Params$Resource$Text$Synthesize;
options = {};
}
if (typeof optionsOrCallback === 'function') {
callback = optionsOrCallback;
options = {};
}
const rootUrl = options.rootUrl || 'https://texttospeech.googleapis.com/';
const parameters = {
options: Object.assign(
{
url: (rootUrl + '/v1beta1/text:synthesize').replace(
/([^:]\/)\/+/g,
'$1'
),
method: 'POST',
},
options
),
params,
requiredParams: [],
pathParams: [],
context: this.context,
};
if (callback) {
createAPIRequest<Schema$SynthesizeSpeechResponse>(
parameters,
callback as BodyResponseCallback<unknown>
);
} else {
return createAPIRequest<Schema$SynthesizeSpeechResponse>(parameters);
}
}
}
export interface Params$Resource$Text$Synthesize extends StandardParameters {
/**
* Request body metadata
*/
requestBody?: Schema$SynthesizeSpeechRequest;
}
export class Resource$Voices {
context: APIRequestContext;
constructor(context: APIRequestContext) {
this.context = context;
}
/**
* Returns a list of Voice supported for synthesis.
*
* @param params - Parameters for request
* @param options - Optionally override request options, such as `url`, `method`, and `encoding`.
* @param callback - Optional callback that handles the response.
* @returns A promise if used with async/await, or void if used with a callback.
*/
list(
params: Params$Resource$Voices$List,
options: StreamMethodOptions
): GaxiosPromise<Readable>;
list(
params?: Params$Resource$Voices$List,
options?: MethodOptions
): GaxiosPromise<Schema$ListVoicesResponse>;
list(
params: Params$Resource$Voices$List,
options: StreamMethodOptions | BodyResponseCallback<Readable>,
callback: BodyResponseCallback<Readable>
): void;
list(
params: Params$Resource$Voices$List,
options: MethodOptions | BodyResponseCallback<Schema$ListVoicesResponse>,
callback: BodyResponseCallback<Schema$ListVoicesResponse>
): void;
list(
params: Params$Resource$Voices$List,
callback: BodyResponseCallback<Schema$ListVoicesResponse>
): void;
list(callback: BodyResponseCallback<Schema$ListVoicesResponse>): void;
list(
paramsOrCallback?:
| Params$Resource$Voices$List
| BodyResponseCallback<Schema$ListVoicesResponse>
| BodyResponseCallback<Readable>,
optionsOrCallback?:
| MethodOptions
| StreamMethodOptions
| BodyResponseCallback<Schema$ListVoicesResponse>
| BodyResponseCallback<Readable>,
callback?:
| BodyResponseCallback<Schema$ListVoicesResponse>
| BodyResponseCallback<Readable>
):
| void
| GaxiosPromise<Schema$ListVoicesResponse>
| GaxiosPromise<Readable> {
let params = (paramsOrCallback || {}) as Params$Resource$Voices$List;
let options = (optionsOrCallback || {}) as MethodOptions;
if (typeof paramsOrCallback === 'function') {
callback = paramsOrCallback;
params = {} as Params$Resource$Voices$List;
options = {};
}
if (typeof optionsOrCallback === 'function') {
callback = optionsOrCallback;
options = {};
}
const rootUrl = options.rootUrl || 'https://texttospeech.googleapis.com/';
const parameters = {
options: Object.assign(
{
url: (rootUrl + '/v1beta1/voices').replace(/([^:]\/)\/+/g, '$1'),
method: 'GET',
},
options
),
params,
requiredParams: [],
pathParams: [],
context: this.context,
};
if (callback) {
createAPIRequest<Schema$ListVoicesResponse>(
parameters,
callback as BodyResponseCallback<unknown>
);
} else {
return createAPIRequest<Schema$ListVoicesResponse>(parameters);
}
}
}
export interface Params$Resource$Voices$List extends StandardParameters {
/**
* Optional. Recommended. [BCP-47](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt) language tag. If not specified, the API will return all supported voices. If specified, the ListVoices call will only return voices that can be used to synthesize this language_code. For example, if you specify `"en-NZ"`, all `"en-NZ"` voices will be returned. If you specify `"no"`, both `"no-\*"` (Norwegian) and `"nb-\*"` (Norwegian Bokmal) voices will be returned.
*/
languageCode?: string;
}
}
| 23,949 |
9897412_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 5,525 | 8,874 |
FILED
May 01 2023, 8:42 am
CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
APPELLANT, PRO SE ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Ty Evans Theodore E. Rokita
Michigan City, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Jesse R. Drum
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Ty Evans, May 1, 2023
Appellant-Petitioner Court of Appeals Case No.
22A-PC-220
v. Appeal from the Marion Superior
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable James K. Snyder,
Appellee-Respondent. Magistrate
Trial Court Cause No.
49D28-2010-PC-31796
Opinion by Judge Pyle
Judges Robb and Weissmann concur.
Pyle, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-220| May 1, 2023 Page 1 of 20
Statement of the Case
[1] It is axiomatic that an habitual offender adjudication must be based on proof
that a defendant has accumulated two prior unrelated felony convictions,
meaning that the commission, conviction, and sentencing on the first felony
preceded the commission, conviction, and sentence on the second felony. A
post-conviction petitioner who challenges his habitual offender determination
must demonstrate that he was not an habitual offender under the habitual
offender statute and that his various convictions did not in fact occur in the
required order.
[2] Ty Evans (“Evans”), pro se, appeals the post-conviction court’s denial of his
successive petition for post-conviction relief. Evans argues that the post-
conviction court erred by denying him post-conviction relief on his motion to
withdraw his guilty plea to the habitual offender allegation pursuant to
INDIANA CODE § 35-35-1-4(c). Specifically, he argues that he was entitled to
post-conviction relief because the dates of the two felony convictions underlying
his habitual offender adjudication were not in the proper sequence as required
by the habitual offender statute, INDIANA CODE § 35-50-2-8. The post-
conviction court denied relief on Evans’ successive post-conviction petition,
finding that Evans had not pleaded guilty. The post-conviction court also
concluded that Evans had not otherwise shown that he was entitled to post-
conviction relief because he had failed to show that there was an improper
sequencing on the two predicate felonies underlying his habitual offender
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-220| May 1, 2023 Page 2 of 20
adjudication. Concluding that the post-conviction court erred by denying post-
conviction relief to Evans, we reverse the post-conviction court’s judgment.
[3] We reverse and remand.
Issue
Whether the post-conviction court erred by denying relief to Evans
on his successive post-conviction petition.
Facts
[4] The detailed facts of Evans’ underlying offenses can be read in this Court’s
October 2006 opinion from Evans’ direct appeal. See Evans v. State, 855 N.E.2d
378, 381-83 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), reh’g denied, trans. denied.
[5] In May 2005, the State charged Evans with Class A felony attempted murder,
Class B felony aggravated battery, Class B felony criminal confinement, and
Class A misdemeanor resisting law enforcement. The State also alleged that
Evans was an habitual offender, which was based on the allegations that Evans
had two prior unrelated felony convictions. Specifically, the State alleged that
Evans had underlying convictions for a 1995 federal conviction for uttering a
counterfeit obligation as well as a 1999 Kentucky conviction for escape.1 The
1
Initially, in the habitual offender allegation, the State also alleged that Evans had three other underlying
convictions for a 1980 Illinois burglary conviction and 1983 Florida convictions for burglary and uttering a
forged check. The State withdrew the use of those three convictions prior to the habitual offender
proceeding.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-220| May 1, 2023 Page 3 of 20
trial court held a three-day jury trial in December 2005, and the jury found
Evans guilty as charged.
[6] The trial court then removed the jury from the courtroom for a recess before the
habitual offender phase of the proceeding. For the habitual offender
proceeding, the State had two exhibits containing court documents relating to
the two prior felony convictions contained in the habitual offender allegation.
Specifically, Exhibit 52 contained documents relating to Evans’ 1995 federal
conviction for uttering a counterfeit obligation, and Exhibit 51 contained court
documents relating to his 1999 Kentucky escape conviction. Exhibit 51
included a certified copy of the following documents that had been filed in
Evans’ Kentucky cause, Cause 98CR595: (1) the grand jury indictment; (2) a
uniform citation; (3) a waiver of further proceedings and guilty plea; and (4) a
judgment order on the guilty plea and final sentencing. The grand jury
indictment, which does not contain a file stamp but is dated June 1, 1998 (“the
1998 Kentucky indictment”), contains a charge of escape and alleges that Evans
had committed the escape offense on November 14, 1997.2 The waiver of
further proceedings and guilty plea document indicates that Evans pled “guilty
as charged in [the escape count] of the indictment[.]” (DA Ex. Vol. 2 at 45)
(modified from all upper case to lower case letters). The judgment order
2
The grand jury indictment also contains a second charge alleging Evans to be a persistent felony offender.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-220| May 1, 2023 Page 4 of 20
provides that Evans pled guilty to escape and was sentenced on March 26,
1999.
[7] As Evans was being fingerprinted and the parties were reviewing the
preliminary habitual offender instructions, Evans’ counsel informed the trial
court that he would like to question Evans under oath. The trial court swore
Evans in, and Evans then stated that he wanted to admit to the two prior felony
convictions set forth in the habitual offender allegation. The State pointed out
that Evans needed to waive his jury trial right, and the State then questioned
Evans to establish the waiver of that right. The State also asked Evans if he was
“willing to admit to the Court that [he] ha[d] these two prior convictions and
that [he was], in fact, a[n] habitual offender[,]” and Evans responded, “That’s
correct.” (DA Tr. Vol. 4 at 208). Thereafter, the trial court asked Evans if he
was “admitting” that he was the “one in the same Ty Evans” that had the 1995
federal conviction for uttering a counterfeit obligation and the 1999 Kentucky
escape conviction, and Evans responded, “That’s correct.” (DA Tr. Vol. 4 at
208, 209). The trial court stated that it was “satisfied” and instructed the State
that it “want[ed] [the State] to still offer [its] exhibits.” (DA Tr. Vol. 4 at 208,
209). The trial court admitted Exhibits 51 and 52 without objection. Then, the
trial court pronounced the adjudication as follows: “At this time, Mr. Evans
having admitted that he is one in the same Ty Evans who has the two prior
felony convictions that are charged in the habitual offender . . . amended
information, the Court is at this time going to adjudicate the defendant a[n]
habitual offender.” (DA Tr. Vol. 4 at 211-12).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-220| May 1, 2023 Page 5 of 20
[8] The trial court then brought the jury back into the courtroom. The trial court
informed the jury that the State had filed an habitual offender allegation against
Evans and that he had been “entitled to have the jury hear whether or not he
was, in fact, a[n] habitual offender, that being that he had at least two prior
unrelated felony convictions.” (DA Tr. Vol. 4 at 214). The trial court then told
the jury that, “rather than have the jury hear that, Mr. Evans [had] admit[ted]
that he was one in the same Ty Evans that ha[d] the habitual offender[,] [s]o the
Court was able to do the habitual offender adjudication without [the jury’s]
services.” (DA Tr. Vol. 4 at 215).
[9] When sentencing Evans, the trial court merged Evans’ Class B felony
aggravated battery and Class B felony criminal confinement convictions into his
Class A felony attempted murder conviction due to double jeopardy concerns.
The trial court imposed a forty (40) year sentence for Evans’ Class A felony
attempted murder conviction and enhanced it by thirty (30) years for his
habitual offender adjudication. The trial court also imposed a one (1) year
sentence for Evans’ resisting law enforcement conviction and ordered it to be
served consecutively to his attempted murder conviction, resulting in an
aggregate sentence of seventy-one (71) years.
[10] Evans then filed a direct appeal and argued that the prosecutor had committed
prosecutorial misconduct during closing argument and that the trial court had
abused its discretion by denying his motions for mistrial and to continue the
sentencing hearing. In the Appellant’s Appendix submitted as part of Evans’
direct appeal, the chronological case summary indicates that the disposition on
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-220| May 1, 2023 Page 6 of 20
Evans’ habitual offender allegation was entered via a “GP” and that the trial
court “f[ound] that [Evans] admit[ted] his [g]uilt” during the habitual offender
proceeding. (DA App. Vol. 1 at 11, 37). In the recitation of facts in our
opinion in Evans’ direct appeal, a panel of this Court stated that “Evans
admitted to being a[n] habitual offender.” Evans, 855 N.E.2d at 383.3 Our
Court affirmed Evans’ convictions and sentence. See Evans, 855 N.E.2d at 380-
88.
[11] Thereafter, Evans filed a petition for post-conviction relief. He raised two
claims: (1) a challenge to the version of an audio recording that the State had
played at trial; and (2) ineffective assistance of trial counsel. The post-
conviction court, after determining that Evans could not raise a freestanding
claim of error and that he had failed to meet his burden of showing that he had
received ineffective assistance of counsel, denied Evans’ petition for post-
conviction relief. On appeal, this Court affirmed the post-conviction court’s
judgment. See Evans v. State, No 49A04-1112-PC-697 (Ind. Ct. App. Aug. 8,
2012), trans. denied.
[12] On September 9, 2020, Evans filed, with this Court, a petition seeking
permission to file a successive petition for post-conviction relief. See Docket,
Evans v. State, 20A-SP-1719 (Petition for Permission to File Successive Petition
for Post-Conviction Relief). In his petition, Evans alleged that although he had
3
We recognize that, on appeal, there was no issue or challenge to whether Evans had admitted to the
habitual offender allegation.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-220| May 1, 2023 Page 7 of 20
pled guilty to the habitual offender allegation, he did not qualify for the habitual
offender enhancement under INDIANA CODE § 35-50-2-8 because the two
underlying offenses were not in the proper chronological order. He stated that
he sought to file a successive post-conviction petition so he could move to
withdraw his guilty plea under INDIANA CODE § 35-35-1-4(c)4 because the dates
of the two felony convictions underlying his habitual offender adjudication
were not in the proper sequence as required by INDIANA CODE § 35-50-2-8.
Evans alleged that the commission of the Kentucky escape offense had occurred
in 1994, which was before the 1995 commission of the federal uttering a
counterfeit obligation offense, but that he had been convicted and sentenced on
the Kentucky escape offense in 1999, which was after his 1995 conviction and
sentence on his federal uttering a counterfeit obligation offense. Evans attached
4
INDIANA CODE § 35-35-1-4(c) provides as follows:
(c) After being sentenced following a plea of guilty, or guilty but mentally ill at the time of
the crime, the convicted person may not as a matter of right withdraw the plea. However,
upon motion of the convicted person, the court shall vacate the judgment and allow the
withdrawal whenever the convicted person proves that withdrawal is necessary to correct a
manifest injustice. A motion to vacate judgment and withdraw the plea made under this
subsection shall be treated by the court as a petition for postconviction relief under the
Indiana Rules of Procedure for Postconviction Remedies. For purposes of this
section, withdrawal of the plea is necessary to correct a manifest injustice whenever:
(1) the convicted person was denied the effective assistance of counsel;
(2) the plea was not entered or ratified by the convicted person;
(3) the plea was not knowingly and voluntarily made;
(4) the prosecuting attorney failed to abide by the terms of a plea agreement; or
(5) the plea and judgment of conviction are void or voidable for any other reason.
The motion to vacate the judgment and withdraw the plea need not allege, and it need not
be proved, that the convicted person is innocent of the crime charged or that he has a valid
defense.
IND. CODE § 35-35-1-4(c).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-220| May 1, 2023 Page 8 of 20
a certified copy of an order that had been filed in his Kentucky escape cause on
June 29, 1998 (“the June 1998 order”). Specifically, the June 1998 order
amended the 1998 Kentucky indictment to correct a scrivener’s error and
provided that the escape offense had occurred on or about November 7, 1994.
As previously noted, the original grand jury indictment, which was dated June
1, 1998, had provided that the Kentucky escape offense had occurred on
November 14, 1997. Thereafter, on September 25, 2020, our Court determined
that Evans had “established a reasonable probability that he is entitled to post-
conviction relief” and authorized Evans to file a successive petition for post-
conviction relief. See Docket, Evans v. State, 20A-SP-1719 (Sept. 25, 2020 Order).
[13] In October 2020, Evans filed a pro se successive petition for post-conviction
relief in which he sought to withdraw his guilty plea under INDIANA CODE §
35-35-1-4(c). The case proceeded by affidavit.
[14] In May 2021, Evans filed a motion to obtain certified copies of his guilty plea
hearing, sentencing hearing, and exhibits at trial. The post-conviction court
granted Evans’ motion and indicated that it would arrange for the transfer of
Evans’ direct appeal record for use in the post-conviction proceeding by
affidavit.
[15] In June 2021, Evans filed an affidavit in which he averred that at the time that
he had admitted to being an habitual offender, the trial court had not informed
him that the commission dates of the underlying habitual offender offenses
were relevant. He also averred that, in February 2014, after he had worked on
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-220| May 1, 2023 Page 9 of 20
a habeas corpus petition, he had obtained a copy of the June 1998 order
amending the 1998 Kentucky indictment and that the order showed that the
commission date of his Kentucky escape offense was 1994 and not 1997.
Additionally, Evans averred that he had researched how to present his habitual
offender issue to the trial court and that, in 2019, discovered that he could raise
the issue via a motion to withdraw his guilty plea as a successive petition for
post-conviction relief. Evans also filed exhibits to support his post-conviction
petition. Specifically, Evans filed a certified copy of the June 1998 order
amending the 1998 Kentucky indictment to correct the commission date of the
escape offense contained in that indictment to the commission date of
November 7, 1994. He also filed a certified copy of the sentencing order from
his Kentucky escape cause, which showed that he had pleaded guilty to escape
and had been sentenced in 1999. Additionally, Evans filed a copy of the docket
from his 1995 federal uttering a counterfeit obligation cause and portions of the
transcript from his habitual offender proceeding and his sentencing hearing in
this current cause.
[16] In October 2021, the State filed an affidavit from a paralegal who worked in the
Marion County Prosecutor’s Office (“the paralegal’s affidavit”). In the
affidavit, the paralegal averred as follows:
1. I am employed by the Marion County Prosecutor’s Office as a
paralegal for the Post-Conviction Relief Unit. One of my duties
is to retrieve court files for previous convictions. I was instructed
to try to locate and obtain copies of the court file from Kentucky
with case number 98-CR-595.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-220| May 1, 2023 Page 10 of 20
2. I requested a copy of the case file on January 14, 2021 via
email per instruction from the Fayette County Clerk in
Kentucky.
3. I received a copy of the case file at the end of May 2021. Due
to office closure during COVID-19, the exact date of reception is
unknown.
4. The Deputy Prosecutor on the case requested that I
specifically try and locate the transcript for the guilty plea hearing
that was on March 26, 1999.
(App. Vol. 4 at 3). Attached to the paralegal’s affidavit was a Kentucky case
file for cause 98-CR-595 (“the Kentucky case file”), which included over 180
pages of pleadings and orders. The Kentucky case file did not contain a
certification from the Kentucky trial court. Nor did it contain a transcript from
Evans’ March 26, 1999 guilty plea hearing. Additionally, the Kentucky case
file did not contain a chronological case summary or the June 1998 order
amending the 1998 Kentucky indictment. In some of the documents in the
Kentucky case file, the commission date of Evans’ Kentucky escape offense was
listed as either 1997 or 1998.5
[17] In November 2021, Evans filed an objection to and a motion to strike the
State’s submission of the Kentucky case file. Evans argued that the post-
5
For example, in a June 1999 pro se motion to correct sentence, Evans referred to the date of commission of
his Kentucky escape offense as November 14, 1997; in a September 2002 motion filed by Evans’ attorney, his
counsel referred to the date of commission of the Kentucky escape offense as November 14, 1997; in an
October 2002 order, the trial court referred to Evans escaping from a Kentucky detention center in 1997; and
in a December 2012 pro se motion and a January 2013 pro se stipulation to a probation violation, Evans
referred to his escape as occurring in 1998. These pleadings and order all pre-date the February 2014 date on
which Evans avers that he had become aware of and had obtained the June 1998 order.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-220| May 1, 2023 Page 11 of 20
conviction court should strike the State’s evidence because “there [wa]s no
certification of authenticity as required by Ind. Code § 34-39-4-3.”6 (App. Vol.
6 at 11). Specifically, Evans alleged that the Kentucky case file had “no
certification . . . from any Kentucky judge, clerk, or other custodian of records
and was “an incomplete compilation” of records. (App. Vol. 6 at 12). Evans
further argued that the paralegal’s affidavit was not a valid substitute for the
certification by a Kentucky records custodian. Evans also alleged that the
Kentucky court records attached to the paralegal’s affidavit were “an
incomplete compilation of all the records retained by Kentucky authorities on
Case No 98-CR-595” and consisted mainly of post-conviction filings. (App.
Vol. 6 at 12). Additionally, Evans argued that the State’s evidence did not
comply with Trial Rule 44 or Indiana Evidence Rule 902.
6
INDIANA CODE § 34-39-4-3 provides as follows:
(a) The records and judicial proceedings of the several courts of record of or within the United
States or the territories of the United States shall be admitted in Indiana courts as evidence
when authenticated by attestation or certificate of the clerk or prothonotary, with the seal of the
court annexed, together with the seal of the chief justice or one (1) or more of the judges, or the
presiding magistrate of the court, that:
(1) the person who signed the attestation or certificate was, at the time of subscribing it, the
clerk or prothonotary of the court; and
(2) the attestation is in due form of law.
(b) Records and judicial proceedings that have been authenticated as described in subsection (a)
shall have full faith and credit given to them in any court in Indiana as by law or usage they
have in the courts in which they originated.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-220| May 1, 2023 Page 12 of 20
[18] Thereafter, the parties submitted proposed findings of fact and conclusions of
law. The post-conviction court did not rule on Evans’ objection and motion to
strike the State’s submission of the Kentucky case file.
[19] In January 2022, the post-conviction court issued an order denying Evans’
successive petition for post-conviction relief. The post-conviction court adopted
verbatim the State’s proposed findings and conclusions, including the State’s
typographical errors in numbering. The post-conviction court also stamped the
name of the magistrate on the signature line, which listed the title of “Judge”
under the signature line. (App. Vol. 2 at 21).
[20] In its order denying relief, the trial court found that the State had submitted the
paralegal’s affidavit and “a certified copy of the complete file maintained by the
Fayette County Clerk for 98CR595.” (App. Vol. 2 at 15). When ruling on
Evans’ post-conviction claim that he should be allowed to withdraw his guilty
plea under INDIANA CODE § 35-35-1-4(c) because the dates of the two felony
convictions underlying his habitual offender adjudication were not in the proper
sequence as required by INDIANA CODE § 35-50-2-8, the post-conviction court
stated that it had “reache[d] the inevitable and somewhat obvious conclusion
that Evans simply did not plead guilty” and that Evans’ motion to withdraw his
guilty plea was therefore “improper and unavailable[.]” (App. Vol. 2 at 17).
[21] The post-conviction court then proceeded to address the merits of Evans’ claim
that his habitual offender adjudication was not valid because it was not in the
proper sequence as required by INDIANA CODE § 35-50-2-8. The post-
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-220| May 1, 2023 Page 13 of 20
conviction court first discussed the preponderance of the evidence standard of
review and then stated that “the standard is necessarily imprecise and
dependent on the circumstances of a particular case, so that in some cases a
proponent’s evidence must overcome opposing presumptions as well as
opposing evidence which is to say that that [sic] more persuasive evidence may
be required in some cases than in others.” (App. Vol. 2 at 18). The post-
conviction court stated that “[i]n evaluating [Evans’] issue, the Court ha[d]
reviewed the transcript of the original trial, Evans’s PCR Exhibit A [the June
1998 order], Evans’s PCR Exhibit D [Evans’ affidavit] and the State’s PCR
Exhibits.” (App. Vol. 2 at 18). The post-conviction court expressed “strong
reservations about Evans’s PCR evidentiary submissions,” most notably Evans’
submission of Exhibit A, which was the certified copy of the June 1998 order.
(App. Vol. 2 at 18). Specifically, the post-conviction court noted that “[i]n his
PCR submission, Evans submitted Exhibit A, which purports to be an
‘Amended Indictment’ for 98CR595, which shows the date of commission of
the escape as November 7, 1994. Evan’s [sic] only explanation for the source of
the document is that he ‘obtained’ it in 2014.” (App. Vol. 2 at 18-19). The
post-conviction court commented that the June 1998 order had not been
contained in the Kentucky case file submitted by the State and also noted that
some of the documents in the Kentucky case file had listed the commission date
of Evans’ Kentucky escape offense as either 1997 or 1998. The post-conviction
court stated that it would “not speculate as to the provenance of the purported
‘Amended Indictment’ submitted as Petitioner’s PCR exhibit A,” and
ultimately concluded, “based upon [the court’s] review of the entirety of the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-220| May 1, 2023 Page 14 of 20
PCR evidence, that Ty Evans failed to establish his case by a preponderance of
the evidence.” (App. Vol. 2 at 20).
[22] Evans now appeals.
Decision
[23] Evans argues that the post-conviction court erred by denying him relief on his
successive post-conviction petition. At the outset, we note that Evans has
chosen to proceed pro se. It is well settled that pro se litigants are held to the
same legal standards as licensed attorneys. Evans v. State, 809 N.E.2d 338, 344
(Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied. Thus, pro se litigants are bound to follow the
established rules of procedure and must be prepared to accept the consequences
of their failure to do so. Id.
[24] “In post-conviction proceedings, the petitioner bears the burden of establishing
his claims by a preponderance of the evidence.” Isom v. State, 170 N.E.3d 623,
632 (Ind. 2021), reh’g denied. “Where, as here, the petitioner is appealing from a
negative judgment denying post-conviction relief, he must establish that the
evidence, as a whole, unmistakably and unerringly points to a conclusion
contrary to the post-conviction court’s decision. Id. (cleaned up). “We review
the post-conviction court’s factual findings under a ‘clearly erroneous’ standard
but do not defer to the post-conviction court’s legal conclusions.” Stephenson v.
State, 864 N.E.2d 1022, 1028 (Ind. 2007), reh’g denied, cert. denied.
[25] Our Court granted Evans permission to file a successive petition for post-
conviction relief so that he could raise a claim to withdraw his guilty plea under
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-220| May 1, 2023 Page 15 of 20
INDIANA CODE § 35-35-1-4(c) based on his argument that the dates of the two
felony convictions underlying his habitual offender adjudication were not in the
proper sequence as required by INDIANA CODE § 35-50-2-8. The post-
conviction court denied post-conviction relief to Evans based on its conclusion
that Evans had not admitted or pled guilty to the habitual offender allegation.
[26] We need not, however, delve into the post-conviction court’s determination
about whether Evans had admitted to the habitual offender allegation because
“[w]e have considered possible defects in habitual offender proofs as
‘fundamental error’ such that they may be raised [in a post-conviction
proceeding] notwithstanding failure to do so on direct appeal.” Weatherford v.
State, 619 N.E.2d 915, 917 (Ind. 1993), reh’g denied. See also Williams v. State,
525 N.E.2d 1238, 1241 n. 1 (Ind. 1988) (“Where the record of the habitual
offender proceeding clearly shows inadequate proof with regard to the
chronological sequence of the underlying felonies, however, we consider such
error to be fundamental.”), reh’g denied.
[27] Here, the heart of this appeal and Evans’ post-conviction argument is that he
did not qualify for the habitual offender enhancement under INDIANA CODE §
35-50-2-8 because the two underlying or predicate offenses were not in the
proper chronological order. Thus, we will focus on that issue.
[28] “In an habitual offender proceeding, the State must prove that the defendant
was convicted and sentenced for two prior unrelated felonies[,] . . . [and] [t]he
State must prove that the commission, conviction and sentencing on the first
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-220| May 1, 2023 Page 16 of 20
felony preceded the commission of the second felony.” Williams, 525 N.E.2d at
1241. See also Ind. Code § 35-50-2-8.7 Proof that
“commission/conviction/sentence for each of the offenses occurred seriatim” is
required. Weatherford, 619 N.E.2d at 917.
[29] “A [post-conviction] petitioner challenging an habitual offender determination
may not prevail simply by putting the State to its proof as though the case were
being tried or appealed in the first instance[;]” instead, “it is the petitioner’s
burden to demonstrate that the various convictions did not in fact occur in the
required order.” Bryant v. State, 760 N.E.2d 1141, 1143 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002).
Thus, Evans was required to “demonstrate that he was not an habitual offender
under the laws of the state” and that his “various convictions did not in fact
occur in the required order.” See Weatherford, 619 N.E.2d at 918. Our Courts
will grant relief where “the evidence has demonstrated that the
commission/conviction/sentencing were not in the proper order.” See id. at
917.
[30] Here, in support of Evans’ assertion that the predicate offenses underlying his
habitual offender adjudication were not in the required statutory order, he had
7 In 2005, when Evans committed the offenses charged in his underlying criminal case, the habitual offender
statute, INDIANA CODE § 35-50-2-8(a), provided that the State could seek to have a person sentenced as an
habitual offender if the person had accumulated two prior unrelated felony convictions. As set forth by
INDIANA CODE § 35-50-2-8(a) (2005), a person accumulated two prior unrelated felony convictions if: “(1)
the second prior unrelated felony conviction was committed after sentencing for the first prior unrelated
felony conviction; and (2) the offense for which the state seeks to have the person sentenced as a habitual
offender was committed after sentencing for the second prior unrelated felony conviction.” (Format altered).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-220| May 1, 2023 Page 17 of 20
the post-conviction court consider his direct appeal record, and he submitted an
affidavit and various documents. Most notably, Evans submitted a certified
copy of the June 1998 order amending the 1998 Kentucky indictment to correct
the commission date of the escape offense contained in that indictment, which
originally listed the commission date as November 14, 1997, to the commission
date of November 7, 1994. As this June 1998 order was certified by the
Kentucky court, it was entitled to full faith and credit.
[31] The Full Faith and Credit Clause of the U.S. Constitution requires that “[f]ull
Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and
judicial Proceedings of every other State.” U.S. Const. art. IV, § 1. “Full faith
and credit means that the judgment of a state court should have the same credit,
validity, and effect, in every other court of the United States, which it had in the
state where it was pronounced.” Gardner v. Pierce, 838 N.E.2d 546, 550 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2005) (cleaned up). “Indiana has codified this notion at Indiana Code
section 34-39-4-3, which establishes that records and judicial proceedings from
courts in other states ‘shall have full faith and credit given to them in any court
in Indiana as by law or usage they have in the courts in which they originated.’”
Id. “Full faith and credit commands deference to the judgments of foreign
courts, and the judgment of a sister state, regular and complete upon its face, is
prima facie valid.” Id. (cleaned up).
[32] The post-conviction court, however, disregarded the June 1998 order,
expressing “strong reservations about Evans’s PCR evidentiary submissions,”
most notably Evans’ submission of the June 1998 order. (App. Vol. 2 at 18).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-220| May 1, 2023 Page 18 of 20
The post-conviction court commented that the June 1998 order had not been
contained in the Kentucky case file submitted by the State and stated that it
would “not speculate as to the provenance of the purported ‘Amended
Indictment’ submitted as Petitioner’s PCR exhibit A[.]” (App. Vol. 2 at 20).
[33] It is unclear how or why the June 1998 order was not contained in the State’s
submission of the Kentucky case file. As previously mentioned, the Kentucky
case file also did not include a chronological case summary. Nor is it clear how
or why the June 1998 order was not included in the State’s Exhibit 51 that it
introduced during the habitual offender proceeding in 2005. Nonetheless, the
June 1998 order submitted by Evans in this post-conviction proceeding contains
a certification from the Kentucky clerk of court to “certify” that the “order
amending indictment filed June 29, 1998 in the case of 98-CR-595,
Commonwealth vs. Evans, Ty[,]” was a “full, true and correct copy[.]” (App.
Vol. 3 at 8) (modified from all upper case to lower case letters).
[34] The June 1998 order indicates that the commission date of Evans’ Kentucky
escape offense occurred on November 7, 1994, which was prior to the
commission of Evans’ 1995 federal conviction for uttering a counterfeit
obligation. However, Evans was convicted and sentenced on his 1995 federal
conviction prior to being convicted and sentenced on his Kentucky escape
offense. In other words, the post-conviction evidence submitted by Evans
shows that he: committed the Kentucky escape offense in 1994; committed and
was convicted and sentenced in 1995 for the federal uttering a counterfeit
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-220| May 1, 2023 Page 19 of 20
obligation offense; and was convicted and sentenced in 1999 for the Kentucky
escape offense.
[35] Because Evans demonstrated that he was not an habitual offender under the
laws of the state and that his two convictions did not in fact occur in the
required order, we reverse the post-conviction court’s denial of relief to Evans
and remand to the court with instructions to issue an amended abstract of
judgment consistent with this opinion. See, e.g., Williams, 525 N.E.2d at 1241
(reversing an habitual offender determination where “the prior convictions
clearly did not occur within the requisite statutory sequence”); Bryant, 760
N.E.2d at 1145-46 (reversing an habitual offender adjudication where the
petitioner had met his post-conviction burden by demonstrating that “the
factual basis for the habitual offender determination was erroneous” and had
therefore shown that “the underlying convictions for the habitual offender
enhancement [we]re out of sequence”).
[36] Reversed and remanded.
Robb, J., and Weissmann, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PC-220| May 1, 2023 Page 20 of 20.
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DECISION & ORDER
JOHN C. NINFO, II, U.S. Bankruptcy Judge.
BACKGROUND
On April 25, 2005, Thomas Otis Bosket (aka Thomas O. Bosket, aka Thomas Bosk-et, aka Tom Bosket) (the "Debtor") filed a petition initiating a Chapter 7 case and Peter Scribner, Esq. (the "Trustee") was appointed as his Chapter 7 Trustee.
On June 27, 2005, the Trustee conducted a Section 341 Meeting of Creditors at which an attorney for one of the Debtor's creditors produced a copy of a recorded deed, dated December 14, 2001 (the "Parent Deed"), from the Debtor's parents, Donald and Veta Bosket, as Grantors, to the Debtor, as Grantee, which conveyed to him their fee interest in real property commonly known as 4910 Meads Creek Road, Painted Post, New York (the "Meads Creek Road Property"). The Parent Deed reserved to Donald and Veta Bosket a life estate in the Meads Creek Road Property and also provided that "the Grantors while living shall have the limited power to appoint the remainder interest in these premises to another, except to themselves, their creditors or a governmental agency" (the "Power of Appointment").
On June 25, 2006, after the Debtor had received his discharge on August 24, 2005 (the "Discharge"), the Trustee commenced an Adversary Proceeding against the Debtor and Donald Bosket. The Trustee's Complaint set forth several causes of action, including a First Cause of Action to revoke the Debtor's Discharge pursuant to Sections 727(d)(1) and 727(a)(2)(B).
The Trustee's Complaint in the Adversary Proceeding for its First Cause of Action against the Debtor, asserted that: (1) the Debtor alleged that it was at his Section 341 Meeting of Creditors on June 24, 2005 that he and his attorney first learned of the existence of the Parent Deed and his interest in the Meads Creek Road Property; (2) by deed dated August 1, 2005, the Debtor transferred his interest in the Meads Creek Road Property to his father, Donald Bosket (the "Debtor Deed") for no consideration and without notice to or the consent of the Trustee; (3) the Debtor did not advise the Trustee of the transfer of his interest in the Meads Creek Road Property prior to the entry of his Discharge on August 24, 2005; (4) the Trustee did not learn of the transfer of the Debtor's interest in the Meads Creek Road Property until October 2005; (5) the Debtor transferred his interest in the Meads Creek Road Property after the date of the filing of his petition, and before his Discharge was entered, with the intent to hinder, delay or defraud his creditors and the Trustee; and (6) the Trustee did not know about the transfer before the Debtor's Discharge was entered, so that the Debtor's Discharge was obtained by fraud and should be revoked.
The Debtor interposed an Answer to the Trustee's Complaint in the Adversary Proceeding and on October 26, 2006, he filed a Motion for Summary Judgment (the "Motion for Summary Judgment") which requested that the Court enter an order dismissing the Trustee's Complaint. The Court granted the Motion for Summary Judgment with respect to all of the causes of actions contained in the Trustee's Complaint with the exception of the First Cause of Action, which requested that the Court revoke the Debtor's Discharge.
When it denied the Motion for Summary Judgment, the Court indicated that it would consider the Discharge to have been obtained by fraud for purposes of Section 727(d)(1) and would revoke the Debtor's Discharge if it were shown that: (1) the Debtor had transferred property of the estate, in this case his interest in the Meads Creek Road Property, post-petition with the intent to hinder, delay or defraud his creditors and the Trustee; and (2) the Debtor did not advise the Trustee of the transfer and the Trustee did not otherwise know of the transfer before the granting of the Discharge.
At a Trial conducted on May 8, 2007, through the Debtor's testimony and the exhibits produced by the Trustee, the Court learned that: (1) the Debtor had been a building contractor for approximately thirty-eight (38) years and had been the elected Supervisor of the Town of Campbell for twenty-nine (29) years; (2) the Meads Creek Road Property consisted of a dwelling on approximately 83.7 acres of land; (3) when the Debtor filed his petition, his mother had passed away and his father was approximately eighty-four (84) years old and in good health; (4) according to the Debtor's testimony, he never knew of the existence of the Parent Deed until his Section 341 Meeting of Creditors; (5) according to the Debtor's testimony, subsequent to his Section 341 Meeting of Creditors, he was advised by his bankruptcy attorney "that he needed to get his name off the deed"; (6) as a result of the alleged advice of his bankruptcy attorney the Debtor met with attorney Michael Martino ("Martino"), his father's attorney who had prepared the Parent Deed; (7) in his meeting with Martino, the Debtor did not advise him that he had filed bankruptcy, nor did they have any other conversations as to why the Debtor wanted to "get his name off the deed"; (8) Marti-no's office prepared the Debtor Deed;; and (9) prior to executing the Debtor Deed, the Debtor had not advised his father, Donald Bosket, that he had filed a bankruptcy petition.
From the pleadings and proceedings in connection with the Motion for Summary Judgment, the parties and the Court learned that Donald Bosket, by Deed recorded on July 10, 2006, exercised his Power of Appointment and conveyed the remainder interest in the Meads Creek Road Property to his daughter, Connie L. Younker.
DISCUSSION
The Debtor's Discharge must be revoked and a discharge denied pursuant to Section 727(d)(1), for the following reasons:
1. Even if he was not aware of the Parent Deed or the transfer it evidenced until his Section 341 Meeting of Creditors, at the time of the filing of his petition the Debtor was the record owner of the Meads Creek Road Property, subject to his father's life estate interest and Power of Appointment, which was Section 541 property of the estate;
2. On the date of his Section 341 Meeting of Creditors, shortly thereafter when the Debtor has alleged he discussed the Parent Deed with his bankruptcy attorney, and on August 1, 2005 when he has alleged he met with Martino, the Debtor was a sophisticated businessman and public servant, who, as a building contractor and Town Supervisor, was necessarily used to dealing with attorneys and asking hard questions of them, so the Court does not find credible any assertion that he did not know or understand exactly why he was being advised to "get his name off the deed;"
3. Notwithstanding what his conversations may or may not have been with his bankruptcy attorney, the Debtor had to know that the only reason to "get his name off the deed" at that time and under the facts and circumstances presented was that unless he did something, somehow his bankruptcy estate, or perhaps the several creditors who had an attorney present at the Section 341 Meeting of Creditors and subsequently filed nondischargeability adversary proceedings against him, would have a right to all or a portion of his interest in the Meads Creek Road Property;
4. No matter what the Debtor's many intentions may have been in executing and having the Debtor Deed recorded, those intentions must have included the intention to eliminate any interest his bankruptcy estate, Trustee and/or creditors might have in all or a portion of the interest he owned in the Meads Creek Road Property as a result of the Parent Deed;
5. On August 1, 2005, the Debtor's interest in the Meads Creek Road Property was a valuable asset of the Debtor's estate. A snapshot of these facts and circumstances on August 1, 2005 (the "August 1 Facts") clearly indicates that the Debtor's remainder interest had a significant actuarial and actual value.
As for the Debtor's assertions in the Motion for Summary Judgment that the Debtor's remainder interest had absolutely no value because of the Power of Appointment, this Court rejects that assertion. On August 1, 2005, the reality was as it is stated above. Anything beyond that it is pure speculation, for example, whether: (a) Donald Bosket would otherwise have learned about the Debtor's bankruptcy if the Debtor continued to wish to keep it a secret from him (the Debtor had been in bankruptcy for over three months by then and Donald Bosket did not know); (b) Donald Bosket would have passed away before learning of the Debtor's bankruptcy and exercising the Power of Appointment; and (c) countless other speculations.
Furthermore, if the Debtor believed his interest in the Meads Creek Road Property had no value, why would he have transferred it on August 1, 2005? Can the transfer of the Debtor's interest with a clear intent to hinder, delay or defraud his creditors and the Trustee by putting that interest beyond their reach, be ignored or excused because of speculation that, in light of his interest, the unexercised Power of Appointment actually had no realizable value when he obviously transferred it believing that it did?
6. This Court rejects the Debtor's argument in connection with the Motion for Summary Judgment that because the Debtor was never aware of the recording of the Parent Deed that he had not accepted the delivery of an interest in the Meads Creek Road Property for purposes of New York Real Property Law, so that no transfer had taken place and he was not in fact the owner of an interest in the Meads Creek Road Property on the date of the filing of his petition or on August 1, 2005.
Furthermore, the execution of the Debt- or Deed, which acknowledged the conveyance to him of an interest in the Meads Creek Road Property by the Parent Deed, constituted an acceptance and ratification of the interest as of the date of the filing of his petition;
7. The Court also rejects the argument that there was no effective transfer accomplished by the execution and recording of the Debtor Deed because the Trustee could have avoided it under Section 549. The acceptance of that argument would make the provisions of Section 727(a)(2)(B) meaningless, since there could never then be a transfer it describes and prohibits;
8. The Court also rejects any argument that it was the Trustee's obligation to do anything that would prevent the Debtor from executing, delivering and/or recording the Debtor Deed or to somehow have taken steps that would have allowed him to learn about the Debtor Deed prior to the entry of the Debtor's Discharge. Trustees are not expected to assume that honest debtors seeking a discharge and fresh start will violate the provisions of Section 727(a)(2)(B);
9. The evidence is undisputed that the Trustee did not know about the transfer of the Debtor's interest in the Meads Creek Road Property prior to the entry of the Debtor's Discharge;
10. Had this Court been aware, through an appropriate adversary proceeding commenced by the Trustee, that the Debtor had transferred his interest in the Meads Creek Road Property post-petition to Donald Bosket without the knowledge or consent of the Trustee under the circumstances presented in this Adversary Proceeding, it would have denied the Discharge. As a result, in this Court's view, by transferring his interest in the Meads Creek Road Property for no consideration and with the intent to hinder, delay or defraud his creditors and the Trustee, and not advising the Court or the Trustee of the transfer prior to the entry of his Discharge, the Debtor's Discharge was obtained by fraud; and
11. A Discharge is for an honest but unfortunate debtor. CONCLUSION
The Debtor's Discharge is hereby revoked and a discharge is denied. Playing fast and loose with valuable assets of the estate post-petition is not permissible.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
. Section 727(d)(1) provides that:
(d) On request of the Trustee, a creditor, or the United States trustee, and after notice and a hearing, the court shall revoke a discharge granted under subsection (a) of this section if-
(1) such discharge was obtained through the fraud of the debtor and the requesting party did not know of such fraud until after the granting of such discharge]!]
Section 727(a)(2)(B) provides that:
(a) The Court shall grant the debtor a discharge, unless-
(2) the debtor, with intent to hinder, delay, or defraud a creditor or an officer of the estate charged with custody of property under this title, has transferred, removed, destroyed, mutilated, or concealed, or has permitted to be transferred, removed, destroyed, mutilated, or concealed-
(B) property of the estate, after the date of the filing of the petition]!]
11 U.S.C. § 727 (2007).
. The copy of the Debtor Deed admitted at Trial does not show that it was recorded. However, as part of the Motion for Summary Judgment, the Court was advised that the Debtor Deed was recorded.
. If this Court conducted a trial on August 1, 2005 to value the Debtor's interest in the Meads Creek Road Property, based upon the August 1 Facts, this Court could not find that the interest had no value.
. In In re Gorenflo, 351 B.R. 64 (Bankr. W.D.N.Y.2006), my colleague, Judge Carl L. Bucki, on similar facts, determined that a debtor could not repudiate such an interest post-petition, since it was Section 541 property of the estate and only the Trustee had the power to repudiate any such interest.
. BEING THE SAME PREMISES conveyed by a deed dated December 14, 2001 from Donald O. Bosket and Veta J. Bosket to Thomas O. Bosket and recorded March 1, 2002 in the Office of the Steuben County Clerk in Liber 1759 of Deeds at page 23. The said Veta J. Bosket having died December 14, 2004, hereby relinquishing the life estate of Veta J. Bosket reserved in the aforementioned deed recorded in Liber 1759 of Deeds at page 23..
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Vain, then, became the fire of the vaunted cannon of the Scotch commander and the crashing volleys of his small arms. Vainly he himself and his chosen officers, sword in hand, set an example of courage to their men. With the shout of "Lamh Dearg Aboo !" which, fifty years be- fore, had sounded the death-knell of Bagnal, Kildare, and De Burgh, on the banks of the same historic river, the Irish clansmen rushed upon their foes. The strug- gle was brief and bitter. Lord Blaney's English regi- 224 The People's History of Ireland ment perished almost to the last man, fighting heroically to the end. The Scottish cavalry was utterly broken and fled pell-mell, leaving the infantry to their fate. 'Lord Montgomery's regiment alone retired in good order, al- though with considerable loss, but Montgomery himself, fifty other officers, and some two hundred soldiers, were made prisoners. Monroe fled, without hat or wig, and tradition says he lost his sword in swimming his horse across the Blackwater. Of the Anglo-Scotch army, there died upon the field 3,243 officers and men, and many more perished during the vengeful pursuit of the victors, who do not appear to have been in a forgiving mood. O'Neill acknowledged a loss of seventy men killed and several hundred wounded. The Scottish army lost all of its baggage, tents, cannon, small arms, military chest, and, besides, thirty-two stand of battle-flags. Fifteen hundred draught horses and enough food supplies to last the Irish army for many months also fell into the hands of the vanquishers. Monroe's army was, virtually, de- stroyed, and he sullied a previously honorable record by plundering and burning many villages and isolated houses to gratify his spite against the people whose soldiers had so grievously humiliated him. O'Neill's fine military instinct impelled him to follow up his success by giving Monroe no rest until he had driven him from Ulster, but, unfortunately, there came at this crisis a request, which really meant an order, from the Nuncio, to march the Ulster army into Leinster in order that it might support those who were opposed in the Council at Kilkenny to entering into further peace negotiations with the bigoted Ormond and the now im- potent king. O'Neill could hardly decline this misdi- The People's History of Ireland 225 reeled mission, but it proved to be, in the end, a fatal act of obedience. From that hour the Irish cause began to decline. General Preston, O'Neill's fierce Anglo-Irish rival, and fanatically devoted to the cause of Charles, en- gaged in battle with the Parliamentary general, Michael Jones, at Dungan Hill in Meath, and was totally routed, with immense loss. It is only proper to remark here, that the "Old" Irish did the best fighting during this war, because their hearts were in the struggle, while the Anglo-Irish, who mainly composed the armies under Preston and Lord Taaffe — the latter of whom was igno- miniously defeated at Knockinoss, near Mallow in Cork — were only half-hearted in their efforts. Taaffe's de- feat was aggravated by the cruel murder of the brave "Left-handed" MacDonnell of Antrim, who, after having been made prisoner, was barbarously put to death by order of the murderous renegade, "Murrough the Burner," who commanded the victors. This bloody- minded wretch further signalized his cruelty by storming the city of Cashel and sacking the grand cathedral, founded by one of his own princely ancestors, in the twelfth century. Hundreds of non-combatants of all ages and both sexes, who had taken refuge in the holy place, were ruthlessly massacred, and twenty priests were dragged from under the high altar and wantonly butch- ered. Lord Broghill emphasized his brutality in Cork County by hanging before the walls of Macroom Castle the saintly Bishop MacEagan of Ross, who refused to counsel the Irish garrison to surrender. Dr. He was suspected by the Confederates and distrusted by the Parliamentarians. The former, convinced that he meant to betray Dublin, which was poorly fortified, to the latter, ordered O'Neill and Preston to unite their forces and take it from Ormond. Preston, who was, to all appearance, more of a royalist Palesman than an Irishman, threw obstacles in the way of the intended assault, and proposed to parley with Ormond before assuming the aggressive. Owing to this dilatoriness, and because of a false alarm, the combined Irish forces retired from before the city without accomplishing any- The People's History of Ireland 227 thing. There was mutual distrust between the unwilling allies, and, as usual, Ireland was the sufferer. Preston's jealousy of O'Neill amounted to a frenzy, and, before an accommodation could be arrived at, Ormond surren- dered the city to the Parliamentary forces, under Gen- eral Jones, and fled to France, where, unaccountably, considering his suspicious conduct, he was favorably re- ceived. After a year's absence, he returned to Ireland, and, finding the royal cause desperate, concluded a peace between the king's supporters, the Confederates, and the National party, headed by Owen O'Neill. This treaty was, virtually, a revival of that submitted by Glamorgan, and fully recognized, when all too late, the justice of the Catholic claims to liberty of conscience. Had the original instrument been adopted, Charles could have held Ireland against the Parliament. But his days were now num- bered, and he died on the scaffold, in front of his own palace of Whitehall, on January 30, 1649. The Royalist party at once recognized his heir as Charles II. They were reinforced by many Parliamenta- rian Protestants who were shocked and horrified by the decapitation of the king; and so Old Irish and New Irish, Confederates and Ormondists, made common cause against the Parliament, which was defended in Dublin by the redoubtable General Jones, and in Derry by the fero- cious younger Coote. Even the sanguinary Inchiquiri again became a Royalist and captured several towns of strength and importance from his recent allies. Ormond massed his army and, aided by Major-General Purcell, made an attempt to storm Dublin. But Michael Jones made a night sortie from the city and scattered Ormond and Purcell and their followers to the winds of heaven. The 228 The People's History of Ireland Irish generals mutually blamed each other and there was much bitter crimination and recrimination, but all this could not remedy the disaster that incapacity and over- confidence had brought about. Owen O'Neill kept his army, which fronted Coote, near Derry, intact, but lost his best friend when the impetuous Nuncio, who had spared neither denunciation nor excommunication in deal- ing with the trimming Anglo-Catholic leaders, disgusted with the whole wretched business, suddenly departed for the port of Galway and sailed in his own ship for Rome. Had this good man had to deal with leaders like Owen O'Neill, faithful, sensible, and unselfish, Ireland would have been an independent nation ere he returned to the Eternal City. His retirement placed O'Neill and the "Old Irish" in great perplexity as regarded a military policy. Ormond, the treacherous, was, nominally at least, commander-in-chief of the royal army, and his trusted lieutenants, Preston and Inchiquin, were O'Neill's bitter foes. Under such disadvantages, we are not surprised to learn that O'Neill adopted a policy of his own, at once bold and original. He temporized with the Parliamen- tarians, and actually entered into a three months' truce with General George Monck, who had succeeded to the unlucky Monroe's command in the North. The dis- trust and hatred of Ormond, whose military power waned immediately after his crushing defeat by Gen- eral Jones, already mentioned, were so great that both Galway and Limerick refused to admit his garrisons. He and his wretched ally, Inchiquin, became utterly discredited with the Old Irish party, and soon fled the kingdom their infamies had cursed. Ormond re- The People's History of Ireland 229 turned to England after the Restoration and was one of Charles II's intimates. It can hardly be wondered at, therefore, that, to use McGee's language, "the singular spectacle was exhibited of Monck forwarding supplies to O'Neill to be used against Ormond and Inchiquin, and O'Neill coming to the rescue of Coote and raising for him the siege of Derry." It was unfortunate that all of the Parliamentary generals were not possessed of the chivalric qualities of Monck and that hard fortune again compelled Owen Roe to draw the sword for the cause of the ingrate Stuarts. As for the Anglo-Irish, whether of the Church of Rome or the Church of Eng- land, they clung to the fortunes, or rather the misfor- tunes, of Charles II as faithfully and vehemently as to those of his infatuated father. This was all the more noteworthy, as the younger Charles had even less to recommend him to public estimation than his sire. He lived to be a disgrace to even the throne of England, which has been filled too often by monarchs of degraded and dissolute character. The second Charles of England was destitute of every virtue, except physical courage. He had, in a high degree, that superficial good nature which distinguished his race, but he was a libertine, an ingrate, and a despicable time-server. But Ireland did not learn these truths about his character until long after the period of his checkered career here dealt with. It must be borne in mind, however, that in the middle of the seventeenth century the divinity which is alleged to hedge a king was much more apparent to the masses of the people than it is in our own generation, when the microscopic eye of an educated public opinion is turned upon the throne and detects the slightest flaw, in the 230 The People's History of Ireland "fierce light" which beats upon it. The Old Irish party cared little for Charles, but when it came to a choice between him and Cromwell, there was nothing left them but to throw their swords into the scale for the youthful monarch, who was not nearly as "merry" then as he became in after days, when he quite forgot the friends of his adversity. CHAPTER VIII "The Curse of Cromwell" — Massacres of Drogheda and Wexford —Death of Sir Phelim O'Neill THEIR adherence to the cause of the young Stuart brought upon the Irish nation the blighting "curse of Cromwell," so terribly remembered down to the pres- ent hour in every nook of Ireland visited by his formi- dable and remorseless legions. The English Parliament well knew that a general of the first class was needed to crush the Irish army in field and fort, and so Oliver Cromwell, commander of the famous "Ironsides," or Parliamentary cuirassiers, the greatest and most relent- less soldier of that age, was sent to Ireland, commissioned to work his will upon her. He landed in Dublin with an army of 4,000 cavalry and 9,000 infantry, augmented by the forces already in the island, on August 14, 1649. Plentifully supplied with money and military stores, he at once made ready for a vigorous campaign. His sec- ond in command was General Ireton, a son-in-law and pupil, who is remembered in Ireland only a degree less bitterly than the great regicide himself. The latter marched his formidable army, after a very brief rest, from Dublin to Drogheda, which was held for Charles II by a garrison of about 3,000 men, burdened with many The People's History of Ireland 231 helpless non-combatants, under the orders of Sir Arthur Aston, a brave and experienced officer, who had suffered the loss of a leg in the Continental wars. He spurned Cromwell's insolent summons to surrender, and success- fully repulsed two furious assaults, led by the English general in person. A third attack, made September 10, 1649, was successful. General Aston fell, and the Puri- tan soldiers quarreled over his artificial leg, which was said to be made of gold. Examination proved it to be of wood — a much less costly and tempting material. The garrison, seeing their leader fall, laid down their arms, believing that quarter would be extended. But Crom- well, by his own admission (see his letters compiled by Thomas Carlyle), refused this accommodation, on the flimsy pretext that Drogheda did not, at once, surrender on summons; and the Puritan army was let loose upon the doomed city. For five dreadful days and nights there ensued a carnival of rapine and slaughter. The affrighted people fled to cellars, many sought refuge in churches, and some climbed even to the belfries in the vain hope of escaping the general massacre. But they were relentlessly pursued, sabred, suffocated, or burned to death in the places in which they hoped to obtain shel- ter. The few miserable survivors — less than one hun- dred— were spared, only to be shipped as slaves to the Barbadoes. (See Cromwell's Letters, per Carlyle.) Cromwell, in his despatch to the speaker of the English Parliament, called this brutal achievement "an exceed- ing great mercy," and, blasphemously, gave all the praise of the universal slaughter to the most High God ! There is absolutely no excuse for the regicide's outrageous con- duct at Drogheda, although Froude, Carlyle, and other Ireland— n Vol. U 232 The People's History of Ireland British historians have vainly sought to make apology for his inhuman actions. The tidings from Drogheda and Wexford soon spread throughout the country, and the faint-hearted governors of many strong towns surrendered without attempting to make an honorable defence. Kilkenny proved an ex- ception. There a brave stand was made, and garrison and inhabitants received favorable terms of surrender. But Cromwell's most difficult task was in front of "rare Clonmel," in Tipperary, which was garrisoned by a few regiments of the aboriginal Ulster Irish — among the brav- est men that ever trod a battlefield or manned a breach — under the command of Major-General Hugh Duff( Black) O'Neill, nephew and pupil of the glorious Owen Roe. This brave and skilful officer repulsed, with much car- nage, several of Cromwell's fiercest assaults, and the siege would, undoubtedly, ha.ve been raised only for failure of ammunition in the Irish army. O'Neill, having satisfied himself that this was the unfortunate fact, evacuated the city on a dark midnight of May, 1649, and retreated to Limerick. Cromwell, ignorant of this movement, de- manded the surrender of Clonmel next morning. Favor- able terms were requested and granted. There was no massacre, and Cromwell's sardonic nature made him rather enjoy the masterly trick played upon him by young O'Neill. Some years afterward, when the latter, after a most noble defence of Limerick, fell into the hands of Ireton and was condemned to death, we are informed that Cromwell, then virtually Lord Protector, caused his 134 The People's History of Ireland sentence to be commuted and allowed him to return to the Continent. Such is the effect true courage produces on even the most brutal natures. Owen Roe O'Neill, who, of all the Irish generals, was alone fitted, both by nature and experience, to combat the able Cromwell, died soon after that tyrant's arrival in Ireland, as some say by poison. He was on the march to attack the English army, when he surrendered to death at Clough Oughter Castle, in Cavan, bitterly mourned by all who had dreamed of an independent Ireland. How beautifully Thomas Davis laments him : "We thought you would not die — we were sure you would not go, And leave us in our utmost need to Cromwell's cruel blow! Sheep without a shepherd, when the snow shots out the sky, Oh, why did you leave us, Owen, why did you die? "Soft as woman's was your voice, O'Neill ! bright was your eye, O! why did you leave us, Owen? why did you die? Your troubles are all over, you're at rest with God on high; But we're slaves and we're orphans, Owen! why did you die?" Immediately after the capitulation of Clonmel, Crom- well, summoned by Parliament to operate against the royalists of Scotland, set sail for England, leaving behind him Ireton and Ludlow to continue his bloody work. By Oliver's direction, confiscation followed confiscation, and, when he became Protector of the English Commonwealth, many thousands of innocent boys and girls were shipped from Ireland to the West Indies and other colonies of England, where most of them perished miserably. Ire- ton died in Limerick, which yielded to his arms, after a desperate resistance, in 1651. Tradition says that he rotted from the plague, and that his last hours were hor- rible to himself and to all who surrounded his repulsive deathbed. He had caused to be killed in the city a The People's History of Ireland 235 bishop, many priests, and a multitude of other non-com- batants; and these atrocities appalled his craven soul at the moment of dissolution. Ludlow, an equally fero- cious soldier, concluded the work of conquest in Ireland, and, in 1652, the whole island was again rendered "tran- quil." "Order reigned in Warsaw," but it was not the order that succeeds dissolution. Ireland, as subsequent events proved, was not dead, but sleeping. McGee) sings of him as "In Felix Felix," thus : "He rose the first — he looms the morning star Of that long, glorious unsuccessful war; England abhors him ! has she not abhorr'd All who for Ireland ventured life or word? What memory would she not have cast away That Ireland keeps in her heart's heart to-day? "If even his hand and hilt were so distained, If he was guilty as he has been blamed, His death redeemed his life — he chose to die Rather than get his freedom with a lie. Plant o'er his gallant heart a laurel tree, So may his head within the shadow be! 236 The People's History of Ireland "I mourn for thee, O hero of the North — God judge thee gentler than we do on earth! I mourn for thee and for our land, because She dare not own the martyrs in her cause; But they, our poets, they who justify — They will not let thy memory rot or die!" CHAPTER IX Sad Fate of the Vanquished — Cruel Executions and Wholesale Confiscations HP HE subsequent fate of other chief actors in this great ••• political and military drama is summed up by a learned historian thus : "Mountgarret and Bishop Rothe died before Galway (the last Irish stronghold of this war) fell. Bishop MacMahon, of Clogher, surrendered to Sir Charles Coote, and was executed like a felon by one he had saved from destruction a year before at Derry. Coote, after the Restoration, became Earl of Mountrath, and Broghill, Earl of Orrery. Clanricarde died unnoticed on his English estate, under the Protectorate. Inchiquin, after many adventures in foreign lands, turned Catholic in his old age; and this burner of churches bequeathed an annual alms for masses for his soul. A Roman patrician did the honors of sepulture for Father Luke Wadding. Hugh Duff O'Neill, the heroic defender of Clonmel and Lim- erick, and the gallant though vacillating Preston, were cordially received in France, while the consistent (En- glish) Republican, General Ludlow, took refuge as a fugitive (after the Restoration) in Switzerland. The same accomplished authority (T. D. McGee) in- forms us that under Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate, "A new survey of the whole island was ordered, under the direction of Sir William Petty, the fortunate economist The People's History of Ireland 237 who founded the House of Lansdowne. By him the sur- face of the kingdom was estimated at ten and a half million plantation acres, three millions of which were deducted for waste and water. Of the remainder, above 5,000,000 acres were in Catholic hands in 1641 ; 300,000 acres were college lands, and 2,000,000 acres were in possession of the Protestant settlers of the reigns of James I and Elizabeth. Under the Cromwellian Pro- tectorate, 5,000,000 acres were confiscated. This enor- mous spoil, two-thirds of the whole island (as then com- puted), went to the soldiers and adventurers who had served against the Irish or had contributed to the mili- tary chest since 1641 — except 700,000 acres given in 'exchange' to the banished in Clare and Connaught, and 1,200,000 confirmed to 'innocent Papists' who had taken no part in the warfare for their country's liberty. And," continues our authority already quoted, "Cromwell anticipated the union of the kingdoms by a hundred and fifty years, when he summoned, in 1653, tnat assembly over which 'Praise-God Bare-bones' presided. Members for Ireland and Scotland sat on the same benches with the Commons of England. Oliver's first deputy in the government of Ireland was his son-in-law, Fleetwood, who had married the widow of Ireton, but his real rep- resentative was his fourth son, Henry Cromwell, com- mander-in-chief of the army. In 1657, the title of Lord Deputy was transferred from Fleetwood to Henry, who united the supreme civil and military authority in his own person, until the eve of the Restoration, of which he became an active partisan. We may thus embrace the five years of the Protectorate as the period of Henry Cromwell's administration." High Courts of Justice 238 The People's History of Ireland were appointed for dealing with those who had been actively in arms, and many cruel executions resulted. Commissions were also appointed for the expatriation of the people, particularly the young. "Children under age, of both sexes, were captured by the thousands, and sold as slaves to the tobacco planters of Virginia and the West Indies. Secretary Thurloe informs Henry Crom- well that 'the Council have authorized 1,000 girls, and as many youths, to be taken up for that purpose.' Sir William Petty mentions 6,000 Irish boys and girls shipped to the West Indies. Some contemporary accounts make the total number of children and adults, so transported, 100,000 souls. To this decimation we may add 34,000 men of fighting age, who had permission to enter the armies of foreign powers at peace with the Common- wealth." As there was no Irish Parliament called under Crom- well's regime, the "government" of Ireland consisted, during that period, of the deputy, the commander-in- chief, and four commissioners — the Puritan leaders, Ludlow, Corbett, Jones, and Weaver — all of whom looked upon the Celtic-Catholic Irish, and, in fact, all classes of the Irish people, with bigoted hatred and in- solent disdain. And these men had, until the Restora- tion, absolute dominion over the lives and liberty, the rights and properties of the nation they hated! The Act of Uniformity, which played such a terrible part in the reigns of Elizabeth and James, was put into relentless force. The Catholics were crushed, as it were, into the earth, and Ireland again became a veritable counterpart of the infernal regions. Priests, of all ranks, were hunted like wild beasts, and many fell victims to The People's History of Ireland 239 their heroic devotion to their flocks. Catholic lawyers were rigidly disbarred and Catholic school-teachers were subjected to deadly penalties. "Three bishops and three hundred ecclesiastics" perished violently during the Pro- tectorate. "Under the superintendence of tke commis- sioners," says McGee, "the distribution made of the soil among the Puritans 'was nearly as complete as that of Canaan by the Israelites.' Such Irish gentlemen as had obtained pardons were obliged to wear a distinctive mark on their dress under pain of death. Those of inferior rank were obliged to wear a round black spot on the right cheek, under pain of the branding iron and the gallows. If a Puritan lost his life in any district inhab- ited by Catholics, the whole population were held sul> ject to military execution. Many a prayer of thankfulness went up to the throne of God from outraged Irish fathers and mothers, whose children were sweltering as slaves under tropical suns. 240 The People's History of Ireland Cromwell himself had passed away, but the "curse of Cromwell" remained with Ireland for many a black and bitter day thereafter. What followed after his death until the Restoration belongs to English history. Under his son Richard, and his associates, or advisers, the Protectorate proved a fail- ure. Then followed the negotiations with General Monck, and the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II, who landed on English soil, at Dover, May 2.2, 1660, proceeded to London, where he was cordially welcomed, and renewed his interrupted reign over a country which, at heart, despised and distrusted him and all of his fated house. CHAPTER X Ireland Further Scourged Under Charles II — Murder of Archbishop Plunket — Accession of James II THE Irish Catholics had built high hopes on the res- toration of Charles, but were not very jubilant when they learned that he had appointed as Lords Justices, in Dublin, their ancient foes and persecutors, Coote and Brog- hill, the latter now called the Earl of Orrery. In the Irish (provincial) Parliament, the "Undertaking" element was in the ascendant, and the Protestants, barely one-fifth of the nation, had, in the House of Lords, 72 peers of their faith to 21 Catholics. In the Commons the same dispar- ity existed, there being 198 Protestant to 64 Catholic members. In England, the defenders of the crown, who had fought against Cromwell, were, in most cases, treated with justice, and many had their possessions restored to them. In Ireland, the Royalists, of all creeds and The Peop/e's History of Ireland 241 classes, were treated by the king and his advisers with shameful ingratitude. Most of the confiscations of the Cromwell period were confirmed, but the Catholic religion was tolerated, to a certain extent, and the lives of priests and schoolmasters were not placed in jeopardy as much as formerly. The Catholics made a good fight for the res- toration of their property, and were faithfully aided by the Earl of Kildare in Ireland and by Colonel Richard Talbot — afterward Earl of Tyrconnel — in England. But the Cromwellian settlers maintained the advantage in property they had gained. In 1775, they still held 4,500,- ooo acres against 2,250,000 acres held by the original proprietors. The figures, according to the most reliable authorities, were almost exactly the reverse before the Cromwellian settlement. An attempt on the part of the Catholics, to be allowed greater privileges than they pos- sessed, was met in a most unfriendly spirit in England. One of their delegates, Sir Nicholas Plunkett, was mobbed by the Londoners and forbidden the royal pres- ence by the order of the Council, while Colonel Talbot, because of his bold championship of the Catholic cause, was sent for a period to the Tower. The Irish Catholics were, finally, forbidden to make any further address in opposition to the Bill of Settlement — as the act confirm- ing the confiscations was called — and the perfidious Charles signed it without compunction, although he well knew he was beggaring his own and his father's friends. An English tribunal, appointed to sit in Dublin and hear the Irish claims, declared in favor of the plundered na- tive proprietors, but as it was met immediately by the intrigues of the ruthless Ormond, who again became Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the duration of this honest 242 The People's History of Ireland English tribunal was limited to a certain day, when only about 800 out of 3,000 cases had been heard. A meas- ure called "An Act of Explanation" was then passed (1665), by which it was decreed that "no Papist who had not been adjudged innocent under the former act could be so adjudged thereafter, or entitled to claim any lands or settlements." "Thus," remarks a historian, "even the inheritance of hope, and the reversion of ex- pectation, were extinguished forever for the sons and daughters of the ancient gentry of the kingdom." An attempt made by the titled Catholic laity and the prelates and priests of that faith to establish their true position in regard to their spiritual and secular allegiance was also met in a hostile manner by Ormond, who so managed as to excite a bitter controversy in regard to a document called "The Remonstrance," which was sup- posed to embody the Catholic idea of the period. The viceroy succeeded to the top of his bent. Dissension pre- vailed at a meeting of the surviving prelates of the Church, and the superiors of regular orders, held in Dublin, and Ormond made the failure of the gathering an excuse for persecuting Che prelates and priests, whom he bitterly hated as a body he could not use, with penal severities, which the selfish and sensual king, who was himself a Catholic in secret, allowed to pass without interference. In this same year (1666) the importation of Irish cat- tle into England was declared, by Parliamentary enact- ment, "a nuisance," for the reason that when the Lon- doners were starving, at the time of the Great Fire, Ire- land contributed for their relief 15,000 fat steers. In- stead of being grateful for the generous gift, the English lawmakers pretended to believe it a scheme to preserve The People's History of Ireland 243 the trade in cattle between the two kingdoms. The Nav- igation Act — invented by Cromwell — which put fetters on Irish commerce, was also enforced, and these two grievances united, for a time, the Puritans and the Old Irish, as both suffered equally from the restrictions placed upon industry. Ormond showed favor to the dis- contented Puritans, and was recalled in consequence. His retirement lasted nine years, and during that period he became a patron of Irish manufactures, especially in the county of Kilkenny. A bogus "Popish plot" — an off- shoot of that manufactured in England, during this reign, by that arch-impostor and perjurer, Titus Gates — was trumped up in Ireland for purposes of religious and po- litical terrorism. The attempt to fasten it upon the masses of the people happily failed, but, without even the shadow of proof, the aged and venerated archbishop of Armagh, Oliver Plunkett, was accused of complicity in it, arrested and confined, without form of trial, for ten months in an Irish prison. Finally he was removed to London and placed on trial. One of his "judges" was the notorious Jeffreys — the English Norbury — a man destitute of a heart. Even one of the paid perjurers, called a crown agent, stung by remorse, offered to testify in behalf of the unfortunate archbishop. All was in vain, however. The judges charged the jury against the accused, violat- ing every legal form, and the hapless prelate was found guilty. He was sentenced to be "hanged, drawn, and quartered" on July i, 1681. This sentence was carried out in all its brutal details. When the Earl of Essex appealed to the king to save the illustrious martyr, Charles replied: "I can not pardon him, because I dare not. His blood be upon your conscience. You could 244 The People's History of Ireland have saved him if you pleased!" And this craven king, a few years afterward, on his deathbed, called for the ministrations of a priest of the Church outraged by the murder of an innocent prelate ! The slaughter of Oliver Plunkett was the most atrocious political assassination in English history, which reeks with such crimes. The shooting of Due d'Enghien by Napoleon did not approach ,it in cold-blooded infamy. The king, the minister, the court, the jury— everybody — believed the archbishop in- nocent, and yet he was sacrificed that his blood might satisfy the rampant bigotry of the times. The Catholics were ferociously pursued in Ireland after this shameful tragedy. Proclamations were issued against them by Ormond, who had yet again become Lord Lieutenant. They were forbidden to enter for- tresses or to hold fairs, markets, or gatherings within the walls of corporate towns. They were also forbidden the use of arms — an old English expedient in Ireland — and they were commanded to kill or capture any "Tory" or "outlaw" relative within fourteen days from the date of proclamation, under penalty of being arrested and banished from Ireland. This was the setting of brother against brother with a vengeance. Few of the Irith people were found base enough to comply with the un- natural order, but Count Redmond O'Hanlon, one of the few Irish chiefs of ancient family who still held out against English penal law in Ireland, was assassinated in a cowardly manner by one of Ormond's ruthless tools. The blood stains from the heart of the brave O'Hanlon will sully forever the escutcheon of the Irish Butlers. Just as the spirit of persecution of Catholics began to subside both in England and Ireland, Charles II, who The People's History of Ireland 245 had been much worried by the political contentions in his English kingdom, which resulted in the banishment of Monmouth and the execution of Lord William Rus- sell and Algernon Sidney, had a stroke of apoplexy, which resulted in his death on February 6, 1685. In his last moments he was attended by the Rev. Father Huddlestone, who rece ved him into the Catholic Church, which he had betrayec so foully. He was immediately succeeded by his Cat! olic brother, the Duke of York, who ascended the thi one under the title of James II. James was a man of n solute purpose, good intentions, no doubt, but had a nan :>w intellect and sadly lacked dis- cretion—at least in th • moral sense. His physical cour- age has been question :d, although the famous Marshal Turenne certified to it, when he, in his fiery youth, served in the French armies. He was destined, as we shall see, to ruin his friends, exa^t his enemies, and wreck the an- cient Stuart dynasty. CHAPTER XI Well Meant but Imprudent Policy of King James — England In- vites William of Orange to Assume the Throne A LTHOUGH the final outcome of his policy was dis- **• astrous to Ireland, we feel justified in saying that James II meant well by all his subjects. He was a friend of religious equality — an idea hateful to the En- glish and a large portion of the Scottish nation at that period. In Ireland, too, the Protestant minority resented it, because, to their minds, it meant Catholic ascendency and the restoration of stolen estates. But James went about his reforms so awkwardly, and imprudently, that he brought on himself almost immediately the all but 246 The People's History of Ireland unanimous ill-will of his English subjects. He dared to profess his Catholic faith openly — an unforgivable of- fence in England at that time. He sought to equalize the holding of office by the abolition of the Test Act, aimed against Catholics, so that English, Scotch, and Irish Catholics should have the same rights and priv- ileges in that respect as their Protestant brethren. This, also, was an idea hateful to the English mind of the period. The king undertook to regulate the judiciary, the privy council, the army, the civil list — every public appointment — according to his own notions. This meant recognition of the Catholics and produced an uproar in England. He recalled Ormond from the viceroyalty of Ireland and sent Lord Clarendon to take his place. Fi- nally, Clarendon resigned and Richard Talbot, who had been created Duke of Tyrconnel, was made Lord Lieu- tenant of Ireland. This appointment alarmed the Irish Protestants, who, as usual, feared that the Catholics would get back their lands under a friendly executive, such as Tyrconnel — whose former exertions in regard to the Catholic claims were not forgotten — was well known to be. He was injudicious enough, at the outset, to dis- miss many Protestant officers from the Irish military establishment and place Catholics in their positions. Al- though this was done by proportion, Protestant jealousy was aroused and the seeds of revolt were deeply planted. In England, popular feeling against the king was at fever heat. His illegitimate Protestant nephew — putative son of Charles II — the Duke of Monmouth, who had been exiled, returned to- England and organized a rebellion against him. This ill-starred movement culminated at Sedgemoor, in Somersetshire, in the summer of 1685. The People's History of Ireland 247 A battle was fought there between the unorganized En- glish peasants, under "King Monmouth," as they called him, and the royal army, under the Earl of Feversham. The rebels fought with commendable courage, but were badly commanded and suffered an overwhelming defeat. Monmouth escaped from the field, but was captured soon afterward, tried, found guilty, and beheaded on Tower Hill, of bloody memory, July 15, 1685. He had appealed in vain to James for mercy, and appealed in a manner so craven and undignified that he aroused the disgust of his stern uncle. But the blood of the vanquished did not cease to flow when Monmouth died. The "Bloody As- sizes," conducted by Jeffreys, the "great crimson toad," as Dickens describes him, and four assistant judges, spread death and terror throughout the English districts recently in revolt. This period of English history bore a striking resemblance to the 1798 period in Ireland, when other "great crimson toads" hanged the hapless peas- antry, and some of higher rank, by the hundred and thou- sand. All this butchery made James unpopular with a vast majority of the English people, but, as he had no male heir, the nation hesitated to rise against him, espe- cially as Monmouth himself had been the aggressor. But James, while Duke of York, had married a young wife, the Princess Mary, sister of the Duke of Modena, who bore him a son — afterward called by the Hanoverian fac- tion the Pretender — in June, 1688. This altered the whole aspect of affairs and a revolution became imminent im- mediately. Mary of Modena, although an intelligent and amiable woman, was of a haughty and somewhat punc- tilious disposition at times. This made her almost as un- popular with the English people as was her husband. Sir 248 The People's History of Ireland Walter Scott relates that, while Duchess of York, she ac- companied her husband to Scotland, whither he went at the behest of his brother, King Charles. James got along very well with the Scotch, particularly the Highlanders, who adored him, and whose loyalty to his family remained unshaken until after Culloden. He invited an old Conti- nental veteran, Sir Thomas Dalzell, to dine with him. The duchess had the bad taste to object to the company of a commoner. "Make yourself easy on that head, madam," remarked Sir Thomas; "I have sat at a table where your father might have stood behind my chair!" He alluded to a dinner given him and others by the Em- peror of Austria, who was the suzerain of the Duke of Modena. The latter, if called upon by the emperor, would have had to act in the capacity of an honorary waiter. All students of history are, doubtless, familiar with the romantic chivalry displayed by Edward the Black Prince, when he waited upon his captive, King John of France, whom he had vanquished at Poitiers. Mary of Modena was, we may be sure, not formed by nature to make friends for her husband, as the brave Margaret of Anjou did for the physically and mentally degenerate Plan- tagenet, Henry VI. Had Mary been a Margaret, William of Orange might never have occupied the throne of "the Three Kingdoms." The climax of King James's political imprudences — they can not, in the light of modern ideas of religious equality, be called errors — was reached when he issued his famous declaration against test oaths and penal laws, and decreed that it should be read from the altars of the Protestant, as well as the Catholic, churches throughout England. Six Protestant prelates, headed by the Archbishop of Canterbury, made protest by petition The People's History of Ireland 249 and even visited the king in his bedchamber to dissuade him from his purpose. But he persisted, as was usual' with him. On the Sunday following the bishops' call, out of 10,000 English clergymen only 200 complied with the royal decree. Of course we, Americans, who have equal laws for all creeds and classes, can not consistently con- demn King James for advocating what we ourselves prac- tice, but we can afford to lament the- fatuity which led him to dare Protestant resentment by seeking to make Protestant pulpits the mediums of his radical policy. It was playing with fire. Had he stopped short at this point, James might have still held his crown, but, with incurable obstinacy, he insisted on prosecuting the recalcitrant bishops before the Court of King's Bench, and they were finally committed by the Privy Council to the Tower of London. All England was now ablaze with fierce re- sentment. At the Tower the right reverend prisoners were treated more like royal personages than captives. The officers and soldiers of the army — excepting the Irish regiments raised by Tyrconnel for James, and sent to do garrison duty in England — openly drank to their speedy release. When they came to trial in the King's Bench, the jury, after being out on the case all night, found the six prelates not guilty on the charge of censuring the king's government and defying the king's mandate, and they were immediately released amid popular acclama- tion.
| 9,214 |
https://github.com/hobandi/TrendingGithubCleanMvvm/blob/master/presentation/src/main/java/pl/app/inteo/presentation/extension/ViewExtensions.kt
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
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TrendingGithubCleanMvvm
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hobandi
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Kotlin
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Code
| 59 | 245 |
package pl.app.inteo.presentation.extension
import android.annotation.SuppressLint
import android.content.Context
import android.graphics.Color
import android.view.View
import androidx.annotation.AttrRes
import androidx.annotation.ColorInt
import androidx.core.view.ViewCompat
fun View.hide() {
this.visibility = View.GONE
}
fun View.show() {
this.visibility = View.VISIBLE
}
fun View.slideDown() {
animate().translationY(height.toFloat())
}
fun View.slideUp() {
animate().translationY(0f)
}
@ColorInt
@SuppressLint("Recycle")
fun Context.themeColor(
@AttrRes themeAttrId: Int
): Int {
return obtainStyledAttributes(
intArrayOf(themeAttrId)
).let {
it.getColor(0, Color.MAGENTA)
}
}
| 623 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23482544
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
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Neil McGuigan, Sam Bobel, Shashank, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1972095, https://stackoverflow.com/users/223478, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3598519
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English
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Spoken
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Can I configure HTMLUnit to only run specific javascript processes and not the whole thing?
I'm looking to gather information from a set of web pages that are all very similarly formatted. I need some information that is loaded onto the page by Javascript after opening. It seems that HTMLUnit is a pretty common tool to do this, so that's what I'm using. It's unfortunately very slow, which is a complaint I've seen across a lot of forums. The webClient.getPage() command is what is taking forever. When I turn off Javascript, it runs quickly, but I need to execute some Javascript commands. I was wondering, is there a way to selectively execute a few Javascript commands instead of all of them?
Alternatively, is there a program that is much faster than HTMLUnit for processing Javascript?
Sort of. You can programatically decide which external JavaScript URLs to load:
HtmlUnit will run all JS embedded on the page, if JavaScript is enabled. However, if certain external URLs are not required, you can choose to not load them.
Here's some code to get your started:
webClient.setWebConnection(new FalsifyingWebConnection(webClient) {
@Override
public WebResponse getResponse(WebRequest request) throws IOException {
if(request.getUrl().getPath().toLowerCase().equals("some url i don't need ")) {
return createWebResponse(request, "", "application/javascript");
}
return super.getResponse(request);
}
});
Setting the below might speed things up too:
java.util.logging.Logger.getLogger("com.gargoylesoftware.htmlunit").setLevel(Level.OFF);
webClient.setCssErrorHandler(new SilentCssErrorHandler());
webClient.setIncorrectnessListener(new IncorrectnessListener() {
@Override
public void notify(String s, Object o) { }
});
webClient.getCookieManager().setCookiesEnabled(false);
webClient.getOptions().setCssEnabled(false);
webClient.getOptions().setThrowExceptionOnFailingStatusCode(false);
webClient.getOptions().setThrowExceptionOnScriptError(false);
webClient.getOptions().setPrintContentOnFailingStatusCode(false);
Thanks, I just tried the second part, and it did help a bit. I'll try the first part tomorrow and see how it goes. Any thoughts on other tools to use? It's my understanding that this is a testing kit and therefore works slowly in order to deal well with malformed code. Since I'm using it on websites that clearly work, is there a faster tool you know of?
@user3598519 you could try phantomJS too. it's pretty fast. HtmlUnit is a bit more robust though.
What about using NodeJS? I just started reading about it, it looks like it is fast but maybe has limitations in functionality that I don't know about. For the task of loading a webpage, running a javascript command from the page, and collecting the results, would NodeJS be a faster alternative?
@SamBobel I don't know enough about Node to comment.
I also faced the same issue
| 27,776 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49704776
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
| null |
14N12E19BB__01 Spring
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 53 | 128 |
14N12E19BB 01 Spring
14N12E19BB__01 Spring
spring in Judith Basin County, Montana, United States of America
14N12E19BB__01 Spring GeoNames ID 5625507
14N12E19BB__01 Spring coordinate location
14N12E19BB__01 Spring GNIS Feature ID 819766
14N12E19BB__01 Spring country United States of America
14N12E19BB__01 Spring instance of spring
14N12E19BB__01 Spring located in the administrative territorial entity Judith Basin County
| 38,777 |
bpt6k6291565j_11
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French-PD-Books
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| null |
Recueil des lettres de Mme la marquise de Sévigné à Mme la comtesse de Grignan, sa fille. Tome 3
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None
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French
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Spoken
| 6,995 | 10,415 |
M. de Pommereuil est à Rennes avec eux tous ; il est regardé comme un Dieu, non pas que tous les logements ne soient réglés dès Paris ; mais il punit & empêche le désordre, c'est beaucoup. Madame de Rohan & Madame de Coëtquen ont été fort soulagées. Madame la Princesse de Tarente espère que MONSIEUR de MADAME feront soulager aussi ; c'est une grande justice, puisqu'elle n'a au monde que cette Terre, & qu'il est fâcheux en sa présence de voir ruiner ses habitants. Nous nous sauverons, si la Princesse se sauve. Voilà, ma très-chère, un grand article de la Bretagne, il en faut passer par là ; vous connaissez comme cela frappe la tête dans les Provinces. Je n'ai pas attendu votre lettre pour écrire à M. de Pomponne et à Madame de Vins; je l'ai fait tout de mon mieux; j'en avais demandé conseil à d'Ilacqueville qui me paraît espérer beaucoup de ce côté-là. Ne vous retenez point, quand votre plume veut parler de la Provence, c'est mes affaires; mais ne la retenez sur rien, car elle est admirable quand elle a la bride sur le cou; elle est comme l'Anone, on aime ce qui finit et ce qui commence: le sujet que vous prenez, console de celui que vous quittez, et tout est agréable. Celui du froc aux orties que l'on jette tout doucement pour plaire à Sa Sainteté, et le reste, est une chose à mourir de rire: mais ne le dites pas à M. de Grignan qui est sage; pour moi, j'en demande pardon à Dieu, mais je ne crois pas qu'il y ait rien au monde de plus plaisant ni de mieux écrit; vous êtes plus gaie dans vos lettres que vous ne l'êtes ailleurs. Vous avez fois d'être seule; eh! mon Dieu, ma chère, venez dans nos bois, c'est une solitude parfaite, et un si beau temps encore, que j'y passe tous les jours jusqu'à la nuit; et je pense à vous mille et mille fois avec une si grande tendresse, que ce serait la méconnaître que de croire que je la pute décrire. Mon fils me met en furie par le sot livre qu'il vient de lire autour de moi, c'est Pharamond; il me détourne de mes livres sérieux, et sous prétexte que je me fais mal aux yeux, il me fait écouter des sornettes que je veux oublier. Vous savez comme faisait Madame du Plessis à Fréne, c'est justement de même; il va et vient, il s'agite fort à m'amuser et à me divertir: il voulait vous écrire aujourd'hui, mais je doute qu'il le puisse faire; nous ne sommes pas chez nous, et pendant que je suis ici, il joue à l'hombre dans la chambre de la Princesse. Si j'étais en lieu, ma fille, de vous donner des conseils, je vous donnerais celui de ne pas penser présentement d'aller à Grignan; à quel propos ce voyage? c'est une fatigue, c'est une durée, c'est une bisserie, à quoi bon ce tracas? vous êtes toute rangée à Aix, n'êtez-y votre hiver. Pour moi, qui suis à la campagne, je ne pense point aux villes: mais si j'étais dans une ville, toute établie, la seule idée de la campagne me ferait horreur. Je parle un peu de loin, sans savoir vos raisons. Celles de M. de Maillanes pour aimer la Trousse, peuvent être bonnes ; ces Meilleurs nous honorent quelquefois de leurs méchantes humeurs, & se font adorer des étrangers. Mais sachez-vous que j'ai ouï dire beaucoup de bien de Maillanes, & que M. le Prince en parla au Roi fort agréablement ? je fus ravie quand on me pointa cela à Paris. Voyons, je vous prie, jusqu'où peut aller la paresse du Coadjuteur; mon Dieu ! qu'il est heureux, & que j'envie quelquefois son épouvantable tranquillité sur tous les devoirs de la vie ! on se ruine quand on veut s'en acquitter. Voilà toutes les nouvelles que je sais de lui. Je vous ai mandé comme Bourdelot m'a honoré, aussi bien que vous, de son froid éloge : je vous en ai assez dit pour vous faire entendre que je le trouve, comme vous l'avez trouvé. Mon Dieu, que je lui fis une bonne réponse ! Cela est sot à dire, niais j'avais une bonne plume et bien éveillée ce jour-là : quelle rage ! Peut-on avoir de l'esprit et se méconnaître à ce point-là ? Vous avez une musique ; je crois que je la trouverais admirable ; j'honore tout ce qui est Opéra ; mais quoique je fasse l'entendue, je ne suis pas si habile que M. de Grignan, et je crois que j'y pleurerais comme à la Comédie. Madame de Beaumont, a-t-elle toujours bien de l'esprit ? et Roquefort, je crois qu'ils jouent toujours au pain et à l'eau ? pourquoi tant de pénitences avec tant d'indulgences plénières qu'il a apportées ? encore faut-il appuyer ces dernières sur quelque chose. Disons deux mots de Danemark ; la Princesse est au siège de Wismar avec le Roi et la Reine ; les deux amants y font des choses romanesques. Le favori a traité un mariage pour le Prince, et a laissé le soin à la Renommée d'apprendre cette nouvelle à la jolie Princesse ; il fut même deux jours sans la voir, cela n'est pas le procédé d'un sot : pour moi, je crois qu'il se trouvera à la fin qu'il est le fils de quelque Roi des Wisigoths. Vous me faites peur de votre vieille veuve, qui se marie à un jeune homme : c'est un grand bonheur de n'être point sujette à se coiffer de ces osiers-là ; il vaut mieux les envoyer paître, que de les y mener. Vous êtes étonnée que tout ce qui vous entoure, ne comprenne point que vous souhaitez quelquefois d'être séparée de leur bonne compagnie ; & moi, je ne puis m'accoutumer à une chose, c'est de voir avec quelle barbarie ils souhaitent tous que je fasse le reste de ma vie aux Rochers, mais à bride abattue, sans jamais faire aucun résistance. Que l'on peut trouver quelque société plus délicieuse que celle de Mademoiselle du Fleury ? Cela m'impatience qu'en toute une Province il n'y ait personne qui se doute que l'on tente quelqu'un à Paris ; j'avais dessein de m'en plaindre à vous. Nous avons si bien aliéné & vendu & tracassé, que je crois que nous donnerons nos trois millions, nous ferons des fichues, que nous prendrons la Rochelle. C'est un vieux conte que vous appliquerez. Nous avons fait les mêmes horribles choses qu'à l'ordinaire, on a même sauvé M. d'Harcouët des abîmes que l'on craignait pour lui. On a frondé si rudement contre Al. de Saint-Malo, que son neveu (Guillaume) s'est trouvé obligé de se battre contre un Gentilhomme de Bretagne. Adieu, ma très-chère enfant, la confiance que vous avez que... j'aime passionnément vos grandes lettres, m'oblige sensiblement, & me fait voir que vous êtes juste. Je vous remercie de me les souhaiter, comme la plus aimable chose que je puisse recevoir; & vous devez aussi ne me plaindre, quand je suis privée de cette consolation par les retards de la porte. Dimanche, Je quittai hier cette lettre pour Madame de Chaulnes, pour M. de Rohan, & pour la petite personne; ils souperent ici, & font partis ce matin pour Laval, & tout droit à Paris: il me semble que M. de Rohan est allé se rendre avec la petite. Madame de Chaulnes m'a fort conté les affaires des Etats; je l'ai fait convenir que M. de Saint-Malo avait été ridicule avec son bal: elle me parait la mort au cœur de toutes ces troupes, & M. de Chaulnes qui est demeuré à Rennes, très-embarrassé de M. de Fommereuil. Toute cette compagnie m'a fort parlé de vous. Quand je serai aux Rochers, je vous écrirai plus longtemps: en vérité, ma fille, c'est toute ma consolation que de vous parler. LETTRE LXXII. A LA MÊME. Aux Rochers, le jour de Noël. VOICI le jour où je vous écrirai, ma fille, tout ce qu'il plaira à ma plume: elle veut commencer par la joie que j'eus d'avoir quitté Vitré, & de revenir ici en paix & en repos, après deux jours de discours, de révérences, de patience à écouter des choses qui font préparées pour Paris: j'eus pourtant le plaisir d'en contester quelques-unes, comme le bal de M. de Saint-Malo aux Etats ; Madame de Tarente rit fort de me voir échauffée, & pleine de toutes mes armes pour l'improver ; mais enfin, j'aime mieux être dans ces bois, faite comme vous me voyez , hélas! vous en venez ? que d'être à Vitré avec l'air d'une Madame. La bonne Princesse alla à son Prêche ; je les entendois tous qui chantaient des oreilles ; car je n'ai jamais ouï des tons comme ceux-là : ce fut pour moi un grand plaisir, d'aller à la Messe ; il y avait longtemps que je n'avais senti tant de joie d'être Catholique. Je dinai avec le Ministre ; mon fils disputa comme un démon. J'allai à Vêpres pour les contrecarrer ; enfin, je compris la sainte opiniâtreté du Martyre. Mon fils est allé à Rennes voir le Gouverneur, & nous avons fait cette nuit nos dévotions dans notre belle Chapelle. J'ai encore cette petite fille qui est fort jolie ; sa maison est au bout de ce parc ; sa mère est à Rennes ; je l'ai retenue ; elle joue au tricot, au reversi ; elle est assez belle & toute naïve, c'est Janette, elle m'incommode à peu près comme Fidèle. La Plessis a la fièvre quartaine, quand elle vient & qu'elle trouve cette petite, c'est une très bonne chose que de voir sa rage & sa jalousie, & la pression qu'il y a à tenir ma canne ou mon manchon. Mais en voilà bien assez; c'est un grand article de rien du tout. Expresslieu de Panurge, Les Forbins ont une affaire de grande importance, c'est au sujet du petit Janson, qui a tué en duel le neveu de M. de la Feuillade, Chassignetmon. Cette affaire est au Parlement, & le Roi a dit que si on avait fait justice de la mort de Quatreauvilain, qu'on croit avoir été tué en duel, il n'y en aurait pas eu beaucoup d'autres. Voilà donc un garçon, comme les autres, hors de France, dans les pays étrangers : toute cette maison est fort intriguée. Que dites-vous de la pauvre Madame de Puisieux ? ce rhume devient une fluxion sur la poitrine; c'est ainsi («) C'est le même qui après s'être retiré en Allemagne, où il servit à la levée du siège de Vienne, à la prise de Buda, &c. revint en France, sous le nom de Comte de Rosel, peu après que la paix fut déclarée entre l'Empire & la France. Il fut ensuite employé dans le Régiment étranger, & fut danseusement blessé à la bataille de la Moawille. Il prit ensuite le parti de se retirer à l'Abbaye de la Trape, où il fit profession le 7 Décembre 1703 sous le nom de Frère Arsène, & fut l'année suivante l'un des neuf Religieux envoyés en Toscane pour y rétablir l'ancienne observance de Cîteaux dans une des Abbayes du même Ordre. què ces fluxions se font introduites familièrement dans les maisons. Sarci, notre parent, est mort suffi en trois jours ; c'était une âme faite exprès, j'en suis affligée : priez d'Hacqueville de faire vos compliments chez les Rarais, voilà tout ce qu'il vous en coûtera. M. le Cardinal de Retz me confie qu'il est à Saint-Michel pour passer les fêtes; que je n'en dise rien de peur du scandale. Il m'a été impossible de ne lui pas dire l'endroit de Rome de votre dernière lettre ; c'est une harmonie que l'arrangement de tous les mots qui le composent : je suis aise qu'il le trouve fort bon, et qu'il reconnaît bien le style et les discours de sa chère nièce. Madame de Coulanges a eu une grande conversation avec son gros cousin, dont elle espère beaucoup pour M. de Coulanges. La grande femme ne vous écrit-elle point ? Madame de Vins vient de m'écrire une lettre encore fort jolie, et, comme vous dites, bien plus flatteuse qu'elle ; elle me dit que pour ne point souhaiter mon amitié, il n'y a point d'autre invention que de ne m'avoir jamais vue ; et toute la lettre sur ce ton-là : n'est-ce pas un fagot de plumes au lieu d'un fagot d'épines ? Connoissez-vous le Boulain ? oui; il a rencontré par hasard Madame de Courcelles; la voir et l'adorer, n'a été qu'une même chose : la fantaisie leur a pris d'aller à Genève, ils y sont ; c'est de ce lieu qu'il a écrit à Manicamp la plus plaisante lettre du monde. Madame de Mazarin court les champs de son côté ; on la croit en Angleterre, où il n'y a, comme vous savez, ni foi, ni loi, ni Prêtre ; mais je crois qu'elle ne voudrait pas, comme dit la chanson, qu'on en eût chassé le Roi. Pour Jabac, nous en sommes dépourvus : quelle fote découverte, et que les vieux péchés sont désagréables ! Le bon Abbé priera Rousseau de tâcher de faire patienter jusqu'à notre retour. N'est-ce point abuser du loisir d'une Dame de votre qualité, que de vous conter de tels fagots ? car il y a fagots et fagots : ceux qui répondent aux vôtres, sont en leur place ; mais ceux qui n'ont ni rime ni raison, n'est-ce point une véritable folie ? Je vais donc vous fouler les bonnes fêtes, et vous assurer, ma très-chère, que je vous aime d'une tendresse, qui me conduira, selon les apparences, in articulo mortis. LETTRE LXXIII À LA MÊME. À LA MÊME. Aux Rochers, Dimanche 29 Décembre. Je vous remercie, ma fille, de conserver quelque souvenir de notre nido. Hélas ! notre Château en Espagne serait de vous y voir ; quelle joie ! et pourquoi serait-il impossible ? L'usage de souhaiter de bonnes Fêtes à Noël et à Pâques, s'observe encore dans certaines Provinces, et surtout en Provence. de vous revoir dans ces belles allées. Que dites-vous du mariage de la Mothe ? La beauté, la jeunesse, la conduite, sont-elles quelque chose pour bien établir les Demoiselles ? ah, Providence ! il en faut revenir là. Madame de Puisieux est ressuscitée ; mais n'est-ce pas mourir deux fois bien près l'une de l'autre ? car elle a quatre-vingts ans. Madame de Coulanges m'apprend la bonne compagnie de notre quartier ; mais cela ne me presse point d'y retourner plutôt que je n'ai résolu : je ne m'y sens attirée que par des affaires ; car pour des plaisirs, je n'en espère point, & l'hiver n'est point en ce pays-ci ce que l'on pense, il ne me fait nulle horreur. Mon fils me fait cependant une fort bonne compagnie, & il trouve que j'en suis une assez; il n'y a nul air de maternité à notre affaire ; la Princesse en est étonnée, elle qui connaît des enfants qui n'ont point d'âme dans le corps. Elle est bien affligée des troupes qui sont arrivées à Vitré ; elle espérait avec raison d'être exempte. Charlotte d'Estampes de Valenciennes, mourut le 20 Septembre 1577. Le té, mais cependant voilà un Régiment dans sa Ville : c'était une chose plaisante, si c'eût été le Régiment de Grignan ; mais savez-vous qu'il est à la Trinité, c'est-à-dire, à Bodéga? J'ai écrit au Chevalier de Grignan, non pas pour rien déranger, car tout est réglé; mais afin que l'on traite doucement & honnêtement mon Fermier, mon Procureur Fiscal, & mon Sénéchal ; cela ne coûtera rien, & me fera grand honneur : cette Terre m'est destinée à cause de votre partage. Si je vois ici le Castellan, je le recevrai fort bien ; son nom, & le lieu où il a passé l'été, me le rendront considérable. L'affaire de mon Président va bien, il se dispose à me donner de l'argent ; voilà une des affaires que j'avais ici. Celui qu'entreprend l'Abbé de la Vergne, est digne de lui ; vous me le représentez un très honnête homme. Ne voulez-vous point lire les Essais de Morale, & m'en dire votre avis ? Pour moi, j'en suis charmée ; mais je le suis fort aussi de l'Oraison funèbre de Henri de Turenne ; il y a des endroits qui doivent avoir fait pleurer tous les alliés. Je ne doute pas qu'on ne vous l'ait envoyée, mandatez-moi si vous ne la trouvez pas très belle. Ne voulez-vous point achever Joseph ? Nous lisons beaucoup, & du sérieux & des solitudes, & de la fable & de l'histoire. Nous nous faisons tant d'affaires, que nous n'avons pas le temps de nous tourner. On nous plaint à Paris, on croit que nous sommes au coin de notre feu à mourir d'ennui, & à ne pas voir le jour : mais, ma fille, je me promène, je m'amuse ; ces bois n'ont rien d'affreux ; ce n'est pas d'être ici qu'il me faut plaindre. M. de Coulanges espère beaucoup d'une conversation qu'a eue sa femme avec M. de Louvois : s'il avait l'Intendance de Lyon conjointement avec le beau-père, ce serait un grand bonheur; & voilà le monde, on ne travaille que pour s'établir à cent lieues de Paris. Je ne puis comprendre la nouvelle passion du Charmant : je ne me représente pas qu'on puisse parler de deux choix avec cette matérielle Chimène. On dit que son mari lui défend toute autre société que celle de Madame d'Armagnac : je suis, comme vous, je crois toujours voir la vieille Médée avec sa baguette faire fuir, quand elle voudra, tous ces vains phantômes matériels. On disait que M. de la Trousse en voulait à la maison vis-à-vis ; mais je ne le crois point délogé, & je chanterais fort bien le contrepied de la chanson de Carême passée. La T.. est vainqueur de Brancas, Têtu ne lui résiste plus. De lui à C. est contente, Que chacun chante, &c. Mais c'est entre vous et moi, la belle; car je sais fort bien comme il faut dire ailleurs. Vous me paraissez avoir bien envie d'aller à Grignan, c'est un grand tracas; mais vous recevrez mes conseils, quand vous en ferez revenue. Ces compliments pour ces deux hommes qui sont chez eux, il y a plus d'un mois, m'ont fait rire. La longueur de nos réponses effraie, et fait bien comprendre l'horrible différence qui est entre nous: ah, ma fille, que je la sens, et qu'elle fait bien toute la tristesse de ma vie! Sans cela ne serais-je point trop heureuse avec un joli garçon, comme celui que j'ai? Il vous dira lui-même s'il ne souffre pas d'être éloigné de vous: mais je l'attends, il n'est point encore arrivé; c'est une fragile créature, encore s'il se mettrait pendant son voyage; mais je suis assurée qu'on le retient pour rien du tout; s'il se divertit, il est bien. Adieu, ma très chère et très aimable, parlez-moi de votre fête et de votre beau temps, cela me plaît. J'embrasse M. de Grignan, quand ce serait ce troisième jour de barbe éprouvée et cruelle; on ne peut s'exposer de meilleure grâce. LETTRE LXXIV. À LA MÊME. Aux Rochers, le premier jour de l'an. Nous voici donc à l'année qui vient, comme disait M. de Montbaston; ma très chère, je vous la souhaite heureuse; et si vous croyez que la continuation de mon amitié entre dans la composition de ce bonheur, vous y pouvez compter sûrement. Voilà une lettre de d'Hacqueville, qui vous apprendra l'agréable succès de nos affaires de Provence ; il surpasse de beaucoup nos espérances : vous aurez vu à quoi je me bornais par les lettres que je reçus, il y a peu de jours, & que je vous envoyai. Voilà donc cette grande épine hors du pied » voilà cette caverne de larrons détruite ; voilà l'ombre de M. de Pomponne évanouie, voilà le crédit de la cabale évanoui, voilà l'insolence terrassée ; j'en dirais d'ici à demain. Mais, au nom de Dieu, soyez modestes dans votre victoire : voyez ce que dit le bon d'Hacqueville, la politique & la générosité vous y obligent. Vous verrez aussi comme je trahis son secret pour vous, par le plaisir de vous faire voir le dessous des cartes, qu'il a dessein de vous cacher à vous-même : mais je ne veux point biffer équivoquer dans votre cœur les sentiments que vous devez avoir pour l'ami & pour la belle-sœur ; car il me paraît qu'ils ont encore fait au-delà de ce qu'on m'en écrit, & pour toute récompense ils ne veulent aucun remerciment. Servez les donc à leur mode, & jouissez en silence de leur véritable & solide amitié. Gardez-vous bien de lâcher le moindre mot qui puisse faire connaître au bon d'Hacqueville, que je vous aye envoyé sa lettre ; vous le connaissez, la rigueur de son exactitude ne comprendrait pas cette licence poétique : ainh, ma fille, je me livre à vous, & vous conjure de ne me point brouiller avec un si bon & si admirable ami. bel ami. Enfin, ma très-chère, je me mets entre vos mains, et connaissant votre fidélité, je dormirai en repos de ce côté-là ; mais répondez-moi aussi de M. de Grignan ; car ce ne serait pas une consolation pour moi, que de voir courir mon secret par ce côté-là. Voici encore un autre. Le père est revenu de Rennes ; il m'a rapporté une chanson qui m'a fait rire : elle vous fera voir en vers une partie de ce que je vous dis l'autre jour en prose. Nous avons dans la tête un fort joli mariage, mais il n'est pas cuit ; la belle n'a que quinze ans, et l'on veut qu'elle en ait davantage pour penser à la marier. Que dites-vous de l'habile personne, dont nous vous parlions la dernière fois, et qui ne peut du tout deviner quel jour c'est que le lendemain de la veille de Pâques ? C'est un joli petit bouchon qui nous réjouit fort ; cela n'a pas vingt ans que dans six ans d'ici. Je voudrais que vous l'eussiez vue les matins manger une longue beurrée, et l'après-midi croquer deux pommes vertes avec du pain bis. Sa naïveté et sa jolie petite figure nous délassent de la guinderie et de l'esprit fichu de Mademoiselle du Plein : mais parlons d'autre chose. Ne vous a-t-on pas envoyé l'Oraison funèbre de M. de Turenne ? M. de Coulanges et le petit Cardinal m'ont déjà ruinée en port de lettres ; mais j'aime bien cette dépeinte. Il me semble n'avoir jamais rien vu de si beau que cette pièce d'éloquence. On dit que l'Abbé Fléchier veut la surpasser, mais je l'en défie ; il pourra parler d'un Héros, mais ce ne sera pas de M. de Turenne ; et voilà ce que M. de Tulle. a fait divinement à mon gré. La peinture de son cœur est un chef-d'œuvre; et cette droiture, cette naïveté, cette vérité dont il était patriarche, cette solide modestie, enfin tout. Je vous avoue que j'en suis charmée; et si les critiques ne l'estiment plus depuis qu'elle est imprimée, je rends grâces aux dieux de n'être pas Romain. Ne me dites-vous rien des Essais de Morale, et du Traité de tenter Dieu, et de la ressemblance de l'amour propre et de la charité. C'est une belle conversation que celle que l'on fait de deux cent lieues loin. Nous faisons de cela pourtant tout ce qu'on en peut faire. Je vous envoie un billet de la jolie Abbesse : voyez comme elle se joue joliment; il n'en faut pas davantage pour voir l'agrément de son esprit. Adieu, ma très-aimable et très chère, je vous recommande tous mes secrets, et je vous embrasse très tendrement. LETTRE LXXV. À LA MABRE. Aux Rochers, Dimanche 7 Janvier. Voilà, toutes deux, elles sont en vérité les très-bien venues: je n'en reçois jamais trois à la fois, j'en serais fâchée, parce que je serais douze jours à les attendre, c'est bien assez de huit; mais pour être surechargée de cette faveur, ce n'est pas une chose possible; c'est de celle-là qu'on ne se laisserait jamais; et vous-même qui vous piquez d'inconstance sur ce chapitre, je vous défierais bien de n'y être pas attentive, et de n'al. ne le pas jusqu'à la fin. C'est un plaisir dont vous êtes privée, et que j'achète bien cher ; je ne conseille pas à M. de Grignan de me l'envier. Il est vrai que les nouvelles que nous recevons de Paris, sont charmantes ; je suis, comme vous, jamais je n'y réponds un seul mot : mais pour cela je ne suis pas muette ; l'article de mon fils et de ma fille suffit pour rendre notre commerce assez grand : vous l'avez vu par la dernière lettre que je vous ai envoyée. D'Hacqueville me recommande encore le secret que je vous ai confié, et que je vous recommande à proportion. Il me dit que jamais la Provence n'a tant fait parler d'elle, il a raison ; je trouve cette assemblée de Noblesse un coup de partie. Vous ne pouvez pas douter que je ne prenne un grand intérêt à ce qui se passe autour de vous ; quelles nouvelles de nouveautés me pourraient être plus chères ? Tout ce que je trains, c'est qu'on ne trouve que la sagesse de la Provence fait plus de bruit que la édition des autres Provinces. Je vous remercie de vos nouvelles de Languedoc, vous m'avez instruit de tout en quatre lignes. Mais que vous avez bien fait de m'expliquer pourquoi vous êtes à Lambesc ! car je ne manquais point de dire, pourquoi est-elle là ? Je n'oublierai jamais l'étonnement que j'eus, quand j'y étais à la Messe de minuit, et que j'entendis un homme chanter un de nos airs profanes au milieu de la Messe : cette nouveauté me surprit beaucoup. Vous aurez lu les Écrits de Morale, dont je crois que vous êtes contente. L'endroit de Joseph que vous me dites, est un des plus beaux qu'on puisse jamais lire : il faut que vous avouiez qu'il y a une grandeur & une dignité dans cette histoire, qui ne se trouvent en nulle autre. Si vous ne me parliez de vous & de vos occupations, je ne vous donnerais rien du nôtre, & ce serait une belle chose que notre commerce. Quand on s'ait.,. piqué, & qu'on prend intérêt les uns pour les autres, je pense qu'il n'y a rien de plus agréable que de parler de soi ; il faut retrancher sur les autres, pour faire cette dépense entre amis. Vous aurez vu par ce que vous a mandé mon fils de notre voisine, qu'elle n'est pas de cette opinion : elle nous instruit agréablement de tous les détails, dont nous n'avons aucune curiosité. Pour nos soldats, on gagnerait beaucoup si c'étaient des Cordeliers ; ils s'amusent à voler, ils mirent l'autre jour un petit enfant à la broche ; mais d'autres désordres, point de nouvelles. M. de Chaulnes m'a écrit qu'il voulait me venir voir ; je lui dis tout bonnement de n'en rien faire, & que je renonce à l'honneur que j'en recevrais, par l'embarras qu'il me donnerait ; que ce n'est pas ici comme à Paris, où mon chapon suffisait à tant de bonne compagnie. Vous avez donc vu ma lettre de consolation à B. peut-on lui en écrire une autre ? Vraiment vous me dépeignez si fort au naturel, que je crois encore l'entendre, c'est-à-dire ? Mademoiselle du Plessis. si l'on peut ; car pour moi, je trouve qu'il y a un grand brouillard sur toutes ses expressions. Vous me dites bien sérieusement, en parlant de ma lettre, Monsieur votre père, j'ai cru que nous n'étions point du tout parentes ; que vous étiez-il à votre avis ? Si vous ne répondez à cette question, je m'adresserai à la fillette qui est avec nous ; je ne sais si elle répondra comme au lendemain de la veille de Pâques. Au reste, Mademoiselle du Plessis s'en meurt ; toute morte de jalousie, elle s'enquiert de tous nos gens comme je la traite ; il n'y en a pas un qui ne se divertisse à lui donner des coups de poignard ; l'un lui dit que je l'aime autant que vous; l'autre, que je la fais coucher avec moi, ce qui serait assurément la plus grande marque de ma tendresse; l'autre, que je la mène à Paris, que je la baise, que j'en suis folle, que mon oncle l'Abbé lui donne dix mille francs ; que si elle avait seulement vingt mille écus, je la ferais épouser à mon fils. Enfin, ce sont de telles folies, et si bien répandues dans le petit domestique, que nous sommes contraints d'en rire très souvent, à cause des contes perpétuels qu'ils nous font. La pauvre fille ne résiste point à tout cela : mais ce qui nous a paru très plaisant, c'est que vous la connaissiez encore si bien, & qu'il soit vrai, comme vous le dites, qu'elle n'a plus la fièvre quatorzaine ; elle l'avait jouée par conséquent ; je suis assurée que nous la lui redonnerons tout au moins. Cette famille est bien destinée à nous réjouir ; ne vous ai-je pas conté comme feu mon père nous a fait rire six semaines de suite ? Mon fils commence à comprendre que ce voisinage est la plus grande beauté des Rochers. Je trouve plaisant le rendez-vous que vous proposez à votre voyageur. Je prendrais celui que vous me proposez, si je n'espérais de vous en donner un autre moins capable de nous enerner ; car il faut songer que vous avez un torticolis. Vous ne pouvez pas douter de la joie que j'aurais d'entretenir cet homme des Indes, quand vous vous souviendrez combien je vous ai importunée d'Herrera, que j'ai lu avec un plaisir extraordinaire. Si vous aviez autant de loisir & de confiance que moi, ce Livre serait digne de vous. Mais parlons un peu de cette assemblée de Noblesse ; expliquez-moi ces six Syndics de Robe, & ces douze de la Noblesse ; je pensais qu'il n'y en eût qu'un ; & le Marquis de Buous ne l'est-il pas pour toujours ? Répondez-moi là-dessus : ces partis font plaignants, cent d'un côté, & huit de l'autre. Cet homme, dont vous avez si bien fondé la haine qu'il avait pour M. de Grignan, vous embarrera plus que tout le reste par la protection de Madame de Vins ; le d'Hacqueville me le mande, & me recommande si fort de ne vous rien dire de l'autre affaire, que je serais perdu pour jamais, s'il croyait que je l'eusse trahi ; il faut que le grand Pomponne craigne les Provençaux. Le bon d'Hacqueville va & vient sans cesse. Histoire générale des Indes en 4 volumes in-folio, & de divers autres Ouvrages historiques. Madame de Vins, qui était belle femme de M. de Pomponne était d'ailleurs en grande considération auprès de ce Ministre. à Saint-Germain pour nos affaires; sans cela nous ne lui pardonnerions pas le style général & ennuyeux dont il nous favorise. J'avoue que cet endroit est un peu répété; mais vous le pardonneriez à ma curiosité qui a commencé, & ma plume a fait le reste; car je vous assure que les plumes ont grande part aux verbiages dont on remplit quelquefois ses lettres; un des souhaits que je vous fais au commencement de cette année, c'est que mes verbiages vous plaisent autant que les vôtres me font agréables. Si la Gazette de Hollande avait dit Mademoiselle de la Trémoille, au lieu de Madame, elle aurait dit vrai; car Mademoiselle de Noirmoutier de la Montagne de la Trémoille, a épousé, comme vous savez, cet autre la Trémoille; car ils font de même Maison, elle s'appellera Madame de Royan; je vous ai mandé tout cela. La bonne Princesse de Tarente m'a toujours écrié toujours, elle a été un peu malade, elle se fait soigner dans une vraie machine pour tous ses maux. Le feu Comte du Luine disait qu'il n'avait jamais eu de mal; mais qu'il s'était toujours fort bien trouvé de soigner sérieusement, c'est un des remèdes de du Chêne pour toutes les douleurs du corps; & si j'avais un torticolis, & que je prisse, comme je fais toujours, le remède de ma voisine, vous entendriez dire que je suis sous l'archet. La Princesse dit toujours des merveilles de vous; elle vous connaît & vous estime: pour moi, je crois que par métempsycose vous vous êtes trouvées autrefois en Allemagne. Votre âme aurait-elle été dans le corps d'un Allemand ? Non, vous étiez sans doute le fils de Suède, un de ces amants : car la plupart des amants sont des Allemands. Adieu, ma très chère enfant, notre ménage embrasse le vôtre. Voilà le frère. Monsieur de Sévigné. Vous ne comprendrez combien que vous avez dit de la Plessie, est plaisant, que quand vous saurez qu'il y a un mois qu'elle joue la fièvre quarte, pour faire justement tomber que sa fièvre la quitte le jour que ma mère va dîner au Plessis. La joie de savoir ma mère au Plessis, la transporte au point qu'elle jure ses grands Dieux qu'elle se porte bien, & qu'elle est au désespoir de ne s'être pas habillée. Mais, Mademoiselle, lui dit-on, ne sentez-vous point quelque commencement de frisson ? Allons, allons, reprenait l'enjouée Théophigne, divertissons-nous, jouons au volant, ne parlons point de ma fièvre ; c'est une méchante, c'est une intéressée. Une intéressée, lui dit ma mère toute surprise ! Oui, Madame, une intéressée qui veut toujours être avec moi : je la croyais généreuse, lui dit tout doucement ma mère. Cela n'empêcha pas que la joie de voir la bonne compagnie chez elle, ne chaleure la fièvre qu'elle n'avait pas eue. Nous espérons que l'excès de la jalousie la lui donnera tout de bon : nous appréhendons qu'elle n'empoisonne la petite personne qui est ici, & qu'on appelle partout la petite favorite de Mme la princesse & de Mme de Sévigné. Elle disait hier à Rahuel : J'ai eu une consolation, en me mettant à table, que Madame a repoussé la petite pour me faire placer auprès d'elle. Rahuel lui répondit avec son air Breton : Ah, Mademoiselle, je ne m'en étonne pas, c'est pour faire honneur à votre âge ; outre que la petite est à présent de la maison, Madame la regarde comme si elle était la cassette de Mme de Grignan. Voilà ce qu'elle eut pour sa consolation. Vous avez raison de dire du mal de toutes ces troupes de Bretagne, elles ne font que voler. Adieu, ma petite sœur, comment vous trouvez-vous de la Fête de Noël ? Vous avez lu la paître vos bêtes, c'est bien fait. Les monts & les vaux sont fréquents en Provence, je vous souhaite seulement de gentils Pâturages, pour vous y tenir compagnie. Je salue M. de Grignan, il ne me dit pas un mot, je ne m'en vengerai qu'en me portant bien, & en revenant de toutes mes campagnes. Madame DE SÉVIGNÉ continue. Voilà, Dieu merci, bien des folies. Si la porte savait de quoi nos paquets sont remplis, le courrier les laisserait à moitié chemin. Je vous conterai Mercredi un songe. LETTE LXXVI. À la même. Aux Rochers, Mercredi 8 Janvier. VOICI le jour de vous conter mon songe. Vous saurez que vers les huit heures du matin, après avoir congé à vous la nuit sans ordre & sans mesure, il me sembla bien plus fortement qu'à l'ordinaire que nous étions ensemble, & que vous étiez si douce, si aimable, & si caressante pour moi, que j'en étais tout emportée de tendresse; & sur cela je m'éveillais, mais si triste & si opprimée d'avoir perdu cette chère idée, que me voilà à soupirer & à pleurer d'une manière si immodérée, que je fus contrainte d'appeler Marie; & avec de l'eau froide, & de l'eau de la Reine de Hongrie, je m'ôtai le reste de mon sommeil, & je débarrassai ma tête & mon cœur de l'horrible oppression que j'avais. Cela me dura un quart d'heure, & tout me 1676. que je vous en puis dire, c'est ce que j'ornais je ne m'étais trouvée dans un tel état. Vous remarquerez que voici le jour où ma plume est la maîtresse. Vous avez passé quinze jours bien tristement à Lambesc ; on en plaindra une autre que vous ; mais vous avez un tel goût pour la solitude, qu'il faut compter ce temps, comme votre carnaval. Que dites-vous de la Saint-Germain, qui vient de partir avec son gros mari pour aller pêcher le fin à la Palisse ? C'est un voyage d'un mois, qui surprend tout le monde dans cette saison : elle reviendra bien rarement pour les Sermons : mais voyez quelle fatigue pour ne pas quitter ce cher époux. Le grand Béthune dit que quand Saint-Germain eut reçu ce coup de canon ; le gros Saint-Germain est un bon homme, honnête homme mais il a besoin d'être tué, pour être estimé solidement. Sa femme n'est pas de cet avis, ni moi non plus mais cette folie s'est trouvée au bout de ma plume. La Princesse vint hier ici encore toute faible d'avoir fui. Elle est affligée de la ruine que les gens de guerre lui causent, & du peu de soin que Monsieur et Madame ont eu de la faire soulager. Elle croit que Madame de Monaco contribue à cet oubli, afin de lui soustraire les aliments, & de l'empêcher de venir à Paris, où la proximité de la Princesse lui ôte toujours un peu le plaisir d'être cousue avec Madame, leur haine est réciproque. A propos de réciproque, un Gentilhomme de la Princesse contait assez plaisamment qu'étant aux Etats à ce bal de M. de Saint-Malo, il entendit un Bas-Breton qui parlait à une Demoiselle de sa passion, la belle répondu : « enfin, tant fut procédé, que la Nymphe impatientée lui dit : « Monsieur, vous pouvez m'aimer tant qu'il vous plaira ; mais je ne puis du tout vous réciproquer. » Je trouve que fort soir on peut faire cette réponse qui coupe court, & qui est, en vérité, toute une meilleure raison qu'on puisse donner. Mon fils est allé à Vitré voir les Dames ; il m'a priée de vous faire mille amitiés. Je crois que le bon réglera le supplément ; puisque Lauzun prendra notre Guidon, voilà le frère monté d'un cran ; il n'est plus qu'à neuf cent lieues du cap. Il a fait ici un temps enragé depuis trois jours ; les arbres pleuvaient dans le parc, et les ardoises dans le jardin. Toutes nos pensées de mariage ont été, je crois, emportées par ce grand vent ; un père nous a dit que sa fille n'avait que quinze ans, et qu'il ne voulait la marier qu'à vingt ; un autre, qu'il voulait de la Robe ; au moins, nous n'avons pas à nous reprocher que rien échappe à nos attentions. Adieu, ma chère enfant, ne voulez-vous pas bien que je vous embrasse ? LETRE LXXVII. À LA MÊME. Aux Rochers, Dimanche 12 Janvier. Vous pouvez remplir vos lettres de tout ce qu'il vous plaira, et croire que je les lis toujours avec un grand plaisir et une grande appréhension. Un ne peut pas mieux écrire et l'amitié que j'ai pour vous, ne contribue en rien à ce jugement. 1676. fin Vous me ravissez d'aimer les Essais de Morale; n'avais-je pas bien dit que c'était votre fait ? Dès que j'eus commencé à les lire, je ne songeai plus qu'à vous les envoyer : vous savez que je suis communicative, et que je n'aime point à jouir d'un plaisir toute seule. Quand on aurait fait ce livre pour vous, il ne serait pas plus digne de vous plaire. Quel langage ! quelle force dans l'arrangement des mots ! on croit n'avoir lu de François qu'en ce livre. Cette ressemblance de la charité avec l'amour-propre, et de la modestie héroïque de M. de Turenne et de M. le Prince, avec l'humilité du Christianisme. mais je m'arrête, il faudrait louer cet ouvrage depuis un bout jusqu'à l'autre, et ce serait une bizarre lettre. En un mot, je suis fort aise qu'il vous plaise, et j'en estime mon goût. Pour Joseph, vous n'aimez pas sa vie, c'est assez que vous avez approuvé ses actions et son histoire: n'avez-vous pas trouvé qu'il jouissait d'un grand bonheur dans cette cave ? Qu'ils tiraient à qui se poignarderait le dernier ? Nous avons ri aux larmes de cette fille, qui chanta tout haut dans l'Eglise cette chanson déshonnête dont elle se confessait ; rien au monde n'est plus nouveau ni plus plaisant ; je trouve qu'elle avait raison ; assurément le Confesseur voulait entendre la chanson, puisqu'il ne se contentait pas de ce que la fille lui avait dit en s'accusant : je vois d'ici le bon homme de Confesseur passé de rire le premier de cette aventure. Nous vous mandons souvent des folies ; mais nous ne pouvons payer celle-là. Je vous parle toujours de notre Bretagne, c'est pour vous donner la confiance de me parler de Provence ; c'est un pays auquel je m'intéresse plus qu'à nul autre : le voyage que j'y ai fait, m'empêche de pouvoir m'ennuyer de tout ce que vous me dites, parce que je connais tout, et comprends tout le mieux du monde. Je n'ai pas oublié la beauté de vos hivers ; nous en avons un admirable ; je me promène tous les jours, et je fais quasi un nouveau parc autour de ces grandes places du bout du mail ; j'y fais planter quatre rangs d'allées, ce sera une très-belle chose; tout cet endroit est uni et défriché.
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Plasma metabolomic profiling of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients before and after surgical myectomy suggests postoperative improvement in metabolic function
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Nicole L Wolter
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© The Author(s) 2021. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which
permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the
original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or
other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line
to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory
regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this
licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativeco
mmons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Abstract Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common inherited heart disorder complicated by left ven-
tricle outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction, which can be treated with surgical myectomy. To date, no reliable biomarkers
for LVOT obstruction exist. We hypothesized that metabolomic biomarkers for LVOT obstruction may be detectable in
plasma from HCM patients. Methods: We conducted metabolomic profiling on plasma samples of 18 HCM patients before and after surgical
myectomy, using a commercially available metabolomics platform. Results: We found that 215 metabolites were altered in the postoperative state (p-value < 0.05). 12 of these metabo-
lites were notably significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons (q-value < 0.05), including bilirubin, PFOS, PFOA,
3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2-hydroxylaurate, trigonelline and 6 unidentified compounds, which support
improved organ metabolic function and increased lean soft tissue mass. Conclusions: These findings suggest improved organ metabolic function after surgical relief of LVOT obstruction in
HCM and further underscore the beneficial systemic effects of surgical myectomy. Keywords: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Metabolomics, Cardiovascular disease, Myectomy surgery Conclusions: These findings suggest improved organ metabolic function after surgical relief of LVOT obstruction in
HCM and further underscore the beneficial systemic effects of surgical myectomy. HCM and further underscore the beneficial systemic effects of surgical myectomy. Keywords: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Metabolomics, Cardiovascular disease, Myectomy surgery ds: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Metabolomics, Cardiovascular disease, Myectomy surgery ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction [2]. Because
LVOT obstruction is a significant cause of morbidity
affecting 70% of HCM patients, but is often dynamic
and not present without provocation [3], a biomarker
for LVOT obstruction may be useful, particularly in sit-
uations where provocative testing with imaging is not
available. The recommended treatment for patients with
symptomatic LVOT obstruction is surgical myectomy,
which shows high efficacy in reducing the detrimental
effects of HCM. Alcohol septal ablation, an endovascular
procedure, is recommended for those in whom surgical
risk is deemed excessive, but sometimes gives incomplete Plasma metabolomic profiling
of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients
before and after surgical myectomy suggests
postoperative improvement in metabolic
function Nicole L. Wolter1, Madison J. LeClair2 and Michael T. Chin1,2* Background Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most com-
mon inherited heart disorder [1]. HCM is characterized
by hypertrophy of the left ventricle that is often asym-
metrical and follows an autosomal dominant inheritance
pattern. Patients with HCM experience complications
including atrial fibrillation, sudden cardiac death, and left *Correspondence: [email protected]
1 Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School
of Medicine, Boston, USA
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article *Correspondence: [email protected]
1 Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School
of Medicine, Boston, USA
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Wolter et al. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (2021) 21:617
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-021-02437-0 Wolter et al. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (2021) 21:617
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-021-02437-0 Open Access © The Author(s) 2021. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which
permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the
original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or
other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line
to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory
regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this
licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativeco
mmons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Wolter et al. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (2021) 21:617 Wolter et al. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (2021) 21:617 Page 2 of 13 relief of LVOT obstruction, thus providing another situa-
tion where a biomarker would prove useful. Although the
relief of LVOT obstruction is of obvious hemodynamic
benefit, little is known about the systemic and molecu-
lar changes that ensue. We have recently reported that
surgical myectomy in HCM patients with LVOT obstruc-
tion is associated with changes in the plasma proteome
consistent with reduction in systemic inflammation and
improvement in physiological function, suggesting sig-
nificant benefits beyond hemodynamic improvement [4]. To further explore this concept and to identify potential
metabolite biomarkers, we investigated metabolomic
changes between the pre- and post-surgical patient
states. 4 weeks of their scheduled procedure. Follow up blood
draws were performed at their HCM clinic postopera-
tive visit, approximately 3 months after surgery, as was
done in a prior study of plasma proteomics in this popu-
lation [4]. The study was approved by the Tufts Univer-
sity/Medical Center Health Sciences Institutional Review
Board under IRB protocol # 9487. All subjects gave their
informed consent for inclusion before they participated
in the study. The study was conducted in accordance
with the Declaration of Helsinki. Patient characteristics
were obtained from the medical record and are shown in
Table 1. Blood sample processing
l
d
l
ll Global metabolomic analysis has been significantly
improved with advances in ultra-high performance liq-
uid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-
MS/MS) technology and is currently being explored for
its utility in providing clinically relevant information
about various disease states including cardiovascular
disease [5, 6]. Metabolomics analysis of pre- and post-
operative states has already been conducted in various
diseases, establishing the utility of investigating metabo-
lomic alterations to aid clinical decision making [7–9]. Metabolomic analysis of HCM patient plasma samples
before and after surgical myectomy could also aid in dis-
tinguishing the LVOT phenotype, as an alternative to
currently used methods such as imaging or cardiopulmo-
nary exercise testing, which may not always be accessible. Significant changes between the pre- and post-surgical
metabolic states could also provide clinically useful infor-
mation as an additional point of consideration when
debating whether surgery may be the best option for a
patient, as metabolomic profiles suggesting improved
metabolic function may be a favorable outcome from
surgery. Here, we measure the plasma metabolome of
18 HCM patients before and after surgical myectomy
for LVOT obstruction. We show for the first time that
there are metabolite changes in the postoperative state
consistent with potential reduction in systemic inflam-
mation, potential improvement in fatty acid metabo-
lism, improvement in liver and kidney function, and an
increase in lean soft tissue mass. Blood samples were collected in K2 EDTA tubes and cen-
trifuged at 2000 g for 15 min at 4 °C to separate cells from
plasma. The supernatant plasma was then aliquoted and
stored at − 80 °C. Metabolomic profiling Plasma samples gathered before and after surgical myec-
tomy were sent for commercial metabolomic profiling
(Metabolon, Morrisville, NC) using UPLC-MS/MS. The
company uses a standardized sample preparation and
analysis pipeline, as previously described [10]. Briefly,
proteins were removed by methanol precipitation and
centrifugation and split into 5 aliquots. Organic solvent
was removed from the resulting extracts by brief place-
ment on a TurboVAP (Zymark) and samples were then
stored overnight under nitrogen prior to analysis. One
aliquot was saved for backup while the other 4 were used
for analysis. Aliquots were dried and then reconstituted
in buffers compatible with subsequent UPLC-MS/MS. Two aliquots were analyzed using reverse-phase (RP)/
UPLC-MS/MS with positive ion mode electrospray ioni-
zation (ESI), one was analyzed with RP/UPLC-MS/MS
with negative ion mode ESI and one aliquot was analyzed
by HILIC/UPLC-MS/MS with negative ion mode ESI. All
methods utilized a Waters ACQUITY ultra-performance
liquid chromatography (UPLC) and a Thermo Scientific
Q-Exactive high resolution/accurate mass spectrometer
interfaced with a heated electrospray ionization (HESI-
II) source and Orbitrap mass analyzer operated at 35,000
mass resolution. Each reconstitution solvent contained
a series of standards at fixed concentrations to ensure
injection and chromatographic consistency. One ali-
quot was analyzed using acidic positive ion conditions,
chromatographically optimized for more hydrophilic
compounds. In this method, the extract was gradient
eluted from a C18 column (Waters UPLC BEH C18-
2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 µm) using water and methanol, con-
taining 0.05% perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPA) and 0.1%
formic acid (FA). Another aliquot was also analyzed using Study design A total of 18 patients with clinically documented HCM
referred and scheduled for surgical myectomy were
approached for written informed consent to participate
in the study and were included if they planned to follow
up at our center. There were no other inclusion or exclu-
sion criteria. Those who consented underwent a venous
blood draw at their preoperative evaluation, within Wolter et al. Study design BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (2021) 21:617 Wolter et al. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (2021) 21:617 Page 4 of 13 Hierarchical clustering was performed on log trans-
formed data using ArrayStudio (Qiagen Digital Insights,
Redwood City, CA). acidic positive ion conditions; however it was chromato-
graphically optimized for more hydrophobic compounds. In this method, the extract was gradient eluted from the
same afore mentioned C18 column using methanol, ace-
tonitrile, water, 0.05% PFPA and 0.01% FA and was oper-
ated at an overall higher organic content. Another aliquot
was analyzed using basic negative ion optimized condi-
tions using a separate dedicated C18 column. The basic
extracts were gradient eluted from the column using
methanol and water, however with 6.5 mM Ammonium
Bicarbonate at pH 8. The fourth aliquot was analyzed via
negative ionization following elution from a HILIC col-
umn (Waters UPLC BEH Amide 2.1 × 150 mm, 1.7 µm)
using a gradient consisting of water and acetonitrile with
10 mM Ammonium Formate, pH 10.8. The MS analysis
alternated between MS and data-dependent MSn scans
using dynamic exclusion. The scan range varied slighted
between methods but covered 70–1000 m/z. Raw data
was extracted, peak-identified and QC processed using
Metabolon’s hardware and software. Compounds were
identified by comparison to library entries of purified
standards or recurrent unknown entities. Metabolon
maintains a library based on authenticated standards that
contains the retention time/index (RI), mass to charge
ratio (m/z), and chromatographic data (including MS/MS
spectral data) on all molecules present in the library. Fur-
thermore, biochemical identifications are based on three
criteria: retention index within a narrow RI window of
the proposed identification, accurate mass match to the
library ± 10 ppm, and the MS/MS forward and reverse
scores between the experimental data and authentic
standards. The MS/MS scores are based on a compari-
son of the ions present in the experimental spectrum to
the ions present in the library spectrum. While there may
be similarities between these molecules based on one of
these factors, the use of all three data points can be uti-
lized to distinguish and differentiate biochemicals. The false discovery rate (FDR) was also calculated to
account for multiple comparisons between patients. The
FDR for a given set of compounds can be estimated using
the q-value. In order to interpret the q-value, the data
must first be sorted by the p-value then choose the cut-
off for significance (typically p < 0.05). Statistical analysis Matched pairs t-tests were performed on log transformed
paired patient samples pre- and post-myectomy to obtain
an initial list of potentially important metabolites. The
matched pairs t-test is equivalent to the one-sample t-test
performed on the differences of the observations taken
on each subject (i.e., calculate (x1 – x2) for each subject;
test whether the mean difference is zero or not). The test
statistic is given by t = (x1 −x2)/n , with n – 1 degrees of
freedom, where x1 , x2 are the sample means for groups
1 and 2, respectively, sd is the standard deviation of the
differences, n is the number of subjects (so there are
2n observations). A volcano plot was generated using
RStudio, with BioConductor package EnhancedVolcano
(https://github.com/kevinblighe/EnhancedVolcano). Study design The q-value gives
the false discovery rate for the selected list (i.e., an esti-
mate of the proportion of false discoveries for the list of
compounds whose p-value is below the cutoff for signifi-
cance) [11]. Patient cohort characteristics 18 patients were enrolled into this pilot study. Patient
characteristics are summarized in Table 1 and listed more
extensively in Additional file 1: Table S1. HCM patients
referred for surgical myectomy at Tufts Medical Center
were approached consecutively and those that gave con-
sent and planned to return for a postoperative visit were
enrolled. The patients varied in age from 37 to 76. Twelve
of eighteen were female (67%) and fifteen of eighteen had
NYHA heart failure classification of 3 or greater (83%). Two of the patients carried pathogenic Mybpc3 muta-
tions, one carried a pathogenic Myh7 mutation, and 15
patients had no pathogenic mutations found during
screening (83%). Two out of eighteen patients had a his-
tory of atrial fibrillation (11%) and two of eighteen had
a history of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibril-
lation leading to ICD placement (11%). Seventeen of
eighteen had medical comorbidities in addition to HCM. Sixteen out of eighteen were taking beta blockers. LVOT
gradients were documented for all patients, either at rest
or with provocation, ranging from 60 to 160 mm Hg, with
a mean maximal gradient of 102.4 ± 30.6. Thirteen of
eighteen (72%) had at least mild mitral regurgitation. No
patients had midventricular obstruction. All 18 patients
underwent surgical myectomy, while five had concurrent
mitral valve surgery, two had concurrent coronary artery
bypass grafting and two had aortic valve replacement for
concurrent aortic stenosis. The two patients with atrial
fibrillation had concurrent MAZE procedures. All had
no residual LVOT gradient on follow up echocardiogram
done around the time of the postoperative visit. Study design BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (2021) 21:617 Page 3 of 13 Table 1 Patient summary demographics and clinical characteristics
AF, atrial fibrillation; VT/VF, ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation; SCD, sudden cardiac death; HCM, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; MR, mitral regurgitation; NF, not found; ND, not done
Patient
2795
2799
2804
2815
2824
2829
2834
2841
2869
2855
2818
2875
2887
2916
5009
5038
5072
5119
Summary
Age at myectomy
37
43
55
56
73
73
58
63
52
76
63
73
65
62
35
41
55
54
Avg 57.4 ± 12.5
Female
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
67%
Prior AF
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
11%
Prior VT/VF
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
11%
Fam Hx SCD
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
6%
Fam Hx HCM
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
17%
Medications
Beta blocker
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
89%
Calcium channel blocker
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
22%
ACE or ARB
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
22%
Diuretic use
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
22%
Physiological measurement
Systolic blood pressure
135
128
110
170
105
126
142
126
148
128
122
117
140
130
130
140
128
118
Avg 130.2 ± 14.8
Diastolic blood pressure
80
82
80
70
56
78
90
78
74
78
70
70
80
70
90
70
75
70
Avg 75.6 ± 8.0
IVS thickness (mm)
23
13
15
15
17
15
15
18
14
23
17
18
17
16
15
21
17
12
Avg 16.7 ± 3.0
LVEF (%)
65
70
65
65
70
65
65
65
65
60
65
65
60
70
65
60
70
70
Avg 65.6 ± 3.4
LVOT gradient max (mm Hg)
60
60
85
90
100
150
110
100
145
150
100
100
80
64
160
100
90
100
Avg 102.4 ± 30.6
Pathogenic HCM Variant
MYBPC3
NF
NF
NF
MYBPC3
NF
NF
NF
NF
NF
NF
NF
NF
NF
NF
NF
MYH7
NF
17% Wolter et al. Metabolomic profiling demonstrates within person
stability of distinct metabolite fingerprints Metabolomic analysis was performed on paired plasma
samples from 18 patients. This identified a total of 1,340
metabolites. We wanted to first understand in more
detail the proteome profiles of these samples and the Wolter et al. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (2021) 21:617 Page 5 of 13 relationships of the individual pre- and post-surgery sam-
ples based on relative concentration of all 1,340 metabo-
lites identified. Consequently, we performed hierarchical
clustering using all samples across all metabolites (Fig. 1). Hierarchical clustering sorts samples by similarity of
metabolite concentrations in an unbiased fashion and
has the potential to reveal dominant biomarkers that
could distinguish the preoperative, LVOT obstruction
state from the postoperative state where LVOT obstruc-
tion is no longer present. Samples with a more compa-
rable expression pattern cluster together and separate
from samples with a more dissimilar expression pat-
tern. This hierarchical cluster analysis of all samples
with all metabolites demonstrated that each paired Pre/
Post patient sample clustered together and separated
from all other patients, with one exception, subject 2875
(Fig. 1). This patient had concurrent aortic stenosis and
also underwent aortic valve replacement, and thus may
be expected to have a more divergent shift in metabo-
lomic profile. This result indicates that, in general, the overall expression profile of all metabolites is more
closely related within a patient than between Pre- and
Post-surgery, suggesting that each person has a unique
overall plasma metabolite fingerprint distinct from any
other person, and is consistent with previous plasma pro-
teomic profiling in HCM patients before and after surgi-
cal myectomy [4]. No dominant metabolic biomarkers of
the postoperative state that would drive clustering into
the preoperative and postoperative states were found. Metabolomic profiling reveals an altered metabolome
post‑myectomy indicative of alterations in specific
metabolic pathways In order to measure metabolomic changes in post-oper-
ative patient plasma, metabolomic profiling was con-
ducted. Briefly, patient plasma samples obtained before
and after surgical myectomy were sent to Metabolon to
be analyzed by mass spectrometry. Plasma metabolite
levels were then compared by fold-change between the
pre- and postoperative states for each patient. 1070 of Fig. 1 Hierarchical clustering of plasma metabolomic profiles sorts by patient identity Fig. 1 Hierarchical clustering of plasma metabolomic profiles sorts by patient identity Wolter et al. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (2021) 21:617 Page 6 of 13 these biochemicals were successfully identified while 270
remain structurally unidentified. All identified metabo-
lites could be assigned to specific metabolic pathways
and subpathways as listed in Additional file 2: Table S2. Of these, 215 metabolites exhibited a statistically signifi-
cant fold-change post-myectomy, with a p-value < 0.05
by matched pairs t-test. These metabolites were further
broken down into 139 metabolites upregulated and 76 these biochemicals were successfully identified while 270
remain structurally unidentified. All identified metabo-
lites could be assigned to specific metabolic pathways
and subpathways as listed in Additional file 2: Table S2. Of these, 215 metabolites exhibited a statistically signifi-
cant fold-change post-myectomy, with a p-value < 0.05
by matched pairs t-test. These metabolites were further
broken down into 139 metabolites upregulated and 76 metabolites downregulated post-myectomy, as shown in
Fig. 2. Review of the various metabolite changes across mul-
tiple metabolic pathways (Additional file 1: Table S1,
Additional file 2: Table S2) revealed notable changes
in metabolites for pathways such as Heme metabolism
(Fig. 3). Heme metabolites include biliverdin and the
bilirubins (Z,Z; E,E; E,Z or Z,E), which were significantly Fig. 2 Volcano plot showing the fold-change of metabolites post-myectomy. Threshold for significance is p-value < 0.05
* p < 0.05
* p < 0.05
* p < 0.05
* p < 0.05
Fig. 3 Hemoglobin metabolites such as biliverdin and bilirubin are decreased in HCM patient plasma after surgical myectomy. Metabolic pathway
diagrams are derived from the KEGG database [12–14] Fig. 2 Volcano plot showing the fold-change of metabolites post-myectomy. Threshold for significance is p-value < 0.05 Fig. 2 Volcano plot showing the fold-change of metabolites post-myectomy. Threshold for significance is p-value < 0.05 * p < 0.05
* p < 0.05
* p < 0.05
* p < 0.05
Fig. Metabolomic profiling reveals an altered metabolome
post‑myectomy indicative of alterations in specific
metabolic pathways 3 Hemoglobin metabolites such as biliverdin and bilirubin are decreased in HCM patient plasma after surgical myectomy. Metabolic pathway
diagrams are derived from the KEGG database [12–14] * p < 0.05
* p < 0.05
* p < 0.05 * p < 0.05 * p < 0.05 * p < 0.05 Fig. 3 Hemoglobin metabolites such as biliverdin and bilirubin are decreased in HCM patient plasma after surgical myectomy. Metabolic pathway
diagrams are derived from the KEGG database [12–14] Wolter et al. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (2021) 21:617 Page 7 of 13 required for lipoprotein assembly and secretion. PCs (e.g. 1-palmitoyl-2-stearoyl-GPC (16:0/18:0) and 1,2-dilinole-
oyl-GPC (18:2/18:2)), some phosphatidylinositol (PI) spe-
cies and several phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) species
were increased following surgery (Fig. 5 and Additional
file 1: Table S1, Additional file 2: Table S2). There were
also decreases in plasma for many sphingomyelins (e.g. sphingomyelin (d18:1/18:1, d18:2/18:0) and sphingomy-
elin (d18:2/18:1)) following myectomy. Sphingomyelins
are phospholipids derivatives lacking glycerol backbones;
they are composed of ceramide (a lipid made up of sphin-
gosine and a fatty acid) and a polar head group (phos-
phocholine in most cases). Sphingomyelins are present in
high levels in lipoproteins and these data suggest that the
composition of lipoproteins change following myectomy.i decreased. In addition, L-urobilin was decreased follow-
ing surgery. When heme is broken down, it is first con-
verted into biliverdin and bilirubin (via heme oxygenase
(HO) and biliverdin reductase (BR) activities). After
transport to the liver and excretion into the bile, biliru-
bin can be converted into urobilinogen via the gut micro-
biota. Subsequently, urobilinogen can be converted to
either d-urobilin or l-urobilin. Arginine metabolites were also altered after myectomy
surgery, suggesting alterations in arginine metabolism
and the urea cycle (Fig. 4). Homoarginine was signifi-
cantly decreased while homocitrulline trended higher
following surgery (Fig. 4). In addition, dimethylarginine
(ADMA + SDMA) was also decreased following myec-
tomy. Phenylacetylglutamine, an acetylated peptide that
is a biomarker of urea cycle disorders, was also decreased
following surgery. Another metabolite that showed a significant change
was 3-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), which was decreased
following myectomy (Fig. 6). BHBA (a ketone body) is
produced in the liver, secreted and used by other tissues,
including the heart where it can be converted to acetyl-
CoA to support energetic needs. Biochemicals associated
with food intake, xanthine/caffeine and benzoate metab-
olites (which are also the products of metabolism of plant
polyphenols) were increased following surgery. Metabolomic profiling reveals an altered metabolome
post‑myectomy indicative of alterations in specific
metabolic pathways These were perfluorooc-
tanesulfonate
(PFOS),
perfluorooctanoate
(PFOA),
3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2-hydroxylau-
rate and bilirubin, which were all downregulated with
fold-changes of 0.82, 0.77, 0.79, 0.85, and 0.63, respec-
tively, and trigonelline, which was upregulated with a
fold-change of 2.88. Five metabolites that were unable
to be structurally unidentified were significantly down-
regulated in the postoperative state, while one was
upregulated. Metabolomic profiling reveals an altered metabolome
post‑myectomy indicative of alterations in specific
metabolic pathways This may Plasma phospholipids and sphingomyelins also showed
a variety of changes after myectomy surgery (Fig. 5). Phospholipids are synthesized from diacylglycerols and
polar head groups such as choline or ethanolamine and
circulate in plasma as constituents of lipoproteins syn-
thesized mostly in the liver. Phosphatidylcholine (PC)
is the major phospholipid found in lipoproteins and is * p < 0.05
* p < 0.05
p = 0.08
p = NS
p = NS
* p < 0.05
Fig. 4 Arginine metabolites and a urea cycle derivative, phenylacetylglutamine, are altered in HCM patient plasma after surgical myectomy. Metabolic pathway diagrams are derived from the KEGG database [12–14] p = NS * p < 0.05 * p < 0.05 * p < 0.05 p = NS Fig. 4 Arginine metabolites and a urea cycle derivative, phenylacetylglutamine, are altered in HCM patient plasma after surgical myectomy. Metabolic pathway diagrams are derived from the KEGG database [12–14] Wolter et al. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (2021) 21:617 Page 8 of 13 * p < 0.05
* p < 0.05
* p < 0.05
* p < 0.05
Fig. 5 Phospholipid metabolites are altered in HCM patient plasma after surgical myectomy. Metabolic pathway diagrams are derived from the
KEGG database [12–14] * p < 0.05 * p < 0.05 * p < 0.05 * p < 0.05 Fig. 5 Phospholipid metabolites are altered in HCM patient plasma after surgical myectomy. Metabolic pathway diagrams are derived from the
KEGG database [12–14] reflect an increase in food intake as the patients return to
normal following surgery and/or reflect improved circu-
lation in the patients. Unnamed compounds are discrete
biochemicals which do not correspond to a standard in
the Metabolon library. Of the 270 unnamed compounds
that were identified, 52 were significantly different
(p ≤ 0.05) following myectomy. were structurally identified. These were perfluorooc-
tanesulfonate
(PFOS),
perfluorooctanoate
(PFOA),
3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2-hydroxylau-
rate and bilirubin, which were all downregulated with
fold-changes of 0.82, 0.77, 0.79, 0.85, and 0.63, respec-
tively, and trigonelline, which was upregulated with a
fold-change of 2.88. Five metabolites that were unable
to be structurally unidentified were significantly down-
regulated in the postoperative state, while one was
upregulated. were structurally identified. Discussion 6 BHBA and a variety of unknown compounds are altered in HCM patient plasma after surgical myectomy X - 22776
1.20
X - 25810
0.84
X - 11861
1.70
X - 13431
1.60
X - 23655
6.11
X - 13723
4.18
X - 16964
0.93
X - 18935
0.84
X - 12221
3.67
X - 13553
1.13
X - 24546
0.84
X - 11315
0.94
X - 12117
1.14
X - 13846
2.89
X - 21351
1.22
X - 26054
0.91
X - 23641
1.99
X - 11847
8.38
X - 12714
2.88
X - 21364
0.91
X - 12199
2.92
X - 07765
8.30
X - 21467
0.90
X - 11880
0.88
X - 25519
1.30
X - 25656
15.24 * p < 0.05
Fig 6 BHBA and a variety of unknown compounds are altered in HCM patient p Fig. 6 BHBA and a variety of unknown compounds are altered in HCM patient plasma after surgical myectomy indicating improved liver and kidney function. Another
indication of increased kidney function may be the
decrease in a group of acetylated peptides, specifically of this nature, and we did not find dominant biomarkers
that clearly separated the preoperative from the postop-
erative state in all patients, we were still able to identify
broad shifts in metabolite patterns that inform poten-
tial metabolic changes in HCM patients after myectomy
surgery. Specifically, we were able to identify trends in
bilirubin, arginine derivatives, phospholipids and other
metabolites that suggest important physiological changes
as outlined below. Table 2 Significantly
downregulated
and
upregulated
metabolites in the postoperative state Table 2 Significantly
downregulated
and
upregulated
metabolites in the postoperative state
Metabolite
Fold change
P value
Q value
Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS)
0.82
5.74E−08
4.52E−05
Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA)
0.77
9.69E−08
4.52E−05
3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxyben-
zoic acid
0.79
5.22E−07
2.00E−04
2-hydroxylaurate
0.85
6.58E−05
8.80E−03
Bilirubin (E,E)
0.63
1.00E−04
1.17E−02
Trigonelline (N′-methylnicotinate)
2.88
4.00E−04
3.14E−02
X-21339
0.79
1.61E−06
3.00E−04
X-23276
2.29
2.03E−06
4.00E−04
X-16935
0.84
1.00E−04
8.80E−03
X-11308
0.82
1.00E−04
1.17E−02
X-17654
0.82
1.00E−04
1.17E−02
X-24334
0.7
3.00E−04
2.61E−02 Bilirubin, biliverdin and urobilin are products of heme
metabolism via HO and BR enzymes, which concludes
with the conjugation of unconjugated bilirubin in hepat-
ocytes. Increased serum levels of bilirubin are generally
associated with decreased overall liver function, and
bilirubin is a well-established clinical biomarker for liver
function [15]. Discussion Although many metabolites show significant alterations
in paired t-testing, the relatively small number of patients
and the multiple metabolites being compared cannot
exclude type 1 error. To account for multiple statistical
comparisons between metabolites, the false discovery
rate (q-value) was also calculated for each metabolite. When applying a more stringent significance thresh-
old of q-value < 0.05, 12 metabolites were identified to
meet this threshold (Table 2). Six of these metabolites By analyzing the plasma metabolome of HCM patients
before and after surgical myectomy, we have demon-
strated, for the first time, that the plasma metabolomic
profiles of HCM patients exhibit measurable, important
changes in the postoperative state reflective of improve-
ment in organ metabolic function. Although patient
metabolic profiles sorted more by patient identity than
by operative state, as is usually the case in patient studies Wolter et al. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (2021) 21:617 Page 9 of 13 X - 21339
0.79
X - 23276
2.29
X - 16935
0.84
X - 11308
0.82
X - 17654
0.84
X - 24334
0.70
X - 11372
0.78
X - 17676
1.56
X - 12680
2.47
X - 21807
3.09
X - 13844
3.17
X - 26062
4.63
X - 12818
4.11
X - 13695
4.26
X - 17010
3.12
X - 12839
0.73
X - 12730
16.16
X - 12738
16.11
X - 12126
0.79
X - 13658
0.86
X - 24811
3.04
X - 24576
8.74
X - 21442
2.24
X - 24951
0.81
X - 12701
5.10
X - 26119
0.85
X - 22776
1.20
X - 25810
0.84
X - 11861
1.70
X - 13431
1.60
X - 23655
6.11
X - 13723
4.18
X - 16964
0.93
X - 18935
0.84
X - 12221
3.67
X - 13553
1.13
X - 24546
0.84
X - 11315
0.94
X - 12117
1.14
X - 13846
2.89
X - 21351
1.22
X - 26054
0.91
X - 23641
1.99
X - 11847
8.38
X - 12714
2.88
X - 21364
0.91
X - 12199
2.92
X - 07765
8.30
X - 21467
0.90
X - 11880
0.88
X - 25519
1.30
X - 25656
15.24
* p < 0.05
Fig. Discussion 2-hydroxylaurate is a lipid that is mainly important as
chemical modification of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and is
specifically added to the endotoxic portion Lipid A used
by all gram-negative bacteria as a virulence factor [27]. LPS is cleared by the liver through portal circulation [28],
suggesting a possible mechanism by which 2-hydroxy-
laurate appears in human plasma. Though studies of
LPS clearance by the liver have not yet elucidated its
metabolic mechanism, we propose that 2-hydroxylaurate
may be a product of LPS breakdown. We demonstrate
that 2-hydroxylaurate is decreased in plasma post-
myectomy with a fold-change of 0.85 (p-value < 0.0001,
q-value < 0.01). As with PFOS and PFOA, it is possible
that 2-hydroxylaurate is decreased in the postoperative
state because the liver is more efficiently clearing this
metabolite. l
The observed increases in circulating phospholipid
metabolites may reflect improved secretion of lipopro-
teins from the liver. Importantly, previous studies sug-
gest that circulating levels of PC are lower in people
with heart damage compared to healthy adults [20], thus
the increases in the current study may reflect improved
heart function. Cardiomyopathy can also result in the
heart relying increasingly more on glucose utilization
than on fatty acid oxidation for energy, hence a decrease
in plasma BHBA may reflect an improvement in fatty
acid usage by the heart. The concurrent reduction in
circulating sphingolipid metabolites is also interesting,
as circulating sphingolipids, especially ceramides, have
been postulated to promote type 2 diabetes via pathways
involved in insulin resistance, pancreatic islet β-cell dys-
function and inflammation [21]. Patients with HCM who
undergo surgery thus may also demonstrate improved
endocrine function. Trigonelline (N-methylnicotinic acid) is a product
of niacin metabolism and is found most prominently
within coffee seeds, among other foods [29]. Our study
showed that trigonelline levels showed a fold change of
2.88 (p-value = 0.0004, q-value < 0.05) in the postopera-
tive state, being the only identified metabolite to show a
statistically significant increase in plasma level (Table 2). Trigonelline is also associated with lean soft tissue mass
in cancer patients, which correlates with muscle mass
[30]. It is possible that the postoperative state is associ-
ated with improved lean soft tissue mass as a result of
greater functional capacity, although a confounding
factor such as recent coffee intake cannot be ruled out. Discussion In our study, plasma bilirubin showed a
fold-change of 0.63 (p-value < 0.0001, q-value < 0.05) fol-
lowing surgical myectomy, which demonstrates that
plasma levels of bilirubin are decreased in the postop-
erative state. These data therefore may suggest decreased
HO or BR enzyme activities but may also indicate an
increase in biliary and urinary excretion, potentially Wolter et al. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (2021) 21:617 Page 10 of 13 Page 10 of 13 phenylacetylglutamine, a biomarker of urea cycle disor-
ders that is normally excreted via urine [16]. systemic circulation. HCM is known to confer risk of
end stage renal disease [24], and myectomy may reduce
this risk. HCM may impact the liver and kidney func-
tion of patients by inducing congestive hepatopathy and
reduced renal blood flow at a subclinical level, as has
been described for other cardiovascular diseases such as
left heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and constrictive peri-
cardial disease [25], and this impact is likely mitigated
after surgical myectomy. Homoarginine and dimethylarginine are components
of the urea cycle, important for removal of nitrogenous
waste product. Homoarginine can mediate inhibition
of arginase activity and inflammation [17]. In addition,
homoarginine may support nitric oxide (NO) synthesis
by serving as a substrate for nitric oxide synthase (NOS)
and by inhibiting arginase activity [18]. Reduced homoar-
ginine would be consistent with a possible decrease in
NO production and inflammation following surgery. Consistent with this finding, we note that none of our 18
patients had increased vasopressor requirements in the
postoperative period. We did not do any further stud-
ies to assess the relationship between blood pressure
and arginine metabolites in our patients. Dimethylargi-
nine has been linked to increased risk for heart failure
in human studies [19] and reduction of this metabo-
lite is consistent with improved cardiac function. Taken
together, these data are consistent with improvement in
markers of cardiac health and inflammation. 3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxybenzoic
acid
has
been
reported as a biomarker for red meat and dairy intake
[26]. Our study showed that 3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihy-
droxybenzoic acid was decreased in plasma post-myec-
tomy with a fold-change of 0.79 (p-value < 0.000001,
q-value < 0.0005). We speculate that reduction in plasma
3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid is in the postop-
erative state is indicative of improved liver and kidney
function resulting in more rapid clearance, although a
change in dietary intake of red meat and dairy products
cannot be ruled out. Discussion Studies of trigonelline bioavailability have shown that
maximum plasma levels of trigonelline occur around
2–3 h after coffee ingestion, with a half-life of approxi-
mately 5 h before being cleared in the urine [31, 32]. PFOS and PFOA are man-made chemicals that func-
tion as fluoro-polymers and are used for industrial pur-
poses. These chemicals have both been found to have
potentially adverse effects on liver function, and have
been associated with increased levels of hepatocellular
injury biomarkers in humans [22] as well as increased
risk of chronic kidney disease [23]. Here, we show that
plasma levels of PFOA and PFOS decrease following
surgical myectomy in HCM patients, with fold-changes
of 0.77 (p-value < 0.0000001, q-value < 0.00005) and 0.82
(p-value < 0.0000001,
q-value < 0.00005),
respectively. Decreased plasma levels of these chemicals are consist-
ent with improved liver and kidney function resulting
in more effective clearance of these chemicals from the Wolter et al. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (2021) 21:617 Page 11 of 13 Page 11 of 13 Wolter et al. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (2021) 21:617 institution, without further inclusion or exclusion cri-
teria. Our study population is skewed towards female
patients (67%), shows significant age heterogeneity and
has a low prevalence of sarcomere mutations (17%), as
a result. A future, larger study will try to balance sex,
age and sarcomere mutation status to avoid bias and to
allow stratification based on these characteristics. Some
patients had concurrent coronary artery disease, atrial
fibrillation and one even had aortic stenosis, necessitat-
ing additional surgical intervention beyond myectomy
such as coronary artery bypass grafting, MAZE pro-
cedures and in one case an aortic valve replacement. These additional conditions and the additional surgical
procedures may confound our analysis. A future study
with narrowed selection criteria limiting the condition
to uncomplicated HCM with LVOT obstruction may
uncover additional metabolites and pathways. Another
limitation of our study is that many confounding factors
related to nutritional status, such as Body Mass Index,
diet, herbal remedies, tobacco use, etc. can contribute
to metabolomic profiles. Information about these con-
founding factors was not assessed in our patients but
was noted in the above discussion where relevant. Curiously, five metabolites that were significantly
downregulated in the postoperative state were unable to
be structurally identified (Table 2). HCM: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; LVOT: Left ventricular outflow tract;
BHBA: 3-Hydroxybutyrate; PFOS: Perfluorooctanesulfonate; PFOA: Perfluorooc-
tanoate; UPLC-MS/MS: Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tan-
dem mass spectrometry; ICD: Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; HO: Heme
oxygenase; BR: Biliverdin reductase; ADMA: Asymmetric dimethylarginine;
SDMA: Symmetric dimethylarginine; PC: Phosphatidylcholine; PI: Phosphati-
dylinositol; PE: Phosphatidylethanolamine; NO: Nitric oxide; NOS: Nitric oxide
synthase; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; K2EDTA: Dipotassium ethylenediamine-
tetraacetic acid; ESI: Electrospray ionization; RP/UPLC-MS/MS: Reverse phase
ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry;
HESI: Heated electrospray ionization; PFPA: Perfluoropentanoic acid; FA: Formic
acid; RI: Retention time index; FDR: False discovery rate. Conclusions
O
k i Our work is the first, to the best of our knowledge, to
analyze plasma metabolomes of HCM patients with
LVOT obstruction before and after surgical myec-
tomy. We demonstrate that the plasma metabolome is
altered postoperatively, and that metabolites associated
with cardiac, renal, liver and endocrine dysfunction are
decreased in the postoperative state, while those asso-
ciated with improvement in liver function and lean soft
tissue mass are increased in the postoperative state. These findings suggest a metabolic benefit of surgical
myectomy that goes beyond simple hemodynamic relief
of LVOT obstruction and will inform future clinical and
preclinical validation and mechanistic studies. Discussion It is possible that, as
with 2,3-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, there is lit-
tle known about these metabolites because they may be
byproducts of chemicals that have not yet been deeply
investigated. Given that the other decreased metabolites
that were successfully identified are cleared by the liver
and/or kidney, we speculate that these metabolites could
be other chemicals that are cleared by the liver and/or
kidney. It will be necessary to further confirm the identity
of these metabolites to validate this speculation and con-
firm their utility as biomarkers.h i
The overarching theme of our study is that metabo-
lomic profiling suggests improvement in the metabolic
function of various organs in HCM patients after myec-
tomy to alleviate LVOT obstruction. These organs include
the liver, kidney, heart, endocrine pancreas, cardiac and
skeletal muscle. Although HCM has been associated
with kidney and cardiac dysfunction [3, 24], associations
with liver, pancreatic and skeletal muscle dysfunction
in patients have not been described, although cross-
talk between the liver and heart has been suggested in
mouse models of HCM [33]. A limitation of our study
is that many confounding factors related to nutritional
status, such as Body Mass Index, diet, herbal remedies,
tobacco use, etc. can contribute to metabolomic profiles
and were not assessed in our patients but were noted in
the above discussion where relevant. It is also important
to note that established biomarkers for kidney function
(creatinine), liver function (AST and ALT), inflamma-
tion (C-reactive protein) and heart failure (Brain Natriu-
retic Peptide) were not different in HCM patients in the
preoperative and postoperative states (Additional file 1:
Table S1, Additional file 2: Table S2, line 210; [4]). These
findings argue that the observed changes in metabolites
are not simply related to improvement in heart failure,
renal perfusion, liver perfusion or inflammatory state but
may be unique to HCM patients. A corollary speculation
could be that these metabolites may be more sensitive to
low levels of heart failure, reduced organ perfusion and
inflammation in HCM patients than established mark-
ers, but this hypothesis requires further testing and vali-
dation. Potential clinical relationships between HCM
with LVOT obstruction and liver dysfunction, islet cell
dysfunction or skeletal muscle dysfunction in patients
remain to be explored in future studies. Availability of data and materials The entire metabolomics dataset is available as an online supplement to this
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itz SM, et al. Site-specific activity of the acyltransferases HtrB1 and References 25. El Hadi H, Di Vincenzo A, Vettor R, Rossato M. Relationship between heart
disease and liver disease: a two-way street. Cells. 2020;9(3):567. 1. Semsarian C, Ingles J, Maron MS, Maron BJ. New perspectives on
the prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(12):1249–54. 26. Wang Y, Hodge RA, Stevens VL, Hartman TJ, McCullough ML. Identifica-
tion and reproducibility of plasma metabolomic biomarkers of habitual
food intake in a US diet validation study. Metabolites. 2020;10(10):382. 2. Maron BJ, Maron MS. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 2013;381(9862):242–55. 27. Hittle LE, Powell DA, Jones JW, Tofigh M, Goodlett DR, Moskow-
itz SM, et al. Site-specific activity of the acyltransferases HtrB1 and Page 13 of 13 Wolter et al. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (2021) 21:617 Wolter et al. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (2021) 21:617 HtrB2 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipid A biosynthesis. Pathog Dis. 2015;73(8):ftv053. HtrB2 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipid A biosynthesis. Pathog Dis. 2015;73(8):ftv053. 28. Su GL. Lipopolysaccharides in liver injury: molecular mechanisms
of Kupffer cell activation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2002;283(2):G256–65. 29. Ashihara H, Ludwig I, Katahira R, Yokota T, Fujimura T, Crozier A. Trigonel-
line and related nicotinic acid metabolites: occurrence, biosynthesis,
taxonomic considerations, and their roles in planta and in human health. Phytochem Rev. 2014;14(5):765–98. 30. Stretch C, Eastman T, Mandal R, Eisner R, Wishart DS, Mourtzakis M, et al. Prediction of skeletal muscle and fat mass in patients with advanced
cancer using a metabolomic approach. J Nutr. 2012;142(1):14–21. 31. Lang R, Dieminger N, Beusch A, Lee YM, Dunkel A, Suess B, et al. Bioap-
pearance and pharmacokinetics of bioactives upon coffee consumption. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2013;405(26):8487–503. 32. Lang R, Wahl A, Skurk T, Yagar EF, Schmiech L, Eggers R, et al. Develop-
ment of a hydrophilic liquid interaction chromatography-high-perfor-
mance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry based stable
isotope dilution analysis and pharmacokinetic studies on bioactive
pyridines in human plasma and urine after coffee consumption. Anal
Chem. 2010;82(4):1486–97. 33. Magida JA, Leinwand LA. Metabolic crosstalk between the heart and
liver impacts familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. EMBO Mol Med. 2014;6(4):482–95. 33. Magida JA, Leinwand LA. Metabolic crosstalk between the heart and
liver impacts familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. EMBO Mol Med. 2014;6(4):482–95. Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in pub-
lished maps and institutional affiliations. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in pub-
lished maps and institutional affiliations. •
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? Choose BMC and benefit from: •
fast, convenient online submission
•
thorough peer review by experienced researchers in your field
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rapid publication on acceptance
•
support for research data, including large and complex data types
•
gold Open Access which fosters wider collaboration and increased citations
maximum visibility for your research: over 100M website views per year
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At BMC, research is always in progress. Learn more biomedcentral.com/submissions
Ready to submit your research
Ready to submit your research ? Choose BMC and benefit from:
? Choose BMC and benefit from: •
fast, convenient online submission
•
thorough peer review by experienced researchers in your field
•
rapid publication on acceptance
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support for research data, including large and complex data types
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| 4,085 |
https://github.com/FIN-Vorkurs/finvorkurs/blob/master/app/admin/dashboard.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-2-Clause
| 2,013 |
finvorkurs
|
FIN-Vorkurs
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 80 | 267 |
ActiveAdmin.register_page "Dashboard" do
menu :priority => 1, :label => proc{ I18n.t("active_admin.dashboard") }
action_item do
link_to "Main Site", root_url
end
content :title => proc{ I18n.t("active_admin.dashboard") } do
columns do
column do
panel "Recent Users" do
ul do
User.last(5).map do |user|
li link_to(user.email, admin_user_path(user))
end
end
end
end
column do
panel "Recent Posts" do
ul do
Post.last(5).map do |post|
li link_to(post.title, admin_post_path(post))
end
end
end
end
end
panel "Events" do
table_for Event.since(24.hours.ago) do |event|
column :created_at
column :message
end
end
end
end
| 36,615 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18115152
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Silusida
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 1,812 | 5,026 |
Silusida
Silusida wissenschaftlicher Name Silusida, Autor(en) des Taxons Thomas Lincoln Casey, veröffentlicht im Jahr 1906
Silusida taxonomischer Rang Gattung
Silusida ist ein(e) Taxon
Silusida übergeordnetes Taxon Kurzflügler
Silusida GBIF-ID 1039209
Silusida ITIS-TSN 724639
Silusida NCBI-ID 619516
Silusida BugGuide-ID 533085
Silusida IRMNG-ID 1129435
Silusida iNaturalist-Taxon-ID 458533
Silusida Google-Knowledge-Graph-Kennung /g/11g03rf1s8
Silusida BOLD-ID 669335
Silusida BioLib-ID 1365343
Silusida CoL-ID 8VS3T
Silusida UMLS CUI C2992125
Silusida OTT-ID 303669
Silusida
genere di insetti
Silusida nome scientifico Silusida, autore tassonomico Thomas Lincoln Casey, Jr., data di descrizione scientifica 1906
Silusida livello tassonomico genere
Silusida istanza di taxon
Silusida taxon di livello superiore Staphylinidae
Silusida categoria principale dell'argomento Categoria:Silusida
Silusida identificativo GBIF 1039209
Silusida identificativo ITIS 724639
Silusida identificativo NCBI 619516
Silusida identificativo IRMNG 1129435
Silusida identificativo iNaturalist taxon 458533
Silusida identificativo Google Knowledge Graph /g/11g03rf1s8
Silusida identificativo BioLib 1365343
Silusida identificativo Catalogue of Life 8VS3T
Silusida UMLS CUI C2992125
Silusida
genus of insects
Silusida taxon name Silusida, taxon author Thomas Lincoln Casey, year of publication of scientific name for taxon 1906
Silusida taxon rank genus
Silusida instance of taxon
Silusida parent taxon Staphylinidae
Silusida topic's main category Category:Silusida
Silusida GBIF taxon ID 1039209
Silusida ITIS TSN 724639
Silusida NCBI taxonomy ID 619516
Silusida BugGuide taxon ID 533085
Silusida IRMNG ID 1129435
Silusida iNaturalist taxon ID 458533
Silusida Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/11g03rf1s8
Silusida BOLD Systems taxon ID 669335
Silusida BioLib taxon ID 1365343
Silusida Catalogue of Life ID 8VS3T
Silusida UMLS CUI C2992125
Silusida Open Tree of Life ID 303669
Silusida
género de insectos
Silusida nombre del taxón Silusida, autor del taxón Thomas Lincoln Casey, fecha de descripción científica 1906
Silusida categoría taxonómica género
Silusida instancia de taxón
Silusida taxón superior inmediato Staphylinidae
Silusida identificador de taxón en GBIF 1039209
Silusida identificador ITIS 724639
Silusida identificador NCBI 619516
Silusida identificador BugGuide 533085
Silusida identificador IRMNG 1129435
Silusida código de taxón en iNaturalist 458533
Silusida identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/11g03rf1s8
Silusida identificador BOLD Systems de taxón 669335
Silusida identificador BioLib 1365343
Silusida identificador Catalogue of Life 8VS3T
Silusida UMLS CUI C2992125
Silusida identificador Open Tree of Life 303669
Silusida
genre d'insectes
Silusida nom scientifique du taxon Silusida, auteur taxonomique Thomas Lincoln Casey, date de description scientifique 1906
Silusida rang taxonomique genre
Silusida nature de l’élément taxon
Silusida taxon supérieur Staphylinidae
Silusida identifiant Global Biodiversity Information Facility 1039209
Silusida identifiant Système d'information taxinomique intégré 724639
Silusida Identifiant NCBI 619516
Silusida identifiant BugGuide 533085
Silusida identifiant Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera 1129435
Silusida identifiant iNaturalist d'un taxon 458533
Silusida identifiant du Google Knowledge Graph /g/11g03rf1s8
Silusida identifiant BOLD Systems 669335
Silusida identifiant BioLib 1365343
Silusida identifiant Catalogue of Life 8VS3T
Silusida UMLS CUI C2992125
Silusida identifiant Open Tree of Life 303669
Silusida
род насекоми
Silusida име на таксон Silusida, дата на публикуване на таксон 1906
Silusida ранг на таксон род
Silusida екземпляр на таксон
Silusida родителски таксон Късокрили бръмбари
Silusida основна категория за статията Категория:Silusida
Silusida ITIS TSN 724639
Silusida IRMNG ID 1129435
Silusida
род насекомых
Silusida международное научное название Silusida, автор названия таксона Кейси, Томас Линкольн, дата публикации названия 1906
Silusida таксономический ранг род
Silusida это частный случай понятия таксон
Silusida ближайший таксон уровнем выше Стафилиниды
Silusida идентификатор GBIF 1039209
Silusida код ITIS TSN 724639
Silusida идентификатор NCBI 619516
Silusida код BugGuide 533085
Silusida идентификатор IRMNG 1129435
Silusida код таксона iNaturalist 458533
Silusida код в Google Knowledge Graph /g/11g03rf1s8
Silusida код таксона в BOLD Systems 669335
Silusida идентификатор BioLib 1365343
Silusida код Catalogue of Life 8VS3T
Silusida код UMLS CUI C2992125
Silusida код Open Tree of Life 303669
Silusida
taxon, geslacht van insecten
Silusida wetenschappelijke naam Silusida, taxonauteur Thomas Lincoln Casey, datum van taxonomische publicatie 1906
Silusida taxonomische rang geslacht
Silusida is een taxon
Silusida moedertaxon kortschildkevers
Silusida GBIF-identificatiecode 1039209
Silusida ITIS-identificatiecode 724639
Silusida NCBI-identificatiecode 619516
Silusida BugGuide-identificatiecode 533085
Silusida IRMNG-identificatiecode 1129435
Silusida iNaturalist-identificatiecode voor taxon 458533
Silusida Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/11g03rf1s8
Silusida BOLD Systems-identificatiecode voor taxon 669335
Silusida BioLib-identificatiecode 1365343
Silusida Catalogue of Life-identificatiecode 8VS3T
Silusida UMLS CUI-identificatiecode C2992125
Silusida Open Tree of Life-identificatiecode 303669
Silusida
Silusida taxon nomen Silusida, annus descriptionis 1906
Silusida ordo genus
Silusida est taxon
Silusida parens Staphylinidae
Silusida
рід комах
Silusida наукова назва таксона Silusida, дата наукового опису 1906
Silusida таксономічний ранг рід
Silusida є одним із таксон
Silusida батьківський таксон Жуки-хижаки
Silusida ідентифікатор у GBIF 1039209
Silusida номер у ITIS 724639
Silusida ідентифікатор NCBI 619516
Silusida ідентифікатор BugGuide 533085
Silusida ідентифікатор IRMNG 1129435
Silusida ідентифікатор таксона iNaturalist 458533
Silusida Google Knowledge Graph /g/11g03rf1s8
Silusida ідентифікатор таксона BOLD 669335
Silusida ідентифікатор BioLib 1365343
Silusida ідентифікатор Catalogue of Life 8VS3T
Silusida UMLS CUI C2992125
Silusida ідентифікатор Open Tree of Life 303669
Silusida
xéneru d'inseutos
Silusida nome del taxón Silusida, autor del taxón Thomas L Casey, data de publicación del nome de taxón 1906
Silusida categoría taxonómica xéneru
Silusida instancia de taxón
Silusida taxón inmediatamente superior Staphylinidae
Silusida identificador ITIS 724639
Silusida identificador taxonómicu NCBI 619516
Silusida
Silusida ainm an tacsóin Silusida, údar an tacsóin Thomas Lincoln Casey, bliain inar foilsíodh ainm eolaíoch an tacsóin 1906
Silusida rang an tacsóin géineas
Silusida sampla de tacsón
Silusida máthairthacsón fándaol
Silusida
gen de insecte
Silusida nume științific Silusida, autorul taxonului Thomas Lincoln Casey, anul publicării taxonului 1906
Silusida rang taxonomic gen
Silusida este un/o taxon
Silusida taxon superior Staphylinidae
Silusida identificator Global Biodiversity Information Facility 1039209
Silusida Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/11g03rf1s8
Silusida
género de insetos
Silusida nome do táxon Silusida, autor do táxon Thomas Lincoln Casey Jr., data de descrição científica 1906
Silusida categoria taxonómica género
Silusida instância de táxon
Silusida táxon imediatamente superior Staphylinidae
Silusida identificador Global Biodiversity Information Facility 1039209
Silusida número de série taxonômico do ITIS 724639
Silusida identificador taxonomia NCBI 619516
Silusida IRMNG ID 1129435
Silusida identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/11g03rf1s8
Silusida identificador BioLib 1365343
Silusida
Silusida naukowa nazwa taksonu Silusida, autor nazwy naukowej taksonu Thomas Lincoln Casey Jr., data opisania naukowego 1906
Silusida kategoria systematyczna rodzaj
Silusida jest to takson
Silusida takson nadrzędny kusakowate
Silusida identyfikator GBIF 1039209
Silusida ITIS TSN 724639
Silusida identyfikator NCBI 619516
Silusida identyfikator taksonu BugGuide 533085
Silusida identyfikator IRMNG 1129435
Silusida identyfikator iNaturalist 458533
Silusida identyfikator Google Knowledge Graph /g/11g03rf1s8
Silusida identyfikator BioLib 1365343
Silusida identyfikator pojęcia w UMLS C2992125
Silusida identyfikator Open Tree of Life 303669
Silusida
Silusida tên phân loại Silusida, ngày được miêu tả trong tài liệu khoa học 1906
Silusida cấp bậc phân loại chi
Silusida là một đơn vị phân loại
Silusida đơn vị phân loại mẹ Họ Cánh cộc
Silusida định danh GBIF 1039209
Silusida TSN ITIS 724639
Silusida mã số phân loại NCBI 619516
Silusida ID BugGuide 533085
Silusida ID IRMNG 1129435
Silusida ID ĐVPL iNaturalist 458533
Silusida ID trong sơ đồ tri thức của Google /g/11g03rf1s8
Silusida ID ĐVPL BOLD Systems 669335
Silusida ID BioLib 1365343
Silusida
gjini e insekteve
Silusida emri shkencor Silusida
Silusida instancë e takson
Silusida ITIS-TSN 724639
Silusida
Silusida
Silusida
hyönteissuku
Silusida tieteellinen nimi Silusida, taksonin auktori Thomas Lincoln Casey Jr., tieteellisen kuvauksen päivämäärä 1906
Silusida taksonitaso suku
Silusida esiintymä kohteesta taksoni
Silusida osa taksonia lyhytsiipiset
Silusida Global Biodiversity Information Facility -tunniste 1039209
Silusida ITIS-tunnistenumero 724639
Silusida NCBI-tunniste 619516
Silusida BugGuide-tunniste 533085
Silusida IRMNG-tunniste 1129435
Silusida iNaturalist-tunniste 458533
Silusida Google Knowledge Graph -tunniste /g/11g03rf1s8
Silusida BOLD Systems -taksonitunniste 669335
Silusida BioLib-tunniste 1365343
Silusida Catalogue of Life -tunniste 8VS3T
Silusida UMLS CUI C2992125
Silusida Open Tree of Life -tunniste 303669
Silusida
Silusida izen zientifikoa Silusida, deskribapen zientifikoaren data 1906
Silusida maila taxonomikoa genero
Silusida honako hau da taxon
Silusida goiko maila taxonomikoa Staphylinidae
Silusida GBIFen identifikatzailea 1039209
Silusida ITIS-en identifikadorea 724639
Silusida NCBI-ren identifikatzailea 619516
Silusida IRMNG identifikatzailea 1129435
Silusida iNaturalist identifikatzailea 458533
Silusida Google Knowledge Graph identifikatzailea /g/11g03rf1s8
Silusida BioLib identifikatzailea 1365343
Silusida Catalogue of Life identifikatzailea 8VS3T
Silusida UMLS CUI C2992125
Silusida Open Tree of Life identifikatzailea 303669
Silusida
gènere d'insectes
Silusida nom científic Silusida, autor taxonòmic Thomas Lincoln Casey, data de descripció científica 1906
Silusida categoria taxonòmica gènere
Silusida instància de tàxon
Silusida tàxon superior immediat estafilínids
Silusida identificador GBIF 1039209
Silusida identificador ITIS 724639
Silusida identificador NCBI 619516
Silusida identificador de BugGuide 533085
Silusida identificador IRMNG de tàxon 1129435
Silusida identificador iNaturalist de tàxon 458533
Silusida identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/11g03rf1s8
Silusida identificador BOLD Systems de tàxon 669335
Silusida identificador BioLib 1365343
Silusida identificador Catalogue of Life 8VS3T
Silusida UMLS CUI C2992125
Silusida identificador Open Tree of Life 303669
Silusida
Silusida nomine del taxon Silusida, data de description scientific 1906
Silusida rango taxonomic genere
Silusida instantia de taxon
Silusida taxon superior immediate Staphylinidae
Silusida ID NCBI 619516
Silusida
gênero de insetos
Silusida nome taxológico Silusida, autor do táxon Thomas Lincoln Casey Jr., data de descrição científica 1906
Silusida categoria taxonômica gênero
Silusida instância de táxon
Silusida táxon imediatamente superior Staphylinidae
Silusida identificador GBIF 1039209
Silusida identificador ITIS 724639
Silusida identificador NCBI 619516
Silusida identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/11g03rf1s8
Silusida
Silusida
genero di insekti
Silusida identifikilo che Google Knowledge Graph /g/11g03rf1s8
Silusida
Silusida taksonomia nomo Silusida
Silusida taksonomia rango genro
Silusida estas taksono
Silusida supera taksono Staphylinidae
Silusida ITIS-TSN 724639
Silusida taksonomia identigilo NCBI 619516
Silusida numero en iNaturalist 458533
Silusida identigilo en Scio-Grafo de Google /g/11g03rf1s8
Silusida numero en BioLib 1365343
Silusida UMLS CUI C2992125
Silusida
Silusida nom scientific Silusida, data de descripcion scientifica 1906
Silusida reng taxonomic genre
Silusida natura de l'element taxon
Silusida taxon superior Staphylinidae
Silusida identificant GBIF 1039209
Silusida identificant ITIS 724639
Silusida identificant NCBI 619516
Silusida identificant de taxon iNaturalist 458533
Silusida BioLib ID 1365343
Silusida UMLS CUI C2992125
Silusida
Silusida nome do taxon Silusida, autor do taxon Thomas Lincoln Casey Jr., data de descrición científica 1906
Silusida categoría taxonómica xénero
Silusida instancia de taxon
Silusida taxon superior inmediato Estafilínidos
Silusida identificador GBIF 1039209
Silusida identificador ITIS 724639
Silusida identificador NCBI 619516
Silusida identificador IRMNG de taxon 1129435
Silusida identificador iNaturalist dun taxon 458533
Silusida identificador de Google Knowledge Graph /g/11g03rf1s8
Silusida identificador BOLD Systems de taxon 669335
Silusida identificador BioLib 1365343
Silusida identificador Catalogue of Life 8VS3T
Silusida UMLS CUI C2992125
Silusida identificador Open Tree of Life 303669
Silusida
Silusida instancia de Taxón
Silusida
Silusida
Silusida
insektslekt
Silusida vitenskapelig navn Silusida, autor Thomas Lincoln Casey, dato for vitenskapelig beskrivelse 1906
Silusida taksonomisk rang slekt
Silusida forekomst av takson
Silusida overgruppe kortvinger
Silusida GBIF takson-ID 1039209
Silusida ITIS TSN 724639
Silusida NCBI-ID 619516
Silusida BugGuide-id 533085
Silusida IRMNG-ID 1129435
Silusida Google Knowledge Graph-ID /g/11g03rf1s8
Silusida BioLib takson ID 1365343
Silusida Catalogue of Life ID 8VS3T
Silusida UMLS CUI C2992125
Silusida
Silusida takson adı Silusida, takson adının yayın tarihi 1906
Silusida takson seviyesi cins
Silusida nedir takson
Silusida ana takson Cepkenli böcekgiller
Silusida Küresel Biyoçeşitlilik Danışma Tesisi kimliği 1039209
Silusida Entegre Taksonomik Bilgi Sistemi Taksonomik Seri Numarası 724639
Silusida NCBI taksonomi kimliği 619516
Silusida BugGuide kimliği 533085
Silusida IRMNG kimliği 1129435
Silusida iNaturalist takson kimliği 458533
Silusida Google Bilgi Grafiği kimliği /g/11g03rf1s8
Silusida BOLD Systems takson kimliği 669335
Silusida BioLib takson kimliği 1365343
Silusida Catalogue of Life kimliği 8VS3T
Silusida UMLS CUI C2992125
Silusida Open Tree of Life kimliği 303669
| 16,267 |
https://github.com/walzer/tasktracer/blob/master/TaskTracer/Admin/AdminAffair.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-2-Clause-Views
| 2,009 |
tasktracer
|
walzer
|
PHP
|
Code
| 438 | 1,959 |
<?php
/**
* BugFree is free software under the terms of the FreeBSD License.
*
* admin module list.
*
* @link http://www.bugfree.org.cn
* @package BugFree
*/
/* Init BugFree system. */
require_once("../Include/Init.inc.php");
baseJudgeAdminUserLogin();
// sysXajaxRegister("xProjectSetSlaveModule,xSetModuleOwner,xProjectSetAssignedUser,xAdminAddModule,xAdminEditModule");
$ProjectID = $_GET['ProjectID'];
if($_SESSION['TestIsProjectAdmin'])
{
$ProjectInfo = current(testGetProjectList("ProjectID = '{$_GET[ProjectID]}' AND ProjectManagers LIKE '%,{$_SESSION['TestUserName']},%'"));
}
elseif($_SESSION['TestIsAdmin'])
{
$ProjectInfo = current(testGetProjectList("ProjectID = '{$_GET[ProjectID]}'"));
}
if(empty($ProjectInfo))
{
sysErrorMsg();
}
$ModuleID = $_GET['ModuleID'];
$ModuleType = $_GET['ModuleType'];
// $ModuleType == "Bug" ? $ModuleType = "Bug" : $ModuleType = "Case";
$ModuleType = "Bug";
$ModuleInfo = testGetModuleInfo($ModuleID);
$ModuleTree = testGetAdminTreeModuleList($ProjectID, '?', $ModuleType);
////
// $OnChangeStr = 'onchange="';
// $OnChangeStr .= 'xajax_xSetModuleOwner(this.value, \'AddModuleOwner\');';
// $OnChangeStr .= '"';
$OnChangeStr = '';
$SelectAddModuleList = testGetSelectModuleList($ProjectID, 'ParentModuleID', $ModuleID, $OnChangeStr, $ModuleType);
/*********************
$OnChangeStr = 'onchange="';
$OnChangeStr .= 'xajax_xProjectSetSlaveModule(this.value, \'SlaveModuleList\', \'ParentModuleID\', \''. $ModuleType .'\');xajax_xProjectSetAssignedUser(this.value, \'AssignedToUserList\', \'EditModuleOwner\');';
$OnChangeStr .= '"';
$SelectProjectList = testGetAllProjectSelectList('ProjectID', $ProjectID, $OnChangeStr);
// ModuleList for edit moudle
$OnChangeStr = 'onchange="';
$OnChangeStr .= 'xajax_xSetModuleOwner(this.value, \'EditModuleOwner\');';
$OnChangeStr .= '"';
$SelectEditModuleList = testGetSelectModuleList($ProjectID, 'ParentModuleID', $ModuleInfo['ParentID'], $OnChangeStr, $ModuleType);
// ModuleList for add module
$OnChangeStr = 'onchange="';
$OnChangeStr .= 'xajax_xSetModuleOwner(this.value, \'AddModuleOwner\');';
$OnChangeStr .= '"';
$SelectAddModuleList = testGetSelectModuleList($ProjectID, 'ParentModuleID', $ModuleID, $OnChangeStr, $ModuleType);
$ProjectUserList = testGetProjectUserList($ProjectID, true);
// UserList for edit module
$SelectEditModuleUserList = htmlSelect($ProjectUserList, 'EditModuleOwner', '',$ModuleInfo['ModuleOwner'], 'class="NormalSelect"');
// UserList for add module
$SelectAddModuleUserList = htmlSelect($ProjectUserList, 'AddModuleOwner', '',$ModuleInfo['ModuleOwner'], 'class="NormalSelect"');
*******************************/
// Walzer Add affair-manhour here
// 理想工时的复选项列表
$AffairParent = array();
$DestModule = $ModuleID;
while(empty($AffairParent))
{
// 找指定ProejctID和ModuleID下的事务列表
$AffairParent = dbGetList('AffairList','*',"ProjectID='{$ProjectID}' AND ModuleID='{$DestModule}' AND AffairParent='0'");
if(!empty($AffairParent))
{
// 如果有找到列表，就跳出
break;
}
else if($DestModule == 0)
{
// 如果没有列表，但已经搜索到根节点了，也跳出
break;
}
// 没找到列表，那么就拿TestModule表里，该ModuleID的ParentID，并且在下次循环里找父模块的事务列表
$DestModule = dbGetRow('TestModule', 'ParentID', "ModuleID='{$DestModule}'");
$DestModule = $DestModule['ParentID'];
}
/****************
AffairList[i] -- parent
+ children - [j] -- AffairID
+ checked
+ scope -- [0] -- Description
+ selected
+ [1] ..
+ complexity -- [0] -- Description
+ selected
********************/
// 挨个获取父项下的各事务子项
for ($i = 0; $i < count($AffairParent); $i++)
{
$AffairList[$i]['parent'] = $AffairParent[$i];
// echo 'parent:'.$AffairList[$i]['parent']['AffairName'].'<br>';
$AffairList[$i]['children'] = dbGetList('AffairList', '*', "AffairParent={$AffairParent[$i]['AffairID']}");
for ($j = 0; $j < count($AffairList[$i]['children']); $j++)
{
$id = $AffairList[$i]['children'][$j]['AffairID'];
// 若MANHOUR<1,说明需要从AffairQuotiety表中读出SCOPE和COMPLEXITY
if ($AffairList[$i]['children'][$j]['Manhour'] < 0)
{
$AffairList[$i]['children'][$j]['scope'] = dbGetList('AffairQuotiety', 'Description', "Scope IS NOT NULL AND (AffairID like '{$id},%' OR AffairID like '%,{$id},' OR AffairID like '%,{$id},%,') ORDER BY Scope ASC");
$AffairList[$i]['children'][$j]['complexity'] = dbGetList('AffairQuotiety', 'Description', "Complexity IS NOT NULL AND (AffairID like '{$id},%' OR AffairID like '%,{$id},' OR AffairID like '%,{$id},%,') ORDER BY Complexity ASC");
// print_r($AffairList[$i]['children'][$j]['scope']);
// echo '<br>';
// print_r($AffairList[$i]['children'][$j]['complexity']);
// walzer();
}
}
}
$TPL->assign('AffairList', $AffairList);
/* Assign */
$TPL->assign('ModuleID', $ModuleID);
$TPL->assign('ProjectID', $ProjectID);
// $TPL->assign('ModuleType', $ModuleType);
// $TPL->assign('ProjectInfo', $ProjectInfo);
// $TPL->assign('ModuleInfo', $ModuleInfo);
$TPL->assign('ModuleList', $ModuleTree);
// $TPL->assign('SelectProjectList', $SelectProjectList);
// $TPL->assign('SelectEditModuleList', $SelectEditModuleList);
$TPL->assign('SelectAddModuleList', $SelectAddModuleList);
// $TPL->assign('SelectEditModuleUserList', $SelectEditModuleUserList);
// $TPL->assign('SelectAddModuleUserList', $SelectAddModuleUserList);
/* Display the template file. */
// $TPL->assign('NavActivePro', ' class="Active"');
$TPL->display('Admin/Affair.tpl');
?>
| 3,364 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/41690376
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,017 |
Stack Exchange
|
Priyank Kotiyal, https://stackoverflow.com/users/689185, https://stackoverflow.com/users/7428793, rianjs
|
English
|
Spoken
| 368 | 896 |
Calendar event mail to attendee from iCloud is not coming
IList<IAttendee> icalAttendess = new List<IAttendee>();
IAttendee icalAttendee = new DDay.iCal.Attendee("MAILTO:[email protected]")
{
CommonName = attendees.Name.Decode(),
Role = "REQ-PARTICIPANT",
ParticipationStatus = ParticipationStatus.Accepted
};
icalAttendess.Add(icalAttendee);
Here, I am creating attendee list which is added to the event. I am using CalDav extension using DDay.ical to create event on icloud. Attendees are added to event correctly but problem is no calendar event mail from iCloud is being sent to attendee(mail having accept, decline, maybe option). Mails are sent in past but suddenly mails are not coming from iCloud. I have also set RSVP to true but no joy. If I create appointment directly on iCloud.com and add attendee then mail is coming to attendee. Any idea? Any help will be appreciated.
Looks like the problem is CalDav, not dday. That said, don't use dday. Use iCal.net instead: it actually has support, bugfixes, and performance enhancements. It also has a real software license. http://rianjs.net/2016/07/dday-ical-is-now-ical-net
Thanks!
I have checked https://github.com/rianjs/ical.net/wiki/Migrating-from-dday.ical
Wiil revert once I am done with this.
Do we have any documentation for implementation?
Is ical.net freely available?
Thanks! received calendar invite mail.
Hi rianjs,
I came across with a problem while fetching events from iCloud. Problem is that the event that are directly created on iCloud are not getting parsed using ical.net. While that are being parsed by dday.ical.
Event created using ical.net are parsed correctly.
IICalendarCollection calendars = Calendar.LoadFromStream(stream, Encoding.UTF8); At this line error comes as date time is not in correct format.
For directly created event dtStart comes as DTSTART;X-VOBJ-ORIGINAL-TZID=Asia/Calcutta:20170118T120000Z.
For event I created via ical.net I set timezone as UTC. And while fetching dtStart comes as DTSTART:20170118T120000Z and it is parsed correctly.
Dday working fine if I use dday same event gets parsed-:
IICalendarCollection calendars = iCalendar.LoadFromStream(stream, Encoding.UTF8);
Ical.Net -:
MemoryStream stream = new MemoryStream(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(calDataNode.SelectSingleNode("./[local-name()='propstat']/[local-name()='prop']/[local-name()='calendar-data']").InnerText;
IICalendarCollection calendars = Calendar.LoadFromStream(stream, Encoding.UTF8);
Dday.iCal -:
MemoryStream stream = new MemoryStream(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(calDataNode.SelectSingleNode("./[local-name()='propstat']/[local-name()='prop']/[local-name()='calendar-data']").InnerText;
IICalendarCollection calendars = iCalendar.LoadFromStream(stream, Encoding.UTF8);
Exception Message -: String was not recognized as a valid DateTime.
Yes, ical.net is licensed with the MIT license, and available as a nuget package: https://www.nuget.org/packages/Ical.Net -- ask your ical.net specific question as a new question, and tag it with "icaldotnet". Comment threads aren't for new questions.
| 2,768 |
https://github.com/yasminzy/restaurant-tiara/blob/master/src/views/contact.vue
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
restaurant-tiara
|
yasminzy
|
Vue
|
Code
| 96 | 349 |
<template>
<div class="bg container-fluid mh-100 px-0">
<div class="container-fluid content py-5 mh-100">
<div class="container mt-5">
<h1 class="mb-5">Contact Us</h1>
<div class="row">
<ContactForm />
<ContactTel />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</template>
<script>
import ContactForm from "@/components/contact-form.vue";
import ContactTel from "@/components/contact-tel.vue";
export default {
components: {
ContactForm,
ContactTel
}
};
</script>
<style lang="scss" scoped>
.bg.container-fluid {
background: url("../assets/img/contact.jpg") center center no-repeat;
}
.content {
background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.75);
@media (min-width: 768px) {
background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5);
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
background-color: transparent;
}
}
h1 {
text-align: center;
@media (min-width: 768px) {
text-align: initial;
}
}
</style>
| 28,859 |
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E7%BE%8E%E8%98%AD%E5%A5%B4%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E5%B9%B2%E5%B0%BC
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
艾美蘭奴·列干尼
|
https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=艾美蘭奴·列干尼&action=history
|
Chinese
|
Spoken
| 42 | 998 |
艾美蘭奴·列干尼（，；），是一名阿根廷職業足球員，司職右翼鋒，現效力於巴西足球甲級聯賽球會聖保羅，同時亦是阿根廷国脚。
球會生涯
列干尼為貝格拉諾的青訓球員。2013年8月4日，他於客負-{zh-hans:拉努斯;zh-hant:拉努斯;zh-hk:拉魯斯;}-0比3的聯賽比賽中首次代表球隊上陣。
2016年1月，列干尼轉會至另一支阿根廷足球甲级联赛球會獨立體育會。他於對陣舊東家貝格拉諾時，代表新東家上陣首場比賽，並於比賽中攻入1球。
2017年8月23日，列干尼轉會至俄羅斯足球超級聯賽球會泽尼特，簽約4年。
10月19日，他於2017–18年歐霸盃分組賽對陣-{zh-hans:罗森博格BK;zh-hk:洛辛堡;zh-tw:洛辛堡BK;}-時完成生涯首次帽子戲法，助球隊以3比1勝出。
2018年8月17日，列干尼被外借至意大利甲組足球聯賽球會亞特蘭大，為期1年，合約中亦設有季尾買斷條款。8月28日，他於對陣羅馬的聯賽比賽中首次代表球隊上陣，並攻入轉會後首個入球，最終雙方以3比3打成平手。
埃爾切
2020年10月5日，埃尔切從泽尼特租借一年列干尼，這是埃尔切的第11次簽約。
2021年2月12日，列干尼在客場3-1負於塞爾塔的比賽中踢進了自己的第一個西甲進球。
聖保羅
2021年5月23日，巴西足球甲級聯賽球會聖保羅宣布聘用里高尼，合約為期3年，可續期一年。
國家隊生涯
2017年10月5日，列干尼於對陣秘魯國家足球隊的2018年國際足協世界盃外圍賽中，首次代表阿根廷國家足球隊上陣。
生涯統計
球會
國家隊上陣次數
榮譽
球會
獨立隊
南美球會盃冠軍：2017年
辛尼特
俄羅斯足球超級聯賽冠軍：2018-19、2019-20賽季
俄羅斯盃冠軍：2019-20賽季
俄羅斯超級盃冠軍：2020年
參考資料
外部連結
阿根廷足球运动员
足球中場
獨立隊球員
泽尼特球员
亞特蘭大球員
森多利亞球員
艾爾切球員
聖保羅球員
俄超球員
意甲球員
西甲球員
巴甲球員
阿根廷國家足球隊球員
阿根廷旅外足球運動員
西班牙外籍足球運動員
| 30,145 |
https://github.com/ssfdust/smorest-sfs/blob/master/tests/typings.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
smorest-sfs
|
ssfdust
|
Python
|
Code
| 16 | 49 |
from typing import Callable, Iterator, List, TypeVar, Union
M = TypeVar("M")
INS_HELPER = Callable[..., Iterator[Union[M, List[M]]]]
| 11,226 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/20011324
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,013 |
Stack Exchange
|
Ross Patterson, Scott Chamberlain, bbuubbi, https://stackoverflow.com/users/207421, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2366842, https://stackoverflow.com/users/241753, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2997970, https://stackoverflow.com/users/80274, user207421, user2366842
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,162 | 1,783 |
random byte loss when streaming data over network
My issue is that when i'm streaming a continuous stream of data over a LOCAL LAN network sometimes random bytes gets lost in the process.
As it is right now the code is set up to stream about 1027 bytes or so ~40 times a second over a lan and sometimes (very rare) one or more of the bytes are lost.
The thing that baffles me is that the actual byte isn't "lost" it is just set to 0 regardless of the original data. (I'm using TCP by the way)
Here's the sending code:
public void Send(byte[] data)
{
if (!server)
{
if (CheckConnection(serv))
{
serv.Send(BitConverter.GetBytes(data.Length));
serv.Receive(new byte[1]);
serv.Send(data);
serv.Receive(new byte[1]);
}
}
}
and the receiving code:
public byte[] Receive()
{
if (!server)
{
if (CheckConnection(serv))
{
byte[] TMP = new byte[4];
serv.Receive(TMP);
TMP = new byte[BitConverter.ToInt32(TMP, 0)];
serv.Send(new byte[1]);
serv.Receive(TMP);
serv.Send(new byte[1]);
return TMP;
}
else return null;
}
else return null;
}
The sending and receiving of the empty bytes are just to keep the system in sync sorta.
Personally i think that the problem lies on the receiving side of the system. haven't been able to prove that jet though.
What type is serv? if it is your own class please include the code for Receive
@ScottChamberlain serv is just a regular socket. im working with the bare sockets because i don't like how the network stream thing, it confuses me.
TCP by definition cannot set a byte to zero, unless it was previously set to zero. There's a number of checks that go on at a pretty low level that would prevent this from happening. If mismatched data is sent over the wire, it gets CRC checked, fails the check, and gets resent. I suspect Scott Chamberlain is correct in his presumption that the arrays aren't being completely filled always before being sent out.
Just because you give Receive(TMP) a 4 byte array does not mean it is going to fill that array with 4 bytes. The Receive call is allowed to put in anywhere between 1 and TMP.Length bytes in to the array. You must check the returned int to see how many bytes of the array where filled.
Network connections are stream based not message based. Any bytes you put on to the wire just get concatenated in to a big queue and get read in on the other side as it becomes available. So if you sent the two arrays 1,1,1,1 and 2,2,2,2 it is entirely possible that on the receiving side you call Receive three times with a 4 byte array and get
1,1,0,0 (Receive returned 2)
1,1,2,2 (Receive returned 4)
2,2,0,0 (Receive returned 2)
So what you need to do is look at the values you got back from Receive and keep looping till your byte array is full.
byte[] TMP = new byte[4];
//loop till all 4 bytes are read
int offset = 0;
while(offset < TMP.Length)
{
offset += serv.Receive(TMP, offset, TMP.Length - offset, SocketFlags.None);
}
TMP = new byte[BitConverter.ToInt32(TMP, 0)];
//I don't understand why you are doing this, it is not necessary.
serv.Send(new byte[1]);
//Reset the offset then loop till TMP.Length bytes are read.
offset = 0;
while(offset < TMP.Length)
{
offset += serv.Receive(TMP, offset, TMP.Length - offset, SocketFlags.None);
}
//I don't understand why you are doing this, it is not necessary.
serv.Send(new byte[1]);
return TMP;
Lastly you said "the network stream confuses you", I am willing to bet the above issue is one of the things that confused you, going to a lower level will not remove those complexities. If you want these complex parts gone so you don't have to handle them you will need to use a 3rd party library that will handle it for you inside the library.
thanks for the feedback, but i think that it is unlikely that that actually happen. just because if there are any length errors in the array the whole program would halt. but it dosen't so i don't know.
il try that anyway and come back later.
i have changed the code but i can't post it here.
now it uses while (sent != TMP.Length) sent += serv.Send(TMP, sent, TMP.Length - sent, SocketFlags.Partial);
TMP is the array of data and the sent is the var that counts how many bytes have been received. a similar thing is used for the receive to. haven't tested it yet though.
Send does not need looping, it is garunteed to send all the data (unless you use the partial flag) Receive is the problem. From the documentation of Receive (emphasis mine) "If you are using a connection-oriented Socket, the Receive method will read as much data as is available, UP TO the size of the buffer."
This is the right answer. We've been writing BSD-style socket receive code like this for over 25 years.
yea, i noticed that. the code wont run at all for the sending when i had my own code implemented.
the serv.Send(new byte[1]) is just to keep things in sync in my code. i don't have anything timing the sockets so the servers send buffer gets filled up because the client can't handle that amount of data resulting in a increasing lag and memory usage. and that send thing is just to keep the server waiting for the clients response and prevent the buffers from filling up.
@bbuubbi You don't understand the workings of TCP. The server will already block when its socket and buffer fills up. That doesn't increase memory usage: the send buffer is pre-allocated. Adding another network exchange to delay something that would already be delayed anyway is what causes an increasing lag. Just delete it
@bbuubbi to build on what EJP said, if you find memory allocations to be too large just set the internal buffers of the socket to a smaller size. (btw 8k is the default size. Are you sure data buffering is the cause of your slowness and memory issues?)
@ScottChamberlain yea, im sure its the memory allocation that is causing the lag. And another thing that i noticed is that when i try to make the connection 2-way (currently the server is just flooding the client with data) for the client to respond to the server so that it can be halted and NOT getting the buffer filled. a artifact of that is the EXTREMELY slow update now.
now its maybe 0.8 packets per second that gets through instead of the regular ~40. do you know what that is caused by?
i have tried fiddling around with the buffer sizes and order of sending/receiving. but nothing works :/
I have no idea but the fact you find the normal stream classes "confusing" does not bode well. TCP/IP communication is a complicated beast, I still recommend you find a library to manage your communications for you.
@ScottChamberlain yea i should find some library or just use the network stream. ill look into it
| 11,158 |
https://github.com/wujifengcn/explorer/blob/master/data-explorer/src/stores/pages/blockStore.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
explorer
|
wujifengcn
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 512 | 2,332 |
import { types } from 'mobx-state-tree';
import { observable, toJS } from 'mobx';
import { fetchData } from '../../utils/fetchConfig';
import Notification from '../../utils/notification';
const BlockStore = types
.model('BlockStore', {
})
.volatile(self => ({
blockHeight:0,// 区块高度
txCount:0,//区块内的交易数量
blockInformation:{},//区块信息
transactionList:[],//交易列表
transactionInfo:{},//交易详细信息
blockHash:'',
inputRole: 0,
blockList: [],
txPageCurrent : 1,
txPageSize : 10,
blockHeightSelected : 0,
}))
.actions(self => ({
setInputRole(e) {
self.inputRole = e;
},
searchData(success, ledger) {
let totalBlock=success[0];// 最高区块
let searchBlock=self.inputRole*1; // 将要搜索的区块
if(self.inputRole<0){
searchBlock=totalBlock-3; // 将要搜索的区块
}
self.inputRole=searchBlock;
// 验证区块是否超过最大区块
if (searchBlock>totalBlock) {
searchBlock= totalBlock;
}
// 验证区块是否小于1
if (searchBlock<0) {
searchBlock=0;
}
let interval=3,// 区块列表显示数量前后间隔
length=7,// 区块列表显示数量
startBlock=searchBlock-3,// 区块列表显示起始高度
endBlock=searchBlock+3;// 区块列表显示终止高度
// 起始高度是开始的情况
if (startBlock<=1) {
// 计算起始高度
for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
if (startBlock<0) {
startBlock++;
endBlock++;
}
}
// 计算终止高度
for (let i = 0; i <length; i++) {
if (endBlock>totalBlock) {
endBlock--;
}
}
} else if(endBlock>=totalBlock){
// 计算起始高度
for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
if (endBlock>totalBlock) {
startBlock>1&&startBlock--;
endBlock--;
}
}
}
self.blockList=[];
for (let i = startBlock; i <= endBlock; i++) {
self.blockList.push({
height:i,
check:i==searchBlock
});
}
// this.blockList=this.blockList.reverse();
// closeLoading();
Promise.all([
self.getTransaction({
height:self.inputRole,
from:0,
to:60,
ledgers:ledger
}),
self.getTransactionHash({
from:self.inputRole,
to:self.inputRole,
ledgers:ledger
})
]).then(() => {
});
},
// 获取区块高度
getBlockHeight(param) {
return fetchData(`${__HOST}/ledgers/${param}/blocks/latest`,
self.setBlockHeight,
'', {
method: 'get',
headers: {
cookie: document.cookie,
}
}
).catch(error => {
});
},
setBlockHeight(result) {
if (result&&result.success) {
self.blockHeight=result.data.height||0;
return result.data.height||0;
}
else{
return 0;
}
},
// 根据高度查询交易数量
getTxCount(param) {
return fetchData(`${__HOST}/ledgers/${param.ledger}/blocks/height/${param.height}/txs/additional-count`,
self.setTxCount,
'', {
method: 'get',
headers: {
cookie: document.cookie,
}
}
).catch(error => {
});
},
// 根据哈希查询交易数量
getTxCountOfHash(param) {
return fetchData(`${__HOST}/ledgers/${param.ledger}/blocks/hash/${param.hash}/txs/additional-count`,
self.setTxCount,
'', {
method: 'get',
headers: {
cookie: document.cookie,
}
}
).catch(error => {
});
},
setTxCount(result) {
if (result&&result.success) {
self.txCount= result.data||0;
}
},
// 根据高度获取区块的详细信息
getBlockInformation(param) {
return fetchData(`${__HOST}/ledgers/${param.ledger}/blocks/height/${param.height}`,
self.setBlockInformation,
'', {
method: 'get',
headers: {
cookie: document.cookie,
}
}
).catch(error => {
});
},
//根据hash获取区块的详细信息
getBlockInformationOfHash(param) {
return fetchData(`${__HOST}/ledgers/${param.ledger}/blocks/hash/${param.hash}`,
self.setBlockInformation,
'', {
method: 'get',
headers: {
cookie: document.cookie,
}
}
).catch(error => {
});
},
setBlockInformation(result) {
if (result&&result.success) {
self.blockInformation= result.data;
self.blockHeightSelected=result.data.height;
return result.data;
}
},
//根据hash获取区块的高度
getBlockHeightOfHash(param) {
return fetchData(`${__HOST}/ledgers/${param.ledger}/blocks/hash/${param.hash}`,
self.setBlockHeightOfHash,
'', {
method: 'get',
headers: {
cookie: document.cookie,
}
}
).catch(error => {
});
},
setBlockHeightOfHash(result) {
if (result&&result.success) {
return result.data.height;
}
else{
return 0;
}
},
// 根据高度查找交易
getTransaction(param) {
return fetchData(`${__HOST}/ledgers/${param.ledger}/blocks/height/${param.height}/txs/additional-txs`,
self.setTransaction,param,
{
method: 'get',
}
).catch(error => {
});
},
// 查找hash交易
getTransactionOfHash(param) {
return fetchData(`${__HOST}/ledgers/${param.ledger}/blocks/hash/${param.hash}/txs/additional-txs`,
self.setTransaction,param,
{
method: 'get',
}
).catch(error => {
});
},
setTransaction(result){
if (result&&result.success) {
self.transactionList = result.data || [];// 交易数据
return result.data;
}
},
// 查找交易详情
getTransactionMore(param) {
return fetchData(`${__HOST}/ledgers/${param.ledger}/txs/hash/${param.tx_hash}`,
self.setTransactionMore,'',
{
method: 'get',
}
).catch(error => {
});
},
setTransactionMore(result){
if (result&&result.success) {
self.transactionInfo = result.data || {};// 交易数据
}
},
// 获取交易Hash
getTransactionHash(param) {
return fetchData(`${__HOST}/api/v1/query/block/range`,
self.setTransactionHash,param,
{
method: 'get',
}
).catch(error => {
});
},
setTransactionHash(result){
if (result.message == 'OK')
{
self.blockHash=result.data && result.data.blocks && result.data.blocks.length>0 && result.data.blocks[0]['hash_id'] || '';
self.blockHeight=result.data && result.data.blocks && result.data.blocks.length>0 && result.data.blocks[0]['height'] || 0;
}
},
setTxCurrentPage(page){
self.txPageCurrent = page;
},
setTransactionList(data){
self.transactionList = data;
}
}));
export default BlockStore;
| 21,888 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8703719
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Category:Organisations based in Glasgow
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 224 | 975 |
Category:Organisations based in Glasgow
Wikimedia category
Category:Organisations based in Glasgow instance of Wikimedia category
Category:Organisations based in Glasgow Commons category Organisations based in Glasgow
Category:格拉斯哥組織
维基媒体项目分类
Category:格拉斯哥組織 隶属于 維基媒體分類
Category:格拉斯哥組織 共享资源分类 Organisations based in Glasgow
رده:سازمانها در گلاسگو
ردهٔ ویکیمدیا
رده:سازمانها در گلاسگو نمونهای از ردهٔ ویکیمدیا
رده:سازمانها در گلاسگو ردهٔ ویکیانبار Organisations based in Glasgow
Category:グラスゴーの組織
ウィキメディアのカテゴリ
Category:グラスゴーの組織 分類 ウィキメディアのカテゴリ
Category:グラスゴーの組織 コモンズのカテゴリ Organisations based in Glasgow
Категория:Организации в Глазгоу
Уикимедия категория
Категория:Организации в Глазгоу екземпляр на категория в уикимедиен проект
Категория:Организации в Глазгоу категория в Общомедия Organisations based in Glasgow
Kategorie:Organisation (Glasgow)
Wikimedia-Kategorie
Kategorie:Organisation (Glasgow) ist ein(e) Wikimedia-Kategorie
Kategorie:Organisation (Glasgow) Commons-Kategorie Organisations based in Glasgow
تصنيف:منظمات مقرها في غلاسكو
تصنيف ويكيميديا
تصنيف:منظمات مقرها في غلاسكو نموذج من تصنيف ويكيميديا
تصنيف:منظمات مقرها في غلاسكو تصنيف كومنز Organisations based in Glasgow
Categoria:Entitats de Glasgow
categoria de Wikimedia
Categoria:Entitats de Glasgow instància de categoria de Wikimedia
Categoria:Entitats de Glasgow categoria de Commons Organisations based in Glasgow
Ангилал:Глазгогийн байгууллага
категорияд Ангилал
Ангилал:Глазгогийн байгууллага жишээ Викимедиа ангилал
Категория:Организации Глазго
категория в проекте Викимедиа
Категория:Организации Глазго это частный случай понятия категория в проекте Викимедиа
Категория:Организации Глазго категория на Викискладе Organisations based in Glasgow
Kateqoriya:Qlazqo təşkilatları
Kateqoriya:Qlazqo təşkilatları anlayışın sinfi Vikimedia kateqoriyası
Kateqoriya:Qlazqo təşkilatları Vikianbar kateqoriyası Organisations based in Glasgow
বিষয়শ্রেণী:গ্লাসগো ভিত্তিক সংগঠন
উইকিমিডিয়া বিষয়শ্রেণী
বিষয়শ্রেণী:গ্লাসগো ভিত্তিক সংগঠন নিদর্শন উইকিমিডিয়া বিষয়শ্রেণী
বিষয়শ্রেণী:গ্লাসগো ভিত্তিক সংগঠন কমন্স বিষয়শ্রেণী Organisations based in Glasgow
| 18,409 |
https://github.com/arnoudhgz/testing-suite/blob/master/tests/Installer/FilesInstallerTest.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
testing-suite
|
arnoudhgz
|
PHP
|
Code
| 250 | 1,042 |
<?php
/**
* Copyright Youwe. All rights reserved.
* https://www.youweagency.com
*/
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Youwe\TestingSuite\Composer\Tests\Installer;
use Composer\IO\IOInterface;
use org\bovigo\vfs\vfsStream;
use org\bovigo\vfs\vfsStreamDirectory;
use PHPUnit\Framework\MockObject\MockObject;
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
use Youwe\Composer\FileInstaller;
use Youwe\FileMapping\FileMappingInterface;
use Youwe\FileMapping\FileMappingReaderInterface;
use Youwe\TestingSuite\Composer\Installer\FilesInstaller;
use Youwe\TestingSuite\Composer\MappingResolver;
/**
* @coversDefaultClass FilesInstaller
* @SuppressWarnings(PHPMD)
*/
class FilesInstallerTest extends TestCase
{
/**
* @param array $existingFiles
* @param array $files
* @param int $expectedInstalls
*
* @return void
* @dataProvider dataProvider
*
* @covers ::__construct
* @covers ::install
*/
public function testInstall(
array $existingFiles,
array $files,
int $expectedInstalls
) {
$filesystem = $this->createFilesystem($existingFiles);
$reader = $this->createReaderMock($files, $filesystem->url());
$resolver = $this->createMock(MappingResolver::class);
$io = $this->createMock(IOInterface::class);
$fileInstaller = $this->createMock(FileInstaller::class);
$resolver
->expects(self::once())
->method('resolve')
->willReturn($reader);
$fileInstaller
->expects(self::exactly($expectedInstalls))
->method('installFile');
$installer = new FilesInstaller($resolver, $fileInstaller, $io);
$installer->install();
}
/**
* @return array
*/
public function dataProvider(): array
{
return [
[
[
'foo-file.txt',
],
[
'foo-file.txt',
'bar-file.txt',
'baz-file.txt'
],
2
]
];
}
/**
* @param array $files
* @param string $destination
*
* @return FileMappingReaderInterface
*/
private function createReaderMock(array $files, string $destination): FileMappingReaderInterface
{
/** @var FileMappingReaderInterface|MockObject $mock */
$mock = $this->createMock(FileMappingReaderInterface::class);
$valids = array_fill(0, count($files), true);
$valids[] = false;
$mappings = array_map(
function (string $file) use ($destination): FileMappingInterface {
/** @var FileMappingInterface|MockObject $mapping */
$mapping = $this->createMock(FileMappingInterface::class);
$mapping
->expects(self::any())
->method('getDestination')
->willReturn($destination . '/' . $file);
$mapping
->expects(self::any())
->method('getRelativeDestination')
->willReturn($file);
return $mapping;
},
$files
);
$mock
->expects(self::any())
->method('valid')
->willReturn(...$valids);
$mock
->expects(self::any())
->method('current')
->willReturn(...$mappings);
return $mock;
}
/**
* @param array $files
*
* @return vfsStreamDirectory
*/
private function createFilesystem(array $files): vfsStreamDirectory
{
return vfsStream::setup(
sha1(__METHOD__),
null,
array_map('strval', array_flip($files))
);
}
}
| 28,399 |
FjWoZSsyJBQ_1
|
Youtube-Commons
|
Open Web
|
CC-By
| null |
Systemic hemodynamic effects of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine in intermittent b... | RTCL.TV
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 69 | 103 |
norepinephrine is a potent alpha agonist with beta agonist properties that can be used to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension without causing a decrease in cardiac output or heart rate. This study found that norepinephrine was more effective than phenylephrine at maintaining normalized cardiac output and stroke volume, while still being safe for use in pregnant women. This article was authored by Wu Jin-chou, Sun Yan-chou and A. Eryung Lee..
| 31,091 |
https://persist.lu/ark:70795/mpfwc2/articles/DTL40_1
|
BNL Newspapers (1841-1879)
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,871 |
Deutschland.
|
None
|
German
|
Spoken
| 2,728 | 4,873 |
Deutschland. Berlin, 12. Sept. Tie Nachrichten aus Frankreich lauten im höchsten Grade drückend und es herrscht eine betrübende Einstimmigfeit in diesen Nachrichten, klagen die national-Uberalen Blätter Tag für Tag. Für uns Deutsche, sagt das Organ,im neuen Reich', ist lie nächste dringende Aufgabe, unser Heer wieder kampfbereit zu machen. Tie Lage der deutschen Truppen sei nnansstehUch geworden; der Hast der Franzosen werde täglich tolltöpsiger. Auch uns wird es im feindlichen Lande schwer, die Disciplill in unfern Truppen zu erhalten. Tas neueste Programm der allgmeincn republ'kauischeu Liga in London wird hier j in zahlreichen Flugblättern verbreitet. Lallt I diesem Pregramm soll das Land naturalisirt. jd. h. ein gemeinsamer Grundbesitz dmciige■ führt, alle "stehenden Heere sollen abgeschaut, ; dem Staate die Verpflichtung auferlegt wer: den, allen arbeilslauglicheu Bürgern geeignete ; Beschäftigung, den Untauglichen Unterhalt ; zu verschaffen, keiner soll von der Arbeit ; Änderer leben. Ueberall sollen republikanische \ Clubs eingeführt, refp. alle bestehenden Ar' beiter^Vereine mit republikanischem Geiste ' ersüllt werde» ; ein republikanischer Areopaa soll über alle Verletzungen richten, welche : von gekrönten Häuptern, Staatsmännern, i Parlamenten, Gerichtshöfen n. f. w, gegen ;. die Gesetze der Humanität und die Menschenrechte verübt werden. Mehre« Führer der Soeial-Temokraten haben dem Londoner Eomite lelegraphiich ihre volle Beistimmung zu diesen Grundsätzen ausgesprochen. Die sociale Frage klopft immer drohender an die Thüre der enu,paischen Staaten an, und es ist eigentlich naiv, wenn die Ofsieiösen behaupten, Bismarck habe das Recept zu ihrer , Lösuug gefunden. (K. V.) Ueber die Stimmung der Franzosen gegen Dentschland entnehmen wir der „Züricher zeitu1 i.de3: „ie Mittheilung in unserer letzten Nummer über die Haltung der Franzosen gegen die Deutshen, wo immer sie als Reisende oder Kurgäste in der Schweiz mit diesen zusammen treffen wird von allen Seiten bestätigt. Schweizer, die von Marseille und Lyon hierher kommen oder hierher schreiben, stimmen darin überein, daß in ganz Frankreich, selbst im Süden, der am wenigsten litt, heftiger Rachedurst alle Gemüther erfülle, und zwar sei der Rachegedanke nicht ein unbestimmter sondern ein bereits für seine Befriedigung Form und Gestalt annehmender. Nicht etwa nur Communarden und aufgeregtes Arbeitervolt, sondern sellst reiche, gebildete und sonst anständige Leute reden von nichts Anderem, als von einem Rachezug über Belfort ins Vadische, zu dem man die Schweiz entweder beiziehen werde, wofür in Macon Einleitungen getroffen worden seien, oder wenigstens die Nentralität der Schweiz mißachten werde. Einmal ins Badische eingefallen, werde man dann Gräuel mit Gräuel tausendfach vergelten und - das sagen jene sonst ganz anständigen jungen Lente! Alles vor sich her ermorden, nicht nur die waffenfähige Mannschaft, sondern selbst Greise Weiber und Kinder. Breslan, 11. Sept. Von liberaler Seite schreitt die Schles. 2⸗Ztg. wird gar oft und viel über den niedern Bildunasstand der polnischen Bevölkerung Oberschlesiens gesprochen. Folgender Beitrag zur Erklärung dieser Caamität wird uns gütigst zur Ver, fügung gestellt. „In Groß Gorlitz, einem Dorfe in der Nähe von Oderberg, werden 416 Kinder von einem Lehrer, der schon über 10 Jahre unterrichtet hat, und einem Adjuvanten unterwiesen. Das Schulgebände ist seit zwei Jahren abgebrannt, ohne daß bis jetzt zu einem Neubau geschritten wurde Das Schullokal befindet sich in einem Zimmer eines Wirthshanses, so daß der Unterricht nicht selten durch das Geschrei der Zechenden und auch durch den Wirth gestört wird, der durch dieses Zimmer zu seinen Vorräthen gelangt; das Zimmer mag 216 D.. F. Vodenfläche haben. In Ermanglung von Bänken sitzen die Kleinsten auf der Erde. Da der Raum aber durchaus nicht reicht, so muß eine Theilung in der Art stattfinden, daß Vormittags in zwei Stunden die Größeren Nachmittags in zwei Stunden die Kleineren unterrichtet werden, die Unterrichtszeit pro Tag also für jedes Kind nur zwei Stunden umfaßt.“ Also dieser Zustand dauert schon zwei Jhre und wird voraussichtlich sich auch durch das dritte Jahr fortsetzen lassen. Und da sage einer noch, daß die Geistlichen es sind, die das katholische Volk in seiner geistigen Entwickelung zurückhalten. Mainz, 14. September. Die nachhaltige Anregung, welche alle Besucher der Generalversammlung mitnehmen, fand gestern Abend in der dritten öffentlichen Sitzung wieder nene Qnellen. Die Tagesordnung bot reiche Aibwechselung: Das Wesen der Wissenschaft, die Erziehungsfrage, die katholischen Studentenvereine, die Lage der sächsischen Katholiken, das Verhalten der belgischen und holländischen Regierung in der Frage von dem unfehlbaren Lehramte und zum Schlusse die römische Frage wurde unter stets wachsendem Interesse vorgeführt. Herr Instructor Dr. Holzwarth aus Krickenbeck stellte die wahre Wissenschaft gegenüber und beleuch tete die Ziele der Wissenschaft, die da fromm sein, zu übernatürlichen Zwecken gelehrt werden und von jeder staatlichen Bevormundung frei sein müsse. Der bekannte bayerische Schulmann Auer behandelte das Wirken und die Neubildung katholisch pädagogischer Vereine und theilte zu dem Behufe ebenso praktische als dankenswerthe Entwürfe von Vereinsstatuten mit. Den Bestrebungen der katholischen Studenten, über die Stud. Lieber aus Camberg berichtete, wurde begeistert Beifall gezollt. Herr Hofprediger Potthoff aus Dresden gab Mittheilungen über die Lnge der sächsischen Katholiken, die fast an’s Ulnglaubliche grenzten. Auf die Schattenseite aller Mißstände folgte das glänzende Lichtbi d, welches die Königsfamilie und nach ihr der Adel bietet. Herr rossor AlberdingkThijm brachte aus Holland und Belgien recht erfreuliche Nachrichten, wie dort die Negierung nicht an die Staatsgefährlichkeit der Infallibilität gedacht und durchgehends willfährig gegen die Katholiken sei. Ergreifend sprach Domcapitnlar Molitor über die Hauptfrage der Zeit, die römische Frage, über die Nothwendigkeit und die providentielle Gewißheit ihrer Ldsung. Nach Schluß der herrlichen Vort äge blieb ein Theil der Versammelten in den Näumen des Casino’s zusammen, während die Anderen der Einladung der katholischen Studenten zum Commerce im Gesellenhause folgten. Mainz, 14. September. Die heutige geschlosene Generalversammlung eröffnete Herr Bandri um 9. Uhr mit der Mittheilung eines Gesuchs aus Froschweiler, welches um Hilfe bittet zum Wiederanfbau der im eriege zerstörten Kirche. Ein Schreiben des Vereins der italienischen Jugend verleiht der Theiluahme dieser Gesellschaft für die katholische Generalversammlung Ausdruck. Dr. Lingens berichtet hierauf über die Thätigkeit des Ausschusses für christliche Charitas. Der erste Autrag, von einem Schweizer Geistlichen herrührend, bittet um oas Gebet der Versammlung für die Schweiz. Neil Antrag rechtfertigte der Antragsteller selbst mit dem Hinweis auf die unglücklichen , kirchlichen Zustand: der Schweiz. Tie Gene« ralverfammluug erklärt durch Acclamation , ihre Zustimmung. Weiter wurde der St, , Josephverein zur Untcrstützang der deutschen Katholiken, namentlich in Paris, warm em.' pfohlen und das Ersuchen an den deutschen ; Episkopat gestellt, alljährlich eine Collecte zu 1 Gunsten des Vereins zu gestatten. Ein wei- Sj terer Antrag des Herrn Caiionicus Schor"■ deret, Prestangelegenheiten betreffend, wird an das Centralcomite verwiesen. ' Namens des Ausschusses für Formalien • berichtete Herr v. Los über eiue Resolution bezüglich der römischen Frage deren Redac tion dem Bureau überwiesen wird, im Anschlnsse daran weiter über eine Adresse an den Heiligen Vater, die wo möglich durch eine besondere Deputation zu überreichen ist. Weiter will der Ausschuß den Katholiken Österreichs die Eympathieen der Verfamm» iniig ausgesprochen haben, was durch Aeelarnation auch geschieht. Schliesslich einpfiehlt v. Loè das Gebet für die Kirche und den Anschluß an eine Wallfahrt zur lieben Frau von Kcvelaar, die am 5. October stattfinde» wird. Dr. Schwarz berichtet über die Thätigkeit der Section für christliche Kunst. Es liegen zwei Anträge vor. Ter erste Antrag von Dr. de Waal will durch die Versammlung den deutschen Katholiken empfohlen haben, die Restauration der auf den Katakombe» des heiligen Calirtns zu Rom von Papst Fabian ' erbauten Basilika des heiligen Sixtus und der heiligen Cäciia zu übernehmen und die hiezn erforderlichen Mittel im Betrage von circa 10,000 Thalern durch eine besondere Sammlung in allen deutschen Tiöeeien aufzubringen. Der Ausschuß beantragt, in Anbetracht der gegenwärtigen Zustände in Rom die Entscheidung ans das nächste Fahr zu verschieben, womit sich die Generalversammlung einverstanden erklärt. Der zweite Antrag, der von l>r. Schwarz selbst ausgeht, empfiehlt Studien über monumentale Malern. Die Generalversammlung schließt sich dem Wunsche an. Domcapitular Molitor berichtet über Wissenschaft und Presse. Der Autrag I, I. cmpfiehlt die Iünglingsvereine und wünscht ein Blatt, das den Interessen derselben diene. Es besteht ein folches Blatt „Der Bund" in Wien, das Seitens des Redacteurs, Herrn Taschner, näher charakterisirt wird. Der Ausschuß empfiehlt dasselbe. Nr. 2. des Antrages I., Gründung von Preßvereinen und Unterstützung von Localblättern betreffend, wird ebenfo wie Nr. I. angeuommen. Dem Antrag !!!. des Herrn Dr. Saufen schließt sich die Versammlung au. Herr Domeapitular Molitor erklärt, daß auf Einladung hin die Redactcure, sich versammelt, sich kennen gelernt und vielfach verständigt haben. Ueber den Antrag II. des Herrn Oberle wird zur Tagesordnung übergegangen. Ein weiterer Antrag des Herrn i'. Wambolt lautet: Das Staatsschulmonopol ist eine ungei echte Beschränkung der Gewissensfreiheit und daher von de,, Katholiken mit aller Entschiedenheit zu bekämpfen. Ein großer Theil der Schulen ist notorisch katholische Stiftung, und ist dehhalb dahin zu wirken, daß sie ihrem ursprünglichen Zwecke zurückgegeben werden. In diesen, sowie in allen noch neu zii gründenden kathotischen Schulen muß die katholische Kirche volle und unbeschränkte Lehrfrciheit für sich in Anspruch nehmen. Die Generalversammlung schließt sich dem Antrage an. Ucber zwei Anträge des Herrn Pfarrer Jausen von Gummersbach (IV. und V. der Druck fachen) wurde zur Tagesordnung übergegangen. Zum Schlüsse wurden die katholischpädagogischen Vereine in Bayern empfohlen und beschlossen, die Gründung ähnlicher Vereine anzustreben. Ter Vorsitzende des Negervereins, Herr Stadtrat!) Wolf von Köln, empfiehlt'die Theiluahme an diesem Verein, der bereits sehr schöne Resultate auszuweisen habe. Ter Verein bildet bekanntlich Neger zu Älissiouaren für Centralafriea aus. Es wurde hierauf die von dem Bureau redigirte Resolution in Betreff der römischen Frage verlesen und angenommen. Dieselbe lautet: „Tic einundzwauzigste Generalversammlung der katholischen Vereine Teutschlands erklärt: 1) Die am 20. September v. J. erfolgte gewaltsame Besitzergreifung Roms durch die Truppen des Königs Victor Emmanuel ist ein Raub an dem Papste, an der katholischeu Kirche und an jedem einzelnen Katholiken, der in keiner Weise zu rechtfertigen ist, dem keine völkerrechtliche Anerkennung gebührt und der nie und nimmer zu einem rechlsgiltigen Vesitzestitcl werden kann. 2) Tie von der snbalpinischen Regierung erlassenen Garantiegesetze sind unannchrnbar, weil überhaupt keiner Regierung das Recht zuerkannt werden kann, einseitig die Bedingungen aufzustellen, unter denen' die Kirche und die sie regierenden Bischöfe das ihnen von Gott überwiesene Priester-, Lehr- und Nichteramt auszuüben haben, weil ferner die Gesetze, wie sie vorliegen, keineswegs dein Papste die freie Ausübung feiner oberhirtlichen Gewalt sichern, weil endlich nach fo vielfachen Beweisen der Treulosigkeit, welche das ehemals Turiner Cabinet gegeben, nicht zu erwarten ist, daß die angeblichen Garantiegesetze werden gehalten wer- : I den. 3) Die Verlegung der H.iuptstadt des sogenannte» Königreichs Italien nach Rom und die Besitznahme des päpstlichen Palastes Quirinal vollendet die von Cavour er sonnene und von den italienischen Staatsjj männcrn verfolgte revolutionäre Politik. Der Triumph dieser Politik ist eine Schmach ■. des Jahrhunderts. I i 4) Die zahlreichen Petitionen und Vorstellungen, in welchen die Katholiken ihre Befürchtnngen für die Freiheit ihrer Religion! aussprechen und die Wiederherstellung der \ Unabhängigkeit ihres geistlichen Oberhauptes! fordern, siud von keiner der europäischen Regierungen einer Berüeksichtnng gewürdigt worden, und keine hat dem beraubten und gefangenen Papste Schlitz gewährt. Nicht einmal eine diplomatische Demonstration ist zu dessen Gunsten mit einiger Entschiedenheit gemacht worden. Diese Haltung der europäischen Ncgierungen ist eine Ungerechtigkeit gegen ihre katho tischen Unterthanen, Sie ist eine Zerstörung des Völkerrechts. Sie. ist eine Sanction der politischen Gewaltthat. Möge» die Träger der weltlichen Macht nicht vergessen, daß sie die Revolution sörder», indem sie den Grundpfeiler jeder Autorität, die Kirche und den Stellvertreter Ehristi, den Angriffen derselben preisgeben. 5) Tie Katholiken Deutfchlands werden niemals aufhören, die Wiederherstellung der Rechte ihres kirchlichen Oberhauptes zu forder». Unverbrüchlich festhaltend an der Treue gegen ihre legitime Obrigkeit und von wahi rer Liebe zum Vaterlande geleitet, werden die Katholiken vielmehr es als ihre Pflicht erkennen, mit allen ihnen gesetzlich zustehenden Mitteln einer Politik zu widerstehen, welche die Forderungen des Rechtes verletzti und in letzter Linie jede staatliche Ordnung gefährdet. [ Mag immerhin für den Augenblick der Liberalismus, welcher der Gewalt fchmcichelt, um die Anarchie vorzubereiten, die Haltung der Katholiken verdächtigen. Die Zeit wird nicht ausbleiben, in welcher alle Regierungen erkennen müssen, daß die wahren Grundla» gen der Ordnung und des öffentlichen Wohles nicht in den Phrasen der Parteien, sonder» in der Festigkeit des christlichen Gewisfens ruhen. Mögen darum die Katholiken fortfahren, durch energische und beharrliche Opposition gegen Rechtsverletzung und Willkür die Zukunft des Vaterlandes und die Ehre ihrer legitimen Fürsten zu wahren." Hierauf verlas Herr Domcapitular !>r. Haffner eine weitere Resolution, das Concil betreffend. Sie lautet: „Von unerschütterlichem Gehorsam gegen das kirchliche Lehramt geleitet und in kindficher Liebe mit ihrem Oberhirten vereinigt, bekennen die Mitglieder der XXI. General Versammlung ihren freudigen Glauben an das Dogma des unfehlbare,! Lehramtes des Papstes in Sachen des Glaubens und der Sitten, wie folches von dem heiligen ökumenischen Vaticanischen (Sonett erklärt war« den ist. Mit Abscheu weisen wir die abgeschmacktcn Entstellungen dieses Dogma's, namentlich die Behauptn lg zurück, daß die auf dem Vaticanischen Concil ausgesprochene Lehre und folglich unser katholischer Glaube in Widerspruch treten könne mit dem der weit« lichen Obrigkeit gebührenden Gehorsam und der weltlichen Obrigkeit gebührenden Gehörsain und der dem Vatciland schuldigen Treue. Zugleich sprechen wir die Zuversicht aus, daß diese von Anbeginn in der Kirche bewahrte, von Gott geoffcubarte Wahrheit von der göttlichen Vorsehung in unserer Zeit hervorgezogen wurde, um die Kraft der Kirche zu mehren, die Einheit der Christen zu stärken und allen irrenden Mensehen zum Leitstern zu dienen. Von tiefer Hoehachtung erfüllt gegen die Würde der Wissenschaft und die ihr von Gott gegebene Aufgabe, beklagt die General Versammlung auf's Innigste die schweren Verirruugen, welche eine Anzahl deutsier Gelehrten zum Ungehorsam gegen die Autorität der Kirche geführt haben. Möge die Wunde, welche die Kirche erlitte», durch Gottes Barmherzigkeit zum Anlas; werden, daß die tiefen Schäden einer verirrten Wisfenschaft, welche mit Unrecht den Namen der deutschen Wissenschaft ausschließlich für sich in Anspruch nimmt, erkannt und durch Pflege einer wahren katholischen Wissenschaft in Deutschland geheilt werden. So lange die von unseren Vorfahren hin« terlassenen katholischen Stiftungen ihrem urfprünglicheu Zwecke entzogen und großcntheils in den Dienst des Unglaubens gestellt find, muß die Opferwilligkeit aller [deutschen Katholiken mit der Hirtensorgfalt des deutfchcn Episkopats sich vereinigen, um der wahren Wissenschaft und der christlichen Erziehung neue Stätten zu schaffen. Tie Generalversammlung protestirt gegen das Verfahren jener deutschen Regierungen, welche die Verkündigungen der katholischen Glaubenswahrheiten in ihren Territorien zu hindern und die Auflehnung gegen die Kirche durch ihren Schutz zu begünstigen suchten. Diese Regierungen haben dadurch ihre Befugnisse überschritten und ihre Pflichten verletzt: die Pflicht gegen Gott, dem sie verantwortlich sind; gegen die Kirche, deren Rechte sie zu wahren versprochen haben; und gegen die Freiheit des Gewissens, welche allen ihren Unterthanen garantirt ist. Die politischen Grundsätze, welche diesen Maßregeln zu Grunde liegen, werden von den Katholiken als Gottes Gesetz widerspre chend und jeglicher Rechtsordnung zuwiderlaufend niemals angenommen werden. Aber auch die deutschen Regierungen werden wir hoffen es zuversichtlich - in nicht allzu ferner Zeit von denselben sich lossagen Heil der Kirche, wie zumn Wohle des Vaterlandes.“ ie ersanlung erklärt sich durch Auf stehen mit der Nesolution einverstanden Mainz, 11. Sept. Die hentige vierte öffetliche eneralversamnlung wurde ui lhr eröffnet. Der Herr Fürstbischof von Laant beehrte dieselbe mit seiner Gegenwart. rofessor Mosinger bringt Grüiße aus Salz burg und fordert Hilfe für den heiligen Vater Nedner betrachtet die Verhältnise Nons vom Standpunkte der Neligion, des Nechtes und der Civilisation. In Rom ist die 9eli gion überhaupt angegriffen, nicht bloß die die katholische Kirche. Es handelt sich um den ampf des Atheismns gegen jedes positive VBekenmntnuiß. Jeder Staatsmanmn muß aber wissen, daß der Atheismus und die Revolution Hand in Hand gehen. Nom ist das Centrum der Kirche, woselbst eben dieser amipf mit allen Mitteln geführt wird. In on handelt es sich weiter um dan Nat e atoische Stuhl ist der legiune o der oe alle Ursiche augegrisen urde Veuin der Sieg des llnrechtes auerut wird, so ist das sehr gefährlich für das echt. a in Aomn Nechtes, nus auch nderswo Necht sein! Es ist mit der Anertennung der Usurpation Piemonts die Berechtigung der Nevolution gegen alle Regierungen zugestanden. Das Nationalitätsprineip, auf das man sich bezieht, ist die Negaeder egiernung Ji lom ist endlich die Cioilisation gefährdet die theileie ersetzlichen Kunstschätze Roms in Gefahr. Das Ales muß uns bestimmen, um Hilfe zu ruent zu Gott und den Menschen. Rufen wir das Nechtsgefühl auf! Legationsrath a. von Kehler (Berlin) spricht über den Vin enzverein, dessen Organisation und Geschichte er entwickelt. Die schnelle erbreitung ist wunderbar. Nedner enpiehlt den Anschluß den Berein. Mcjunte Verli) nahnt, rausen praktisch zu üben, was hier beschlosen worden, und zwar: 1) auf dem Gebiete der Presse, 2) auf den Gebiete der Voltvereine wegen der Wahlen. Wir werden triumphiren, wenn wir fest mit dem Epis opate zusammenhalten. Hr. Domcapitular Heinich gab der Versannlung pachlige Ermahnungen auf die Heireise mt.
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Qod Xanan
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Qod Xanan
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sn83045830_1908-12-13_1_19_1
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US-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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English
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In now, in come our joyful time? Let every man pray. Each room will; Ivy leaves its deepest. And every man with holy. Without the heart, let sorrow be there. A life of the evergreen plants have long been considered symbolic of immortality, of rebirth. Hence they, and they alone, are appropriate decorations for the Christmas season, which was originally a celebration, under the disguise of various national religious forms, of the turning of the sun at the winter solstice, and the consequent renewal of life on the earth. When Constantine was converted, he seized upon every underlying likeness, however remote, between the old faith and the new. Every familiar symbol that might be stretched to rise the strange faith: every old custom that would help to reconcile his faith. and sometimes forcibly, converted people to their unaccustomed belief, was adopted and re-explained. And the return of the sun, bringing life and light to the winter-bound earth, became the prototype of the coming of the Son of Man, bringing life and light to the soul of the sin-bound world. So that at first all the heathen observances were retained as far as possible, and merely given a new meaning. At the Christmas festival, the ivy and holly still made a summer screen of the slope walls, as in ancient Germany they had turned the huge halls at mid-winter, to bowers of greenery, wherein the silvan spires, who dwelt in summer among the forest trees, might pass the frozen months without too much discomfort. An echo from Scandinavia is still heard in the saving current among the peasants of the old world that if any bit of holiday decoration is left in the house after Christmas, the little devils are merely the old forests, remained against their will by their undent roved winter refuge and freezing to return to the awakening woods of spring. The church's were set green with Christmas bells in those early days, and as with candles. The temples of Saturn had always been during the corresponding Roman festival of the Saturn. Ret as Polyflore Vergil remains, "Trymning the temples with wings." bough.-s and garla:n|ej. was taltert of 1he heathen pre'", which decked their idols and honr.es in suche array ." And r.s time went on. anil i; became no more neeessar) to mak" coner s ?ions that would help rece-ictle the people to their fna-.-.ed faiih. these "heathen" customs became di. taste ful to the churrb. One of the early councils forbids men longer "to deck up their houses with Itwrcll. wie. and greene boughes. as we used m doe ?t the Chrisimassc season." Thi'- command was observed In the temples, but in the b?rental hall? the old customs lived on. lived down their Hu? ?tionalile [? ist won a^sin the tol erat Ion of /riesfs who had sternly hanishcrt iH. .. and to-day all the ever grccr,-- again aie admitted ?o the at-tctes: church, so that we attain can say ai Christn- is. -Von ?|>h hi K.lt M?!lv ?II the ter-pt'S si rev WI" hv St--'-. '? < T-4 Ml tiefte" ? The K?-'y Cal of Kaglinh riowets.' an old ; i ??'<?? - "> ?"?rli wiornh is reoigt ? I I i appropriate plant nymltol .nd. with ih<--e lines ?mn li-e e- -rC: ? ' ?' ?? '? c...,^e. WI ? -> ' oefiw ' o - *.ime*i f*. Me "ml ll.lll- *? ? An t V - ?? ?nH \\ -.I-?" if " Tt-c laurel is 'isc I not at all. ?cd 'be ^^^^ ivy In;! little, in American decorations hi Christinas since both plains are ? ?xi <? >dingl\ rare here, itiu in England ? he use of the ivy al least ie universal, and Hie references lo ii in Christmas sons and story alone would !iil a bmall volume. Besides its claim to appropriate neglects for the Christmas season which it holds in common with other evergreen, it has two especially strong recommendations of its own. On account of its habit of clinging strongly to its supporting tree or wall, it is a popular symbol of friendship and fidelity, and as such, an excellent decoration for the season of good will and universal brotherhood. And it was, in Reman days, said to Racchus, who, when a baby, was hidden by his aunt. Among its leaves, to save him from Tuna's destructive wrath Pianee says. At the corner of the house it was so that they used to use that the house was not used. He, as they were then, said to the gods, "This was the Christmas decorations almost exclusively are of holly, which, for all its popularity, is less consecrated by legend than any other holiday greenery. To be sure we make a sparing use of the mistletoe, which, from the ancient Druidical meaning of purity given to its wax white berries, and from its use by men in. The marriage rite, has come to give a charter for kissing as "broad as the wit." And we have added the bitter-sweet, which has no traditional significance whatever, is not an evergreen, and is to be tolerated merely for its beauty's sake, and for the slight suggestion it gives of the holy berry. Our American holly is a beautiful tree, having leaves of a dull green. But making all allowances for possible disadvantages, it still is a remarkably beautiful tree. And as a symbol of the immortality which is the season's special mission to teach, it surely has no rival. The leaves remain on the branch's for three years, losing their hold only when they are pushed off at last by the growing buds of spring. Through the United States, so little its supremacy disputed, that perhaps in popular esteem, the name has been a matter of consideration in the interest of the people. Theophrastus and other Greek authors named the plant Agtia: that is, will, or of the fields. The Romans formed from this the word "griffin" and called it also "Aonifolium." It is a turn, sharp, and folium, a cat. Haithin and Laccro first named it "lex" from the resemblance of its leaves to these of the lilyerus "lex," a species of oak which was the true lily of Virgil. It is also a species of the genus An, known species. Our popular name, however, probably is a rare Purified of the word, as Turner in his heart, called it holy end holy. The thorny foliage, and the berries like drops of high bread could scarcely fail to remind a fair man of the realm of thorns and this. together will i he universal use of tb< ? in <nu:; s a: Christum* easily would a-connl lo:- ihe name In Oiman\ it ts kmwn p.- Cn-isS dem. The itanish name is Chrlstom and '1? Swedish Christioin The ?an-e name, t'b'lst * horn, is four.I ta noire oarts of Enrlaud Hot is no V-<?nd coiineris the holly ?.i:h lb crown of ihoms. :ht? nan". ivslvetaal a;*?<-r~ the Cermante pennJe* ?nut-' tv idcic!' ihe renn!' of Us a,<jw>arance and of it! Christinas popularit. . r> l?eforC SllggeslerJ - -7??:r: N, ?V ^ ' ? i ? ' h ,;*- ? . -: - ; 1 I Sar)ta Claus* Tree By Wallace Irvin It looked i?ihn bare. ?Unding ttatcly out ihena, And Jimmy's poor mother, the picture oi cat*, i And Jimmy s poor grandl. iher, Iran a> a I u.?. And Jimmy ? pout i?l!>e<, who haled to work. Set eye? On the prize \X ith unquenchable e ^hs. Il i n't to pleatant to be a poor peasant. To have to tide steerage And bow to the peerage And go through a Chrutma* with never a present 1 And Jimmy remarked u he looked on In-. 1 rer - "1 with I vrre wealthy at - well, let me ?ee { So rich I could rig Every brin.li. evry twig With Cfndv and peanuts anJ pop rum ?nd gutj Lriough lor each prrson who live? in a slum. With ?hoes that have sole* And socks without holer. With alpaca dresses for mother, and some I bmall purses ol gold. ?<> that poor folks coulJ I come And take on their back? Sacks arrj packs. Slacks and stacks. And always walk up to the Tree lor a store And never know hunger and Waal any Bsote. And such was the speed of those magical ways, No sooner the words than the tree was abated With bright-hanging diamonds dropping like-wax. With fairyland candles that twinkled anew, With toys to unstinted You'd think they were minted For all the world's children as fast as they grew. And big boys and small boys. And short boys and tall boys. Meek girls and sleek girls and low girl and Pretty. Young folks and old folks Came flocking each stocking of Christmas to try. And Jimmy he stood by his tree in his pride And handed out presents to all who applied Till each guzzled grandsire, each babe, youth of Maiden Departed with joys of the season so laden That some were afraid that their shoulders would Crack And saved themselves trouble by hiring a hack. There's the strangest of all! Where the winter Was past. The Saint's tree took root in the toil and grew Last. And every Christmas it blossomed once more With gifts to the poor who applied at the door. And Jim grew so famous that when the King Died They gave him the crown which he wore without pride. The Kingdom improved And he had the throne moved To the porch of his house where he sat all the Day A talking with neighbors in quiet the old way; But he always kept watch, as if kindly to guard The magical Tree which still grew in the yard. But just once a year, As the gossips still tell, A genial old fellow drove by in a sleigh And winked at King Jim saying: "Tree's doing well!" Then snapped up his reindeer and capered away. Success. THE HOUSE OF MYSTERY. Strange Actions by Father. Mother and Children at Christmas Time. The mystery began with the husband coming home half an hour later than usual, so as to have the cover of darkness when leaving a package behind the vestibule doors, while he entered the house with a very innocent look on his face and told of his suicide being blocked. At midnight of that night, while his innocent-hearted wife was sleeping by his side, he sneaked out of bed and down stairs and secured the park as he and hid it in a closet. The next step was taken by his wife. She took down from the pantry a pitcher in which she had been staring up directly and nickel; and pennies for months and months, and after counting them over, she sneaked down stairs in the forenoon and bought and laid it away on the top shelf of a clothespress. Then one of the children came in one day and looked and acted very mysterious, and shortly afterward they had been found hiding from within the rafters of the garret. Then, as the parlor suddenly and unexpectedly entered the parlor one afternoon, she almost stumbled over a daughter who was down on her knees and reaching under the sofa. The mother cried out in her surprise, but asked for no explanations. Then, as the bureau drawers that had not been. locked for a year we found gold richer than a dollar. Closet doors that had stood wide open were like fast. There was time to find them. There wris getting up bef"rc 'he fri? ers in the nomine Each mciniv" of th" fanVly went around ?r-.ire to look ' as ir*.oc*nt as a sheep, but at the lima beting a load of zuilt on his ron sr ience. The s'rain was in'enf-e The wrsv fc-y rouH not las*. The day r-.mie when the rnurdei was solved |t was \ the day before ("T.risima? Thai fam? ily had simply been prenar-'-s to . Santa Claus each other It always , a: is that way. and if always turn.-, o :t I happily The Sweetest Satis. TV* r~!l? rirttt .-b-ar at f'nrllMiriiatltie t rem ati Cpts tnd fr->r ? |.-w,. Ali ?.-irt? will, h.vr ?r- I--..? ? g h -gas? l?\e la their ?"hrtsin ?ri t^jwr T -t* r.e litre n ?; ? ? Wien heart* are ?,..r.- a''i r* Th* ej,r|*n .? tyr\f. |n win' - . -?) ?\ i.at fettes sr* In J-:ne p ,t ?r*?pif n?u? 4na m>.. -. ' ? r.'OC Irfit f-?T sun or ?:r> A anoler not? tran t-il ? -,f -ma Tha' 'nlt? to fhn?trr.?? o rn? No Cause toe joy Photographer (taring '.m-?'? .--.?<> \ow. 'hen. Mr I .' no c'-i.'. ??-. press Ions are all r.jrr.' l"rt vmn 7 and look haoin rem"!''. 11 i i'hfisfmas is ? on.,, k Mi ilo'isefiiii ? de< n*?nifer ? ?"enfonnd It man thai ? )?r?t ?ha I am thinking a bo at! C|?aj?s?^a?iajn#<p?*?sa^ A. 6r P. Price List for Week Commencing December /4th. A FEW REASONS WHY YOU SHOULD BUY YOUR TEAS COFFEES and GROCERIES AT THE A. P. STORE BECAUSE, Thoy sell the best goods at the lowest prices. BECAUSE In buying; from them you save all intermediate profits between pro? ducer and consumer. BECAUSE? They are the largest buyers, importers and packers of Teas, Coffees and Groceries in the United States. BECAUSE? In buying from them you participate in part of the profits in the way of beautiful and useful household furnishings. BECAUSE? They buy only the best and only the last is sold. BECAUSE? They buy only the best and only the last is sold. BECAUSE? They do business strictly for cash and make no bad debts. Consequently, they are in position to save you considerable money on your weekly grocery bills. Buy at the A. & P. Store and be better satisfied. FREE A Fine Decorated China Salad Dish with Each 50c Purchase of Tea, Coffee, Baking Powder or Extracts? SOME SEASONABLE SPECIALTIES A. & P. Seeded Raisins, pkg. Sultana Raisins, pkg. A. & P. Cleaned Currants, pkg. London Layer Raisins, lb. Cluster Raisins, lb. Cluster Raisins, lb. Plum Pudding, A. & P., 10c and Plum Pudding, R. & R. A. & P. Mince Meat, 3 pkgs. None Such Mince Meat, pkg. Dates, pkg. Pitted Dates, pkg. Figs, box. Franco-American Soups, lb. and Campbell's Soups, 3 cans. 10c 15c 10c 10c 12c 20c 15c 20c 23c 25c 9c 5c 10c 10c 28c Mixed Nuts, 2 lbs... Pecans, lb. Filberts, lb. Brazils, lb. Walnuts, lb. Extra Walnuts, lb. Paper Shell Almonds, lb. Prunes, lb., 5c,. Cranberries, quart. Malaga Grains, lb. Thyme, Sage or Majoram, pkg. Johnson's Mince Meat 5-lb. crock. Johnson's Preserves, 5-lb. crock. Johnson's Fruit Butters. 3-lb crock. Royal Cheese. 10c, 15c A. & P. Pumpkin, a can. A. & P. Squash, a can. ....25c ....18c ....12c .... 12c .12c .15c ...19c and 10c ...14c ...15c .... 2c ...50c ....50c ... 30c and 25c ....10c ...10c We have the largest assortment of Valuable and spection. BRING Handsome Premiums in the city, now open for In !N YOUR CHECKS. BEST ELGIN Creamery Batter 32c lb. BEST AMERICAN Refined Granulated Sugar, 5c pound. EXTRA CHECKS WITH THESE ITEMS. 2 with 1 can Evaporated Milk at 10c. or 2 cans, each. 5c 2 with 1 package Buckwheat or Pancake Flour at.10c 2 with 1 can Sultana Spice at.10c 2 with 1 lb. Chocolate at.32c 2 with 1 bottle Snider's Ovster Cocktail Sauce.25c :? with 1 bottle Queen Olives at.25c 2 with 1 bottle A. & P. Catsup at.18c 2 with 1 can Sin^ai-ore Pineapple at.12c 2 with 1 can Sultana Peaches at.20c 2 with 1 roll or pktf. Atlantic Toilet Paper at.10c 2 with 2 packages Noodles at. 5c 2 with 1 package Fancy Head Rice at.Wc Oranges Dozen 20c, 25c and 31c Lemons Dozen 24c INations' Storekeepers THE GREAT Home of Pure Rood Products Atlantic ?. Pacific Rull rpn a Honest Weight I Gr/-V WU. Trading Hampton Delivery Wednesday; Boulevard Thursday. Bell Phone 4 Y 2603 WASHINGTON AVE. Citz. Phone 63 **9mjtm? #%?^%??N#*l^?Mi a' ?jajs*???**, a?#an>?asfc#s?is?Q p:.i:ade!phia. Phi!a<le!|>h.a is the city of small homes for Iura?- families, and i* fH ir.nu? for the scarcity of cheap and il! ventilate! tenement*. Down in the "N'trk'- even at this- .lay you ran rent a three-storv house with marble st-Kip. rrarhie window Hills and cni?s. marble door sills, raps and Jambs, naarble vestibules marl'V fireplace! an<l man to!?=. mar'de wainscoting, ate fir a lew dollars a month By the Hurnc.ne Route. "!)??.> |rj:- wan'< .! ?<? b avc :|n- <o?n try." sax.- a Mi II vi i ? vliani.c bo' never ctHild afTn'il the railroad fare.' bu' yt*\ a.-> he had ciTea up "II h??K a hnrricane rani<- ai.-ns ai><! fiav him an<1 his bouse fr? ?? transport* I b>fi It! was pro\idm:iai and b?- pulled th^'.iiKh a. lasi A lanta Con.>*H ; ticm YOUR CREDIT HERE IS AS GOOD AS YOUR CASH ELSEWHERE id b?- pulled I g Unla Con.?*ltn Ir _ Holiday Gifts For Men There is nothing that will give more pleasure to those who receive gifts, than something useful. Wearing apparel is al wa>s appropriate as a present: , Mo matte* h >w much money >ou may spend you can come to us and a- ? ? id i Free t'?si Taaat'9" Amhassadors are to he en\ ??? I 'or I heir lr>-?-.|<ini trmu the burden of tan a"l'?n Thi v dtsiviirsc apt one cent in eith'r di--cilyt*r Mir* Uy, and a> f'?r th" rusion? hojac .: is nm existent s?> far ?< thrx arc concerned V. d'i?< ?rai<-v<r i*. chanted In re ' r,f min.-s. fttai* rlmarettc*. etc, lhai are rrfrsicneil tT Ibeffll. A Ovest :n et frelatort Udert \ liti?e ]*,\ ... 'f-hf tp?-s aiirT"! Ins *ihe.-l .1? ? from hocr *rii??- a h-rct to V.t% k??ee fr<>Tii - )i . ? the fnl tnr ? ><?* ' .. Li!:'n "We ha ! a ? n? Ht? -? ma'rh in ><hno| k?dai and I ?pr-Hcd a'! '-<? t-?n and s. n ''>? ajj^ddJe ~--Th< !"?''?:< ai .r Tr- T>me for Study \Vh< r n'sht halft wi her stiver lam>' rr hiph ih?n i" 'he '(me fof ' - I*hlb|. lkru-? I'aile, Buy Your Gifts On Credit. I Overcoats, Suits, Raincoats i and a Full Line of Men's Furnishings. The Famous Clothing Co. Washington Aw. and 30lh St. *fa. Be tV.-jin af TJ- Mtr M.ftaM T?? T-lei-: ; ????? ' ->? ? .i -.rn to lb* .,, lrmwt mT |a?. ?iltMtlon h* .? knowtef ?erami ea? ?ualir Uli ? >iv bark :V ?? r,?.r ,?? mimm, MSM i?e;. were ?rdn< m?n> >?7' * ;"",n h?s ????? ' for a *>af? n"-??.-ire. tmt .e'?c?n. -i| fo tk, ,.,^,,1 Hfe. and they ?onld ''"'l M ?*-??'" ?aaa ba taavaa . v a,, reeall the . mp' '. "nt! r, w-n, -r ?rrvaata ah??it Iba , rl* 'No's on aftar Vmy9*rj-^mWWmm% of rumr-ala I Puch N>?' I.
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BAFFLED GENIUS. I’ve always had a yearning after literal fame, A keen desire to write a book, and make myself a name. To see my picture printed in the papers every day. And to have folks listen raptly to what ever I might say. But oh, dear me! It can never, never be! I could write a record-breaking book, I haven’t any doubt. But somehow I can’t think of anything to write about. I wonder how real authors go to work to weave their plots. How they get hold of romantic threads and tie them up in knots; But oh, dear me! I really cannot see How they do it—though they do it. there is not the slightest doubt; While for my part I can’t think of anything to write about. My library is fitted with typewriter, pens and ink, The only thing that's left for me to do is Just to think; And I have thought, and thought, and thought, and thought, and thought. In vain attempts to find the theme that I so long have sought. But oh, dear me! I fear It's Fate's decree That I shall never write a book, although I could, no doubt. If I could only think of something good to write about. — Somerville Journal THE GRAFTERS By FRANCIS LYNDE (Copyright, 1904, by The Bobba-MerriU Co.) CHAPTER XXIII.—Continued. She was pacing back and forth in front of his chair in a way that was almost man-like; but her contemptuous ness was not so much the same as that of the other girls. A long impatience made her dangerously beautiful. Suddenly she stopped and turned upon him, and there were sharp claws in the kitten-buffetings. “Do you know you’re spoiling a future that most men would hesitate to throw away?” she asked. “While you have been a man of one idea in this railroad affair, we haven't been idle—your newspaper and political friends, and Ormsby and I. You are ambitious; you want to succeed; and we have been laying the foundations for you. The next election would give you anything in the gift of the state that a man of your years could aspire to. Have you seen this?” “I have guessed it,” he said quite seriously. "Of course you have. But it has all been contingent upon one thing; you were to crush the grafters in this railroad struggle—show them up—and climb to distinction yourself on the ladder from which you have shaken there. It might have been done; it was in a fair way to be done. And now you turn back and leave the plow in the furrow!” There was more of a like quality — a good bit more; some of it pungent and logical from Miss Van Brock’s point of view; and Kent was no rock not to be moved by the small tempest of disappointed vicarious ambition. Wherefore he escaped when he could, though only to begin the ethnological battle all over again; to fight and wander among the tombs in the valley of Indecision for a week and a day, eight miserable wildings of the earth in spare, during which interval he was invisible to his friends and In innocuous to his enemies. On the morning of the ninth day, Editor Hildreth telephoned Miss Van Brock to ask if she knew where Kent could be found. The answer was a rather anxious negative; though the driver could have been answered affirmatively by the conductor and motorman of an early morning electric car which ran to the farthest outskirts of the city. Following a boyish habit, he had never fully outgrown, Kent had once more taken his problem to the open, and the hour after luncheon time found him plodding wearily back to the end of the car line, jaded, dusty, and stiff from much tramping of the brown plain, but with the long duel finally fought out to some despairing conclusion. The city hall clock was upon the stroke of three when the inbound trolley-car landed him in front of the Clarendon. It was a measure of his purposeful abstraction that he went on around the corner to the Security bank, dusty and unpresentable as he was, and transferred the packet of incriminating affidavits from the safety deposit box to his pocket before going to his rooms in the hotel. This paper weapon was the centering point of the struggle which had now lasted for nearly a fortnight. So long as the weapon was his to use or to cast away, the outcome of the moral conflict hung in the balance. But now he was emerging from the night wanderings among the tombs of the undeveloped. I can't give it up; there is too much at stake,” he muttered, as he trudged heavily back to the hotel. And before he went above the stairs, he asked the young woman at the house telephone to ascertain if Governor Bucks were in his office at the capitol, and if so, if he were likely to remain there for an hour. When he reached his rooms, he flung the packet of papers on the writing table and went to freshen himself with a bath. That which lay before him called for fitness, mental and physical, and cool sanity. In other times of stress, as just before a critical hour in court, the tub and the cold plunge had been his fillip where other men resorted to the bottle. He was struggling into clean linen, and the packet was still lying where he had tossed it on entering, when a bellboy came up with a card. Kent read the name with a ghost of a smile relaxing the care-drawn lines about his mouth. There are times when a man's fate rushes to meet him, and he had fallen upon one of them. “Show him up,” was the brief direction; and when the door of the elevator cage clacked again, Kent was waiting. His visitor was a man of heroic proportions; a large man a little breathed, as it seemed, by the swift upward rush of the elevator. Kent admitted him with a nod; and the governor planted himself heavily in a chair and begged a light for his cigar. In the match-passing, he gathered his spent breath and Declared his errand. “I think we have a little score to settle between us as man to man, Kent,” he began, when Kent had clipped the end from his own cigar and lighted it in stolid silence. “Possibly: that is for you to say,” was the unencouraging reply. Bucks rose deliberately, walked to the bathroom door, and looked beyond it into the bedroom. “We are quite alone, if that is what you want to make sure of,” said Kent, in the same indifferent tone; and the governor came back and resumed his chair. “I came up to see what you want—what you will take to quit,” he announced, mossing his logs and locking the huge ham-like bands over his knee. "That is putting it rather abruptly, but business is business, and we can dispense with the preliminaries, I take it.” “I told your attorney-general some time ago what I wanted, and he did not see fit to grant it,” Kent responded. "I am not sure that I want anything now—anything you have to offer.” He jammed the fire-end of his cigar among the fingers of the cigar. This was not all he had intended to say: but the presence of the adversary was breeding a stubborn antagonism that was more potent on the moral side than all the prickings of conscience. The yellow-lidded eyes of the governor began to close down, and the look came into them which had been there when he denied a pardon to a widow pleading. For the life of her convicted son. "I had hoped you were in the market," he demurred. "It would be better for all concerned if you had something to sell, with a price attached. I know what you have been doing, and what you think you have got hold of. It's a tissue of mistakes and falsehoods and backbitings from beginning to end but it may serve your purpose with the newspapers. I want to buy that package of stuff you've got stowed away in the Security vaults." The governor's chair was on one side of the writing table, and Kent's was on the other. In plain sight between the two men lay the packet Bucks was willing to bargain for. It was enclosed in a box envelope, bearing the imprint of the Security bank. Kent was looking steadily away from the table when he said: "What if it isn't for sale?" "Don't you think it had better be?" "I don't know. I hadn't thought much about the advisable phase of it," "Well, the time has come when you've got it to do," was the low toned threat. But not as a matter of compulsion. Bald Kent, coolly enough, "What is your hide?" Bucks made it promptly. "Ten thousand dollars; and you promise to leave the state and stay away for one year from the first Tuesday in November next." "That is, until after the state election." Kent blew a whiff of smoke to the ceiling and shook his head slowly. "It is not enough." The governor uncrossed his legs, crossed them the other way and said: "I'll make it twenty thousand and two years." "Or thirty thousand and three years," Kent suggested amiably. "Or suppose we come at or near to the end of that string and say one hundred thousand and five years? That would still leave you a fair price for your block of suburban property in Guilford and Hawk's addition to the city of Gaston, wouldn't it?" The governor set his massive jaw with a sharp little click of the feet. "You are joking on the edge of your grave, my young friend. I taught you in Gaston that you were not big enough to fight me: do you think you are big enough now?" "I don't think; I know," said Kent, incisively. "And since you have referred to the Gaston days; let me ask if I ever gave you any reason to believe that I could be scared out?" "Keep to the point," retorted Bucks, harshly. "This state isn't broad enough to hold you and me on opposite sides of the fence. I could make it too hot to hold you without mixing up in itself, but I choose to fight my own battles. Will you take $20,000 spot cash, and MacFarlane's job as circuit judge when I'm through with him? Yes or no." "No." "Then what will you take?" “Without committing myself in any sense, I might say that you are getting off too cheaply on your most liberal proposition. You and your friends have looted a $70,000,000 railroad, and—” “You might have stood in on that if you had taken Guilford's offer,” was the brisk rejoinder. “There was more than a corporation lawyer's salary in sight, if you’d had sense enough to see it.” “Possibly. But I stayed out—and I am still out.” "Do you want to get in? Is that your price?” "I intend to get in—though not, perhaps, in the way you have in mind. Are you ready to recall Judge MacFarlane with instructions to give us our hearing on the merits?” The governor's face was wooden when he said: "Is that all you want? I understand MacFarlane is returning, and you will doubtless have your hearing in due season." "Not unless you authorize it," Kent objected. "And if I do? If I say that I have already done so, will you come in and lay down your arms?" "No." "Then I’m through. Give me your key and write me an order on the Security bank for those papers you are holding." "No," said Kent, again, "I say yes!" came the explosive reassertion; and Kent found himself looking down the bright barrel of a pistol thrust into his face across the table. For a man who had been often an onlooker on the football half of life, Kent was measurely quick and resourceful. In one motion he clamped the weapon and turned it aside; in another he jammed the fire end of his cigar among the fingers of the grasping hand. The governor jerked free with an oath, pain-exported; and Kent dropped the captured weapon into the table drawer. It was all done in two breaths, and when it was over Kent flung away the broken cigar and lighted a fresh one. "That was a very primitive expedient, your excellency, to say the best of it," he remarked. "Have you nothing better to offer?" The reply was a wild-boast growl. and taking it for a negative, Kent went on. "Then perhaps you will listen to my proposal. The papers you are so anxious about are here,"—tapping the envelope on the table. "No, don't try to snatch them; you wouldn't get out of here alive with them, lacking my leave. Such of them as relate to your complicity in the Universal Oil deal are yours—on one condition; that your health fails and you get yourself ordered out of the state for the remainder. It's optional." "No!" thundered the governor. "Very well; you may stay and take a course of home treatment, if you prefer. It's optional." By God! I don't know what keeps me from throttling you with my hands!" Bucks got upon his feet, and Kent rose, also, slipping the box envelope into his pocket and laying a precautionary hand on the drawer, pulled. The governor turned away and walked to the window, nursing his burned fingers. When he faced about it was to return to the charge. “Kent, what is it you want? Say it in two words.” “Candidly, I didn't know, until a few minutes ago, governor. It began with a determination to break your grip on my railroad, I believe.” “You can have your railroad, if you can get it—and be damned to it, and to you, too!” “I said it began that way. My sole idea in gathering up this evidence against you and your accomplices was to whittle out a club that would make you let go of the Trans-Western. For two weeks I have been debating with myself as to whether I should buy or break you; and half an hour before you came, I went to the bank and took these papers out, meaning to go and hunt you up.” “Well?” said the governor, and the word bared his teeth because his lips were dry. “I thought I knew, in the old Oaston days, how many different kinds of a scoundrel you could be, but you've succeeded in showing me some new variations in the last few minutes. It’s a thousand pities that the people of a great state should be at the mercy of such a gang of pirates as you and Hendricks and Meigs and MacFarlane, and—” “Break it off!” said Bucks. I am through. I was merely going to add that I have concluded not to buy you.” “Then it's to be war to the knife. Is it?” “That is about the size of it,” said Kent; and the governor found his hat trouble you to return my property.” he growled, pointing to the table drawer, fertally,” Kent broke the revolver over the holding pad, swept the ejected cartridges into the open drawer, and passed the empty weapon to its owner. When the door closed behind the outgoing visitor, the victor in the small passage at arms began to walk the floor; but at four o’clock, which was Hildreth’s hour for coming down-town, he put on his hat and went to climb the three flights of stairs to the editor’s den in the Arsenal building. CHAPTER XXIV. DEAD WATER AND QUICK. The cubby-hole in which Hildreth earned his bread by the sweat of his brain was dark even at midday; and during working hours the editor sat under a funnel-shaped reflector in a cone's shower-bath of electric light which flooded man and desk and left the corners of the room in a penumbra of grateful twilight. Kent sat just outside of the cone of radiance, watching Hildreth’s face as the editor read stolidly through the contents of the box envelope. It was an instructive study in thought dynamics. There was a gleam of battle satisfaction in the editorial. Eye when Hildreth faced the last sheet down Upon the accumulation of evidence, Saying: “You didn’t overstate the fact in Your brag about the political graves. Only this isn’t a spade; it’s a steam Shovel. Do I understand you are giving me this stuff to use as I please?” “Just that,” said Kent. "And you have made it serve your turn, too?" "No." Kent's voice was sharp and crisp. "Isn't that what you got it for?" "Yes." "Then why don't you use it?" "That was what Bucks wanted to know a little while ago when he came to my rooms to try to buy me off. I don't think I succeeded in making him understand why I couldn't traffic with it; and possibly you wouldn't understand." "I guess I do. It's public property, and you couldn't divert it into private channels. Is that the way it struck you?" "It is the way it struck a friend of mine whose sense of ultimate right and wrong hasn't lost its fine edge in the world-mill. I did not want to do it." "Naturally," said the editor. "Giving it up means the loss of all you have been working for in the railroad game. I wish I could use it, just as it stands.” “Can’t you?” “I am afraid not—effectively. It would make an issue in a campaign; or, sprung on the eve of an election, it might down the ring conclusively. I think it would. But this is the off year, and the people won’t rise to a political issue—couldn’t make themselves felt if they should.” “I don’t agree with you. You have your case all made out, with the evidence in sound legal form. What is to prevent your trying it?” “The one thing that you ought to be lawyer enough to see at a glance. There is no court to try it in. With the assembly in session we ought to do something: as it is, we can only yap at the heels of the ringsters, and our yapping won’t help you in the railroad fight. What do you hear from Boston?” “Nothing new. The stock is still flat on the market, with the stockholders pool holding a bare majority, and the Plantagould brokers buying in driblets wherever they find a small holder who is willing to let go. It is only a question of time; and a very short time at that.” It wasn't the sermon. A young preacher in an uptown church was much struck one Sunday by the seeming effect his sermon was having upon one of his congregation, a shabby-genteel man with white hair, who, during the entire discourse, sat with head bowed in deeply reverent attitude. After the service, the minister pushed his way to the man and proudly said: "I am glad to note that my sermon affected you. Did it make you see the error of your ways?" "Oh, it wasn't that," said the man sheepishly. "You see, my waistcoat is too short and I had to bend over to hide my shirt."—N. Y. Sun. In London, he met his sweetheart of sixteen years. She had greatly changed, but was still coquettish. "Do you remember," she asked, "that lock of hair which I gave you just before we parted?" He frowned. "Remember it!" he cried. "I should say I did. Years afterwards my wife found it among my papers and has been fussing over it ever since." "And what did you tell her?" "I—I told her it must have been a souvenir of a lamented dog." "Coodness! And what did she say?" "She said she had never heard of a dog with golden hair."—Cassell's Journal. "It's a pity." An Englishman and an Irishman while having their dinner in a restaurant got into conversation. The Englishman had only one leg and a rather inquisitive, inquired how he had the misfortune to lose it. Thinking to have a joke at Pat's expense, the Englishman replied: "I was always given to understand that my great-grandmother was Irish and the Irish blood from her settled in my leg and sooner than have any Irish blood in me I had the leg cut off." "Shura then," said Pat, "It's a pity it didn't settle in your head. Cassell's Journal." The Comfort of Sympathy. Doctor—Mrs. Rlim, you don't seem to sympathize with your sick husband?" Mrs. Rlim—Doctor. I don't dare to make him lots of you. Prosa. THE CAPTIVITY OF JUDAH A Sunday School Lesson for Sept. 3, 1905 Spedal Prepared for The Paper. LESSON TEXT—S Chronicles, 36-22. Memory verses, 18-21. GOLDEN TEXT.—"The stir your sin will find you out."—Num. 32:23. TIME —In the evening year of King Zedekiah, B.C., 686. PLACE.—Jerusalem, Rhab, where Zedekiah was taken before Nebuchad. rezzar, 21 mf.es north of Jerusalem. SCRIPTURE REFERENCES -Parallel accounts in 2 Kings 24:18-20; 22.1-30; Jer. 39. 1-4, and still fuller account In Jer. 62. Zede klah's oath to Nebuchadnezzar, Jer. 51:59, Ezek. 17:11-21. On the 70-year captivity see Jer. 25:11. 29:10; I^v. 25:1-7, 26:34. 35. Comment and Suggestive Thought. V. 11. “Zedeklah, reigned 11 years;” As viceroy of Nebuchadnezzar, who had stipulated that “he would surely guard the country for him, and neither make any political changes nor favor the Egyptians.” V. 12. “Evil in the sight of the Lord:” He failed to be loyal to Jehovah or to support, as it was his privilege to do, the temple-worship, and the true prophets. “Humbled not himself before Jeremiah:” While he had frequently sought this prophet’s advice, and asked an interest in his prayers (see chapter 37), he had not followed the prophet’s advice, nor protected his person. V. 13. “He also rebelled:” When Zedekiah had been on the throne about eight years, he joined the neighboring city, Tyre, and, seeking aid from Egypt, they rebelled against Babylon, refused to pay tribute and prepared themselves to defy its power. V. 13. "Moreover,” etc.: The writer is now about to show what disease caused the death of Judah, it was the same of which her sister Israel died (See 2 Kings 17:7-23). Priosta and people transgressed: It was sad indeed when priests, who should have been the guides in righteousness, became the companions of the people in doing evil. V. 15. "God of their fathers:" Since the time of Abraham, God had been blessing their race, and trying to reveal Himself to them. "Sent... His messengers: The name "messenger" commonly, but not always, refers to a prophet. Some of Judah's kings had been messengers for God. He had also sent to this race, Moses, Samuel, Elijah, Elisha, and more recently Isaiah. Jeremiah and Ezekiel. V. 16. "They mocked the messengers:" Nearly every prophet had been maltreated by the people he sought to help. Jeremiah had been mocked by a false prophet. Hananiah (See Jer. 28). "Despised his words:" Refused to heed the warning given by the prophets, or to walk in the ways of righteousness which they pointed out. "Misused:" Better in Revised Version, "Scoffed at": Verbal mockery, not bodily harm, is here alluded to. Bodily harm had, however, been inflicted upon the prophets in many cases, and quite recently Urijah had been slain (Jer. 26:20 23). V. 17. "Therefore:” Because of what has just been stated. "He brought... Chaldees:” The Chaldean, or Babylonian army came to besiege the city. Judah's Jehovah was God of all peoples, and of times used one in chastising another. It was a natural punishment, for sin weakens any people, and no nation could live long while practicing such iniquities as were rife in Judah. "Slew... no compassion." etc.: The Chaldeans, as warriors, were very cruel. "All the vessels... God:” The sacred furniture and dishes which had been left after the previous sacking of the temple (2 Chron. 36:10). A list of the vessels now taken is given in 2 Kings 25:13-17. V. 19. "Burnt the house of God:" Thus they slowed Their defiance of Israel’s God. "Brake down the wall:" After many months of beating upon the walls with battering rams, a place at the northern side gave way, and the Chaldeans entered at midnight. V. 20. "Them that had escaped:" Those who had survived the siege and such as had previously surrendered themselves to the enemy. "Carried... Babylon:" King Nebuchadnezzar first held a sort of court at Riblah, some 200 miles north of Jerusalem. Here the leaders in rebellion were picked out and summarily punished. Jeremiah, and probably others, were permitted to return to the city, while the remainder, including the king, were taken to Babylon. V. 21. "To fulfill the word," etc.: See marginal references. Jeremiah had always held out this gleam of hope: After the captivity, return. "Until the land... sabbaths:" Read Lev. 25:17; 26:34, 35. By that law it was provided that the land should be idle every seventh year. This law evidently had been disregarded by the people, who were uniformly so careless concerning God’s requirements. Now, through being so largely depopulated, the land would enjoy enforced rest for 70 years. Practical Points. V. 11. One may, like Zedekiah, be a king in name, yet a slave at heart. V. 12. God counts as done unto Himself any iniquity done His ambassadors or His brethren—Matt. 25:45. V. 13. Let us lay up our treasures where they can never be stolen.—Matt. 26:20. V. 26. The calamities which sin brings here are... But tokens of the eternal separation and woe to be realized hereafter. — Jas. 1.-16. THE TRIP OF THE SEASON. Cincinnati -TO MACKINAC ISLAND And Return For $5.00 Tuesday, September 5 -via- Great Central C. H. 4 IJ. — Pere Maquette—C. C 41* To Toledo D. & C. STEAMER To Mackinac. Tickets Good 10 Days. For Tickets, State Room Reservations and information, call on or address L. C. BENDER, D. P. A., Great Central, 5th and Walnut, Cincinnati, O. "In all the world no trip like this." MACKINAC AND RETURN. BIG FOUR ROUTE Northern Steamship Company’s Palatial Steamers “NORTHLAND" and “NOTHWESTER." “$7.00 THURSDAY, September 7 Reserve Berths on steamer! now. Full particulars at ticket office, Ingalls Building, Cor. Fourth and Vine Streets. Historic and Picturesque Route to NEW YORK VIA Washington, Baltimore and Philadelphia, Stopover Privileges on all First Class Tickets. 3 ELEGANT VESTIBULE TRAINS AND ALL OF THEM DAILY. Coaches with High Back Seats, Pullman Drawing Room Sleepers, Observation Sleeping Cars, Company's own Dining Car Service, Meals served "a la carte” The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. In the Potomac River, and the National Capital. For Rates, Time of Trains, Sleeping Car Reservations, etc., call on any Ticket Agent or address, O. McCARTY, General Passenger Agent, Cincinnati, O. Australia is considering the introduction of the metric system and a bill providing for its use will be introduced at the next session of the commonwealth parliament. The idea is to make the system permissive for certain time, reserving the right to make it compulsory at a given period. The British army council has decided to discontinue the experiment of providing recruits with artificial teeth. The soldiers would not pay for their teeth as agreed, out of their pay of 25 cents a day, and when the military authorities tried to make them they deserted, teeth and all. Japan is very harsh on her defense officers, both naval and military. During the present war in the Far East, a naval lieutenant who failed to carry out a task set him was politely told by his chief to cover his disgrace by committing suicide, a sheet was strung on the deck of the lieutenant’s gunboat, and behind this was placed an armchair and a fable. On the latter was a sharp knife, wrapped in a piece of clean paper. The lieutenant bowed to his comrades, went behind the sheet, sat in a chair, and picked up the knife and committed suicide.
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Soybean variety sm14299337
ABSTRACT
Disclosed is the seed of a novel soybean variety, designated SM14299337, a sample of which is deposited under ATCC Accession No. Also disclosed are plants, or parts thereof, grown from the seed of the variety, plants having the morphological and physiological characteristics of the SM14299337 variety, and methods of using the plant or parts thereof in a soybean breeding program.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/428,819, filed Dec. 1, 2016, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
This invention relates generally to the field of soybean breeding. In particular, the invention relates to a soybean variety designated SM14299337 that includes plants, plant parts, and seeds of soybean variety SM14299337. Methods for producing soybean plants by crossing soybean variety SM14299337 with itself or any different soybean plant are an integral part of this invention as are the resultant soybean plants, including the plant parts and seeds. This invention further relates to methods for producing SM14299337-derived soybean plants and to methods for regenerating such plants from tissue cultures of regenerable cells as well as the plants obtained therefrom. Methods for producing a soybean plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic soybean plants produced by that method are also a part of this invention.
BACKGROUND
Soybean (Glycine max) is a major grain crop valued for the high levels of oil and protein found in soybean seed. Soybean breeding has resulted in significant improvements in yield potential, stability of yield, adaptation of the species to mechanical harvest, and yield protection through improved disease resistance.
Due to the nature of plant science agriculture, broadly defined as a manipulation of available plant resources to meet the needs of the growing human population, the environment in which plants are grown for agricultural production continuously offers new obstacles to agricultural production. Each new variety, or cultivar, released to agricultural production is selected for the purpose of increasing yield resulting from increased disease resistance to prevalent diseases, or from direct or indirect improvement in yield potential or efficiency of production. Development of stable, high yielding varieties with superior characteristics is an ongoing goal of soybean breeders.
There is a need in the art for a novel, superior soybean variety and soybean seed.
SUMMARY
In one aspect, the present invention provides a soybean seed designated SM14299337, wherein a sample of said seed is deposited under ATCC Accession No. ______.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a soybean plant, or a part thereof, produced by growing seed designated SM14299337, or a soybean plant having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of the soybean plant when grown in the same environmental conditions, or a pollen grain, an ovule, a protoplast, a cell, an embryo, a cotyledon, a hypocotyl, a meristem, a root, a pistil, an anther, a flower, a stem, a pod, a leaf, or a petiole of a soybean plant according to the present invention.
In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a tissue culture of protoplasts or regenerable cells from a plant, or parts thereof, produced by growing seed designated SM14299337, and a soybean plant regenerated from the tissue culture.
In still another aspect, the present invention provides a method for producing a soybean seed, and soybean seed produced by the method, as well as plants grown from seed produced by the method are provided. The method comprises crossing soybean plants and harvesting the resultant seed, wherein at least one soybean plant is the soybean variety SM14299337 of the present invention.
In another aspect, a method for producing a soybean variety SM14299337-derived soybean plant, and soybean variety SM14299337-derived soybean plants, or parts thereof, produced by the methods are provided. The method comprises crossing a soybean variety SM14299337 plant of the present invention with a second soybean plant to yield F1 hybrid progeny soybean seed and growing the progeny seed to yield an F1 soybean variety SM14299337-derived soybean plant. In some embodiments, the method further comprises crossing the soybean variety SM14299337-derived soybean plant with itself or another soybean plant to yield an additional soybean variety SM14299337-derived soybean progeny seed and growing this progeny soybean seed to yield additional soybean variety SM14299337-derived soybean plants. In some embodiments, these last two steps are repeated at least one time to generate additional soybean variety SM14299337-derived soybean plants.
In yet another aspect, a method for producing a plant of soybean variety SM14299337 comprising an added desired trait, and plants produced by the method, are provided. In some embodiments, the method comprises introducing at least one transgene or locus conferring the desired trait into the soybean variety SM14299337 plant. In certain embodiments, the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, site-specific recombination, abiotic stress tolerance, herbicide tolerance, insect or pest resistance, disease resistance, fungal resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, modified protein metabolism, and modified carbohydrate metabolism. In other embodiments, the desired trait is herbicide tolerance and the tolerance is conferred to one or more herbicides selected from the group consisting of glyphosate, phenoxyacetate auxins (such as 2,4-diclorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)), pyridyloxyacetate auxins (such as fluroxypyr and triclopyr), phenoxyproprionate auxins (such as MCPA and dichloprop), phenoxybutanoate auxins (such as 2,4-DB), sulfonylurea, imidazalinone, dicamba, glufosinate, cyclohexone, triazine, and benzonitrile. In still other embodiments, the desired trait is insect resistance and the transgene encodes a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) endotoxin.
In still another aspect, a method of producing a progeny soybean variety derived from variety SM14299337 comprising a desired trait, and plants produced by the method, are provided. In some embodiments, the method comprises crossing a soybean variety SM14299337 plant of the present invention with a plant of another soybean variety that comprises a desired trait to produce F1 progeny plants, selecting one or more F1 progeny plants that have the desired trait to produce selected progeny plants, crossing the selected progeny plants with the SM14299337 plants to produce backcross progeny plants, selecting for backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait and physiological and morphological characteristics of soybean variety SM14299337 to produce selected backcross progeny plants, and repeating the last two steps a sufficient number of times in succession to produce selected second or higher backcross progeny plants that comprise the desired trait and the physiological and morphological characteristics of soybean variety SM14299337 when grown in the same environmental conditions. In some embodiments, the last two steps are repeated three or more times in succession to produce selected fourth or higher backcross progeny plants. In some embodiments, the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, modified carbohydrate metabolism, and resistance to bacterial disease, fungal disease or viral disease.
In yet another aspect, a method of producing a commodity plant product is provided, which comprises obtaining a plant of the present invention, or a part thereof, and producing the commodity plant product therefrom. In some embodiments, the commodity plant product is protein concentrate, protein isolate, soybean hulls, meal, flour or oil.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In the claims, descriptions, and tables that follow, numerous terms are used and are defined as follows:
Brown Stem Rot (BSR) caused by the fungus, Phialophora gregata, is visually scored from 1 to 9 based on the severity of interveinal leaf chlorosis (yellowing) and necrosis of stems. A score of 1 indicates the most resistance (no symptoms) and a score of 9 indicates the most susceptible.
Canopy width is measured at the widest point of the soybean plant. Visually scored from 1 to 9, where 1=very narrow canopy and 9=extremely bushy canopy.
Cotyledon is a type of seed leaf. The cotyledon contains the food storage tissues of the seed. Cotyledon color can be measured as a characteristic of a variety.
Flower color: Modern soybeans are characterized by two major flower colors, purple or white. Some varieties are heterogeneous for flower color whereby some plants have purple flowers and some have white.
Growth habit refers to stem termination in soybeans and the resultant differences in flower production. “Indeterminate” varieties continue to grow during the reproductive phase, producing new branches and nodes after flowering is well underway. “Determinate” varieties tend to delay the onset of flowering somewhat, and limit new node and branch development after flowering has been initiated. “Semi-determinate” varieties continue to produce new vegetative growth during the reproductive phase but growth terminates more quickly than in indeterminate varieties.
Hilum refers to the point of attachment of soybean seed to maternal tissue.
Hilum color in modern soybeans may be black, brown, yellow, gray, buff, or imperfect black.
Iron-Deficiency Chlorosis (IDC) results when soybeans lack adequate iron. A visual score taken 25 to 30 days after planting is used to rate iron-deficiency chlorosis. A score of 1 indicates no stunting of the plants or chlorosis of the leaves, and a score of 9 indicates the plants are dead or dying as a result of iron-deficiency chlorosis. A score of 4.5 means plants have intermediate health with some leaf chlorosis.
Leaflet shape: The leaflet may be broad or narrow and may be lanceolate, ovate or oval in shape.
Lodging relates to the stature of the plant relative to the ground. Lodging resistance is rated on a scale of 1 to 5. A score of 1 is given to an erect plant (lodging resistant). A score of 3 is given to a plant that is leaning at a 45-degree angle relative to the ground. A score of 5 indicates a plant lying on the ground.
Maturity date is the date when 95% of pods have turned color from green color to their mature brown or tan color. The maturity date is counted in days and is calculated from January 1.
Maturity group refers to an industry division of groups of varieties based on the zones in which the varieties are adapted. Soybeans mature differentially in response to day-length and thus to latitude where grown. In the soybean production areas of the United States, for example, the northernmost production region of northern Minnesota is planted to soybeans that mature under very long day-lengths during early summer. In the southernmost production regions of the Southeast, soybeans that mature from the influence of short day-length during early summer are grown. Those adapted to northern day-lengths are classified as early-maturing, those adapted to the southern regions are classified as late-maturing. Maturity groups include very long day length varieties (000, 00, 0) and extend to very short day length varieties (VII, VIII, IX, X). For example, maturity group I soybean varieties are typically grown in southern Minnesota, whereas maturity group IV soybean varieties are typically group in southern Illinois.
Phytophthora “Root Rot” tolerance caused by the fungus, Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae, is rated on a visual scale of 1 to 9, with a score of 1 being the most tolerant and a score of 9 s being the most susceptible to Phytophthora. The visual score is based on the amount of disease-induced stunting of above-ground growth and is taken at harvest.
Plant includes plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which soybean plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts thereof. “Plant part” includes, but is not limited to, embryos, protoplasts, cells, pollen, ovules, cotyledons, hypocotyls, meristems, roots, pistils, anthers, flowers, stems, leaves, pods, petioles, and the like.
Plant height is measured from the top of soil to top node of the plant in any convenient unit of length (i.e., inches, centimeters, etc.). For the data presented herein, plant height was measured just prior to harvest and is expressed in centimeters.
Pod wall color refers to the color of the mature pod wall, as distinct from the color of the pubescence, and in modern soybeans, may be brown or tan.
Pubescence relates to the plant trichomes or hairs found on the stems, leaves and pods of soybeans.
Pubescence color in modern soybeans may be tawny, gray or light tawny.
Relative maturity, within maturity groups, is a more precise maturity assignment that subdivides each maturity group into tenths. For example, a relative maturity of 3.3 is assigned to a late early maturity group III soybean variety.
Roundup Ready 2 tolerance refers to the transgenic soybean event MON89788 from Monsanto Company, as identified in the USDA petition extension No 06-1′780-01p, which imparts glyphosate tolerance to the plant.
Seed coat color refers to the color of the seed coat, and in modern soybeans may be yellow, green, brown or black.
Seed coat luster refers to the luster of the seed coat, and may be dull or shiny.
Seed coat peroxidase activity is defined by a chemical taxonomic technique to separate varieties based on the presence or absence of the peroxidase enzyme in the seed coat. There are two types of soybean varieties, those having high peroxidase activity and those having low peroxidase activity. Ratings are HIGH or LOW for peroxidase enzyme activity.
Seed size is measured by seed number per pound of seed. Seed size is a heritable trait but is influenced by environment, and as such, is often presented as a comparison to another variety.
Shattering refers to pod dehiscence prior to harvest resulting in a loss of mechanically harvestable seed. Pod dehiscence involves seeds falling from the pods to the soil. This is visually scored with a 1 to 9 scale comparing all genotypes within a given test. A score of 1 means pods have not opened and no seeds have fallen out. A score of 5 indicates approximately 50% of the pods have opened, with seeds falling to the ground and a score of 9 indicates 100% of the pods are opened.
Soybean Cyst Nematode (SCN) resistance is based on a comparison of reproduction rates of Heterodera glycines to a known susceptible variety as described by Schmitt et al. (Crop Sci. 32:275-277, 1992), which is incorporated by reference herein. A variety with a 0% to 10% reproductive rate compared to a known susceptible variety is classified as resistant (R); a variety with an 11% to 30% reproductive rate compared to a known susceptible variety is classified as moderately resistant (MR); a variety with an 31% to 59% reproductive rate compared to a known susceptible variety is classified as moderately susceptible (MS).
Soybean emergence scores, also referred to simply as “Emergence,” rate the ability of the seedlings to emerge from the soil. A visual score of 1 to 9, taken from emergence to V3, is used whereby a score of 1 to 3 indicates excellent emergence vigor and early growth, an intermediate score of 5 indicates average ratings, and a score of 7 to 9 indicates a very poor emergence vigor and early growth.
Sulfonylurea Tolerance is a herbicide-tolerance trait that improves soybean tolerance to ALS (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor herbicides. Sulfonylurea Tolerant soybeans carry a modified ALS gene, which enhances the variety's natural tolerance to sulfonylurea.
Yield refers to the yield of seed harvested from a soybean crop. Yield data presented herein is expressed as bushels of seed/acre and is the actual yield of the grain at harvest.
Soybean Variety SM14299337
The present invention provides plants, seeds, plant parts, and derivatives thereof of the soybean variety SM14299337, characterized by molecular and physiological data obtained from the representative sample of said variety deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). The present invention further provides methods for producing soybean variety SM14299337 and methods for breeding with soybean variety SM14299337 to produce novel derived soybean varieties.
Soybean variety SM14299337 has superior characteristics and was developed from crossing two elite soybean varieties. Some of the criteria used to select the variety in various generations included seed yield, lodging resistance, emergence, disease resistance and tolerance, herbicide tolerance, maturity, late season plant intactness, plant height, and shattering resistance. The breeding history of the variety is summarized in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Breeding Method for Cultivar SM14299337 Filial Generation Method F0 cross between parents F1 plant growout F2 population growout F3 progeny row, single-plant selection F4 plant-row yield trial F5 preliminary yield trial F6 purity reselection and seed increase F7 advanced yield trial F8 seed increase F9 advanced yield trial
Soybean variety SM14299337 has excellent agronomic characteristics including high yield potential relative to lines of similar maturity. Soybean variety SM14299337 is well-adapted to early-late maturity group I growing areas of Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin.
Soybean variety SM14299337 has been judged to have uniformity and stability of its morphological and other characteristics. The variety can be reproduced by planting and growing seeds of the variety under self-pollinating or sib-pollinating conditions, as is known to those of skill in the agricultural arts. Soybean variety SM14299337 shows no variants other than what would normally be expected due to environment or that would occur for almost any characteristic during the course of repeated sexual reproduction. The variety description information (Table 2) provides a summary of soybean variety SM14299337 plant characteristics. Those of skill in the art will recognize that these are typical values that may vary due to environment and that other values that are substantially equivalent are within the scope of the invention. As used herein, “a soybean plant having the physiological and morphological characteristics of soybean variety SM14299337” is a plant having the characteristics set forth in Table 2 when grown in the same environmental conditions.
TABLE 2 Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Cultivar SM14299337 Characteristic Value Relative Maturity 1.0 Maturity Date (days from January 1) 268.0 Hilum Color (Mature Seed) Yellow Seed Coat Color (Mature Seed) Yellow Seed Coat Luster (Mature Hand Shelled Seed) Dull Cotyledon Color (Mature Seed) Yellow Emergence (1 to 9) 2.3 Canopy Width (1 to 9) 7.0 Growth Habit Indeterminate Plant Height (inches) 28.3 Lodging (1 to 5) 2.3 Flower Color Purple Leaflet Shape Ovate Pubescence Color Gray Pod Wall Color Tan Shattering (1 to 9) 1.0 Seed Size (# Seeds/lb.) 2900-3200 Resistance/Tolerance to Herbicides Roundup Ready (40-3-2) No Roundup Ready 2 (GM_A19788) No Sulfonylurea Tolerant Soybean (STS) No Resistance/Tolerance to Pests Soybean Cyst Nematode (R, MR, MS, S) MS Phytophthora Tolerance (1 to 9) 3.8 Brown Stem Rot (1 to 9) 2.8 Tolerance to Environments Iron-Deficiency Chlorosis (1 to 9) 3.1
Soybean variety SM14299337 in one embodiment of the present invention carries one or more transgenes, for example, a glyphosate tolerance transgene, an auxin herbicide (e.g., 2,4-D, dicamba, etc.) tolerance gene, a glufosinate tolerance gene, a desaturase gene or other transgenes. In another embodiment of the invention, the soybean does not carry any herbicide tolerance traits. In yet another embodiment of the invention, the soybean does not carry any transgenes but carries alleles for disease and/or pest resistance, such as aphid resistance, cyst nematode resistance or the like. In still another embodiment, the soybean carries both alleles and transgenes providing desired traits.
In addition to the individual plant characteristics set forth in Table 2, agronomic yield of soybean variety SM14299337 was evaluated. Table 3 compares the yield and maturity difference of soybean variety SM14299337 to those of other soybean varieties developed for a similar crop-production region.
TABLE 3 Yield of Cultivar SM14299337 Compared to Selected Cultivars Maturity Years Paired Reps. Yield Yield Difference (#) Cultivar t-test^(a) (#) (bu/ac) (%)^(b) (days) 1 SM14299337 NS 15 48.7 100 0 S10-P9 −3.5 52.2 107 1 1 SM14299337 NS 15 48.7 100 0 AG1431 −2.5 51.2 105 7 1 SM14299337 NS 15 48.7 100 0 AG1435 −1.2 49.8 102 6 1 SM14299337 NS 15 48.7 100 0 S14-J7 −0.2 48.9 100 2 1 SM14299337 NS 15 48.7 101 0 AG1234 0.3 48.3 100 0 1 SM14299337 NS 15 48.7 103 0 CR1202N 1.5 47.2 100 3 1 SM14299337 NS 15 48.7 106 0 CR 0802N 2.6 46.1 100 −1 ^(a)Thresholds for paired t-tests are no significant difference (NS) and significant at P < .05 (*), P < .01 (**), and P < .001 (***). ^(b)Percentage yield relative to the lower-yielding cultivar in each two-way comparison.
Soybean Variety SM14299337 Breeding and Production Methods
The present invention provides methods for producing soybean seed, or plants grown therefrom, by crossing the soybean variety SM14299337 with itself or a second variety. These methods can be used for propagation of the soybean variety SM14299337, or can be used to produce SM14299337-derived hybrid soybean seeds and the plants grown therefrom. Hybrid soybean plants can be used in the commercial production of soy products or may be advanced in certain breeding protocols for the production of additional novel soybean varieties by crossing the soybean variety SM14299337-derived soybean plant with itself or another soybean plant to yield an additional soybean variety SM14299337-derived soybean progeny seed. This crossing process can be repeated one or more times to generate additional soybean varieties. A hybrid plant can also be used as a recurrent parent at any given stage in a backcrossing protocol during the production of the soybean variety SM14299337 which comprises an added desired trait.
In some embodiments, the present invention provides for using the SM14299337 soybean plant, or part thereof, or a soybean plant having the physiological and morphological characteristics of the SM14299337 soybean plant, as a source of breeding material for developing an SM14299337-derived soybean plant in a soybean breeding program using plant breeding techniques. Plant breeding techniques useful in the developing soybean plants include, but are not limited to, single seed descent, modified single seed descent, recurrent selection, reselection, mass selection, bulk selection, backcrossing, pedigree breeding, mutation breeding, restriction fragment length polymorphism enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection, making double haploids and transformation. Plant breeding techniques are known to the art and have been described in the literature. For example, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,143,954; 7,803,996; and 7,807,884, which, along with the references cited therein, is incorporated by reference herein.
Selection of soybean plants for breeding is not necessarily dependent on the phenotype of a plant and instead can be based on genetic investigations. For example, one may utilize a suitable genetic marker which is closely genetically linked to a trait of interest. One of these markers may therefore be used to identify the presence or absence of a trait in the offspring of a particular cross, and hence may be used in selection of progeny for continued breeding. This technique may commonly be referred to as “marker assisted selection.” Any other type of genetic marker or other assay which is able to identify the relative presence or absence of a trait of interest in a plant may also be useful for breeding purposes. Procedures for marker assisted selection applicable to the breeding of soybeans are well known in the art. Such methods will be of particular utility in the case of recessive traits and variable phenotypes, or where conventional assays may be more expensive, time consuming or otherwise disadvantageous. Types of genetic markers which could be used in accordance with the invention include, but are not necessarily limited to, Simple Sequence Length Polymorphisms (SSLPs), Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Arbitrary Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) (EP 534 858, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs, also referred to as “Microsatellites”), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs).
Many qualitative characters also have potential use as phenotype-based genetic markers in soybeans; however, some or many may not differ among varieties commonly used as parents. The most widely used genetic markers are flower color (purple dominant to white), pubescence color (brown dominant to gray), and pod color (brown dominant to tan). The association of purple hypocotyl color with purple flowers and green hypocotyl color with white flowers is commonly used to identify hybrids in the seedling stage. Differences in maturity, height, hilum color, pubescence color, pod wall color, and pest resistance between parents can also be used to verify hybrid plants.
Soybean variety SM14299337 represents a novel base genetic variety into which a new desired locus or trait may be introduced by introgression. Backcrossing and direct transformation represent two important methods that can be used to accomplish such an introgression. In certain embodiments of the present invention, plants of soybean variety SM14299337 are provided modified to include one or more desired heritable traits.
Plants of the subject invention including one or more desired heritable traits may, in one embodiment, be developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing, wherein essentially all of the desired physiological and morphological characteristics of a variety are recovered, when grown in the same environmental conditions, in addition to a genetic locus comprising the desired trait transferred into the plant via the backcrossing technique. Backcrossing methods can be used with the present invention to improve or introduce a desired trait into soybean variety SM14299337. The parental soybean plant which contributes the locus for the desired characteristic is termed the nonrecurrent or donor parent. This terminology refers to the fact that the nonrecurrent parent is used one time in the backcross protocol and therefore does not recur. The parental soybean plant (e.g., soybean variety SM14299337) to which the locus or loci from the nonrecurrent parent are transferred is known as the recurrent parent as it is used for several rounds in the backcrossing protocol (Poehlman et al., 1995; Fehr, 1987a,b; Sprague and Dudley, 1988).
In a typical backcross protocol, the original variety of interest (recurrent parent, e.g., soybean variety SM14299337) is crossed to a second variety (nonrecurrent parent) that carries the single locus of interest to be transferred to produce F1 progeny plants. The resulting F1 progeny from this cross are then selected that have the desired trait and crossed again to the recurrent parent to produce backcross progeny plants having the desired trait and physiological and morphological characteristics of the recurrent parent. The process is repeated until a soybean plant is obtained wherein essentially all of the desired morphological and physiological characteristics of the recurrent parent are recovered in the converted plant, in addition to the transferred locus comprising the desired trait from the nonrecurrent parent.
The selection of a suitable recurrent parent is an important step for a successful backcrossing procedure. The goal of a backcross protocol is to alter or substitute a single or a very limited number of traits or characteristics into the original variety. To accomplish this, a single locus of the recurrent variety is modified or substituted with the desired locus from the nonrecurrent parent, while retaining essentially all of the rest of the desired genetic, and therefore the desired physiological and morphological constitution of the original variety. The choice of the particular nonrecurrent parent will depend on the purpose of the backcross; one of the major purposes is to add some commercially desirable, agronomically important trait to the plant. The exact backcrossing protocol will depend on the characteristic or trait being altered to determine an appropriate testing protocol. Although backcrossing methods are simplified when the characteristic being transferred is a dominant allele, a recessive allele may also be transferred. In this instance it may be necessary to introduce a test of the progeny to determine if the desired characteristic has been successfully transferred.
Soybean varieties can also be developed from more than two parents (Fehr, In: Soybeans: Improvement, Production and Uses, 2d Ed., Manograph 16:249, 1987). The technique, known as modified backcrossing, uses different recurrent parents during the backcrossing. Modified backcrossing can be used to replace the original recurrent parent with a variety having certain more desirable characteristics or multiple parents may be used to obtain different desirable characteristics from each.
Many single locus traits have been identified that are not regularly selected for in the development of a new inbred but that can be improved by backcrossing techniques. Single locus traits may or may not be transgenic; examples of these traits include, but are not limited to, male sterility, herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, modified carbohydrate metabolism and resistance to bacterial disease, fungal disease or viral disease.
Direct selection may be applied where the single locus acts as a dominant trait. An example of a dominant trait is an herbicide tolerance trait. For this selection process, the progeny of the initial cross are sprayed with the herbicide prior to the backcrossing. The spraying eliminates any plants which do not have the desired herbicide tolerance characteristic, and only those plants which have the herbicide tolerance gene are used in the subsequent backcross. This process is then repeated for all additional backcross generations.
In other embodiments of the present invention, plants of the subject invention including one or more desired heritable traits may be developed by direct transformation of soybean variety SM14299337, or through the use of backcrossing approaches as described herein, for example, to introgress a transgenic trait into soybean variety SM14299337. Accordingly, in one embodiment of the present invention a method of producing a plant of soybean variety SM14299337 comprising an added desired trait is provided, where the method comprises introducing at least one transgene conferring the desired trait into variety SM14299337. In some embodiments, introducing at least one transgene conferring the desired trait comprises transforming a soybean plant, or part thereof, of variety SM14299337 with one or more transgenes that confer at least one desired trait. In another embodiment, introducing at least one transgene conferring the desired trait comprises use of backcrossing to introgress a transgenic trait into soybean variety SM14299337. Another embodiment is the product produced by this process, wherein the product comprises the at least one desired trait and all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of soybean variety SM14299337 when grown in the same location and in the same environmental conditions.
In one embodiment the desired trait may be one or more of male sterility, site-specific recombination, abiotic stress tolerance, herbicide tolerance, insect or pest resistance, disease resistance, fungal resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, and modified carbohydrate metabolism. The specific gene may be any known in the art or listed herein, including: a polynucleotide conferring tolerance to glyphosate, phenoxyacetate auxins, pyridyloxyacetate auxins, phenoxyproprionate auxins, phenoxybutanoate auxins, sulfonylurea, imidazalinone, dicamba, glufosinate, cyclohexone, triazine, and benzonitrile; a polynucleotide encoding a Bacillus thuringiensis polypeptide (e.g. Cry1F and/or Cry1Ac), a polynucleotide encoding phytase, FAD-2, FAD-3, galactinol synthase or a raffinose synthetic enzyme; or a polynucleotide conferring resistance to soybean cyst nematode, brown stem rot, phytophthora root rot, soybean mosaic virus or sudden death syndrome.
Various genetic elements can be introduced into the plant genome using transformation. These elements include, but are not limited to: genes; coding sequences; inducible, constitutive, and tissue specific promoters; enhancing sequences; and signal and targeting sequences. For example, see the traits, genes and transformation methods listed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,118,055. The most prevalent types of plant transformation involve the construction of an expression vector. Such a vector comprises a DNA sequence that contains a gene under the control of or operatively linked to a regulatory element, for example a promoter. The vector may contain one or more genes and one or more regulatory elements.
Plant transformation techniques which result in the generation of transgenic plants are known in the art. These techniques include, but are not limited to:
(1) Projectile bombardment or microprojectile-mediated delivery. This procedure involves propelling inert or biologically active particles complexed with DNA at plant cells, wherein the particles penetrate the outer surface of the cell and the DNA is incorporated within the genome of the plant cell. See e.g., Klein et al., (1987) Nature 327: 70-73 ; Tomes et al., Plant Cell, Tissue & Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods, eds. Gambourg and Phillips (1995) (Springer-Velag, Berlin); Gordon-Kim et al., (1990) Plant Cell 2:603-618; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,945,050, 5,879,918, 5,932,782, 5,015,580, 5,550,318, 5,538,880, 6,160,208, 6,399,861, and 6,403,865;
(2) Microinjection of plant cell protoplasts or embryogenic callus, including the use of silicon carbide mediated DNA uptake. See e.g., Crossway et al., (1985) Molecular General Genetics 202:179 ; Kaeppler et al. (1990) Plant Cell Reporter 9:415-418;
(3) Direct gene transfer. See e.g., International Patent Application No. WO85/01856 and European Patent Application No. 0 275 069;
(4) Electroporation, calcium mediated, or PEG precipitation of protoplasts or cells comprising partial cell walls. See e.g., Fromm et al.,(1985) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 82: 5824; Paszkowski et al., (1984) European Molecular Biological Organization 3: 2717-2722; Potrykus et al. (1985) Molecular General Genetics 199:169-177; Shimamoto (1989) Nature 338:274-276; D′Halluin et al. (1992) Plant Cell 4: 1 495- 1505; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,384,253.
(5) Aerosol beam technology, which employs the jet expansion of an inert gas as it passes from a region of higher gas pressure to a region of lower gas pressure through a small orifice. The expanding gas accelerates aerosol droplets containing DNA molecules at supersonic speeds into a cell or tissue. See e.g., Held et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,809,232; 7,067,716; and 7,026,286.
(6) Agrobacterium-mediated transformations of plants are also included. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is described in, for example, Horsch et al., (1984) Science 233:496-498, and Fraley et al., (1983) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 80:4803 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,824,877; 5,981,840, and 6,384,301; Ishida et al., (1996) Nature Biotechnology 14:745-750. Generally, the Agrobacterium transformation system is used to engineer dicotyledonous plants see Bevan et al (1982) Ann. Rev. Genet 16:357-384; Rogers et al., (1986) Methods Enzymol. 118:627-641). The Agrobacterium transformation system may also be used to transform, as well as transfer, DNA to monocotyledonous plants and plant cells. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,616; Hemalsteen et al., (1984) EMBO J3:3039-3041; Hooykass-Van Slogteren et al., (1984) Nature 3 11 : 763-764; Grimsley et al., (1987) Nature 325: 1677-179; Boulton et al., (1989) Plant Mol. Biol. 12:3 1-40.; and Gould et al., (1991) Plant Physiol. 95:426-434. In addition, gene transfer may be achieved using non-Agrobacterium bacteria or viruses such as Rhizobium sp. NGR234, Sinorhizobium meliloti, Mesorhizobium loti, potato virus X, cauliflower mosaic virus and cassava vein mosaic virus and/or tobacco mosaic virus, See, e.g., Chung et al., (2006) Trends Plant Sci. 1 1(1): 1-4 ; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,660,500, 6,462,255, 5,889,190 and 5,889,101.
Soybean transformation is described in particular in a number of publications. An example of an exemplary soybean transformation technique includes the use of Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. One example of soybean transformation comprises infecting half-seed explants of soybean with Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing a transgene and regenerating the half-seed explants in vitro on selection medium. See U.S. Pat. No. 7,473,822 and Paz et al.,(2006) Plant Cell Reports 25: 206-213. A second example of Agrobacterium-mediated soybean transformation employs the use of glufosinate as the selection system, thereby resulting in an enhanced transformation efficiency. See Zeng et al., (2004) Plant Cell Rep 22:478-482.
After effecting delivery of exogenous DNA to recipient cells, the next steps generally concern identifying the transformed cells for further culturing and plant regeneration. In order to improve the ability to identify transformants, one may desire to employ a selectable or screenable marker gene with the transformation vector used to generate the transformant. In this case, the potentially transformed cell population can be assayed by exposing the cells to a selective agent or agents, or the cells can be screened for the desired marker gene trait.
Cells that survive the exposure to the selective agent, or cells that have been scored positive in a screening assay, may be cultured in media that supports regeneration of plants. In some embodiments, any suitable plant tissue culture media (e.g., MS and N6 media) may be modified by including further substances, such as growth regulators. Tissue may be maintained on a basic media with growth regulators until sufficient tissue is available to begin plant regeneration efforts, or following repeated rounds of manual selection, until the morphology of the tissue is suitable for regeneration (e.g., at least 2 weeks), then transferred to media conducive to shoot formation. Cultures are transferred periodically until sufficient shoot formation has occurred. Once shoots are formed, they are transferred to media conducive to root formation. Once sufficient roots are formed, plants can be transferred to soil for further growth and maturity.
To confirm the presence of a transgene in the regenerating plants, a variety of assays may be performed. Such assays include, for example: molecular biological assays, such as Southern and Northern blotting and PCR; biochemical assays, such as detecting the presence of a protein product, e.g., by immunological means (e.g., ELISA and/or Western blots) or by enzymatic function; plant part assays, such as leaf or root assays; and analysis of the phenotype of the whole regenerated plant.
Through the transformation of soybean, the expression of genes can be altered to enhance disease resistance, insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, agronomic, grain quality and other desired traits. Transformation can also be used to insert DNA sequences which control or help control male-sterility. DNA sequences native to soybean as well as non-native DNA sequences can be transformed into soybean and used to alter levels of native or non-native proteins. Various promoters, targeting sequences, enhancing sequences, and other DNA sequences can be inserted into the genome for the purpose of altering the expression of proteins. Reduction of the activity of specific genes (also known as gene silencing, or gene suppression) is desirable for several aspects of genetic engineering in plants.
Many techniques for gene silencing are well known to one of skill in the art, including but not limited to knock-outs (such as by insertion of a transposable element such as mu (Vicki Chandler, The Maize Handbook ch. 118 (Springer-Verlag 1994) or other genetic elements such as a FRT, Lox or other site specific integration site, antisense technology (see, e.g., Sheehy et al. (1988) PNAS USA 85:8805-8809; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,107,065; 5,453,566; and 5,759,829); co-suppression (e.g., Taylor (1997) Plant Cell 9:1245; Jorgensen (1990) Trends Biotech. 8(12):340-344; Flavell (1994) PNAS USA 91:3490-3496; Finnegan et al. (1994) Bio/Technology 12: 883-888; and Neuhuber et al. (1994) Mol. Gen. Genet. 244:230-241); RNA interference (Napoli et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2:279-289; U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,323; Sharp (1999) Genes Dev. 13:139-141; Zamore et al. (2000) Cell 101:25-33; and Montgomery et al. (1998) PNAS USA 95:15502-15507), virus-induced gene silencing (Burton, et al. (2000) Plant Cell 12:691-705; and Baulcombe (1999) Curr. Op. Plant Bio. 2:109-113); target-RNA-specific ribozymes (Haseloff et al. (1988) Nature 334: 585-591); hairpin structures (Smith et al. (2000) Nature 407:319-320; WO 99/53050; and WO 98/53083); MicroRNA (Aukerman & Sakai (2003) Plant Cell 15:2730-2741); ribozymes (Steinecke et al. (1992) EMBO J. 11:1525; and Perriman et al. (1993) Antisense Res. Dev. 3:253); oligonucleotide-mediated targeted modification (e.g., WO 03/076574 and WO 99/25853); Zn-finger targeted molecules (e.g., WO 01/52620; WO 03/048345; and WO 00/42219); and other methods or combinations of the above methods known to those of skill in the art.
Exemplary nucleotide sequences or encoded polypeptides that may be altered or introduced by genetic engineering to provide desired traits include, but are not limited to, those categorized below.
1. Genes or Encoded Proteins That Confer Resistance to Pests or Disease.
(A) Plant Disease Resistance Genes. Plant defenses are often activated by specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene (R) in the plant and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr) gene in the pathogen. A plant variety can be transformed with cloned resistance gene to engineer plants that are resistant to specific pathogen strains. Examples of such genes include, the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance to Cladosporium falvum (Jones et al., 1994 Science 266:789), tomato Pto gene, which encodes a protein kinase, for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Martin et al., 1993 Science 262:1432), and Arabidopsis RSSP2 gene for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae (Mindrinos et al., 1994 Cell 78:1089).
(B) A Bacillus thuringiensis protein, a derivative thereof or a synthetic polypeptide modeled thereon, such as, a nucleotide sequence of a Bt δ-endotoxin gene (Geiser et al., 1986 Gene 48:109). Moreover, DNA molecules encoding δ-endotoxin genes can be purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, Md.), under ATCC accession numbers, e.g., 40098, 67136, 31995 and 31998. Other non-limiting examples of Bacillus thuringiensis transgenes being genetically engineered are given in the following patents, patent applications and publications and hereby are incorporated by reference for this purpose: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,188,960; 5,689,052; 5,880,275; 5,986,177; 7,105,332; 7,208,474; WO 91/14778; WO 99/31248; WO 01/12731; WO 99/24581; WO 97/40162 and U.S. application Ser. Nos. 10/032,717; 10/414,637; 11/018,615; 11/404,297; 11/404,638; 11/471,878; 11/780,501; 11/780,511; 11/780,503; 11/953,648; 11/953,648; and 11/957,893, and Estruch, et al., 1996. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93:5389.
(C) A lectin, such as, nucleotide sequences of several Clivia miniata mannose-binding lectin genes (Van Damme et al., 1994 Plant Molec. Biol. 24:825).
(D) A vitamin binding protein, such as avidin and avidin homologs which are useful as larvicides against insect pests. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,659,026.
(E) An enzyme inhibitor, e.g., a protease inhibitor or an amylase inhibitor. Examples of such genes include, a rice cysteine proteinase inhibitor (Abe et al., 1987 J. Biol. Chem. 262:16793), a tobacco proteinase inhibitor I (Huub et al., 1993 Plant Molec. Biol. 21:985), and an α-amylase inhibitor Sumitani et al., 1993 Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 57:1243).
(F) An insect-specific hormone or pheromone such as an ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone a variant thereof, a mimetic based thereon, or an antagonist or agonist thereof, such as, baculovirus expression of cloned juvenile hormone esterase, an inactivator of juvenile hormone (Hammock et al., 1990 Nature 344:458).
(G) An insect-specific peptide or neuropeptide which, upon expression, disrupts the physiology of the affected pest. Examples of such genes include, an insect diuretic hormone receptor (Regan, 1994), an allostatin identified in Diploptera punctata (Pratt, 1989), insect-specific, paralytic neurotoxins (U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,361).
(H) An insect-specific venom produced in nature by a snake, a wasp, etc., such as, a scorpion insectotoxic peptide (Pang, 1992 Gene 116:165).
(I) An enzyme responsible for a hyperaccumulation of monoterpene, a sesquiterpene, a steroid, hydroxamic acid, a phenylpropanoid derivative or another non-protein molecule with insecticidal activity.
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Intra-crystalline protein diagenesis (IcPD) in Patella vulgata. Part II: Breakdown and temperature sensitivity
|
Beatrice Demarchi
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B. Demarchi a,*, M.J. Collins a, P.J. Tomiak b, B.J. Davies c, K.E.H. Penkman a B. Demarchi a,*, M.J. Collins a, P.J. Tomiak b, B.J. Davies c, K.E.H. Penkman a a BioArCh, Departments of Biology, Archaeology and Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
b S h
l
f E
th S i
U i
it
f B i t l Will M
i l B ildi
Q
' Rd B i t l BS8 1RJ UK a BioArCh, Departments of Biology, Archaeology and Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
b School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Rd, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
c Centre for Glaciology, Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Llandinam Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, UK a BioArCh, Departments of Biology, Archaeology and Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
b School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Rd, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK a BioArCh, Departments of Biology, Archaeology and Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
b School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Rd, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
c Centre for Glaciology, Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Llandinam Buildi BioArCh, Departments of Biology, Archaeology and Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
b School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Rd, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
c Centre for Glaciology, Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Llandinam Building, Penglais Campus, A a r t i c l e
i n f o Artificial diagenesis of the intra-crystalline proteins isolated from Patella vulgata was induced by
isothermal heating at 140 C, 110 C and 80 C. Protein breakdown was quantified for multiple amino
acids, measuring the extent of peptide bond hydrolysis, amino acid racemisation and decomposition. The
patterns of diagenesis are complex; therefore the kinetic parameters of the main reactions were esti-
mated by two different methods: 1) a well-established approach based on fitting mathematical
expressions to the experimental data, e.g. first-order rate equations for hydrolysis and power-
transformed first-order rate equations for racemisation; and 2) an alternative model-free approach,
which was developed by estimating a “scaling” factor for the independent variable (time) which
produces the best alignment of the experimental data. This method allows the calculation of the relative
reaction rates for the different temperatures of isothermal heating. Article history:
Received 28 October 2011
Received in revised form
6 July 2012
Accepted 6 August 2012
Available online 13 August 2012 Keywords:
Patella vulgata
Intra-crystalline proteins
High-temperature experiments
Kinetic parameters
Temperature sensitivity High-temperature data were compared with the extent of degradation detected in sub-fossil Patella
specimens of known age, and we evaluated the ability of kinetic experiments to mimic diagenesis at
burial temperature. The results highlighted a difference between patterns of degradation at low and high
temperature and therefore we recommend caution for the extrapolation of protein breakdown rates to
low burial temperatures for geochronological purposes when relying solely on kinetic data. 2012 Elsevier B V O
d
CC BY li 2012 Elsevier B.V. Open access under CC BY license. High temperature experiments have traditionally been used to
induce artificial protein diagenesis within laboratory timescales
(e.g. Hare and Mitterer, 1969). The reliability of kinetic experiments
for describing diagenesis in sub-fossil biominerals has been
investigated in a number of studies (e.g. Wehmiller, 1980;
Goodfriend and Meyer, 1991; Collins and Riley, 2000; Miller et al.,
2000; Clarke and Murray-Wallace, 2006; Kaufman, 2006) which
have highlighted some of the issues affecting the use of kinetic
experiments to derive an adequate model of protein breakdown,
and particularly amino acid racemisation: * Corresponding author. Tel.: þ44 (0) 1904 328559.
E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Demarchi). Quaternary Geochronology 16 (2013) 158e172 Quaternary Geochronology 16 (2013) 158e172 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect 1871-1014 2012 Elsevier B.V.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2012.08.001
Open access under CC BY license. 1. Introduction The extent of protein diagenesis can provide a reliable estimate
of the age since death of sub-fossil biominerals where the original
protein fraction is preserved and has undergone in situ degradation
(e.g. Brooks et al., 1990; Curry et al., 1991; Sykes et al., 1995;
Penkman et al., 2008). Protein breakdown can be quantified in
terms of peptide bond hydrolysis, amino acid racemisation (the
interconversion reaction between
L- and
D- enantiomers of an
amino acid) and amino acid decomposition (to either other amino
acids or other organic compounds). However, the relationship
between time elapsed since death of the organism and the extent of
breakdown is complex and requires accurate evaluation of patterns
of diagenesis as a function of both time and temperature. The lack
of information about this relationship hampers the precision and
accuracy of protein diagenesis as a numerical geochronological tool
(e.g. Wehmiller, 1993). (i) the use of mathematical expressions to describe racemisation
generally underestimate the interplay of this with other
diagenesis reactions (i.e. hydrolysis, decomposition); (ii) the observation of outcomes (i.e. Arrhenius parameters for
observed effects such as racemisation and hydrolysis) limits
the reliability of high temperature experiments if the under-
lying concurrent reactions that contribute to the observed
effect have different activation energies; (iii) the loss of free amino acids (and soluble peptides) from an
open system results in the under-prediction not only of rates 1871-1014 2012 Elsevier B.V. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2012.08.001
Open access under CC BY license. B. Demarchi et al. / Quaternary Geochronology 16 (2013) 158e172 159 of hydrolysis but also racemisation, in the latter case because
the free amino acids are the most highly racemised. of hydrolysis but also racemisation, in the latter case because
the free amino acids are the most highly racemised. Sub-fossil P. vulgata data used for comparison in this study come
from UK sites of known age. The four Holocene sites are reported in
Demarchi et al. (2011): Sand (Inner Sound, Western Ross, Scotland,
radiocarbon dated to 7050e6450 cal BC) and Coire Sgamhadail 1
(Inner Sound, Western Ross, Scotland, radiocarbon dated to 2550e
1880 cal BC) are detailed in Hardy and Wickham-Jones (2009);
Archerfield (Dirleton, East Lothian, radiocarbon dated to 1410e
1445 cal AD) and Whitegate Broch (Caithness, radiocarbon dated
to 880e1210 cal AD). 2.2. Bleaching step It has long been suggested that within a closed system,
diagenesis should follow more predictable trajectories (Towe,1980;
Brooks et al., 1990; Sykes et al., 1995; Collins and Riley, 2000; Miller
et al., 2000; Penkman et al., 2008). In avian eggshell (which shows
closed-system behaviour, e.g. Brooks et al., 1990), isoleucine (Ile)
epimerisation is hypothesised to obey (pseudo-) first order kinetics. The same pattern has been observed in both modern and fossil
eggshells heated at different temperatures, and it was therefore
concluded that Ile epimerisation was not hindered by an alternative
rate-limiting step and that high-temperature kinetic experiments
were able to accurately mimic diagenesis in the natural environ-
ment (Miller et al., 1999, 2000). Experiments on modern Patella
vulgata have shown that the intra-crystalline proteins within this
marine gastropod approximate a closed system from synthesis to
analysis (Demarchi et al., 2013). Subsequently the problem of
leaching (or diffusive loss) should be negligible, enabling diagenesis
patterns to be investigated in terms of extent of hydrolysis, race-
misation and decomposition (Wehmiller, 1980). We quantified the
extent of breakdown induced by each reaction for multiple amino
acids, allowing us to study a complex network of reactions occur-
ring within the closed system and to compare the kinetic patterns
displayed by different amino acids. In the light of the bleaching experiments described in Demarchi
et al. (2013), all powdered shell samples were bleached (NaOCl, 12%
w/v) for 48 h, as this pre-treatment ensures the removal of matrix
proteins from P. vulgata and isolation of the intra-crystalline
fraction. 1. Introduction The Pleistocene raised beach deposit of Eas-
ington (North Yorkshire, UK) has been attributed to Marine Isotope
Stage 7 (244-190 ka BP) in a comprehensive study by Davies et al. (2009). All the sub-fossil shells were sampled by selecting the
calcitic rim only (Demarchi et al., 2013). Racemisation is thought to proceed via the base-catalysed
abstraction of the a-proton in an amino acid and the formation of
a carbanion intermediate (Neuberger, 1948). Consequently, highly
alkaline environmental conditions may play an important role, but
the effect of pH is likely to be less significant than that of temper-
ature (see Orem and Kaufman, 2011). For free amino acids in
aqueous solution, this reaction can be described by first-order
reversible kinetics (FOK; Bada and Schroeder, 1975). However, in
a series of high temperature investigations, the use of mathematical
transformations on a range of biominerals (see a review in Clarke
and Murray-Wallace, 2006) imply that these systems do not
conform to simple kinetic models. 2. Materials and methods THAA samples were prepared by using a 24 h step of acid
hydrolysis (20 mL 7 M HCl per mg of powder, at 110 C); FAA 2.3. Kinetic experiments Kinetic experiments were performed by heating bleached
Patella powders under hydrous conditions at 140 C, 110 C and
80 C for various times (Table 1). The main experiment (heating at
the three temperatures) was conducted on the “bulk” shell sample
as this is more likely to give an average diagenetic pattern for the
genus under investigation. However, as sampling the shell rim only
was found to be more appropriate for sub-fossil Patella shells
(Demarchi et al., 2013), a single set of kinetic experiments (140 C)
was performed on the “rim only” batch in order to provide
comparative data. p
The kinetic samples were prepared as follows (see also
Demarchi et al., 2013): w20 mg of bleached powder was placed in
sterile glass containers, 300 mL of ultrapure water was added and
the sealed containers were placed in an oven for various times
(Table 1). Three laboratory replicates were prepared for each time
point. After heating, each replicate was split into four subsamples
for the analysis of free amino acids (FAA) and total hydrolysable
amino acids (THAA) from both the powder (p) and the supernatant
water (w): THAAp, FAAp, THAAw and FAAw. Whilst a previous
study described the results obtained from analysis of the amino
acids recovered from both the water and the powder fractions
(Demarchi et al., 2013), here we focus on the powder fraction only
and therefore we use the acronyms THAA and FAA in lieu of THAAp
and FAAp. The aims of this paper therefore are: 1. to test the patterns of different diagenetic reactions displayed
by
intra-crystalline
amino
acids
in
P. vulgata
at
high
temperatures; 2. to derive kinetic parameters for hydrolysis, racemisation and
decomposition of multiple amino acids using alternative
approaches; 3. to evaluate the potential for high temperature experiments to
mimic diagenesis in the normal burial environment by
comparing the breakdown patterns within heated and sub-
fossil shells. 3.1. Hydrolysis Fig. 1. Percentage of free amino acids (% FAA) within bleached powders of Patella with
progressive heating at 140 C. Hydrolysis progressively breaks the peptide bonds, releasing
a complex mixture of products (Hill, 1965; Hare et al., 1975). This
can occur by different processes, the most important being: AlawSerwGly Asx[ValðwLeuwIlewPheÞ[Glx AlawSerwGly Asx[ValðwLeuwIlewPheÞ[Glx a) cleavage of an internal peptide bond, which is rapid for more
hydrophilic amino acid residues (Bada, 1991); a) cleavage of an internal peptide bond, which is rapid for more
hydrophilic amino acid residues (Bada, 1991); As expected, the peptide bonds of hydrophobic amino acids are
less prone to hydrolysis, while more hydrophilic amino acids are
released at a faster rate (Hill, 1965). However, this pattern can be
complicated by the competing effect of amino acid decomposition. The simplest amino acids Gly and Ala show the most pronounced
increase in % FAA, which is most likely due to the contribution of
the decomposition of other amino acids, e.g. Ser, to the FAA pool
(e.g. Bada et al., 1978). The slow increase observed for % FAA Glx
over time is likely to be due to the difficulties in detecting FAA Glx,
as this amino acid is preferentially released as a highly stable lac-
tam and therefore unavailable for analysis in the FAA fraction
(Vallentyne, 1964; Walton, 1998). b) internal aminolysis at the N-terminus, yielding diketopiper-
azines (Steinberg and Bada, 1983), which is more likely for
small peptides made up of hydrophobic amino acids and at
neutral pH; c) hydrolysis of an amino acid at the C-terminus, which is acid/
base catalysed but is independent of pH between pH 5e9
(Kahne and Still, 1988). Hydrolysis has an observed effect on the racemisation rates
(Hare, 1971; Hare et al., 1975; Wehmiller, 1980; Mitterer and
Kriausakul, 1984). The widely accepted model (e.g. Riley and
Collins, 1994) assumes that the progressive cleavage of the poly-
peptides will cause an increase in the number of N-termini (fast
racemisation rates; e.g. Mitterer and Kriausakul, 1984). During the
latter stages of diagenesis more modestly racemizing (free) amino
acids become the dominant pool and the observed racemisation
rates would be expected to decline (e.g. Kriausakul and Mitterer,
1980a, 1980b; Mitterer and Kriausakul, 1984). Table 1 Table 1
Heating times and temperatures used for the kinetic experiments performed on the
intra-crystalline proteins in Patella vulgata. Five modern live-collected shell specimens (collected in 2001 at
St Mary’s Lighthouse, near Newcastle, UK; experiments performed
in 2007) were cleaned by rinsing and sonicating in ultrapure water
(18.0 MU). One fragment from the shell apex and one from the shell
rim were taken from each specimen and powdered in a quartz
pestle and mortar (“bulk” sample). A second batch of shell powders
(“rim only” sample) was prepared by selecting a fragment from the
calcitic rim of each specimen and removing the aragonitic outer
layer by drilling (see Demarchi et al., 2013). Both “bulk” and “rim
only” batches of powdered shells included the medium and fine
fractions only (i.e. 50e500 mm particle size). Heating times and temperatures used for the kinetic experiments performed on the
intra-crystalline proteins in Patella vulgata. Temperature
Heating time (hours)
80 C
(bulk)
0
24
96
480
720
960
1443
2160
3601
5738
110 C
(bulk)
0
24
120
240
384
480
720
840
960
1200
140 C
(bulk)
0
1
2
4
6
8
24
48
72
96.75
240
140 C
(rim only)
0
1
2
6
24
48
96
240 B. Demarchi et al. / Quaternary Geochronology 16 (2013) 158e172 160 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
50
100
150
200
250
Heating hours at 140°C
% FAA
Asx
Glx
Ser
Ala
Gly
Val
Leu
Ile
Fig. 1. Percentage of free amino acids (% FAA) within bleached powders of Patella with
progressive heating at 140 C. samples were prepared by demineralising the powders in just
enough cold 2 M HCl (a minimum of 10 mL 2 M HCl per mg of
powder). After drying overnight in centrifugal evaporator, samples
were rehydrated with the rehydration fluid routinely used in the
NEaar laboratory, containing an internal spike of the non-protein
amino acid
L-homo-arginine. The extent of racemisation and
hydrolysis for nine amino acids (aspartic acid/asparagine, Asx;
glutamic acid/glutamine, Glx; serine, Ser; glycine, Gly; alanine, Ala;
valine, Val; phenylalanine, Phe; leucine, Leu; isoleucine, Ile) was
quantified by measuring the concentrations of D- and L- enantio-
mers by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography
(RP-HPLC) following a modified method of Kaufman and Manley
(1998) (see Penkman et al. (2008) for a more detailed description
of the analytical method used in the NEaar laboratory). 3.1. Hydrolysis If hydrolysis occurs
in a closed system, concentration data obtained from high
temperature experiments should be able to clarify some of the
reaction patterns, particularly for the latest stages of diagenesis
(Wehmiller, 1980; Collins and Riley, 2000). If the system is open,
loss of (the more highly racemised) FAA will have the effect of
decreasing the observed rate and underestimating the rate of
reaction. The extent of hydrolysis for each amino acid, when compared to
the overall extent of peptide bond breakdown (calculated as the
ratio between the total [FAA] and the total [THAA] detected in the
system) is also similar across temperatures (e.g. Asx in Fig. 2,
a pattern found for all amino acids under consideration). 0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total extent of hydrolysis (%FAA)
% FAA Asx
140°C
110°C
80°C
Fig. 2. Increase of % FAA Asx within bleached Patella heated at 140 C, 110 C and 80 C,
normalised against the total % FAA at each time point; this was calculated as the sum of
% FAA for Asx, Glx, Ser, Ala, Gly, Val, Phe, Leu and Ile. 0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total extent of hydrolysis (%FAA)
% FAA Asx
140°C
110°C
80°C 3.1.1. Extent of heating-induced hydrolysis 3.1.1. Extent of heating-induced hydrolysis As some peptide bonds are more resistant to hydrolysis than
others (Hill, 1965), and assuming no role for higher-order struc-
tures, there are 400 different rate constants (i.e. 20 20 amino acid
pairs). For each amino acid the percentage of FAA is expressed as
a fraction of the THAA measured on the same sample, for each time
point: % FAA ¼ f½FAA=½THAAg 100
(1) % FAA ¼ f½FAA=½THAAg 100
(1) (1) lnð½Bound=½TotalÞ ¼ kt When considering the release of amino acids from the peptide
chain, the range of values for % FAA should theoretically extend
from 0% (no hydrolysis) to 100% (when the peptide chain is
completely fragmented and only FAA are present). Complete
hydrolysis of residues was only observed for Asx, Gly, Ala, L-Thr and
Ser, and only during the 140 C experiment (Fig. 1). Since a fraction
of Ala and Gly is derived as a diagenetic product of other residues, it
is important to note that the measurement of % FAA Ala and % FAA
Gly does not necessarily reflect solely the hydrolysis of the original
peptide-bound amino acids. where ln ([Bound]/[Total]) is the fraction of bound amino acids at
a certain heating time (t, in seconds) and k is the apparent rate
constant for hydrolysis at a specific temperature (s1). This equa-
tion takes into account the effect of decomposition at any given
heating time, although it is based on the assumption that only FAA
can undergo decomposition. Activation energies were calculated by estimating the reaction
rates at 140 C, 110 C and 80 C using Eq. (2) and extrapolating the
kinetic parameters on an Arrhenius plot (Table 2). Glx parameters
were not calculated due to the difficulties in detecting FAA Glx. For
Ala and Ser, it was not possible to calculate the hydrolysis rates
beyond “initial” diagenesis, due to the competing roles of decom-
position and hydrolysis (see Section 3.3 below). Therefore only the
“initial” hydrolysis activation energy was derived (reported in
Table 2), but this can be compared with the “total” interval for other
amino acids, because the upper limit considered here extended to
w75% FAA Ala and 78% FAA Ser, similar to the % FAA Val and % FAA
Ile considered for the maximum diagenetic point reached for those
amino acids in these experiments. Most of the amino acids displayed a residual bound fraction, the
relative abundance of which varies from amino acid to amino acid. At the highest levels of degradation seen (240 h heating at 140 C),
bound amino acids represent w20% of the initial concentration for
Val, Ile and Leu, whilst almost 30% for Phe and w80% of the initial
Glx (although the percentage of FAA Glx is underestimated due to
lactam formation, see above). lnð½Bound=½TotalÞ ¼ kt )
A residual bound fraction, refractory to hydrolysis, has also been
observed in the intra-crystalline proteins isolated from terrestrial
gastropods (Penkman et al., 2008) as well as avian eggshells (Miller
et al., 2000) and the whole-shell proteins from other biominerals
(e.g. Hoering, 1980; Walton, 1998). If it is assumed that this fraction
remains stable over long geological timescales, there are three
alternative explanations for this observation (Collins and Riley,
2000). Firstly there is variation in the resistance of peptide bonds
to hydrolysis, and the residual bound fraction may represent those
residues most resistant to hydrolysis. Secondly, it may suggest
a second order reaction, in which the hydrolysis of peptide bonds
slows due to the increasingly limited availability of chemically
available water within the closed system (Walton, 1998; Penkman
et al., 2008). Some water should be initially present as fluid inclu-
sions in the carbonate (Hudson,1967; Towe,1980; Gaffey,1988); the
amount of water has been found to be consistent within the same
species but extremely variable between different species (between
0.6% and 2.2%) (Lécuyer and O’Neil, 1994). Water would also be
generated as a chemical product of decomposition and condensa-
tion reactions (Bada et al., 1978; Collins et al., 1992). However, this
pool of water may eventually run out, preventing further hydrolysis
of the peptide bonds. Alternatively, the presence of the hydrolysis-
resistant fraction might be explained by amino acids that are
bound in hydrolysis-resistant compounds, e.g. the humic acids
detected by Hoering (1980), despite the presence of water. p
If hydrolysis obeys pFOK, then the plot of ln ([Bound]/[Total])
versus time should yield a straight line with slope k. In Patella,
that apparent release of FAA slows down progressively with
increasing protein diagenesis (Fig. 3). A similar pattern has been
observed in a range of biominerals that retain a closed system of
proteins (e.g. Miller et al., 1992; Crisp et al., 2013; Tomiak et al.,
2013). Due to the progressive slowing of the apparent rates of
hydrolysis, a logarithmic model is not appropriate to mimic the
patterns of “late” diagenesis (Fig. 3). Leaching of FAA would
artificially dampen the apparent hydrolysis rate, so a linear rela-
tionship may not necessarily be expected for open systems. Within the closed system, as the intra-crystalline fraction of P. vulgata approximates (Demarchi et al., 2013), leaching cannot
significantly affect the apparent hydrolysis rate. 3.1.2. Kinetic parameters: first-order rate equation 3.1.2. Kinetic parameters: first-order rate equation The rate of hydrolysis for the bleached Patella was estimated
using the model of Miller et al. (1992) for pseudo-irreversible first
order kinetics (pFOK) % FAA ¼ f½FAA=½THAAg 100 In Patella, % FAA in all amino acids analysed increases with
increasing heating time, as hydrolysis proceeds (Fig. 1); for the
three temperatures, the relative extent of overall release as free
amino acids is: Fig. 2. Increase of % FAA Asx within bleached Patella heated at 140 C, 110 C and 80 C,
normalised against the total % FAA at each time point; this was calculated as the sum of
% FAA for Asx, Glx, Ser, Ala, Gly, Val, Phe, Leu and Ile. B. Demarchi et al. / Quaternary Geochronology 16 (2013) 158e172 161 (2) lnð½Bound=½TotalÞ ¼ kt This implies that
hydrolysis in Patella is not well approximated by a first-order rate
equation and that the kinetic parameters derived based upon this
assumption may be inaccurate. Indeed Patella does not conform
to a pFOK model even during the earliest stages of the reaction,
particularly for more hydrophobic amino acids, e.g. Ile (Fig. 4). We
highlight the presence of a “lag” in the release of FAA, which we
interpret (schematic in Fig. 4) to be produced by the difficult
cleavage of peptide bonds involving hydrophobic amino acids (1)
followed by limited chain scission which exposes the amino acid
at the peptide termini (2) and, finally, release of terminal amino
acids in the free pool (3). 3.1.3. Kinetic parameters: a model-free approach p
f
pp
None of the data for hydrolysis or racemisation (see Section 3.2)
conform to simple kinetic models (via first- or second-order
reversible and non-reversible reactions) and therefore we argue
that it is not ideal to derive rate estimates for P. vulgata from
transformations based upon these models. We devised an alter-
native approach to the estimation of effective Arrhenius parame-
ters, which estimates the relative rates of the reaction between
different temperatures. This approach attempts to maximise the
correspondence between different temperature experiments by
scaling the time axis, thereby overcoming the complex patterns
often formed in amino acid racemisation and decomposition
kinetics. We observed that the patterns of hydrolysis, i.e. a plot of %
FAA versus time, could be described by a third-order polynomial
relationship and that this pattern is observed at the three
temperatures used in the kinetic experiments. Therefore we did not It is useful to calculate reaction rates over a similar diagenetic
range (e.g. D/L values) across all the temperatures used in kinetic
experiments (e.g. Kaufman, 2006). However, this limits the study to
the earliest part of the diagenetic pathway. We propose that fitting
the polynomial functions between pairs of temperatures over
a range of values common to both overcomes this limitation,
enabling a larger number of data-points to be considered, even if
only in relationship to one other experiment. For completeness, we
also estimated the scaling factors for hydrolysis by truncating the 0
20
40
60
80
100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Scaled time units (hours)
% FAA Ile
140°C
110°C
80°C
1
2
3
Fig. 4. % FAA Ile for early diagenesis in bleached Patella upon isothermal heating at 140 C, 110 C and 80 C. The data were scaled to the heating hours at 110 C on the x-axis in
order to ease comparison across the three temperatures. Note the initial lag in release of FAA Ile, interpreted as (1) difficult hydrolysis of peptide bonds involving Ile; (2) exposure of
Ile at the chain termini and (3) release of FAA Ile. 0
20
40
60
80
100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Scaled time units (hours)
% FAA Ile
140°C
110°C
80°C
1
2
3 Fig. 4. % FAA Ile for early diagenesis in bleached Patella upon isothermal heating at 140 C, 110 C and 80 C. B. Demarchi et al. / Quaternary Geochronology 16 (2013) 158e172 Kinetic parameters: a model-free approach B. Demarchi et al. / Quaternary Geochronology 16 (2013) 158e172 B. Demarchi et al. / Quaternary Geochronology 16 (2013) 158e172 162 -2.0
-1.6
-1.2
-0.8
-0.4
0.0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Scaled time units (hours)
ln (bound/total) Ile
140°C
110°C
80°C
Fig. 3. Extent of Ile hydrolysis in bleached Patella with progressive heating at 140 C,
110 C and 80 C. The data were scaled to the heating hours at 110 C on the x-axis in
order to ease comparison across the three temperatures. attempt the linearisation of the data but we estimated a factor
(“scaling factor”) which, if applied to the third-order polynomial,
shifts the function on the time axis so that the data points at the
three temperatures overlie. The data were normalised to the middle
point, i.e. the 110 C data series. The scaling factor is therefore
synonymous with “relative rate”. To capture the initial pattern of hydrolysis, the timescale was
log-transformed, partly because the course of the experiments
tends towards a logarithmic pattern and also because this reduces
the bias on the end-point values, a limitation of power trans-
formations. Log transformation means that a zero start time is not
possible, therefore we fixed the initial value (which represents both
decomposition/racemisation in the unheated samples prior to
analysis and that induced during sample preparation) at log 1;
this initial value was not included in the scaling algorithm for the
abscissa. The lower-temperature data (80
C, 10
C when available)
describe more accurately the earliest stages of hydrolysis, whilst
the density of the data points for the higher temperature data
(140 C) increases for the latest stages of the reaction (cf. plots in
Supplementary Information 2). The polynomial functions often
distorted away from the main trendline at both ends of the data
range to encompass either extreme of the data set. Therefore the
range over which the scaling of the abscissa was performed was
selected from the ranges over which the ordinates for the two
datasets under consideration overlap. Fitting was performed using
a Generalized Reduced Gradient Algorithm (Microsoft Solver) to
minimise the least squares difference between the two polynomial
functions over the range selected for the two temperature pairs. Fig. 3. Extent of Ile hydrolysis in bleached Patella with progressive heating at 140 C,
110 C and 80 C. The data were scaled to the heating hours at 110 C on the x-axis in
order to ease comparison across the three temperatures. 3.1.3. Table 2 Hydrolysis rates (k, s1) for Asx, Ala, Ser, Val, Ile and Leu obtained by interpreting the release of FAA at high temperature as a first-order irreversible reaction (Eq. (2)) and
coefficients of determination (R2) for the relationship obtained at three temperatures (140 C,110 C and 80 C); activation energy Ea (kJ/mol), pre-exponential factor A (s1) for
the same amino acids and coefficients of determination (R2) for the Arrhenius relation. E.D. ¼ Early Diagenesis, where values used for the apparent rate of hydrolysis were
limited to % FAA <20 for Leu, Ile and Val. Hydrolysis rates (k, s1) for Asx, Ala, Ser, Val, Ile and Leu obtained by interpreting the release of FAA at high temperature as a first-order irreversible reaction (Eq. (2)) and
coefficients of determination (R2) for the relationship obtained at three temperatures (140 C,110 C and 80 C); activation energy Ea (kJ/mol), pre-exponential factor A (s1) for
the same amino acids and coefficients of determination (R2) for the Arrhenius relation. E.D. ¼ Early Diagenesis, where values used for the apparent rate of hydrolysis were pFOK
k 140 C (s1)
R2 140 C
k 110 C (s1)
R2 110 C
k 80 C (s1)
R2 80 C
Ea (kJ/mol)
A (s1)
R2
Asx
-9E-06
0.99
-4E-07
0.87
-4E-08
0.95
108
3Eþ08
0.98
Sera
-1E-05
0.97
-1E-06
0.95
-8E-08
0.95
98
2Eþ04
0.99
Alaa
-1E-05
0.96
-8E-07
0.81
-7E-08
0.94
100
4Eþ07
0.99
Val
-2E-06
0.73
-2E-07
0.83
-2E-08
0.98
93
1Eþ06
0.99
Val E.D. -7E-06
0.98
-5E-07
0.99
-2E-08
0.94
118
7Eþ09
1.00
Leu
-2E-06
0.77
-2E-07
0.75
-3E-08
0.96
84
8Eþ04
0.99
Leu E.D. -9E-06
0.97
-6E-07
0.98
-3E-08
0.99
115
3Eþ09
0.99
Ile
-2E-06
0.82
-2E-07
0.88
-2E-08
0.92
93
1Eþ06
0.99
Ile E.D. -4E-07
0.99
-6E-06
0.94
-9E-09
0.98
132
3Eþ11
0.99
a Ala and Ser values included only up to w75% FAA Ala and 78% FAA Ser. 3.2.1. Extent of THAA racemisation 3.2.1. Extent of THAA racemisation
h
h
l
d Racemisation within the closed system in Patella does not follow
first-order reversible kinetics (Fig. 5), i.e. the plot of ln[(1 þ DL)/
(1 DL)] against heating time does not produce a straight line for
any of the well-resolved amino acids. This is due to the network of
reactions occurring within the system, which affect the position
occupied by each amino acid within the protein sequence (i.e. interior, terminal; see Mitterer and Kriausakul, 1984), and therefore
their ability to racemise. high-temperature data series at the same % FAA values (Table 3);
when the nature of the data allowed this, the range for the 10 C
data was also truncated to exclude % FAA values lower than those
observed in the high-temperature series (see Report Sheet,
Supplementary Information 2). The racemisation patterns in Patella are complex during
isothermal heating. The extent of amino acid racemisation varies as
diagenesis proceeds in time and at different temperatures (Fig. 5a,
b and c). At 80 C, the relative order over the timecourse covered
within this study is: We stress that fitting the functions to different ranges of values
will result in different scaling factors being obtained, as shown in
Table 3; because of the degree of subjectivity involved in the
process of determining the optimal range over which the two
polynomial functions are fitted, the ranges (and the least square
differences) are reported alongside the relative rates of reaction
(normalised to the middle time point, 110 C; Table 3) and the Excel
templates
used
for
the
calculations
are
included
in
the
Supplementary Information 2. l Ser ¼ Asx Ala>Glx ¼ Leu ValwIleðFig: 5cÞ Similarly, between 0 and 480 h at 110 C and 0e24 h at 140 C,
we found that: The reaction rates, relative to the 110 C data (krel), were used to
calculate the effective activation energies using a simple Arrhenius
equation; Ea values reported in Table 3 were obtained by using the
high-temperature data only, whilst values obtained when including
the available 10 C data are included in Supplementary Information
2 (Report Sheet). Table 3 Rates of release of free amino acids estimated with the scaling method: effective
activation energy Ea (kJ/mol), % FAA range considered for the fitting of the third-
order polynomial functions to the 110 C data, reaction rates relative to the 110 C
data (i.e. scaling factor), sum of least squares for the fitting. Collins and Riley (2000) compiled activation energy values from
a variety of studies on peptides and proteins, finding a range of 83e
99 kJ/mol (Hare, 1976; Kriausakul and Mitterer, 1980b; Qian et al.,
1993). The values obtained for “complete diagenesis” in this
study using pFOK fall within this range, except for Asx. The values
for the “early diagenesis” of Val (118 kJ/mol) and Ile (132 kJ/mol)
were higher than those for Ser (97 kJ/mol) and Asx (108 kJ/mol),
and higher than the value for the “early diagenesis” of Leu (115 kJ/
mol), which was close to that obtained by Miller et al. (1992; 114 kJ/
mol, ostrich eggshell). Scaling
Ea
(kJ/mol)
Scaling of the 80 C data to
the 110 C data
Scaling of the 140 C data to
the 110 C data
Relative
rate
Range of
fitting
(% FAA)
Sum of
least
squares
Relative
rate
Range of
fitting
(% FAA)
Sum of
least
squares
Asx
115
0.0427
10e46
0.01
12.3
12e45
0.01
Asxa
115
0.0417
12e45
0.01
12.3
12e45
0.01
Glx
119
0.0375
5e16
0.00
13.7
5e20
0.00
Glxa
120
0.0399
6e13
0.00
13.0
6e13
0.00
Ser
87
0.1550
9e17
0.02
11.8
9e2
0.01
Sera
98
0.1098
10e13
0.00
14.7
10e13
0.01
Gly
128
0.0406
12e47
0.01
23.6
14e69
0.11
Glya
123
0.0397
15e47
0.01
17.4
15e47
0.00
Ala
111
0.0730
11e83
0.14
17.8
8e85
0.01
Alaa
111
0.0730
11e83
0.14
17.8
11e83
0.01
Val
118
0.0452
2e39
0.01
15.6
4e63
0.00
Vala
119
0.0451
4e39
0.01
15.9
4e39
0.00
Phe
119
0.0371
6e31
0.00
13.3
2e50
0.00
Phea
120
0.0371
6e31
0.00
14.1
6e31
0.00
Leu
118
0.0383
7e44
0.03
13.0
8e62
0.00
Leua
118
0.0379
8e44
0.03
13.2
8e44
0.00
Ile
121
0.0384
3e31
0.01
15.5
2e50
0.01
Ilea
119
0.0384
3e31
0.01
13.8
3e32
0.00
a Values were obtained by truncating the data series at the same % FAA. Conversely for the model-free approach, the rates for nine
amino acids could be estimated and all but Ser were found to range
from 111 to 128 kJ/mol (Table 3). Table 3 Due to the competing effect of
hydrolysis and decomposition, Ser yielded the worst fit of the
experimental data to the third-order polynomial, and significantly
lower activation energy than the other amino acids (87 kJ/mol). Ser Asx>Ala Glx Leu>Ile>ValðFig: 5a and bÞ These relative apparent racemisation rates are similar to those
reported by Smith and Evans (1980) for FAA in aqueous solution. Higher racemisation rates of Ser compared to Asx have been
observed at pH 7.6 and explained in terms of an enhanced electron-
withdrawing effect of the b-OH group of serine in comparison with
the ionised b-COOH of aspartic acid (Steinberg et al.,1984). However,
after 24 h of heating at 140 C and 480 h of heating at 110 C, Ser
displays a clear reversal in D/L values, presumably due to its rapid
decomposition to racemic Ala. This reversal has also been observed
in closed system proteins isolated from terrestrial gastropods and
other biominerals, e.g. Penkman et al. (2008), but also Kaufman
(2006). The rates of Asx and Ala are similar (possibly due to the
contribution of Ser decomposition to the overall extent of Ala rac-
emisation) (see Section 3.3 and Supplementary Information 3),
while Leu racemises at a faster rate than Glx, contrasting with what
is observed during the first interval of diagenesis (Fig. 5a and b). The pre-exponential factors (A) obtained are comparable across
the different amino acids, but the absolute values depend on the
arbitrary choice of normalising the data to the 110 C experiment
(krel 110 C ¼ 1); therefore these values are not reported in Table 3
but can be found in Supplementary Information 2. 3.1.4. Temperature sensitivity of hydrolysis in Patella 3.1.3. Kinetic parameters: a model-free approach The data were scaled to the heating hours at 110 C on the x-axis in
order to ease comparison across the three temperatures. Note the initial lag in release of FAA Ile, interpreted as (1) difficult hydrolysis of peptide bonds involving Ile; (2) exposure of
Ile at the chain termini and (3) release of FAA Ile. B. Demarchi et al. / Quaternary Geochronology 16 (2013) 158e172 163 model that a second rate estimate was calculated based upon the
earliest phase of diagenesis. When these rates are considered, the
activation energies are much higher (98e132 kJ/mol). 3.2.1. Extent of THAA racemisation We note that when the fitting is performed over
truncated data series, the resulting effective Ea values are not
heavily affected (maximum difference ¼ 2 kJ/mol for Ile) except for
Gly and Ser; however, for these amino acids the detected concen-
tration of FAA is affected by decomposition and the fitting of the
third-order polynomial to the data series was generally not very
good. Ser Asx>Ala Glx Leu>Ile>ValðFig: 5a and bÞ Ser Asx>Ala Glx Leu>Ile>ValðFig: 5a and bÞ 3.2.2. Extent of FAA racemisation / Q
y
gy
(
) 0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Heating time at 110°C (hours)
D/L
Asx THAA
Ile THAA
Asx FAA
Ile FAA
a 0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Heating time at 80°C (hours)
Ln[(1+DL)/(1-DL)]
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Heating time at 110°C (hours)
Ln[(1+DL)/(1-DL)]
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0
50
100
150
200
250
Heating time at 140°C (hours)
Ln[(1+DL)/(1-DL)]
Asx
Glx
Ser
Ala
Val
Leu
Ile
a
b
c
Fig. 5. Extent of racemisation expressed as the first-order reversible rate law Ln
[(1 þ D/L)/(1 K0D/L)] for THAA Asx, Glx, Ser, Ala, Val, Leu and Ile at 140 C (a), 110 C
(b) and 80 C (c). D/L 0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Heating time at 110°C (hours)
Ln[(1+DL)/(1-DL)]
Heating time at 140°C (hours)
b b Heating time at 110°C (hours)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0
50
100
150
200
250
Heating time at 140°C (hours)
FAA D/L
Asx
Glx
Ser
Ala
Val
Leu
Ile
b b Ln[(1+DL)/(1-DL)]
c Fig. 6. (a) Extent of THAA and FAA racemisation (D/L values) for Asx and Ile in
bleached Patella upon heating at 110 C; (b) Extent of FAA racemisation for Asx, Glx,
Ser, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile in bleached Patella heated at 140 C for various times. Ln[(1+DL)/(1-DL)] that releases racemised FAA Asx is different from that operating
for the other amino acids. The value for starting level of the extent
of THAA Asx racemisation is at w0.1; this is likely to reflect both
preparation-induced racemisation and the extent of Asx degra-
dation due to the natural ageing of the six-year old Patella
specimens. The relative order of FAA racemisation for multiple amino acids
in Patella is similar to that observed for the THAA fraction (Fig. 6b). Ser displays a reversal after 480 h heating at 110 C and after 24 h at
140 C, where Ser D/L w0.95, but not during the 80 C experiment,
because D/L values only reach w0.95 by the longest time point at
80 C. 3.2.2. Extent of FAA racemisation FAA D/L values could not be determined for unheated
samples, due to the low concentration of FAA amino acids
(<15 pmol/mg), and were therefore assumed to be equal to 0. Similarly, FAA D/Ls for Val, Ile and Leu could not be determined
accurately for the first few time points: up to 2 h at 140 C, 24 h at
110 C and 96 h at 80 C. Fig. 5. Extent of racemisation expressed as the first-order reversible rate law Ln
[(1 þ D/L)/(1 K0D/L)] for THAA Asx, Glx, Ser, Ala, Val, Leu and Ile at 140 C (a), 110 C
(b) and 80 C (c). hydrolysis releases highly racemised terminal amino acids in the
system, although the rates of FAA racemisation may be lower
(Mitterer and Kriausakul, 1984). 3.2.2. Extent of FAA racemisation The activation energy of hydrolysis when estimated using pFOK
model could only be calculated for six of the amino acids, due to the
poor fit to the experimental data (Table 2). The range of activation
energies for these six amino acids is 84e108 kJ/mol; however, for
three of these (Val, Leu, Ile), the pattern fell so far from the expected Free amino acids are released in the closed system mainly by
hydrolysis of the peptide bonds. The extent of FAA racemisation of
all amino acids is higher than for their THAA counterpart (Fig. 6 and
Supplementary Information 4); this fits with the model that B. Demarchi et al. / Quaternary Geochronology 16 (2013) 158e172 164 0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0
50
100
150
200
250
Heating time at 140°C (hours)
Ln[(1+DL)/(1-DL)]
a
b
B. Demarchi et al. / Quaternar
164 0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Heating time at 80°C (hours)
Ln[(1+DL)/(1-DL)]
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Heating time at 110°C (hours)
Ln[(1+DL)/(1-DL)]
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0
50
100
150
200
250
Heating time at 140°C (hours)
Ln[(1+DL)/(1-DL)]
Asx
Glx
Ser
Ala
Val
Leu
Ile
a
b
c
Fig. 5. Extent of racemisation expressed as the first-order reversible rate law Ln
[(1 þ D/L)/(1 K0D/L)] for THAA Asx, Glx, Ser, Ala, Val, Leu and Ile at 140 C (a), 110 C
(b) and 80 C (c). B. Demarchi et al. / Quaternary
164 hydrolysis releases highly racemised terminal amino acids in the
system, although the rates of FAA racemisation may be lower
(Mitterer and Kriausakul, 1984). that releases racemised FAA Asx is different from that operating
for the other amino acids. The value for starting level of the extent
of THAA Asx racemisation is at w0.1; this is likely to reflect both
preparation-induced racemisation and the extent of Asx degra-
dation due to the natural ageing of the six-year old Patella
specimens. The relative order of FAA racemisation for multiple amino acids
in Patella is similar to that observed for the THAA fraction (Fig. 6b). 3.2.2. Extent of FAA racemisation Ser displays a reversal after 480 h heating at 110 C and after 24 h at
140 C, where Ser D/L w0.95, but not during the 80 C experiment,
because D/L values only reach w0.95 by the longest time point at
80 C. FAA D/L values could not be determined for unheated
samples, due to the low concentration of FAA amino acids
(<15 pmol/mg), and were therefore assumed to be equal to 0. Similarly, FAA D/Ls for Val, Ile and Leu could not be determined
accurately for the first few time points: up to 2 h at 140 C, 24 h at
110 C and 96 h at 80 C. 3.2.3. Kinetic parameters (THAA): constrained power-law kinetic
(CPK)
It is well known that amino acid racemisation in biominerals
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Heating time at 110°C (hours)
D/L
Asx THAA
Ile THAA
Asx FAA
Ile FAA
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0
50
100
150
200
250
Heating time at 140°C (hours)
FAA D/L
Asx
Glx
Ser
Ala
Val
Leu
Ile
a
b
Fig. 6. (a) Extent of THAA and FAA racemisation (D/L values) for Asx and Ile in
bleached Patella upon heating at 110 C; (b) Extent of FAA racemisation for Asx, Glx,
Ser, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile in bleached Patella heated at 140 C for various times. 0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Heating time at 80°C (hours)
Ln[(1+DL)/(1-DL)]
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Heating time at 110°C (hours)
Ln[(1+DL)/(1-DL)]
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0
50
100
150
200
250
Heating time at 140°C (hours)
Ln[(1+DL)/(1-DL)]
Asx
Glx
Ser
Ala
Val
Leu
Ile
a
b
c
Fig. 5. Extent of racemisation expressed as the first-order reversible rate law Ln
[(1 þ D/L)/(1 K0D/L)] for THAA Asx, Glx, Ser, Ala, Val, Leu and Ile at 140 C (a), 110 C
(b) and 80 C (c). 3.2.4. Kinetic parameters (THAA): a model-free approach A similar approach to that used to estimate the relative rates of
hydrolysis was also applied to the calculation of the effective
Arrhenius parameters for racemisation. We estimated the “scaling”
factors that produce the best alignment of the data across the three
temperatures (see Section 3.1.3) by fitting a third-order polynomial
to the raw D/L data and used the relative rates thus obtained
to
calculate
the
effective
kinetic
parameters
(Table
5
and The kinetic parameters and the coefficient of determination (R2)
obtained for the seven amino acids considered here are reported in
Table 4. The ranges for the activation energy values are 110e150 kJ/
mol and 121e149 kJ/mol for exponent 1.2 and for “best fit” expo-
nent, respectively. Asx displays the lowest activation energy y = 2E-05x - 0.0449
R2= 0.9948
y = 6E-07x + 0.1713
R2= 0.9789
y = 3E-08x + 0.0122
R2= 0.9879
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0
5000000
10000000
15000000
20000000
25000000
Heating time (s)
[(1+D/L)/(1-K’D/L)]1
140°C
110°C
80°C
y = 3E-05x - 0.4433
R = 0.9831
y = 9E-07x + 0.1769
R = 0.985
y = 4E-08x + 0.012
R = 0.9899
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
5000000
10000000
15000000
20000000
25000000
Heating time (s)
[(1+D/L)/(1-K’D/L)]1.2
2
2
2
140°C
110°C
80°C
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Exponent (n)
Sum of R2 for 3 temperatures
Asx
Glx
Ala
Val
Leu
Ile
Minimum
y = -15747x + 26.093
R² = 0.9918
(n=1.0)
y = -16041x + 27.228
R² = 0.9937
(n=1.2)
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
0.0023
0.0024
0.0025
0.0026
0.0027
0.0028
0.0029
1/T (K)
Ln k Ile
n=1
n=1.2
a
d
c
b
Fig. 7. (a) Ile epimerisation rates at 140 C, 110 C and 80 C estimated by raising the integrated first-order rate equation to the exponent n ¼ 1.2, which yields good linearization of
the experimental data for most of the amino acids. (b) Ile epimerisation rates at 140 C, 110 C and 80 C estimated by raising the integrated first-order rate equation to the exponent
that yielded the best fit to the experimental data (n ¼ 1). 3.2.3. Kinetic parameters (THAA): constrained power-law kinetic
(CPK) It is well known that amino acid racemisation in biominerals
does not conform to FOK and a variety of mathematical approaches
have been used in the past to overcome this (Clarke and Murray-
Wallace, 2006). In order to derive the kinetic parameters for race-
misation
of
different
amino
acids,
we
applied
a
power An exception is the in-chain racemisation of Asx via a succini-
midyl intermediate (Geiger and Clarke, 1987; Stephenson and
Clarke, 1989). Here we observed similar extents of racemisation
for FAA and THAA Asx (Fig. 6a). This suggests that the mechanism B. Demarchi et al. / Quaternary Geochronology 16 (2013) 158e172 165 transformation of the integrated rate equation for first-order
reversible kinetics, or constrained power-law kinetic (CPK) trans-
formation, following Manley et al. (2000):
ð1 þ K0 Þkt þ C ¼ ½ð1 þ D=LÞ=ð1 ðK0D=LÞÞn
(3) transformation of the integrated rate equation for first-order
reversible kinetics, or constrained power-law kinetic (CPK) trans-
formation, following Manley et al. (2000):
ð1 þ K0 Þkt þ C ¼ ½ð1 þ D=LÞ=ð1 ðK0D=LÞÞn
(3) transformation of the integrated rate equation for first-order
reversible kinetics, or constrained power-law kinetic (CPK) trans-
formation, following Manley et al. (2000):
ð1 þ K0 Þkt þ C ¼ ½ð1 þ D=LÞ=ð1 ðK0D=LÞÞn
(3) (w110 kJ/mol) when an exponent n ¼ 1.2 is used; however, the best
fit of the data is given by n ¼ 1.9, which yields an activation energy
of 131 kJ/mol. Other significant differences between the activation
energies obtained with different values of n were found for Ser, Ala,
Val and Leu. Conversely, the two n values (“best fit” and n ¼ 1.2) for
Glx and Ile were similar and this is reflected by the comparable Ea
values we calculated. (3) where k is the forward rate constant, K0 the reciprocal of the
equilibrium constant K (K0 ¼ 1 for most amino acids except Ile,
where K ¼ 1.3), t is the heating time (in seconds), C is a constant,
determined experimentally, which represents the right-hand side
term of the equation at t ¼ 0, n is the exponent which yields the
best fit of the experimental data to a linear relationship with time. 3.2.4. Kinetic parameters (THAA): a model-free approach (c) Evaluation of the “best fit” exponent to be used to linearise the experimental data at 140 C, 110 C and 80 C for
multiple amino acids; the maximum of each curve represents the highest value of the sum of the R2 for the correlation between the modified rate equation and the experimental
data and indicates the best value of the exponent n to be used in Eq. (3). (d) Arrhenius plot for Ile epimerisation. 2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Exponent (n)
Sum of R2 for 3 temperatures
Asx
Glx
Ala
Val
Leu
Ile
Minimum
c y = -15747x + 26.093
R² = 0.9918
(n=1.0)
y = -16041x + 27.228
R² = 0.9937
(n=1.2)
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
0.0023
0.0024
0.0025
0.0026
0.0027
0.0028
0.0029
1/T (K)
Ln k Ile
n=1
n=1.2
d d Exponent (n) Fig. 7. (a) Ile epimerisation rates at 140 C, 110 C and 80 C estimated by raising the integrated first-order rate equation to the exponent n ¼ 1.2, which yields good linearization of
the experimental data for most of the amino acids. (b) Ile epimerisation rates at 140 C, 110 C and 80 C estimated by raising the integrated first-order rate equation to the exponent
that yielded the best fit to the experimental data (n ¼ 1). (c) Evaluation of the “best fit” exponent to be used to linearise the experimental data at 140 C, 110 C and 80 C for
multiple amino acids; the maximum of each curve represents the highest value of the sum of the R2 for the correlation between the modified rate equation and the experimental
data and indicates the best value of the exponent n to be used in Eq. (3). (d) Arrhenius plot for Ile epimerisation. Fig. 7. (a) Ile epimerisation rates at 140 C, 110 C and 80 C estimated by raising the integrated first-order rate equation to the exponent n ¼ 1.2, which yields good linearization of
the experimental data for most of the amino acids. (b) Ile epimerisation rates at 140 C, 110 C and 80 C estimated by raising the integrated first-order rate equation to the exponent
that yielded the best fit to the experimental data (n ¼ 1). 3.2.3. Kinetic parameters (THAA): constrained power-law kinetic
(CPK) The activation energies for racemisation have been calculated by
applying similar constrained power-law kinetic transformation in
a range of biominerals: Kaufman (2000) obtained Ea ¼ 123.4 kJ/mol
for both Asx and Glx in the ostracode Candona and 131 and 132 kJ/
mol respectively for the foraminifera Pullienatina (Kaufman, 2006);
Manley et al. (2000) found Asx Ea ¼ 125.9 kJ/mol for the mollusc
Mya and 126.2 kJ/mol for Hiatella, values that compare well with
those estimated by Goodfriend et al. (1996) for Asx on the same
molluscan genera (w126 and w128 kJ/mol, respectively). In this
study we estimated a large range of Ea values using power trans-
formations, which can be either much lower (Asx, when n ¼ 1.2) or
much higher (Glx, when n ¼ 1.2 and n ¼ 1.3; Ser, when n ¼ 2.8; Ala,
when n ¼ 1.7; Val, when n ¼ 1.2; Leu, when n ¼ 1.2) than the values
reported for other biominerals. The trajectory of increase in the extent of racemisation in time at
different temperatures can be approximated by a power function
(Kaufman, 2000, 2006; Manley et al., 2000), with different expo-
nents yielding the best fit for different amino acids (Fig. 7). Raising
the [(1 þ D/L)/(1 K0D/L)] term to the same exponent of 1.2 yields
adequate correlation coefficients for all amino acids except Val and
Leu, which are best approximated by a square root function (i.e. a power function of 0.5). In order to evaluate the goodness of the fit
to the data in a simple way, we defined a minimum value for the
sum of the R2 for the three temperatures: i.e. if R2 0.95, then the
sum should be 2.85. However, for comparative purposes, we also
estimated the apparent reaction rates by raising the right-hand side
term of Eq. (3) to the exponent which yielded the best fit to the
data, i.e. the maximum of each curve in Fig. 7. 3.2.4. Kinetic parameters (THAA): a model-free approach 3.2.4. Kinetic parameters (THAA): a model-free approach (c) Evaluation of the “best fit” exponent to be used to linearise the experimental data at 140 C, 110 C and 80 C for
multiple amino acids; the maximum of each curve represents the highest value of the sum of the R2 for the correlation between the modified rate equation and the experimental
data and indicates the best value of the exponent n to be used in Eq. (3). (d) Arrhenius plot for Ile epimerisation. y = 2E-05x - 0.0449
R2= 0.9948
y = 6E-07x + 0.1713
R2= 0.9789
y = 3E-08x + 0.0122
R2= 0.9879
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0
5000000
10000000
15000000
20000000
25000000
Heating time (s)
[(1+D/L)/(1-K’D/L)]1
140°C
110°C
80°C
a y = 3E-05x - 0.4433
R = 0.9831
y = 9E-07x + 0.1769
R = 0.985
y = 4E-08x + 0.012
R = 0.9899
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
5000000
10000000
15000000
20000000
25000000
Heating time (s)
[(1+D/L)/(1-K’D/L)]1.2
2
2
2
140°C
110°C
80°C
b 0
0
5000000
10000000
15000000
20000000
25000000
Heating time (s)
0
0
5000000
10000000
15000000
20000000
25000000
Heating time (s)
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Exponent (n)
Sum of R2 for 3 temperatures
Asx
Glx
Ala
Val
Leu
Ile
Minimum
y = -15747x + 26.093
R² = 0.9918
(n=1.0)
y = -16041x + 27.228
R² = 0.9937
(n=1.2)
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
0.0023
0.0024
0.0025
0.0026
0.0027
0.0028
0.0029
1/T (K)
Ln k Ile
n=1
n=1.2
d
c
Fig. 7. (a) Ile epimerisation rates at 140 C, 110 C and 80 C estimated by raising the integrated first-order rate equation to the exponent n ¼ 1.2, which yields good linearization of
the experimental data for most of the amino acids. (b) Ile epimerisation rates at 140 C, 110 C and 80 C estimated by raising the integrated first-order rate equation to the exponent
that yielded the best fit to the experimental data (n ¼ 1). Table 4 Table 4
Racemisation rate constants (2 k, s1) for THAA Asx, Ala, Ser, Val, Ile and Leu obtained by applying Eq. (3); exponent n used t
coefficients of determination (R2) for the linear regression at each temperature; kinetic parameters (Ea and A) and coefficients of de Racemisation rate constants (2 k, s1) for THAA Asx, Ala, Ser, Val, Ile and Leu obtained by applying Eq. (3); exponent n used to transform the first-order rate equation;
coefficients of determination (R2) for the linear regression at each temperature; kinetic parameters (Ea and A) and coefficients of determination (R2) for the Arrhenius relation. CPK
n
2 k 140 C (s1)
R2 140 C
2 k 110 C (s1)
R2 110 C
2 k 80 C (s1)
R2 80 C
Ea (kJ/mol)
A (s1)
R2
Asx
1.2
9E-05
0.91
1E-05
0.98
4E-07
0.98
110
4Eþ09
0.99
Asx
1.9
1E-03
0.98
9E-05
0.99
2E-06
0.99
131
3Eþ13
0.99
Glx
1.2
9E-05
0.98
2E-06
0.97
8E-08
0.91
141
3Eþ13
0.99
Glx
1.3
1E-04
0.97
2E-06
0.98
9E-08
0.92
141
3Eþ13
0.99
Sera
1.2
6E-04
0.96
4E-05
0.79
4E-07
0.88
135
3Eþ13
0.96
Sera
2.8
2E-02
0.97
3E-04
0.96
9E-06
0.93
149
5Eþ16
0.99
Alab
1.2
1E-04
0.89
9E-06
0.95
2E-07
0.99
126
5Eþ11
0.99
Alab
1.7
6E-04
0.95
4E-05
0.91
6E-07
0.99
140
2Eþ14
0.99
Val
1.2
7E-05
0.9
9E-07
0.99
4E-08
0.97
150
2Eþ14
0.98
Val
0.5
5E-06
0.99
2E-07
0.97
1E-08
0.96
125
2Eþ10
0.99
Leu
1.2
1E-04
0.91
4E-06
0.92
7E-08
0.99
147
2Eþ14
0.99
Leu
0.4
8E-06
0.99
4E-07
0.99
2E-08
0.98
121
7Eþ09
0.99
Ile
1.2
3E-05
0.98
9E-07
0.99
4E-08
0.99
133
7Eþ11
0.99
Ile
1
2E-05
0.99
6E-07
0.98
3E-08
0.98
131
2Eþ11
0.99
a Ser values included only up to Ser THAA D/L ¼ 0.91 (140 C experiment) and Ser THAA D/L ¼ 0.86 (110 C experiment) and excluded the 120 h time point for the 110 C
experiment (outlier). b Excluding the 840 h time point for the 110 C experiment (outlier). The variability of the effective Ea values obtained by the scaling
approach is comparable to that obtained by using a transformed
first-order rate equation. The relative order obtained by using the
two approaches is also similar: Glx displays the highest tempera-
ture sensitivity (except for Ser when estimated by CPK), Leu and Val
the lowest. Table 5 Relative rates of racemisation estimated with the scaling method: effective activa-
tion energy Ea (kJ/mol), THAA D/L range considered for the fitting of the of the third
order polynomial function to the 110 C data, reaction rates relative to the 110 C
data (i.e. scaling factor), sum of least squares for the fitting. Scaling Ea
(kJ/mol)
Scaling of the 80 C data to the
110 C data
Scaling of the 140 C data to
the 110 C data
Relative
rate
Range
of fitting
(THAA D/L)
Sum
of least
squares
Relative
rate
Range
of fitting
(THAA D/L)
Sum
of least
squares
Asx
137
0.0189
0.43e0.84
0.01
16.0
0.53e0.93
0.01
Asxa
133
0.0175
0.43e0.85
0.00
12.5
0.43e0.85
0.01
Glx
145
0.0181
0.22e0.45
0.00
23.3
0.23e0.79
0.02
Glxa
140
0.0186
0.24e0.46
0.00
18.9
0.24e0.46
0.01
Ser
133
0.0084
0.31e0.84
0.05
12.6
0.52e0.90
0.08
Sera
141
0.0086
0.51e0.84
0.07
10.8
0.50e0.85
0.03
Ala
128
0.0318
0.25e0.64
0.00
14.6
0.26e1.00
0.13
Alaa
128
0.0318
0.25e0.64
0.00
17.4
0.25e0.64
0.01
Val
128
0.0353
0.06e0.27
0.00
19.4
0.06e0.57
0.03
Vala
126
0.0415
0.06e0.26
0.00
20.5
0.06e0.26
0.01
Phe
137
0.0217
0.13e0.41
0.02
18.2
0.17e0.81
0.20
Phea
139
0.0254
0.15e0.40
0.01
22.8
0.15e0.40
0.05
Leu
128
0.0377
0.09e0.45
0.01
17.5
0.13e0.92
0.06
Leua
131
0.0346
0.13e0.46
0.00
22.5
0.13e0.46
0.01
Ile
133
0.0284
0.06e0.30
0.00
20.5
0.11e0.73
0.04
Ilea
134
0.0326
0.10e0.29
0.00
24.5
0.10e0.29
0.00
a Values were obtained by truncating the data series at the same D/L. Scaling Ea
(kJ/mol)
Scaling of the 80 C data to the
110 C data
Scaling of the 140 C data to
the 110 C data Within the intra-crystalline fraction isolated from Patella we
observed a rapid decrease of the THAA concentration of Ser, L-Thr
and Asx, whilst Leu, Ile, Val and Glx decreased very slowly; in
contrast [Ala] and [Gly] increased. Fig. 8 shows the initial
percentage of each amino acid (in unheated samples) and their
change with heating time, at 140 C; the same pattern is repeated at
all three temperatures, and has also been highlighted for protein
degradation within avian eggshells (Miller et al., 2000). Decomposition pathways are complex and little information is
available on their kinetics. Asp undergoes reversible decomposition
to ammonia and fumaric acid or irreversible decarboxylation of the
a- or b-carbons to form Ala or b-Ala (Bada and Miller, 1970; Walton,
1998). Table 4 However, the absolute values of the activation energies
for Asx, Glx, Leu, Ile and Val estimated with the model-free
approach are higher (Tables 4 and 5). Conversely, Ea for Ala and Ser
is lower when estimated by the model-free approach (128 kJ/mol
versus 140 kJ/mol for Ala, 133 kJ/mol versus 149 kJ/mol for Ser). Supplementary Information 1). Table 5 reports the values obtained
when two pairs of data series (i.e. 80 C and 110 C, 140 C and
110 C) are fitted over the whole range of D/L values and those
obtained by truncating the data series for an interval of D/Ls which
is common to the three temperatures of the kinetic experiments. The effect of truncating the data series on the scaling factors is more
pronounced for racemisation than for hydrolysis (see Section 3.1.3),
particularly for Asx, Glx, Ser, Ala, Val and Leu. The range of Ea values by fitting pairs of data series over the
whole range varies between 128 and 145 kJ/mol, with Glx dis-
playing the highest temperature sensitivity; if the values obtained
by scaling the data series over a limited (truncated) range of D/Ls
are considered, the overall range is reduced (126e141 kJ/mol). The
discussion of the temperature sensitivities of racemisation and
hydrolysis (below and in Section 3.4) is based upon the values
obtained by fitting the polynomial functions between pairs of
temperatures and including a range of values which is common
between the two, as we propose that this provides a more complete
picture of diagenesis. The slightly higher variability of the Ea values obtained for rac-
emisation compared to that for hydrolysis (sracemisation¼ 6 kJ/mol
versus shydrolysis¼5 kJ/mol, excluding Ea hydrolysis of Ser) probably
reflects the range of mechanisms involved in the observed race-
misation of different amino acids within biominerals, whilst in
contrast peptide bond hydrolysis is likely to occur according to the
same mechanism (albeit the rates of hydrolysis are different for
different amino acid pairs). 3.2.4. Kinetic parameters (THAA): a model-free approach (c) Evaluation of the “best fit” exponent to be used to linearise the experimental data at 140 C, 110 C and 80 C for
multiple amino acids; the maximum of each curve represents the highest value of the sum of the R2 for the correlation between the modified rate equation and the experimental
data and indicates the best value of the exponent n to be used in Eq. (3). (d) Arrhenius plot for Ile epimerisation. B. Demarchi et al. / Quaternary Geochronology 16 (2013) 158e172 166 3.3. Decomposition Within a closed system, where leaching can be considered
negligible, the quantification of the amino acid concentration
allows reliable calculations of the kinetic parameters for amino acid
decomposition, the third most important diagenetic pathway fol-
lowed by amino acids (Wehmiller, 1980). Values were obtained by truncating the data series at the same D 3.4. Temperature sensitivity of protein diagenesis in P. vulgata For both Ser and Asx decomposition, we applied a logarithmic
model (Bada et al.,1978) approach for the estimate of the Arrhenius
parameters: (4) ln½THAAaa=½Total THAA0
¼ kt
(4) Nonetheless, the range of values obtained for the three reactions
within the intra-crystalline protein fraction within Patella are
different enough to be able to draw some conclusions on the role
played by each reaction on the overall extent of diagenesis. where [THAA]aa is the THAA concentration of a specific amino acid
and [Total THAA]0 is the total THAA concentration for all amino
acids in the system, at time t ¼ 0 (i.e. in unheated samples). Although values of R2 < 0.9 were found for the regression of Eq. (4)
for the lowest temperature, we were able to roughly estimate the
kinetic parameters for Ser and Asx decomposition, obtaining values
of Ea Asx ¼ 109 kJ/mol and Ea Ser ¼ 103 kJ/mol (Table 6). where [THAA]aa is the THAA concentration of a specific amino acid
and [Total THAA]0 is the total THAA concentration for all amino
acids in the system, at time t ¼ 0 (i.e. in unheated samples). Although values of R2 < 0.9 were found for the regression of Eq. (4)
for the lowest temperature, we were able to roughly estimate the
kinetic parameters for Ser and Asx decomposition, obtaining values
of Ea Asx ¼ 109 kJ/mol and Ea Ser ¼ 103 kJ/mol (Table 6). The activation energies for hydrolysis are generally lower than
for racemisation for all amino acids considered here (Asx, Glx, Ser,
Ala, Val, Phe, Leu, Ile) and irrespective of the mathematical
approach used to estimate the reaction rates. The only exceptions
are Asx and Ile (early diagenesis only, Table 4) when a pFOK rate
equation is used for both hydrolysis and racemisation: the Ea values
for the two reactions are similar. In all other cases, and always for
values estimated with our “model-free” approach, hydrolysis
appears to be less temperature sensitive than racemisation (Fig. 9). The offsets vary according to the amino acid and the method used to
estimate the Arrhenius parameters; Ser displays the largest differ-
ence between racemisation and hydrolysis (46 kJ/mol) but due to
the competing effect of decomposition (Ea ¼ 131 kJ/mol) the overall
effective temperature sensitivity for Ser degradation it is difficult to
evaluate. 3.4. Temperature sensitivity of protein diagenesis in P. vulgata yields Ala, aldol cleavage yields Gly and formaldehyde, whilst
ethanolamine is formed by decarboxylation (Vallentyne, 1964;
Bada et al., 1978; Walton, 1998). In the free state, Ser dehydration to
Ala is the prevalent reaction (Bada and Man,1980). In this study, we
observed an increase for both Gly and Ala concentrations. This
means that both aldol cleavage and dehydration of Ser may be
occurring; however, Gly is formed by the decomposition of both Thr
and Ser, which complicates estimates of the decomposition rates. For simplicity, here we assume that Ser dehydration is the main
reaction for purposes of calculation of the kinetic parameters of the
reaction; this is also supported by the observations of Bada et al. (1978) and Walton (1998). yields Ala, aldol cleavage yields Gly and formaldehyde, whilst
ethanolamine is formed by decarboxylation (Vallentyne, 1964;
Bada et al., 1978; Walton, 1998). In the free state, Ser dehydration to
Ala is the prevalent reaction (Bada and Man,1980). In this study, we
observed an increase for both Gly and Ala concentrations. This
means that both aldol cleavage and dehydration of Ser may be
occurring; however, Gly is formed by the decomposition of both Thr
and Ser, which complicates estimates of the decomposition rates. For simplicity, here we assume that Ser dehydration is the main
reaction for purposes of calculation of the kinetic parameters of the
reaction; this is also supported by the observations of Bada et al. (1978) and Walton (1998). The observed extent of diagenesis in biominerals is the result of
a complex network of reactions, each characterised by its specific
temperature sensitivity. We have estimated the kinetic parameters
for racemisation, hydrolysis and decomposition for multiple amino
acids; however, these are likely to be affected by significant errors. Uncertainties derive from multiple sources, including: a) the
analytical precision of the technique; b) the variability of the three
laboratory replicates for each time point; c) potential variation of
the oven temperatures during isothermal heating of the samples;
d) the fitting of different curves through the experimental data for
the estimates of the reaction rates; e) the fitting of a straight line
through the calculated reaction rates on an Arrhenius plot. For
example, McCoy (1987) estimated an uncertainty around 2% for the
activation energy of isoleucine epimerisation in Lymnaea shells
heated at high temperatures. 3.4. Temperature sensitivity of protein diagenesis in P. vulgata If Ser is excluded, the average offset between hydrolysis
and racemisation for the other amino acids is 15 7 kJ/mol. The model-free approach was also used to determine relative
decomposition rates of Asx and Ser at high temperature (80e
140 C); the [THAA]aa/[Total THAA]0 factor (defined above) was
plotted against the “scaled” logarithm of time and the effective
Arrhenius parameters were estimated (Table 7). The values derived
with this approach are higher (Ea Asx w146 kJ/mol, Ea Ser w 131 kJ/
mol) than those obtained by using Eq. (4). The effective activation
energy of decomposition of Ser to Ala was estimated by fitting Table 7 Relative rates of Asx and Ser decomposition estimated with the scaling method:
effective activation energy Ea (kJ/mol), [THAA]aa/[Total THAA]0 (as defined in Eq. (4))
range considered for the fitting of the third order polynomial function to the raw
110 C data, reaction rates relative to the 110 C data (i.e. scaling factor), sum of least
squares for the fitting. Scaling
Ea
(kJ/mol)
Scaling of the 80 C data to
the 110 C data
Scaling of the 140 C data to
the 110 C data
Relative
rate
Range of
fitting
Sum of
least
squares
Relative
rate
Range of
fitting
Sum of
least
squares
Asx
146
0.0077
0.27e0.25 0.00
10.0
0.26e0.2
0.00
Ser
131
0.0250
0.07e0.04 0.00
16.1
0.07e0.00 0.00
[Ser]/[Ala] 131
0.0246
0.86e0.22 0.01
15.8
0.66e0.00 0.02 a third-order polynomial to the raw [Ser]/[Ala] THAA data; the
value thus obtained (131 kJ/mol) is the same as that obtained when
considering [THAA]Ser/[Total THAA]0 in Patella, but slightly higher
than that obtained by Vallentyne (1964) for decomposition of Ser in
aqueous solution (123 kJ/mol). Fig. 8. Variation of [THAA] Asx, Glx, Ser, Ala, Gly, Val, Leu, Ile during isothermal heating
at 140 C, expressed as the percentage of [THAA] of each amino acid relative to the sum
of the [THAA] of the same amino acids within unheated, bleached Patella shells. Table 6 Apparent decomposition rates (k, s1) for Asx and Ser obtained by applying Eq. (4);
coefficients of determination (R2) for the linear regression at each temperature;
kinetic parameters (Ea and A) and coefficients of determination (R2) for the Arrhe-
nius relation. 3.4.1. Patterns of diagenesis at high and low temperature Table 5 Moreover, ammonia is also released by Asn (and Gln)
deamination to Asp (and Glu). The amount of ammonia released is
difficult to quantify under the experimental and analytical condi-
tions used here, therefore we did not attempt to derive the kinetic
parameters for a specific decomposition pathway of Asx. Dehydration, aldol cleavage and decarboxylation are the three
main pathways for Ser and Thr decomposition. Ser dehydration 167 B. Demarchi et al. / Quaternary Geochronology 16 (2013) 158e172 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0
50
100
150
200
250
Heating hours at 140°C
% THAA
Asx
Glx
Ser
Ala
Gly
Val
Leu
Ile
Fig. 8. Variation of [THAA] Asx, Glx, Ser, Ala, Gly, Val, Leu, Ile during isothermal heating
at 140 C, expressed as the percentage of [THAA] of each amino acid relative to the sum
of the [THAA] of the same amino acids within unheated, bleached Patella shells. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0
50
100
150
200
250
Heating hours at 140°C
% THAA
Asx
Glx
Ser
Ala
Gly
Val
Leu
Ile Patterns of diagenesis at high and low temperature samples heated for 720e960 h for the 80 C experiment), FAA
DLs are as high as 0.6, and they subsequently decrease with
increasing heating time. This is likely to be due to low FAA Val
concentrations for these samples, resulting in higher variability of
the D/L values, but it may also reflect a slow initial release of highly-
racemised terminal Val in the FAA pool, followed by increase in the
extent of hydrolysis and slowing of the apparent FAA racemisation
rate. Fig. 9. Effective activation energies (Ea, kJ/mol) obtained with the “scaling” method for
racemisation and hydrolysis for multiple amino acids; note that Ea racemisation >Ea
hydrolysis. system can be examined as they proceed by plotting the % FAA of
a given amino acid against the D/L values of the same amino acid. This facilitates comparison between the extent of diagenesis in
the high-temperature kinetic experiments and fossil biominerals. system can be examined as they proceed by plotting the % FAA of
a given amino acid against the D/L values of the same amino acid. This facilitates comparison between the extent of diagenesis in
the high-temperature kinetic experiments and fossil biominerals. Here we compare the extent of Asx and Val diagenesis from the
closed-system proteins isolated from Patella shells of Holocene (the
Scottish sites of Archerfield, Whitegate, Coire and Sand) and Middle
Pleistocene ages (Easington raised beach, MIS 7) with the high-
temperature data described in this study from both the “bulk”
powders sample and the “rim only” powders (Fig. 10). This plot Here we compare the extent of Asx and Val diagenesis from the
closed-system proteins isolated from Patella shells of Holocene (the
Scottish sites of Archerfield, Whitegate, Coire and Sand) and Middle
Pleistocene ages (Easington raised beach, MIS 7) with the high-
temperature data described in this study from both the “bulk”
powders sample and the “rim only” powders (Fig. 10). This plot Here we compare the extent of Asx and Val diagenesis from the
closed-system proteins isolated from Patella shells of Holocene (the
Scottish sites of Archerfield, Whitegate, Coire and Sand) and Middle
Pleistocene ages (Easington raised beach, MIS 7) with the high-
temperature data described in this study from both the “bulk”
powders sample and the “rim only” powders (Fig. 10). This plot Fig. Patterns of diagenesis at high and low temperature pFOK
k
140 C
(s1)
R2
140 C
k
110 C
(s1)
R2
110 C
k
80 C
(s1)
R2
80 C
Ea
(kJ/mol)
A
(s1)
R2
Asx
-2E-06
0.93
-1E-07
0.87
-9E-09
0.60
108
9Eþ07
0.99
Ser
-1E-05
0.91
-7E-07
0.90
-6E-08
0.84
103
1Eþ08
0.99 The offset between temperature sensitivities of racemisation
and hydrolysis may have an impact on the overall patterns of
diagenesis observed at high temperature and at the normal
burial temperature at which sub-fossil samples are typically
exposed. Patterns of hydrolysis and racemisation within a closed B. Demarchi et al. / Quaternary Geochronology 16 (2013) 158e172 168 Fig. 9. Effective activation energies (Ea, kJ/mol) obtained with the “scaling” method for
racemisation and hydrolysis for multiple amino acids; note that Ea racemisation >Ea
hydrolysis. Fig. 9. Effective activation energies (Ea, kJ/mol) obtained with the “scaling” method for
racemisation and hydrolysis for multiple amino acids; note that Ea racemisation >Ea
hydrolysis. highlights clearly that the patterns of Asx diagenesis in bleached
Patella shells are different at low and high temperatures. After the
initial stages of diagenesis (up to w20% FAA in Fig. 10a and FAA D/L
w0.2 in Fig. 10c), the fossil samples deviate from the trajectories of
the 140 C and 110 C experiments (see also Fig. A in Supplementary
Information 4, showing that the fossil samples also follow
a different trajectory from modern unbleached Patella powders,
heated at 140 C). They appear to follow a similar trajectory to the
80 C data with regards to the release of FAA (Fig. 10a), but the
trajectory for Asx racemisation is strikingly different at high and
low temperature (Fig. 10c). Therefore, high-temperature experi-
ments do not necessarily mimic Asx diagenesis at low temperatures
(see also Goodfriend and Meyer, 1991). Conversely, similar patterns
of Val diagenesis can be observed across the different temperatures
with regards to extent of hydrolysis versus THAA racemisation
(Fig. 10b). The plot of Val FAA D/L versus THAA D/L (Fig. 10d) is less
informative for Holocene samples due to the low concentrations of
FAA Val recovered, which are reflected in variable D/L values. The
Easington specimens fall at lower THAA D/L values than the high-
temperature data for comparable FAA D/L values; however, the
same plot shows that for samples degraded at lower temperatures
(i.e. 3.4.2. Extent of diagenesis within Holocene samples Reaction rates for racemisation and hydrolysis can be estimated
for the samples from four dated Holocene sites. Here we focus on
Asx and Val as they are two of the most commonly used amino
acids in geochronology and because they display different behav-
iour upon diagenesis (Fig. 10). Reaction rates were calculated using
two different approaches: L ¼ 0.8 as in Fig. 10a), the % FAA Asx will be higher at 80 C (and
10 C) than at 140 C. Hydrolysis is likely to expose Asx at the
peptide chain termini, slowing the relative rate of racemisation. Conversely at high temperatures, Asx hydrolysis is relatively slower
than at low temperatures and therefore more in-chain race-
misation can occur via a succinimidyl intermediate, accelerating
the apparent rate of Asx racemisation. Therefore for any given
THAA Asx D/L (e.g. D/L ¼ 0.8, as in Fig. 10a), a similar % FAA value is
detected in samples heated at 110 C and 140 C. a) by assuming that the reactions conform to pFOK for these
relatively young samples. For Asx we estimated a minimum
and maximum rate, due to the scatter of the data and the error
associated with the age estimates (Table 8); g
(
)
b) by applying our model-free approach and estimating the
reaction rates relative to the high-temperature data (at 110 C)
(Table 9 and Supplementary Information 1 and 2). A burial temperature of 10 C was estimated for the Scottish
samples by using a thermal-age model, which accounts for vege-
tation cover, soil type, depth of burial, as well as geographical
location
(www.thermal-age.eu,
currently
under development;
arbitrary parameters chosen for the model: depth ¼ 3 m, thermal
diffusivity ¼ 0.1 mm2 s1). A different situation is found in the case of Val, because the
relative speed of hydrolysis and racemisation are similar across
different temperatures (Fig.12b). Therefore, for a given Val THAA D/
L, the % FAA Val will be comparable to a fossil sample, heated at
10 C, and a kinetic sample, heated at 140 C. p
In conclusion, both % FAA versus D/L plots and the extrapolations
of the reaction rates for hydrolysis and racemisation show that, for
Asx, patterns of diagenesis in the intra-crystalline fraction at high
temperature do not mimic diagenesis at low burial temperatures. 3.4.2. Extent of diagenesis within Holocene samples Although this has long been a concern for the AAR geochronology
community (Collins and Riley, 2000; Miller et al., 2000; Kaufman,
2006), such a dramatic difference has never been reported in bio-
minerals exhibiting closed system behaviour, for example avian
eggshell (Miller et al., 2000); indeed, the study by Miller et al. (2000) examined the extent of epimerisation for both FAA and
THAA Ile in fossil and heated modern Dromaius eggshell and
showed no detectable difference related to temperature between
the two datasets. Although their comparison was limited to the A/I
values, not % FAA Ile values, those results indicate that Ile epimer-
isation displays similar temperature sensitivity to Ile hydrolysis in
Dromaius eggshell. On an Arrhenius plot, we then represented (1) the reaction rates
at high temperature, obtained by both mathematical models and by
“scaling”; (2) the “scaled” reaction rates at 10 C; (3) the reaction
rates extrapolated at 10 C using the kinetic parameters calculated
by applying pFOK rate equations; (4) the observed reaction rates at
10 C calculated as in point a) (Fig. 11). This allows the accuracy of
the extrapolations to be evaluated: if the predicted rate falls close to
the observed rate for the Holocene samples, the high temperature
experiments (and the model used for the calculation of the kinetic
parameters) are able to mimic diagenesis at burial temperatures. We found that both the pFOK models and the “scaling” approach
overestimate the observed racemisation rates for Asx (Fig. 11a) and
that the kinetic models overestimate the rate of Asx hydrolysis,
whilst the rate obtained by scaling is closer to the observed rate at
10 C (Fig. 11b). Conversely, rates of both racemisation (Fig. 11c) and
hydrolysis (Fig. 11d) of Val appear to be accurately mimicked by
high-temperature experiments. However, our study on bleached Patella and recent work carried
out on the closed-system (bleached powders) proteins isolated
from ostrich eggshell (Crisp et al., 2013), Porites corals (Tomiak
et al., 2013) and other marine molluscs (NEaar laboratory, unpub-
lished data) has highlighted that this divergence between low- and
high-temperature data is a phenomenon that can be observed
across a range of biominerals. When the temperature sensitivity of hydrolysis and race-
misation for both amino acids are compared directly (Fig. 12), it
becomes apparent that the patterns highlighted in Fig. Table 9
l
i the bulk sample. This pattern was consistent for all amino acids,
although the difference is particularly marked for Val, Ile and Gly. The rim only was targeted for the fossil samples analysed here;
however, the pattern of diagenesis followed by these specimens is
generally
different
from
both
“bulk”
and
“rim
only”
high-
temperature data. Relative rates of hydrolysis and racemisation for Asx and Val estimated in Patella
specimens from Scottish Holocene sites of known age by the “scaling” approach. Effective activation energies estimated over the full temperature range, i.e. between
10 and 140 C. Scaling
Ea
(kJ/mol)
Scaling of the 10 C data to the 110 C data
Relative
rate
Range of fitting
Sum of
least
squares
Asx hydrolysis
133
2.79E-07
% FAA: 2e15
0.001
Val hydrolysis
125
9.18E-07
% FAA: 0e10
0.001
Asx racemisation
152
3.28E-08
THAA D/L: 0.18e0.34
0.003
Val racemisation
130
5.51E-07
THAA D/L: 0.04e0.12
0.000 Scaling
Ea
Scaling of the 10 C data to the 110 C data 3.4.2. Extent of diagenesis within Holocene samples 3.4.2. Extent of diagenesis within Holocene samples 10 can be
explained in terms of different relative speeds of hydrolysis and
racemisation at low and high temperature. At low temperatures
(between 10 and 80 C), hydrolysis of Asx is relatively faster than
racemisation; therefore for a given THAA Asx D/L value (e.g. D/ We suspect this is an inherent characteristic of protein diagen-
esis in bleached biogenic carbonate and it cannot be overcome by
using mathematical models to extrapolate reaction rates at low
temperature. We stress that whilst our model-free approach
generally is useful for estimating rates at burial temperature (see
also Tomiak et al., 2013), it cannot be used to predict low-
temperature rates of reaction. Therefore, it is important that the
validity of high-temperature experiments over a range of temper-
atures be tested by checking their ability to mimic natural
diagenesis; for example plots of % FAA versus D/L, of the extent of
racemisation in both the THAA and FAA fractions, as well as the
extent of decomposition, are all valuable indicators that can be used
simultaneously to check the patterns of protein breakdown within
the closed system. A number of studies (e.g. Goodfriend and Meyer, Patterns of diagenesis at high and low temperature 10 also highlights that different patterns of diagenesis are
followed by the proteins isolated from the “bulk” and the “rim only”
samples: the % FAA Val, for example, is lower in the rim only than in 0
20
40
60
80
100
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
THAA Asx D/L
% FAA Asx
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
THAA Val D/L
% FAA Val
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
FAA Val D/L
THAA Val D/L
140°C
140°C rim
110°C
80°C
Holocene Scottish sites (Demarchi et al., 2011)
MIS 7 Easington (unpub. data)
a
d
b
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
FAA Asx D/L
THAA Asx D/L
c
Fig. 10. Extent of hydrolysis (% FAA) against the extent of THAA racemisation (D/Ls) for Asx (a) and Val (b) as observed in modern bleached Patella heated at 140 C, 110 C and 80 C
and in sub-fossil bleached Patella of Holocene and Middle Pleistocene age. 0
20
40
60
80
100
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
THAA Asx D/L
% FAA Asx
a 0
20
40
60
80
100
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
THAA Val D/L
% FAA Val
b THAA Val D/L
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
FAA Val D/L
THAA Val D/L
d
.0 Holocene Scottish sites (Demarchi et al., 2011)
MIS 7 Easington (unpub. data) Fig. 10. Extent of hydrolysis (% FAA) against the extent of THAA racemisation (D/Ls) for Asx (a) and Val (b) as observed in modern bleached Patella heated at 140 C, 110 C and 80 C
and in sub-fossil bleached Patella of Holocene and Middle Pleistocene age. Fig. 10. Extent of hydrolysis (% FAA) against the extent of THAA racemisation (D/Ls) for Asx (a) and Val (b) as observed in modern bleached Patella heated at 140 C, 110 C and 80 C
and in sub-fossil bleached Patella of Holocene and Middle Pleistocene age. 169 B. Demarchi et al. / Quaternary Geochronology 16 (2013) 158e172 Table 8 Table 8
Apparent rates of hydrolysis and racemisation for Asx and Val estimated in Patella
specimens from Scottish Holocene sites of known age assuming a first-order rate
model. pFOK
Reaction
k (s1)
R2
Asx
Hydrolysis (min)
-2E-13
0.90
Asx
Hydrolysis (max)
-4E-13
0.99
Asx
Racemisation (min)
3E-13
0.76
Asx
Racemisation (max)
5E-13
0.92
Val
Hydrolysis
-4E-13
0.91
Val
Racemisation
2.5E-13
0.69 Apparent rates of hydrolysis and racemisation for Asx and Val estimated in Patella
specimens from Scottish Holocene sites of known age assuming a first-order rate
model. pFOK
Reaction
k (s1)
R2
Asx
Hydrolysis (min)
-2E-13
0.90
Asx
Hydrolysis (max)
-4E-13
0.99
Asx
Racemisation (min)
3E-13
0.76
Asx
Racemisation (max)
5E-13
0.92
Val
Hydrolysis
-4E-13
0.91
Val
Racemisation
2.5E-13
0.69 B. Demarchi et al. / Quaternary Geochronology 16 (2013) 158e172 B. Demarchi et al. / Quaternary Geochronology 16 (2013) 158e172 170 -25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
1/T (K)
1/T (K)
Ln k Asx hydrolysis
Kinetic model rates
"Scaling" rates
Extrapolated by kinetic model to 10°C
Extrapolated by scaling to 10°C
Observed rates in Holocene Patella
Patella
Patella
Patella
Ln k Asx racemisation
Kinetic model rates
"Scaling" rates
Extrapolated by kinetic model to 10°C
Extrapolated by scaling to 10°C
Observed rates in Holocene
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
1/T (K)
Ln k Val hydrolysis
Kinetic model rates
"Scaling" rates
Extrapolated by kinetic model to 10°C
Extrapolated by scaling to 10°C
Observed rate in Holocene
a
d
c
b
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
1/T (K)
Ln k Val racemisation
Kinetic model rates
"Scaling" rates
Extrapolated by kinetic model to 10°C
Extrapolated by scaling to 10°C
Observed rate in Holocene
Fig. 11. Arrhenius plots for Asx racemisation (a) and hydrolysis (b) and Val racemisation (c) and hydrolysis (d), showing the reaction rates estimated at high temperature with both
first-order kinetic models and the scaling method, the extrapolation of the rates at 10 C and the observed rates in bleached Holocene Patella specimens of known age. To ease
comparison, all values were adjusted so that the rates for the 140 C cross the abscises at Ln(k) ¼ 0. Racemisation Ea values for the “kinetic model” series were obtained by using
a modified first-order rate equation (Eq. (3)) raised to the exponent yielding the best fit to the experimental data. Table 8 Comparison between the temperature sensitivities of racemisation and hydrolysis at high and low temperature, for Asx (a) and Val (b). To ease comparison, all values were
adjusted so that the rates for the 140 C cross the abscises at Ln(k) ¼ 0. 1991; Goodfriend et al., 1996; Hearty and Kaufman, 2009) have also
emphasised the importance of using Holocene shells to constrain
the rates at ambient temperatures. Table 8 For the extrapolation of Val the “early diagenesis” value
(Ea ¼ 104.15 kJ/mol) was used. 0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
1/T (K)
Patella
Ln k Asx racemisation
Kinetic model rates
"Scaling" rates
Extrapolated by kinetic model to 10°C
Extrapolated by scaling to 10°C
Observed rates in Holocene
b Patella
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
1/T (K)
Ln k Val hydrolysis
Kinetic model rates
"Scaling" rates
Extrapolated by kinetic model to 10°C
Extrapolated by scaling to 10°C
Observed rate in Holocene
c Patella
4 d
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
1/T (K)
Ln k Val racemisation
Kinetic model rates
"Scaling" rates
Extrapolated by kinetic model to 10°C
Extrapolated by scaling to 10°C
Observed rate in Holocene d d Fig. 11. Arrhenius plots for Asx racemisation (a) and hydrolysis (b) and Val racemisation (c) and hydrolysis (d), showing the reaction rates estimated at high temperature with both
first-order kinetic models and the scaling method, the extrapolation of the rates at 10 C and the observed rates in bleached Holocene Patella specimens of known age. To ease
comparison, all values were adjusted so that the rates for the 140 C cross the abscises at Ln(k) ¼ 0. Racemisation Ea values for the “kinetic model” series were obtained by using
a modified first-order rate equation (Eq. (3)) raised to the exponent yielding the best fit to the experimental data. For the extrapolation of Val the “early diagenesis” value
(Ea ¼ 104.15 kJ/mol) was used. -25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
0.002
0.0025
0.003
0.0035
0.004
1/T (K)
Ln k Asx
Racemisation
Hydrolysis
Linear (Racemisation)
Linear (Hydrolysis)
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
0.002
0.0025
0.003
0.0035
0.004
1/T (K)
Ln k Val
Racemisation
Hydrolysis
Linear (Racemisation)
Linear (Hydrolysis)
b
a
Fig. 12. Comparison between the temperature sensitivities of racemisation and hydrolysis at high and low temperature, for Asx (a) and Val (b). To ease comparison, all values were
adjusted so that the rates for the 140 C cross the abscises at Ln(k) ¼ 0. 4
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
0.002
0.0025
0.003
0.0035
0.004
1/T (K)
Ln k Val
Racemisation
Hydrolysis
Linear (Racemisation)
Linear (Hydrolysis)
b -25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
0.002
0.0025
0.003
0.0035
0.004
1/T (K)
Ln k Asx
Racemisation
Hydrolysis
Linear (Racemisation)
Linear (Hydrolysis)
a b b a Fig. 12. References Bada, J.L., Man, E.H., 1980. Amino acid diagenesis in deep sea drilling project cores:
kinetics
and
mechanisms
of
some
reactions
and
their
applications
in
geochronology and in paleotemperature and heat flow determinations. Earth-
Science Reviews 16, 21e55. Bada, J.L., Miller, S.L., 1970. Kinetics and mechanism of the reversible nonenzymatic
deamination of aspartic acid. Journal of the American Chemical Society 92 (9),
2774e2782. Bada, J.L., Schroeder, R.A., 1975. Amino acid racemization reactions and their
geochemical implications. Naturwissenschaften 62, 71e79. Bada, J.L., Shou, M.Y., Man, E.H., Schroeder, R.A., 1978. Decomposition of hydroxy
amino acids in foraminiferal tests; kinetics, mechanism and geochronological
implications. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 41 (1), 67e76. Bada, J.L., 1991. Amino-acid cosmogeochemistry. Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 333, 349e358. Brooks, A.S., Hare, P.E., Kokis, J.E., Miller, G.H., Ernst, R.D., Wendorf, F., 1990. Dating
Pleistocene archeological sites by protein diagenesis in ostrich eggshell. Science
248 (4951), 60e64. (
)
Clarke, S.J., Murray-Wallace, C.V., 2006. Mathematical expressions used in amino
acid racemisation geochronology e a review. Quaternary Geochronology 1 (4),
261e278. Collins, M.J., Riley, M., 2000. Amino acid racemization in biominerals, the impact of
protein degradation and loss. In: Goodfriend, G.A., Collins, M.J., Fogel, M.L.,
Macko, S.A., Wehmiller, J.F. (Eds.), Perspectives in Amino Acid and Protein
Geochemistry. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 120e141. Collins, M.J., Westbroek, P., Muyzer, G., de Leeuw, J.W., 1992. Experimental evidence
for condensation reactions between sugars and proteins in carbonate skeletons. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 56 (4), 1539e1544. Crisp, M., Demarchi, B., Collins, M.J., Penkman, K.E.H., 2013. Isolation of the intra-
crystalline proteins and kinetic studies in Struthio camelus(ostrich) eggshell for
amino acid geochronology. Quaternary Geochronology 16, 110e128. Curry, G.B., Cusack, M., Walton, D.I., Endo, K., Clegg, H., Abbott, G., Armstrong, H.,
1991. Biogeochemistry of brachiopod intracrystalline molecules. Philosophical
Transactions: Biological Sciences 333, 359e366. Ó A potential way forward for temperature-sensitivity studies may
be to investigate proteins and peptide fragments of known amino
acid sequences. Past studies of synthetic peptides have yielded
fundamental information for our understanding of the mechanisms
of racemisation as well as bringing to light the limitations of some of
the kinetic models commonly used in AAR geochronology. Recent
methodological developments in protein mass spectrometry have
opened up the possibility of tackling the issue of the mechanisms of
diagenesis. A mechanistic understanding of diagenesis is difficult,
because of the complex and variable nature of the process. 4. Conclusions In the intra-crystalline
fraction
of
proteins
examined here, hydrolysis slows
either
because of limited available water, which results in a second-order
(rather than a pseudo-first order) reaction, or, most probably,
because of a residual “bound” fraction resistant to hydrolysis
(Hoering, 1980; Walton, 1998; Miller et al., 2000; Penkman et al.,
2008). Future investigations should focus on the chemical charac-
terisation of this residual bound fraction. The authors wish to thank Nicky Milner for providing the
modern Patella samples, Nicola Russell, the team from the East
Kilbride Laboratory, Karen Hardy and Caroline Wickham-Jones for
providing the Holocene Patella specimens and the numerical dates;
David Bridgland for introduction to the Easington site; Darrell
Kaufman, Martin Bates and Geoff Bailey for discussion on BD’s PhD
thesis. We are grateful for the comments of Darrell Kaufman and two
anonymous reviewers, which greatly improved this manuscript. In conclusion, although the proteins investigated appear to
undergo predictable diagenesis within a closed system, it is not
straightforward to derive mathematical expressions able to describe
the relationship between time, temperature and the extent of
diagenesis of proteins in bleached powders of P. vulgata. Nonethe-
less, we obtained estimates of the kinetic parameters for hydrolysis,
racemisation and decomposition for a range of amino acids by
applying well-established models as well as a new “model-free”
approach that relies on “scaling” experimental data across a range of
temperature and extrapolating the relative reaction rates. All these
estimates showed that activation energies for hydrolysis are lower
than racemisation. Consequently at high temperatures (artificial
diagenesis), racemisation is more likely to be the controlling reac-
tion, but at increasinglylower temperatures (sub-fossil Patella) this is
ceded to hydrolysis. Moreover, there was a clear difference between
the diagenetic patterns of Asx when undergoing degradation at high
and low temperatures. This can be explained in terms of different
relative rates of hydrolysis and racemisation at high and low
temperatures, which reflects the complexity of the temperature
dependence of each reaction. This pattern has also been found in
other bleached biocarbonates (Crisp et al., 2013; Tomiak et al., 2013). It is possible that our observations may be limited to bleached
carbonates heated in water, because high-temperature studies on
unbleached substrates of different biominerals (e.g. Miller et al.,
2000; Kaufman, 2006) did not highlight similar discrepancies
between low- and high-temperature data. References However,
it is important that the temperature sensitivity of the pathways
involved in the degradation of amino acids commonly used for
geochronology, such as Asx, are better clarified, as this would
contribute to improve the accuracy of AAR as a geochronometer. Davies, B.J., Bridgland, D.R., Roberts, D.H., Ó Cofaigh, C., Pawley, S.M., Candy, I.,
Demarchi, B., Penkman, K.E.H., Austin, W.E.N., 2009. The age and stratigraphic
context of the Easington raised beach, County Durham, UK. Proceedings of the
Geologists Association 120 (4), 183e198. Demarchi, B., Rogers, K., Fa, D., Finlayson, C.J., Milner, N., Penkman, K.E.H., 2013. Intra-crystalline protein diagenesis (IcPD) in Patella vulgata. Part I: isolation and
testing of the closed system. Quaternary Geochronology 16, 144e157. Demarchi, B., Williams, M.G., Milner, N., Russell, N., Bailey, G.N., Penkman, K.E.H.,
2011. Amino acid racemization dating of marine shells: a mound of possibilities. Quaternary International 239 (1e2), 114e124. Gaffey, S.J., 1988. Water in skeletal carbonates. Journal of Sedimentary Research 58
(3), 397e414. Geiger, T., Clarke, S., 1987. Deamidation, isomerization, and racemization at
asparaginyl and aspartyl residues in peptides. Succinimide-linked reactions
that contribute to protein degradation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 262 (2),
785e794. Goodfriend, G.A., Meyer, V.R., 1991. A comparative study of the kinetics of amino
acid racemization/epimerization in fossil and modern mollusk shells. Geo-
chimica et Cosmochimica Acta 55 (11), 3355e3367. 4. Conclusions However, we suggest that
the patterns we report for bleached carbonates are detected within
the intra-crystalline fraction due to its greater potential for
preserving degraded proteins and their breakdown products (e.g. FAA) therefore allowing accurate examination of the diagenesis
patterns. Overall, although we do not dismiss the usefulness of high-
temperature experiments for providing an insight in protein break-
down, we stress the need to carefully evaluate high-temperature
data prior to their use in extrapolating kinetic parameters to esti-
mate the diagenesis rates at various burial temperatures. Editorial handling by: D. Kaufman Appendix A. Supplementary data Supplementary data related to this article can be found at http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2012.08.001. 4. Conclusions The patterns of protein breakdown within the intra-crystalline
fraction of P. vulgata are complex, even though these reactions
occur whilst the proteins are effectively retained within a closed
system. We observed that the apparent rates of hydrolysis, race-
misation and decomposition decrease after prolonged heating at
high temperatures. The models of Wehmiller (1980) and Mitterer
and Kriausakul (1984) showed that an early diagenetic stage,
dominated by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds and extensive rac-
emisation of N-terminal and DKP-bound amino acids, is followed
by a stage during which the apparent reaction rates decrease as It is likely that performing kinetic experiments at lower
temperatures, or using natural samples whose ages and burial
temperatures are relatively well known, will be key to obtaining
more accurate estimates of the diagenesis rates: the experiment at
80 C appears to accurately mimic the patterns of Val and Asx
diagenesis in Patella (Fig. 10). However, these low-temperature
experiments are more time-consuming due to the exponential
relationship between temperature and diagenesis, resulting in
correspondingly long experimental times. B. Demarchi et al. / Quaternary Geochronology 16 (2013) 158e172 171 and the Wellcome Trust (GR076905MA) for funding; the thermal
age modelling was supported by SYNTHESYS Project financed by EC
Community Research Infrastructure Action under the FP7 “Capac-
ities” Programme. and the Wellcome Trust (GR076905MA) for funding; the thermal
age modelling was supported by SYNTHESYS Project financed by EC
Community Research Infrastructure Action under the FP7 “Capac-
ities” Programme. a result of the increase in the relative abundance of slower-
racemising FAA. Leaching of the FAA component and slow hydro-
lysis of a more resistant protein fraction occurs during the latest
stages of diagenesis (Wehmiller, 1980). In the intra-crystalline
fraction
of
proteins
examined here, hydrolysis slows
either
because of limited available water, which results in a second-order
(rather than a pseudo-first order) reaction, or, most probably,
because of a residual “bound” fraction resistant to hydrolysis
(Hoering, 1980; Walton, 1998; Miller et al., 2000; Penkman et al.,
2008). Future investigations should focus on the chemical charac-
terisation of this residual bound fraction. a result of the increase in the relative abundance of slower-
racemising FAA. Leaching of the FAA component and slow hydro-
lysis of a more resistant protein fraction occurs during the latest
stages of diagenesis (Wehmiller, 1980). Acknowledgements In: Hare, P.E.,
Hoering, T.C., King, K.J. (Eds.), Biogeochemistry of Amino Acids. Wiley, New
York, pp. 193e201. Riley, M.S., Collins, M.J., 1994. The polymer model of collagen degradation. Polymer
Degradation and Stability 46 (1), 93e97. Hudson, J.D., 1967. The elemental composition of the organic fraction, and the water
content, of some recent and fossil mollusc shells. Geochimica et Cosmochimica
Acta 31 (12), 2361e2378. Smith, G.G., Evans, R.C., 1980. The effect of structure and conditions on the rate
of racemization of free and bound amino acids. In: Hare, P.E., Hoering, T.C.,
King,
K.J. (Eds.),
Biogeochemistry
of
Amino
Acids. Wiley,
New
York,
pp. 257e282. Kahne, D., Still, W.C., 1988. Hydrolysis of a peptide bond in neutral water. Journal of
American Chemical Society 110, 7529e7534. pp
Steinberg, S.M., Bada, J.L., 1983. Peptide decomposition in the neutral pH region via
the formation of diketopiperazines. The Journal of Organic Chemistry 48 (13),
2295e2298. Kaufman, D.S., 2000. Amino acid racemization in ostracodes. In: Goodfriend, G.A.,
Collins, M.J., Fogel, M.L., Macko, S.A., Wehmiller, J.F. (Eds.), Perspectives in Amino
Acid and Protein Geochemistry. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 145e160. Kaufman, D.S., 2006. Temperature sensitivity of aspartic and glutamic acid race-
mization in the foraminifera Pulleniatina. Quaternary Geochronology 1 (3),
188e207. Steinberg, S.M., Masters, P.M., Bada, J.L., 1984. The racemization of free and peptide-
bound serine and aspartic acid at 100 C as a function of pH: implications for
in vivo racemization. Bioorganic Chemistry 12 (4), 349e355. Kaufman, D.S., Manley, W.F., 1998. A new procedure for determining dl amino acid
ratios in fossils using reverse phase liquid chromatography. Quaternary Science
Reviews 17 (11), 987e1000. Stephenson, R.C., Clarke, S., 1989. Succinimide formation from aspartyl and aspar-
aginyl peptides as a model for the spontaneous degradation of proteins. Journal
of Biological Chemistry 264 (11), 6164e6170. Kriausakul, N., Mitterer, R.M., 1980a. Some factors affecting the epimerisation of
isoleucine in peptides and proteins. In: Hare, P.E., Hoering, T.C., King, K.J. (Eds.),
Biogeochemistry of Amino Acids. Wiley, New York, pp. 283e296. Sykes, G.A., Collins, M.J., Walton, D.I., 1995. The significance of a geochemically
isolated
intracrystalline
organic
fraction
within
biominerals. Organic
Geochemistry 23 (11e12), 1059e1065. Kriausakul, N., Mitterer, R.M., 1980b. Comparison of isoleucine epimerization in
a model dipeptide and fossil protein. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 44 (5),
753e758. Tomiak, P.J., Penkman, K.E.H., Hendy, E., Demarchi, B., Murrels, S., Davis, S.A.,
McCullagh, P., Collins, M.J., 2013. Acknowledgements (
)
Goodfriend, G.A., Brigham-Grette, J., Miller, G.H., 1996. Enhanced age resolution of
the marine quaternary record in the Arctic using aspartic acid racemization
dating of bivalve shells. Quaternary Research 45 (2), 176e187. BD was funded by Marie Curie PALAEO (MEST-CT-2005-
020601). KP and the NEaar lab are grateful to NERC (NE/G004625/1) B. Demarchi et al. / Quaternary Geochronology 16 (2013) 158e172 172 Miller, G.H., Hart, C.P., Roark, F.B., Johnson, B.J., 2000. Isoleucine epimerization in
eggshells of the flightless Australian birds Genyornis and Dromaius. In:
Goodfriend, G.A., Collins, M.J., Fogel, M.L., Macko, S.A., Wehmiller, J.F. (Eds.),
Perspectives in Amino Acid and Protein Geochemistry. Oxford University Press,
New York, pp. 161e181. Hardy, K, Wickham-Jones, C.R., 2009. Mesolithic and Later Sites Around the
Inner Sound, Scotland: The Work of the Scotland’s First Settlers Project
1998e2004. Scottish Archaeological Internet Report 31. http://www.sair.org. uk/sair31/. Hearty, P.J., Kaufman, D.S., 2009. A Cerion-based chronostratigraphy and age model
from the central Bahamas Islands: amino acid racemization and 14C in land
snails and sediments. Quaternary Geochronology 4, 148e159. Mitterer, R.M., Kriausakul, N., 1984. Comparison of rates and degrees of isoleucine
epimerization in dipeptides and tripeptides. Organic Geochemistry 7, 91e98. Hare, P.E., 1971. Effect of hydrolysis on the racemisation rate of amino acids. Car-
negie Institute of Washington Yearbook 70, 256e258. Neuberger, A., 1948. Stereochemistry of amino acids. Advances in Protein Chemistry
4, 297e383. negie Institute of Washington Yearbook 70, 256e258. Orem, C.A., Kaufman, D.S., 2011. Effect of basic pH on amino acid racemization
and leaching in freshwater mollusk shell. Quaternary Geochronology 6 (2),
233e245. Hare, P.E., 1976. Relative reaction rates and activation energies for some amino acid
reactions. Carnegie Institute of Washington Yearbook 70, 801e806. Hare, P.E., Mitterer, R.M., 1969. Laboratory simulation of amino acid diagenesis in
fossils. Carnegie Institute of Washington Yearbook 67, 205e208. Penkman, K.E.H., Kaufman, D.S., Maddy, D., Collins, M.J., 2008. Closed-system
behaviour of the intra-crystalline fraction of amino acids in mollusc shells. Quaternary Geochronology 3 (1e2), 2e25. Hare, P.E., Miller, G.H., Tuross, N.C., 1975. Simulation of natural hydrolysis of
proteins in fossils. Carnegie Institute of Washington Yearbook 74, 609e612. Hill, R.L., 1965. Hydrolysis of proteins. Advances in Protein Chemistry 20, 37e107. Qian, Y., Engel, M.H., Macko, S.A., Carpenter, S., Deming, J.W., 1993. Kinetics of
peptide hydrolysis and amino acid decomposition at high temperature. Geo-
chimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57 (14), 3281e3293. Hoering, T.C., 1980. The organic constituent of fossil mollusc shells. Acknowledgements Testing the limitations of artificial protein
degradation kinetics using known-age massive Poritescoral skeletons. Quater-
nary Geochronology 16, 87e109. Lécuyer, C., O’Neil, J.R., 1994. Stable isotope compositions of fluid inclusions in
biogenic carbonates. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58 (1), 353e363. Towe, K.M., 1980. Preserved organic ultrastructure: an unreliable indicator for
Paleozoic amino acid biogeochemistry. In: Hare, P.E., Hoering, T.C., King, K.J. (Eds.), Biogeochemistry of Amino Acids. Wiley, New York, pp. 65e74. Manley, W.F., Miller, G.H., Czywczynski, J., 2000. Kinetics of aspartic acid racemi-
zation in Mya and Hiatella: modelling age and palaeotemperature of high-
latitude quaternary mollusks. In: Goodfriend, G.A., Collins, M.J., Fogel, M.L.,
Macko, S.A., Wehmiller, J.F. (Eds.), Perspectives in Amino Acid and Protein
Geochemistry. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 120e141. Vallentyne, J.R., 1964. Biogeochemistry of organic matter-II thermal reaction
kinetics and transformation products of amino compounds. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta 28 (2), 157e188. ( )
Walton, D.I., 1998. Degradation of intracrystalline proteins and amino acids in fossil
brachiopods. Organic Geochemistry 28 (6), 389e410. McCoy, W.D., 1987. The precision of amino acid geochronology and paleo-
thermometry. Quaternary Science Reviews 6 (1), 43e54. Wehmiller, J.F., 1980. Intergeneric differences in apparent racemization kinetics in
mollusks and foraminifera: implications for models of diagenetic racemization. In: Hare, P.E., Hoering, T.C., King, K.J. (Eds.), Biogeochemistry of Amino Acids. Wiley, New York, pp. 341e355. Miller, G.H., Beaumont, P.B., Jull, A.J.T., Johnson, B., 1992. Pleistocene geochronology
and Paleothermometry from protein diagenesis in ostrich eggshells: implica-
tions for the Evolution of modern humans. Philosophical Transactions: Bio-
logical Sciences 337 (1280), 149e157. Miller, G.H., Beaumont, P.B., Deacon, H.J., Brooks, A.S., Hare, P.E., Jull, A.J.T., 1999. Earliest modern humans in southern Africa dated by isoleucine epimerization
in ostrich eggshell. Quaternary Science Reviews 18 (13), 1537e1548. Wehmiller, J.F., 1993. Applications of organic geochemistry for Quaternary research;
aminostratigraphy and aminochronology. In: Engel, M.H., Macko, S.A. (Eds.),
Organic Geochemistry. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 755e783.
| 29,140 |
sn83002748_1906-03-15_1_2_1
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US-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 2,039 | 2,604 |
SARATOGA SUN F. Crawford, Editor. PUBLISHED EVERY THURSDAY. Entered as second-class matter at the Saratoga, Wyoming, post office TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. One Year $1.00 Six Months $0.50 Three Months $0.50 Advertising Rates on Application. THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 1906 There is a paper coming to this office printed under the cognomen “Appeal to Reason.” It is one of the rankest anarchistic sheets that ever issued from any press and should be entitled “Appeal to Prejudice,” or “Appeal to Unreason”. If ever there was good cause for suppression of any paper in the United States. Because of its treasonable and damnable utterances, here is one in this so-called “Appeal to Reason.” The Sun wishes to assure the delegation of ranch men that waited on it recently to protest against the last snow storm, that it has gone out of the weather business for keeps. If it knows there will be an eruption of Elk Mountain, or an earthquake on Beaver creek, it is going to keep itself, for this prophesying storms is hard on the subscription list. We desire to add in a whisper: Look out for another stem-winder about the 23rd inst. This is positively our last appearance. The re-appointment of General Hansen to the other of Surveyor General of Wyoming is a recognition of the faithful and efficient service that man has given to the duties of his office. Uncle Sam is one of the most exacting of task masters, and if there is any lack in efficiency or devotion to his interest, it soon finds it out and the servant packs his grip. This is General Hansen’s third term in that office and the Sun joins his many friends in congratulations. The Sun prints a picture of the present Saratoga fish hatchery and also of the water supply in this issue. The site for hatchery is an ideal one, the temperature of the water being 1 degree the year around, and the supply is abundant for a hatchery a score of times as large as the present one. Saratoga people are hoping that the government will locate its new hatchery at this point, there being an abundance of water for all possible needs. One of the important things in this culture is to have water of an even temperature, neither too warm nor too cold. This is secured in the spring that supplies the Saratoga hatchery. The disbanding of the Saratoga Valley Stock Association, which took place here last Saturday, need not discourage the stockmen of this valley who feel the need of some such an organization. Everyone familiar with the workings of the association knows the reason of its death lack of interest and they also know just what caused the lack of interest. If the stockmen of this valley are to cut any figure in national stock matters, they can do so only by means of an organization. Organization must be had all feel that, but it must be upon such lines that the interest of every stockman in the valley must be safeguarded. And it must be such an organization as will make every stockman feel that he cannot afford to be anywhere except on the inside of that organization. Such an organization will live and it will doubtless be organized before very long. The “New Era.” published by Mark Crawford, at Walden, Colorado, is on our table. It is a very commendable effort and if hard work and perseverance will accomplish anything the paper will be a success. The North Park, in the heart of which sits Walden, is one of the wonders of America so far as scenery and natural resources are concerned. It is a great amphitheater, 35 by 50 miles in extent, a kind of immense natural park and game preserve, which has been appropriated by the enterprising settlers of that region for cattle raising and ranch homes. In that amphitheater, it is to be found veins of coal 65 feet in thickness, beds of natural asphalt, silver, gold and copper in immense quantities and days wages can be learned by panning the sand in any of the streams that water that glorious country. It is an ideal spot in which to start a newspaper and when the Denver, Yellowstone & Pacific builds in there from Denver and Fort Collins as it will within the next year the inhabitants of that country will find that the fame of their country has spread abroad through the land and people will flock to them as to a new Eldorado. A Primary Law. The Sheridan Post is advocating for the passage of a primary law, asserting that at present a nominee for a state office is not always the choice of the voters of the state. This is true and the Post is dead right in its contention, but the Sun doubts very much whether such a law can be passed in a legislature so one sided as controls Wyoming at this time. Saratoga Sun. The Sun evidently judges the future by the past, and therein in this instance it is wrong. The people of this state are reaching out from year to year for better things; they are not satisfied to be governed by the past. The Post fearlessly makes the assertion that never again will we have a legislature like the last one. Its members were helpless in the hands of men who were not members of the body. They were obliged to obey instructions or go home without securing legislation which their constituents expected at their hands. Such an outrage cannot again be perpetrated against the people of this state. At the next session of the legislature, a United States senator will be elected and no so-called bossism will be tolerated by either the candidates or members. The eighth legislature had no politics in particular but the ninth will be likely to have a clean-cut republican majority, and it will be very likely to pass a primary law. Sheridan Post. Press Clippings. What the Other Prize are Named and Said for the State and the People. Awful Big Contract. President Castro has announced his intention of breaking up the Monroe doctrine. This is by all odds the largest contract that will be undertaken during the twentieth century. Enjoyed Being in Minority. Senator Tillman was one of the four members who voted against the pure food bill. The South Carolinian has enjoyed himself so long in a minority that a majority must seem like a bucking bronco. American Soldiers Never Bested. It is said the Japanese prove that lean men on a spare diet make the best soldiers. That depends on the enemy and the cause represented. The American volunteer has never been bested nor his generous ration equaled. Sundance Monitor. Broke the Record. Judge David H. Craig stepped off No. 6 Tuesday, went up to the courthouse, sentenced Louis’Bill, a colored man convicted of burglary, to four years in the penitentiary. The Judge then took No. 6 to Rawlins. This is quick work and shows the way in which the Judge does his business. Green River Star. He Should Grow Old Gracefully. Out of the most beautiful things in life, he is a man of much talent but he has failed to learn the secret of being agreeable under the weight of advancing years. The stage hands all over the country have formed an anti-scold union for the purpose of curbing his temper. The Topeka Record. Did Wyoming Do It? Denver dispatches announce that a severe blizzard swept down upon the city from Wyoming, and Nebraska. patches announce that a severe blizzard swept down upon Nebraska from this state. Wyoming, apparently, manufactured the pesky thing and shoved it off on its neighbors. It was a mean thing for Wyoming to see, but when the storm is studied, it is found that Colorado and Nebraska suffered to a much greater extent than we did. No trains were blocked in Wyoming, despite the wild-eyed specials sent out from the state capital, while in both Colorado and Nebraska there appears to have been considerable trouble in this respect. Wyoming, the land of sunshine, can stand a good deal of their abuse and still make a very creditable showing. As a matter of fact, that blizzard came to us from some other state, and we are justified in sending it on into Colorado and Nebraska anywhere to get rid of it. Laramie Republican. A Degenerate Age. Wm. K Vanderbilt came very near being slaughtered to make a Roman holiday. He ran over a child as he was touring Italy with his auto, and somehow the Dagos lost sight of the fact that children are cheap while autos cost a heap of money, so they were about to do up him and his machine. The modern Romans seem to have outgrown the notions of their forebearers that human life is well sacrificed if enjoyment can be had by the spilling of blood. Surely we are fallen on a degenerate age. Thermopolis Record. Brand new set of buggy harness for sale for $80. A. M. McAnally. I am right in the front rank with some of the finest ranches in the country. If you want to buy or sell, get busy. D. S. 'raw ford. For sale White Cocker els, by Rieck Bros. Encampment. Wyoming. 23 It WYOMING RANCHES D. S. Crawford. I buy and sell any old thing from a wheelbarrow to a 5,000 acre ranch, hurry up. D. S. Crawford Basket Ball Wednesday Evening, March 21st Reds vs Whites Come and enjoy the fun and help the school buy a good microscope Good Friend HAVE you been keeping your customers posted? When they are thinking of buying goods be on the spot with a good argument. You can be on the spot with printed matter oftener, cheaper and more effective than in any other way. We believe a well-worded and well-displayed ad setting forth facts about your goods will do more to increase your profits than anything else. THE Saratoga Sun Reaches All the People All the Time in Your Territory. Always Keeps Chamberlain's Cough Remedy in His House "We would not be without Chamberlain's Cough Remedy. It is kept on hand continually in our home." says W. W. Karney, editor of the Independent, Lowry City, Mo. That is just what every family should do. When kept at hand ready for instant use, a cold may be checked at the outset and cured in much less time than after it has become settled in the system. This remedy is also without a peer for croup in children, and will prevent the attack when given as soon as the child becomes hoarse, or even after the croupy cough appears, which can only be done when the remedy. It is kept at hand. For sale at Price’s Drug Store. Lewis Johnson & Brother, Mines and Mining Stocks, Bought and Sold. Saratoga, Wyoming Dr. Sam F. Price, PHYSICIAN and SURGEON [Office in PRICE’S DRUG STORE. SARATOGA, WYO. DR. R. V. WITTER PHYSICIAN SURGEON Office opposite Hotel Wolf on the west side. Resident phone 42. Saratoga, Wyoming. COSGRIFF BROTHERS CO SARATOGA, WYOMING Selt Shoes We SELL the above named shoe, and our stock is complete in this line. Dress Goods We have a complete line of summer goods, the best ever brought to town in shirt waist goods. Have you seen our line of ginghams? They are the best in town. Come and see them Gent’s Furnishings This line is also complete. In fact, our stock is New and Complete in All Lines Grocery Department In this department our goods are new and of the best. Try Our Coffees COSGRIFF BROTHERS CO. THE HOTEL WOLF First class accommodation. Special attention given to in every respect. transient. Finest Hotel in Southern. Special rates given to regular Wyoming. Spend the Summer in Saratoga. Fine places to fish and hunt. TO KU - close to City. THE FAST TRAINS ARE VIA UNION PACIFIC three through trains daily direct line to Denver, Kansas City, St. Louis, Omaha, Chicago. C onn ««'oni For All Points East or West Inquire of w W E L I.OM A.X. t; |> * T A # Omaha, Neb.
| 49,518 |
https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/298610
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,017 |
Stack Exchange
|
Voltage Spike, https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/72992, https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/96810, user3212448
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English
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Spoken
| 502 | 693 |
How to define working voltage class net to calculte the creepage?
I work of a project of single phase PFC converter and I need to define the working voltage to each each NET of Schematic to calculate creepage distance.
I have a question about the low voltage of NET including the driver of MOSFET( +15V) the sensing (+3.3V ) and also the low voltage of control board; it will be some class of high voltage of PFC (+380V)?
How to define working voltage class net to calculate the creepage?
First you will need to get a copy of the standard that you want to design your product to. (Like IEC61010-1) This will depend on what kind of product it is and what market you are going to sell it in, I don't know which part of the IEC standards pertain to industrial products.
Then you will look at the table and determine the pollution degree:
Pollution Degrees and Overvoltages Pollution degree is divided into
four categories. The following definitions are based on those in IEC
60664.3
• Pollution degree 1. No pollution or only dry, nonconductive
pollution occurs. The pollution has no influence (example: sealed or
potted products).
• Pollution degree 2. Normally only nonconductive pollution occurs.
Occasionally a temporary conductivity caused by condensation must be
expected (example: product used in typical office environment).
• Pollution degree 3. Conductive pollution occurs, or dry, nonconductive
pollution occurs that becomes conductive due to expected condensation
(example: products used in heavy industrial environments that are
typically exposed to pollution such as dust).
• Pollution degree 4. Pollution generates persistent conductivity
caused, for instance, by conductive dust or by rain or snow.
Your standard will have a table like this:
Source for table and quote
You then have to keep every trace on a PCB X ammount of distance away from every other trace. So if its 480Vrms, and pollution deg 2 you need 2mm of clearance.
This is just an example, you need to find the spec that pertains to you. Get a regulatory consultant if necessary and\or buy the relevant standards (they aren't cheap)
Thank you : the creepage is defined as the distance along insulator between two conductor , and the clearance is distance measured am AIR between two conductor . So for example So if its 480Vrms, and pollution deg 2 you need 2mm of clearance ; and For +15Vrms ;pollution deg 2 you ->0.6mm of clearance ; th question is what distance between 480rms and 15Vrms ? Best regards
In that example, You still need 2mm of clearance, this even means pins on relays and isolators
this rule applied also for current and voltage sensing ? because there will be in the same region of voltage
Only the voltage level is considered from trace to trace
the voltage level of sensing is low but near of high voltage we consider the clearance of 2mm also?
The highest voltage is considered between two traces (and the highest possible voltage on the trace)
| 30,175 |
https://github.com/biemo8/bbs-cloud/blob/master/biemo-auth/biemo-auth-app/src/main/java/com/biemo/cloud/auth/modular/sso/controller/SsoController.java
|
Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
bbs-cloud
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biemo8
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Java
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Code
| 78 | 408 |
package com.biemo.cloud.auth.modular.sso.controller;
import com.biemo.cloud.auth.modular.sso.model.SsoLoginReq;
import com.biemo.cloud.auth.modular.sso.service.SsoService;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.validation.annotation.Validated;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
/**
* 单点登陆
*
*
* @Date 2019/9/25 22:02
*/
@Controller
@RequestMapping("/sso")
@Slf4j
public class SsoController {
@Autowired
private SsoService ssoService;
/**
* SSO登录（从别的应用redirect过来的入口）
*
*
* @Date 2019/9/25 22:02
*/
@RequestMapping("/login")
public String ssoLogin(@Validated SsoLoginReq ssoLoginReq) {
return ssoService.ssoLogin(ssoLoginReq);
}
/**
* SSO退出（从别的应用redirect过来的入口）
*
*
* @Date 2019/9/25 22:03
*/
@RequestMapping("/logout")
public String ssoLogout(@Validated SsoLoginReq ssoLoginReq) {
return ssoService.ssoLogout(ssoLoginReq);
}
}
| 33,848 |
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemera%20mccaffertyi
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Ephemera mccaffertyi
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https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ephemera mccaffertyi&action=history
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Dutch
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Remodeling of the Streptococcus mutans proteome in response to LrgAB and external stresses
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Sang‐Joon Ahn
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Remodeling of the Streptococcus
mutans proteome in response to
LrgAB and external stresses Received: 22 June 2017
Accepted: 9 October 2017
Published: xx xx xxxx Received: 22 June 2017
Accepted: 9 October 2017
Published: xx xx xxxx Sang-Joon Ahn1, Tongjun Gu2, Jin Koh3 & Kelly C. Rice4 The Streptococcus mutans Cid/Lrg system represents an ideal model to study how this organism
withstands various stressors encountered in the oral cavity. Mutation of lrgAB renders S. mutans more
sensitive to oxidative, heat, and vancomycin stresses. Here, we have performed a comprehensive
proteomics experiment using label-free quantitative mass spectrometry to compare the proteome
changes of wild type UA159 and lrgAB mutant strains in response to these same stresses. Importantly,
many of identified proteins showed either a strikingly large fold-change, or were completely suppressed
or newly induced in response to a particular stress condition. Notable stress proteome changes occurred
in a variety of functional categories, including amino acid biosynthesis, energy metabolism, protein
synthesis, transport/binding, and transcriptional/response regulators. In the non-stressed growth
condition, mutation of lrgAB significantly altered the abundance of 76 proteins (a fold change >1.4,
or <0.6, p-value <0.05) and several of these matched the stress proteome of the wild type strain. Interestingly, the statistical correlation between the proteome changes and corresponding RNA-
seq transcriptomic studies was relatively low (rho(ρ) <0.16), suggesting that adaptation to a new
environment may require radical proteome turnover or metabolic remodeling. Collectively, this study
reinforces the importance of LrgAB to the S. mutans stress response. The pathogenic potential of Streptococcus mutans, a major etiological agent of human dental caries1, is intimately
linked to its ability to efficiently and rapidly adjust to the adverse environment of the oral cavity, thus improving its
survival and persistence in dental plaque biofilm2,3. In this regard, considerable work has focused on the S. mutans
Cid/Lrg system, consisting of two dicistronic operons lrgAB (SMU.575c/574c) and cidAB (SMU.1701c/1700c)4–7. Expression of cid and lrg is highly responsive to complex and unfavorable environmental signals that integrate
into the regulatory networks modulating S. mutans virulence. For example, lrg and cid genes display opposite pat-
terns of expression in response to growth phase, glucose concentration, oxygenation, and blood plasma6,8 and are
transcriptionally cross-regulated5,6. Regulation of the lrg and cid operons is further complicated by involvement
of multiple major regulators, including CcpA (carbon catabolite protein A) and the TCSs (two-component signal
transduction systems) LytST and VicKR4–6. www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports Received: 22 June 2017
Accepted: 9 October 2017
Published: xx xx xxxx Materials and Methods Bacterial strains and media. 16 Bacterial strains and media. The bacterial strains used in this study were S. mutans UA159, a serotype c
strain16, and a previously published isogenic lrgAB mutant6, which was created using the PCR ligation mutagen-
esis technique17. Both S. mutans strains were grown and maintained on Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) agar plates
(containing 1,000 µg/ml kanamycin for the lrgAB mutant), at 37 °C and 5% CO2. Bacterial cultures for protein preparation. The identical set of bacterial cultures analyzed in our
recently-published RNA-seq work7 were also used in this present study. Briefly, wild type strain UA159 (des-
ignated “WT” in all subsequent figures and tables) and ΔlrgAB (designated “AB” in all subsequent figures and
tables) overnight cultures were each diluted 1:50 in 50 ml sterile BHI broth and grown to mid-exponential growth
phase (OD600 = 0.4) under four different environmental conditions (anaerobic, (control); aerobic, (a); heat stress,
(h); and vancomycin, (v) stress), as follows: For anaerobic growth, including heat and vancomycin stress condi-
tions, sterile mineral oil was placed on top of the cultures. For aerobic growth, each culture was grown in a 250-ml
conical flask at a 1:5 volume to flask ratio, and incubated at 115 rpm and 37 °C. For heat stress growth, cultures
were incubated at 40 °C. For vancomycin growth, cultures were supplemented with 1 µg/ml vancomycin and incu-
bated at 37 °C. An aliquot (5 ml) of each culture was previously used for the RNA-seq experiment7, and the rest
(45 ml) of the culture was subjected to the mass spectrometry experiments in this study. Growth curves of these
strains under each condition can be found in our previous publication7. Protein Extraction and Quantification. Biological pentaplicates (i.e. n = 5 replicates per S. mutans strain
per growth condition, including the n = 3 replicates analyzed previously by RNA-seq.7) of each S. mutans culture
were processed for protein extraction according to Fujiki et al.18 with the following modifications: Samples were
ground into fine powder in liquid nitrogen and agitated in extraction buffer (0.1 M Tris-HCl pH 8.8, 10 mM
EDTA, 0.2 M DTT, 0.9 M sucrose) with an equal volume of phenol (pH 8.0) for 2 hours at room temperature. The
phenol phase was precipitated by adding five volumes of 0.1 M ammonium acetate in methanol. www.nature.com/scientificreports/ similar phenotypes with respect to ultrasensitivity to aeration, heat, and vancomycin stress5,7. More interestingly,
our recent RNA-seq data has also demonstrated almost identical transcriptome changes between cidB and lrgAB
mutants, compared to wild type, underlining likely functional and mechanistic similarities between CidB and
LrgAB5,7. However, molecular mechanisms for how these encoded proteins modulate S. mutans virulence and
its stress response are still not well understood. As well, clues to their specific cellular functionality are relatively
scarce due in part to the inherent difficulties associated with studying membrane proteins. pfi
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“-Omics” technologies have provided a powerful means of broadly and globally assessing the cellular responses
and adaptation of bacteria to stresses. We recently performed a comprehensive RNA-seq experiment to assess the
transcriptomic changes of wild-type and isogenic lrgAB mutants under anaerobic (control) and stress-inducing
culture conditions (aerobic, heat and vancomycin stress), as a way to connect known stress-sensitive phenotypic
aspects to information regarding specific changes in gene expression7. These environmental stresses and lrgAB
mutation both influenced the transcriptome in S. mutans, with implications for bacterial cell death/lysis, adapta-
tion and virulence. Nevertheless, understanding transcriptomic changes alone may be insufficient for defining the
exact dynamic cellular changes of S. mutans in response to environmental stresses.hi y
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This present study investigates the changes in proteome profiles that occurred in the same set of S. mutans
wild-type and lrgAB mutant samples used in our recently published RNA-seq study7. To this end, mass
spectrometry-based label-free quantitative proteomics12–15, a technology known to enable comprehensive identi-
fication and quantification of complete bacterial proteomes, was adapted to study changes in S. mutans intracel-
lular protein levels in response to aeration, heat, and vancomycin stress. Furthermore, the degree of correlation
between S. mutans protein abundance profiles and gene expression changes was determined. Further under-
standing of these combined “-omics” data at the cellular or molecular level will enhance our knowledge of Cid/
Lrg-mediated cellular responses of S. mutans to adverse environments. Furthermore, these “-omics” data will
serve as a valuable resource that can be mined to help clarify the role of the S. mutans stress response and physio-
logical activity to its dynamic survival in the oral cavity. Remodeling of the Streptococcus
mutans proteome in response to
LrgAB and external stresses Consequently, the Cid/Lrg system affects comprehensive virulence
traits such as autolysis, biofilm development, oxidative and heat stress response, antibiotic resistance and genetic
competence4–6 required for successful colonization in the oral cavity. For these reasons, the Cid/Lrg system has
potential as an attractive target for development of anti-caries treatments. p
g
p
Another value in studying the Cid/Lrg system is that lrgA and cidA encode membrane proteins with predicted
similarity to bacteriophage holin: antiholin proteins that modulate cell lysis. Holins are known to control the
timing and onset of host cell lysis during bacteriophage lytic infection, and thus it has been hypothesized that
Cid and Lrg may contribute to inducing death and/or lysis in a subpopulation of the bacterial community for
the altruistic benefit of the entire population, as a survival strategy for adapting to environmental conditions9–11. Conclusive data proving that the Cid/Lrg systems of S. mutans and S. aureus are functionally analogous to holins/
antiholin pairs is still lacking. However, published S. mutans data strongly suggest that Cid and Lrg proteins are
functionally interrelated5,7. For example, we recently found that the lack of either CidB or LrgAB results in very 1Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA. 2Bioinformatics,
Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL32610, USA. 3Proteomics
and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville,
FL32610, USA. 4Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University
of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to S.-J.A. (email: [email protected]) Scientific REPOrTS | 7: 14063 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-14324-w 1 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Results and Discussion We have started to develop an understanding of how Cid and Lrg membrane proteins are related to the ability of S. mutans to efficiently and rapidly adjust to the ever-changing oral cavity environment, consequently contributing
to many key virulence traits of S. mutans5–7. Since stress responses are closely integrated into bacterial physiology,
we also envision that studying the Cid/Lrg system may provide novel insights into the mechanisms that regulate
S. mutans cell homeostasis. The present study provides a valuable opportunity to detect proteomic changes in the
same biological set of S. mutans wild-type and lrgAB cultures as those used in our previous transcriptome study7,
using a label-free mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics. The rationale behind this study is that mod-
ulating the degradation and/or regulation of proteins may allow the cell to more rapidly and specifically adjust to
stress, compared to transcriptomic changes. This more rapid proteome-based response may function to conserve
resources by favoring only those cellular processes required for each particular stress condition21. Overview of changes in protein abundance. By using LC-MS/MS and a spectral counting based
label-free approach, a total of 1049 proteins in the wild type UA159 were identified at a 95% confidence level,
and 535 (51%) of proteins identified were differentially accumulated (a fold change >1.4, or <0.6, p-value < 0.05)
in response to aeration, heat, or vancomycin stress, compared to the wild-type control samples grown anaer-
obically (Table 1). In the wild type, more downregulated proteins displayed larger magnitude fold changes as
well as higher statistical significance compared to the upregulated proteins (Fig. 1a). In contrast, in the lrgAB
strain, a total of 1039 proteins were identified at a 95% confidence level, and 474 (46%) of proteins identified
were differentially accumulated (a fold change >1.4, or <0.6, p-value < 0.05) in response to the same conditions
(Table 2). Similar to the wild type strain, more proteins were downregulated with larger magnitude fold changes
and higher statistical significance (Fig. 1b). These data suggest that nearly half of the proteins identified by the
label-free mass spectrometry differentially responded to the stressful conditions tested in both wild type and
lrgAB mutant strains. Tables 1 and 2 also summarize the 23 possible protein abundance patterns of S. Materials and Methods Raw MS/MS data files were processed using a thorough database search, con-
sidering biological modification and amino acid substitution against a nonredundant Streptococcus mutans data-
base with decoy sequences (4,064 entries) using Scaffold Q + S (Proteome Software Inc., Portland, OR, USA) and
MASCOT 2.4 (Matrix Science Inc., Boston, MA, USA). The following parameters were used for all the searching:
Peptide tolerance at 10 ppm, tandem MS tolerance at ± 0.01 Da, peptide charges of 2+ to 5+ , trypsin as the
enzyme, allowing one missed cleavage, Carbamidomethyl (C) as fixed modifications, and oxidation (M) and
phosphorylation (S, T, Y) as variable modifications. Peptide and protein were filtered using Scaffold Q + S with
strict peptide and protein probabilities, 0.9 and 0.95, respectively. Peptide probability was applied to filter peptide
assignments obtained from MS/MS database searching results using predictable false identification error rate. Protein probability was used to filter proteins with the null hypothesis that the database matching is random and
consideration of the peptide probability for all the peptides apportioned to that protein. For protein quantifica-
tion, only MS/MS spectra were normalized by spectral abundance factor (NSAF). To avoid analyzing abundance
differences that were unlikely to be biologically relevant, proteins with extremely low abundance (average MS/
MS spectral count <2) were excluded from further analysis. Differentially expressed proteins were identified
by student t-test, and a protein should be quantified with at least three of the biological pentaplicate, and a fold
change >1.4 or <0.6 with p-value < 0.05. Protein annotation/functional categories presented in all Tables and
Supplemental Files were obtained using UniProt19, the Los Alamos S. mutans genome data base (http://www.oral-
gen.lanl.gov/) and/or the NCBI S. mutans UA159 reference genome (NC_004350.2). To maximize the number of
identified proteins in this analysis, we extensively annotated the detected peptides using the combined outputs of
multiple search engines at a stringent FDR. Data availability statement. The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the
ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE20 partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD006735 and
10.6019/PXD006735. Correlation analysis with RNA-seq transcriptomic data. To perform correlation analysis with our
recently published transcriptomic data7, the Reads Per Kilobase of transcript per Million mapped reads (RPKM)
were used for all RNA-seq data sets. The n = 3 proteomic replicates and triplicate RNA-seq replicates used in the
correlation analysis were derived from the same n = 3 biological samples. Materials and Methods After washing
twice with 0.1 M ammonium acetate in methanol and twice with 80% acetone, the dried pellet was dissolved
with 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate buffer. The mixtures were incubated on ice before centrifugation at 4 °C for
20 minutes at 12,000 × g, separating the proteins into soluble and insoluble phases. The insoluble phase was incu-
bated with protein buffer (8 M urea, 2 M thiourea, 2% ASB-14 (amidosulfobetaine 14)) for at least one hour with
occasional vortexing. The proteins were quantified using an EZQ Protein Quantitation Kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad,
CA, USA) and SoftMax Pro Software v5.3 (Molecular Devices, Downingtown, PA, USA). Protein Digestion and LC-MS/MS. Proteins were precipitated in 25 mM ammonium bicarbonate, pH 8.0
with Amicon Ultra-0.5 ml Centrifugal filters (EMD Millipore Inc., Billerica, MA, USA). For each sample, a total
of 30 μg of protein was reduced with 40 mM DTT, alkylated with 100 mM of iodoacetamide, and trypsin-digested. Trypsin-digested peptides were then desalted with C18-solid phase extraction. A hybrid quadrupole Orbitrap (Q
Exactive Plus) mass spectrometry (MS) system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany) was used with high
energy collision dissociation (HCD) in each MS and MS/MS cycle. The instrument was run in data-dependent
mode with a full MS (400–2000 m/z) resolution of 70 000 and five MS/MS experiments (HCD NCE = 28%, isola-
tion width = 3 Th, first mass = 105 Th, 5% underfill ratio, peptide match set to “preferred”, and an AGC target of
1e6). Dynamic exclusion for 10 s was used to prevent repeated analysis of the same peptides, and a lock mass of
m/z 445.12003 (polysiloxane ion) was used for real-time internal calibration. The MS system was interfaced with
an automated Easy-nLC 1000 system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany). Each sample fraction was
loaded onto an Acclaim Pepmap 100 precolumn (20 mm × 75 μm; 3 μm-C18) and separated on an Easy-Spray Scientific REPOrTS | 7: 14063 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-14324-w 2 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ analytical column (500 mm × 75 μm; 2 μm-C18) at a flow rate at 300 nL/min during a linear gradient from sol-
vent A (0.1% formic acid (v/v)) to 25% solvent B (0.1% formic acid (v/v), 99.9% acetonitrile (v/v)) for 280 min,
followed by ramping up to 98% solvent B for an additional 20 min. Peptides were sprayed into the orifice of the
mass spectrometer, which was operated in an information-dependent data acquisition mode. Proteomics Data Analysis. Materials and Methods The programming language R was used
for all statistical analyses. First, to determine the correlation of the RNA-seq and proteomic datasets, Pearson
(linear) correlation was calculated for each two matched samples from RNA-seq and proteomic data using all the
genes shared between the two datasets. The expression values were log 2 transformed. The significantly correlated
samples were called at thresholds of a false discovery rate (FDR) <0.1. Second, to determine the correlation of the
genes between RNA-seq and proteomic datasets across all samples, the Spearman correlation between RNA-seq
and proteomic datasets for each gene was calculated using all the samples. The significantly correlated genes were
called at thresholds of FDR <0.05 and Spearman’s rho >0.5. Results and Discussion mutans wild
type (A through W) and lrgAB mutant (I through XXIII) strains, respectively, in response to aeration (a), heat (h)
and vancomycin (v) stress, relative to control (anaerobic), showing a holistic view for how the proteomes of the
organisms shift in response to each stressor or between the stressors. To observe global patterns in the protein
abundance data, principal component analysis (PCA) of the complete (both wild-type and lrgAB mutant) protein Scientific REPOrTS | 7: 14063 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-14324-w 3 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Figure 1. Volcano plots showing differentially accumulated proteins in the wild type (a) and lrgAB (b) strain
in response to all three environmental stressors (aeration, heat, and vancomycin stress), relative to non-stress
(anaerobic) condition. Cutoff for significantly differential protein abundance, >1.4-fold change in protein
abundance and p-value < 0.05. Red dots, proteins with increased abundance; green dots, proteins with
decreased abundance; black dots, proteins without significant change in abundance. Vertical dotted line, protein
abundance cutoff; horizontal dotted line, p-value cutoff. WT, wild type strain; AB, lrgAB mutant strain. Figure 1. Volcano plots showing differentially accumulated proteins in the wild type (a) and lrgAB (b) strain
in response to all three environmental stressors (aeration, heat, and vancomycin stress), relative to non-stress
(anaerobic) condition. Cutoff for significantly differential protein abundance, >1.4-fold change in protein
abundance and p-value < 0.05. Red dots, proteins with increased abundance; green dots, proteins with
decreased abundance; black dots, proteins without significant change in abundance. Vertical dotted line, protein
abundance cutoff; horizontal dotted line, p-value cutoff. WT, wild type strain; AB, lrgAB mutant strain. dataset was performed. As shown in Supplemental Fig. S1, the five biological replicates of each strain/growth
condition grouped very closely together, except for the anaerobic samples of lrgAB. This analysis also suggested
that the overall abundance trends in lrgAB samples obtained from the aerobic and vancomycin growth conditions
were most similar to each other, while the heat lrgAB sample cluster was relatively separated from the other lrgAB
samples. In the wild type strain, each stress sample was greatly separated from the control anaerobic sample clus-
ter. Overall, these data indicate that S. mutans reorganizes its proteome composition upon exposure to different
environmental stressors and possibly through the involvement of LrgAB. Stress proteomic changes in the wild type strain. The greatest number of proteins (n = 381) were
differentially accumulated in response to vancomycin stress (Fig. Results and Discussion 2a, top), and a considerable number of proteins
also changed in abundance when the wild type responded to either aeration (n = 252) or heat (n = 234), reflecting
that roughly 22–36% of the identified S. mutans proteome was abundantly reorganized to cope with these stress-
ors. A high percentage of the proteins were largely associated with amino acid biosynthesis, energy metabolism,
protein synthesis, and transport/binding (Supplemental Table S1), suggesting a substantial reprogramming of
bacterial metabolism and physiology in coping with stress. Many proteins that increased or decreased in abun-
dance also had no distinctive function, belonging to hypothetical, unassigned, or unknown categories. g
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To determine the degree of overlap in protein abundance among all WTx/WT (x = aerobic (a), heat (h) or van-
comycin stress (v)), and to better understand the general and specific proteomic responses of the wild-type strain
(WT) to each environmental stress, proteins that increased and decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in abundance
in response to all three stressors were depicted as Venn diagrams (Fig. 2a, bottom). First, significant changes in
64 proteins were common to all three stressors (Fig. 2a, bottom). Among them, more proteins showed decreased
(green) expression in response to aeration and vancomycin, while an equal number of proteins showed either an
increase (red) or decrease (green) in response to heat (Supplemental Table S2). Notably, the increased amount
of HtrA (high-temperature requirement A) in response to all three stress conditions is in line with the primary
role of this enzyme in regulation of stress tolerance, mainly against elevated temperature and oxidative stress22–24,
and virulence25,26. 25 proteins had opposite patterns of protein abundance between aeration/vancomycin and
high temperature groups. Only one protein (SMU_1090; uncharacterized protein) was upregulated in response
to both aeration and heat, but downregulated to vancomycin stress. Thus, unlike the response to aeration and
vancomycin, response to heat may involve the contribution of additional or different physiological mechanisms in
the wild type strain. The common 64 proteins were assigned to 16 different functional categories and alterations
in protein abundance were enriched in the categories of amino acid biosynthesis (n = 10) and transport/binding
proteins (n = 9) (Supplemental Table S2), suggesting that these functions are altered in S. Results and Discussion mutans as an adaptive
response to environmental stress.i p
We also identified protein signatures representing unique responses to each stress in the wild type (n = 45 for
aeration; n = 91 for heat stress; n = 131 for vancomycin; Fig. 2a, bottom). Notable protein abundance changes
unique to aeration include upregulated accumulation of putative chorismate mutase (SMU_531), cell division
protein FtsX, and putative mannose specific EIID component (SMU_1957), which were newly produced only in
response to aeration, but not without aeration (Supplemental Table S3). It is also noteworthy that SMU_1904c Scientific REPOrTS | 7: 14063 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-14324-w 4 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Figure 2. Charts (top) and Venn diagrams (bottom) showing the number of proteins that exhibited differential
abundance in the wild type (a) and lrgAB (b) strain in response to aeration (a), heat (h), and vancomycin (v)
stress, relative to non-stress (anaerobic) condition. Cutoff for significantly differential protein abundance, >
1.4-fold change in protein abundance and p-value < 0.05. WTx, wild type strain in the stress (a, v, or v)
condition; WT, wild type strain in the non-stress (anaerobic) condition; ABx, lrgAB mutant strain in the stress
(a, v, or v) condition; AB, lrgAB mutant strain in the non-stress (anaerobic) condition. Figure 2. Charts (top) and Venn diagrams (bottom) showing the number of proteins that exhibited differential
abundance in the wild type (a) and lrgAB (b) strain in response to aeration (a), heat (h), and vancomycin (v)
stress, relative to non-stress (anaerobic) condition. Cutoff for significantly differential protein abundance, >
1.4-fold change in protein abundance and p-value < 0.05. WTx, wild type strain in the stress (a, v, or v)
condition; WT, wild type strain in the non-stress (anaerobic) condition; ABx, lrgAB mutant strain in the stress
(a, v, or v) condition; AB, lrgAB mutant strain in the non-stress (anaerobic) condition. (uncharacterized protein), previously shown to be one of the most oxygen-sensitive genes7,27, was also more than
15-fold upregulated at the protein level, reinforcing the role of this gene/protein in coping with oxidative stress. Other highly upregulated proteins included GshR (glutathione reductase) and CopZ (putative copper chaperone),
which were more than 8-fold and 4-fold upregulated, respectively, and have been previously reported to be impor-
tant in protection of S. mutans against oxidative stress28,29. Particularly, CopZ has also been shown to be important
in modulating a variety of virulence traits, including biofilm formation, stress tolerance, genetic competence, and
competitiveness against commensal streptococci30. Results and Discussion In contrast, the production of two putative ABC transporters
(SMU_238c and SMU_370) and possible transmembrane efflux protein (SMU_1605) was completely suppressed
in response to aeration (Supplemental Table S3). Interestingly, no downregulated proteins uniquely responding
to aeration were differentially expressed at the transcriptional level, except for SMU_1340 (putative surfactin/
bacitracin synthetase)7, which is part of TnSmu2, shown to enhance aerobic growth and tolerance to H2O2 chal-
lenge in S. mutans through nonribosomal peptide and polyketide (NRP/PK) biosynthesis31. Next, it is noteworthy
that proteins uniquely responding to heat in the wild type, including multiple transcriptional (CpsY, Rex, NrdR,
SMU_1398, SMU_677, and SMU_1585c) and global (CcpA and FruR) regulators, suggesting that response to
heat stress may require a tighter coordination of both gene and protein expression and/or modification, proba-
bly to avoid unwanted cellular and physiological changes (Supplemental Table S4). Multiple ABC transporters,
including OpuBa, SMU_922, SMU_1194, and SMU_1568 also showed significantly (p < 0.05) increased abun-
dance. Major functional categories that were uniquely upregulated in response to heat stress included energy
metabolism and PTSs, whereas DNA metabolism and protein synthesis-related proteins showed significantly
decreased abundance, suggesting possible metabolic rewiring for production of extra energy (ATP) to cope with
this stress32,33. It is also notable that among the heat-shock related molecular chaperones and proteases, only
DnaK and Clp-like proteases (SMU_956 and SMU_2029) showed increased abundance uniquely in response to
heat stress, suggesting that these proteins may be especially important for S. mutans cells living in environments
with continuous heat. Interestingly, MazF, the predicted toxin component of the MazEF toxin/antitoxin (TA)
module, was newly produced and uniquely responded to heat stress. This likely contributes to cell vialbility during
heat stress, as overexpression of MazF presumably results in growth inhibition34. In contrast, the production of
Cas9 (SMU_1405c), a CRISPR-associated endonuclease, was completely suppressed (Supplemental Table S4). Although how Cas proteins are involved in the response to heat stress is unclear, mutations in CRISPR1-cas and
CRISPR2-cas in S. mutans were both previously shown to confer increased sensitivity to heat stress35. Overall,
these data suggest that the response to heat stress in the S. mutans wild type strain may be regulated by a greater
number of cellular processes than previously thought. Protein abundance changes unique to vancomycin stress
occurred in multiple uncharacterized proteins and ABC transporters (Supplemental Table S5). Results and Discussion In fact, tolerance
to various peptide antibiotics, including vancomycin, has been reported to coevolve with ABC transporters and
neighboring TCSs36. It is also notable that a great number of proteins involved in translation showed significantly
decreased abundance. Given that vancomycin targets cell wall biogenesis and metabolism, it is not surprising that Scientific REPOrTS | 7: 14063 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-14324-w 5 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Table 1. Patterns of differential protein abundance in the wild type in response to environmental stresses,
relative to non-stress condition. †The protein abundance patterns of the wild type strain (WT) in response to
aeration (a), heat (h) and vancomycin (v) stress, relative to control (anaerobic), to show how the proteomes of
the organism shift in response to each stressor or between the stressors; Up-regulated (↑ and red-highlighted),
Down-regulated (↓ and green-highlighted). Table 1. Patterns of differential protein abundance in the wild type in response to environmental stresses,
relative to non-stress condition. †The protein abundance patterns of the wild type strain (WT) in response to
aeration (a), heat (h) and vancomycin (v) stress, relative to control (anaerobic), to show how the proteomes of
the organism shift in response to each stressor or between the stressors; Up-regulated (↑ and red-highlighted),
Down-regulated (↓ and green-highlighted). Table 1. Patterns of differential protein abundance in the wild type in response to environmental stresses,
relative to non-stress condition. †The protein abundance patterns of the wild type strain (WT) in response to
aeration (a), heat (h) and vancomycin (v) stress, relative to control (anaerobic), to show how the proteomes of
the organism shift in response to each stressor or between the stressors; Up-regulated (↑ and red-highlighted),
Down-regulated (↓ and green-highlighted). proteins involved in these processes were upregulated in response to this stress, including GtfC, WapA, WapE,
AtlA (SMU_689), DacA and PtsH.h Finally, Fig. 2a (bottom), also showed that many proteome changes overlapped between two stressors. The
largest overlapped proteins (n = 125) were observed between aeration and vancomycin proteome changes, while
the smallest overlapped proteins (n = 18) were observed between aeration and heat proteome changes. Overall, it
is notable that the proteome changes of wild-type were quite different from its transcriptome changes7 in response
to the three stressors (Fig. 2a). In particular, S. mutans responded to vancomycin primarily through proteome
readjustment, as very few changes were observed at the transcriptional level7. Results and Discussion Cutoff for significantly differential
protein abundance, >1.4-fold change in protein abundance and p-value < 0.05. WTx, wild type strain in the
stress (a, v, or v) condition; WT, wild type strain in the non-stress (anaerobic) condition; ABx, lrgAB mutant
strain in the stress (a, v, or v) condition; AB, lrgAB mutant strain in the non-stress (anaerobic) condition. The
numbers in parenthesis indicate (up/down)-regulated proteins. the wild type, the lrgAB mutant showed relatively similar protein abundance patterns in response to all three
stressors, with the exception of 7 proteins (Supplemental Table S7). Among the common 39 proteins, 11 pro-
teins, including GbpA, SMU_218 (putative transcriptional regulator), Ddl (SMU_599), Obg (SMU_801), MsmK,
SecA, SMU_1717c, Pnp (SMU_155), SMU_1416c, SerB, and HisD, were also contained in the overlapping set
of proteins in the wild type (Supplemental Tables S7), which could be a potential core stress regulon common
to all three stressors in S. mutans. Other notable upregulated proteins included Ftf, SMU_609 (putative 40 K cell
wall protein), SMU_1287 (putative transcriptional regulator) and SMU_769. Particualrly, SMU_769 is one of the
late competence genes regulated by ComX (or SigX), an alternative sigma factor of S. mutans.37,38. Other notable
downregulated proteins included AtlA, SerB, DexA, amd SMU_1661c (putative signal peptidase). Interestingly,
two putative cell wall hydrolases, SMU_609 and AtlA, responded to all three stresses in an opposite manner in the
lrgAB strain (Supplemental Table S7), suggesting different role of the putative hydrolases in cell wall turnover and
stress tolerance. The most obvious alterations in protein abundance belonged to amino acid biosynthesis (n = 6)
and energy metabolism (n = 6). gy
In the lrgAB mutant, the greatest number of proteins (n = 182) uniquely responded to heat (Fig. 2b; bottom),
and the majority of the proteins (n = 145) showed a significant decrease in abundance (Supplemental Table S8). Particularly, production of 25 proteins unique to this stress was completely suppressed in the lrgAB strain, and
over 40 proteins were more than 5-fold downregulated, suggesting that adaptation to heat may require radical
proteome turnover. Notable downregulated proteins included CovX, RelR, ScrK, GbpD, Pbp2b, RecR, RecX,
SloR, and ComR (Supplemental Table S8). Given that ComR is a proximal regulator of ComX (SigX)39, decreased
genetic competence of the lrgA strain may be related to altered ComR levels4. Proteins with increased abundance
showed relatively lower fold-changes and included PtsH, SpxA1, FruI, GbpC, MazE, WapA, CiaR, DnaJ and
GrpE. Results and Discussion In contrast, the response of the
organism to heat was more profound at the transcriptional level (n = 425)7, compared to its corresponding pro-
teomic changes (n = 234). Aeration moderately influenced both the proteome and transcriptome of the organism. Therefore, these data suggest that proteome adjustment may provide an alternative way to respond to stress as a
counterpoint to transcriptional modulation, and be intertwined with expression of virulence-related molecular
elements. Stress proteomic changes in the lrgAB mutant strain. Unlike the wild type strain, the proteome
changes of the lrgAB mutant were most affected by heat (n = 335), and least by vancomycin stress (n = 147)
(Fig. 2b, top). 177 proteins were also altered in abundance in the lrgAB mutant when cultured aerobically (Fig. 2b,
top). Overall, stress responsive proteins corresponded to 14–32% of the identified lrgAB mutant proteome
(n = 1039) (Table 2). Notably, except for the uncharacterized proteins (belonging to “hypothetical”, “unassigned”
or “unknown” categories), many proteins associated with amino acid biosynthesis were consistently downregu-
lated in response to all three stresses (Supplemental Table S6). Another major functional category with substantial
changes in protein abundance was energy metabolism, which was largely upregulated in response to aeration, and
downregulated to heat and vancomycin stress. However, the functional alteration profile was similar to that of the
wild type in response to these stresses. yp
p
As shown in a Venn diagram displaying the degree of overlap in protein abundance among all ABx/AB
(Fig. 2b; bottom), 39 proteins showed significant (p < 0.05) changes in common under all three stressors. Unlike Scientific REPOrTS | 7: 14063 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-14324-w 6 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Figure 3. Venn diagrams showing the comparison of proteome changes of wild type (WTx/WT) and lrgAB
(ABx/AB) in response to aeration (a), heat (b), and vancomycin (c) stress. Cutoff for significantly differential
protein abundance, >1.4-fold change in protein abundance and p-value < 0.05. WTx, wild type strain in the
stress (a, v, or v) condition; WT, wild type strain in the non-stress (anaerobic) condition; ABx, lrgAB mutant
strain in the stress (a, v, or v) condition; AB, lrgAB mutant strain in the non-stress (anaerobic) condition. The
numbers in parenthesis indicate (up/down)-regulated proteins. Figure 3. Venn diagrams showing the comparison of proteome changes of wild type (WTx/WT) and lrgAB
(ABx/AB) in response to aeration (a), heat (b), and vancomycin (c) stress. Results and Discussion In the lrgAB mutant strain, interestingly, abundance of MazE, the putative antitoxin protein of the MAzEF
T/A module, was increased, whereas MazF showed increased abundance in the wild type in response to heat
(Supplemental Table S5). This suggests that MazEF, a proposed mediator of bacterial programmed cell death40,41,
is closely linked to the heat stress response, as well as LrgAB. Another notable protein is SpxA1, which was pre-
viously shown to play an important role in stress tolerance, survival, and virulence in S. mutans with SpxA242,43. However, interestingly, SpxA2 did not significantly respond to any stress in both wild type and lrgAB-deficient
strains, supporting a more dominant role of SpxA1 than SpxA243. Similar numbers of proteins uniquely
responded to aeration (n = 57) and vancomycin stress (n = 55), which are shown in Supplemental Tables S9 and
S10, respectively. Seven uncharacterized proteins were newly produced or >10-fold upregulated uniquely in
response to aeration, while the downregulated proteins showed a relatively smaller fold-change (Supplemental
Table S9). It is interesting that the production of SMU_571, located downstresm of lrgAB, was completely sup-
pressed in the lrgAB strain uniquely in response to aeration and forms a three gene-operon with two putative fer-
rous iron transport proteins (FeoA/B, SMU_569/570). Given that iron plays a role in protection against oxidative
stress44,45, SMU_571 may contribute to enhanced sensitivity of lrgAB to aeration, possiblly as a signaling peptide
associated with FeoA/B transporters. It is also noteworthy that MvaK, a putative mevalonate kinase, was newly Scientific REPOrTS | 7: 14063 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-14324-w 7 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Table 2. Patterns of differential protein abundance in the lrgAB strain in response to environmental stresses,
relative to non-stress condition. †The protein abundance patterns of the lrgAB mutant strain (AB) in response to
aeration (a), heat (h) and vancomycin (v) stress, relative to control (anaerobic), to show how the proteomes of
the organism shift in response to each stressor or between the stressors; Up-regulated (↑ and red-highlighted),
Down-regulated (↓ and green-highlighted). Table 2. Patterns of differential protein abundance in the lrgAB strain in response to environmental stresses,
relative to non-stress condition. †The protein abundance patterns of the lrgAB mutant strain (AB) in response to
aeration (a), heat (h) and vancomycin (v) stress, relative to control (anaerobic), to show how the proteomes of
the organism shift in response to each stressor or between the stressors; Up-regulated (↑ and red-highlighted),
Down-regulated (↓ and green-highlighted). Results and Discussion produced only when the lrgAB mutant responded to aeration (Supplemental Table S9), suggesting a possible func-
tional linkage of LrgAB with the mevalonate pathway, which is involved in a variety of vital biological functions
in bacteria, including cell wall biosynthesis46,47. In response to vancomycin stress, the fold-change of upregulated
proteins (largely ribosomal proteins) in the lrgAB mutant was moderate, while downregulated proteins showed
greater fold-change or were not accumulated (Supplemental Table S10). Notable proteins with decreased abun-
dance include RcrR (SMU_921), PknB, GtfB, and MazF, which are related to virulence traits such as genetic
competence, surface attachment, and stress response of S. mutans34,48–52. Overall, these results suggest that the
absence of LrgAB elicits extensive rewiring of the S. mutans proteome, particularly related to stress responses and
virulence traits. Comparison of UA159 and ΔlrgAB proteome changes in response to each stressor. To bet-
ter understand how LrgAB is involved in coping with each stress, we compared the proteome changes of wild
type (WTx/WT) and lrgAB (ABx/AB) in response to each stressor with a focus on the lrgAB-specific proteome
changes, using Venn diagrams (Fig. 3). In response to aeration, 88 proteins demonstrated substantial changes in
common between the WTa/WT and ABa/AB proteomes (Fig. 3a; Supplemental Fig. S2; Supplemental Table S11),
representing the S. mutans general response to aerobic growth. One interesting finding is that two uncharacter-
ized proteins (SMU_1209c and SMU_2152c) showed an opposite abundance pattern between the wild type and
lrgAB mutant in response to aeration. 89 proteins responded to aeration only in the lrgAB strain, one or more of
which may be responsible for the growth defect of the strain under the aerobic condition (Fig. 3a, Supplemental
Fig. S2, Supplemental Table S12). 122 proteins showed significant (p < 0.05) abundance changes common to
both WTh/WT and ABh/AB proteome comparisons (Fig. 3b, Supplemental Fig. S3, Supplemental Table S13). 20
proteins showed an opposite abundance pattern between wild type and lrgAB mutant in response to heat stress,
and all of them were upregulated in the wild type and downregulated in the lrgAB strain. Among them, notable
proteins showing increased abundance by more than 3-fold in the wild type included CpsY, TrpB, MurD, PyrK, Scientific REPOrTS | 7: 14063 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-14324-w 8 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Table 3. Altered protein abundance between wild-type and lrgAB mutant during ana
growth. †Fold-change: ‘red’-highlighted, upregulated; ‘green’-highlighted, downregula
accumulated; ‘suppression’, not accumulated. Table 3. Altered protein abundance between wild-type and lrgAB mutant during anaerobic (unstressed)
growth. †Fold-change: ‘red’-highlighted, upregulated; ‘green’-highlighted, downregulated; ‘induction’, newly
accumulated; ‘suppression’, not accumulated. Table 3. Altered protein abundance between wild-type and lrgAB mutant during anaerobic (unstressed)
growth. †Fold-change: ‘red’-highlighted, upregulated; ‘green’-highlighted, downregulated; ‘induction’, newly
accumulated; ‘suppression’, not accumulated. SMU_1194 (putative ABC transporter), and SMU_521 (uncharacterized protein). Particularly, CpsY, a conserved
transcriptional regulator, is known to activate transcription of genes involved in methionine biosynthesis and
uptake in S. mutans53 and S. agalactiae54. CpsY has been also characterized as as virulence determinant that
regulates amino acid metabolism54, methionine transport55, and cell wall modifications necessary for systemic
infection in S. iniae56–58. Therefore, CpsY may play a role in the Cid/Lrg system that relates the environmental/
stress status of S. mutans to the control of growth and expression of virulence traits. A great number of proteins
(n = 213) differentially responded to heat in the lrgAB mutant only (Fig. 3b, Supplemental Fig. S3, Supplemental SMU_1194 (putative ABC transporter), and SMU_521 (uncharacterized protein). Particularly, CpsY, a conserved
transcriptional regulator, is known to activate transcription of genes involved in methionine biosynthesis and
uptake in S. mutans53 and S. agalactiae54. CpsY has been also characterized as as virulence determinant that
regulates amino acid metabolism54, methionine transport55, and cell wall modifications necessary for systemic
infection in S. iniae56–58. Therefore, CpsY may play a role in the Cid/Lrg system that relates the environmental/
stress status of S. mutans to the control of growth and expression of virulence traits. A great number of proteins
(n = 213) differentially responded to heat in the lrgAB mutant only (Fig. 3b, Supplemental Fig. S3, Supplemental Scientific REPOrTS | 7: 14063 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-14324-w 9 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Table S14). More proteins (n = 165) showed a significantly (p < 0.05) decreased abundance, and among them
82 proteins showed a fold change by more than 5-fold or were not accumulated at all. SloR, a DtxR family met-
alloregulator, known to modulate S. mutans metal ion homeostasis, biofilm formation, oxidative stress toler-
ance, and antibiotic gene regulation59–64, was uniquely suppressed in the lrgAB mutant in response to heat stress. SloR was also recently shown to crosstalk with VicKR and GcrR, major regulatory systems controlling critical
S. www.nature.com/scientificreports/ mutans cellular processes and virulence65–69, through manganese availability60,70. Since VicKR was shown to
regulate expression of lrgAB5, SloR may be one of the intimate regulators collaborating with LrgAB. Lastly, 84
proteins demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) changes common to both WTv/WT and ABv/AB proteomes (Fig. 3a,
Supplemental Fig. S4, Supplemental Table S15). More proteins were downregulated (n = 64) than upregulated
(n = 20), and among them twelve proteins showed an opposite abundance pattern between wild type and lrgAB
mutant in response to vancomycin stress. Interestingly, one uncharacterized protein (SMU_843) was newly
induced in the wild type, and not accumulated in the lrgAB strain. This protein is predicted to play a role in cell
wall/envelope biosynthesis as a putative poly-gamma-glutamate biosynthesis protein. In response to vancomy-
cin stress, less proteome abundance changes were uniquely elicited in the lrgAB strain (n = 63) than wild-type
(n = 297) (Fig. 3c, Supplemental Fig. S4, Supplemental Table S16). One interesting finding is that accumulation of
GtfB, a key adhesin of S. mutans, was completely inhibited in the lrgAB mutant in response to vancomycin stress,
supporting the potential for LrgAB as an anti-biofilm target. Proteome changes between wild type and lrgAB strains during non-stressed growth. When
we directly compared the proteome of wild-type and lrgAB mutant in an optimal growth condition (anaero-
bic; at 37 °C), loss of LrgAB significantly (p < 0.05) altered the expression of 76 proteins (a fold change >1.4,
or <0.6, p-value < 0.05) with 17 downregulated and 59 upregulated (Supplemental Fig. S5a; Table 3). While
the previously-published corresponding RNA-seq analysis showed that most of the 54 differentially-expressed
genes belonged to very few distinct functional groups (genomic islands (GIs) TnSmu1 and TnSmu2, the CRISPR
(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas system, bacteriocin production, energy metabo-
lism, and amino acid ABC transporters)7, altered proteins belonged to many more diverse functional categories,
including cell envelope, cellular processes, regulatory functions, and signal transduction (Supplemental Fig. S5b;
Table 3). Nevertheless, SMU_209 (down-regulated) and SMU_1348c (up-regulated), overlapped between the
transcriptome and proteome profiles, belonged to TnSmu1 and TnSmu2, respectively, which were two major
functional groups with most differentially expression genes in the transcriptome profile, reinforcing the involve-
ment of these genomic islands with the Cid/Lrg system. www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Other notable upregulated proteins included two putative
transcriptional regulators (CpsY and SMU_1977c), two fatty acid biosynthesis-related proteins (AccC and FabZ),
MazF, NaoX (H2O-forming NADH oxidase), GtfC, and GlgC, which were newly induced or had a fold-change by
more than 4-fold. These data suggest that mutation of lrgAB may impose inherent stress on S. mutans cells, as well
as shows potential functional partners of LrgAB and related molecular processes. Correlation with RNA-seq transcriptomic profiles. We attempted to determine the relationship
between the proteomic profiles and the gene expression profiles, recently obtained by high-throughput RNA-seq
technology on corresponding aliquots of the same cultures used for this proteome experimentation7. As the
transcriptome datasets contain three biological replicates per condition, only the three matched samples from
each condition were used. In other words, correlation analysis was performed on a total of 24 samples from
all conditions for RNA-seq and proteomic datasets, respectively. First, Pearson correlation was performed for
the 24 matched samples to assess sample level correlation using all the shared genes/proteins for the matched
RNA-seq and proteomic datasets. All of the 24 samples had a relative low positive correlation coefficient (rho(ρ)
<0.16) between the RNA-seq and proteome datasets (Supplemental Table S17). Although this correlation was
not high, the correlation coefficients for the 15 datasets representing AB, ABa, ABv, WT and WTh samples (in
triplicates) are statistically significant (p < 0.05) with q-values (multiple testing corrected p-value; FDR) less than
10% (Supplemental Table S17). Therefore, the proteome changes that occur in the lrgAB mutant in response to
heat stress, and in the wild-type in response to aeration and vancomycin stress, may be potentially elicited by
non-transcriptional mechanisms such as mRNA decay, translation, and protein degradation and modification. In
order to find the specific genes/proteins that contributed to the correlation between the transcriptome and pro-
teome datasets, we also performed Spearman (monotonic) correlation analysis across all samples. At thresholds
of q-value 0.05 and rho >0.5, a total of 46 genes (~6%) out of 776 tested genes showed significant (p < 0.05) cor-
relation. Of these, 42 represent significantly differentially-expressed proteins (Supplemental Table S18). We also
counted the number of differentially-expressed genes that overlapped between the RNA-seq and proteome data-
sets, and found that only a small proportion of these genes ( < 9%) were overlapped (Supplemental Table S19). The small proportion of correlated genes is consistent with the low sample level correlation results described
above. Scientific REPOrTS | 7: 14063 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-14324-w www.nature.com/scientificreports/ www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Therefore, it is possible that with more biological samples, more significantly correlated genes can be potentially
identified. Finally, from a technical standpoint, the approach using mass spectrometry would not completely
cover the identification of rather hydrophobic proteins, although several cell membrane and surface proteins were
identified here. Also, the current experimental approach did not not allow the quantitative analysis of secreted
proteins, consequently generating a less representative proteome than its corresponsing transcriptome.i p
q
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p
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In summary, to our knowledge, this is the first comparative study on the intracellular proteome of S. mutans
under multiple stress conditions. The data suggest that S. mutans adjusts its stress response through substantial
and dynamic remodeling of the cellular proteome, and LrgAB has an important influence on this reorganization. This study also provided a valuable opportunity to compare transcriptomic and proteomic data generated on
corresponding aliquots of the same cultures. It is possible that the overall low correlation between two ‘-omics’
datasets may be due to potential analytical and technical limitations, as well as unknown cellular mechanisms in
the presence of rapid or continuous stress shock. These two integrative omics studies have provided a large num-
ber of transcripts and proteins that could be used in targeted studies on the molecular mechanisms triggering
the persistence phenotype of S. mutans against unfavorable stresses. The data may also give an integrative view
of a specific physiological state in coping with an external stress. More detailed biological interpretation of the
altered proteins will be an interesting future direction. Given that within biofilms, oral bacteria become more
resistant to adverse environments, including antibiotic challenge, compared to planktonic growth, it would be
interesting to evaluate the proteomic changes elicited by these environmental stresses on S. mutans biofilms. This approach could provide more ecological insights into how this bacterium accommodates the heterogene-
ous microenvironments that develop in biofilm, as well as accelerate phenotypic and genotypic diversity within
the population. Furthermore, studying proteomic shifts in multispecies oral biofilms by S. mutans in response
to other types of environmental challenges, such as nutrient limitation and toxic metabolites, could be another
interesting follow-up. Consequently, all these data will improve our integrated models and understanding of how
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This work was supported by the National Institute fro Dental and Craniofacial Research grant R01 DE025237
(SJA). Label-free quantitative mass spectrometry experiments were performed in the Proteomics Core of ICBR
(Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research) at University of Florida. We thank Prof. Robert A. Burne
for providing all the resources needed. Author Contributions S.J.A. and J.K. performed experiments and analysed the results. T.G. performed the correlation analyses of
proteomic and transcriptomic data. S.J.A. designed this study and wrote this manuscript. T.G., J.K., and K.C.R. contributed to writing/editing the manuscript. All authors discussed the results. www.nature.com/scientificreports/ The sloABCR operon of Streptococcus mutans encodes an Mn and
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5. Idone, V. et al. Effect of an orphan response regulator on Streptococcus mutans sucrose-dependent adherence and cariogenesis. Infec
Immun 71, 4351–4360 (2003).i 66. Sato, Y., Yamamoto, Y. & Kizaki, H. Construction of region-specific partial duplication mutants (merodiploid mutants) to identify
the regulatory gene for the glucan-binding protein C gene in vivo in Streptococcus mutans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 186, 187–191 (2000). Scientific REPOrTS | 7: 14063 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-14324-w 12 Scientific REPOrTS | 7: 14063 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-14324-w Additional Information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14324-w Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
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copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. © The Author(s) 2017 Scientific REPOrTS | 7: 14063 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-14324-w 13
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HL 2 nolfKatoBMonanysnna anturdnjs iorS3 TnE WORLD: AVRDXESDAV EVmVlNtt, AUGUST 27, 1890. ga"Hclp" and "Situation" "Wants" In foio World. HK tattiiW y (Al iYril J'ueffiAfnff CVwjxinv. B! WEDNEGDAY EVENING, AUGUST 27. H SUBSCRIPTIONS TO THE EVENING WORLD fBif (indulm Poatsreli i- rita MONTH..,.. aor. b run xbah...?. saao LssssssyS ' H:I VOL. 81 NO. 10,000 Hf- (Undulum) Oncert E&- class rates. Rf tr-Biuxon orriOKBi H WOULD UPTOWN OFFICE-K07 Broadway, Kfat bstvssn Slit ud 33d ats., Haw Totk. H DROOMAN 3&W Toltok It. UAMJCM HP Havra Department. ISO Bait 18th st.i Kfe AdvirUsamsnts t 337 Kut ll&TM T. Br rnILADELPHIA, PA, LiDaam BclLBUr. f 113 Bocxa Ota si. WA8UINOION-010 HHk. LONDON OZTI0X-S3 CocMium rr.. Tbava. Hf sa SQtlAU. Hg, THE HOARD OF ARBITRATION IBb A moellnc will be held tomorrow by the State Board of Arbitration. What the result will be cannot now be told. But it must certainly consider the question of an investigation. Knowing the power and parcelling the results of such an investigation, it would not be strange if the Board decided to exercise its right of sitting thoroughly the reasons leading to the dismissal of employees on the Central. If they should do nothing, the strikers will have one more disappointment to contend with. This much must be said to the credit of the men who struck: That they have maintained an orderly spirit in their strike, and in the face of much that was irritating have not lost their patience nor thrown away sobriety. This is one of the most praiseworthy qualities they could have manifested. Most bad measures to enforce a right are a poor remedy of a wrong. Public sympathy could not be accorded to violence or revolutionary beat. But the conduct of the strikers has been such as to commend them, and to suggest that they who stand so firmly, patiently and courageously for a point are defending themselves against a right. Whatever may be felt about the Commissioner of the Street-Gleaning Department for not cleaning the streets, he arouses a certain degree of kindly interest by his active inventiveness in the matter of experiments. It was the fertility of Mr. Bixby's street-cleaning mind which suggested to him the idea of flushing the dirty ways of the city. But a rival department stepped in with a protest and his fire-engine was rudely snatched from him. This was dispiriting, of course, but the Commissioner is of a cheerful temperament, and he has rallied. Now he will enlist another element, the pure, other element of fire. He contemplates a combustion of the garbage. If the Commissioner succeeds in dismissing the offal of the town to the upper air in the city, he will be able to find a solution for the situation. deodorized puffs everybody will be grateful. They who walk the streets will note with joy the absence of slimy, putrid matter, and they who stray where ocean breaks upon the shingle will not have their exhilaration tamed by the sight of unseemly refuse borne in upon the crested wave. Dive Mr. Batts his head, and what. Over becomes of the streets the fantastic Inventiveness of his teeming fancy will Afford the citizens a cheering spectacle. The Detroit. Mr. John is the inventor of a dynamite bombshell which will not explode until it strikes some object. At least, that is Dr. James's conception of the thing, though experiments do not bear out this view as thoroughly as might be desired. In the first experiment some months ago an explosion occurred in the town of Dowson, in a second trial yesterday a twelve-ton gun was reduced to a little shower of iron pastiles. Of course this illustrates the explosive effect of a dynamite shell, but that was sufficiently demonstrated before. That such a shell can be thrown from a gun with safety to the gun, and, incidentally to the bystanders, yet remains to be proven. It would be awfully disconcerting to a band of gunners, whose eyes are fixed with feverish interest on some distant object which is to be propelled, among themselves. This is worse than picking." Mr. James's dynamite shell can not be cured against this rash haste in exploding this. Not such a blessed auxiliary to warfare, he promises, not at least for the sake of the people, which he promises, not for the sake of the people, which he promises. The Doctor will have to brace it up, or give up the gun. DURBAN OR DREDOED It is not just that prince of jockeys. It was so fuddled either with grog or drugs at the race at Monmouth yesterday that he brought in Firenze a bad loser. Thousands of dollars were staked on the game mare, and that she failed to win is ascribed by the losers to McLean's deplorable condition. The jockey should be subjected to a rigid examination. If he were dragged, he would not, of course, in the same box as if he paralysed himself with drink before the race. But a man does not like to think he is chancing his money on a jockey's thirst, and no matter how good jockey's qualities as a rider may be, such conduct is not to be tolerated. In the betting, McLean's face was not to be tolerated. In Egypt, he found out his watch, which he had snatched from his horse, and that is something, a report that is un-Pijai, and that is something, a report that is un-Pijai, and that is something. Turkish government to keep the wolf from the door. Possibly the Sultan thought the wolf was too expensive an animal to be barred out. There is no suspicious logic in the last ocean race in which the City of New York showed her stern to the Teutonic. The only effective protest against this red-hot racing will be some big ocean disaster. Then the public will suddenly awaken to the fact that it is dangerous. An old man of seventy-three eloping with a married woman (if thirty) is not an edifying spectacle. Naturally, however, there seems to be something complementary to the old woman in such an episode, unless he was possessed of a goodly bank account. A British gunboat made a Venezuelan man-of-war haul down the colors. England is very bold when it has a small power to tease. Chicago is not a active as she ought to be about the World's Fair site. Brace and Chicago SPOTLETS. One result of women of their who are still a class one to this time there was a lack of humor in their life. Terms of the country's government are as follows: Cornelia, the inventor of plants, wants to test them, presented. Why, certainly, providing the plants are not corporations. Capt. Kidd had a rest like a king for a spanking; because, which seems unnatural in a kind of all-around words, it is impossible. 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He held on to the last in a hard race and is apt to win because of sheer pluck. The three-year-old athlete who has won medals and prizes galore while a member of the New Jersey Athletic Club, has much demand in social circles in which he is a conspicuous figure. STOLEN RHYMES. Two Lovers. Two loaves by a moss-crown spring They made soft cheeks to thorns there, Unsolved the dark and sunny hair. And heard the women thrushes stir, Shudding time to love's cast prime Two wedded from the portal stept: The balls made happy caroling. The air was soft as I squinted wines. White petals on the pathway, Pure-eyed bride! O tender pride! Two faces over a cradle bent Two bands above the head were locked, These pressed each other while they rocked. Those wet-bed a life that love had sent. A solemn hour! O hidden power! Two parents by the evening are: The red light fell about their knees On heads that rose by slow degrees Like buds upon the lily spire, Ostentilfel O tender eyes! The two still sat together there, The red light shone upon their knees, But all the hands by slow degrees Had gone and left that lovely pair, Sorrow and rest! The red light shone upon the floor And made the space between them wide. They drew their chairs up side by side. Their calicoes, not the same, On, ewers, But land of the sod palm. Of peace, Sir, fast, or any. Time. And unblush and irruptible beauty, And where our wisdom was born To the truth in the heart of the world were worn. Both of Marion, John, Lee, Hidow of fallen and fallen. Mo longer and fair the morning wind. And feel sweet comfort in the thought. "JilVteachheneUtlleeaairiaie I sold the wrong at swift price. Andbousht the rood, but knew it not-" I am a 8outhrnrr I love the houtb I drvl lur ber To Uhl from Lookout to tbe Hi, wl b. ber proud benuvrover me, Uutfroiuuiy 111 tbtulu-itluas broke, AsUodlu bettl-thumlereloke, Aud that lllick Idol, bltvJluic droibt Auddesrthof humausymiktby Tbrousbout the soet and enuou South. unos, with lUcbalua iiu.l bumauioke, i",??1 heuwa.nl '"i1" " e aunou s mouth. V, bile freedom cheered lebiud the smoke. Rare Kuotio Mold, 1 Sw V'l sUutor o er the award -Tbat sklrts.the .Lady Isue , Vlstresa looked from btr moUUnlea- eyes. Her cheeks were Su.bed by ln bbe sped ellh tootiteps lijbt aud quick Aloair the dewy way, And scattered pearbi where'er ber feet In dialled impreas lay. Pantlmrsheflew, the weutunbreete , a?r4:f'"( ber eiresaluH bslr. And boldly limned br rustic charms oloetbtauteoua and rare' .B,,ir,,mtfd,,i'1"7.,0',r fried, " Ualu thy a-rlef would know. "fi .r.ow.L.1, 'a- a-enUe breast. A&d bide thy toon to How I "JPt 'ate to the been luoet unkud f Or lover proved unut. J W-rr,flM JJ t."Bi y ,u,Us roof J TeU me, fair maldsa ,o'" -ntMJtJlmiU. THE WAYS OF WOMAN FAIR. Ihoiilrl who wears the correct time on her wrist is a real convenience aboard a train, excursion boat or lu the pavilion of a Ian Hummer resort. Silver sleeve buttons ate used with the shirts that are now imltersally worn by women. They have heraldic deslun. with a Place for the Initial! otliais hare a Japan ee aspect, and knots and folded ribbons are also popular. The two buttons are always illlTerotit. Often tliov appear as sec tions of wlilo and narrow chains. The snatointrnr ha bcon mada as nrna mental aa Jnnllnlcr or tablu lamp. TIioho nt (Icrmati ilelun are as biu as a clnrut lnv. Malle of that day, silk, and trimmed. Then there are four young women in the United States service of the Cheshire, I believe, I believe. The exhibit, all are trained of New Hampshire, Columbia, and Columbia, and all are trained of New York. The impression is that the women have laid aside their needs and thrive about Windsor dressed in wool, with hats, gloves, and shoes to match. Houston, Texas, has a commission firm doing business under the name of the United States, the members of which are women. They are members of the Board of Trade and Cotton Exchange, and lounge a real estate agency in all its branches. Last January their sales amounted to $100,000. "Hats" are now furnished in all sorts of fashionable goods, both of Nottingham, Nottingham, and Taunton, and you buy the curtains and inside such handkerchiefs, bed canopy, bureau scarves, and other furnishings. In the midst of the chaos, and bed colors to match. Hall alive a link to a bedroom that is delightful. Women scorn to be slightly or more than slightly off their had about the divided skirt, or locket, as Mrs. Jones, Miller, says it, says a fashion writer in the Pittsburgh Times. The latest development is a skirt on an entirely new principle devised by a London tailor. The peculiar feature is that it is closed at the idea, with openings for the foot to pass through. A piece of cloth, some four yards wide, was told, is used for the front and back widths alone. Instead of cutting them, the needed length in the usual way, the stuff is hemmed up a certain depth, the extra length connecting the two breadths, the side widths are fitted in and opening left for the foot. The description is copied exactly, but if you need any idea how the thing is made and how it is worn, you will find all the admirers are claimed for the new invention health, lightness, and warmth and whatever else dress reformers and doctors desire. I fail to see any benefit in these reforms beyond unyielding women some thing to be expected over. Black skin, divided into inch checks by hairlines of white, in a manner for ladies' house dresses. Hats of colored horsehair are trimmed with ribbon bows, long plus and a feather pompon. Until you hear of scolloped apples; They are delicious and high is the recipe: Cover the bottom of a buttered pudding dish with peeled, sliced, tart apples, turn into a buttered pudding dish, and small bits of butter, top out this prepared until the dish is full, bake in a layer of hot water for one hour, covering the dish to prevent scorching. Serve hot or cold. Kelos in the cotton gown are being fashioned after those in a man's shirt, the wristband, however, being soft laundered and ornamented with fancy jeweled buttons. Even the dresses of toddlers uncertain of locomotion, blush the ground and raise the dust. It is not enough that the young women of today shall be what their mothers are or were, says a writer in the full-blown journal. They must be more. The spirit of the times calls on women for a higher order of things, and then the ignorance of the woman of the future will be great. I must not be misconstrued into saying that the future woman will be one of mind rather than of heart. To the mind itself no more makes a true woman than does wealth, beauty of person or social station. But a clear intellect, a well-trained mind adorns a woman, just as an ivy will adorn a splendid oak; a true woman has a potter, something peculiarly her own, in her moral influence, which, when duly developed, makes her become over a wide realm of spirit. But this she can possess only as her powers are cultivated. Cultivated women meet the sceptre of authority over the world at large. Wherever a cultivated woman dwells, she sure that there you will find refinement, moral power, and life in its highest form. For a woman to be cultivated, she must begin early; the days of girlhood are transitory. and fast-trotting, and girls are women before we know it in the so rapid times, every girl has a certain station to occupy in this life, some one place to fill, and often she makes her own station by her capacity to create and till the beginning influences the end. BEE STINGS DON'T HURT HIM. A Man Who Believes Hlmaolf Abso lutely Btlntr-Proof, Borne obstinate men will sny, "So, thuuk juu," to tho inoi.t disinterested iro)oaitious for their uclfmo. Dr. O'Neill, of Lincoln, us ho tclU Uhintlilu ucek's .uiicvf. liusn frieuul who endure tho sting of tbo hum) lico without tlluch. inc, mj s tho I-omlon I'titty Anrs. lu fuct, ho rather likes it. He keens bees for pleasure, aud thu bets, forthiir pleasure or othtntiao, olteu stmi: him. He uow, however, believes himself etuu;. proof Tho tiny wound that used to produce soveru pain lu former dujs ruuse now " only u little pltastirable s usutiun " lie uetllf uufortitiecla.'uiustthovtHi,u. .Stung by one of theae tnrnililablu iiiaoctaaahort timosgn, 1'r. U'Neill'4 Irieud had suttir Iiil'k acute uud tiroluUKed. liut It mibt U, euva Dr. O'Neill, that after a feu repetition tho sting of the wast) might ci'usu in him to produce lU stinging effects. bo he has suggested to hi friend that for the sake of science he should take the matter up and thoroughly investigate it, in order tli it beu:ightiiatover whether he could not also fortify himself agaltiat tbe pain caused bv the ttiuc of the wasp." Tills, save the doctor, with uhoedls appolutmeut the publio will no doubt sympathize, tho friend ' declined to do, bis thirst for science not being sutncieutly great to induce him to have any further intercourse withawaap if he could help m s ..?'"" ."L11' sad dlarrbou Is ebitdrea eorJ by Uoaui'sraaxauieCokoiAX, MesaikTv TO ABOLISH POVERTY. Sapt. Blake Unfolds Ills Pet Scheme to Nell Nelson, Toncmont-Houso Llfo tho Causo of Crimo and Misery. Lot tho Itleli Interest TticmscHcs In Individual Case. Hipt. Link, who for many years had been a contributor of the poor of New York and custodian of the children of his fortune, was ruled faced, thick, broad-shouldered, bright-eyed, merry-go-round, whose precious good humor made him the wonderment of the whole tribe of disreputable and peculiar mortals. Although twenty-four years of age, he had been a contributor, he had all the vim and vigor of thirty, and with a firm faith in the immortality of the heart, for the reason that he knows nothing of the soul and determination to keep young till the end of the world. The philosopher of philosophy had just finished writing the fifth resolution for abandoned wives when catechism of poverty was hinted. "The master," he said, "is lying down in the stubble and hammering out the index finger of his mother hand." Oh, a lot of things. The world, like the family, consists of two distinct sections of adult and child life, or the strong; one must support the other. Or there can be no domestic welfare. Twenty years of individual training makes a man of the child, and each tends to increase his influence and accomplishments, his fine talents, so that in a very short while the effort of support is cancelled by simply in the comforts and mental expansion as well. How, let us view the two worlds rich and poor in the same light. The poor are weak. They are the helpless children, and the rich must feed, clothe, train, and assist them till they can stand alone. That point reached, they at once become producers, than possession, and that achievement means good citizenship, prosperous advancement. I believe in individual help and nothing else. The Stricken family must be lifted up, fed, pressed, and put on its feet, and the printing presses in all creation cannot turn out tracts or treatises enough to do this sort of work. I am not a moralist or a churchman and I have no faith in the "society" system of social redemption. The money that generous people contribute in wasted; not wilfully perhaps, but nevertheless, it suffers a diminution proportional to the number of hands it has to pass through. That is all right, materially. Enlargement must have their salary or commission and even those who profess to work in the service of the Lord must be housed, warmed, and full at any hazard. Now I am aware of this system. I believe in the progress of change, I like the spice of variety, and by way of experiment would like to see it cessation of church building and mission work. We have a responsibility of fine temples of worship in this city, and the money that is annually subscribed for Hindu and Stone; Greek Christianity would purify Cuts' Alley, Cherry Hill. Frog Hollow and Sunny Tow, school, school, clothe, and fed 10,000 gutter children and make good citizens and happy wives of half that many wretched men and women every year. I believe in the Ductriuo of humanity and the bread and butter, soup and water, shoe and bookkeeping, work and pay, live and let live creed; I believe in placing the redemption of the body before the salvation of the soul, I think it economy to perfect the mortal by feeding the people who are starving, curing the sick and providing medical skill and improved upon. ratus for the deformed and maimed, even at the neglect of the immortal." "What is the cause of poverty in your opinion?" "Niece. The poor are cruelly neglected at the start. They are allowed to get to the bottom of the ditch before help is extended. Then it is not only too late but the succor is too paltry to avail anything. Another cause is the firm of Hum A. Purn. The two go together, and wherever degradation takes root the rum-shop and pauperism spring up and thrive." "What plan would you suggest for the improvement of the condition of the poor?" "Individual help. If every rich family would look after one or two poor ones, the solution would be reached. An interest of this sort should exempt the patron from all other demands, but it would be necessary for the rub-man to have the recipient in sight all the financial demand faithful and regular reports from him." "If I could do the steward of a for the time, say such an estate as Stewart left or the Duchess of Marlborough is likely to leave, I would demonstrate this theory that I have been making for the past twenty-one years. I would hire a couple of intelligent women, for they are the best almoners we have, and pay them good salaries for their work. It should be their duty to look up the case and to use a medical term to make a diagnosis of it. The case registered, I would have the whole family carried to a bathhouse and the several members washed, weighed and examined by a physician for treatment. If auspicious of their health, decently and comfortably dressed, generously fed, and then dispatched to a little home in Jersey City, Brooklyn, Brooklyn, Harlem, anywhere out of the tenement districts of New York. The house should have the furniture necessary for comfort and a week's supply of provisions, the husband should be provided with work, the children fitted for school and the wife made responsible for the necessities of the home and the furniture it contained. With a chance of the sort which might necessitate an outlay of $100, I would figure on the success, the prosperity and the happiness of every seven families. The other two cases might fail, but I would work on them and bolster them up second and a third and perhaps a fourth time. The privileges of buying and owning the little Home would insure the success of the majority of such settlements. "I tell yon the curse uf New Yoik life Is the tenement. house, and while they (ontinuo to exist and pooplo are herded in their garrets, collars uud hot kitchen wo shall continue to have the want, cr. mo nud physical aud moral degradation that now oilts. "Tnko n young woman, for oxamplo, marry hor to a sober, industrious man, lot her go tr n flat iu a Now York tenement and if nt tho cud of two cats she conies out nnscntlied sho ought to bo can united. Ihtro mouths ago hocloty wan horrified by tho llfo nud tragic ilontli of Mnmlo Murphy, width barring tho murder Is tho record of ill lciist G,000 young wives now living in tho oust tido of the city. With tho cxlior liitnutrost of provision, it is impossible for pouplo'or small lnrntm to live in Now York. 'Iho rents force thorn Into tene ments where every effort Is straiued for tho more neccisnrios of cxInIcucc. Often there is tin cooking ctore, moru often no fuel, au oil Htovo serving in their place. On this the aimplest foods nro prepared fur thu breakfast, nnd when tho husband leaves' lur thu duv's work nud the two rooms uro tidied there it nothing for tho youiu wifo to do. The vuternu ;ossli purhnps drops lu fur a chat nml neighborly (alia aie re ceived from tho lady above. Wagging tongiUH nud idlo blinds brew mischief, glug Is mixed with gossip, a little gad eliug about leads to discontentment, nc 'luaiiiluncos nru inndo uuthu Htroetund tho long days nro spent away from homo. You know tho rest from tho criminal columns of the daily prosx aud tho records of tho distriot courts." " Who is to bhwu lr" "1'areiitK, for uot traiuiugthoirdangli. Store; moralists, for not instilling principles of industry, truth and duty; the public, for not providing industrial schools where a girl can learn in youth the lessons they will be called upon to practice in later life. They are crammed with geography, music, drawing, theories of arithmetic and science, when the crying need is for the cooking, sewing, mending and sanitary law. Call the little children from the earth, the garbage box and the street crossings, send them to school, teach them to do something, to use their fingers and eyes as well as their memories, help the idle to get work, get the families out of the tenements and the problem of poverty will be solved itself. "Now York is full of warm-hearted men and women who are tired of giving to ill a siege. They must become their own agents and apply their alms to individual cases of wretchedness if they hope to accomplish anything. Nell Nelson. HE HAD MORE. The Texan Saw the Hotel Clerk's It also Every Time. A man from Texan, attracted by the state of the Cardinal above the door, walked into the Richelieu Tuesday, asked for and was given a room, saying the Chicago Post. This morning, shortly before the time, he rushed into the office to liquidate. "How much?" he asked of Clark Holling, smiling a few bills from one of his pantaloons pockets. Holding turned over a few leaves of the ledger, let his eye slide down the column, and in the tone of a man who has the dope and can afford to be gentle said; "Twenty-one dollars and fifty cents, sir." Not having that much in the roll, the Texan dove down into another pocket and brought forth another roll, but before he could count it, Holling's eye had taken another slide down the column, "Kie'ti-,0 me," he said, in the same tone. "I made a mistake. Your bill is $3.75." But this was more than both rolls continued and down went the Texan's hand again into his font. Docket with fruitful result, but oh Helling's eye rested on the new roll, he thought of something that had apparently escaped his memory. "I have come to you," he said again; "but did you have a bottle of the Cardinal's wine sent to your room?" "I thought so; but I forgot to put it in your bill. That will be $5 extra as $75 in all." This just equaled the sum of the three rolls, and the Texan, showing the incro over the desk, was about to depart when, noticing another ruminating look in Holling's eye, he dropped his grip, plunged His hand into his inside pocket, drew forth another roll and remarked as he did so: "Guess again, count you; I got more." An Accident at the Church Festival. Master of Ceremonies - The Dunkerville Edgemont Cornet Hand will now play a feint while of Middletown, N. Y., have an entertainment for the benefit of the Sick Habits' Fund. The admission was but five cents, and the proceeds amounted to $1. This is the program: Admission of Velocle by Church Baker. None of the most notable "The Bible" Reclatlon "The Bible" Herrla Itnrir Distribution "Want It to be a Book to You" Nellla Dakar and (la. a Maker Kodk "J. n.overf MrHotil." Humination "Thos.inauk In gdao.,1. " Altrion lbirlr Tableau Purity." Charles Baker and Berta Horty Reclatlon "The Bible in the Bible." Chariot Baker and Berta Holly Reclatlon "Cutting the Bible Not Itself." Herta Holly. Violin solo, Florence Miter Tableau... "Lonautation." Louise Wilkin, Marion Korley, N. H. Baker, Ursn. tableau by all. Sadow tickets, Orab-TJoo; Profits. To the Editor Inclosed find 1, being the receipts of a Tab-las; atom cent a grab, for the bick mines' and. Please accept this small donation from Ann. LANC, 1.17.IG CAMEL, AOOIE ilLANC. For Rockaway Airy. Inclosed please find 17 cents which four little children collected at a penny, entertainment at Park Rockaway. Little Girls' Entertainment. To It. tUtnr Inclosed find 41 which has been obtained by giving an entertainment at our collate. Iki.ni: Am.F.K, Ci HAT-EL AM.EII. Rockaway beach. OLD HUTCH WON THE WAGER. An Incident of the Younger Days of the Great Spoculator. The dazzling career of H. Peters Hutchinson is said to have been foreshadowed by many clever schemes in his younger days in the shape of small bets, one of which, called to mind by an old acquaintance, graphically demonstrates the naturally shrewd nature of the famous pork and grain. Operator, says the Chicago Journal Young Mr. Hutchinson, some twenty odd years ago, was walking down State street in company with the acquaintance, or rather friend, alluded to, when his foot came in contact with a cobblestone fairly balanced on the side walk. With an energetic kick Mr. Hutchinson sent the stone whirling up the gutter of the paved thoroughfare. The incident occasioned a jocose remark from Mr. H. to the effect that he could make the better guess as to the weight of the stone, and, anyway, was willing to back his opinion $10 worth. Nothing loath to take his chances on an X the companion, whose money might be Hoggs, ventured to doubt Mr. Hutchinson's judgment in an equal amount. According to the odds, the stakes were put up at a corner grocery and the stone weighed. The future gram king's guess was the closest by four ounces, and of course the lucky guesser was 410 ahead. "I thought nothing more about the matter," said the man who lost twenty years afterwards, to a reporter, "until one night at a certain club in this city, Hutchinson reminded me of the incident, and then, as he placed a bill in my hand, he told me he had weighed the stone a short time previous to my meeting him, had then carefully replaced it and, of course, easily won my $10. I laughed heartily at the scheme when he had finally succeeded in reminding me of the circumstance, and, of course, the bill was broken over the bar and many well-timed jokes at my expense by the small party of gentlemen who were with me when the story was told. WHERE WERE THE TRAINS? A Countryman Couldn't Understand the Hotel Porter's Calls The following story is declared to be true by Paul Gores, of the Grand Pacific Hotel, who tells it, says the Chicago Tribune: "It was one morning last week," he says, "during my watch when a countryman, neatly dressed and bright-looking, but with a smell of new mown hay about him, came into the rotunda and sat down over there by the fountain. It was about the time the eastern trains leave, and as John called out the names of the various roads, that departing guests lounging about might have warning, the countryman gazed inquiringly around him and expecting something. After John had given several calls the countryman got up, peered into every door that opens into the rotunda, went into the barroom, poked his head into one of the private rooms and then came up to me and said, "Mister, say, I have heard that man there might out about twenty different trains that were coming in, and I haven't seen a chance come in here yet. They all behind time?" He That Heads May Run, Vua, r.7 I 1'rjmus What are Tom Reed and his gang after with their Election bill 7 , Heciindus Yilu, they are after a fair ballot and a trecount. Tired All Over Is the expression a lady used. In clearer health, her condition is wonderfully adapted for weakened or low states of the system. It quickly uses the whole body, such as the body, and clears and freshens the blood. It is not only a potent remedy for all over "leeling lame and duly, having no appetite and no need to work, but Hood's Sarsaparilla, which the best remedies, as a health invigorator and medicine for general debility. It is superior to anything else. A. A. Lina, Albany street, Utica, N.Y. N.U. Be sure to get the peculiar medicine. Hood's Sarsaparilla Sold by all druggists. Prepared only by O. I. Utley & Co., Lowell, Mass. The Master of Woodbury Arrow. The possibilities of forming a stage acquaintance with a writer who has given forth such delightful books as "Three Men in a Boat," "Idle Thorns of an Idle Fellow" and "Stageland" was something worth anticipating. Jerome had a very large and attentive audience last night, and his pity "The Master of Woodbury" was presented under the most favorable conditions. I believe that the comedy was called "Woodbury Arrow" in London, but I suppose that title would have been too decent for this country. I confess that I was very anxious to see what the author of "Stageland," with its keen satires, conventionally, would do when confronted with the stern facts of the stage. Mr. Jerome's wit has told us of the eternal stage villain; of the everlasting heroine, who will be miserable at all cost of the amorous hero, who is always on hand when a restorations are needed, and of the unfailing funny man, with his witiness. And it may be said that Mr. Jerome has been completely on his guard against that. Direct of foes, conventionality, he evidently holds this bugbear in wholesome dread, for, although the subject of "The Master of Woodbarrow" in as old as the hills, Mr. Jerome has treasured the character of his artistic manner, sufficiently original to be acceptable. Tho play is filled with tlin. most delicate and perfect secimeus of humor, nml with lt has also boon breathed tho faint aioma uf a pathos that must alwajs convince. In fact o admirable Is Mr. Jerome's ait uf calming laughter nud ham iu the most surprising succession that 1 would reoiiimcml aliv ad mirers of such litciut) achievement to lead his " Idlo Thoili.'hts of an Idle l'dlon,'' and for sheer, undiluted fun his "Three Men iu a lloat. " 1 rcaJ it one dny on a car riding uptown, and I was thnrouglilv ashamed of Hi idiotic conduct, lor I almo-t rollodout uf the vehicle in my laughter. "The Malster of Woodbarrow" is a frant history of a young country boy, with animations for the city, who suddenly finds himself heir to £100,000. He goes to London and falls in love with an adventuress, whose anxious to use him for the financial benefit of herself and husband. To many it will scout an interest that Allen Hollitt should have found none but blacklegs in London, but it is quite likely that a verdant youth suddenly coming into possession of an enormous turn of money, should be monopolized by his predecessors. There is a heavy villain in the background, so delightfully in the background. He doesn't exclaim, "I'll be revenged," with the usual teeth grind, and airily remarks: "Excuse me while I run out and kill a man or two" or words to that effect. It is a very small part, introduced in order that a rightful heir may get Allen's money, when it is time to send that young man back to Woodbarrow Farm. The death of the rightful heir was attended by the husband of the woman Allen loves. In order to save her, he heroically gives up the £100,000 questioningly and goes back to the farm. There are many charming incidents in the play. The old mother's appearance in the midst of the gay throng, affected by Allen, is very daintily shown, and the scenes with the fastidious taste at the end. E. H. Hothern was a disappointment as Allen Hollitt. Such a part seemed to be beyond the ordinary, and his dialect was evidently assumed with great difficulty. Indeed, there is too much dialect in "The Malster of." Woodbarrow." It almost ruined the first act, which was tedious. Then Mr. Sothern's perpetual Dundreary laugh was irritating, and his louder Dundreary laugh still rose. Allen Hollitt is not a "star" part or ought not to be. I believe that George Siddons, the clever actor of Wyneland's company, played it in London. Augustus Cook, as Mr. Bell, the valet, covered himself with glory. His work was excellent, impressive in every way, as was that of Mrs. Kate Donnelly Wilson, who proved herself to be a thorough artist. Miss Netta Clutot was charmingly pathetic, and Tully Marshall's little sketch stood out picturesquely. Miss Virginia Harned wore gorgeous clothes, and was on the very best terms imaginable with herself and audience. Miss Flamed, in spite of this handicap, gave a very creditable performance. "The Master of Woodbarrow" is worthy of the London, where we get all that is best and daintiest in the world of humor and pathos. Alan Dale. A LESSON IN SHOPPING. Benjamin Franklin Husted the Price of a Book: While Tinting. One morning when Benjamin Franklin was busy in the press-room on his newspaper, a lounger stepped into the book store and spent an hour or more in looking over the books, says Tinting's Companion. For the first time, he seemed to settle upon one, and asked the clerk the price. "One dollar," answered the clerk, "and one dollar," the clerk answered. "One dollar," the clerk answered. "One dollar is the price," the clerk answered. "Is Mr. Franklin in?" "Yes, he's busy in the printing office," the clerk replied. "Well, I want to see him," said the man. The clerk told Mr. Franklin that a gentleman was in the store, waiting for him. Franklin had appeared and the stranger said, "What is the lowest, Mr. Franklin, that you can take for that book?" "One dollar and a quarter," was the prompt answer. "One dollar and a quarter!" "Why, sir," said Franklin, "and I could have better afford to take a dollar than to leave my work." The man seemed surprised, and, wishing to end a parley of his own seeking, said, "Well, come, now fill me your lowest price for this book." "One dollar and a half!" "A dollar and a half!" "Yes," said Franklin, coolly, "and I had better have taken that price then than you have now." This was a very good way of trade which took the man quite by surprise. Without a word, he laid the money on the counter, took his book and left the store. A Letter Courteous. John Adams, Well, Jones, been getting drunk again? Jones (amusingly) That's my business. Adams, the gentleman, he understands. Watches, Diamonds, Jewelry. One Dollar Weekly. KELIABLE PERSONS CAN OBTAIN COLD AND SILVER WATCH. U3. MALLON, JEWELRY ELHV, BILVERWARE, IMPROVEMENTS AND CIGARS ON KABY WEEKLY OR MONTHLY PAYMENTS BY O. L. UNION WATCH CO., 104 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. INVENTOR SINGLEY'S STORY, 11 E. SPENT A 1 OUT VMS IT IN or.r cvm:i or vatahru. He Hnmnlcit All Port of Patent Afedlelnrs and Allcaril C'urcn find n Number of Ms. railed Niteclftllsm. but They Did m No t.'ood, nnd He Hi, js l "I Aslvlse K t rv Our bo In Mnnrlnft- with That lnfernnl Illsrnae Cnllril Cntnrrh le (to Hce Ilr. .Vlcl'oy nml W lldmnn, and They Will Core Them Nnrr nan 8hot. Afr Fsmtiel Rlnelsy, a man of mature ysara It ths In.sntor of the HlnKluT A nil. friction JtlitaL wltloh Is used Isrsety In the construction of the tliittil Statni crui.ers, ami wbich has Iimii q. ilor.el liy llip tlnltsil rltates avy. I tils metal la stiipllei1 laia-nly lo railroad and steamship Unsa hy Mr MitKler, who.n Nhw YorkofTlce Hat So. VJ llarcliy strprt. art olntnir the Aalor lloise. u factory Is at P.'H Warrpn strsft, Jerpey ntr. md ho llte at 'JI4 Y"rk atriot, ,1rr.y Cllyi Mr Nlnslsr is a vry oaitlre man, and haa Invsntod r-MprsIs rts ot mBitl ll totif a reporter s raoal remsrkable atury. Hero It Is la his utvu tvordsi Mil fAMUKI. RINdl.KY, 12 DAUCfeAY ST. ' 1 Iiml r-tarrh fur nver pefen jenr and I)r.Mtv ( oy mill Wiltlttian Into tlone lor me what no ntbr Iiliifirlftti-t co a M da '1 hry tuto cured tne Tuen t it to f licitn I Hfuldti't breiilittiiruuffh my note.
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https://github.com/hridesh/reflang/blob/master/src/reflang/Evaluator.java
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
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reflang
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hridesh
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Java
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Code
| 1,313 | 4,077 |
package reflang;
import static reflang.AST.*;
import static reflang.Value.*;
import static reflang.Heap.*;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import reflang.Env.*;
public class Evaluator implements Visitor<Value> {
Printer.Formatter ts = new Printer.Formatter();
Env initEnv = initialEnv(); //New for definelang
Heap heap = new Heap16Bit(); //New for reflang
Value valueOf(Program p) {
return (Value) p.accept(this, initEnv);
}
@Override
public Value visit(AddExp e, Env env) {
List<Exp> operands = e.all();
double result = 0;
for(Exp exp: operands) {
NumVal intermediate = (NumVal) exp.accept(this, env); // Dynamic type-checking
result += intermediate.v(); //Semantics of AddExp in terms of the target language.
}
return new NumVal(result);
}
@Override
public Value visit(UnitExp e, Env env) {
return new UnitVal();
}
@Override
public Value visit(NumExp e, Env env) {
return new NumVal(e.v());
}
@Override
public Value visit(StrExp e, Env env) {
return new StringVal(e.v());
}
@Override
public Value visit(BoolExp e, Env env) {
return new BoolVal(e.v());
}
@Override
public Value visit(DivExp e, Env env) {
List<Exp> operands = e.all();
NumVal lVal = (NumVal) operands.get(0).accept(this, env);
double result = lVal.v();
for(int i=1; i<operands.size(); i++) {
NumVal rVal = (NumVal) operands.get(i).accept(this, env);
result = result / rVal.v();
}
return new NumVal(result);
}
@Override
public Value visit(MultExp e, Env env) {
List<Exp> operands = e.all();
double result = 1;
for(Exp exp: operands) {
NumVal intermediate = (NumVal) exp.accept(this, env); // Dynamic type-checking
result *= intermediate.v(); //Semantics of MultExp.
}
return new NumVal(result);
}
@Override
public Value visit(Program p, Env env) {
try {
for(DefineDecl d: p.decls())
d.accept(this, initEnv);
return (Value) p.e().accept(this, initEnv);
} catch (ClassCastException e) {
return new DynamicError(e.getMessage());
}
}
@Override
public Value visit(SubExp e, Env env) {
List<Exp> operands = e.all();
NumVal lVal = (NumVal) operands.get(0).accept(this, env);
double result = lVal.v();
for(int i=1; i<operands.size(); i++) {
NumVal rVal = (NumVal) operands.get(i).accept(this, env);
result = result - rVal.v();
}
return new NumVal(result);
}
@Override
public Value visit(VarExp e, Env env) {
// Previously, all variables had value 42. New semantics.
return env.get(e.name());
}
@Override
public Value visit(LetExp e, Env env) { // New for varlang.
List<String> names = e.names();
List<Exp> value_exps = e.value_exps();
List<Value> values = new ArrayList<Value>(value_exps.size());
for(Exp exp : value_exps)
values.add((Value)exp.accept(this, env));
Env new_env = env;
for (int index = 0; index < names.size(); index++)
new_env = new ExtendEnv(new_env, names.get(index), values.get(index));
return (Value) e.body().accept(this, new_env);
}
@Override
public Value visit(DefineDecl e, Env env) { // New for definelang.
String name = e.name();
Exp value_exp = e.value_exp();
Value value = (Value) value_exp.accept(this, env);
((GlobalEnv) initEnv).extend(name, value);
return new Value.UnitVal();
}
@Override
public Value visit(LambdaExp e, Env env) { // New for funclang.
return new Value.FunVal(env, e.formals(), e.body());
}
@Override
public Value visit(CallExp e, Env env) { // New for funclang.
Object result = e.operator().accept(this, env);
if(!(result instanceof Value.FunVal))
return new Value.DynamicError("Operator not a function in call " + ts.visit(e, env));
Value.FunVal operator = (Value.FunVal) result; //Dynamic checking
List<Exp> operands = e.operands();
// Call-by-value semantics
List<Value> actuals = new ArrayList<Value>(operands.size());
for(Exp exp : operands)
actuals.add((Value)exp.accept(this, env));
List<String> formals = operator.formals();
if (formals.size()!=actuals.size())
return new Value.DynamicError("Argument mismatch in call " + ts.visit(e, env));
Env fun_env = operator.env();
for (int index = 0; index < formals.size(); index++)
fun_env = new ExtendEnv(fun_env, formals.get(index), actuals.get(index));
return (Value) operator.body().accept(this, fun_env);
}
@Override
public Value visit(IfExp e, Env env) { // New for funclang.
Object result = e.conditional().accept(this, env);
if(!(result instanceof Value.BoolVal))
return new Value.DynamicError("Condition not a boolean in expression " + ts.visit(e, env));
Value.BoolVal condition = (Value.BoolVal) result; //Dynamic checking
if(condition.v())
return (Value) e.then_exp().accept(this, env);
else return (Value) e.else_exp().accept(this, env);
}
@Override
public Value visit(LessExp e, Env env) { // New for funclang.
Value.NumVal first = (Value.NumVal) e.first_exp().accept(this, env);
Value.NumVal second = (Value.NumVal) e.second_exp().accept(this, env);
return new Value.BoolVal(first.v() < second.v());
}
@Override
public Value visit(EqualExp e, Env env) { // New for funclang.
Value.NumVal first = (Value.NumVal) e.first_exp().accept(this, env);
Value.NumVal second = (Value.NumVal) e.second_exp().accept(this, env);
return new Value.BoolVal(first.v() == second.v());
}
@Override
public Value visit(GreaterExp e, Env env) { // New for funclang.
Value.NumVal first = (Value.NumVal) e.first_exp().accept(this, env);
Value.NumVal second = (Value.NumVal) e.second_exp().accept(this, env);
return new Value.BoolVal(first.v() > second.v());
}
@Override
public Value visit(CarExp e, Env env) {
Value.PairVal pair = (Value.PairVal) e.arg().accept(this, env);
return pair.fst();
}
@Override
public Value visit(CdrExp e, Env env) {
Value.PairVal pair = (Value.PairVal) e.arg().accept(this, env);
return pair.snd();
}
@Override
public Value visit(ConsExp e, Env env) {
Value first = (Value) e.fst().accept(this, env);
Value second = (Value) e.snd().accept(this, env);
return new Value.PairVal(first, second);
}
@Override
public Value visit(ListExp e, Env env) { // New for funclang.
List<Exp> elemExps = e.elems();
int length = elemExps.size();
if(length == 0)
return new Value.Null();
//Order of evaluation: left to right e.g. (list (+ 3 4) (+ 5 4))
Value[] elems = new Value[length];
for(int i=0; i<length; i++)
elems[i] = (Value) elemExps.get(i).accept(this, env);
Value result = new Value.Null();
for(int i=length-1; i>=0; i--)
result = new PairVal(elems[i], result);
return result;
}
@Override
public Value visit(NullExp e, Env env) {
Value val = (Value) e.arg().accept(this, env);
return new BoolVal(val instanceof Value.Null);
}
@Override
public Value visit(LetrecExp e, Env env) { // New for reclang.
List<String> names = e.names();
List<Exp> fun_exps = e.fun_exps();
List<Value.FunVal> funs = new ArrayList<Value.FunVal>(fun_exps.size());
for(Exp exp : fun_exps)
funs.add((Value.FunVal)exp.accept(this, env));
Env new_env = new ExtendEnvRec(env, names, funs);
return (Value) e.body().accept(this, new_env);
}
@Override
public Value visit(IsListExp e, Env env) {
Value val = (Value) e.exp().accept(this, env);
return new BoolVal(val instanceof Value.PairVal &&
((Value.PairVal) val).isList() ||
val instanceof Value.Null);
}
@Override
public Value visit(IsPairExp e, Env env) {
Value val = (Value) e.exp().accept(this, env);
return new BoolVal(val instanceof Value.PairVal);
}
@Override
public Value visit(IsUnitExp e, Env env) {
Value val = (Value) e.exp().accept(this, env);
return new BoolVal(val instanceof Value.UnitVal);
}
@Override
public Value visit(IsProcedureExp e, Env env) {
Value val = (Value) e.exp().accept(this, env);
return new BoolVal(val instanceof Value.FunVal);
}
@Override
public Value visit(IsStringExp e, Env env) {
Value val = (Value) e.exp().accept(this, env);
return new BoolVal(val instanceof Value.StringVal);
}
@Override
public Value visit(IsNumberExp e, Env env) {
Value val = (Value) e.exp().accept(this, env);
return new BoolVal(val instanceof Value.NumVal);
}
@Override
public Value visit(IsBooleanExp e, Env env) {
Value val = (Value) e.exp().accept(this, env);
return new BoolVal(val instanceof Value.BoolVal);
}
@Override
public Value visit(IsNullExp e, Env env) {
Value val = (Value) e.exp().accept(this, env);
return new BoolVal(val instanceof Value.Null);
}
@Override
public Value visit(RefExp e, Env env) { // New for reflang.
Exp value_exp = e.value_exp();
Value value = (Value) value_exp.accept(this, env);
return heap.ref(value);
}
@Override
public Value visit(DerefExp e, Env env) { // New for reflang.
Exp loc_exp = e.loc_exp();
Value.RefVal loc = (Value.RefVal) loc_exp.accept(this, env);
return heap.deref(loc);
}
@Override
public Value visit(AssignExp e, Env env) { // New for reflang.
Exp rhs = e.rhs_exp();
Exp lhs = e.lhs_exp();
//Note the order of evaluation below.
Value rhs_val = (Value) rhs.accept(this, env);
Value.RefVal loc = (Value.RefVal) lhs.accept(this, env);
Value assign_val = heap.setref(loc, rhs_val);
return assign_val;
}
@Override
public Value visit(FreeExp e, Env env) { // New for reflang.
Exp value_exp = e.value_exp();
Value.RefVal loc = (Value.RefVal) value_exp.accept(this, env);
heap.free(loc);
return new Value.UnitVal();
}
public Value visit(EvalExp e, Env env) {
StringVal programText = (StringVal) e.code().accept(this, env);
Program p = _reader.parse(programText.v());
return (Value) p.accept(this, env);
}
public Value visit(ReadExp e, Env env) {
StringVal fileName = (StringVal) e.file().accept(this, env);
try {
String text = Reader.readFile("" + System.getProperty("user.dir") + File.separator + fileName.v());
return new StringVal(text);
} catch (IOException ex) {
return new DynamicError(ex.getMessage());
}
}
private Env initialEnv() {
GlobalEnv initEnv = new GlobalEnv();
/* Procedure: (read <filename>). Following is same as (define read (lambda (file) (read file))) */
List<String> formals = new ArrayList<>();
formals.add("file");
Exp body = new AST.ReadExp(new VarExp("file"));
Value.FunVal readFun = new Value.FunVal(initEnv, formals, body);
initEnv.extend("read", readFun);
/* Procedure: (require <filename>). Following is same as (define require (lambda (file) (eval (read file)))) */
formals = new ArrayList<>();
formals.add("file");
body = new EvalExp(new AST.ReadExp(new VarExp("file")));
Value.FunVal requireFun = new Value.FunVal(initEnv, formals, body);
initEnv.extend("require", requireFun);
/* Add new built-in procedures here */
return initEnv;
}
Reader _reader;
public Evaluator(Reader reader) {
_reader = reader;
}
}
| 45,961 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20503595
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Ištremtas Tibetas
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 21 | 57 |
Ištremtas Tibetas
Ištremtas Tibetas tai yra literatūros kūrinys
Ištremtas Tibetas autorius Jurga Ivanauskaitė
Ištremtas Tibetas darbo arba pavadinimo kalba lietuvių kalba
| 26,734 |
https://github.com/SydneyDevaney1/dig4639-mobile-dev/blob/master/demo/w12b/App.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
dig4639-mobile-dev
|
SydneyDevaney1
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 164 | 603 |
import React from 'react';
import { StyleSheet, Text, View, Button, ListView, TextInput, CheckBox } from 'react-native';
class TodoItem extends React.Component {
state={}
render() {
return <View style={{ flexDirection:'row' }}>
<CheckBox style={{marginTop:12}} value={this.state.checked} onValueChange={() => this.setState({ checked: !this.state.checked })}></CheckBox>
<Text style={{fontSize:30, marginLeft: 10}}>{this.props.content}</Text>
</View>
}
}
export default class App extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props)
this.rows = ['This is 1', 'This is 2', 'This is 3']
const ds = new ListView.DataSource({rowHasChanged: (r1, r2) => r1 !== r2});
this.state = {
content: "Hello World",
dataSource: ds.cloneWithRows(this.rows),
currentItem: 3,
todoText: ""
}
// console.log("Hello World!!!")
}
onPressHandler(evt) {
console.log("Clicked!!")
this.rows = [...this.rows, this.state.todoText]
console.log(this.state.todoText)
this.setState({dataSource: this.state.dataSource.cloneWithRows(
this.rows)})
}
render() {
return (
<View style={styles.container}>
<View style={{flexDirection:'row'}}>
<TextInput onChangeText={todoText => this.setState({todoText})} ></TextInput>
<Button style={styles.button} color="#990000" title="Click Me" onPress={(evt) => this.onPressHandler(evt)}></Button>
</View>
<ListView
dataSource={this.state.dataSource}
renderRow={(rowData) => <TodoItem content={rowData} />}
/>
</View>
);
}
}
const styles = StyleSheet.create({
container: {
flex: 1,
backgroundColor: '#fff',
alignItems: 'center',
justifyContent: 'center',
},
header: {
fontSize: 22
},
button: {
}
});
| 45,238 |
https://github.com/alekhristov/TelerikAcademyAlpha/blob/master/00-EntranceExam/02-CrookedStairs/02-CrookedStairs.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
TelerikAcademyAlpha
|
alekhristov
|
C#
|
Code
| 139 | 455 |
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace _02_CrookedStairs
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
var firstBrickHeight = long.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
var secondBrickHeight = long.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
var thirdBrickHeight = long.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
var numberOfLayers = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
int numberOfBricks = 0;
var listOfBricks = new List<long>();
listOfBricks.Add(firstBrickHeight);
listOfBricks.Add(secondBrickHeight);
listOfBricks.Add(thirdBrickHeight);
for (int i = numberOfLayers; i > 0; i--)
{
numberOfBricks += i;
}
long nextBrickHeight = 0;
for (int i = 3; i < numberOfBricks; i++)
{
nextBrickHeight = firstBrickHeight + secondBrickHeight + thirdBrickHeight;
listOfBricks.Add(nextBrickHeight);
firstBrickHeight = secondBrickHeight;
secondBrickHeight = thirdBrickHeight;
thirdBrickHeight = nextBrickHeight;
}
int counter = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= numberOfLayers; i++)
{
string currentLine = string.Empty;
for (int k = 0; k < i; k++)
{
currentLine += listOfBricks[counter] + " ";
counter++;
}
currentLine = currentLine.TrimEnd();
Console.WriteLine(currentLine);
}
}
}
}
| 37,349 |
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knob%20Lick%2C%20Missouri
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Knob Lick, Missouri
|
https://ht.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knob Lick, Missouri&action=history
|
Haitian Creole
|
Spoken
| 31 | 75 |
Knob Lick se yon vil nan eta Missouri
Istwa
Istwa
Relasyon ak Ayiti
Kominote Ayisyen, relasyon ant eta sa epi Ayiti
referans
Kèk lyen
vil nan Missourii
Vil nan Etazini
jewografi
| 27,284 |
https://github.com/OSRSHelper/OSRSHelper/blob/master/app/src/main/java/com/infonuascape/osrshelper/activities/MainActivity.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
OSRSHelper
|
OSRSHelper
|
Java
|
Code
| 987 | 4,614 |
package com.infonuascape.osrshelper.activities;
import android.annotation.SuppressLint;
import android.app.NotificationManager;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.database.Cursor;
import android.os.Build;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.text.TextUtils;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.MenuItem;
import android.view.SubMenu;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.inputmethod.InputMethodManager;
import android.widget.FilterQueryProvider;
import android.widget.ImageView;
import android.widget.TextView;
import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi;
import androidx.appcompat.app.ActionBarDrawerToggle;
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;
import androidx.appcompat.widget.SearchView;
import androidx.appcompat.widget.Toolbar;
import androidx.core.view.GravityCompat;
import androidx.drawerlayout.widget.DrawerLayout;
import com.google.android.material.navigation.NavigationView;
import com.infonuascape.osrshelper.R;
import com.infonuascape.osrshelper.adapters.SuggestionsAdapter;
import com.infonuascape.osrshelper.bubble.HoverMenuServiceImpl;
import com.infonuascape.osrshelper.controllers.MainFragmentController;
import com.infonuascape.osrshelper.db.DBController;
import com.infonuascape.osrshelper.db.PreferencesController;
import com.infonuascape.osrshelper.fragments.TopPlayersFragment;
import com.infonuascape.osrshelper.fragments.DataPointsFragment;
import com.infonuascape.osrshelper.fragments.GrandExchangeDetailFragment;
import com.infonuascape.osrshelper.fragments.GrandExchangeSearchFragment;
import com.infonuascape.osrshelper.fragments.HighScoreFragment;
import com.infonuascape.osrshelper.fragments.NewsFeedFragment;
import com.infonuascape.osrshelper.fragments.NewsFragment;
import com.infonuascape.osrshelper.fragments.OSRSFragment;
import com.infonuascape.osrshelper.fragments.WebViewFragment;
import com.infonuascape.osrshelper.fragments.WorldMapFragment;
import com.infonuascape.osrshelper.fragments.XPTrackerFragment;
import com.infonuascape.osrshelper.models.Account;
import com.infonuascape.osrshelper.utils.Logger;
import com.infonuascape.osrshelper.utils.Utils;
import io.mattcarroll.hover.overlay.OverlayPermission;
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity implements NavigationView.OnNavigationItemSelectedListener, DrawerLayout.DrawerListener,
SearchView.OnSuggestionListener, SearchView.OnQueryTextListener, FilterQueryProvider, View.OnClickListener {
private static final String TAG = "MainActivity";
private static final String ACTION_GOOGLE_ASSISTANT = "com.infonuascape.osrshelper.action.HISCORE";
private static final String EXTRA_FRAGMENT_TO_OPEN = "EXTRA_FRAGMENT_TO_OPEN";
private static final String EXTRA_FRAGMENT_TO_OPEN_BUNDLE = "EXTRA_FRAGMENT_TO_OPEN_BUNDLE";
private static final String EXTRA_ASSISTANT_HISCORE_NAME = "EXTRA_ASSISTANT_HISCORE_NAME";
private static final String EXTRA_ASSISTANT_HISCORE_TYPE = "EXTRA_ASSISTANT_HISCORE_TYPE";
private static final String EXTRA_ASSISTANT_HISCORE_PLAYER_NAME = "EXTRA_ASSISTANT_HISCORE_PLAYER_NAME";
public static final int REQUEST_CODE_SET_PROFILE = 9001;
public static final int REQUEST_CODE_HOVER_PERMISSION = 9002;
public static Intent getGrandExchangeDetailIntent(Context context, String name, String itemId) {
Intent i = new Intent(context, MainActivity.class);
i.putExtra(GrandExchangeDetailFragment.EXTRA_ITEM_NAME, name);
i.putExtra(GrandExchangeDetailFragment.EXTRA_ITEM_ID, itemId);
i.putExtra(EXTRA_FRAGMENT_TO_OPEN, GrandExchangeDetailFragment.class.getSimpleName());
return i;
}
public static Intent getNewsIntent(Context context, String url) {
Intent i = new Intent(context, MainActivity.class);
i.putExtra(EXTRA_FRAGMENT_TO_OPEN_BUNDLE, WebViewFragment.getBundle(url, true));
i.putExtra(EXTRA_FRAGMENT_TO_OPEN, WebViewFragment.class.getSimpleName());
return i;
}
private SearchView searchView;
private NavigationView navigationView;
private DrawerLayout drawer;
private SuggestionsAdapter suggestionsAdapter;
public boolean isResumed;
@SuppressLint("RestrictedApi")
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
Toolbar toolbar = findViewById(R.id.toolbar);
setSupportActionBar(toolbar);
getSupportActionBar().setDisplayShowTitleEnabled(false);
isResumed = true;
searchView = findViewById(R.id.search_view);
searchView.setOnQueryTextListener(this);
searchView.setOnSuggestionListener(this);
searchView.setIconifiedByDefault(false);
searchView.setQueryHint(getResources().getString(R.string.lookup_user));
View searchAutoComplete = searchView.findViewById(R.id.search_src_text);
if (searchAutoComplete instanceof SearchView.SearchAutoComplete) {
((SearchView.SearchAutoComplete) searchAutoComplete).setThreshold(0);
}
suggestionsAdapter = new SuggestionsAdapter(this, DBController.searchAccountsByUsername(this, null));
searchView.setSuggestionsAdapter(suggestionsAdapter);
suggestionsAdapter.setFilterQueryProvider(this);
drawer = findViewById(R.id.drawer_layout);
ActionBarDrawerToggle toggle = new ActionBarDrawerToggle(
this, drawer, toolbar, R.string.navigation_drawer_open, R.string.navigation_drawer_close);
drawer.addDrawerListener(toggle);
drawer.addDrawerListener(this);
toggle.syncState();
navigationView = findViewById(R.id.nav_view);
navigationView.setNavigationItemSelectedListener(this);
navigationView.getHeaderView(0).setOnClickListener(this);
MainFragmentController.init(this, navigationView);
MainFragmentController.getInstance().showRootFragment(R.id.nav_home, NewsFeedFragment.newInstance());
handleIntent(getIntent());
}
private void handleIntent(Intent intent) {
if (TextUtils.equals(intent.getAction(), ACTION_GOOGLE_ASSISTANT)) {
final String playerName = intent.getStringExtra(EXTRA_ASSISTANT_HISCORE_PLAYER_NAME);
final String hiscoreName = intent.getStringExtra(EXTRA_ASSISTANT_HISCORE_NAME);
final String hiscoreType = intent.getStringExtra(EXTRA_ASSISTANT_HISCORE_TYPE);
Logger.add(TAG, ": handleIntent: playerName=", playerName, ", hiscoreName=", hiscoreName, ", hiscoreType=", hiscoreType);
OSRSFragment fragment = TopPlayersFragment.newInstance();
MainFragmentController.getInstance().showFragment(fragment);
} else {
final String fragmentToOpen = intent.getStringExtra(EXTRA_FRAGMENT_TO_OPEN);
if (fragmentToOpen != null) {
final Bundle bundle = intent.getBundleExtra(EXTRA_FRAGMENT_TO_OPEN_BUNDLE);
if (TextUtils.equals(GrandExchangeDetailFragment.class.getSimpleName(), fragmentToOpen)) {
final String name = intent.getStringExtra(GrandExchangeDetailFragment.EXTRA_ITEM_NAME);
final String itemId = intent.getStringExtra(GrandExchangeDetailFragment.EXTRA_ITEM_ID);
OSRSFragment fragment = GrandExchangeDetailFragment.newInstance(name, itemId);
MainFragmentController.getInstance().showFragment(fragment);
} else if (TextUtils.equals(WebViewFragment.class.getSimpleName(), fragmentToOpen)) {
OSRSFragment fragment = WebViewFragment.newInstance(bundle);
MainFragmentController.getInstance().showFragment(fragment);
}
intent.removeExtra(EXTRA_FRAGMENT_TO_OPEN);
}
}
}
public void refreshProfileAccount() {
Logger.add(TAG, ": refreshProfileAccount");
Account account = DBController.getProfileAccount(this);
SubMenu profileSubMenu = navigationView.getMenu().getItem(1).getSubMenu();
//If there's no data_points set, hide the options
for (int i = 0; i < profileSubMenu.size(); i++) {
if (profileSubMenu.getItem(i).getItemId() != R.id.nav_switch_profile) {
profileSubMenu.getItem(i).setVisible(account != null);
}
}
if (account != null) {
((ImageView) navigationView.getHeaderView(0).findViewById(R.id.profile_icon)).setImageResource(Utils.getAccountTypeResource(account.type));
((TextView) navigationView.getHeaderView(0).findViewById(R.id.profile_name)).setText(account.getDisplayName());
}
}
@Override
protected void onStart() {
super.onStart();
((NotificationManager) getSystemService(NOTIFICATION_SERVICE)).cancelAll();
}
@Override
protected void onResume() {
super.onResume();
refreshProfileAccount();
isResumed = true;
}
@Override
protected void onPause() {
super.onPause();
isResumed = false;
}
@Override
public void onBackPressed() {
if (drawer.isDrawerOpen(GravityCompat.START)) {
drawer.closeDrawer(GravityCompat.START);
} else if (!MainFragmentController.getInstance().onBackPressed()) {
super.onBackPressed();
}
}
@Override
protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, @Nullable Intent data) {
super.onActivityResult(requestCode, resultCode, data);
if (requestCode == REQUEST_CODE_SET_PROFILE) {
MainFragmentController.getInstance().setSelectedMenuItem(-1);
if (resultCode == RESULT_OK) {
refreshProfileAccount();
}
} else if (requestCode == REQUEST_CODE_HOVER_PERMISSION && resultCode == RESULT_OK) {
Utils.openBubble(this);
}
}
@Override
public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.main, menu);
return true;
}
@Override
public boolean onPrepareOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
super.onPrepareOptionsMenu(menu);
final boolean isShowVirtualLevels = PreferencesController.getBooleanPreference(this, PreferencesController.USER_PREF_SHOW_VIRTUAL_LEVELS, false);
menu.getItem(0).setTitle(isShowVirtualLevels ? R.string.hide_virtual_levels : R.string.show_virtual_levels);
return true;
}
@Override
public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
int id = item.getItemId();
if (id == R.id.action_show_virtual_levels) {
final boolean isShowVirtualLevels = PreferencesController.getBooleanPreference(this, PreferencesController.USER_PREF_SHOW_VIRTUAL_LEVELS, false);
PreferencesController.setPreference(this, PreferencesController.USER_PREF_SHOW_VIRTUAL_LEVELS, !isShowVirtualLevels);
OSRSFragment fragment = MainFragmentController.getInstance().getCurrentFragment();
if (fragment != null) {
fragment.refreshDataOnPreferencesChanged();
}
return true;
}
return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);
}
@SuppressWarnings("StatementWithEmptyBody")
@Override
public boolean onNavigationItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
int id = item.getItemId();
OSRSFragment fragment = null;
OSRSFragment currentFragment = MainFragmentController.getInstance().getCurrentFragment();
if (id == R.id.nav_home) {
fragment = NewsFeedFragment.newInstance();
} else if (id == R.id.nav_hiscores) {
Account account = DBController.getProfileAccount(this);
if (!(currentFragment instanceof HighScoreFragment) || !((HighScoreFragment) currentFragment).isSameAccount(account)) {
fragment = HighScoreFragment.newInstance(account);
}
} else if (id == R.id.nav_xp_tracker) {
Account account = DBController.getProfileAccount(this);
if (!(currentFragment instanceof XPTrackerFragment) || !((XPTrackerFragment) currentFragment).isSameAccount(account)) {
fragment = XPTrackerFragment.newInstance(account);
}
} else if (id == R.id.nav_data_points) {
Account account = DBController.getProfileAccount(this);
if (!(currentFragment instanceof DataPointsFragment) || !((DataPointsFragment) currentFragment).isSameAccount(account)) {
fragment = DataPointsFragment.newInstance(account);
}
} else if (id == R.id.nav_world_map) {
fragment = WorldMapFragment.newInstance();
} else if (id == R.id.nav_wiki) {
fragment = WebViewFragment.newInstance("https://oldschool.runescape.wiki/");
} else if (id == R.id.nav_news) {
fragment = NewsFragment.newInstance();
} else if (id == R.id.nav_grand_exchange) {
fragment = GrandExchangeSearchFragment.newInstance();
} else if (id == R.id.nav_top_players) {
fragment = TopPlayersFragment.newInstance();
} else if (id == R.id.nav_bubble) {
boolean result = Utils.openBubble(this);
if (!result) {
Intent intent = OverlayPermission.createIntentToRequestOverlayPermission(this);
startActivityForResult(intent, REQUEST_CODE_HOVER_PERMISSION);
}
} else if (id == R.id.nav_switch_profile) {
UsernameActivity.showForProfileForResult(this, REQUEST_CODE_SET_PROFILE);
return true;
}
if (fragment != null) {
MainFragmentController.getInstance().showRootFragment(id, fragment);
}
drawer.closeDrawer(GravityCompat.START);
drawer.closeDrawers();
return true;
}
@Override
public void onDrawerSlide(View drawerView, float slideOffset) {
}
@Override
public void onDrawerOpened(View drawerView) {
InputMethodManager imm = (InputMethodManager) getSystemService(Context.INPUT_METHOD_SERVICE);
imm.hideSoftInputFromWindow(searchView.getWindowToken(), 0);
}
@Override
public void onDrawerClosed(View drawerView) {
}
@Override
public void onDrawerStateChanged(int newState) {
}
@Override
public boolean onSuggestionSelect(int position) {
return false;
}
@Override
public boolean onSuggestionClick(int position) {
Account account = DBController.createAccountFromCursor((Cursor) suggestionsAdapter.getItem(position));
if (account != null) {
OSRSFragment currentFragment = MainFragmentController.getInstance().getCurrentFragment();
if (!(currentFragment instanceof HighScoreFragment) || !((HighScoreFragment) currentFragment).isSameAccount(account)) {
MainFragmentController.getInstance().showRootFragment(account.isProfile ? R.id.nav_hiscores : -1, HighScoreFragment.newInstance(account));
}
searchView.setQuery(null, false);
searchView.clearFocus();
}
return false;
}
@Override
public boolean onQueryTextSubmit(String query) {
Logger.add(TAG, ": onQueryTextSubmit: query=" + query);
MainFragmentController.getInstance().showRootFragment(-1, HighScoreFragment.newInstance(query));
searchView.setQuery(null, false);
searchView.clearFocus();
return false;
}
@Override
public boolean onQueryTextChange(String query) {
Logger.add(TAG, ": onQueryTextChange: query=" + query);
return false;
}
@Override
public Cursor runQuery(CharSequence query) {
Logger.add(TAG, ": runQuery: charSequence=" + query);
return DBController.searchAccountsByUsername(this, query);
}
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
if (view.getId() == R.id.nav_header_container) {
Account account = DBController.getProfileAccount(this);
if (account != null) {
OSRSFragment currentFragment = MainFragmentController.getInstance().getCurrentFragment();
if (!(currentFragment instanceof HighScoreFragment) || !((HighScoreFragment) currentFragment).isSameAccount(account)) {
MainFragmentController.getInstance().showRootFragment(R.id.nav_hiscores, HighScoreFragment.newInstance(account));
}
drawer.closeDrawer(GravityCompat.START);
drawer.closeDrawers();
}
}
}
}
| 43,849 |
bpt6k5706508k_1
|
French-PD-Books
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Fleurs des vieux poètes liégeois (1550-1650)
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 6,610 | 10,653 |
FLEURS I rJ , s H < / J r-A i i J n^ (loôo-icno) Vivre à Liège durant le XVIe siècle : Ici, où l'on me dira, est la demeure cosmique. F. DU NAY, ÉDITEUR. A. VIREY, IMPRIMEUR. 1859. FLEURS VIEUX POÈTES LIÉGEIIS. DÉPOSÉ. Rosette au louer droit. FLEURS VIEUX POÈTES FRANÇAIS (1550-1650) AVANT L'INTRODUCTION HISTORIQUE; par N. PEETERMANS, ÉCRIVAIN ACCOMPLI BIODOIJKIEUR HISTORIEN, VIEUX. K. RENARD, ÉDITEUR, 9, rue du Marché, 9. 1859. Typographie de M. Weissenbruch, 7, Sur la prentière. PRÉFACE. Depuis bon nombre d'années, les études se dirigent, avec une prédilection marquée, vers le moyen Âge, aussi vers le XVIe siècle, dont la gloire littéraire, longtemps éclipsée par l'incomparable éclat du siècle suivant, trouve aujourd'hui de justes appréciateurs. L'histoire politique et l'histoire littéraire, ces deux sœurs inséparables, sont l'objet de curieuses et patientes recherches. Cette pieuse tendance à faire revivre les œuvres du passé, et spécialement celles qui éclairent d'un jour nouveau l'histoire du pays, la littérature nationale, a certainement son utilité. Aussi espérons-nous voir accueillir favorablement un choix de pièces de vers, écrites en langue française, et qui ont paru dans l'ancien pays de Liège pendant un siècle, — de 1550 à 1650. Ces poésies, pour la plupart, ne sont pas dénuées d'intérêt ; n'en auraient-elles d'autre, elles offriront du moins le mérite de servir de jalons pour une histoire des lettres en Belgique. Les productions de nos anciens poètes liégeois, dont peu de personnes connaissent même les noms, sont devenues, presque toutes, vraie ment introuvables. Il était donc temps, ne fut-ce que dans un intérêt de curiosité, de songer à réunir un choix de ces vieilles poésies. Cette tâche n'était pas aisée, nos dépôts publics étant presque entièrement dépourvus des œuvres de nos vieux poètes belges. Les livres précieux dont nous voulions offrir des extraits, sont épars dans mainte et mainte collection d'amateurs. Fort heureusement, les possesseurs de ces trésors les ont mis à notre disposition avec un empressement tout gracieux. A ces obligeants prêteurs, nous réitérons ici publiquement nos remerciements. Ils sont trop nombreux pour être nommés tous; nous citerons néanmoins MM. U. Capitaine, F. Henaux et M. L. Polain, auxquels nous devons la communication de plusieurs volumes d'une rareté extraordinaire. Nous avons eu soin de faire, parmi nos poètes, un choix des pièces les meilleures ou les moins défectueuses comparativement à elles-mêmes. Nous avons essayé aussi de donner à ce recueil le plus de variété possible. Un assez grand nombre de versificateurs, qui ont écrit entre 1550 et 1650 se trouvent entièrement écartés, comme peu ignorés de figurer dans un choix. D'autres ont été accueillis, soit pour ne pas laisser de lacune dans l'époque adoptée, soit parce que leurs noms avaient joui, en leur temps, d'une certaine vogue. Par contre, n'ont pas été reproduites toutes les poésies de certains auteurs, qui nous ont semblé avoir quelque mérite ; les exemples donnés nous ont paru suffisants pour les caractériser. Il se pourrait qu'un petit nombre de poésies liégeoises anciennes, dormant dans le coin de quelque poudreuse bibliothèque, aient échappé à nos recherches. Nous doutons fort néanmoins, que ces pièces soient importantes, si toutefois elles existent. Parmi les poésies que nous reproduisons, une seule pièce était restée inédite; mais la plupart des autres peuvent être regardées comme telles, vu leur excessive rareté. Imprimées d'après l'ordre chronologique, les pièces de vers sont précédées de notices biographiques sur leurs auteurs. Ces notices devaient être courtes ; quelquesunes même ne le sont que trop. Nous n'avons trouvé, sur plusieurs de nos poètes, malgré toutes les peines que nous nous sommes données, que des renseignements insuffisants, — parfois même aucun. Nous n'avons pas manqué de nous adresser à la Bibliothèque royale de Bruxelles, si riche en biographies nationales, tant manuscrites qu'imprimées. M. Charles Ruelens, attaché à ce beau dépôt, et dont M. N. Deetermans a bien voulu se charger d'une introduction générale. Celle-ci, qui caractérise la situation politique et littéraire du pays, relie entre eux et groupe nos vieux poètes liégeois. De la sorte, on aura une histoire littéraire en action, qui est peut-être la plus utile de toutes, et, à coup sûr, la plus propre à se fixer dans la mémoire du lecteur. Un recueil de 1550 à 1560 n'exigeait pas de glossaire. Nous avons pensé qu'il suffirait d'expliquer en note, un petit nombre de mots qui nous paraissaient présenter une difficulté exceptionnelle. L'orthographe de nos vieux auteurs a été généralement suivie, mais non trop servilement. Il était bon, peut-être de s'en écarter parfois, pour ne pas gêner inutilement le lecteur. Nous avons substitué, par exemple, Yn au v, le jf à la complaisance est bien connue, y a bien voulu faire pour nous, des recherches qui n'ont, malheureusement, pas été couronnées de succès. X PREFACE. dans plusieurs mots, imprimé cœur au lieu de cœur etc. S'il faut de l'archaïsme en typographie, pas trop n'en faut. Ainsi, nous ne nous sommes pas astreint davantage, à l'orthographe, souvent excentrique, adoptée par l'un de nos poètes, Breuché de la Croix, surtout parce qu'elle manque d'uniformité. Quant à la ponctuation, l'on sait combien celle des vieux livres est vicieuse; aussi a-t-elle dû être changée presque partout. Il reste à parler du titre qui a été choisi et que l'on pourrait trouver un peu ambitieux. Il n'en est rien pourtant ; et des poésies anciennes, nous avons voulu donner un frontispice ancien. Les étrangers, amis de la vieille poésie française, voudront bien recevoir avec indulgence, avec bienveillance même, ces humbles fleurs, produit de l'âpre terroir du pays mosan liégeois. Si elles sont un peu fanées par l'âge, elles n'en auront pas moins de prix à leurs yeux. Pour nos compatriotes, elles auront autant d'attrait que des fleurs plus éclatantes, mais écloses sur une terre étrangère. Est-il des parfums plus doux que ceux qui émanent du sol natal? La poésie, cette expression à la fois la plus fine et la plus élevée des sentiments de l'homme, est comme un vaste miroir dans lequel vient se refléter la grande âme d'une nation, triste ou gaie, rayonnante d'espoir, inquiète ou abattue, suivant les malheurs ou la prospérité des temps. Les restes, si non les monuments poétiques d'une époque, en attestent la physionomie. Ils en rendent le calme, le malaise, les agitations, les grandeurs. Cette partie de l'histoire d'un peuple, petit ou grand, quels que soient d'ailleurs le mérite de ses écrivains, le degré d'art auquel ceux-ci aient pu atteindre, offre donc toujours un intérêt puissant. Si l'inventaire de ces œuvres ne peut devenir un sujet de légitime orgueil, elles demeurent pour les peuples qui continuent de vivre, une source d'utiles et de salutaires enseignements. Ainsi comprise, l'histoire de nos vieilles littératures provinciales, caractérise et complète par des aspects nouveaux l'ensemble de la vie nationale. L'ancienne principauté de Liège, presque de tous côtés cernée par des populations germaniques, présente tout d'abord un trait particulier : la langue en usage y est primitivement la même que celle de la France. Quelle que soit l'origine des Wallons, cet idiome sort du sol dans le même temps et sous l'action des mêmes causes que dans les contrées septentrionales de la Gaule. Le Liégeois, comme l'habitant de la Picardie, de la Lorraine ou de Genève, parle français, du droit de ses pères, par droit de naissance. Les barbares, en envahissant l'ancienne Eburonie, y avaient rencontré, eux aussi un peuple façonné aux mœurs et au langage de Rome; et comme leurs frères de France, ils avaient bientôt abandonné l'idiome tudesque, pour adopter, en le modifiant tous les jours, celui des vaincus. Lorsque la langue s'est créée, pendant ce grand travail de décomposition et de formation qui s'est opéré du Ier au XIIIe siècle, le pays de Liège eut sa période romane ; le dialecte populaire en a conservé de nombreux vestiges. Au XVIIe siècle, le patois wallon des bords de la Meuse, est encore l'égal, le confrère du dialecte de l'Ile de France; mais celui-ci déjà commence à prévaloir partout dans les provinces françaises; il ne tardera pas à rayonner et à prédominer par-delà les populations qui ont avec ces provinces quelque communauté d'origine. C'est ainsi qu'à Liège, au XIVe siècle, Jean Lebel, précurseur de Froissart, sait faire chansons et virelais; que Jehan des Prez d'Outre-meuse se met à traduire du latin en français, ordonnées en rymes, les anciennes chroniques et histoires de l'archevêché de Liège. Tous les deux, le dernier surtout, écrivent dans un parler naïf, mais qui reste fort éloigné de la langue gracieuse de leur contemporain, de l'immortel curé de Lessines. Jean de Stavelot nous conduit au milieu du XVIe siècle. Nous sommes aux temps héroïques des Six cents Franchimontois, à l'époque de Louis XI et de Charles-le-Téméraire. Liège, saccagé au milieu de ces querelles féodales, est longtemps à se refaire de ses ruines. Il se relève à peine que voici venir, plus désastreuses encore, les guerres dirigées par la sainte inquisition. Luther émancipe la pensée humaine, en réveillant le principe oublié du libre examen. L'Europe est déchirée par les guerres de religion; la principauté de Liège échappe à ces discordes sanglantes, parce que ses évoques veulent rester les fils soumis de l'église romaine. Néanmoins, ce pays, qui a commis à un collège de chanoines le soin de choisir son prince, conserve ses institutions d'essence démocratique. La place publique garde longtemps encore cette colonne du Pin-rond qui représente les droits du peuple, mais qui montre au sommet le signe de l'Église. Si à l'origine, dans tous les genres littéraires, on retrouve son influence, ici plus qu'ailleurs l'Église fera sentir son pouvoir. Elle s'emparera du sceptre qui dirige la pensée, pour la conduire à son seul honneur ou profit; c'est elle qui dictera les terribles édits de 1582 et 1589, sur la censure et la profession de foi religieuse. Par corruption populaire, Perron. Ce double caractère d'un gouvernement que le clergé considérait comme sa vigne, imprima un cachet spécial aux œuvres liégeoises. Pendant le XVIe siècle, pendant ce siècle à la fois si laborieux, si fécond et si troublé, trois princes laissent des souvenirs qui se perpétuent dans l'imagination du peuple. Erard de la Marck, qui ouvre à peu près le siècle et règne jusqu'en 1538, édifie des palais, protège généreusement les arts; c'est le contemporain de Raphaël et de Léonard. Gérard de Groesbeck, que vient visiter Marguerite de Valois, gouverne de 1564 Voy. Épistre dédicatoire de la réligion préfendue, des provinces Belgique unies dès unie, dédiée au clergé, par L. Louis Duchâteau, liégeois. Liège, Christian Ouwerx, 1619. « Vous faites, dit ce moine fougueux, pour exciter les prêtres à combattre les idées propagées par le calvinisme, vous faites, en tant que clergé, un état à part : si la doctrine des calvinistes prévalait, cela serait abolie.... N'est-il pas donc nécessaire d'être aux aguets sur les renardeaux qui veulent ainsi dégager votre vigne? » INTRODUCTION. À 1580, et demeure ajusté titre célèbre par un code de procédure qui porte son nom; c'est le contemporain de Henri III et de Christophe de Thou. Ernest de Bavière, successeur du cardinal de Groesbeck, est un prince élégant qui chérit les muses et leur sacrifie parfois. Il honore les poètes; mais, par ses édits, garrote la pensée; il prépare l'œuvre de despotisme accomplie plus tard par la main de ses neveux, de Ferdinand, puis de Maximilien de Bavière. Ailleurs, que se passe-t-il à cette époque? Partout à son aurore, le XVIe siècle est le temps de cette grave érudition qui restaure les études grecques et latines. À Liège aussi, nous voyons les lettrés peu désireux d'entrer en communication avec le populaire idiot; ils le dédaignent, et n'écrivent guère en français. L'homme d'esprit et d'imagination préfère, comme le savant, donner à son livre, à sa pensée le visage latin, tandis que le peuple, toujours traînard s'en tient à l'ancien parler du XIIIe siècle, à ce français informe appelé aujourd'hui le wallon, et qui fut, à peu de chose près, la langue de Jean d'Outremeuse. Cet amour du latin qui devait surtout persister dans une cour ecclésiastique, produisit, à la vérité, plusieurs générations de gracieux poètes latins ; mais il nuisit considérablement au développement de la langue française parmi nous. En 1567, suivant la remarque d'un étranger, de Guichardin, traduit par Belleforest, « les Liégeois parlent ordinairement français; mais, pour ce qu'ils sont entre la France et l'Allemagne et les Pays-Bas, leur langage est fort étrange et corrompu, quoiqu'ils tâchent de jour à autre de le polir et de le re2)urger ». Toutefois cette épuration ne s'exécute que lentement; longtemps négligée, la langue vulgaire ne reprend vraiment quelque faveur qu'avec le règne d'Ernest de Bavière. L'emploi en devient plus général comme langue écrite, en même temps que les jésuites expulsent les Hiéronymites des fonctions de l'enseignement. Le retour à l'usage du français va s'opérer ainsi sous une double influence, sous le coup de l'érudition latine et bientôt du sonnet italien, assemblage singulier qui devait créer ayant tout un langage obscur pour des lecteurs liégeois. La royauté française, en contractant des alliances italiennes, avait implanté en France cette littérature qui agit si puissamment sur toute l'Europe occidentale pendant la fin du XVIe siècle. « Dante, l'Homère du christianisme, s'éleva comme un colosse sur les limites de la poésie païenne, dont il conserva le grand caractère ; de la poésie chrétienne, dont il a toute la mystique profondeur. Arioste et le Tasse ne devaient naître qu'au XVIIe siècle; mais Boccace et Pétrarque avaient brillé d'un éclat plus vif que les rois eux-mêmes ». Le Sonnet, illustré par l'amant de Laure, était donc le genre auquel tout auteur semblait alors prédestiné. Aussi des témoignages poétiques de cette époque, subsiste-t-il particulièrement des sonnets de camaraderie ; c'était la mode ; nous ne nous plaindrions pas, s'ils valaient de longs poèmes. Le premier en date est celui que Jacques Bouloigne adresse en 1555 à Boileau de Buillon, pour introduire le lecteur dans la sphère des deux mondes. Gilles Boileau et Lambert Suavius crayonnent encore des dixains ; mais tout auteur, bientôt, fera un sonnet où se glissera l'afféterie italienne des concetti. Sans doute les essais de ces poètes sont bien informes encore; prenons-les comme point de départ pour juger des progrès de la langue, pour assister en un mot au travail de son enfantement. Jusqu'à d'ailleurs, Liège ne renferme pas d'imprimerie dans ses murs; c'est en 1560 que ce puissant auxiliaire des lettres y est introduit par Gautier Morberius. C'est de là aussi que date en quelque sorte l'histoire de la littérature liégeoise au XVIe siècle. Les époques littéraires ne commencent ni ne finissent avec les siècles. À ce moment surtout l'écrivain risque, s'il n'a des éclairs de génie, d'offrir au public une œuvre déjà vieillie, avant qu'elle n'ait été produite au grand jour. De 1550 à 1650, tous nos poètes, à part Breuché de la Croix, appartiennent à l'école du XVIe siècle; ce sont bien des disciples attardés de Ronsard, de Du Bartas surtout, dont la célébrité en nos contrées semble avoir dépassé la gloire du Prince des poètes. En 1629, on se souvenait encore de Bartas le divin, tandis que l'on semble ignorer Desportes et Régnier ; Laurent Mélart, en 1641, se trouve être le dernier venu de la flotte du XVIe siècle. Ernest gouverne depuis 1581. Sa cour se compose de gentilshommes et de bourgeois lettrés. Certes, le courant qui règne là, est poétique. Les grands seigneurs riment volontiers, et les belles dames recueillent leurs vers dans des albums que le temps a parfois conservés. Telle était alors Marie de Monprat, dont le livre s'ouvrait par la signature d'Ernest I. Le prince a pour historiographe un poète, le premier de tous, Jean Polit ; pour secrétaire, un autre poète, Dominique Lamson; pour gentilhomme de page, Philippe de Maldeghem qui met le Pétrarque en homme français, pour gentilhomme de chambre, Lamoral de Landas qui versifie ; enfin, s'il fallait grouper des noms, ils seraient nombreux; les recueils de Jean Polit attestent un commerce littéraire suffisamment étendu parmi la cour. Le souverain est un évoque élégant et mondain, âgé de vingt-neuf ans; s'il aime, les amours restent secrètes; le poète liégeois ne célèbre pas le dieu malin. C'est à peine si Jean Polit ose risquer sur ce sujet un quatrain épigrammatique, André de Somme, nommer Anne sa vie. À la différence des Ronsard, des Desportes qui s'efforcèrent d'immortaliser leur Cassandre et leur Cléonice, nous ne voyons pas, au pays de Liège, de poète chanter sa maîtresse. Sous cet horizon sévère, l'amour, cette fleur exquise des sentiments délicats, ne peut s'épanouir au soleil; elle se cache sous les ombrages obscurs. Beaucoup de ces rimeurs sont, du reste, des prêtres ou des moines; car là où le pouvoir suprême est confié aux dignitaires de l'Église, bientôt il ne se forme d'écrivains que parmi les clercs. La peur d'une censure armée du bras séculier, crée entre leurs mains un véritable monopôle qui donne aux lettres un caractère ascétique et uniforme. L'œuvre capitale du XVIe siècle, quoique bien mince, appartient à l'historiographe d'Ernest. Dominique Lampson, André de Somme, Jean Castoran, Pierre Renson, Jean de Glen, Georges Thourin, dont on pourra lire des vers, sont des poètes de circonstance. Jean Polit ainsi que Remacle Mohy, nous représentent seuls le véritable poète du XVIe siècle. Nés tous deux vers 1555, l'un à Liège pour fréquenter la cour, l'autre à Rondenche, en Ardenne, pour devenir prêtre, ils reçoivent et gardent des lieux qu'ils habitent, de leur première éducation, de leur profession même, une physionomie bien distincte qui se communique à leurs œuvres. Tandis que le vers de Jean Polit reflète l'esprit, sinon la petite grandeur de la cour liégeoise, la poésie de Mohy est plutôt religieuse; elle est fraîche, pittoresque parfois comme l'Ardenne, originale comme la bruyère qui y grandit. Le premier n'emploie guère que le majestueux alexandrin; le second, au contraire, se plaît à se jouer dans le vers facile de huit syllabes, en y jetant d'aventure un mot qui rappelle le village natal. Ils eurent, d'ailleurs, des destinées bien différentes. Mohy, dépourvu de ressources, étudie seul, sans maître. Il se voue à la prêtrise, écrit beaucoup de vers, aujourd'hui perdus, des odes, des épîtres imaginaires ou satriques et meurt en 1621, curé assez obscur de Jodigno. Jean Polit va suivre les cours de l'université alors fameuse de Louvain; il en revient docteur en droit civil et en droit canon. Sa fortune fut meilleure. En 1577 il avait adressé un sonnet à Marguerite de Navarre, lors du séjour de cette princesse à Liège. Il avait présenté l'année d'ensuite à Gérard de Groesbeck une pièce de vers, lorsque celui-ci reçut le chapeau de cardinal. Trois ans plus tard, en célébrant l'inauguration d'Ernest, il avait mérité le titre et l'emploi d'historiographe. Depuis, poète officiel, il accompagne son maître dans ses nombreux évêchés, il le suit dans la guerre de Cologne, et rappelle chaque victoire ou chaque rencontre par quelque distique chronographique. C'était là, sans doute, sa manière d'écrire l'histoire. Dès 1585, Jean Polit, jouit d'une grande autorité parmi ses contemporains de Liège, tous le prônent à l'envi; quelques-uns vont jusqu'à le comparer à Virgile, à Cicéron ou à Homère. C'est lui qui régente le parti mélangé liégeois; si Maldeghem traduit les sonnets de Pétrarque, c'est qu'il y est, dit-il, poussé par Polit : « Qui, toujours m'amorçant par des discours divers, Ne cessait d'insister que je fisse des vers. » En 1592, il rassemble les morceaux que a pour servir et obéir à son Altesse, il a successivement offerts aux princes qui, piéce, sont venus la voir en sa cité de Liège. » Ces Sonnets et épigrammes ne forment pas son meilleur titre littéraire; quoiqu'il se prétende du tout éloigné de la flatterie, la plupart de ces pièces renferment de vains compliments que rachètent à peine l'esprit ou la grâce quand elle s'y trouve; nous les signalons pour y reprendre la physionomie du temps et constater les progrès de la langue. Il publia, en février 1598, une œuvre plus sérieuse : la Prognosie de l'État de Liège. La littérature y devient l'expression des passions politiques de la bourgeoisie et ainsi, du génie national. Polit était dans toute la force de l'âge; il avait quarante-quatre ans quand il offrit à Ernest ce poème « comme un échantillon de quelque plus ample traité pour l'avenir. » Malheureusement, cette promesse ne semble pas avoir été tenue. Dès lors tout souvenir. Et certes, il me souvient, dit-il, dans sa dédicace à Ernest, d'avoir alors remarqué, maints bons bourgeois, autant indignés de tel écrit que de la même trahison et surprise. » venir du poète disparaît, à part un quatrain de 1601, qui laisse, comme une dernière fois, flotter son nom avant de l'emporter vers le gouffre de l'oubli. Le poète pourtant s'était flatté de l'immortalité. Un jour il avait dit, en faisant allusion à sa mort et à son pays : « Cum mihl cara parens toneros concesserit ortus, Sint mea non alio membra sepulta solo. Atque aliquis tumulum viderit cum forte viator, Hac fruitur, dicat, jure Politus humô, Illius ut gratus pater dilexit... » C'était comme son épitaphe qu'il préparait à ses contemporains. Sans doute ces voyageurs auront passé, et peut-être auront-ils cherché des yeux cette pierre que le poète osait espérer pour sa mémoire, tandis que nous, la postérité, nous ignorons même l'année de sa mort. Certes, Jean Polit avait en lui la matière d'un poète; il ne manquait ni d'esprit, ni de feu, ni d'imagination. Son âme douce et mélancolique était animée de l'amour de la patrie. Si, dans ses vers la forme n'est pas toujours heureuse, ne l'oublions pas, c'est que la langue était, en 1577, loin d'avoir atteint, au pays de Liège, la perfection qu'elle avait acquise en France sous la main de Desportes et de Bertaut. L'écrivain, à ce moment, doit pourvoir à la fois à l'idée et à l'expression de celle-ci; souvent il succombe à la tâche, et l'on demeure parfois étonné de la différence profonde qui existe entre telles œuvres françaises et latines d'un même écrivain; dans les unes vous rencontrez une élégance, une force, une véritable grandeur que vous chercheriez vainement dans les autres. La langue résiste aux efforts même des plus habiles; tous ont besoin de dire aux poètes de France: « Gentils et hauts esprits qui, dessous la bannière De Minerve, portez la couronne laurière, Permettez, je vous prie, à ces miens simples vers, Qu'ils se puissent montrer de vos faveurs couverts; Voilà dans la Bévue trimestrielle vol. XXII (Bruxelles, avril 1859,) un élégant et judicieux article dû à M. Hyacinthe Kuborn, sur la vie et les œuvres françaises et latines de Jean Polit. Non quo d'estre entre vous autrement je me fonde, Fors ainsi qu'au soleil, l'ombre l'homme seconde. Cependant la Prognosie donne à Jean Polit une véritable originalité au milieu de ses contemporains; elle peut, comme antithèse catholique, se placer en regard de l'Épopée calviniste, des Tragiques d'Agrippa d'Aubigné. Le 5 février 1595, la citadelle de Huy avait été surprise par un coup de main de l'aventureux gouverneur de Breda, de la Herangière. C'était, semble-t-il, un point d'appui offert par les calvinistes hollandais aux partisans des idées nouvelles dans la Principauté ; car, à la même heure, se répandait dans la cité liégeoise un pamphlet destiné à soulever le peuple contre le gouvernement épiscopal ; cet appel aux armes promettait de « Maurice et de Hollande secours. » Écrit à l'occasion de ces tentatives, ce poème fut, j'imagine, publié à cause des émeutes de 1597, qui, selon l'expression de Mélart, firent avancer le Souverain dans la Principauté. Quoi qu’il en soit, le poète, dans une vive apostrophe à ses compatriotes, se donne pour mission de les mettre en garde contre les nouveautés politiques. Tout en indiquant les dangers qu’ils courent s’ils se laissent séduire par les idées révolutionnaires, il leur dresse le tableau des libertés antiques dont à juste titre ils peuvent s’énorgueiller. Pour l’exciter au maintien de l’ordre établi, il rappelle au Liégeois ses droits politiques et les hauts faits de son histoire. Quoi, s’écrie-t-il, enfin dans son élan patriotique: « Quoi ! n’es-tu pas issu de ces braves Tongrois Et de ces Eburons, qui, libres sous leurs lois, Des Belges renommèrent conquirent le domaine Avant que l’on parlât de la vertu romaine? Longtemps avant César, tes pères valeureux Rompirent Marius, consul chevalier Valeureux dans sa propre Italie, et de tant de batailles Encores sont témoins les antiques médailles. Souviens-toi, Liégeois, que tes hardis soudards Arrachèrent guerriers les romains étendards. » Ce coup d’œil politique et historique est certes la partie la plus originale de l’œuvre; c’est ce qu’il intitule Prognosie. A cet endroit le caractère du poème change et la réponse, c’est-à-dire l’invective satirique commence. Et, comme l’œil qui descend vers la terre, le poète va replier ses ailes chaque fois qu’il s’attaquera à son adversaire; puis, l’abandonnant, il élèvera de nouveau son vol pour remonter vers les régions plus sereines de son idéal. C'est que, combattant les causes de la révolution, Jean Polit lutte ici pour ainsi dire corps à corps avec son adversaire. A mon sens, il ne lui répond pas toujours avec un égal bonheur. Ainsi, quand on lui oppose « Que les prêtres attrapèrent les biens meilleurs de nos ancêtres, Par fallace, et par dol ente couvert de sainteté, Et qu'ils les doivent rendre à la postérité, » l'arme de la raillerie me semble, dans sa main, se retourner contre lui, lorsque Polit ajoute, après avoir accepté ironiquement cette nouvelle, comme un heureux message : « Mais de grâce, comment pourrons-nous reconnaître, Ce dont depuis mille ans le clergé se fit maître! » Il est plus heureux dans sa défense des juges et du barreau de Liège, qui surent toujours honorer le droit et la justice. Le poème se ferme par une prière à Dieu, au profit de l'église universelle et par des vœux en faveur du prince dont il est l'historiographe. Catholique, courtisan et bourgeois, Jean Polit a su louer le prince, en se souvenant du peuple et de la liberté, user de la satire avec une certaine mesure, tout au moins sans fanatisme. Sachons-lui gré d'être resté à peu près humain, au milieu d'une époque où un prince-évêque autorisait ses inquisiteurs à faire périr, après les plus affreuses tortures, un moine Jean Delvaux, convaincu de crime de sorcellerie. Comparer la Bellone Belgique, par Henri de Wachtendonck. Anvers, Antoine Thielens, 1596. Voir sur ce recueil satirique un article inséré dans la Revue trimestrielle, v. xx, p. 169. Ce poème, tel qu'il est, peut se ranger parmi les œuvres satiriques du XVIe siècle dignes de remarque. Si, comme Ronsard, le poète liégeois forge ou invente des mots, il évite assez souvent l'hiatus et les enjambements; s'il use souvent d'inversions forcées, si, par la tournure de la phrase, plutôt que par l'emploi des mots, sa muse parle quelquefois latin, il sait, par un procédé qu'il se crée, aiguiser son vers de la pointe railleuse aussi bien que lui prêter une réelle grandeur. S'il n'eut pas, comme Malherbe, son illustre contemporain, le sentiment du style en poésie, Jean Polit n'en contribua pas moins à polir considérablement la langue en usage au pays de Liège. Ernest était mort en Westphalie, le 7 février 1612. Son neveu et successeur qui devait passer sa vie presque entière hors de la Principauté, n'hérita point de ses goûts littéraires. Nourri de la politique allemande, imbu dès l'enfance des idées despotiques de son temps, Ferdinand ne sut que détruire un à un les antiques privilèges de la nation, en faisant tomber d'illustres têtes. Il gouverna trente-huit ans, et durant vingt-trois années il résida six mois à peine dans la cité liégeoise. Un tel abandon, à une époque où tout poète croyait ne pouvoir vivre qu'à la cour, devait peu favoriser le développement de l'esprit littéraire qui s'était montré à la fin du XVIe siècle. Aussi voyons-nous cette vie que nous avons essayé de ressaisir, s'éteindre peu à peu. Les liens qui existaient sous Ernest sont rompus; les poètes en désarroi ne savent plus à qui s'adresser. Éloignés les uns des autres, ils chantent loin des yeux du souverain qui les inspirait. Tandis que le peuple chansonne ses princes ou plaint ses magistrats, la poésie devient l'écho de sentiments intimes ou de douleurs privées. Jean Polit eut pour successeurs Denys Coppée et Pierre Bello, assez triste legs. du triste règne de Ferdinand de Bavière. Coppée écrivit beaucoup de vers et de tragédies, où.l'on ne toit qu'assassinats et corps emmoncelez les uns sur les antres. Dans le prologue de la sanglante tragédie de N. S. Jésus-Christ, l'auteur prend soin de nous avertir que, s'il a lu Homère et Ovide, il n'y a rien pris; certes on ne le voit que trop. Sans force tragique, le contemporain d'Alexandre Hardy ne manqua pas seulement de goût au point de vue de l'art dramatique, mais encore il avait fait de l'art des vers le métier le plus étrange, en lui imposant les entraves les plus bizarres. Laissons lui l'honneur d'avoir écrit à Liège le premier pour le théâtre ; ses pièces, d'un caractère religieux qui s'appropriait à l'esprit et au gouvernement de la nation, y obtinrent, dit-on, un très-grand succès 1. Plus de verve et de naturel se rencontraient dans des poèmes publiés par deux 1 Voy. Mélanges historiques et littéraires, par M.-L. Polain, Lié£e, 1839. INTRODUCTION. Les capucins en 1629, sur la mort du dernier fils de Pierre Curius. Certes, il ne faut pas comparer aux stances de Malherbe, ces vers des deux admirateurs de Du Bartas : « Voilà comme le ciel des ouvrages plus beaux, À l'adresse de nos sens, injustement disposé ; Taunt les rossignols, il laisse les corbeaux, Espargnant les buissons, il moissonne la rose. » 1630 était l'année même où l'on réunissait à Paris les œuvres du grand réformateur; son influence allait seulement se répandre au dehors. En 1635, ses plus vaillants champions parlaient encore avec une secrète révérence de Ronsard et de Dubellay; et soutenaient timidement qu'à l'exemple de Desportes, de Bertaut, du cardinal du Perron « qui avaient adjoint à la poésie la politesse de laquelle ils étaient capables, Malherbe avait bien pu chercher de nouvelles grâces pour parer les muses qu'il voyait si cruellement négligées et les retirer d'entre les mains de tant de petite monstres qui les déshonoraient ». La réforme poétique très-lente à s'établir à Paris, était bien loin d'être accomplie dans le pays de Liège. Heureusement, vers cette époque, par l'un de ces accidents communs dans la vie des poètes, il nous vint de France probablement, un disciple de ce maître difficile, un autre Racine qui devait effacer la vieille rouille, imprimée à notre poésie. Edmond Breuché de la Croix, né certainement hors de la principauté, et selon toute apparence à la fin du XVIIe siècle, publiait à Liège, en 1642, un recueil de Bergeries, sous le titre de Divertissement d'Eraste. Prêtre banni de son pays, fixé à Flémalle, aux portes de la Cité, comme condamné à l'exil. Œuvres de messire François de Malherbe, etc. 3ème édition, Troyes, Jacques Balduct, 1635. Cet essai de critique est très curieux en plusieurs points. Ce recueil contenait les pièces suivantes : Les bergers du rivage de la Meuse présentant le livre à Monseigneur le prince de Cavre, sous le nom de Cloridon (vers). Le Malheureux content, un divertissement d'Br. INTRODUCTION. L'Illustration. XLi ! servateur des privilèges de Malte, il y célébra les beaux rivages de la Meuse, pour tromper les ennuis qui assiégeaient son âme. Il fit mieux encore; il ouvrit là une académie de jeunes gentilshommes qu'il semble avoir modelée sur l'Académie royale, établie en la Vieille rue du Temple, à Paris. Cet institut, dont les règlements et pratiques forment un véritable code de politesse chrétienne, ne dut pas être sans influence sur le goût et la mode vers le milieu du XVIIe siècle. Les élèves n'y apprenaient pas seulement la langue française, les éléments du latin, de la géographie et des mathématiques; c'était L'Édut de la Maison d'Ariste (prose). 4ème édition, Troyes, Jacques Balduct, 1635. L'Édition originale, Troyes, Jean Aubert, 1625, contient : L'Édit de la Maison d'Ariste (prose). avant tout une école d'un genre précieux, où tout se pratiquait suivant certaines règles qui voulaient toujours être exquises. Directeur délicat, Breuché allait jusqu'à mettre en vers les commandements de Dieu, jusqu'à rimer les prières des jeunes académistes. On ne pouvait, semblait-il alors, s'adresser à Dieu en un langage moins précieux qu'aux hommes, «. Toutefois, le soin principal du directeur sera, dit-il, de leur apprendre à bien faire plutôt qu'à bien parler, et l'un et l'autre, s'il se peut; à corriger plus volontiers une passion déréglée qu'une mauvaise phrase latine, ou une locution française impropre. » Breuché enfin se propose « d'élever leur âme et leur corps, de sorte qu'ils se tiennent droite devant Dieu et devant les hommes 1. » Cela se disait en 1653. Ce trait rappelle assez que nous sommes à l'âge de la Renaissance des Madrigaux, et au milieu de cette époque où dans les réunions du samedi, mademoiselle de Scudéry se nommait Sapho; Conrart, Théodamas; Pelisson, le berger Acante. L'esprit du temps était tourné aux pastorales, et Racine y avait réussi. Breuché suit la mode. Dans son poème, le Malheureux content, il chantera les plaisirs calmes des champs ; et dans ces futiles divertissements avec les bergers du rivage de la Meuse, il s'appellera Ergaste ; le prince de Gavre sera le Berger Cloridon; le commandeur de Malte deviendra Alcandre. Breuché eut tous les défauts, mais aussi posséda toutes les qualités de l'hôtel de Rambouillet. Il communiqua à la langue en usage dans la Principauté, une délicatesse, une élégance, une pureté même inconnues jusque-là; il la dégagea presque entièrement de l'archaïsme qui la revêtait encore. À tout prendre à ce moment, et dans une mesure générale, la langue qui s'écrit dans le pays de Liège n'est plus inférieure à celle de Paris, de Paris dont l'Académie va désormais fixer, par des règles en quelque sorte officielles, les formes et le dictionnaire de la langue. Comme Racine, Breuché chante surtout la solitude, les bergers et les bois; mais la fadeur de ces bergeries, au moins dans le poème du Malheureux content, est relevée par une vive satire des cours du XVIe siècle : « Croyez que pour mes yeux la cour n'a plus d'allure, Et que j'en suis sorti pour n'y rentrer jamais ; Que j'en hais les soupçons, les fourbes, les contraintes, Ris dissimulés, et les tristesses feintes. Les complots des mutins, leurs desseins factieux, Me donnent de l'horreur et me sont odieux. C'est où le vice règne, et l'innocence endure, Où le luxe et l'orgueil corrompent la nature, Où l'extravagant plaît et le sénateur fait peur, Où le plus politique est le plus grand trompeur, Où l'on oit des méchants les langues serpentines, Boutonner hardiment des vérités divines; Faire des sacrements un insigne mépris, Et tenir les plus sains pour de faibles esprits; Se moquer de la foi, en dire des blasphèmes, Choquer impudemment les volontés suprêmes, Faire de l'Évangile un discours fabuleux, Et croire seulement aux faux rapports des yeux, Se vanter des péchés, faire gloire des crimes, Et de même qu'aux Dieux leur offrir des victimes; Voilà l'air infecté qu'on respire à la cour. Si l'on compare ce passage aux fragments de Coppée, de Bello, des capucins ou de Gilles de Rais, un progrès très notable se constate dans la langue. Là, elle est rocailleuse, archaïque, ici, nette, délicate, poétique. Cette pièce, d'environ trois cent cinquante vers, offre malheureusement des longueurs, des retours d'idées, que l'on aimerait à faire disparaître si la volonté de l'auteur ne devait être respectée, quand il a lui-même revu ses œuvres. Pour sauver son nom de l'oubli, il ne fallait à Breuché qu'être plus en vue de la postérité. En 1653, il se plaçait par cette hymne, parmi les poètes lyriques dont on se souvient encore. "Notre voix te bénit, notre cœur te révère, Grand Dieu, souverain maître, inconcevable père, Les enfants répandus en cents climats divers, T'adorent comme Roi de ce grand univers." Et aujourd'hui en relisant cette paraphrase du « Te Deum », on conçoit très bien qu'un jeune gentilhomme, Blaise-Henri de Waleffe, ait pu, vingt-cinq ans plus tard, adresser à Boileau une épître dont celui-ci trouva les vers merveilleux ; mais l'on ne s'étonnera plus avec ce sévère législateur du Parnasse, qu'un homme nourri dans le pays de Liège ait pu, vers 1677, deviner tous les mystères de la langue française. A cette époque, il ne manqua à Liège, comme aux autres provinces belges, pour donner de la splendeur aux lettres, qu'un prince éclairé qui les protégeât d'une manière efficace. Mais tel n'était pas Maximilien, le ravisseur des libertés publiques. l'on ne me met pas impunément au-dessus des Orphées et des Amphions ; mais puisque la poésie m'est ont quelque sorte interdit, trouvez bon, Monsieur, que je vous assure en prose très-simple, mais très-sincère, que vos vers m'ont paru merveilleux, que j'y trouve de la force et de l'élégance et que je ne conçois point comment un homme nourri dans le lieu ait pu deviner tous les mystères de notre langue. Vous me faites entendre, Monsieur, que c'est moi qui vous ai inspiré; si cela est, je suis dans mes inspirations, beaucoup plus heureux pour vous que pour moi même, puisque je vous ai donné ce que je n'ai jamais eu; je ne sais si Horace et Juvénal ont eu des disciples pareils à vous, mais quelque mérite qu'ils aient d'ailleurs, voilà un endroit par où je les surpasse. J'aurai toute ma vie une obligation très-sensible à M. le marquis de Dangeau, de m'avoir procuré l'honneur de votre connaissance ; il ne tiendra qu'à vous que cette connaissance se convertisse en une très-étroite amitié, puisque personne n'est plus parfaitement que moi, Monsieur, votre, etc., (V. Œuvres nouvelles de M. le baron de Waleffe, divisées en six tomes, in-12. T. V. Liège, Everard-Kintz, 1831.) INTRODUCTION. Un prince national mieux que ces évoques venus de Bavière, eut compris que l'illustration d'un peuple est dans l'avenir le plus sûr garant de son indépendance, dans le présent, la marque la plus virile de sa nationalité. Il eut, entre toutes les gloires, envié pour son pays l'éclat qui jaillit des lettres et des arts, le seul dont pussent briller de petits états comme étaient nos provinces, avant que, toutes, elles fussent réunies dans le puissant faisceau de l'unité nationale accomplie en 1830. N. PEETEUMANS. 25 mars 1859. GILLES BOILLEAU DE BUILLON. (Boileau de Bouillon.) Du milieu du quatorzième siècle, le nom de Boileau, que le fameux satirique français devait rendre un jour célèbre, se lit dans plusieurs Chartes du pays de Liège. Encore de nos jours, le même nom se rencontre assez fréquemment dans cette contrée. Le lieu où naquit Gilles Boileau de Bouillon n'est pas connu avec certitude ; quant à l'époque, Croix Du Maine, contemporain de Gilles Boileau, assure que celui-ci est né à Bouillon en Lorraine, près de Mézières, ville qui a été pendant des siècles en la possession des princes-évêques de Liège. Le fait est possible, mais peut-être n'est-ce qu'une conjecture puisée dans le surnom de Bouillon, car déjà son grand-père Jehan Boileau, était quaker de sa naissance, on peut la placer vers le commencement du seizième siècle. Quoiqu'il en soit, cet auteur dit lui-même, qu'il était originaire de Liège, et qu'il y passa plusieurs années. Nous avons donc cru pouvoir donner quelques vers de Boileau avec ceux de Lambert Suavins et de Jacques Boulogne, les poésies de ces trois personnes ayant paru ensemble dans la Sphère des deux mondes. C'est grâce seulement à leur date ancienne que ces vers, en petit nombre d'ailleurs, trouvent place ici ; Gilles Boileau ne possédait aucune de ces qualités qui font le poète.
| 37,084 |
https://github.com/RRBuilder/RRBot/blob/master/GamesAPI.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
RRBot
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RRBuilder
|
Python
|
Code
| 218 | 879 |
from main import timed_lru_cache, DateDisplay, LengthProcess, GameReadable
import requests
from decouple import config
key = config("API_TOKEN")
def GameRequest(UUID):
GameType = []
Map = []
TimeEnded = []
TimeStarted = []
game = []
API_Status = True
try:
game = requests.get("https://api.hypixel.net/recentgames?key="+key+"&uuid="+UUID).json()
except:
print("Something went wrong fetching the recent games!")
API_Status = False
return GameType, Map, TimeEnded, TimeStarted, API_Status
r = requests.head("https://api.hypixel.net/recentgames?key="+key+"&uuid="+UUID)
if r.status_code != 200:
print("The recent games API did not return a status code of 200, it returned "+str(r.status_code))
try:
GameType, Map, TimeEnded, TimeStarted = GameProcess(game)
except:
API_Status = False
return GameType, Map, TimeEnded, TimeStarted, API_Status
else:
if len(game["games"]) == 0:
pass
else:
GameType, Map, TimeEnded, TimeStarted = GameProcess(game)
return GameType, Map, TimeEnded, TimeStarted, API_Status
def GameProcess(game):
GameType = []
Map = []
TimeEnded = []
TimeStarted = []
for x in range(len(game["games"])):
count = x+1
if count > 5:
break
else:
try:
GameType.append(str(game["games"][x]["gameType"]))
except:
GameType.append(str("No data"))
try:
Map.append(str(game["games"][x]["map"]))
except:
Map.append(str("No data"))
try:
TimeEnded.append(int(game["games"][x]["ended"]))
except:
TimeEnded.append(int(0))
try:
TimeStarted.append(int(game["games"][x]["date"]))
except:
TimeStarted.append(int(0))
return GameType, Map, TimeEnded, TimeStarted
@timed_lru_cache(600)
def GamesList(uuid):
timeStartedRead = []
timeEndedRead = []
timeDifference = []
gameType, mapPlayed, timeEnded, timeStarted, API_Status = GameRequest(str(uuid))
for x in range(len(gameType)):
gameType[x] = GameReadable(gameType[x])
if API_Status == False:
for x in range(len(gameType)):
timeStartedRead.append(int(0))
timeEndedRead.append(int(0))
timeDifference.append(int(0))
else:
for x in range(len(gameType)):
timeStartedRead.append(DateDisplay(timeStarted[x]))
timeEndedRead.append(DateDisplay(timeEnded[x]))
timeDifference.append(LengthProcess(timeStarted[x], timeEnded[x]))
return gameType, mapPlayed, timeStartedRead, timeEndedRead, timeDifference, API_Status
| 21,895 |
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Czemanyagt%C3%B6lt%C5%91%20%C3%A1llom%C3%A1s%20kezel%C5%91je
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Üzemanyagtöltő állomás kezelője
|
https://hu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Üzemanyagtöltő állomás kezelője&action=history
|
Hungarian
|
Spoken
| 135 | 443 |
Az üzemanyagtöltő állomás kezelője (köznyelven: benzinkúti eladó) a FEOR 5121 alá sorolt foglalkozás. A kezelő üzemanyagot, kenőanyagokat és egyéb autóipari- és shop termékeket árusít, valamint szolgáltatásokat (pl. üzemanyagtöltés, kenőanyag-utántöltés, gépjárművek kisebb hibáinak megjavítása) nyújt.
Feladatai
üzemanyagtartály és üzemanyagkanna feltöltése az ügyfél által meghatározott szintig;
a gépjármű gumiabroncsai levegőnyomásának, a motor olajszintjének és egyéb folyadékok szintjének ellenőrzése és utántöltése;
a gépjármű szélvédőjének és ablakainak lemosása;
a gépjármű kisebb javításainak elvégzése, így pl. kerekek, izzók és ablaktörlő lapátok cseréje;
automatikus autómosó berendezések fenntartása és üzemeltetése;
az ügyfelek vásárlásai után az ellenérték átvétele, a pénztárgép kezelése, számla készítése;
az üzemanyagtöltő kút és a környező útvonal, az üzlet és létesítmények takarítása;
készletellenőrzés, az eladott üzemanyagról, olajról, tartozékokról és egyéb cikkekről nyilvántartás vezetése
PB gázpalackok átvétele, tárolása, cseréje és értékesítése
a shopban kapható termékek átvétele, kihelyezése, értékesítése.
Források
FEOR-08
Foglalkozások
| 118 |
https://github.com/vservin/web-wonders-guide/blob/master/ts/Introduction/mi-primer-typescript.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
web-wonders-guide
|
vservin
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 74 | 261 |
"use strict";
class Animal {
constructor(patas, _especie) {
this._especie = _especie;
this._patas = patas;
}
dameLaEspecie() {
return this._especie;
}
}
const alacran = new Animal(8, "Arácnido");
console.log(alacran.dameLaEspecie());
function muestraMiCoche(coche) {
console.log(coche.modelo);
return coche.marca;
}
const fecha = new Date();
let saludo = "hola";
const coche = {
marca: "Mitsubishi",
modelo: "Mirage",
color: "rojo"
};
if (!!fecha) {
saludo = undefined;
}
console.log(`${saludo?.toUpperCase() ?? ''} Manuel`);
muestraMiCoche(coche);
// const contenedor = document.querySelector<HTMLDivElement>(".content");
// contenedor.style.backgroundPositionX
| 36,490 |
8029451_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,572 | 2,081 |
*420ORDER AND OPINION
¶1 Benefis Health Care, St. James Community Hospital, Inc., St. Patrick Hospital Corporation, and Med-Cor Health Information Solutions, Inc. (health care providers), have filed an application for writ of supervisory control and stay of district court proceedings. Joan Peterson, Patrick Wallace, and Stanley Schlemmer (plaintiffs), representing themselves and others similarly situated, have filed a response opposing the application. For the reasons set forth below, we grant the writ of supervisory control.
¶2 This class action was originally filed in the Eighth Judicial District Court, Cascade County. Plaintiffs’ complaint seeks an award of monetary damages predicated upon excessive fees allegedly charged for copies of patients’ medical records from 1993 to 1999. The plaintiff class was certified, and the class was notified in May 2000. The class *421members were notified by opt-out notification, which required potential class members to opt-out of the litigation or automatically be included in the plaintiff class. Thereafter, plaintiffs served discovery requests on the health care providers seeking information regarding the names of patients and requestors and the number of requests for copies, number of copies, the charge for the copies and the dates of the requests. The health care providers objected to the discovery requests on the grounds that the requested information was confidential health care information that could not be divulged without patient authorization. The District Court, on March 21,2003, entered an order granting the motion to compel and directing the providers to provide certain information.
¶3 In their application, the health care providers ask that we order the District Court to rescind its March 21, 2003, discovery order compelling disclosure of the following:
[[Identities of individuals who have requested from the defendant health care providers copies of their health care records between 1993 and 1999. The information to be provided ... shall also include the names of requestors, the patient’s name, the number of pages provided per each request, the amount charged, and the date of the request. All of this information shall be provided and produced, without exception, to Plaintiffs’ counsel at the burden and expense of the defendant health care providers.
¶4 It is the health care providers’ contention that the above order requires them to violate the Uniform Health Care Information Act, § 50-16-501, et seq., MCA, as well as the constitutionally-protected privacy rights of the patients whose records will be disclosed without their consent, resulting in irreparable harm which cannot be remedied upon appeal. The Uniform Health Care Information Act only allows discovery of health care information upon a showing of a compelling state interest that outweighs the patients’ privacy interests. Section 50-16-535(l)(i), MCA. The health care providers point out that the plaintiffs have not even attempted to make a showing of a compelling state interest nor was there a finding by the District Court of such a compelling state interest. Finally, the health care providers contend that the requirement that they absorb the cost of identifying the plaintiff class is contrary to established precedent, Oppenheimer Fund, Inc. v. Sanders (1978), 437 U.S. 340, 356, 98 S.Ct. 2380, 2392, 57 L.Ed.2d 253, 268 (ordinarily, a party must bear the burden of financing his own suit), and will impose a substantial burden on the providers. ¶5 The District Court agreed with plaintiffs’ contention that the information sought is not of a confidential, private nature. Further, the *422District Court noted that the health care providers’ concern for patients’ privacy rights seemed to smack of convenience given that the providers had allowed access to patient records by a third party (Med-Cor Health Information Solutions, Inc.) without any authorization by the patients.
¶6 This application presents a conundrum. Plaintiffs’ counsel have published a class action “opt-out” notification to all potential class members. Thus, in theory, but for those who may have “opted-out,” the requestors and patients are the clients of the plaintiffs’ counsel. In essence, plaintiffs’ counsel are seeking to identify their own clients in a class action suit in which the District Court has already found the providers liable for violating the Health Care Information Act. Plaintiffs’ counsel need the requested information in order to compute damages and notify the class members.
¶7 Theory aside, the patients and requestors have not given any consent to having their names or records released to anyone. The providers, who have the names and information, are correct in saying that the relevant portions of the Uniform Health Care Information Act do not allow them to produce the health care information absent a showing of a compelling state interest. There has been no such showing in this case.
¶8 Despite the internal inconsistencies in the providers’ claims of privacy, we are concerned with the prospect of having patient names released without the patients’ consent. As mentioned above, the Health Care Information Act requires a showing of a compelling state interest before a Court can require production of health care information pursuant to a discovery request. More importantly, Article II, Section 10, Montana Constitution’s guarantee of privacy encompasses confidential “informational privacy.” State v. Nelson (1997), 283 Mont. 231, 242, 941 P.2d 441, 448. The names of patients of the health care providers fall within the Act’s definition of “health care information.” Section 50-16-504(6), MCA (“any information, whether oral or recorded in any form or medium, that identifies or can readily be associated with the identity of a patient and relates to the patient’s health care”). The District Court erred in concluding that patient names are not of a private confidential nature. We conclude that the patient names are both constitutionally and statutorily protected. At the same time, as the District Court aptly noted, it would be entirely inappropriate to allow the privacy provisions of the Act to be used as a tool to thwart the reasonable discovery efforts of those whom the Act is designed to protect.
¶9 In order to ascertain the amount of damages, plaintiffs’ counsel *423need to know the number of copies requested, the amounts charged per copy and the dates of the requests. Names of patients or requestors are not, however, necessary for purposes of damage calculation. The District Court’s order of March 21, 2003, to the extent it requires production of patient names, infringes on the patients’ right of informational privacy.
¶10 The District Court, in requiring the production of names of patients and requestors, was concerned with facilitating subsequent notices that may be given by plaintiffs’ counsel. To the extent that the order requires the production of the names of non-patient requestors (e.g. attorneys, insurance companies) whose privacy is not at issue, the order is affirmed. As stated above, to the extent the order requires the production of names of patients, it must be vacated. Notification of patients will have to be accomplished through other means such as an “opt-in” notification.
¶11 Finally, the health care providers contend that the District Court erred in ordering that they shoulder the cost of securing the requested information. They cite the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Oppenheimer for the proposition:
The general rule must be that the representative plaintiff should perform the tasks [necessary to notify the class], for it is he who seeks to maintain the suit as a class action and to represent other members of his class. In Eisen IV we noted the general principle that a party must bear “the burden of financing his own suit,” .... Thus ordinarily there is no warrant for shifting the cost of the representative plaintiffs performance of these tasks to the defendant.
Oppenheimer Fund, 437 U.S. at 356, 98 S.Ct. at 2392, 57 L.Ed.2d at 268 (citation omitted).
¶12 While recognizing the principle that the expense of class notice must usually be borne by the plaintiffs, the plaintiffs here argue that the rationale for that general rule is based on the assumption that class notification normally happens early in the court proceedings where there is strong doubt that the plaintiff will prevail. Meadows v. Ford Motor Company (W.D. Ky. 1973) 62 F.R.D. 98. In Meadows, the court noted that there was no longer any doubt as to the outcome of the suit since liability had been determined. “Only details as to the method of perfecting the remedies available to the plaintiff, insofar as hiring goes, remain to be accomplished by the Court.” A number of other courts have determined that allocating costs of notification to defendants is proper once the liability of the defendant has been established. Catlett v. Missouri Highway & Transp. Com. (W.D. Mo. *4241984), 589 F.Supp. 949; Allen v. Leis (S.D. Ohio), 2002 WL 1752279, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14764; Kyriazi v. Western Electric Co. (D. N.J. 1979), 465 F.Supp. 1141; Macarz v. Transworld Sys. (D. Conn. 2001), 201 F.R.D. 54.
¶13 In the present case, since liability has been determined and Montana law, § 50-16-525, MCA, imposes a duty upon health care providers to maintain records of each person who has received health care information from a patient’s file during the preceding three years, we determine that the District Court was acting within its discretion when it ordered that the health care providers bear the cost for producing the information as to requests for copies.
¶14 This matter is remanded to the District Court with instructions to enter an order consistent herewith.
DATED this 25th day of September, 2003.
/s/ Karla M. Gray, Chief Justice
/s/ W. William Leaphart,
/s/ James C. Nelson,
/s/ Patricia Cotter,
/s/ J ohn Warner, Justices.
| 41,906 |
sn90059522_1889-02-16_1_2_2
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,382 | 2,445 |
Ex. Gov. Austin will represent the Minnesota Railroad Commission before the Interstate Commerce Commission at Chicago next Tuesday. An investiga tion is to be made of charges preferred against railroads between Chicago and St.Paul of evading the interstate com merce law in posting schedules. Attor ney General Clapp will also attend the meeting. . _ 7. ""*>-'* ,- Reduction in Rates. The Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie railway will make a .pro nounced reduction in . • Eastern rates from Feb. 23 to March 3 inclusive. Tickets will be good for thirty days, and will give all who desire to witness the inauguration an. opportunity for sight-seeing as well.. Will Bridge the Mississippi. Special to the Globe. ] _. Sioux City, Feb. 15.— The Sioux City & Nebraska Pontoon ■■ Bridge company has filed articles of incorporation and.'* been granted : a franchise by this city. The purpose Is to build and operate a ' pontoon bridge across the Mississippi similar to the one at Nebraska City, Neb. ; -~; .-.".. ■ *; To Accommodate Travel. ' Bai/timoke, Feb. 15.— The Baltimore & Ohio railroad- has made" extensive preparations to accommodate the tide of travel that will set in toward Wash ington at the time of Harrison's inaug uration. Large additions have been made to the motive power and rolling stock, and they will have in service 1 some 300 Pullman sleepers. i ■: . -«___. EVERY ONE AN EXPERT. Officers Who Will Furnish the Treasury Department With Sta tistics. Special to the Globe. Washington, Feb. 14.— The .follow ing is a complete list of the experts ap pointed by the treasury : .' department -to furnish information in regard to the. transportation, mining, manufacturing and other interests of the states men tioned to the bureau of statistics to be embodied in its next report ou internal : commerce, which it is expected will be completed and published about the Ist of August: 1, Arkansas, Daudridge Mcßae and Searcy; 2, Colorado, Frank Hall, Denver; 3, Dakota, P. F.McClure, East Pierre; 4. Indian Territory, Will iam Owen, Miiacoge; 5, Kansas, T. D. Thacher, Topeka; 6, Montana, R. P.. Stout, Helena; 7, Missouri, Irvin W. Switzter, Columbia: 8, New Mexico, T. B. Mills, Las Vegas; 9, Nebraska, R.W. Furnas, Brownviile; 10,. Texas, J. J. Lane. Austin; 11, Wyoming, R. C. Mor ris, Cheyenne, vice S. D. Shannon, who. declined the appointment.' : -,ry;i DAWES IS DELIGHTED. He Sees a Chance of Passing the Bill Opening the Sioux Reserva tion. .-•'.'' _"'• Special to the Globe. Washington, D. C, Feb. -Sen ator Dawes, from the committee on In dian affairs, yesterday reported withdht amendment a bill granting right of way to" the Jamestown & Northern Railroad company through the Devil's Lake In dian reservation in Dakota. The bill will pass the senate inside of a week, and also pass the house. ':;>•'-: "I see no reason why we may not pass the bill opening the Sioux reservation," said Senator Dawes this afternoon when it was- announced that the bill had passed the .house, y. "I under stand," he continued, "that the bill as amended provides for obtain ing the -consent of the Indians. That is, as I advised you last December, a prerequisite for the passage of the bill. Inasmuch as the Indians arc to be permitted to decide the question, it seems to me that the bill ought to be passed and approved now within a week or ten days." The i senator has effectively crushed all ideas of the possibility of securing legislation upon, this measure without his consent, and he seems happy and amiable. -•'■'.' S7JACOBS ©If \_r^- .a' <J^ _, .-...>r^ AEf fe &* R f SeG r^S* A lf_J nEMEW^fcAIN CURES PERMANENTLY FROST-BITES. Allays Itching, Subdues Swellings, i Soothes and Cures Tenderness. . '•■}_>. At Druggists and De alee*. . • ; • THE CHARLES A. VOGELEfI CO., Baltimore, Ml. f) EM!L I JEWELER, li £I OT 85 E. THIRD, M LIU if I ST. PAVI* ■ _9___ mm X St. Paul Clothing House Exclusively Owned and Controlled by ' fispaßr St. Paul Men. ' : ,! ESTABLISHED IN ST. PAUL, 1870. _"^ 3 PAIR FOR $1.00. Q^JP"?^^ Scarlet Ealt-Hose, incdinm |\ . weight, just the right weight <^(§|||f\ ! \V < for men who don't care to Jl. wear cotton hose and wlio :K " ptWSM~~^/// can?fc wear hose that is too J. warm. Notice our mammoth X weight, just the right weight \_ Npi for men who don't care to // wear cotton hose and wiio ~~j I wear hose that is too warm. Notice our mammoth pSlßli /V window display of this special i / jiff line of Hosiery. It's All / jmt/ > Wool Hose has double heel /^IS-^^i^^P^C^^^ / and toe, is full regular made, r^w^ ____f--^ ' and has no seams to be un- S^K^^ comfortable, while the price is 85 cents a pair or three pair for $1.00. We expect to sell many dozen of these Hosi" this week. We certainly ought to, considering the quality and price. : X:X X BOSTON ONE-PRICE CLOTHING HOUSE THIRD AND ROBERT STREETS, JOSEPH McKEY & CO. i ST. PAUL, i St. Pail's Reliable Clothiers, N.B.— We send geeds with privilege of examination to any part of the West. Simple rules for self-measurement sent postpaid to any address.' •^•••> y There Are 500 Pianos 8 Organs In St. Paul that should be exchanged for new instruments. . "WHY NOT? , * Call at our warerooms and see what EXTRAORDINARY INDUCE MENTS we : arc offering in PRICES AND TERMS. Our new PIANO PARLORS (40x110 feet) are the finest in the West; and our agencies con sist of the LEADING instruments in the United States. : • •■'"•'•"■' "■■■-•. Steinway, Ghickering, Weber, Behr Bros, and Gabler Pianos ! 148 and 150 East Third St., St. Paul. FQ^II PIANOS! -J® _, ?Nr Jl m™-*' CLOUGH & WARREN • 92 and 94 E. Third St. _ Low Prices. Easy Terms. OJER-Or-A-^TS ? _____ ___ ESTABLISHED 1858. ~~~^ R.C. MUNGER DECKER pi Ml fa HAINES 8R COS NAI.UO EVERETT ; STERLING ; ORGANS NEW EN ND Prices Low. MUSICAL : INSTRUMENTS, Terms Easy. Wholesale and Retail. _ ST: PAULJVHNPi. We PrideOursefves on the Fact That We Are a First-Class : [installment! "-\v "-::-.. .. F\J~-NXTXJj~.-E1 AND CARPET House in eTerv sense of the word. We sell in all departments goods of on questioned merit. and at prices to correspond with the low factory prices of this fall. We call especial attention to the fact that we charge uo interest for the time contracted for. Respectfully yours, SMITH & JfABWELL, 888 and 841 _ Seventh st HIGH ART JEWELRY ! AND EVERY NOVELTY KNOWN TO THE TRADE AT \[ • E. A. BROWN'S, r 1 1 1 East Third Street. St. Paul. Minn. • M. dwyer &mm, >PLUMBERS< AND DEALERS IN . ' AUTISTIC GAS FIXTUKES! *96 EAST THIRD STREET. J^""^'*«****^* Ma " l " w * WMlil^ , * ,WI * MMWWW^^^^ ,, *^^^ M "^^ M * W^* WMMM^ M^^ ■ HS-jfOrCl MEATS, i O,O IS soups, Sauce. i &_ I 111 JI.,Jil ,11 ■ -ill I I lllllllHTtllM- Money to Loan On improved and unimproved prop erty, without - . delay, at - Lowest Rate?. ■••'••"' '-.•:■' ■■• - .--■ - .-. : ;.- .'.-•.--;- '■:: r. WILLIAM N. VIGUERS & CO. '■.' ; N. E. Corner Fourth & Ceda* <*'«'.'. Mnro columns of 'Want" ads. iv the Gi.ob_ m W c __!_! __ ail other paper. - ■ WEAK, NERVOUS PEOPLE. __s_?s_t*z*__ dr. nonxE's imiito ■' -ggg-^CpaFrSSßftfcv- MKiSETIC UKI.T posill vel r ___E%%i?Bs^_lS_cnri-* ItUttM-iriSH, SKI • PS^CCTBIC B t^-S"TO ,tAUiU ' LIVl '' i " k.l>__. l_^^^9__C ■jSyrif "Hi f_hau_tliiß cbruniu l JC^___rili^_a*** ,^ <l ' M '^ srs 0 "* both MIC3. CVntainsSStolODdeKrce* ofElectrl-st*3Fciiy. fil"ltt»>TE".Dih«latist, improv ed fiieai)-?V/.5«<.t. wieiitllle.pmverful, durable and effective ' MEDICAL _I_CT__C' BELT in' the WULD. Electric Boapensories ''•<' with Male Belts. Ay. I Lo"us coimiiiiio-i with many ailnMeH .1, il worthless iniitaUotis. TBI BUS Wilt IIVPTCKE. 9,000 cured. Sciidsr >roploriltni>lrnt-d pamphlet. DR.W.J.HORKE.INV'fI. 191 WABASH AVE.,CHIC.V2O. PROCLAMATION ! The Finest 5c Cigar in the Market . J .. - For Sale .Everywhere. ' S. SMALL, Sole Agent, Fourth and Robert St 3..
| 47,428 |
tropicalmedicine01dani_1
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,909 |
Tropical medicine and hygiene
|
Daniels, C. W. (Charles Wilberforce), 1862-1927 | Wilkinson, E | Alcock, A. (Alfred), 1859-1933
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,623 | 10,703 |
COLUMBIA LIBRARIES OFFSITE HEALTH SCIENCES STANDARD HX00056987 :'i7Ml i iliilHii WILKINSON fSIHiSl:! iiii] oiPiisii'sieHil II an i PROTOZOA MED. DEPT. eoUege of ^Ijpgitiansi anb ^urseons itibrarp ERRATA. Page II. Insert vertical line under Telosporidia to join transverse line embracing Gregarinida, Hsemosporidia, and Hremogregarinida. Page 51, third paragraph. For " infected " read " infections with." Page 1 18, line 9. " Become " at the beginning of line instead of at the end. Page 130. For " thieleri " read " theileri." Page 137, last paragraph. For " trypanosomes" read " trypanosomiasis." Page 138, fourth paragraph. After "arista" insert "and are." Page 142, last line but one. After " whole of" insert " the." Page 154, first line. After "acute" insert " : " Page 170, third line. After " It is" insert "at." Page 190. For " Chapter XIV. " read " Chapter XV." Page 197, in table, fourth line. For " 1-2 days " substitute " I-2." Page 213, second paragraph, line 3. After " neighbourhood " insert " of." Page 225, first paragraph. For " McAllum " read " McCallura." Page 229, seven lines from bottom. For " chelicera " read "appendage." Page 230, seventh line. For " Ixodinse" read " Ixodse." Page 234, second paragraph. For " veins " read " vein." Fifth para- graph : for " fig. 24" read " fig. 23." Page 246. For " Hsematobia pluvialis " read " Hsematopota pluvialis.' Pages 252 and 258. For " Marchand " read " Marchoux." Digitized by tine Internet Arcinive in 2010 witii funding from Open Knowledge Commons http://www.archive.org/details/tropicalmedicine01dani TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE BY C. W. DAN I E LS M.B.Cantab., M.R.C.P.Lond. Director London School of Tropical Medicine ; Lecturer on Tropical Diseases, L^ondon Hospital ; Assistant Physician, Albert Dock Hospital, Seamen's Hospital Society ; formerly Director Institute for Medical Research, Federated Milay States; Metnber of Royal Society Malaria Commission, and in the British Guiana, and Fiji Colotiial Medical Services E. WILKINSON F.R.C.S.Eng., D.P.H., D.T.M. & H.Camb., Major I. M.S. Formerly Chief Plague Medical Officer, Punjab; Acting Sanitary Commissioner, Punjab ; and Professor of Hygiene, Medical College, Lahore In Three Parts, with Coloured and other Illustrations Part L DISEASES DUE TO PROTOZOA NEW YORK WILLIAM WOOD AND COMPANY MDCCCCIX V, \ PREFACE. The exigencies of tropical practice require most medical men to be practical sanitarians as well as clinicians. It is with this in view that in the present work, while due attention has been paid to the clinical features, treat- ment and nursing of tropical diseases, special prominence has been given to their etiology and prevention. Owing to the recent advances in the knowledge of the etiology of many tropical diseases the subject of their prophylaxis is a very promising one, since the general principles on which eiiticient and economical preventive measures should be based are now well understood. In the application of such general principles local conditions must be carefully considered, and thus in describing the various methods to be adopted those suitable for certain localities have been given as types. In the spread of many tropical diseases intermediate hosts play an important part, and the life-history of such hosts, often insects, has been considered at some length, as a knowledge of this subject is essential to the proper understanding of the rationale of the preventive measures proposed. An attempt has been made to group the diseases treated of according to their known or probable causation. Thus, in the first part those diseases are dealt with which, like Malaria, are known to be due to Protozoa, and others, such as Yellow Fever, which are probably due to such organisms. In the second part diseases due to the higher forms of animal life are considered. The third part is devoted to bacterial diseases, to the IV. PREFACE effects of certain animal and vegetable poisons and to certain diseases the causation of which is unknown or but imperfectly understood. The advantages of this arrangement are considerable, as the general outline of the prophylactic measures required differs for the diseases described in each part. Thus the measures described in the first part are mostly directed against arthropoda, insects or arachnida, which act as intermediate or alternative hosts for the malarial and other protozoal parasites. The measures described in the third part, including as they do those for dealing with cholera, enteric fever and plague, involve the consideration of the protection of water supplies, the disposal of sewage, disinfection and other sanitary problems ; while the measures dealt with in the second part include some directed against insects, as in the case of filariasis, and others, e.g., those for the preven- tion of endemic hsematuria and ankylostomiasis, dealing with the water supplies and sewage disposal : in both cases, however, involving somewhat different problems from those discussed in the other two parts of this work. Suitable technical methods of a simple character, as well as data and measurements in common use, are given in an appendix to each part. We are much indebted to numerous friends and past students of the London School of Tropical Medicine for valuable hints and aid in revision of proofs. Major J. B. Smith, Major J. H. McDonald, of the I. M.S., Dr. Venis, and Dr. H. B. Newham must be specially mentioned. The charts used for the illustrations are in most instances those of patients at the Albert Dock Hospital of the Seamen's Hospital Society, to which is attached the London School of Tropical Medicine. CONTENTS. PAGK ClTAI'lKR I. Introductory, Classification, and Life History Treatment, Complications ... 22 Chapter V. Parasites of Malarial Fevers, Varieties and Species ... ... 48 .Chapter VI. Prevention of Malarial Fevers, Mosquitoes Prevention and Etiology ... 172 Chapter XV. Tick Fever, and other varieties of Relapsing Fever ... ... 190 CtrAPTER XVI. Diseases due to Spirochtetas in (ii.) Important Measurements — (iii.) Classification of Diptera — (iv.) The term Tropical Diseases is a convenient one though not capable of logical definition. Few diseases are limited to the Tropics or even subtropical regions. As employed in this work, it is meant to include all diseases which are not commonly seen or recognized in England but which are prevalent in tropical regions, and a few other diseases which present peculiar characters, or require special prophylactic measures in the Tropics. The peculiar distribution of many of the diseases met with in the Tropics is due to the fact that the parasites causing them require special conditions for their extra- corporeal existence. These conditions in the case of parasites such as ankylostomes, which do not require an intermediate host, are mainly warmth and moisture. Where, however, the parasites, like those of malaria, require an alternative host for their development, the conditions determining the distribution of disease are not purely meteorological, but include various other factors affecting the alternative hosts — in that instance, certain species of mosquitoes. The other factors include the presence or absence of special soil, of water suitable for breeding places, of suitable food for larvje, and so forth. The absence of natural enemies of larvae or adults has also to be considered. The distribution of such alternative hosts and, there- fore, of their parasites and the diseases caused by them, has a great tendency to be local and apparently erratic, .2 TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE and to vary from time to time without any obvious reason. With closer study the reasons for such varia- tions can sometimes be traced. The varying results of prophylactic measures directed against such diseases, though on the whole satisfactory, are explained by the variations in these factors. The distinction between plants and animals, so obvious in the higher members of these kingdoms, is less definite in the unicellular organisms. Such distinctions as the presence or absence of chlorophyll, the absorption or assimilation of nitrogen and carbon from their inorganic compounds, or only from higher organic compounds, are not conclusive. Those organisms most closely related to the vegetable kingdom and those that appear to be animal may either be motile or non-motile. In so many instances is it impossible to determine whether the lowly unicellular organisms are animal or vegetable, that Haeckel proposes to make a separate kingdom of such forms which he calls Protista. The unicellular organisms approximating in most of their characters to the animal kingdom are known as the Protozoa. In the warmer countries the diseases due to the para- sites with characters in the main animal are of more special importance than those caused by parasites of the same division in cold climates. The protozoa for this reason are first considered. Protozoa are unicellular organisms. The cells may be aggregated together in mass or may occur singly. Frequently parts of the cells are specially modified for special purposes, such as locomotion, so that flagella or cilia are formed, whilst in other instances a part only of the cell is contractile and exhibits amoeboid movement. Many of the protozoa are non-parasitic ; others are parasitic only in the lower animals. Some are parasitic during a portion only of their existence, whilst others are parasitic in entirely different animals during the different stages of development. INTRODUCTORY 3 It is proposed to consider in detail only the protozoa parasitic in man, with brief reference to protozoa parasitic in other animals. The knowledge of disease-causing protozoa is advancing so rapidly that some information as to parasites of other animals may at any time become of importance in human pathology. The Protozoa are divided into four groups : — (r) Sarcodina include all forms which move by the protrusion of protoplasm either as blunt and broad pro- cesses or sharp and thin processes. They may be naked or covered in part with shells. Multiplication is by bud- ding or fission ; occasionally spores are formed. (2) Mastigophora or FlagcUaia are provided with motile apparatus specialized for the purpose and consisting of one or more flagella. All parts of the cell enter into the formation of the flagellum. The body is usually of a well-defined shape and covered with a cuticle or mem- brane. Multiplication is by longitudinal fission. (3) Sporozoa are unicellular parasites living during a portion of their life in cells and multiplying by the division of the whole or part of the protoplasm into young organisms commonly called " spores," more cor- rectly termed " merozoites." (4) CiUata {Infusoria). The motor apparatus is in the form of cilia which may be either simple or united into membranes. These are formed from the ectosarc only. Reproduction is effected by transverse division or budding. Of these classes it will be convenient to consider first the Sporozoa. Recent researches, especially those of Schaudinn, have gone far to throw doubt on this classification, for his work, if confirmed, would prove that the distinction between the flagellata and the sporozoa is not a sound one, as flagellates have a quiescent stage when thev resemble sporozoa. Much more work is necessary in connection with the protozoa and their sexual cycles and transformations before we can safely alter the present 4 TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE classification, and any premature attempts at regrouping these organisms are to be deprecated. Development and Life-history. — This is not known in all the genera, but where it is fully known two methods of multiplication can be shown to occur — asexual or vegetative, and sexual. As types of the life-histories and methods of reproduction of the sporozoa those of coccidia and of the parasites of malaria may be taken as examples. In the coccidia entrance to the warm-blooded host is gained through the alimentary canal. The young coccidia spores, sporozoites, are set free from the cyst in which they are contained by the action of the digestive juices and penetrate into the epithelial cells of the intes- tinal mucosa, or of one of the appendages of the intes- tine such as the bile passages and the liver. When the young coccidia have entered such a cell they grow until they have entirely filled and destroyed it. Division of the protoplasm of the coccidium now takes place. The outer part of this has formed a cyst wall, and thus a cyst is formed containing a large number of young coccidia or spores. The cyst wall then ruptures, the young coccidia are liberated and pass into other intes- tinal or hepatic cells. The process is repeated over and over again, and massive tumours are thus formed by the coccidia which have multiplied asexually. Coccidia which develop into asexual forms are known as " schizonts." Some of the spores of young coccidia develop in a dif- ferent manner. No division of the cell contents takes place, but the protoplasm remains undivided with a single nucleus. A weak spot in the cyst wall, known as the micropyle, is present. Such forms are the female forms, inacrogametes, of the coccidia. Again, in other coccidial cells when they have reached their maximum stage of growth, the cell contents divide into a mass of bodies smaller and more actively motile than the spores. The small actively motile bodies are the male fertilizing elements equivalent to spermatozoa, and are known as microgametes. When the cyst containing them ruptures INTRODUCTORY 5 the microgamctes are set free and penetrate through the micropyle of the macrogamete and fertihze it. In the fertihzed macrogamete, now known as the .oocyst, various changes occur and the micropyle is closed so that the cyst wall is complete. The cyst is discharged and passed with the faeces of the host. Development of the contents takes place, the cell mass divides into Fig. I. — Diagram of development of Coccidia. Endogenous life includes the asexual cycle and the fertilization of the macrogamete by the microgamete. The further development does not require an alternate host. It takes place on the ground. four, and in each of these four divisions two spores — " sporozoites "—are formed. This stage of development takes place in the oocysts as they He on the ground, no host being necessary in this stage. This is the sexual form of multiplication. Ultimately when the cyst is 6 TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE swallowed by a suitable host the capsule is dissolved, the sporozoites are liberated in the alimentary canal and enter cells in the mucosa or pass up the bile ducts in the liver and there recommence the cycle of events described, multiplying asexually to form massive tumours, or becoming sexual forms, gametocytes, male or female. This protozoal infection is common in rabbits ; it has been described in man, but is certainly extremely rare. It forms a good example of a sporozoal organism, parasitic during its stages of growth and asexual multiplication, but not throughout the whole of its sexual development (fig. I.) The general plan of development of the parasites of malaria resembles this to some extent, but there are important differences. The young parasites introduced by the mosquito into the human blood enter the red corpuscles. In these red corpuscles there is first a stage of growth until the maximum size is attained. No cyst is formed, but the remnants of the red corpuscle act as a cyst wall. When the full size is attained the protoplasm of the parasite divides into a mass of rounded bodies — the spores or " merozoites," which are set free by the rupture of the red blood corpuscles and rapidly enter other red cor- puscles in which the process of development is repeated, ending in a further liberation of spores. This process of asexual multiplication resembles the similar process in the coccidia, with the exception that no cyst wall is formed, and that the host cells, the red corpuscles, are in movement in the blood, so that the parasites are scattered and do not form massive tumours. Asexual multiplica- tion of the parasite of malaria may be continued for years but not indefinitely. A certain number of young parasites do not go on to the formation of spores but become potentially sexual forms — gametocytes. These, when mature, can be recognized as differing more or less in structure and appearance from the parasites which are to divide INTRODUCTORY 7 asexually — sporocytes — corrcspoiidin;^ to the schizoiits of the coccidia. No active sexual processes take place in man. The gametocytes do not undergo development unless re- moved from the human body. When their environ- ment is chans^ed, as it is when the blood is shed, or more certainly when it is sucked up into the stomach of a mosquito, the gametocytes become actively sexual and lose the protection of the remnants of the red blood corpuscles. Some of them, the females or macrogametes, are passive and receptive, and except for the extrusion of small rounded masses, the polar bodies, change little in appearance, whilst .others, the male forms, throw out fiagella which are actively motile and soon separate from the residual protoplasm. These fiagella are the equivalent of spermatozoa and are known as microgametes. They enter the macrogamete and fertilize it ; the fertilized macro- gamete soon becomes motile. It is called the travelling vermicule or ookinet (motile egg) as it differs from the oocyst (encysted egg), formed by the fertilization of the coccidian macrogamete, in that it is motile and not encysted. The ookinet passes into the stomach wall of the mosquito and comes to rest between the epithelial and muscular layers. It is now known as the zygote, is motionless and is enclosed in a cyst wall. Growth takes place, the cell contents of the zygote divide into several masses — zygotomeres — from the outer part of which innumerable thread-like bodies the zygotoblasts, or sporozoites, are formed. The cyst when fully mature is distended with these sporozoites and ulti- mately ruptures, discharging the motile sporozoites into the body cavity of the mosquito. These sporozoites accumulate in the secreting cells of the salivary glands. When a mosquito thus infected bites man, the sporozoites are injected into the wound through the proboscis. The sporozoites thus again reach their warm-blooded host and pass into the red corpuscles. This sexual phase is carried on entirely in the mosquito, the asexual phase entirely TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE in man, and the organism of malaria is therefore parasitic in all stages of its development (fig, 2.) The names given to the parasites in various stages are numerous, and a few only are selected as those in most common use. The table appended gives the terms commonly used : — The term alternate host is used when it is not meant to indicate which cycle, sexual or asexual, is carried on in that host. ^"CI Fig. 2. — Development of malarial parasite. The exogenous cycle requires an alternative host — a mosquito. Intermediate and definitive hosts are more precise terms. The definitive host is the host in which the sexual processes of multiplication or reproduction are carried out. In the case of the parasites of malaria the definitive host is the mosquito. Intermediate hosts are those in which the asexual method of multiplication is carried out ; e.g., man is the intermediate host of the malaria parasite. INTKODUCTORY 9 Insects or other alternate hosts are not required for the propagation of all the various protozoa which cause disease, as in some, such as the coccidia and AuucJxl coll, part of the development takes place in earth (jr in water without an alternative host. Invertebrate hosts : The commonest alternative hosts, either intermediate or delinitive, are insects, but some of the ticks, ixodince and argasinae, may also serve as hosts. Table showing Comparative and Equivalent Terms used in the Description of the Stages in 'ihe Development of Protozoa. Scientific terms Schizogony Schizont... Merozoite (spore) Gameiocyte Microgameie Macrogamete Sp07-ogony Ookinet ... Oocyst . .. Sporoblast Sporozoite Description The asexual or endogenous cycle ... The parasite of the asexual cycle ... The young parasites resulting from asexual division The potentially sexual forms, male and female The fertilizing element or elements, "spermatozoa" discharged from the male gametocyte The female sexual form The sexual or exogenous cycle The motile fertilized macrogamete The non-motile fertilized macro- gamete, applied whether origin- ally motile or not The primary division of the proto- plasm of the oocyst (zygote) The final product of the sexual development formed from the sporoblasts or blastophores Terms commonly used in descriljing the develop- ment of the parasites of malaria Cycle in man. Sporocytes. Spores. Gametocyte. " Cres- cents " in subter- tian malaria Flageilum or micro- gamete. Macrogamete. Cycle in mosquito. Travelling vermicule. Zygote. Blastophore. Zygotoblasts, blasts, or sporozoites. Insects are infected with animal parasites in various ways : — (i) The blood-sucking nisects draw up with the blood any small parasites present in that fluid, such as the parasites of malaria. These parasites developing in the insect host are ultimately injected into a warm-blooded host — man in this instance — and multiply in that host. (2) In other cases, as in the development of piro- plasmata and the spirochasta in ticks, the development lO TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE of the parasites taken up with the blood is continued in the eggs of the host, and the full development does not take place till the eggs are hatched and the young ticks are sufficiently developed to bite a warm-blooded host, when they will transmit the infection. (3) The parasites drawn up with the blood may develop in the lumen or walls of the alimentary canal and the sporozoites may be discharged with the faeces. (4) The larvae of the invertebrate host living in water become infected directly through their food with protozoa. These then develop and, as in the case of a monocystis described by Ross, multiply after encystment, so that when the insect has attained its perfect form — the imago — it harbours very numerous parasites which are deposited with the excrement and then live an indepen- dent existence till they re-enter other larvae. It is possible that many of the flagellata are thus transmitted. Protozoa are not the only parasites for which inverte- brates act as hosts. Several of the metazoa are conveyed in a similar manner. Bacteria also can be conveyed by such hosts. In some instances the insects merely act as mechanical carriers. Thus the ordinary house-fly may, after alighting on the excreta of a typhoid patient, carry the bacilli to human food, such as milk, directly. In other instances, blood-sucking insects take up bacteria, such as those of plague and leprosy, and may, in the former case at least, infect other animals. The bacteria present in the water in which larvae live are taken up by such larvae, and in some instances, e.g., Bacillus pyocyanetis, the bacteria continue to live during the various stages of development of the larvae and may be widely distributed by the adult insect or imago. The conveyance of vegetable organisms by insects will be more fully considered in Part III. Origin of Parasites. The question is sometimes raised as to the origin of parasites, and particularly of such parasites as are INTRODUCTORY II found only in so recent (geoUj^ically) a development as man. No direct genealogy can be diawn up for these parasites; they must be derived from pre-existing non- parasitic forms which gradually became parasitic during one, probably the sexual, cycle, and later parasitic thr(nigh- out their entire cycle. Possibly, this change first took place in birds or bats, and by development from them those parasites, which are now parasitic in man only, were developed. The intervening links are lost and any explanation can be merely hypothetical. Protista — Unicellular organisms. Characteristics mainly those of the veget- able king- dom, &c. Bacteria to be con- sidered, Tart III. Protozoa Characteristics mainly those of the animal kingdom. Sarcodina — represe nted by the Amaba coli. Mastigophora — including Spi- rochjet3e,Leish- man -Donovan bodies, Try- pa nosomes, Trichomonas and Lamblia in man. Sporozoa— Telosporidia Metazoa I Animal Parasites, Part II. Infusoria — represented in man by the Balantidizini coli. Neosporidia Gregarinida — Parasitic in earth-worms and many invertebrata. Coccidia : parasiiic in many animals, very common in rabbits. Have been observed in man. Species (?) Sarcosporidia Myxosporidia. Hsemosporidia Hcemo- gregarinida — In reptiles and few mammals. Babesia or Piroplasma — Hjemamceba — Parasitic in cattle, horses, Including H. relicta (proteosoma) sheep, dogs, &c. in birds and at least three species, the cause of malaria in man. 12 CHAPTER II. The classification of the Sporozoa is still in dispute, and various schemes have been propounded from time to time. There is no authoritative classification at present. The scheme here given is a useful one, but is not to be regarded as final or as even univ^ersally accepted. Sporozoa. (a) Those in which the entire protoplasm, with the exception of dead residual masses, divides into spores, the parent protozoon disappearing in the process. Telosporidia, e.g., parasites of malaria, coccidia, &c. In this group are included the sporozoa that cause the most important diseases of man and the lower animals — malaria, Texas fever, &c. The group is variously divided by different authors and protozoologists. The classification here given is con- venient for the purpose : (i) Gregarinida ; (2) Coccidia; (3) Hcemosporidia ; (4) H cemogregarinida. (i) Gregarinida. — The body is of a constant elongated form. They are distinguished by their peculiar creeping movements. They are parasitic in cells of the intestinal walls of the various invertebrates during the early part of their existence, and later are free in the intestinal cavity or its appendages, where they become encysted, and the cell contents have been shown in rare instances to undergo division into spores. Reproduction. — Sexual reproduction by the conjugation of two cells which resemble each other. (2) Coccidia. — Of a spherical or oval shape, and con- tained in definite cyst walls when mature ; only the youngest forms are motile. Fecundation by the con- jugation of dissimilar cells. They are parasitic in cells SPOKOZOA 13 of warin-blooclcd animals and invertebrates, and fre- quently form massive tumours. They have been deseribed in man, but little is known at present of human diseases caused by them. Very common in rabbits. (3) Hcvinosporidia or Hcvinocylozod. — Parasites of the red blood corpuscles of warm-blooded animals ; do not form cysts in such hosts; are parasitic throu-^hout their whole existence, the sexual phase taking place in inverte- brates, e.g., insects or ticks. The young forms have active amoeboid movement. They are divided into two main groups : — {a) Ha'inamcebcc, which form pigment, and usually divide into a large number of spores. The definitive hosts are mosquitoes. Fig. 3. — Piroplasmata. (b) Piroplasmata (fig. 3), which do not form pigment ; divide into two or more spores. Ticks are the definitive hosts. Piroplasmata have been described in man, probably erroneously; common in cattle, sheep, horses, dogs, &c., and usually lead to extensive blood destruction, e.g., Texas fever in cattle, and hasmoglobinuria in sheep and dogs. (4) Hcemogregarinida are, by many authors, included in the Hccmosporidia. The young forms are found in red corpuscles of reptiles (fig. 4), and in few instances in red blood corpuscles of mammals, as in the Indian rat and the African jerboa. They may also be found in leucocytes, as in the dog and in the palm squirrel. Older forms moving like gregarines are found free in the blood plasma. Sporulation takes place in cells of solid viscera, such as the liver and in the bone-marrow. It appears to be doubtful what are the definitive hosts ; M TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE in the dog hcemogregarine they are ixodhia. They do not form pigment, and differ from the Jicsinosporidia, in the restricted sense, in the structure of the nucleus of the young parasite. The nucleus stains with basic stain, and the chromatin is distributed in fine granules throughout the nucleus. Segmentation does not take place whilst the parasites are present in the blood. No Jiccniogregarines are known to occur in man, and it is only recently that they have been found in mammals and birds (fig. 4 and Plate II.) Fig. 4. — Haetnogregarines of frog. (B) Only a portion of the protoplasm of the cell divides into spores. The parent protozoon still remains alive, further growth takes place, and again, part of the new protoplasm divides into spores. This process, repeated indefinitely leads to the formation of large masses composed of spores enclosed in the much dis- tended parent cells. Neosporidia, e.g., Sarcosporidia. — The Neosporidia are too little studied to be fully considered at present. They are divided into Myxosporidia, which occur in fishes and in silkworms, and Sarcosporidia, which are very common in the muscles of domesticated animals, and are rarely found in man. They are not known to cause any human disease. 15 CHAPTER III. DISEASES CAUSED BY H^MOSPORIDIA IN MAN. Malaria. (Synonyms : Ague, Fever, Marsh Fever, Puliulisiii, Intermittent Fever, &c.) Malaria is the general term applied to the diseases caused by the human haemosporidia commonly known as the parasites of malaria. The prominent symptoms are those of febrile disturbance ; the fever may be regu- larly periodic, irregularly intermittent, or remittent, and later visceral changes, especially enlargement of the spleen, and pigmentation of the spleen and liver, may occur. The febrile symptoms yield readily to treatment by quinine. The parasites are conveyed from man to man by various species of mosquitoes, belonging to the sub- family Anophcllna. There are at least three species of parasites and the symptoms differ according to the species of the parasite with which the patient is infected. Geographical Distribution. — Malaria occurs in most tropical and sub-tropical countries, with the exception of certain groups of islands, such as the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean, Fiji, the Society and Friendly Islands in the South Pacific, Barbados and St. Helena in the Atlantic Oceans. In temperate regions the distribution is more irregular, and is frequently limited to low-lying country, and the course of rivers or their estuaries. Elevation has a decided effect in temperate regions, but in equatorial districts malaria may be still common 4,000 or 5,000 feet above the sea. The topographical distribution of malaria is affected bv many conditions, such as density of population, but is 1 6 TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE mainly determined by the species of mosquito present, and the abundance of suitable breeding places for such mosquitoes. Clinical Varieties of Malaria, and Species Associated with these Varieties. Benign tertian ; Tertian Fever. Geographical Distribu- tion.— It occurs in all the malarial tropical countries, but is rarer in Africa than in the East, In sub-tropical and temperate countries a larger proportion of the cases are benign tertian and it occurs further north than the other forms of malaria. It used to be common in some parts of Great Britain and, rarely, cases still occur. The clinical course of an attack of benign tertian malaria is regular, though in a first attack of a severe type the periodicity may not be well marked. The attacks of pyrexia are short, lasting some six or eight hours. The temperature rises suddenly, and there is a rigor, often so severe that the bed on which the patient is lying is shaken. The temperature rises to 105° F. or more, and the pulse is quick and bounding. The urine presents the usual febrile characters. The skin is cold and the features pinched, whilst the lips may have a bluish tinge. Following the cold stage is the hot stage, and during this the patient still has fever, usually high, severe head- ache, and the skin is dry. This stage may last for two or three hours, and is succeeded by a sweating stage during which the temperature rapidly falls. With the onset of the diaphoresis the patient becomes much more comfortable, and the temperature rapidly falls to or below normal, when, beyond a certain amount of debility, or sometimes a mild form of collapse, the patient will feel well and be able to resume his occupation. The next day, and till forty-eight hours after the occurrence of the rigor, the patient remains to all appearances in normal health. At the end of this period DISEASES CAUSED I5Y HA<:M0^P()]<\1)\A IN MAN 17 there is another siinil;ii" jiyrexial attack, aiul on eacli alternate day in an untreated case tliese attacks of pyrexia recur. Even without active treatment, sooner or later the paroxysms diminish in severity, and gradually dis- appear altogether, and the temperature may remain normal or subnormal for two or three weeks, when another series of febrile paroxysms on alternate days will occur. These attacks of tertian fever alternating with apyrexial intervals may continue for two or three years. During the whole time the patient is suffering from infection with parasites of malaria, and visceral changes, especially enlargement of the spleen, are likely to occur, as well as anaemia and general debility. Death is unusual even if treatment be neglected, and in fatal cases there is usually concomitant disease. TIME M E M 105 104 103 1 02 10 1 100 99 98 97 I \ \ ' t 1 , \ \ 1 I. N \ I \ 1 ^ V "^1 V ^i V V. *^ i ^ ^ J V * V. -V >*- y" Fig. 5. — Simple Benign Tertian. In a simple benign tertian the character of the pyrexial attacks and the regular periodicity of their recurrence enables diagnosis to be made readily. Blood examina- tion showing the presence of the parasites confirms this diagnosis, and it is the only way in which it can be made if the patient is seen during the apyrexial attack. In many cases of the disease the fever is quotidian, that is, a pyrexial attack occurs every day. This is the so- calied double tertian, and is due to the co-existence of 2 15 TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE two generations of the parasite maturing on alternate days. Sometimes the double character of the infection is obvious clinically, as the pyrexial attacks vary in severity, being alternately severe and mild (fig. 6). In a double TIME M E 97 1 ' A \ \ r^ [} \/ 0 V V '\ ^ r ^ / ^r^ V V Fig. 6.— Double Tertian. tertian the more frequent recurrence of the pyrexia causes more rapid development of anaemia and debility, and the prognosis therefore is more serious. The nature of the disease may be suspected from the completeness of the apyrexial intervals, from the character of the pyrexial attacks, and in some cases because the pyrexia occurs in the morning, whilst in most forms of quotidian intermittent fever, the pyrexia is in the evening. A cer- tain diagnosis cannot be made without an examination of the blood. 7*; t;;=: ■3= =3 ER m Fig. 7. — Quartan Fever. Quartan Malaria. — Clinically, this form closely re- sembles benign tertian, but differs from it in that in a simple infection the pyrexial attacks occur with an interval of two days between them (fig. 7). The character of CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS IN MALARIAL KLVKK' 9 each attack is similar to that of beni.^n tertian. Quartan malaria is less widely distributed than benign tertian, but also occurs throughout the Tropics. In some districts cases are as numerous as those of benign tertian, or even more so. As a rule in such countries quartan will be commoner amongst the poorer classes and tertian amongst the well-to-do, but no race or class is exempt. The reason for the irregular distribution of quartan is not known. Double and triple infections of quartan malaria occur, due to two or three generations of the parasite being present in the same patient, and reaching maturity at intervals of twenty-four hours. With three generations 104 I03 I 02 10 1 1 00 99 98 37 K f, ^ \ \ \ It , A \, y I L -,/ \ N J \ V \ ^ V Fig. 8. — Double Quartan. generations there would be fever on two days and then a day free from fever, followed again by two days with fever and so on (fig. 8). The effects of quartan malaria are very similar to those of benign tertian, but it is more dangerous to life, especially in cases of dis- turbed cardiac action, such as in beri-beri. It persists for a longer time, and often yields less readily to quinine. Clinical Diagnosis. — The single and double infections are easy because of the peculiar periodicity. In a triple infection the quotidian periodicity may not only be confused with double tertian, but with any diseases in which quotidian fever occurs. Prognosis is good in uncomplicated cases if well treated. 20 TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE Pathology. — The malaria parasites of both the benign tertian and quartan fevers circulate freely in the blood throughout the body. When the parasites are full-grown they have a tendency to remain in the splenic sinuses, probably because the red corpuscles containing such parasites are so altered as to adhere to the walls of the smaller vessels. This tendency is more marked in benign tertian than in quartan, but in both numerous full-grown forms will also be present in the peripheral blood. The rigor follows shortly after sporulation. For some unknown reason, with both species of parasites, the stages of growth are completed either all about the same time, or at periods differing by twenty-four hours from each other, consequently parasites of intermediate ages are rarely met with. The sporulation of these parasites leads to rupture of the red corpuscles, when the spores together with the remains of the parasites, pigment, and any other products are set free in the plasma. The simplest explanation of the observed clinical phenomena is that amongst these varied products are (i) toxins that act on the heat-controlling centre, and (2) hjemolytic toxins, variable in amount ; and (3) toxins affecting innervation. Blood serum taken before a rigor and passed through a Berkefeld filter will, when injected into a healthy man, cause a febrile paroxysm similar to that which occurs in malaria. Of the bodies set free, the spores rapidly enter other red corpuscles, and recom- mence the cycle, or failing to do this are destroyed by phagocytes or by the blood plasma, and this destruction IS facilitated by the action of quinine. The pigment is taken up by the leucocytes, usually by the large mono- nuclear or hyaline cells, and ultimately deposited in the spleen, which becomes, in a chronic case, of a deep slate black colour. It is also deposited in the connective tissue cells of the liver. In an earlier stage the spleen may merely appear to be congested, but on microscopic examination abundant deposits of pigment will be seen even then. TREATMENT IN MALARIAL FliVli\i 21 TreaUncnl. — Quinine in any form and in moderate doses will rapidly relieve the symptoms, but to pievent relapses must be continued in diminished doses for months. Tiie patient should be kept in bed, not only during the pyrexial period, but in the intervals, for t\V(j or three days after a pyrexial attack. Quinine is far more effective in a person kept at a uniform temperature in bed and on light diet. The bowels must be kept open. Simple rest and diet will often, without any medicine, cause temporary disappearance of the symptoms. 22 CHAPTER IV. SUBTERTIAN MALARIAL FEVER. Malignant tertian, subtertian, aestivo-autumnal, and tropical malaria are some of the names applied to the re- maining forms of malaria, viz., those due to infection by parasites, which pass the greater part of their asexual stage in the visceral capillaries. Young forms and gametocytes are found in the peripheral blood. The gametocytes are the sausage-shaped bodies known as "crescents." It is not certain whether there is more than one species of these parasites. The geographical distribution of this is more limited than of other forms of malaria. It is the commonest form in the Tropics, and was called by Koch tropical fever. In temperate regions it is not found as far north as benign tertian, and in the south of Europe it occurs later in the year than other forms of malaria, i.e., in the summer and early autumn, and was, therefore, called by the Italians cestivo-autumnal. Clinically it has a less regular and definite course than the other forms, and the stages of the pyrexial attack are ill-defined, whilst the periodicity is uncertain. There is a great liability to sudden onset of pernicious symptoms, often fatal, even in cases apparently not very severe. Hence the name malignant tertian. Sometimes before the fever there are aching pains in the back and legs; these myalgic pains may become worse with the onset of the fever, or in other cases disappear, , The pyrexia presents few diagnostic characters. The tendency so marked in tertain and quartan for the parasites all to sporulate about the same time is less constant. Subtertian parasites of all ages may be found at the same time in blood removed from the viscera. SUHTERTIAN MALARIAL KLVKK 23 though a majority may be abcjut tlic same age. The pyrexial attack following sporulation is therefore neces- sarily less defined, as the toxin is being formed during a far longer period. The cold stage is less often marked by a rigor, frequently merely by a feeling of chilliness ; the hot stage is prolonged and the sweating stage is often intermittent, consisting of a series of attacks of dia- phoresis with hot dry intervals ; the whole pyrexial period may last for more than twenty-four hours. The interval in such cases is short, as the whole cycle of development of the parasite appears to be under forty-eight hours (figs. 9 and 10). TIME A.M. P.M. A.M. P.M. A.M. P.M. A.M. P.M fiy.M. PM. A.M. P.M A.M P.M. A.M, P.M. a.mJpm.] F° 105 104 103 ro2 1 01 too 99 98 97 96 K ^ ■1, ) \ 1 ^ i \ v \ r V t( -1 , \, J V \ \ f u V, V , \ 1 V / \/ y \ v\ V \. 4 / V vv J V V l^ v "h If Fig. 9. — Subtertian Malaria with definite Tertian Periodicity. In other cases the pyrexial attack is still more pro- longed, and the interval correspondingly shortened. Xot uncommonly in a severe attack there is no interval during which the temperature is normal, but merely a remission. Such a fever is therefore not intermittent, but remittent (tig. 11). Vomiting is common and may be persistent. When exceptionally severe and bilious, particularly if asso- ciated with jaundice, it is often popularly called bilious remittent fever. Constipation is the rule, but there are exceptions. In many of the cases of this form of malaria the temperature is not high, sometimes not exceeding 100^ or loi'^ F. (tig. 12). 24 TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE In benign tertian, in spite of the severe attacks of fever, the patient may be in good health during the intervals. In subtertian this is exceptional. The patient may be able to be up and force himself to attend to business or pleasure, but these attempts at "lighting the fever" are responsible for many serious errors of judgment, as well as causing serious risk to the patient. Children are said by some to suffer little or not at all, and there is a certain amount of truth in this as they may, whilst harbouring the parasites, be capable of playing about and taking interest in their surroundings. Careful enquiry, however, will usually show that during a great part of the day they are listless, do not take food, or otherwise show signs of ill-health. They have usually a definite enlargement of the spleen. Labial herpes is common in malaria, but as a rule does not occur till late in the attack, and frequently occurs when the fever begins to subside. The great peculiarity of subtertian fever is the liability, with little or no warning, to the so-called pernicious manifestations. These are in the main due to blood stasis in different organs of the body, caused by the numbers of red corpuscles containing the parasites ad- hering to the walls of the capillaries, and obstructing the circulation in that organ. This may occur in any organ, and the effects and clinical manifestations vary accordingly. (i) When stasis of the blood occurs in the capillaries of the central nervous system the danger is great, and a large number of deaths are due to this condition. The symptoms vary in adults and in children. In adults the patient usually has a flushed face and appears to be dull and stupid with slow speech and uncertain gait. In appearance and demeanour he is not unlike a man in the early stages of intoxication. This stupor may pass off in mild cases, but in others rapidly increases, and a condition of coma supervenes. There are no convulsions in the great majority of cases and no localizing symptoms. In a fatal case the coma deepens. vSUBTERTIAN MALAKIAL KKVER 25 Fig. 10. — Subterlian Malaria. Periodicity still definite. TIME A.M P. M A.M. P.M. A.M. PM A M |PM A.M. P.M. A M P M A.M P.M. 103 1 02 10 I 1 00 99 98 97 96 P , \. M r 1/ \ n \ \ r \ V, / \ n fN \ V I \ / V \ \ , ' { A r i V 1 \ \1 V M" — r 11 l ) 1 00 99 99 97 A A r fever only. No definite periodicity. Diagnosis based on blood examination. TIME A.M. P.M A.M PM A.M. P.M. A.M P.M.
| 32,992 |
https://github.com/redroy44/zio-quartz/blob/master/build.sbt
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
zio-quartz
|
redroy44
|
Scala
|
Code
| 327 | 1,433 |
import Dependencies._
import xerial.sbt.Sonatype._
val scala2Version = "2.13.6"
def publishSettings(publishArtifacts: Boolean) = {
val publishSettings = Seq(
pomIncludeRepository := { _ => false },
// publishMavenStyle := true,
sonatypeRepository := "https://s01.oss.sonatype.org/service/local",
sonatypeProfileName := "io.github.redroy44",
sonatypeCredentialHost := "s01.oss.sonatype.org"
)
val skipSettings = Seq(
publish / skip := true,
publishArtifact := false
)
if (publishArtifacts) publishSettings else publishSettings ++ skipSettings
}
def stdSettings(prjName: String) = Seq(
name := s"$prjName",
ThisBuild / scalaVersion := scala2Version,
semanticdbEnabled := true,
semanticdbVersion := scalafixSemanticdb.revision,
ThisBuild / scalafixScalaBinaryVersion := "2.13",
ThisBuild / scalafixDependencies ++= List(
"com.github.liancheng" %% "organize-imports" % "0.5.0",
"com.github.vovapolu" %% "scaluzzi" % "0.1.18"
),
Test / parallelExecution := true
)
addCommandAlias("fmt", "all scalafmtSbt scalafmt test:scalafmt")
addCommandAlias("fix", "; all compile:scalafix test:scalafix; all scalafmtSbt scalafmtAll")
addCommandAlias(
"check",
"; scalafmtSbtCheck; scalafmtCheck; test:scalafmtCheck; compile:scalafix --check; test:scalafix --check"
)
lazy val root = (project in file("."))
.settings(stdSettings("root"))
.settings(publishSettings(false))
.aggregate(zioQuartz, examples, docs)
lazy val zioQuartz = (project in file("zio-quartz-core"))
.settings(
organization := "io.github.redroy44",
homepage := Some(url("https://redroy44.github.io/zio-quartz")),
description := "Some description of the project",
licenses += ("Apache-2.0", url("http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0")),
developers := List(
Developer(
"redroy44",
"Piotr Bandurski",
"[email protected]",
url("https://github.com/redroy44")
)
),
ThisBuild / versionScheme := Some("early-semver")
)
.settings(stdSettings("zio-quartz"))
.settings(publishSettings(true))
.settings(
libraryDependencies ++= Seq(
`dev.zio`.zio,
`dev.zio`.test,
`dev.zio`.`test-sbt`,
`dev.zio`.config,
`dev.zio`.`config_typesafe`,
`dev.zio`.`config_magnolia`,
`dev.zio`.logging,
`org.quartz-scheduler`.quartz
),
scalacOptions := Seq(
"-deprecation",
"-encoding",
"UTF-8",
"-feature",
"-unchecked",
"-Ywarn-unused:params,-implicits",
"-language:higherKinds",
"-language:existentials",
"-explaintypes",
"-Yrangepos",
"-Xlint:_,-missing-interpolator,-type-parameter-shadow",
"-Ywarn-numeric-widen",
"-Ywarn-value-discard"
) ++ {
if (sys.env.contains("CI")) {
Seq("-Xfatal-warnings")
} else {
Nil // to enable Scalafix locally
}
},
testFrameworks := Seq(new TestFramework("zio.test.sbt.ZTestFramework"))
)
lazy val examples = Project("examples", file("examples"))
.settings(stdSettings("examples"))
.settings(publishSettings(false))
.aggregate(simple)
lazy val simple = Project("simple", file("examples") / "simple")
.settings(stdSettings("simple"))
.settings(publishSettings(false))
.disablePlugins(ScalafixPlugin)
.dependsOn(
zioQuartz
)
lazy val docs = project
.in(file("zio-quartz-docs"))
.settings(stdSettings("docs"))
.settings(publishSettings(false))
.settings(
moduleName := "zio-quartz-docs",
scalacOptions -= "-Yno-imports",
scalacOptions -= "-Xfatal-warnings",
libraryDependencies ++= Seq(
`dev.zio`.zio
),
ScalaUnidoc / unidoc / unidocProjectFilter := inProjects(zioQuartz),
ScalaUnidoc / unidoc / target := (LocalRootProject / baseDirectory).value / "website" / "static" / "api",
cleanFiles += (ScalaUnidoc / unidoc / target).value,
docusaurusCreateSite := docusaurusCreateSite.dependsOn(Compile / unidoc).value,
docusaurusPublishGhpages := docusaurusPublishGhpages.dependsOn(Compile / unidoc).value
)
.dependsOn(zioQuartz)
.enablePlugins(MdocPlugin, DocusaurusPlugin, ScalaUnidocPlugin)
| 9,608 |
3612154_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,987 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,294 | 3,001 |
JUSTICE NASH
delivered the opinion of the court:
Plaintiff, Annaliese K. Sloan, appeals from the judgment entered upon the verdict of a jury in favor of defendant, Lisa O'Dell, in an action brought for the recovery of damages sustained in a collision between automobiles driven by the parties. Plaintiff contends: (1) that the trial court erroneously denied plaintiff's motion for a directed verdict as to liability; (2) that the verdict was contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence; (3) that the court erred in its instructions to the jury and its ruling on prejudicial argument to the jury made by defendant. We affirm.
On February 9, 1984, plaintiff and defendant were involved in an automobile collision at or near the intersection of Smith and Hunger Roads in unincorporated Du Page County. Plaintiff's theory of the case is that defendant's vehicle crossed the center line and struck plaintiff's vehicle head-on approximately 200 feet east of the intersection. Defendant argues that the collision occurred near the intersection when plaintiff failed to yield the right-of-way to the defendant when plaintiff entered Smith Road and turned left in front of defendant's vehicle.
At trial, plaintiff testified that she was southbound on Hunger Road and stopped at the stop sign at the intersection of Hunger and Smith, a "T" intersection. Plaintiff stated that as there were bushes on the northeast corner, she had to inch her vehicle forward into the intersection in order to get a better view of Smith Road before making a left turn. Once plaintiff completed her turn and was eastbound on Smith Road, she noticed an automobile traveling toward her westbound in the middle of the road. She veered to the right to avoid the oncoming vehicle, which struck her automobile on the driver's side and pushed it backwards into the intersection, where it ran over the stop sign and came to rest. Plaintiff testified that the collision occurred just before the speed limit sign on Smith Road, approximately 200 to 300 feet from the intersection. She did not know the speed of the other vehicle or its distance when she first saw it.
Plaintiff's son, Hichael Webb, testified that he was a passenger in the automobile driven by the defendant. Webb was defendant's boyfriend at the time of the collision, and on that day, had an argument with her at plaintiff's house. They left in defendant's automobile, taking Wiant Road to Smith Road, where, as Webb testified, defendant turned onto Smith Road and "floored it," accelerating to around 95 miles per hour. He testified that at the time of impact with plaintiff's automobile, defendant was driving in the center of the road and was going 80 to 85 miles per hour. Plaintiff's vehicle was in her own lane of travel, and the collision took place near the speed limit sign on Smith Road. The impact pushed plaintiff's vehicle backwards approximately 200 feet, while defendant's vehicle proceeded into the intersection, where both vehicles came to rest.
Paulette Olson, plaintiff's neighbor, witnessed the collision from approximately one-fourth of a mile away as she was proceeding west on Smith Road. Before the impact, defendant's automobile was traveling between the westbound lane and the center of the road. Olson did not see the collision, but she saw plaintiff's vehicle slide backwards through the intersection. Olson also stated that bushes growing at the intersection obstructed visibility from Hunger Road as well as Smith Road.
Defendant testified that she was traveling over 30 miles per hour along Smith Road, but not over 40. She stated that she was in the westbound lane at all times and did not change her lane. She first saw plaintiff's vehicle seconds before the impact and, as she was momentarily rendered unconscious, she did not remember the collision or getting out of her vehicle afterwards. She testified that the impact occurred just before the intersection; however, she did not remember the relative positions of plaintiff's vehicle and her own. A police officer spoke to the defendant at the hospital, but she did not recall saying anything to him.
The emergency room physician testified that when he examined defendant at the hospital, she denied having lost consciousness in the collision.
Du Page County sheriff's deputy Larry Weiss testified that he arrived at the scene of the collision after the ambulance had departed and that he took a statement from Michael Webb. Weiss did not have any independent recollection whether there was debris at the scene, and his testimony identifying debris shown in a photograph of the scene was stricken by the court. Officer Weiss went on to testify that he remained at the scene until the vehicles were removed and the debris was cleared away. At the hospital, he spoke with the defendant, who related that she had been westbound on Smith Road when the plaintiff pulled out from Hunger Road in front of her.
William Spellman, a newspaper photographer, took photographs of the scene which were received into evidence and which depict the subject intersection and the two vehicles at the location where they came to rest. Plaintiff's vehicle is positioned at the northwest comer of the intersection, facing southwest, while defendant's vehicle is positioned in the middle of the intersection, facing southeast. Spellman testified that the photographs show debris at the intersection; however, he could not state whether it was debris from this accident. Other photographs received into evidence show damage to the driver's side of each vehicle.
At the close of all the evidence, and on motion by the plaintiff, the trial court initially directed a verdict in favor of the plaintiff on the issue of liability. On the following day, the trial court vacated its ruling and submitted the entire case to the jury, which returned a verdict in favor of the defendant.
Plaintiff contends first that the trial court erred in denying her motion for a directed verdict as to liability at the close of all the evidence. Verdicts ought to be directed only when all of the evidence, when viewed in its aspect most favorable to the opponent, so overwhelmingly favors the movant that no contrary verdict based on that evidence could ever stand. (Pedrick v. Peoria & Eastern R.R. Co. (1967), 37 Ill. 2d 494, 510, 229 N.E.2d 504.) Plaintiff argues that a verdict should have been directed in her favor because there was no evidence supporting defendant's version of the collision.
It is apparent, however, that there was conflicting evidence as to the point of impact, the lanes of travel, and the exercise of due care by each driver. Contrary to plaintiff's argument, there was evidence supporting defendant's version of the manner in which the collision occurred, including the defendant's own testimony and the photographic evidence, albeit contrary to other evidence supporting the plaintiff's version. It is improper to direct a verdict when substantial factual disputes presented by the evidence require the assessment of witness credibility or the election between conflicting evidence, which fall within the jury's function. (Sunseri v. Puccia (1981), 97 Ill. App. 3d 488, 491, 422 N.E.2d 925; Robertson v. General Tire & Rubber Co. (1984), 123 Ill. App. 3d 11, 14, 462 N.E.2d 706.) The Pedrick rule must be applied with deference to the jury's primary role as trier of fact (Haas v. Tomaszek (1978), 56 Ill. App. 3d 656, 659, 371 N.E.2d 1240), and, applying this standard to the present case, we cannot conclude that a verdict in favor of the defendant could not stand and thus find that the trial court correctly denied plaintiff's motion for a directed verdict.
Plaintiff next contends that the jury's verdict was against the manifest weight of the evidence and that a new trial should be granted. Generally, a court of review will not set aside a jury's verdict unless it is against the manifest weight of the evidence. (Lynch v. Board of Education (1980), 82 Ill. 2d 415, 423, 412 N.E.2d 447; Ford v. City of Chicago (1985), 132 Ill. App. 3d 408, 412, 476 N.E.2d 1232.) A verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence where it is palpably erroneous and wholly unwarranted (Frankenthal v. Grand Trunk Western R.R. Co. (1983), 120 Ill. App. 3d 409, 415, 458 N.E.2d 530), or appears to be arbitrary, unreasonable, and not based upon the evidence. (Gabrenas v. R. D. Werner Co. (1983), 116 Ill. App. 3d 276, 285, 451 N.E.2d 1307.) In considering whether the verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence, a reviewing court must consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the appellee. Ford v. City of Chicago (1985), 132 Ill. App. 3d 408, 412, 476 N.E.2d 1232.
There was sufficient evidence presented for the jury to return a verdict in favor of the defendant. Defendant testified that the collision occurred just before the intersection, and had told the police officer that plaintiff pulled out of the intersection in front of her. She stated that she was not going over 40 miles per hour and that she remained in the westbound lane at all times. The photographs in evidence, which show debris in the intersection and the extent of damage to the parties' vehicles, tend also to support defendant's version of the occurrence. Although plaintiff's witnesses related a different version of the occurrence, it was the function of the jury to weigh their credibility. In the presence of sufficient evidence supporting the verdict, it cannot be said to be so palpably erroneous, arbitrary or unreasonable so as to require a new trial.
Next, plaintiff contends that remarks by defendant's counsel during closing argument deprived her of a fair trial. The complained-of remarks consisted of counsel's plea that the jury look at the photographs in evidence and determine for themselves whether there was debris at the intersection. In sustaining an objection by plaintiff's counsel, the trial court stated that "there was no testimony of debris at the intersection," and instructed defendant's counsel to clarify the matter, whereupon counsel continued to argue, without objection, as follows: "You may also, in fact, recall the police officer had no independent recollection of debris, and there was no direct testimony, or testimony, that there was debris at the intersection." Plaintiff now contends that the argument was improper and a mistrial should have been granted.
We believe that the remarks by counsel were within the bounds of proper argument. Although in closing argument a statement of counsel regarding facts not in evidence is improper and may be prejudicial (Pyse v. Byrd (1983), 115 Ill. App. 3d 1003, 1008, 450 N.E.2d 1374, appeal denied (1983), 96 Ill. 2d 550; Khatib v. McDonald (1980), 87 Ill. App. 3d 1087, 1097, 410 N.E.2d 266, appeal denied (1980), 81 Ill. 2d 602), counsel is allowed broad latitude in drawing reasonable inferences and conclusions from the evidence (Tonarelli v. Gibbons (1984), 121 Ill. App. 3d 1042, 1049, 460 N.E.2d 464, appeal denied (1984), 101 Ill. 2d 551; Saputo v. Fatla (1975), 25 Ill. App. 3d 775, 788, 324 N.E.2d 34, appeal denied (1975), 58 Ill. 2d 599). Here, the photographs received into evidence depict what the news photographer testified was debris in the intersection. Moreover, the police officer testified, without objection, that he remained at the scene of the collision until the vehicles were towed and "the debris" cleared away. Contrary to the trial court's finding, the existence of debris at the intersection was in evidence and counsel's argument urging the jury to draw its own inferences was not improper.
Plaintiff also contends that the trial court erred in instructing the jury. First, plaintiff argues that the court erred in refusing to give plaintiff's tendered instruction No. 29, which included a finding that defendant was negligent, in giving defendant's instruction No. 25, which was a verdict form providing for a finding in favor of the defendant, and instruction No. 22, which informed the jury that it need not consider damages if it found for the defendant. Our conclusion that the trial court properly denied plaintiff's motion for a directed verdict renders moot the plaintiff's arguments directed to these instructions.
Plaintiff also argues that the trial court should have given the jury an instruction which she tendered relating to the offense of reckless driving. The refusal to give an instruction on issues covered by other instructions is not error. (Svenson v. Miller Builders, Inc. (1979), 74 Ill. App. 3d 75, 88, 392 N.E.2d 628; Gaenzele v. B. E. Wallace Products Corp. (1976), 39 Ill. App. 3d 93, 98, 350 N.E.2d 571.) The jury was properly instructed as to the existence of Illinois traffic laws governing speed, passing on the right, and driving on the right half of the roadway. Since a finding of reckless driving on defendant's part would have first required a determination that defendant violated more than one of these other traffic violations (People v. Ziegler (1979), 78 Ill. App. 3d 490, 496, 396 N.E.2d 1160, appeal denied (1980), 79 Ill. 2d 629), an instruction on reckless driving was not required.
Plaintiff further argues that there was no evidence to support giving defendant's instructions on the statutory requirement of yielding at a stop sign and on contributory negligence. The record discloses that no instruction on contributory negligence was given. The only reference to contributory negligence appears in an Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions (IPI) instruction which mentions contributory negligence while defining comparative negligence, the standard under which this case was tried. These instructions were properly given as we have already concluded that there was evidence to support defendant's account of the collision, which has plaintiff pulling out from Hunger Road in front of the defendant.
Accordingly, the judgment of the circuit court entered upon the jury's verdict in favor of the defendant is affirmed.
Affirmed.
LINDBERG, P.J., and INGLIS, J., concur..
| 48,734 |
https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/87584
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
|
Lie Ryan, OganM, R.. GitHub STOP HELPING ICE, Riking, T. Kiley, Thomas, https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/10133, https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/30741, https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/3188, https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/36238, https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/42057, https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/4374, https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/55239, izb
|
English
|
Spoken
| 473 | 612 |
How do I tell if my enemy can see my player?
Given a player and an enemy with position, and given the direction vector of each, how can I tell if one can "see" the other?
In other words, how do I test if one position with direction is in front or behind another position with direction?
For my purposes, 'in front of' means directly in front of, or 90 degrees to either side.
Clearly the solution is to create another camera and re-render the scene from the enemy's point of view, then perform image recognition on the result for the player character.
most simplistic answer award goes to...
While Riking's comment was likely intended as a joke, this is the actual fair way to do it -- giving NPCs the same access to the game state that a player would have rather than allowing them to access the internal state of the game.
@R.. Yes, but where do you draw the line? Taking this reasoning to its logical endpoint, NPC's eventually become sentient with the ability to play and think like a human being... at which point they would probably rationally decide to begin wallhacking again anyway :p
@Thomas: In practice I think you can make some sort of compromise, approximating the level of information they would have as a player without going to the trouble of implementing it that way. Simple measures like correct testing for line of sight, limiting the ability to identify an object beyond a certain distance, etc. could go a long way.
The dot product of two vectors can tell you if they face each other or not. First vector can probably be the enemies view direction the second one should be a vector pointing from player's position to the enemies position.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9FZllr6-wY
Ah yeah, I was overthinking it. I was juggling 4 vectors, but really I want the vector from one player to the other. The video was very helpful, thanks.
One crucial detail I think should be added to this answer is the game should also do a raycast or something to ensure that they can in fact see the player (not blocked by walls etc.)
@T.Kiley: that has actually been suggested by Riking in the comment to the question. No, I don't think that that's a joke. If your game is 3D, raycasting is actually a fair way to do it. Just rerender the scene with all objects in black texture, from the point of view of the enemy, except the players and other important objects should be rendered in some other colors. Make sure to disable lighting and shading. If the resulting buffer is not entirely black, then you know that someone is in the line of sight of the enemy and you can use the color to identify what objects they are.
| 6,347 |
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeria%20pubinervis
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Armeria pubinervis
|
https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armeria pubinervis&action=history
|
Swedish
|
Spoken
| 31 | 76 |
Armeria pubinervis är en triftväxtart som beskrevs av Pierre Edmond Boissier. Armeria pubinervis ingår i släktet triftar, och familjen triftväxter. Utöver nominatformen finns också underarten A. p. orissonensis.
Källor
Triftar
pubinervis
| 42,587 |
https://openalex.org/W2810911579
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,018 |
Assessing Users’ Perceptions of the Current Maintenance Disorder of Public Secondary School in Ogun, Nigeria
|
O. Izobo-Martins
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,009 | 9,786 |
Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research, 2018, 6, 90-101
http://www.scirp.org/journal/jbcpr
ISSN Online: 2328-4897
ISSN Print: 2328-4889 Oladunni Oluwatoyin Izobo-Martins1, Eghosa Noel Ekhaese1, Emmanuel Olakunle Ayo-Vaghan2,
Abiodun Olukayode Olotuah3 1Department of Architecture, School of Environmental Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Covenant Universit
Ota, Nigeria
2Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Bell University of Technology, Ota, Nigeria
3Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Architecture, School of Environmental Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Department of Architecture, School of Environmental Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Covenant
Ota Nigeria Ota, Nigeria
2Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Bell University of Technology, Ota, Nigeria
3Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Abstract How to cite this paper: Izobo-Martins,
O.O., Ekhaese, E.N., Ayo-Vaghan, E.O. and
Olotuah, A.O. (2018) Assessing Users’
Perceptions of the Current Maintenance
Disorder of Public Secondary School in
Ogun, Nigeria. Journal of Building Con-
struction and Planning Research, 6, 90-101. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbcpr.2018.62006 The challenges facing public schools are multifaceted and include: teachers
dissatisfaction, non-commitment of educators, chronic absenteeism by
educators, low morale, poor work ethics by educators, late coming of both
educators and learners, overcrowding in classes, lack of technical resources
and many more. A cursory investigation of public secondary school build-
ings in Ado-Odo/Ota L.G.A shows its deplorable conditions of structural,
aesthetical and decorative disrepair. Therefore the paper focused on ex-
amining users “perception of the present deplorable physical condition and
neglect of public secondary school. The study engaged the use of quantita-
tive method of analysis, employing the use of questionnaire administered
randomly and distributed face-to-face to targeted despondences”. The re-
sult of findings revealed performance/productivity of building users de-
pends largely on working and learning condition of building. The outcomes
of the research would help policy makers, facilities maintenance experts
and professionals alike to device a policy for regular maintenance of public
building in other to enhance performance and increase productivity amongst
users. Received: March 9, 2018
Accepted: June 25, 2018
Published: June 28, 2018 Received: March 9, 2018
Accepted: June 25, 2018
Published: June 28, 2018 Copyright © 2018 by authors and
Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative
Commons Attribution International
License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Open Access Copyright © 2018 by authors and
Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative
Commons Attribution International
License (CC BY 4.0). htt //
ti
/li
/b /4 0/ Open Access Open Access Assessing Users’ Perceptions of the Current
Maintenance Disorder of Public Secondary
School in Ogun, Nigeria Oladunni Oluwatoyin Izobo-Martins1, Eghosa Noel Ekhaese1, Emmanuel Olakunle Ayo-Vaghan2,
Abiodun Olukayode Olotuah3 1. Introduction Much can be done at the design stage to reduce the rate of subsequent mainten-
ance works. According to [1] all elements of a building deteriorate at a greater or
lesser rate depending on materials, methods of construction, age and environ-
mental conditions. Neglect of maintenance, in most buildings, results to rapidly
increasing deterioration of the fabric and finishes of a building accompanied by
harmful effects on the contents and occupants. Some building owners most of-
ten try to keep maintenance expenditure to a minimum, ignoring the adverse
long-term effects of such a practice. Maintenance has become a principal issue in
the life of public buildings. The importance attached to public secondary
schools, in the society, requires that maintenance issues be considered at all
times. Maintenance plays a major role in the performance of public secondary
schools. Public buildings are assets developed by government and used by the
people. [2] noted that continuous neglect of the assets of educational institutions
is not only storing potential enormous bill for the future, but is also seriously af-
fecting the quality of work and achievement of many learners. The primary ob-
jective of building maintenance is to preserve buildings in their initial function-
al, structural and aesthetic state [3]. This is to ensure that such a facility contin-
ues to remain in such state and retain its investment value over a long period of
time. Buildings are generally required to provide safe and conducive environ-
ment for the performance of various human activities. [4] observed that the abil-
ity of a building, to provide the required environment for a particular activity, is
a measure of its functionality. Therefore, as the components of a building begin
to deteriorate, it becomes necessary to take some measures to ensure that the de-
sired characteristics of that facility, which provide safety and convenience, are
retained through adequate maintenance. Many buildings have obsolete mechan-
ical and electrical systems, as well as problems with roofing, asbestos, disability
accessibility, safety, fire code compliance, and high operational costs [5]. Series
of investigation have been carried out on factors responsible for the poor main-
tenance of public secondary school buildings in Nigeria. Public buildings are prone to defects due to their permanent and lengthy
usage. Keywords DOI: 10.4236/jbcpr.2018.62006 Jun. 28, 2018
90
Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research
y
Users’ Perceptions, Measuring Perceptions, Maintenance, Maintenance
Condition, Public Secondary School Users’ Perceptions, Measuring Perceptions, Maintenance, Maintenance
Condition, Public Secondary School Users’ Perceptions, Measuring Perceptions, Maintenance, Maintenance
Condition, Public Secondary School Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research DOI: 10.4236/jbcpr.2018.62006 Jun. 28, 2018 90 O. O. Izobo-Martins et al. Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research DOI: 10.4236/jbcpr.2018.62006 1. Introduction All elements of buildings deteriorate at a greater or lesser rate dependent
on materials and method of construction, environmental conditions and the use
of the buildings [1], Neglect of maintenance has accumulative results with swift-
ly increasing deterioration of fabric and finishes of a building convoyed by
harmful effects on the contents and occupants. Building maintenance is the most
economical way of keeping the building and equipment in their best form of
normal use, to preserve the building design and to retain the construction and all
building components without minding the maintenance type [6]. Maintenance of public school buildings is a complex task that is even more
difficult with taking decisions and to prioritize which aspects to be maintained. Maintenance work is can only be minimized by good design and proper work-
manship carried out by skilled experts or competent craftsmen using suitable DOI: 10.4236/jbcpr.2018.62006 91 O. O. Izobo-Martins et al. codes of installation, requisite building materials and methods. This is achieva-
ble if maintenance policy and strategy is put in place for the school building
maintenance. Therefore, the maintenance policies and strategies of buildings
must improve overtime. It ensures the most economical way to keep the building
and equipment in the best of form for normal use, given the original design and
materials. It is against this background and the need to stimulate the users per-
ceptions to maintenance issues in public secondary school, was carried out in
this study. 2. Study Location The study was carried out in Ogun State, Southwest Nigeria. It lies between lati-
tude 6˚20' and 7˚80' North of the Equator and on longitude 3˚00' and 4˚00' East
of the Greenwich Meridian. The location chosen for this study is Ado-odo/Ota
Local Government Area (LGAs) located in the Ogun State Nigeria. Forty-Seven
Public Secondary Schools are located in the study area. Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research 2.1. Concept of Users’ Perception of Public Buildings A finished building should perform its functions in the manner that will ensure
satisfaction to its occupants. Generally, regular maintenance programmes are
conducted after the building has been occupied to ensure that it functions well at
all times. By execution of maintenance programmes, the occupants can use and
utilize the facilities as the provision of facilities supports the business operations
by the building occupants. The building facilities and services must be fit for the
users‘ purpose. The user is defined as the client or customer receiving facilities
maintenance services. However the questions are what is the user perceptions
impact within a workplace environment in terms of functionality and productiv-
ity? And how does facilities maintenance strategically apply to user perceptions
through effective service delivery? Perceptions of services provided by facilities
maintenance play an important role in users’ overall experience of the facility. Research has suggested that perceptions may be more significant, and therefore
more relevant than reality [7]. User perceptions are critical element of achieving
strategic facilities maintenance. Users ensure that organizational learning and
growth can be implemented and integrated into core objectives by effectively
reacting to change and perform a fundamental dimension to contemporary fa-
cilities maintenance performance measurement systems [8]. Argues that users’
expectations and theoretical concept of what makes a good school building do
not match up. In practice, it is contrary to traditional planning, which on the
whole requires teachers and students, as users of the buildings, to adapt to given
environments [9]. Users recognised that significant changes must be imple-
mented to the physical learning environment to better support users’ needs. Pe-
dagogical and physical structures need to be modified so as to respond to the
challenges posed by changes in schools’ operational culture. In order for a school
to develop into a dynamic physical learning environment, there needs to be a DOI: 10.4236/jbcpr.2018.62006 Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research 92 O. O. Izobo-Martins et al. behavioural change in relation to planning and producing spatial solutions. Change impossible without input from teachers and students (i.e. the main
school users). School should provide quality environment for students; this will
facilitate important skills acquisition for society. The choice of equipment is
important, versatile, resistant, durable and easy to repair. User-based innovative
processes should be at the heart of designing the physical learning environment
of tomorrow’s schools. 2.1. Concept of Users’ Perception of Public Buildings This process should take into account the global needs of
students, teachers, school administrators and the community, while respecting
the environment. A judicious selection of products and services that minimises
negative environmental impacts will be of benefit to all. Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research 2.3. Public School Building Maintenance Management Thus, there is a need for alternative main-
tenance management for a building that is based on the principle of value. Value
involves the amount of resources associated with how effectively and efficiently a
function/ and service meets the users’ or customers’ expectation [17] and per-
ceptions. The more you meet the user‘s expectations (measured in terms of qual-
ity, speed, reliability, safety and function, comfort, cost and so on) and percep-
tion at less cost, the more value is delivered to the users. The more the users’
maintenance performance and expectations are achieved (effectively) with fewer
resources (efficiently), the higher the value added to maintenance service. Ac-
cording to [18], buildings can still be used even if the fabrics deteriorate signifi- 94
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The maintenance management of academic buildings presents quite different
challenges as compared to other public buildings like offices [14]. Despite the
significance of maintenance management, most public organizations still con-
sider building maintenance and building maintenance management as a burden
rather than as value added strategies. Maintenance management is not usually
regarded as part of the top management function or duties but as an operational
function. Even though the government allocations to maintenance of academic
buildings are limited, however, there is no effective and efficient management of
the limited resources, which are a result of the methods used. Cost (incur in long
time), Time (period of intervention) Value-based Predictive Preventive Correc-
tive [15]. Maintenance allocation is subject to government intervention. The
public schools depend on their annual budgets for maintenance and where
maintenance is in excess of the allocated budget, which is, however, often the
case, the public schools will have to apply for more funding from the govern-
ment. However, these additional funds could take months or years before they
get to the schools. In which case, maintenance can at best be managed correc-
tively or at best be condition-based. However, buildings are procured or occu-
pied to solve some technical problems, as identified by the users or clients. The
function of a building is to provide a conducive space that is suitable for the ac-
tivity to be carried out within that space, and the design of a building is a tech-
nical solution to the functional requirement of the space [16]. 2.2. Theories of Perceptions The sensory perception of items in the physical world is usually by human sub-
jects. Traditionally, there are three general theories which includes, direct real-
ism, representative theory (or representative realism) and idealism [10]. Of these
three traditional positions, the idealist option is likely to strike us, initially, as
just absurd. This is not merely because it is an affront to common sense’ an out-
right rejection of something which we ordinarily take for granted. It is because it
seems that our end, the very concept of the physical world requires it to be
something external to, and ontologically independent of, the human mind. Ob-
ject perception is important for the everyday activities of recognition, planning,
and motor action. These tasks require the visual system to obtain geometrical
information about the shapes of objects, their spatial layout, and their material
properties. The human visual system is extraordinarily competent at extracting
necessary geometrical information. Navigation, judgments of collision and
reaching rely on knowledge of spatial relationships between objects, and between
the viewer and object surfaces. Shape-based recognition and actions such as
grasping require information about the internal shapes and boundaries of ob-
jects. Extracting information about the material and is also important for daily
visual function. Image features such as colour, texture, and shading depend on
the material receptivity and roughness of a surface. Distinguishing different ma-
terials is useful for object detection as well as for judging avoidances such as edi-
bility and grasp ability. Perception is closely related to attitudes [11]. Perception
is the process by which organisms interpret and organize sensation to produce a
meaningful experience of the world [12]. In other words, a person is confronted
with stimuli. The person interprets the stimuli into something meaningful to
him or she based on prior experiences. However, what an individual interprets
or perceives may be substantially different from reality. The perception process
follows four stages: stimulation, registration, organization, and interpretation. A
person‘s awareness and acceptance of the stimuli play an important role in the
perception process. Receptiveness to the stimuli is highly selective and may be
limited by a person’s existing beliefs, attitude, motivation, and personality [13]. Individuals will select the stimuli that satisfy their immediate needs (perceptual Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research DOI: 10.4236/jbcpr.2018.62006 93 O. O. Izobo-Martins et al. vigilance) and may disregard stimuli that may cause psychological anxiety (per-
ceptual defense). 2.3. Public School Building Maintenance Management The maintenance management of academic buildings presents quite different
challenges as compared to other public buildings like offices [14]. Despite the
significance of maintenance management, most public organizations still con-
sider building maintenance and building maintenance management as a burden
rather than as value added strategies. Maintenance management is not usually
regarded as part of the top management function or duties but as an operational
function. Even though the government allocations to maintenance of academic
buildings are limited, however, there is no effective and efficient management of
the limited resources, which are a result of the methods used. Cost (incur in long
time), Time (period of intervention) Value-based Predictive Preventive Correc-
tive [15]. Maintenance allocation is subject to government intervention. The
public schools depend on their annual budgets for maintenance and where
maintenance is in excess of the allocated budget, which is, however, often the
case, the public schools will have to apply for more funding from the govern-
ment. However, these additional funds could take months or years before they
get to the schools. In which case, maintenance can at best be managed correc-
tively or at best be condition-based. However, buildings are procured or occu-
pied to solve some technical problems, as identified by the users or clients. The
function of a building is to provide a conducive space that is suitable for the ac-
tivity to be carried out within that space, and the design of a building is a tech-
nical solution to the functional requirement of the space [16]. Building users are
the entity or group of individuals or organization, who are interested in the
adequate functioning of the building. They are affected by the performance of
the building and the building is also affected by the activities of the users. The
users have the potential and capability to take action or a decision if their value
system is not adequately met. It is the correct functioning of the building that
the users desire, not the physical condition of the building. To the extent that the
building is capable of allowing the user to perform their function, the building
can be said to be valuable. The buildings can be said to be adding value to the ac-
tivities taking place inside or around it. Of what significance is a classroom that
is not conducive to student learning? 2.3. Public School Building Maintenance Management Building users are
the entity or group of individuals or organization, who are interested in the
adequate functioning of the building. They are affected by the performance of
the building and the building is also affected by the activities of the users. The
users have the potential and capability to take action or a decision if their value
system is not adequately met. It is the correct functioning of the building that
the users desire, not the physical condition of the building. To the extent that the
building is capable of allowing the user to perform their function, the building
can be said to be valuable. The buildings can be said to be adding value to the ac-
tivities taking place inside or around it. Of what significance is a classroom that
is not conducive to student learning? Thus, there is a need for alternative main-
tenance management for a building that is based on the principle of value. Value
involves the amount of resources associated with how effectively and efficiently a
function/ and service meets the users’ or customers’ expectation [17] and per-
ceptions. The more you meet the user‘s expectations (measured in terms of qual-
ity, speed, reliability, safety and function, comfort, cost and so on) and percep-
tion at less cost, the more value is delivered to the users. The more the users’
maintenance performance and expectations are achieved (effectively) with fewer
resources (efficiently), the higher the value added to maintenance service. Ac-
cording to [18], buildings can still be used even if the fabrics deteriorate signifi- DOI: 10.4236/jbcpr.2018.62006 Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research 94 O. O. Izobo-Martins et al. cantly and the ultimate essence of building management is about the building
fitness for users’ purpose. Considering the condition of the building as the main
reason for initiating maintenance activities is to accept maintenance as a burden
that has no value to add to the building. Thus, public school buildings ought to
be maintained if they fail to support and provide a conducive environment for
learning, teaching and conducting researches and innovations. It is only in this
way that the limited resource will be maximized. Moreover, there must be a pro-
vision for a long-term plan for maintenance, and a special or dedicated financial
provision must be made for future maintenance services. 2.3. Public School Building Maintenance Management The public secondary
school must also have balance sheets that provide information on the condition
and performance of the buildings as well as previous maintenance records. In
addition, maintenance schedules should be addressed. This is very critical in
maintenance management, particularly for the public secondary buildings with
the diverse backgrounds. The issue of when to maintain the public secondary
buildings requires proper planning and organization, so as not to disrupt and
disturb classes and other learning and teaching activities. For example, while
places like the library, classrooms and workshops could be maintained in the
evening, night or weekend, the hostels, can be maintained during the day when
most the students are attending classes, or in the library. Another issue that
makes the public secondary buildings peculiar is the nature of the students, and
female students in particular, with expectations about the performance of the
buildings. This is very pertinent, as building users have a substantial influence
on maintenance services as compared to new built [19]. The fact that some
maintenance works cannot be executed at a particular time because of the user‘s
requirements is another complex issue that needs proper planning. 4. Results and Discussion The findings and results for the study are well discussed descriptive tables and
robusted narratives’ and in-depth interpretation. 4.1. Negative Effects of Present Condition of Buildings on
Teaching & Learning (EFTEL) The performance of the users of building can sometimes be influenced by the
condition of the buildings. The condition of working or learning environment
may affect the productivity of staff as well as the academic performance of stu-
dents. It was important to investigate this in the study. Table 1 showed that 82.4% of the respondents from the school users per-
ceived that the condition of the buildings affected their teaching and learning
while 17.3% were of opinion that the condition of buildings did not affect their
work or the students learning process. It can therefore be assumed that the
building users desire better conditions of buildings which can be attained if
maintenance of school buildings is improved upon. There is an indication that
the staff and students would work and learn better if the buildings are in better
conditions. 3. Research Methodology The study focuses on users’-perceptions of the prevailing deterioration level of
public secondary school buildings in Ado-Odo/Ota Local Government Area
(LGAs), Ogun State Nigeria. The target respondents were the academic and
non-academic staff of public secondary school. This study employs a quantita-
tive data collection technique, namely, walkthrough observation survey and
questionnaire. Each School consists of several classroom blocks, library, com-
puter room and laboratory. A majority of the buildings are designed to accom-
modate many students. A random sample of 400 was drawn from the staff pop-
ulation. These respondents represent 40% of the population. However, only 307
responses were useful for further analysis. Using a simple random cluster sam-
pling procedure, the respondents were selected from every public secondary
school in the study area. This sampling method was chosen according to me-
thods used by [20] and [21], because the respondents are already naturally clus-
tered into groups (i.e. according to schools). The survey forms were distributed
face-to-face to the targeted respondents in the study area. The questionnaires
consist of two sections. Section 1 consists of 15 profile questions and Section 2
includes 57 items addressing staff satisfaction with school facilities. A 4-point DOI: 10.4236/jbcpr.2018.62006 Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research 95 O. O. Izobo-Martins et al. Likert scale, ranging from 1—Strongly Dissatisfied to 4—Strongly Satisfied was
used, with no neutral choice so that respondents were forced to show a prefe-
rence in their answers. A reliability analysis was conducted for the scaled an-
swers in Section 2. According to [22], and [23], their satisfaction scale shows
good internal consistency, with a reported Cronbach’s alpha coefficient ranging
from 0.53 - 0.85. Likewise, in the current study, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient
ranges between 0.80 and 0.90. The results show that the scale can be considered
reliable given our sample, which measured the same school condition satisfac-
tion concept. 4.2. Most Deteriorated Academic Building in the Public Secondary
Schools (OLDEST) Deterioration level in the buildings will always be different; this may be as a re-
sult of the usage of the buildings. Some school buildings are usually put into use
more than the others. The study investigated the academic buildings that were
mostly deteriorated in the schools so as to advise that maintenance priority
should be given to such a building as shown in Table 2. From Table 2, it is evident that there is a disparity in the deterioration level of
academic buildings. The result showed a breakdown of the most deteriorated
buildings on the schools sampled. It can be seen from the result that 77.9% of the
respondents revealed that classroom blocks were the most deteriorated buildings
in most secondary schools in Ado-Odo/Ota L.G.A, 8.8% indicated the laboratory
and 7.5% indicated the library was the most deteriorated in their own school. Lastly, 5.9% of the respondent indicated computer rooms as the most deteri-
orated buildings. Based on the result present here, it can be inferred that DOI: 10.4236/jbcpr.2018.62006 Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research 96 O. O. Izobo-Martins et al. Table 1. Negative effects of present condition of buildings on teaching and learning. Negative Effect
Frequency
Valid Percent
Yes
253
82.4
No
54
17.6
Total
307
100.0
Source: Izobo-Martins, (2014). Table 2. The mostly deteriorated academic building. Most Deteriorated Academic Building
Frequency
Valid Percent
Classroom
239
77.9
Library
23
7.5
computer room
18
5.9
Laboratories
27
8.8
Total
307
100.0
Source: Izobo-Martins, (2014). Table 1. Negative effects of present condition of buildings on teaching and learning. Negative Effect
Frequency
Valid Percent
Yes
253
82.4
No
54
17.6
Total
307
100.0
Source: Izobo-Martins, (2014). Table 1. Negative effects of present condition of buildings on teaching and learning. Table 2. The mostly deteriorated academic building. Table 2. The mostly deteriorated academic building. Most Deteriorated Academic Building
Frequency
Valid Percent
Classroom
239
77.9
Library
23
7.5
computer room
18
5.9
Laboratories
27
8.8
Total
307
100.0
Source: Izobo-Martins, (2014). Source: Izobo-Martins, (2014). classroom blocks were the most deteriorated buildings because it was indicated
by the highest number of respondents. However, most of the schools did not
have enough and befitting classrooms. Some of the classrooms in the schools
were also observed to be over populated as attested to by the respondents. In
fact, some students were seen sitting on the window sill during classes, during
the fieldwork. 4.3. Availability of Maintenance Officers in Public Secondary
Schools (MTOFF) Findings show that there was no provision for a maintenance body for the public
secondary schools by the State or local government. For effective maintenance,
each school should be having a maintenance officer who is a professional in the
building industry. The result of the investigation is shown in Table 3. The data in Table 3 revealed that 72% of the respondents indicated that there
was no maintenance committee in the school while 28% claimed that they have
maintenance committees in their own schools. This result an indication that
there was no maintenance officer in most of the public secondary schools stu-
died and particulars the secondary school buildings’ maintenance works were
carried out by the Principal and Vice-Principals in these schools. Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research 4.4. Deterioration Factors from Users Perception (DTFACT) The extent of defects and deterioration in public secondary school buildings
would be easy to measure by the users, since they are the regular occupants of
those buildings. The information on the factors influencing the defects can be
measured. These factors that were responsible for the deterioration of the school
buildings are presented in Table 4. DOI: 10.4236/jbcpr.2018.62006 Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research 97 O. O. Izobo-Martins et al. Table 3. Availability of maintenance officer in public secondary schools. Provision of Maintenance Officer
Frequency
Valid Percent
Yes
86
28.0
No
221
72.0
Total
307
100.0
Source: Izobo-Martins, (2014). Table 4. Deterioration factors from users’ perception. Deterioration Factors
Frequency
Valid Percent
Natural deterioration due to age
51
16.6
Insufficient fund for maintenance
145
47.2
Attitude of users and misuse of facilities
22
7.2
Over population and insufficient funding
89
29.0
Total
307
100.0
Source: Izobo-Martins, (2014). Table 3. Availability of maintenance officer in public secondary schools. Provision of Maintenance Officer
Frequency
Valid Percent
Yes
86
28.0
No
221
72.0
Total
307
100.0
Source: Izobo-Martins, (2014). Table 3. Availability of maintenance officer in public secondary schools. Table 4. Deterioration factors from users’ perception. Deterioration Factors
Frequency
Valid Percent
Natural deterioration due to age
51
16.6
Insufficient fund for maintenance
145
47.2
Attitude of users and misuse of facilities
22
7.2
Over population and insufficient funding
89
29.0
Total
307
100.0
Source: Izobo-Martins, (2014). Table 4. Deterioration factors from users’ perception. Source: Izobo-Martins, (2014). Among the respondents, 47.2% opined that the buildings were highly deteri-
orating as a result of insufficient funds for maintenance; 29% of the respondents
attributed the deterioration factors of the school buildings, as to insufficient
fund for maintenance by the government and over population respectively. The
response gathered from the building users indicated that some factors were
causing the high deterioration. A closer discussion with some of the Principals
during the observation survey showed that the school maintenance managers
were given a hundred Naira/per student, per term. 4.5. Maintenance of the Academic Buildings in Public Secondary
Schools (MTACBL) Building defects are usually the outcome of failure or lack of maintenance. An
accurate cause of a building defect and the form of its appearance must be un-
derstood before accurate remedies can be applied. The level of maintenance of
the school buildings were investigated and result presented in Table 5. From the result, 127 (41.4%) respondents indicated that the buildings were
properly maintained, while 180 (58.6%) respondents claimed the buildings were
not adequate improperly maintained. The result revealed that the highest pro-
portion of respondents who claimed that their buildings were adequately main-
tained were those who had maintenance committee. From the results, there is
also an indication that schools in the major towns were better maintained than
those in less urbanized areas. There was also an indication that the schools
maintenance need to be improved upon. DOI: 10.4236/jbcpr.2018.62006 Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research 5. Conclusion Result has revealed that it is not so much of maintenance rather it is the man-
agement of maintenance process that should be carefully examined. The con-
ventional maintenance management is the process of planning, organizing, di- DOI: 10.4236/jbcpr.2018.62006 Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research 98 O. O. Izobo-Martins et al. recting and controlling a client’s resources for a short time [24]. The major
thrust of the conventional process is cost saving to the client and because the us-
er is not the object of maintenance management. This leads to poor service deli-
very, poor user satisfaction and increase in maintenance build-up. To continue
to base maintenance on physical inspection cannot deliver value for the stake-
holders and will continue to encourage poor service deliveries. However, this
does not demean usefulness of the condition survey, but its results should be
treated with caution. Maintenance initiation should be based on business front
and these issues are on-going. The deficiencies on the existing procedures
suggest that a research model (as shown in Figure 1) could be appropriate for Table 5. Maintenance of public secondary school buildings. Good Maintenance
Frequency
Valid Percent
Yes
127
41.4
No
180
58.6
Total
307
100.0
Source: Izobo-Martins, (2014). Figure 1. Research model for maintenance management for public
secondary school. Source: [25]. Table 5. Maintenance of public secondary school buildings. Figure 1. Research model for maintenance management for public
secondary school. Source: [25]. Figure 1. Research model for maintenance management for public
secondary school. Source: [25]. DOI: 10.4236/jbcpr.2018.62006 99 O. O. Izobo-Martins et al. further research. The model suggests that the value-based maintenance man-
agement model is efficient, effective and strategic, and unlike the existing pro-
cedures, the value-based. Acknowledgements This paper has benefitted immensely from the assistance and contributions from
several persons and institutions. We like appreciate Covenant University for
their financial support. The authors acknowledge the important contributions of
prof. Olotuah who assisted in the outline the concept for the research. Thanks
also go to Dr. Ekhaese who helped in no small way in the research design, data
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Practice in Banking Industry in Lagos State, Nigeria. International Journal of Sus-
tainable Construction Engineering and Technology, 3, 45-53. [7]
Flanagan, R. and Jewell, C. (2008) Whole Life Appraisal: For Construction. John
Wiley & Sons, Hoboken. [8]
Ghavifekr, S. and Hussin, S. (2011) Managing Systemic Change in a Technolo-
gy-Based Education System: A Malaysian Case Study. Procedia-Social and Beha-
vioral Sciences, 28, 455-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.088 [9]
Izobo-Martins, O.O. (2014) Maintenance Strategies and Condition of Public Sec-
ondary School Buildings in Ado-Odo/Ota Local Government Area Ogun State, Ni-
geria. Ph.D Thesis, Covenant University, Ota. [10] Kemper, E.A., Stringfield, S. and Teddlie, C. (2003) Mixed Methods Sampling
Strategies in Social Science Research. In: Tashakkori, A. and Teddlie, C., eds.,
Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research, Sage, Thousand
Oaks, 273-296. [11] Kersten, D., Mamassian, P. and Yuille, A. (2004) Object Perception as Bayesian In-
ference. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 271-304. [12] Khalil, N. and Nawawi, A.H. (2008) Performance Analysis of Government and Pub-
lic Buildings via Post Occupancy Evaluation. Asian Social Science, 4, 103-112. DOI: 10.4236/jbcpr.2018.62006 Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research 100 O. O. Izobo-Martins et al. [13] Khozaei, F., Ayub, N., Hassan, A.S. and Khozaei, Z. (2010) The Factors Predicting
Students’ Satisfaction with University Hostels, Case Study, University Sains Malay-
sia. Asian Culture and History, 2, 148-158. https://doi.org/10.5539/ach.v2n2p148 [14] Kuuskorpi, M. and González, N.C. (2011) The Future of the Physical Learning En-
vironment: School Facilities That Support the User. CELE Exchange, OECD. [15] Lateef, O.A. (2010) Case for Alternative Approach to Building Maintenance Man-
agement of Public Universities. DOI: 10.4236/jbcpr.2018.62006 Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research References Journal of Building Appraisal, 5, 201-212. https://doi.org/10.1057/jba.2009.19 [16] Levitt, M. (2013) Perceptions of Nature, Nurture and Behaviour. Life Sciences, So-
ciety and Policy, 9, 13. [17] Mokaya, Z.M. (2013) Influence of School Infrastructure on Students’ Performance
in Public Secondary Schools in Kajiado County, Kenya. Doctoral Dissertation, Uni-
versity of Nairobi, Nairobi. [18] Nwagwu, N.A. (2004) The Organization and Management of Primary and Second-
ary Education in Nigeria. In: Fagbamiye, E.O., Babalola, J.B., Fabunmi, M. and
Ayeni, A.O., Eds., Management of Primary and Secondary Education in Nigeria,
NAEAP Publication, Awemark Industrial Printers, Ibadan, 17-26. [19] Odediran, S.J., Opatunji, O.Y. and Eghnure, F.O. (2012) Maintenance of Residential
Buildings: Users’ Practices in Nigeria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics
and Management Sciences, 3, 261-265. [20] Parnes, C., Guillermin, J., Habersang, R., Nicholes, P., Chawla, V., Kelly, T. and
Hand, I. (2003) Palivizumab Prophylaxis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in
2000-2001: Results from the Palivizumab Outcomes Registry. Pediatric Pulmonolo-
gy, 35, 484-489. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.10288 [21] Porst, H., Gilbert, C., Collins, S., Huang, X., Symonds, T., Stecher, V. and Hvidsten,
K. (2007) Original Research—Outcomes Assessment: Development and Validation
of the Quality of Erection Questionnaire. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 4,
372-381. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00422.x [22] Pickens, J. (2005) Attitudes and Perceptions. In: Organizational Behavior in Health
Care, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, 43-75. [23] Sánchez-Fernández, R. and Iniesta-Bonillo, M.Á. (2007) The Concept of Perceived
Value: A Systematic Review of the Research. Marketing Theory, 7, 427-451. [24] Smith, S. (2008) School Building Quality and Student Performance in South Caro-
lina High Schools: A Structural Equation Model. [25] Tucker, M. and Smith, A.J. (2008) User Perceptions in Workplace Productivity and
Strategic FM Delivery. Facilities, 26, 196-212. https://doi.org/10.1108/02632770810864989 DOI: 10.4236/jbcpr.2018.62006 Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research 101
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Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
09/10/2020 04:10 PM CDT
- 192 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
306 Nebraska Reports
LAMBERT v. LINCOLN PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Cite as 306 Neb. 192
Jena Lambert, individually and as guardian and
next friend of Olivia Lambert, a minor,
appellant, v. Lincoln Public
Schools et al., appellees.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed June 19, 2020. No. S-19-620.
1. Summary Judgment: Appeal and Error. An appellate court affirms a
lower court’s grant of summary judgment if the pleadings and admitted
evidence show that there is no genuine issue as to any material facts or
as to the ultimate inferences that may be drawn from the facts and that
the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
2. ____: ____. In reviewing a summary judgment, an appellate court views
the evidence in the light most favorable to the party against whom the
judgment was granted, and gives that party the benefit of all reasonable
inferences deducible from the evidence.
3. Political Subdivisions Tort Claims Act: Liability. Whether undisputed
facts demonstrate that liability is precluded by the discretionary function
exception of the Political Subdivisions Tort Claims Act is a question
of law.
4. Jurisdiction. Whether a court has subject matter jurisdiction is a thresh-
old issue that should be resolved prior to an examination of the merits.
5. Political Subdivisions Tort Claims Act: Dismissal and Nonsuit:
Immunity. In cases under the Political Subdivisions Tort Claims Act, if
the discretionary function exception applies, the political subdivision is
immune from suit and the proper remedy is to dismiss the action for lack
of subject matter jurisdiction.
6. Tort Claims Act: Political Subdivisions Tort Claims Act: Jurisdiction:
Dismissal and Nonsuit. Because it presents a jurisdictional question,
courts should determine the applicability of a statutory exception under
the Political Subdivisions Tort Claims Act or the State Tort Claims Act
before considering nonjurisdictional grounds for dismissal.
- 193 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
306 Nebraska Reports
LAMBERT v. LINCOLN PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Cite as 306 Neb. 192
7. Tort Claims Act: Political Subdivisions Tort Claims Act. The purpose
of the discretionary function exception of the State Tort Claims Act and
the Political Subdivisions Tort Claims Act is to prevent judicial “second-
guessing” of legislative and administrative decisions grounded in social,
economic, and political policy through the medium of an action in tort.
It does not extend to the exercise of discretionary acts at an operational
level, where there is no room for policy judgment. It is the nature of
the conduct, rather than the status of the actor, that governs whether the
discretionary function applies in a given case.
8. ____: ____. A two-part analysis determines whether the discretion-
ary function exception applies. First, the court must consider whether
the action is a matter of choice for the acting political subdivision or
employee. Second, if the court concludes that the challenged conduct
involves an element of judgment, it must then determine whether that
judgment is of the kind that the discretionary function exception was
designed to shield.
Appeal from the District Court for Lancaster County: John
A. Colborn, Judge. Affirmed.
John P. Weis, of Wolfe, Snowden, Hurd, Ahl, Sitzmann,
Tannehill & Hahn, L.L.P., for appellant.
Joshua J. Schauer and Haleigh B. Carlson, of Perry, Guthery,
Haase & Gessford, P.C., L.L.O., for appellee Lincoln Public
Schools.
Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ.
Stacy, J.
A minor child and her mother were bitten by a dog on a
public school playground after students had been dismissed
for the day. They filed a tort action under the Political
Subdivisions Tort Claims Act (PSTCA) 1 generally alleging
Lincoln Public Schools (LPS) was negligent in failing to
enforce a policy of “no dogs” on the playground and in failing
to supervise the playground area after classroom instruction
ended. The district court granted LPS’ motion for summary
1
Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 13-901 to 13-928 (Reissue 2012).
- 194 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
306 Nebraska Reports
LAMBERT v. LINCOLN PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Cite as 306 Neb. 192
judgment, finding that LPS was immune from suit under the
discretionary function exception 2 to the PSTCA and, alterna-
tively, finding that LPS owed no legal duty under the circum-
stances. A timely appeal was filed, and we moved the case to
our docket.
Because we agree LPS is immune from suit under the dis-
cretionary function exception, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
LPS is a political subdivision of the State of Nebraska. LPS
operates Sheridan Elementary School (Sheridan) in Lincoln,
Nebraska. At all relevant times, Olivia Lambert was a student
at Sheridan.
1. Dog Bite
On April 4, 2016, Sheridan dismissed students at 3:38 p.m.,
the normal time. Olivia’s mother, Jena Lambert, waited at the
dismissal door for Olivia to arrive, after which they walked
to the playground area on the south side of Sheridan, where
they joined other parents and students who were using the
playground.
At approximately 4 p.m., Kristine A. Griffin and Brian T.
Griffin, and their 8-year-old son, arrived at the Sheridan play-
ground. Kristine walked the family’s dog, on a leash, on the
city streets near the playground area. When Kristine asked
her son to hold the leash while she cleaned up after the dog,
he took the dog onto the Sheridan playground where Olivia
was playing. The dog bit Olivia’s hand, and while Jena was
attempting to help Olivia, the dog bit Jena’s abdomen.
Both Olivia and Jena were taken to a local hospital where
they received medical care. Olivia’s injury required surgery.
2. Lawsuit
Jena, individually and as guardian and next friend of Olivia
(collectively the Lamberts), filed this tort action against the
Griffins and against LPS. The parties do not dispute that
2
§ 13-910(2).
- 195 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
306 Nebraska Reports
LAMBERT v. LINCOLN PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Cite as 306 Neb. 192
the Lamberts complied with the presuit notice requirements
of the PSTCA before commencing the action. The opera-
tive amended complaint alleged the Griffins were negligent
in not properly confining and restraining their dog, and it
alleged LPS was negligent in failing to properly supervise and
monitor the Sheridan playground area and in failing to enforce
Sheridan’s “no dogs” policy.
The Griffins did not file a responsive pleading, and even-
tually, the Lamberts moved for default judgment. The dis-
trict court granted the motion, entering judgment against the
Griffins and in favor of the Lamberts in the total amount of
$140,000. No party has appealed that judgment.
LPS moved for summary judgment arguing, among other
things, that LPS owed no legal duty to the Lamberts on these
facts and that LPS was immune from suit under the discretion-
ary function exception of the PSTCA. Based on the evidence
received at the summary judgment hearing, the trial court
found the following facts were undisputed:
(a) School Hours
At Sheridan, the schoolday begins at 8:50 a.m. and ends at
3:45 p.m. Classroom instruction begins at 9 a.m. and ends at
3:38 p.m. The student dismissal period begins once classroom
instruction is over and ends at 3:50 p.m. Sheridan teachers are
required to be at work from 8:15 a.m. to 3:45 p.m., and the
school office closes at 4:30 p.m. Sheridan staff often remain in
the school building past the 3:50 p.m. student dismissal time.
After the student dismissal period, some Sheridan students
remain in the school building as late as 4:40 p.m. to engage
in non-LPS activities such as clubs sponsored by the parent-
teacher organization or “Family Services” activities. LPS does
not administer or supervise these after-school activities.
On the afternoon of April 4, 2016, when the dog bites
occurred, it was after the regular schoolday had ended and after
Sheridan students had been dismissed. Jena and Olivia were
not on the Sheridan playground in connection with an after-
school activity or club.
- 196 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
306 Nebraska Reports
LAMBERT v. LINCOLN PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Cite as 306 Neb. 192
(b) LPS Policy on Animals
On April 4, 2016, LPS “Regulation 3971.1” provided in
relevant part:
Animals at large. It shall be unlawful for any person
to allow or permit any dog or other animal to run at large
on any school ground. The term “at large” is defined to
mean not under the control of any person either by leash,
cord, chain, or confinement within a vehicle or pen or
other similar enclosure.
The LPS assistant superintendent for general administra-
tion and governmental relations testified that on April 4, 2016,
the official LPS policy was that a dog was allowed on school
grounds it if was on a leash and under control. He testified that
this policy generally applied only during the schoolday, and he
defined the term “schoolday” as beginning when students can
arrive at school and ending when students are dismissed.
(c) Other LPS Policies
LPS policies give the administrators and supervisory staff at
individual schools full power and authority to implement and
enforce restrictions on the use of school grounds. Additionally,
each school is authorized to determine how long before and
after the student schoolday staff is required to be on site, and
the principal designates which staff is required to serve on
playground, lunchroom, and hall supervision.
(d) Sheridan’s Policy on Dogs
Sheridan has adopted a policy on dogs that is more restric-
tive than the LPS regulation on animals. According to
Sheridan’s principal, on April 4, 2016, the policy at Sheridan
was “no dogs on school grounds.” The principal testified that
this “no dogs” policy was mentioned in the school handbook
and in school newsletters, and a sign near the Sheridan play-
ground had a red strike through an image of a dog, indicat-
ing dogs are not allowed. Both the principal and a Sheridan
teacher testified that if Sheridan staff see people with dogs
on school grounds during school hours, even on leashes, they
- 197 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
306 Nebraska Reports
LAMBERT v. LINCOLN PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Cite as 306 Neb. 192
ask them to remove the dog from school grounds. The prin-
cipal also testified that Sheridan’s “no dogs” policy applies
only during school hours, from 8:50 a.m. to 3:45 p.m., and
that once the schoolday ends, Sheridan staff do not monitor
the playground area and it becomes “kind of like a park . ..
after hours.”
(e) Summary Judgment Order
The district court granted summary judgment in favor of
LPS and dismissed the Lamberts’ tort action with prejudice. It
concluded that summary judgment was appropriate on several
grounds, including that LPS had no legal duty and that the
Lamberts’ claim was barred under the discretionary function
exception under the PSTCA 3.
Regarding Sheridan’s “no dogs” policy, the district court
found the evidence was undisputed that Sheridan had a policy
that no dogs were permitted on the school grounds and that this
policy was limited to regular school hours. It found that the
decision of Sheridan administrators not to supervise or monitor
the playground area after school hours, and thus not to enforce
the “no dogs” policy after school hours, was an administrative
decision grounded in social, economic, and political policy and
was the type of decision that fell squarely within the discre-
tionary function exception.
The Lamberts filed this timely appeal, which we moved to
our docket on our own motion.
II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
The Lamberts assign, restated and summarized, that the dis-
trict court erred in (1) determining the discretionary function
exception applied to bar the Lamberts’ claim and (2) finding
LPS owed no legal duty under the circumstances.
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1,2] An appellate court affirms a lower court’s grant of
summary judgment if the pleadings and admitted evidence
3
See id.
- 198 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
306 Nebraska Reports
LAMBERT v. LINCOLN PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Cite as 306 Neb. 192
show that there is no genuine issue as to any material facts
or as to the ultimate inferences that may be drawn from the
facts and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law. 4 In reviewing a summary judgment, an appel-
late court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the
party against whom the judgment was granted, and gives that
party the benefit of all reasonable inferences deducible from
the evidence. 5
[3] Whether undisputed facts demonstrate that liability
is precluded by the discretionary function exception of the
PSTCA is a question of law. 6
IV. ANALYSIS
Before we review the lower court’s decision to grant sum-
mary judgment based on the discretionary function exception,
we comment briefly on the order in which a court should
address multiple grounds for dismissal. In cases such as this
one, where the political subdivision seeks summary judgment
on a number of different grounds, courts should address as a
threshold matter any grounds which are jurisdictional.
[4-6] Whether a court has subject matter jurisdiction is a
threshold issue that should be resolved prior to an examina-
tion of the merits. 7 In cases under the PSTCA, if the discre-
tionary function exception applies, the political subdivision
is immune from suit 8 and the proper remedy is to dismiss
the action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. 9 Because
4
Williamson v. Bellevue Med. Ctr., 304 Neb. 312, 934 N.W.2d 186 (2019).
5
Id.
6
See Lemke v. Metropolitan Utilities Dist., 243 Neb. 633, 502 N.W.2d 80
(1993).
7
Hawley v. Skradski, 304 Neb. 488, 935 N.W.2d 212 (2019).
8
See McGauley v. Washington County, 297 Neb. 134, 897 N.W.2d 851
(2017).
9
Reiber v. County of Gage, 303 Neb. 325, 341, 928 N.W.2d 916, 928 (2019)
(“[a] suit that is barred by sovereign immunity is dismissed for lack of
subject matter jurisdiction”).
- 199 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
306 Nebraska Reports
LAMBERT v. LINCOLN PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Cite as 306 Neb. 192
it presents a jurisdictional question, courts should determine
the applicability of a statutory exception under either the
PSTCA or the State Tort Claims Act (STCA) 10 before consid-
ering nonjurisdictional grounds for summary judgment.
1. Applicable Legal Standards
The discretionary function exception is codified at
§ 13-910(2) and provides the PSTCA shall not apply to “[a]ny
claim based upon the exercise or performance of or the failure
to exercise or perform a discretionary function or duty on the
part of the political subdivision or an employee of the political
subdivision, whether or not the discretion is abused.” A simi-
lar provision is contained in the STCA, and we have held that
cases construing the STCA’s discretionary function exception
are equally applicable to cases under the PSTCA. 11
[7] The purpose of the discretionary function exception
of the STCA and the PSTCA is to prevent judicial “second-
guessing” of legislative and administrative decisions grounded
in social, economic, and political policy through the medium
of action in tort. 12 It does not extend to the exercise of discre-
tionary acts at an operational level, where there is no room for
policy judgment. 13 It is the nature of the conduct, rather than
the status of the actor, that governs whether the discretionary
function applies in a given case. 14
[8] A two-part analysis determines whether the discretion-
ary function exception applies. 15 First, the court must consider
whether the action is a matter of choice for the acting politi-
cal subdivision or employee. 16 Second, if the court concludes
10
Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 81-8,209 to 81-8,235 (Reissue 2014).
11
See Shipley v. Department of Roads, 283 Neb. 832, 813 N.W.2d 455
(2012).
12
Id.
13
Holloway v. State, 293 Neb. 12, 875 N.W.2d 435 (2016).
14
Id.
15
See McGauley, supra note 8.
16
See id.
- 200 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
306 Nebraska Reports
LAMBERT v. LINCOLN PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Cite as 306 Neb. 192
that the challenged conduct involves an element of judgment,
it must then determine whether that judgment is of the kind that
the discretionary function exception was designed to shield. 17
Examples of discretionary functions include the initiation of
programs and activities, establishment of plans and schedules,
and judgmental decisions within a broad regulatory framework
lacking specific standards. 18
2. Lamberts’ Arguments
In arguing that the district court erred in applying the dis-
cretionary function exception, the Lamberts present two argu-
ments. First, they argue there is a genuine factual dispute about
whether Sheridan’s “no dogs” policy actually extended beyond
school hours. Second, and primarily, they argue the failure of
LPS employees to enforce Sheridan’s “no dogs” policy was
an operational judgment, and not the kind of judgment the
discretionary function exception was meant to shield. 19 As we
explain below, neither argument has merit.
(a) No Genuine Issue of Material Fact Regarding
Scope of Sheridan’s “No Dogs” Policy
We find no support in the record for the Lamberts’ sugges-
tion that there is a genuine issue of material fact regarding
whether Sheridan’s “no dogs” policy extended beyond the
hours students were in school. The Lamberts cite to depo-
sition testimony from a Sheridan teacher who also taught
after-school clubs pursuant to an agreement with Sheridan’s
parent-teacher organization. This teacher testified that when
students were dismissed from the after-school clubs, she, or
another person paid by the parent-teacher organization, would
stay with the students until they were picked up by a parent.
Even construing this testimony in the light most favorable to
the Lamberts and giving them every reasonable inference, this
17
Id.
18
Kimminau v. City of Hastings, 291 Neb. 133, 864 N.W.2d 399 (2015).
19
See McGauley, supra note 8.
- 201 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
306 Nebraska Reports
LAMBERT v. LINCOLN PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Cite as 306 Neb. 192
testimony had nothing to do with LPS employees monitoring
the playground area or enforcing the “no dogs” policy after
hours. There is nothing about this testimony that creates a
genuine issue of material fact concerning whether Sheridan’s
“no dogs” policy extended beyond regular school hours.
To the contrary, we agree with the district court that the
undisputed evidence in the record demonstrates that Sheridan’s
“no dogs” policy applied, and was enforced, only during
regular school hours, but not after students were dismissed for
the day.
(b) Discretionary Function Exception
Correctly Applied
The Lamberts concede that the decision of Sheridan admin-
istrators to adopt a “no dogs” policy was a discretionary
function, but they argue that the failure to enforce that policy
after school hours was a “failure on the operational level by
the employees to enforce the policy Sheridan had decided
to put in place.” 20 Their argument in this regard is premised
on the assumption that Sheridan’s “no dogs” policy applied
after school hours and therefore should have been enforced
after school hours. But this assumption finds no support in
the evidence.
As already stated, the evidence was undisputed that
Sheridan’s policy was not to allow dogs on the school grounds
during school hours, even on leashes, but that the “no dogs”
policy did not apply after regular school hours. And to the
extent the Lamberts can be understood to argue that Sheridan
negligently adopted a policy prohibiting dogs on school
grounds only during school hours, or that Sheridan negligently
decided not to supervise the playground after students were
dismissed for the day, we find such conduct falls squarely
within the discretionary function exception.
On this record, both steps of the discretionary function
analysis are met. Sheridan’s decision to enforce its “no dogs”
20
Brief for appellant at 21.
- 202 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
306 Nebraska Reports
LAMBERT v. LINCOLN PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Cite as 306 Neb. 192
policy only during school hours, and its decision not to super-
vise the playground area at all after school hours, involved
the exercise of judgment. 21 And it was precisely the kind
of judgment the discretionary function exception is designed
to shield. 22
LPS policies give individual school administrators broad
discretion as to what restrictions to place on the use of school
buildings and grounds and how to utilize staff to supervise
activities on school grounds. The record shows Sheridan
administrators, in the exercise of this discretion, decided to
establish and enforce a “no dogs” policy only during school
hours and decided not to supervise the school playground area
at all after students have been dismissed for the day. How to
utilize staff and budget to supervise school grounds and regu-
late activities thereon are administrative decisions grounded in
social, economic, and political policy, and they fall within the
discretionary function exception. 23
V. CONCLUSION
Because LPS is immune from the Lamberts’ claims under
the discretionary function exception of the PSTCA, the district
court correctly granted summary judgment on that basis and
dismissed the action as against LPS with prejudice. The judg-
ment of the district court is affirmed.
Affirmed.
21
See McGauley, supra note 8.
22
Id.
23
See Kimminau, supra note 18.
| 10,612 |
https://github.com/aliyun/alibabacloud-php-sdk/blob/master/ecs-20140526/src/Models/DescribeImagePipelineExecutionsRequest.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
alibabacloud-php-sdk
|
aliyun
|
PHP
|
Code
| 596 | 1,762 |
<?php
// This file is auto-generated, don't edit it. Thanks.
namespace AlibabaCloud\SDK\Ecs\V20140526\Models;
use AlibabaCloud\SDK\Ecs\V20140526\Models\DescribeImagePipelineExecutionsRequest\tag;
use AlibabaCloud\Tea\Model;
class DescribeImagePipelineExecutionsRequest extends Model
{
/**
* @description The ID of the image creation task.
*
* @example exec-5fb8facb8ed7427c****
*
* @var string
*/
public $executionId;
/**
* @description The ID of the image template.
*
* @example ip-2ze5tsl5bp6nf2b3****
*
* @var string
*/
public $imagePipelineId;
/**
* @description The maximum number of entries per page. Valid values: 1 to 500.
*
* Default value: 50.
* @example 50
*
* @var int
*/
public $maxResults;
/**
* @description The pagination token that is used in the request to retrieve a new page of results. You do not need to specify this parameter for the first request. You must specify the token that is obtained from the previous query as the value of `NextToken`.
*
* @example AAAAAdDWBF2****
*
* @var string
*/
public $nextToken;
/**
* @var string
*/
public $ownerAccount;
/**
* @var int
*/
public $ownerId;
/**
* @description The region ID. You can call the [DescribeRegions](~~25609~~) operation to query the most recent region list.
*
* @example cn-hangzhou
*
* @var string
*/
public $regionId;
/**
* @var string
*/
public $resourceOwnerAccount;
/**
* @var int
*/
public $resourceOwnerId;
/**
* @description The status of the image creation task. You can specify multiple values. Separate the values with commas (,). Example: `BUILDING,DISTRIBUTING`. Valid values:
*
* BUILDING
* DISTRIBUTING
* RELEASING
* SUCCESS
* FAILED
* CANCELLING
* CANCELLED
*
* > If you want to query the image creation tasks in all states, specify all values.
* @example BUILDING
*
* @var string
*/
public $status;
/**
* @description > This parameter is not publicly available.
*
* @var tag[]
*/
public $tag;
protected $_name = [
'executionId' => 'ExecutionId',
'imagePipelineId' => 'ImagePipelineId',
'maxResults' => 'MaxResults',
'nextToken' => 'NextToken',
'ownerAccount' => 'OwnerAccount',
'ownerId' => 'OwnerId',
'regionId' => 'RegionId',
'resourceOwnerAccount' => 'ResourceOwnerAccount',
'resourceOwnerId' => 'ResourceOwnerId',
'status' => 'Status',
'tag' => 'Tag',
];
public function validate()
{
}
public function toMap()
{
$res = [];
if (null !== $this->executionId) {
$res['ExecutionId'] = $this->executionId;
}
if (null !== $this->imagePipelineId) {
$res['ImagePipelineId'] = $this->imagePipelineId;
}
if (null !== $this->maxResults) {
$res['MaxResults'] = $this->maxResults;
}
if (null !== $this->nextToken) {
$res['NextToken'] = $this->nextToken;
}
if (null !== $this->ownerAccount) {
$res['OwnerAccount'] = $this->ownerAccount;
}
if (null !== $this->ownerId) {
$res['OwnerId'] = $this->ownerId;
}
if (null !== $this->regionId) {
$res['RegionId'] = $this->regionId;
}
if (null !== $this->resourceOwnerAccount) {
$res['ResourceOwnerAccount'] = $this->resourceOwnerAccount;
}
if (null !== $this->resourceOwnerId) {
$res['ResourceOwnerId'] = $this->resourceOwnerId;
}
if (null !== $this->status) {
$res['Status'] = $this->status;
}
if (null !== $this->tag) {
$res['Tag'] = [];
if (null !== $this->tag && \is_array($this->tag)) {
$n = 0;
foreach ($this->tag as $item) {
$res['Tag'][$n++] = null !== $item ? $item->toMap() : $item;
}
}
}
return $res;
}
/**
* @param array $map
*
* @return DescribeImagePipelineExecutionsRequest
*/
public static function fromMap($map = [])
{
$model = new self();
if (isset($map['ExecutionId'])) {
$model->executionId = $map['ExecutionId'];
}
if (isset($map['ImagePipelineId'])) {
$model->imagePipelineId = $map['ImagePipelineId'];
}
if (isset($map['MaxResults'])) {
$model->maxResults = $map['MaxResults'];
}
if (isset($map['NextToken'])) {
$model->nextToken = $map['NextToken'];
}
if (isset($map['OwnerAccount'])) {
$model->ownerAccount = $map['OwnerAccount'];
}
if (isset($map['OwnerId'])) {
$model->ownerId = $map['OwnerId'];
}
if (isset($map['RegionId'])) {
$model->regionId = $map['RegionId'];
}
if (isset($map['ResourceOwnerAccount'])) {
$model->resourceOwnerAccount = $map['ResourceOwnerAccount'];
}
if (isset($map['ResourceOwnerId'])) {
$model->resourceOwnerId = $map['ResourceOwnerId'];
}
if (isset($map['Status'])) {
$model->status = $map['Status'];
}
if (isset($map['Tag'])) {
if (!empty($map['Tag'])) {
$model->tag = [];
$n = 0;
foreach ($map['Tag'] as $item) {
$model->tag[$n++] = null !== $item ? tag::fromMap($item) : $item;
}
}
}
return $model;
}
}
| 18,824 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32515509
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Category:Establishments by country and millennium
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 215 | 1,071 |
تصنيف:تأسيسات حسب البلد والألفية
تصنيف ويكيميديا
تصنيف:تأسيسات حسب البلد والألفية نموذج من تصنيف ويكيميديا
تصنيف:تأسيسات حسب البلد والألفية التصنيف يجمع المواضيع مؤسسة حاكمة
კატეგორია:დაარსებულები ქვეყნისა და ათასწლეულის მიხედვით
ვიკიპედია:კატეგორიზაცია
კატეგორია:დაარსებულები ქვეყნისა და ათასწლეულის მიხედვით არის ვიკიპედია:კატეგორიზაცია
Category:Establishments by country and millennium
Wikimedia category
Category:Establishments by country and millennium instance of Wikimedia category
Category:Establishments by country and millennium category combines topics The Establishment
رده:بنیانگذاریها بر پایه کشور و هزاره (میلادی)
ردهٔ ویکیپدیا
رده:بنیانگذاریها بر پایه کشور و هزاره (میلادی) نمونهای از ردهٔ ویکیمدیا
رده:بنیانگذاریها بر پایه کشور و هزاره (میلادی) موضوعهای رده هسته قدرتمدار
Կատեգորիա:Հիմնադրումներ ըստ երկրի և հազարամյակի
Վիքիմեդիայի նախագծի կատեգորիա
Կատեգորիա:Հիմնադրումներ ըստ երկրի և հազարամյակի հասկացության մասնավոր դեպք Վիքիմեդիայի նախագծի կատեգորիա
Thể loại:Khởi đầu theo quốc gia và thiên niên kỷ
thể loại Wikimedia
Thể loại:Khởi đầu theo quốc gia và thiên niên kỷ là một thể loại Wikimedia
Kateqoriya:Ölkələrinə və minilliklərinə görə yarananlar
Vikimedia kateqoriyası
Kateqoriya:Ölkələrinə və minilliklərinə görə yarananlar anlayışın sinfi Vikimedia kateqoriyası
Category:各國各千紀建立
维基媒体分类
Category:各國各千紀建立 隶属于 維基媒體分類
Category:各國各千紀建立 分類結合話題 建制
বিষয়শ্রেণী:দেশ ও সহস্রাব্দ অনুযায়ী প্রতিষ্ঠিত
উইকিমিডিয়া বিষয়শ্রেণী
বিষয়শ্রেণী:দেশ ও সহস্রাব্দ অনুযায়ী প্রতিষ্ঠিত নিদর্শন উইকিমিডিয়া বিষয়শ্রেণী
Категорія:Засновані за країною та тисячоліттям
категорія проєкту Вікімедіа
Категорія:Засновані за країною та тисячоліттям є одним із категорія проєкту Вікімедіа
Категорія:Засновані за країною та тисячоліттям пов'язані з категорією теми істеблішмент
Kategorî:Avabûn li gorî welat û hezarsalan
Wîkîmediya:Kategorî
| 48,625 |
US-201113288555-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,011 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 900 | 1,190 |
13. An apparatus for a passive optical network (“PON”), the apparatus comprising: a wavelength-division multiplexing (“WDM”) optical network unit (“ONU”) for delivering communication services to customer premise equipment from the PON, the WDM ONU including: a tunable optical transmitter to launch upstream WDM signals into the PON, the tunable optical transmitter including a first tunable laser source coupled to generate a selectable upstream carrier wavelength and direct amplitude modulation circuitry coupled to amplitude modulate the first tunable laser source; and a tunable optical receiver to receive downstream WDM signals from the PON, the tunable optical receiver including coherent detection circuitry to demodulate phase information from the downstream WDM signals and a second tunable laser source operated as a local oscillator and coupled to tune to a selectable downstream carrier wavelength, wherein the tunable optical receiver further includes: a polarizing beam splitter (“PBS”) including an upstream port for coupling to the PON; a first 90 degree hybrid coupled to a first output of the PBS to receive a first polarization of the downstream WDM signals and coupled to the second tunable laser source to receive a tunable beat signal; a second 90 degree hybrid coupled to a second output of the PBS to receive a second polarization of the downstream WDM signals and coupled to the second tunable laser source to receive the tunable beat signal; and first and second pairs of balanced photo-receivers coupled to outputs of the first and second 90 degree hybrids, respectively, and wherein each of the first and second pair of balanced photo-receivers includes four photodiodes.
14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the first tunable laser source and the second tunable laser source are substantially identical.
15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the first and second tunable laser sources are integrated into a single physical package.
16. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the WDM ONU further comprises: an optical diplexer including an upstream input/output (“I/O”) port for coupling to the PON and two downstream ports for coupling to the tunable optical transmitter and the tunable optical receiver, respectively, the optical diplexer to deliver the upstream WDM signals from the tunable optical transmitter to the upstream I/O port and to deliver the downstream WDM signals from the upstream I/O port to the tunable optical receiver.
17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the optical diplexer comprises one of a 3-dB power splitter, a three port optical circulator, a cyclical comb filter, or a band filter that separates upstream wavelengths from downstream wavelengths.
18. The apparatus of claim of claim 13, wherein the tunable optical receiver further comprises: analog-to-digital (“A/D”) conversion circuitry coupled to each balanced photo-receiver of each of the first and second 90 degree hybrids; and receive digital signal processing circuitry coupled to the A/D conversion circuitry.
19. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the PON comprises a hybrid PON that broadcasts WDM signals and time division multiplexing (“TDM”) signals to all customer premises, wherein the WDM ONU further includes: an optical filter to block one or more wavelengths associated with the TDM signals.
20. A hybrid passive optical network (“PON”), comprising: a time-division multiplexing (“TDM”) optical line terminal (“OLT”) for delivering communication services to a first group of customer premises (“CPs”) via TDM signals; a wavelength-division multiplexing (“WDM”) OLT for delivering the communication services to a second group of CPs via WDM signals, the WDM OLT including first asymmetric modulation circuitry for upstream and downstream WDM signals, wherein the WDM OLT further includes: a plurality of physical photonic integrated circuits (“PIC”) for coupling to the second group of CPs, wherein each physical PIC includes: an optical transmitter array including a plurality of coherent transmitters to generate the downstream WDM signals encoded using phase modulation; and an optical receiver array including a plurality of direct detection photo-detectors to receive the upstream WDM signals encoded with amplitude modulation; a remote node power splitter coupled to receive the TDM signals and the WDM signals and to broadcast both the TDM signals and the WDM signals on all ports of the remote node power splitter facing towards the first and second groups of CPs; TDM ONUs disposed at the first group of CPs to communicate with the TDM OLT via the TDM signals; and WDM ONUs disposed at the second group of CPs to communicate with the WDM OLT via the WDM signals, wherein the WDM ONUs are colorless transceivers including second asymmetric modulation circuitry for the upstream and downstream WDM signals.
21. The hybrid PON of claim 20, wherein the WDM OLT further comprises: an optical diplexer optically coupled to the optical transmitter arrays and the optical receiver arrays of the physical PICs, the optical diplexer for coupling the WDM OLT to the remote node power splitter.
22. The hybrid PON of claim 20, wherein the WDM ONU comprises: a tunable optical transmitter to launch the upstream WDM signals into the PON, the tunable optical transmitter including a first tunable laser source coupled to generate a selectable upstream carrier wavelength and direct amplitude modulation circuitry coupled to amplitude modulate the first tunable laser source; a tunable optical receiver to receive the downstream WDM signals from the PON, the tunable optical receiver including coherent detection circuitry to demodulate phase information from the downstream WDM signals and a second tunable laser source operated as a local oscillator and coupled to tune to a selectable downstream carrier wavelength..
| 39,453 |
bpt6k4148774b_2
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
La Dépêche : journal quotidien
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,865 | 14,476 |
La musique militaire du 17e corps ct'armée, sous les ordres de son chef M. Ha-reiit, massée à. l'entrée de La. salle, exéGut& quelques morceaux ie Aon répertoire, et, dès l'apparition du chef de l'Etat et des mi nistres, elle joue « La Marseillaise ». Tout le mande se lève ; puis un gong retentit et le service commence. Disons tout de suke que le maître d'hôtei a su triompher des 'di£ticu1,bs de servir douze cents convives, que le menu fut parfaitement cuisine et que le service parut im-peccabQe. Le souci de çf:lëte organisation avait été délégué à M. le pro-' fesseur J3ar&es, de la Faculté de médecine, qu'on ne. peut que féliciter. Les vingt-cinq tables, portant cha' cune une lettre de l'alphabet, avaient été dressées perpendiculairement à la table d'honneur où prirent place le président de la République et les ministres. Autour de M. Gaston Doumergue, on notait ta présence de M. Doumer, président du Sénat ; de M. Bouisson, président Qe la Chambre ; des ministres M. Pierre Marraud, ministre de l'instruction publique; M. Forgeot, ministre des travaux publics ; M. Laurent Eynac, ministre de î'air ;. M. François Poncet, sous-secrétaire d'Etat à l'enseignement technique; M. le colonel] ]:hrc;hc:.l, claef de cebir net de M. H. raté, représentant le ministre. ■ 1 * M. Paul Second, préfet: . de la Haute-Garonne ; M. le général Jlaî-tre, commandant en chef le 17e co-ps d armée ; M. le premier président' Loup ; M le recteur Dresch, de i Académie de Toulouse; Mgr Sa-jiech, archevêque du diocèse ; M. Bil-li'el'es. maire de Toulouse, étaient à la tabie d'honneur, ainsi que Jes membres de l'Institut M. Paul ;;abaticr, doyen de la F acuité des sciences de Toulouse ; M. Dllrrbach, doyen de Pta, Faculté des lettres ; M. Houque-l'ourcade, doyen de la Faculté de droit, e" M. le docteur Abelous, uoyen de la Faculté de médecine On remarquait encore 'tes parlementaÍres de ia Haute-Garonne et de la région qui sont allés ce matin ie„ chef d'Etat à la gare, MM. Guillet, directeur de l'Ecole centrale, et Kœnigs et Teissier, membies de l Institut ; M. Diamandy, ministre plénipotentiaire de Llouma-nie a Paris ; M. île général d'Amade ; îr" -erre Paris, directeur de la Casa Vela.squez à Madrid; M. CavaJié, ancien recteur à Toulouse, directeur de 1 enseignement supérieur au ministère de l instruction publique ; les recteurs des Universités étrangères, M. le pasteur Langereau, les représentants du corps consulaire régional, les officiers aviateurs espagnols venus hier de Madrid, etc... . Touf les. corps constitués de la, ville de Toulouse étaient représentes : enseignements supérieur et secondaire, autorités militaires, administratives et civiles, ainsi qii3 les préfectures, sous-préfectures et conseils généraux de la. Ilaute-Garonne et des départements voisins. Cette immense assistance offrait un coup d'oeil des plus rares. Les tenues noires étaient égayées par la présence. dtes toilettes féminines et des uniformes notaires ; les robes ecclésiastiques apportaient, aussi leur note de la soutane noire des profes-ssurs_ des Instituts catholiques au uoe Diane de quelque abbé universitaire trappiste. Au champigne, au moment des ( oasts, M. le recteur Dreych se leva 1 et prit le premier lai parolaen. ces termesV Discours de M. le recteur Dresch Monsieur le président de la République Vous avez bien voulu, malgré vos, hautes et absorbantes fonctions,, venir jusqu'à nous pour ces journées qui fêtent le septième centenaire de notre Université; Laissez-moi vous en exprimer notre orofonde. gratitude. La prés'ence du premier magistrat, de la RtÍpublique à une solenryté de ce genre est une marque éclatante de l'intérêt qu'il porte je ne dis pas seulement à I'Universi!té de Toulouse, mais aux. Universités, et à l'enseignement, en, général. Elle est la preuve que,, parmi ses préoccupations, il en est une qui passe au' premier plan : c'est l'entretien et le développement de ces foyers de civilisation vers lesquels toujours la pensée se reporte lorsqu'elle a besoin. d'une force nouvelle. La faveur très grande que vous nous accordez en vcnan,t présider cette cérémonie est pour nous le meilleur des encouragements^ elle est une récompense à notre activité, un soutien puissant dans nos efj forts et dans nos t-ravaux.. Vous-même avez connu de près ce, I travail de nos Universités, non seulement par votre curiosité toujours attentive aux choses de la science et de la littérature, mais par votre action parlementaire, par, l'impulsion que vous avez apportée à tous les .services au ministère de l'instruction publique. Vous me pardonnerez, monsieur le président, si je rappelle que vous avez été pendant près de trois ans le grand maîtrede l'Université, du commencement de 1908 à la fin de 1910, qu'à ce titre vous avez signé des arrêtés et décrers qui ont organisé les conseils des inspecteurs primaires, les inspections départementales des écoles ^maternel• les la répartition des matières d.ans l'enseignement secondaire, les études médicales, l'Institut agricole de Toulouse, l'Université d'Alger, la publication des documents relatifs à la Révo-ution française, l'administration cen-rale du ministère de l'instruction publique. LA VIE QUI PASSE [illisible]La poutre 1 I On, a beaucoup csi ~t C' a/i gui a quand lèt encore, de .ses f glauques, Céni(j„lf. ■ gazettes étaient tre, d'un vèntr¡l¡lF communiqués ulir,L • tl scintillants d'épitk<ij^^Kk ' dans la vase des /....■HjK ; nés d'orfèvrerie, d.e coupes, diadèn^^^^eXÏ 1 argent msissif, de q Césars... Cela ra/ipe rue musées, les monts caverne d'Ali-Baba, c que les eaux .s'/,, par les pompes tateur, Venth'/«.si-/ ,. <e font plus espa(,, 1,, ^ Il y avait Vhistoirtl^Efck, Q7ie en travail qui souris. Il y aura du lac qui accoucha JJ Faut-il. rappeler la. cette investigation lacustrel Le duc <h C rien n'échappe cùw.ïJ veut réaliser Vanciti^^p papes : « Remettre flot, les galères, de à crever de trésors. 1) J^^LBt 1 des pompes pu'b*88(1;1t(-lit sur les pentes des roi;;,^Êk^e jour, ellbs. puisent ùWs rejettent l eau dOI/s wn<.-que, à la, gratuit inqul, riveraine qui voyant* s: el, 'JBL l'onde la, fertilité de sauouie d<e CsÊÊÊ messes MIl*, euteant uneBp-vart sur les trésors t I Dabord.' apparafif^ ...M On crie victoire ' a° toute la terre fe, fleur f graphes. Ils brrUlucnt lff ~— tifs S'Il,'!' le point du Jblx* émerge quelque chose Les pompes s'oh&hnent^Ê. jouer le d¿cl.iq, On .<u' pagne en, l'honneur de de Mussolinu, On pronnre^Ê L' tables cliscourd., Et, sur (Î^B Lir s" révèle une vieille poiji^molei Continuera-t-on ï gens de métier,, les q,, arlirsc trouvent que le dictateut^mp.icil tré bien imprudent taire. Que voulait-il'! feru que cela de belles ^K^at romaine,<;-? Non! Il ( fraqtper Vimagination ;^Bart occuper U opinion diversions sortît* des -régner, les a.m<usette§ courbés sous la dictatun^^Ê qu'on. s'inquiète des L ,01). ne. s'aperçoit pas choses qui 'sont dam le ,'J^B savoir : la liberté, de ir¡ garanties const/ sion des pvuvoÙs... tes société moderne. Les disent que Mussolini au résultat et préveu^^^k® tions. Pvll,"Sq«,e on foué^^KF lait trouver.. A"" t'QMPS ¡quand on entre-grpliait i^Ke ques. vignes romaines tu^Hya oit jouait à coup sûr, neurs d'abord touf f aie»Ii C'était des gens dérange pas pour rien ui^Hes ne manque pas d'anttf^Kpoî, l'autre côté des Alpes : i^^P^ er regorgent. Et entière n'est guère qu 1un c quoi pensèrent les arc/i^HSe h'avaient-ils -pas loisir ^B*ai dans les flancs de. la *nr^B?at ques statu-es* quelques ^K(,. quelques aigles qui ewssf^B'ai Ventreprise ? J'espère j^^pe révoquer le directeur On pourrait peut-être de 01 quelqu'un d-e Glozel. J.-J. BROUSSON. . EXIGEZ LE VAAl Nous pouvons vous t'affirmer... Les fixateurs liquides à base de gomme arabique" — d'une efficacité fort relative — sont très nuisibles pour les cheveux. La glycérine, employée pour faire briller la coiffure et pour dissimuler les pellicules. est un terrfbi© esmemi. • , . La formule de notre produit ou con-traire, tout en assurant une coiffure impeccable, est préconisée en Méde-cine par son action antiHptique et bienfaisante. gomina argentin»; FEUILLETON DE LA DEPECHE N° 9 10 Juin 1929 L'ENSORCELEUSE GRAND ROMAN D'AMOUR Par ÉMILE RICHEBOURG Suzanne grandit : elle <|©Tmt habile x maurer l'aiguil.le et, comme sa mère, une excellente auwnère. Elles eurent du, travail pour dteucs et le gain de chaque journée fut doublé. La situation s'aiméliora sensiblement et les inquiétudes de l'a venir disparurent. Assurément, on n'était pas riche ; mais en travaillant beaucoup puisque 1 on ne Manquait ornais -d ouvr.T,ga, avec de l'or dire et usw. sage " économie onpouvait vivre. J1 faut rw>na <!fép<?-cher, Suzamne, dit Uervaise ; noua n,'a,voms pas, ee temps à. perdre, feall il ïaurt: que eette jobe soit achevée ce soir nous l"'f.. ffns promise ïK>ur romain dfknanctie ..., Soyez tranquille, ma mère, eUe sera terminée, répondit la. jeune fille sans cesser de pousser son aiguille. Elle travaillait avec autant d'activité que les jours précédents ; mais cette activité était fiévreuse ; elle n'avait déjà plus le même cœur à l'ouvrage. Gervaise s'aperçut quelle était rêveuse, préoccupée. '— Suzanne, Lui dit-elle, tu penses à ce que t'a dit hier soir la. femme des Huttes. — Ma mère, vous vous trompez, répondit-elle; je ne pense pas à cela. Elle mentait audacieusement. C'était, au contraire, son unique pensée. ! — Sur le moment, reprit Gervaise, les paroles die la Manette m'ont fait queîque chose ; mais la. nuit, en y ré-ff.éehissaait, j'ai compris qu'elle avait tout simplement voulu nous. amuser, comme elle l'a dit elUe-mênae, ou plu-< tôt se moquer de nous toutes. Moi, je siaâa persuadée que Manette n'est pas une méch ante femme mais elle est un peu foll'e, et, quand elle se met à jacasser,, elle raconte toutes ,ïes drôleries q.Tm lui passent pa.r la tête. Tout ce qpVlte nous a dit n'a . Pas le sens comumium ; il; faudrait être ; stM]M)de pouor en croire uni se11l1 mot. | SwzaI1mle parut donner raison à |sa mtère eIili gardant le silence. Gervaise jeta un regard stim sa fille ,e ^'•ç, à. son teemr, resta siEerocieisaF». 1 i S-njzann-e ports ateors s'afaaorbœir com-( pteSemeat iïaiiw ses pemsees. .. ae répétait les paroles de ta. ! relbouteuse et, avec une mémoire prodigieuse, elle se rappe]a.it chacune mot et reconstruisait toutes les phrases. Elle se souvenait qu'elle avait ¡nterrogé la rebouteuse et que, répoa-, dant à cette question--r « M'avez-vous I dit la rêritéj » Mamette avait répliqué d'une voke toœiflw.'s;. » Oâ. je Ténlbê Uéla&'! je voudrai»' ro 'fefciiB $®oTBÉ|tté«!! * Elle ge sou*«faait ectcoa-ej qPayant demandé l'explicatiop; o6r par oles, la rebouteuseloi avait répond» « Plus tard» Or, ces paroles avaient frappé Suzanne, elles l' ili,,,u-étaient ; eUe8 étaient un nuage dans l'horizon de son rêve, une ombre ou une tache dans le ciel étoilé de son avenir. Evidemment, la femme des Huttes ne les avait pas prononcées sans intention. Mais qu'avait-elle voulu lui dire ou lui faire entendre1? Suzanne cherchait vainement iL se les expliquer et à en comprendre le sens mystérieux. Elle voulait la joie sans tr'.uble, le bonheur sans amertume Ce point noir suffisait pour lui enlever sa tranquillité, car il se présentait à elle comme une menace... — Oh! se dit-elle, il faut que je 1 sache... ; Elle chercha encore à interpréter la pensée de Man eUe; mais » -11 e te î trouvait en face d'une énigme. — Non, non., pensa-t-elle, c'est IT111-:®ile, je ne coLn.pren.ds pas, je ne peux pas comprendre. Mais j.a veux savoir, je saurai. Demain, j'irai aux Huttes, je verrai la sorcière., VI La cabane et la grotte C'est avec raison qu'on appelait l'habitation de la. rebouteuse des Huttes une cabane. Elle est bâtie au pied d'un énorme rocher qui sert de base à un amoncellement de roches monstrueuses. La cabane a. deux murs de côté construits avec de,s pierres enlevées aux roches de la montagne, et une façade tournée vers la vallée regard'ant Marangue. La façade a deux ouvertures ; la porte et la. fenêtre. Celle-ci est garnie de forts barreaux de fer; la porte en bois de chêne, épaisse, ayant en plus de sa serrure un énorme verrou, est solidement ",s-sise sur ses gonds. Le quatrième mur, celui qui est opposé à la façade, est formé par le rocher contre lequel ia cabane s'appuie. Quand on entrait chez la femme des Huttes, on pouvait supposer que sa demeure ne Re composait que d'une seule pièce. Mais au fond, dans le -o-cher, cachée dans l'ombre, se trouvait une petite porte bardée de ld,mes de fer et ayant aussi une forte serrure. Il y avait 1:1 autrefois une crevasse ^ on l'avait élargie à coups de marteau et de ciseau jusqu'à que l'o^veEtijure pût livrer passage à une personne. Puis le marteau avait continué l'œuvre et creusé dans le "O. cher une grotte de deux mètres carrés, L'habitation se composait ainsi ue deux pièces, la cabane proprement dite et la grotte du rocher, réduit mystérieux où jamais un étranger n'entrait. L'ameublement de la cabane se composait d'un lit, d'une vieille armoire, d'un bahut écorné, vermoulu, d'une table boiteuse, d'un fauteuil à haut dossier, de deux escabeaux et de trois chaises de bois. On. voyait dans un coin un pot et deux casseroles de fonte; sur une planche, de la vieille vaisselle ébréchée, et sur d'autres, des flacons, des bouteilles, des fioles, le tout étiqueté et rangé avec symétrie sur les rayons. Ces divers récipient d contenaient des huiles, des essences, des produits pharmaceutiques, des substances de toute nature et p.a.rttculièrement :s remèdes dont la rebouteuse se servait pour guérir ou s6ütager ses semblables et qu'elle pçcpayait elle-même. Des racines, filantes, des l.crbes et des fleurs attachées à dt cordes teuâufca des .ouires, .: C'est lit, dsLps Cêt4 pauvre et n-is-te demeure, où am 4teit 4t née, où sa mère et son morts, .u elle avait aiRiM|jfMÉnÉtaM8ert, que la vieille MajretMHfHPpMNau«, après 1 u-e très longue absence, et (&ù elle vivait depuis dix années. Dès les premiers temps, elle a-va t singulièrement provoqué la curiosité des gens du pays, même des vieillards qui l'avaient connue jeune fille. Elle ne répondit pas aux questions 4UI lui furent adressées et elle se couvrit d'un voile impénétrable. On s'occupa d'elle beaucoup. Hllle l,aissa d re. Objet d'étonnement pour les uns, d'effroi pour les autres, s'entourant de mystère et se donnant, peut-être par calcul, des allures étranges, elle semblait vouloir justifier l'opinion de ceux qui croyaient à son pouvoir surnaturel et la considéraient comme une sorcière. Nous saurons bientôt ce qu'était réellement la femme des Huttes et quel but elle poursuivait. Or, le dimanche matin, Manette était près de son feu, assise dans son grand fauteuil du temps de Louis XVI. Elle venait de prendre un bol de café au lait, son déjeuner de tous les jours. On fra.ppa à la porte de la cabane.Manette se leva et alla tirer le verrou. Même dans l'e j,our, la porte était souvent fermée ainsi. Le rebouteuse paraissait avoir peu des gens 1 mal intentionnés ou des voleurs. — Manette, c'est moi, dit une voix d'homme au dehors. — Bien, bien, répondit-elle, Elle tourna deux ion la serrure et la porte 1 homme entra. Derrière referma la porte. Ce personnage paraiss^^^B-re quarante à quarante-f^^^BCc était grand, robuste et A première vue, il pathie. Son visage était souriajit. Il avait la verte et son regard lant, annonçait une >J^B franche et loyale. II portait lie costume geois, moitié eampag'na'r^^^B, prop.riétai,res a'e la ccfflt'(|-paletot marron sur jeté une limousine de bottes à hautes ti;:?'èS au-dessus des mollets et ^ pa.rtie inférieure de son 1' drap de Sedan. •i Tout en entra.nt il ^ tenant à la main son cM.j tre gris à larges boi'"^o!lp^B vieille femme avee l"'111" fhence. — Je t'attendais, tendant la main... — Autant que F0>hl ^ je tiens à être exac -. ,•.,:< C'est vrai. tu Ile ^ — L'exactitude est u° r)| voirs envers vous. DERNIÈRE HEURE jroc à1 jTdSKDLB ï Z~ f-w'. ¡hremberg ter te la ', • K NïtÉR-' 9 jui*— L'hydravion 1fB' kholin, inté par le capitaine If oiVolé, ce niatin, N e(Y or. k via *"if des Vikings f:'| lZ .. Ahrenberg se propose ]>k' ^Mre copit Ja, vieille route des Vi-%! ®7-e^r"utereScales en Islande, au "Vl Wjàngs Ind et labrador. L'avion re-?* ; Gr"efl,3D lein d'essence à chaque es-K' !i fera s,f labrador, les aviateurs pen-c< 1 aie. DU . qu'un bon jusqu'à New-) .. 'Jo . sent nf,ta ils comptent atterrir cin-&/' York-, «ix heures environ après leur S««JeSt0Ckholm' S tt ri ne s'agit pas de battre V I:' des records éi« ' V, capitaine Ahremberg, discutant 'IN fièrement ses chances de succès i îpiique qu'il ne visait pas a pattre th' 1 deS records de vitesse ou d endu-s?iS Ece Ce qu'il veut c'est de cherchei J?) 4 » établir les possibilités d établisse' ! ? Lt d'une ligne aérienne Stockholm fr-York. Autrement dit, le capi-Jè Ahremberg suivra en sens CDn.« «ré la route empruntée 1 année ^ par Hassel. Atterrissage à Bergen 'n/MrT »n o inin — Les deux avis >*«,/ Bergen^ 9 juin • à Berg-en, a point de dc-eywf. «wwmw . •«— H Départ pour Reykjavik ^'W^s sont repartis à 14 a. 55, à de 11 ation de Reykjavik. L'AFFAIRE BARATAUD APRES LE VERDICT Le calme revient à Limoges !X « Limoges, 9 juin. A la suite d un v " Méat orage qui s'est abattu sur Li-Les, hier soir, vers 9 U.=.l' es, es ^ Jlonnes qui s'étaient groupes ;',0')¡ét , Manifester ont dû regagneleur do-1jcile sous une pluie hait ave. Au-le manifestation n'a eu lieu à la cei! lortie du cinéma: Quelques cris ont été :kil ussés et aussitôt 911 a procédé à mtï juatre arrestations. Six mandats d ar-:t ( ( j-t ont été lancés contre les chers du M„ , jarti communiste.. • ' Les mesures d ordre sont mainte-H ' tues, mais on ne prévoit pas d'autres ÍItciàents, LE COMMUNISTE THOREZ EST ARRETE Il était caché dans la cave d'un château à Achères Îaris, 9 juin. — Le 30 avril 1926, le I muniste Maurice Thorez, originai-e NovelJes, était condam: ' à huit de prison pour provocation de m;es à la désobéissance dans un but propagande anarcl '::te. L'inculpé : pris la fuite, un second juge. , cette tois par défaut, avait été 1 contre lui le 5 février 1927 lui eant trois mois de prison supplc-lire. Depuis cette époque, toutes recherches effectuées par la police retrouver Thcwez étaient demeu-infructueuses. > Aujourd'hui, M. Terrier, directeur rensei'lfnements généraux à la pré-e de police, apprenait la présence fugitifs dans un château apparte-i la mairie d'Achères et offert au communiste par la municipalité te localité. Une réunion secrète précisément se tenir dans 5-midi à ce château. M. Perrierendit aussitôt sur place accompa.e nombreux inspecteurs et d'ac-avec le COimm:'ssaj're de Malrons-e faisait cerner le château par >rtan<ts détachements de gendar > 18 heures, la réunion terminée, policiers laissèrent partir la plupart communistes, puis ils firent irrup-ans le château, où après de lon-recherches, ils découvrirent Tho-tré un réduit obscur sous un esca-nduisant aux caves. Il fut amené )t quai des Orfèvres en compa-de trois autres communistes arrêta pour port d'armes prohibée. >un bref interrog :oire, les qua-"^Ipés ont été envoyés au dépôt. Les Instituteurs ne feront pas la grève des examens fDftrmn'8' ® iuin— La commission (],8 j du syndicat national InstJtnteu,rs et institutrices de 6* eonvoquée extraordinaire filent examiner la mise ea a ' po ur des décisions du con.Igi'ès u mai dernier, s'est réu uie tnatln., au siège de la C q T rue Lafayette. La séance, qui R:' Prolongée jusqu'à 13 h. 3G 8pqf * ernil.n^e par l'adoption de la Hiotin ^IOn suivante : aVo:r ' er.tendu le compte rtt)(j,.'"', dé e-iiarches du tureau, la c°iturii«fS ,P.ef^anente_ du syndicat nati0Iln'i ia f'?c!clé ] jle retirer la circu-laire H' (a,:,stentirin aux examens du certifi cat d'études ELECTION AU CONSEIL d' arrondissement 1ti0t) ch9 juin, — Résultats de l'élection à'A ns£llxr d arrondissement du inscrit uch-Nord : l, r'U!s 74; 2.462; votants, 917; blancs jpiw . suffrages exprimés, 843, ^ier r.,", LaCQ,ste, maire de Puycas-tcn/' ,urrents. rad soc 828 voix, élu sans Les Elections municipales de Rivesaltes IS'fif!,5, 9 Voici le, ICI¡)ales du scrutin des élections f-H I ' unetem^antlCommunist6 a ob lL.fan(1idat«iilîlne re 890 voix et a ^ oKf a liste commu v^ix. nu une moyenne d;c J DE GENEVE A MADRID LA BATAILLE sur la situation des minorités Paris, 9 juin. — Le conseil de la. S. D. N., qui a commencé ses travaux à Madrid, s'est occupé du rapport sur les minorités et, déjà, i', a été quelque peu agité. Sur cette question délicate, les polémiques dureront encore longtemps entre ceux qui voudraient créer un organisme permanent, chaig*, de recevoir toutes les revendica tions minoritaires, et les partisanj d'une procédure qui,, au contraire, donne aux grands Etats les moyens de dominer plus directement ces problèmes viinorlianes. A chaque discussion, les deux thèses se heurtent et il faut beaucoup de doigté pour éviter que le; incidents qui en découlent prennent une tournure tn71.netantf': Jusqu'ici, le parti qui s oppose il des modifications trop radicale (France Angleterre, Espagne, Ja.pon, Roumanie, 1 ologne) l a emporté sur le parti qui s est fait le porte-parole des reformes les plui profondes (Allem.aglbe,. Canada, Hongrie, Pays Scandinaves). ^ Ii est peu probable que des délibéi-,ztions de Madrid sortent des con clusions qui changeront ces positions respectives. Le rapport des trois (sir Austen Chamberlain, le vicomte Adatci, M. Quinones de Léon) sera m^s demain en discussion générale. II est considéré par la majorité comme un tout indivisible et^ il, semble finalement devoir être adopté. Mais ce ne sera pas, commit, nous l'avons dit, sans de sériensel passes d'armes et sans des manifes tations vigoureuses de la part d. MM. Dandurand et Stresemann. Le conseil, en dehors de cett-, épineuse question des minorités C! ' de la manière de les traiter, d01:¡ aussi s'occuper de V esclavage, di l'opinion des optants hongrois, dr la protection de V enfaiice, d-i futur palais de la S. D. N. à Genève, du statut de la cour de L.t Haye. Il a donc largement d-e qu'n, utiliser son temps. Une note d'allure officieusi nous dit que M. Stresemann aurait eu l'intention d'engager avec M. Briand — en marge du conseil des conversations politiques étrangères à ce programme, mais qu'tl. n'en sera rien, l'ordre du jour de la session étant déjà suffisamment chargé. Ce sont là des informations qui ne signifient pas grand chose. MM. Briand et Stresemann oni toujours des propos intéressants à échanger. Il est bien entendu, qu'il n'y a pas d'entretien diplomatique prévu entre eux. Mais qui peut iffirmer qu'au cours de leur séjour i Madrid ils n'auront pas l'occasion de parler des qu-estions euro réennes et de se fournir réciproquement des indications utiles ? C'est précisément l'avantage des réunions, comme celle de Madrid, d'offrir aux hommes d'Etat l'occasion d'établir entre eux des contacts officieux et de préparer dans une atmosphère psychologique plus favorable le règlement des affaires difficiles à trancher. MM. Briand et Stresemann n,; prendront évidemment aucun enga 7ement politique; ils s'attacheront ï épuiser avant tout l'ordre rI.¿ ;our qui leur est scumis comme il 'est aux autres membres du COftseil de la S. D. N. Cela ne les empêchera vraisemblablement pas de 'oM'e ensemble ce que l'on est con •tenu d'appeler en langage diplo-natique : un tour d'horizon. Francis DORTET. L'évacuation de la Rhénanie On en délibérerait fin juillet Madrid, 9 juin. — Le bruit Il circulé, aujourd'hui dans les couloirs du conseil de la Société de.3 Nations que vers la fin de juillet, les ministres des affaires étrangères d'Allemagne, d'Angleterre et de France, se rencontreraient à Bade pour régler la question de l'éva cuation de la Rhénanie. Les Accidents de la route Terrible accident d'automobile Deux morts et trois blessés Foix, 9 juin. — Un terrible accident, qui a causé deux morts et plusieurs blessés, s'est produit dimanche, vers 3 heures de l'après-midi, sur la route de Pamiers — route fatale aux automobilistes — près du hameau de Patau, à proximité du village de Saint-Jean-de-Verges. Une automobile contenant sept personnes, venant de Pau et se rendant à Toulouse, en voulant doubler une autre automobile à l'entrée du hameau dt Patau, a dérapé et est allée se fracasse'contre un platane bordant la route Cette tragique embardée coûta la vie i deux des voyageurs. La femme et la fille du chauffeur que l'on trouva étendues sans vie dans le fossé de la route Un troisième voyageur, un homme :l'une soixantaine d'années, gisait sur le sol, le crâne ouvert d'où la cervelle s'échappait. Deux autres femmes étaient blesées, celles-ci moins graveTIent. Après avoir reçu les soins de M. le 10cteur Colliac, de Varilhes, et M. Ca-azel, de Foix, les blessés furent transportés à Pamiers dans la clinique de M. le docteur Pouchet. Les gendarmeries de Varilhes et de Foix, ainsi que M. Letellier, commis;aire de police, ont ouvert une enquête sur ce terrible accident qui a produit ■ine profonde émotion dans toute la ■égioru Office national météorologique Prévisions pour la nuit du 9 au 10 juin Région parisienne : Beau temps -peu grés.niia,-eux Température en baisse de 2 de-l'rofoabilités pour la Journée clu 10 juin parisienne : Vent faible de meux Beau le temps nuageux, un peu bru-hausse. matin. Température en faible LE 26e CONGRES du parti S. F. I. O. La séance d'ouverture s'est tenue hier à Nancy M , De notre envoyé spécial : Nancy, 9 juin. — Les délégués arrivent si lentement. venant presque tous de fort loin, que la première séance du congrès socialiste n'est ouverte par M. Paul Faure, secrétaire général du parti S. F. 1. 0" qu'à 10 h. 40 seulement. Les tables disposées au parterre sont loin d'être garnies. La salle du concert Printania est vaste, claire, la scène tient lieu d'estrade. M. Dolley, secrétaire de la Fédération de Meurthe-et-Moselle, y prend place pour présider cette séance inaugurale. Il prononce le discours de bienvenue qui est d'usage. Puis M. Paul Faure fait voter l'adresse d'un télégramml de félicita-tions au labour party. Il annonce la présence de M. Modigliani, ancien député, représentant le parti socialiste italien; de M. Clément, représentant des socialistes luxembourgeois, et la venue de MM. Vandervelde et de Brouckère. délégués du parti ouvrier belge.. Les autres partis socialistes étrange,rs ont envoyé lettres ou télégrammes d'excuses. Rapidement s'ouvre la discussion des rapports statutaires, c est-a-dire que commencent les interpellations et questions adressées au « gouvernement du parti ». C'est le secrétariat qUI est interpellé le premier. ' M. Renaudel critique la forme du rapport : elle est purement administrative; il voudrait que ce rapport fut .politique et engageât devant le con; grès la responsabilité de la majorité de l'a commission administrative permanente et celle du bureau du parti. il propose qu'il en soit ainsi a i ave-n M. Bracke trouve excellente cette sug-gestion du député du Var, car il estime que la discussion des rapports -devrait être, en effet, la plus importante des congrès socialistes. Malgré quelques objections de M. Severac. la proposition de M. Renaudel est adoptée. ' Séance de l' après-midi M Raoul Evrard, député du Pas-de-Calais, préside l'assemblée qui n est pas plus nombreuse que Je matin, un arrive au rapport de la trésorerie. M. Boirel, de la Marne, demande que des dépenses du budget soit distraite la somme consacrée à subventionner le numéro du « Populaire » ( chaque mois, est adressé à tous les membres du parti socialiste et contient des informations spéciales sur leur parti. M. Séverac combat cette proposition qui n'est pas retenue. — Quelles mesures compte prendre la trésorerie pour faire rentrer les cotisations dues par les parlementaires? demande M. Descourtieux, de Seine-et-Oise.. l. — Le trésorier fera de son mieux, lui répond le président. Il n'a pas d huissier à sa disposition. Le journal du parti Nancy, 9 juin. — La journée s'est achevée par la discussion du rapport sur < Le Populaire 1. Qu'en retenir? Parmi de nombreuses observations de détails de M. Renaudel, celle-ci Que le journal socialiste, parfois, ménage le bolchevisme, ne s'emploie pais assez à rétorquer chaque jour les mensonges du journal des moscoutaires. M. Bracke, non sans humour, a contesté les assertions de M. Renaudel. M. Compère-Morel a répondu aux « interpellateurs * en ce qui concernait l'administrateur. Mais ayant eu a s'expliquer sur le ton qu'il donne, dans « Le Populaire », à la « page syndicale » qu'il dir.ge, M. ZyromSiCi avait dit en quelles difficultés le mettait la division des forces ouvrières syndiquées et a ajouté qu'il ne pensait pas que le journal socialiste puisse toujours calquer sa politique syndicale sur celle de la C. G. T. Et ces derniers mots ayant brusquement ému une partie du congrès, M. GrumbaCh crut devoir donner à M. Zvromski ce conseil de prudence de prendre nettement position à coté de la C. G T., en face des < unitaires i, qui ne -provoquent des mouvements ouvriers que pour appuyer la politique du parti communiste. « Le Populaire », dit à son tcrnr M. Marquet, est peut-être un peu trop dans lt parti socialiste l'organe de la majorité du parti et dans les milieux syndicaux de la minorité de la C. G. T. ]t M. Blum répondit, parlant en qualité de directeur du < Populaire », qu'il avait le certitude d'avoir réussi à faire que ce journal ne fût pas celui de la tendance majoritaire du parti. Ltû-même,_ d'ailleurs, il prétend n'avoir jamais lie pai rie ivec une tendance et n'avoir jamais fait qu'observer les directives des congrès nationaux. Il conteste encore plus fortement que, ni M. Zyromski, ni la direction du journal aient, à aucun moment. cherché à favoriser la minorité de la C G. T C'est avec l'ensemble des militants confédéraux que « Le Populaire » entretient les rapports les plus cordiaux. M. Blum se dit en théorie moins partisan de l'autonomie syndicale que ne l'est M. Zyromski, mais aussi respectueux que lui cependant de cette autonomie considérée comme un fait historiaue spécial à la France. Mais cette autonomie vaut aussi pour ' le parti socialiste qui, sur certains problèmes, peut avoir des opinions différentes de celles de la C. G. T., ne serait-ce. que parce qu'il agit nécessairement sur un autre plan. C'est dans cet esprit que M. Léon Blum se déclare d'accord avec M. lyromski. Il est également d'accord avec lui pour ne pas se désolidariser j'un mouvement ouvrier même décle. -rbé par les communistes, tout en mettant en garde les travailleurs en cause. C'est ce /'u'a fait la Fédération postale crmf,rd';:, Í,1 v a quelques jours, lors de la dernière grève des facteurs 3e Paris. Ces observations présentées, le rapport sur le « Populaire » fut adopté 2t la séance renvoyée au lendemain matin. MAYERAS. La Vie sportive COURSES DE CHEVAUX A CHANTILLY Prix du Château. 10.000 ir., 1.800 m. 1 1. Epaminondas (G. Winkf',Eld)G. 42 * à M Marcus Mc Cune P. 13 » 2. Larme-de-GJace (Toussaint)....P. t2 50 1 .Rafctprazv (A. Esling) ......... « .....P. 9 » Origines du gagnant : Oreste Il et 1 mè 1 N Pi' Césaréen^ Bas-Bia.nc, R&d-Sun, ] Don-Cou l'san, Le Lapnce, King'sLyn,n, 1 Emté, Le Horla, Tétralogie, La Baïse. j Prix (i'Hédouville, 50.000 Ir., 2.000 m. 1 Guy-Fawlzes (Chancelier) G. 15 50 i à M. P. Illouiiiies. Origines du gagnant : Tracy-le-vai et La Curieuse. < Non pl. : Bubbles, Mondovi. Prix des Ecuries. 25.000 fr., 2.400 m. 1 Princeese-Mace (Dupuit) G. 64 e à M. Georges Baugatz : *'. P. Cil 50 2. Gualegay (Sibbritt)....... P. 41 . 3 Paris-Voveur fAUemand) ......... P. 21 50 Origines du gagnant : Prince-Eugène et Macédonien. Non pl. : Ivain, Fergus, Agami, Occam, Manillon, Yviers, Pimenton, Calembour, Rapid-Grabuge, Bright-Morn. Obole, Bas-Prix de Diane, 200.000 fr., 2.100 m. 1 Ukrania (Hervé) G. 118 » au comte de Rivaud P. 34 » 2. Calandria (Sembiat) P. 22 50 3. Queskella (ChanceUier) .......... P. 14 » Origines du gagnant : Ksar et Uganda. Non pl. : Skyyrame, Rollybuchy, Hor-net-S-Law, Poésie, Talie-It-Easy, Kantara, Citrouille, Loula, Siiva-Plana, Madame-Récamier, Flèche-d'Or (tombé), Parthe-nis, Circassienne, Fuss-Girl, Mayno, Pauline, Borg'hèse. La Périchole, Florelle. Prix de Dangu, 50.000 fr., 4.000 ni. 1. Feb (Sibbritt) G. 5 50 à M. Gutlimann ..................... P. 14 50 2. Balmoral (Hervé) P. 7 50 Origines du gagnant : Clarissimus et Foliosa. Non pl. : Cri-de-Guerre. Ponceau. La Brige. Prix de Rayaumonl, 30.000 Ir., 2.100 m. 1 La Mie-au-Gué (Chitds) G. Si 50 à M. de Rothschild P. 21 » 2 Roy ale-Basoclie (Semblât) P. 11 . 3. Controverse (Torteroioi ...... P. 14 » Origines du gagnant : Sans-Souci [l et Siiv-Str. * i Non pl. : Talavera, Rablette, Reine-Jacquot, Dounia, Celine, Cléopâre II. A TOULOUSE Voic.1 les résultats de la Journée du 9 juin : Deuxième prix de la Société d'Encouragement (pur sang anglo-arabes) 4.900 francs, 2.000 mètres 1. Caprice V (Royo) G. Il » au baron de Palaminy ......... P. 7 » 2 Brasure fSaint-Marc) .......... P. ' 22 50 Origines du gagnant : Vélox et Cascade. N. pl. : Isaby, Mont-Kemmel, Allegro II, Elv-ina. Distances : 1 long. 1/2, 1/2 long., 2 long. Prix des Chemins de fer d'Orléans, 5.000 francs. 1.400 mètres 1. San-Matéo (Cayré) G. 168 » au comte Pau! Niel ............... P. 28 » 2. Cru-Royal (Fitan) P. 7 50 3. Railleuse (Tronqua) ................ p. 6 50 Origines du gagnant : Ukko et La Moabite. Non pl. : Dark-Devll, Talmont, Nissa-IIl, Ancenis, Coal-Fire, Quisa. Trois-quarts de longueur, une tongueur et demie, une longueur. Prix des Violettes, à réclamer, 4.300 francs, 2.200 mètres 1. Saint-Jacques (Bentéjac) G. 16 50 à M. Louis Bellocq P. 9 » 2 Nadar II (R. Gosset) ............... P. 10 » ungines au gagnant : jacobi et sainte-Enimie. Non pl. : Blackberry-II, Hermina, Chouchou, Sabayon, Maritza. Encolure, demi-longueur, une longueur. Grand-Prix de la Ville de Toulouse, 30.000 francs, 2.400 mètres 1. Dèce (Tronqua) G. 29 » à M. d'Etchepare P. 7 » 2. Antonia-II (Royo) ................. P. 6 » 3. Nil (Granier) ...........................?. 7 t urigmes au gagnant : Ex-Voto et Di-sette-II. Non pl. : Beauvallon, Pâte-de-Coing, Le Cornac, Ramis, Souvenir-de-Rire. Une longueur, une longueur et demie, une longueur et demie. Steeple-Chase annuel de la Cépière, 10.000 francs, 4.000 mètres 1. Dandin-Il (Bacqué) G. 19 50 au marquis de Pontevès ...... P. 11 50 Commodore IV (Saint-Marc).P. 10 50 Origines du gagnant : Ex-Voto et Dl-sette-II. Non pl. : OoraJy. La Légende. Encolure, deux longueurs, trois longueurs. AUJOURD'HUI COURSES A SAINT CLOUD Appréciations J-TIX ae verrières, à vendre. 7.500 fr., 900 mètres. — Ecurie Cohn, Kermabell. Prix le Capucin, 12.500 fr., 2 400 mètres. — Solre-le-CJiâteau, Azalals. Prix du Chesnay, à vendre, 6.000 fr., 1.300 mètres. — In-Partibus Nyo. Prix du Début, 20.000 francs, 800 mètres — Zambelli, écurie Esmomt. Prix W. K. Vanderbilt, '25.000 francs, 2.000 mètres. — Frgoteur, La Randonnée ', Prix de Cou.lons'es. handicap, 15.000 fr ' 2.100 mètres. — Mistenflûte, Aazalals. TENNIS LA COUPE DAVIS Copenhague, o juin. — Résultat du dernier match de simple : Kozeluh (Tchécoslovaquie) bat Henriksen (Danemark) .par 5-7, 6-2, 6-2, 6-4'. , Résultat définitif : La Tchécoslovaquie gagne par quatre victoires à une. ATHLETISME CHAMPIONNATS DE LA LIGUE DES PYRENEES Toulouse, 9 juin. — Les championnats de la Ligue des Pyrénées se sont disputés aujourd'hui dimanche sur les excellentes pistes du Stade Toulousains, aux Ponts-Jumeaux. Malheureusement, la date était fort mal choisie, en raison de la visite du président de la République. D'autre part, le mauvais temps vint, par surcroît, nuire à cette belle manifestation, qui se déroula devant un public restreint. Voici les résultats techniques : 4DU m. haie. — Bru (S. T.), l' 2"; Castex (Saint-Gaudens). Poids. — 1er, Bousquet (S. T.), Il m. 62; 2e, Pezons (Albi), 11 m. 49; le, Leydier (S. T.), 11 m. 24. 100 mètres plats. — 1er, Séguier (S, T.), 11"; 2e, Cambefort (S. C. T.); k, Raymond, (S. T.); 4e, Cadillac (A. S. B.). Saut hauteur élan. — 1er, Jarlan ;S. l'.), 1 m. 70; 2e, Mas (Béziers), l m. 66; 3e, Ausseil (Saint-Gaudens), ' 1 m. 66, après barrage. 110 m. haies. — 1er, Caugiat (S. T.), 18" 3; 2e, Auss-eil (Saint-Gaudens); !e, Faugères (Cahors). 200 m. plat. — 1er, Raymond (S. T.), 1 23" 2/5; 2e, Cambefort (S. C. T.); 3e, Cadillac (C. A. B.). 3,000 steeple. — 1er, Forg-ues (A. S. Colonne), 10,25; 2e, t Rebeyrol (Salles-sur-l'Hers; 3e, Marty (S. C.). 10,000 m. — 1er, Francès (Béziers), 31, m. 41; 2e, Cassagneau (Salles-sur-l'Hers). Lancement du marteau. — 1er, Cha-majou (Béziers), 3l m. 43; 2e, Leydier 'S. T.); Bacquié (S. T.). 400 m. plats. — 1er, Gerardot (BéÚers), 52" 4/5; 2e, Saint-Jean (L'Isle-en-Jourdain); 3e, Séverat (S. C. T.). 800 m. plats. — 1er, Chouvy (S. T.), 2'5" 3/5; 2e, Carrare (Mi:has); 3e, Veyssières (Béziers). 1,500 m. plat. — 1er, Espelluc (Béziers) 4'27" 4/5; 2e Marty (S. A, Colonne); 3e, Gilheni (Cahors). Disque. — De Croyade (Béziers), 33 m. 68; 2e, Cortade (Cahors), 33 m. 55 cent.; 3e, Bousquet (S. T.), 32 m. 85, 5,000 m, plat. — 1er, Renard (Perpignan), 15' 55" 3/5 (reco<rd des Pyrénées battu); 2-e, Poux (Albi); 3e, Fort (A. S. Colonne). i Perche. — Dut'hil (Béziers), (Walckj over). 1 TENNIS LA FINALE DES CHAMPIONNATS DE FRANCE Paris. 9 juin. — Cet après-midi, au stade Roland-Garros, s'est disputée la finale des championnats de France masculins et féminins par équipes. (Les matches donnèrent lieu à de magnifiques parties qui, presque toutes, se terminèrent à l'avantage du Racmg-. Toutefois, le match capital de la iour-née, qui opposait René Lacoste (Stade Français) et Tean Borotra (R. C. F.), fut des plus érrÏotionnants; Lacoste confirma son titre de champion de France international et battit cette fois beaucoup plus aisément son adversaire -u'il ne le fit lors de la g-rande Quinzaine des championnats internationaux de France. C'est en deux sets qu'il battit son redoutable adversaire. I la première fois par 7-5 et la seconde par 6-2. Lacoste, au jeu régulier, sut cette fois encore brouiller le jeu varié du bouillant Basque. ' BASKET-BALL Toulouse, 9 juin. — Aujourd'hui se sont disputées, au Parc Toulousain, deux parties de basket-ball entre le Club 'Athlétique de la Colonne 1 et 2 et le Basket-Club Toulousair 1 et 2. En équipe première, le Club A. de la Colonie s'es' assuré la victoire par 16 points à Il. après une partie vivement disputée. Le classement du championnat s'établit comme suit : 1. Club Athlétique de la Colonne, deux matcher ioués deux gagnés : 6 points. 2. Basket-Club Tou'ousain, *rois ioués, un gagné, deux perdus : 5 p. 3. Violette, un joue, m gagné 3 points La Violette es+ bonne posture pour la première place 4. Toulouse-l' ,-Club, deu* matches ioués, deux perdus : 2 points En équipes deuxièmes, le Basket-Club .Toulousain s'est assuré la victoire par 13 points à A sur une équipe deuxiènv du C A C. ameutée de ses meilleure éléments. AUTOMOBILISME LE BANQUET DES MAIRES Toulouse, 9 juin. — L'Automobile-r lub du Midi réunissait aujourd'hui plus de 200 maires en un banquet qui se donnait à Toulouse, à L'hôtel de Paris. Tous les départements de la zone du grand club régional étaient représentes l'Ariège, l'Aude, le Gers, la Haute-Garonne, le Lot, le Tarn, le Tarn-et-Garonne et les Hautes-Pyrénées. La réception fuit empreinte d'enthousiasme. Au dessert, le comte de Rigaud prononça une vibrante allocution; M. Sizaire, député et maire de Castres, lui répondit avec infiniment d'esprit et de cœur; M. Boué, président de l'Union centrale agricole; MM. le docteur Tapié et Céleyran, vice-président de l'Automobile-Club du Midi: M. Noug-ué, maire de Salies-de-Salat; un représentant de la presse; M. Faure, maire de Frouzin, ont prononcé tous des allocutions très applaudies. Il réslute de cette magnifique réunion que les maires de ces huit départements ont décide d'unifier la vitesse des automobiles da,ns la traversée des agglomérations et l'ont fixée à 2..5 kilomètres à l'heure. Nous félicitons l'Automobile-Club du Midi d'avoir pris l'initiative d'une semblable décision et nous ne pouvons oue nous associer à ce vœni ainsi qu'aux diverses mesures qui ont été prises pendant ce congrès. La liberté et la sécurité de la route ont fait l'obiet de très intéressantes discussions et nul doute nu'une réalisation pratique sera le fruit de ces travaux Pendant le banquet, nous avons eu le plaisir d'entendre un orchestre magistralement dirigé PAR M. Larrouy, et comnosé d'une élite d'artistes. Mlles Pouecb et Ernest ont charmé l'auditoire par leurs voix admirables, particulièrement Mlle Pouech, dont lE réel talent fit une profonde impression, UN CONCOURS D'ELEGANCE A TOULOUSE ? Et pourquoi pas?... L'Automobile-Club du Midi, qui organise avec tant de bonheur de nombreuses épreuves de régularité et des courses de côtes dans diverses régions du Sud-Oue^t et du Languedoc, ne serait-il pas vraiment bien inspiré d'enrichir son 'ro-gramme de la saison — avant l'exode des Toulousains vers les plages de l'Océan et de la Méditerranée et des stations thermales des Pyrénéesd'un concours d'élégance automobile ré servé à ses sociétaires ou non ? De tel Les manifestations — dont le moins qu'on puisse dire est qu'elles contribuent à faire très justement valoir ia supériorité du goût et l'ingéniosité des carrossiers français sur leurs concurrents étrangers — obtiennent pa" tout un fort joli succès tant du i oiat de vue sportif que pratique < t mondai a Les belles automobiles ne manquent pas à Toulouse. Leur nombre augmente de jour en jour, si bie . qu'un touriste étranger, de passage récemment dans notre ville, déclarait : « Toulouse n'est pas seulement la patrie des jolies filles, des jardins pittoresques, dru chant et des arts, mais aussi celle des belles autos. » Nouvel et inattendu fleuron à la couronne de la ville rose ! Qui l'eut cru ? C'est pourtant exact. Aussi bien, l'annonce d'un concours pour la plus belle voiture de Toulouse serait-il accueilli d'enthousiasme dans nos milieux automobiles. L'emr)lacement ? Il est tout choisi : les allées Tean-Jaurès. Admirablement placée au centre de la ville, large et longue, cette piste semble vraiment faite pour une telle compétition. Avec un peu de décor, des fleurs, de la. musique, inévitable collaboratrice _ de toute fête, et un_ gymkana-motocvcjiste la journée serait complète, son intérêt et son succès assurés. C'est une idée. Nous la transmettons pour ce qu'elle vaut à MM. de Rigaud, Maurice Icard, Sarrat. ces trois grands animateurs des manifestations snorti ves de l'Automobile-Club du Midi. certains par avance qu'elle retiendra, np fnçs;#» rm'-nn moment lenir atten tion. — J.-J. Pouech. GUERIN. BOUTRf),r BOLIVAR CHOCOLAT 1 FONDANT (Jhbirxcju&. k cacaos j Après les repas I l'alcool de menthe I RICQLÈS favorise la digestion | 1 ttas « il yj> V ■j» V» a ui ou hui m/ votre souscription |j^ toiMIM Dernier jour du prix de faM veur. Chez tous les libraires f^ V-Du Librairie LAROUSSE rue Montparnasse Paris (6') Pour Les changements d'adilesse, envoyer une banit du journal et ioinm tir" 0 tr. 60 en timbres--boste ' LE LUNDI DE LA PENTECÔTE aBROOKLANDS (ANGLETERRE) MRS.W.B.SCOTT SUR DELAGE AGNE LE HANDICAP DES DAWES ET J.R.COBB ET D.FROY SUR DELAGE SE CLASSENT 1eret2ème DANS LE LIGHTNING LOhl'-.. ' HANDICAP / LE MOIS DERNIER ABROOKLAND5 ' E AAAJORCOBB ET LE CAP MILLET SUR DELAGE S'ADJUGENT 5 RECORDS INTERNATIONAUX RECORD DES 5 Milles (dépari lartcé) 206Kms170 à l'heure RECORD DES 10 Kms (départ lancé) 206 Kms185 à l'heure RECORD DES 10 Milles (départ lancé) 205 Kms965 à l'heure RECORD DES 200 Kms (départ orrété) 149 Kms779 à l'heure nr::CORD DES 200 Mi Iles (déport arrêté) 14-$2 Kms 990 à l'heure DELAGE 140 CHAMPS-ÉLYSÉES Ill~-'~~ 1 ~ MM."%"n t1.~l Ï~ POUR LA VILLE POUR LE SPQRT^^—| S ^ DEMANDEZ UN . NFVLL F'I DEMANDEZ UN À (jjfiPEAU ^ [g' H (HAPEAU I ^.CRÉATION & FABRICATION JEAN B gDtJ gZgZE L f * * II. Les Fêtes du Septième Gentenaire de l'Université. de TOUIOM Vous apportiez autant d'attention ai questions de détail de l'enseigne.me. primaire ou secondaire qu'à la cré ti-on d'un Institut ou d'une Universit Tout, en vous appuyant sur les trad tions, vous prépariez nos établiss-ments scientifiques aux transforma tiens que la marche rapide des teml impose aujourd'hui. Ce ministre qui si longtemps veil] sur l'instruction publique est aujou. d'hui parmi nous comme président c la République. La pensée qu'il sera présent à notre fête a suffi peut ajoi ter à la gloire de nos sept siècle d'existence et pour attirer vers noti cité et vers notre Université une élit si nombreuse que cette vaste enceint la. contient avec peine. Si l'armée n'a vait pas consenti aimablement à nou céder, pour la circonstance, cette sall qu'elle s'est plu à orner df ses dra peaux, jamais nous n'auri# te trouv l'espace suffisant pour réunit nos hôte en ce repas commun. Autour de ces tables ss groupent àve c les présidents du Séâjit et de Chambre des députés, avec des minis très et sous-secrétaire d'Etat, les pré fets des huit départements dont s< compose cette grande Académie, le: parlementaires, les représentants d< l'Institut de France, les autorités civiles et militaires de la région, les délé',gués de cen Universités et corps sa.vants venus de toutes les parties dt mande. Nous nous réjouissons pleinement et nous éprouvons une certaine fierté à sentir que c'est l'Université de Toulouse qui, au milieu de la grande Université de France, attire aujourd' i particulièrement l'attention. Elle est digne de cette attention, _ et par son passé. qui remonte très loin, et par son présent qui la place très haut parmi les Universités nationales et régionales de notre belle France. Je me permettrai de dire pourquoi dans cette séance solennelle qui nous réunira tout à l'heure; et d'autres exposeront ses titres mieux que moi.Pour l'instant, laissez-moi marquer --", pment le caractère que nous avons voulu donner à cette manifestation universitaire. Nous avons voulu que cette fête fût une communion des sentiments les plus nobles qui animent l'humanité, en un besoin d'amitié et de paix. Tout ce qui est grand et généreux dans le passé et le présent doit avoir sa place en cette solennité. De même qu'à Toulouse toutes les bonnes volontés se sont rencontrées pour la commémoration de notre septième centenaire; de même nous avons souhaité, que les représentants des nationalités les plus variées viennent apporter ici un gage de joyeuse harmonie. Nous travaillons pour l'humanité; et par là nous croyons être fidèles à nos traditions françaises; car faire aimer la « doulce France :II n'est-ce pas un noble but, bien propre à nous Concilier tous les esprits ? Et cette terre du Languedoc, permettez-moi de l'ajouter, est bien représentative de la « doulce France ». En ce pays, les luttes sont des tournois; elles restent chevaleresques; c'est vraiment la région de la courtoisie et des cours d'amour. L'esprit est pénétré de cette amabilité que l'on accorde généralement à la France; on est épris des arts et des lettres autant que des sciences. La ville de Clémence Isaure et des Jeux Floraux était appelée par sa Sature à voir naître et se développer une Université florissante. Toulouse veille sur son Université, la choie, la .soutient et la vénère. C'est pour son recteur un devoir et un plaisir de le dire bien haut. j En levant mon verre à la prospérité; 3e notre Université, je salue donc en même temps la ci'5 qui l'abrite; je salue les hôtes illustres qui sont venus vers nous, particulièrement les représentants des nations et Universités étrangères; je salue très respectueusement le représentant le plus élevé de ; notre grande République, M. le président Gaston Doumergue.
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https://github.com/Warm-men/my-project-from-company/blob/master/LT终极版-app/app/storybook/stories/products/details/other_products.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
my-project-from-company
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Warm-men
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 544 | 1,948 |
/* @flow */
import React, { PureComponent } from 'react'
import {
View,
StyleSheet,
TouchableOpacity,
Text,
Dimensions
} from 'react-native'
import Image from '../../image'
import { Column } from '../../../../src/expand/tool/add_to_closet_status'
import Icons from 'react-native-vector-icons/Ionicons'
import { updateViewableItemStatus } from '../../../../src/expand/tool/daq'
import SwiperFlatList from 'react-native-swiper-flatlist'
import p2d from '../../../../src/expand/tool/p2d'
export const { width, height } = Dimensions.get('window')
export default class OtherProducts extends PureComponent {
_didSelectedItem = (item, index) => {
const { navigation, inSwap } = this.props
const column = Column.Outfits
navigation.push('Details', { item, column, inSwap })
const attributes = { column, index }
const id = item.id
updateViewableItemStatus(id, { id, pushToDetail: true }, attributes)
}
render() {
const { otherProducts } = this.props
if (!otherProducts || !otherProducts.length) {
return null
}
let data = []
for (let i = 0, len = otherProducts.length; i < len; i += 3) {
data.push(otherProducts.slice(i, i + 3))
}
return (
<View style={styles.container}>
<View style={styles.titleView}>
<Text style={styles.detailsSubTitle}>{'模特穿搭'}</Text>
</View>
{data.length === 1 && data[0].length === 1 ? (
data[0].map((item, index) => {
return (
<OtherProductsItem
swiper={false}
item={item}
key={index}
index={index}
didSelectedItem={this._didSelectedItem}
/>
)
})
) : (
<SwiperFlatList
showPagination={data.length !== 1}
paginationActiveColor="#242424"
paginationDefaultColor="#D8D8D8"
paginationStyleItem={styles.pagination}
windowSize={2}>
{data.map((list, index) => {
return (
<ProductsPage
swiper={true}
data={list}
key={index}
didSelectedItem={this._didSelectedItem}
/>
)
})}
</SwiperFlatList>
)}
</View>
)
}
}
class ProductsPage extends PureComponent {
render() {
const { data, swiper, didSelectedItem } = this.props
return (
<View style={styles.page}>
{data.map((item, index) => {
return (
<SwiperItem
swiper={swiper}
item={item}
key={index}
index={index}
didSelectedItem={didSelectedItem}
/>
)
})}
</View>
)
}
}
class OtherProductsItem extends PureComponent {
_didSelectedItem = () => {
const { item, index, didSelectedItem } = this.props
didSelectedItem(item, index)
}
render() {
const { item } = this.props
return (
<TouchableOpacity
style={styles.listView}
activeOpacity={0.65}
onPress={this._didSelectedItem}>
<View style={styles.row}>
<Image
style={styles.productImage}
source={{
uri: item.catalogue_photos[0]
? item.catalogue_photos[0].medium_url
: ''
}}
/>
<View style={styles.description}>
<Text numberOfLines={1} style={styles.name}>
{item.brand.name}
</Text>
<Text numberOfLines={1} style={styles.productTitle}>
{item.title}
</Text>
</View>
</View>
<Icons name={'ios-arrow-forward'} size={20} color={'#ccc'} />
</TouchableOpacity>
)
}
}
class SwiperItem extends PureComponent {
_didSelectedItem = () => {
const { item, index, didSelectedItem } = this.props
didSelectedItem(item, index)
}
render() {
const { item } = this.props
return (
<TouchableOpacity
style={styles.swiperContainer}
activeOpacity={0.65}
onPress={this._didSelectedItem}>
<View style={styles.column}>
<Image
style={styles.swiperImage}
source={{
uri: item.catalogue_photos[0]
? item.catalogue_photos[0].medium_url
: ''
}}
/>
<View style={styles.descriptionColumn}>
<Text numberOfLines={1} style={styles.swiperName}>
{item.brand.name}
</Text>
<Text numberOfLines={1} style={styles.swiperProductTitle}>
{item.title}
</Text>
</View>
</View>
</TouchableOpacity>
)
}
}
const styles = StyleSheet.create({
container: {
flex: 1,
paddingTop: 4,
paddingBottom: 10,
marginHorizontal: p2d(16),
borderBottomColor: '#f3f3f3',
borderBottomWidth: 1
},
titleView: { paddingTop: 32, paddingBottom: 24, flexDirection: 'row' },
detailsSubTitle: {
fontSize: 18,
color: '#242424',
fontWeight: '600',
marginRight: 10
},
productImage: { width: p2d(80), height: p2d(120) },
listView: {
marginBottom: 20,
alignItems: 'center',
flexDirection: 'row',
justifyContent: 'space-between'
},
row: { flexDirection: 'row', justifyContent: 'space-between' },
column: {
flexDirection: 'column',
width: p2d(104)
},
description: {
justifyContent: 'center',
marginLeft: 15
},
descriptionColumn: {
justifyContent: 'center'
},
name: {
fontSize: 14,
color: '#333',
fontWeight: '600',
marginBottom: 10
},
productTitle: { fontSize: 12, color: '#666' },
pagination: {
width: 6,
height: 6,
alignItems: 'center',
justifyContent: 'center',
marginBottom: p2d(10),
marginRight: -2
},
page: {
flexDirection: 'row',
width: width - p2d(32)
},
swiperImage: {
width: p2d(103),
height: p2d(156)
},
swiperProductTitle: {
fontSize: 10,
color: '#666'
},
swiperName: {
fontSize: 12,
color: '#333',
fontWeight: '600',
marginTop: 10,
marginBottom: 6
},
swiperContainer: {
marginRight: p2d(16),
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}
})
| 21,102 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.